wfo-4000000228,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms to 90 cm, erect, glabrous, not branching at the upper nodes; prophylls shorter than the sheaths. Sheaths mostly glabrous, margins sparsely ciliate, hairs longer distally; cleistogenes not present in the basal sheaths; collars without tufts of hair at the sides; auricles absent; ligules scarious, glabrous; blades of basal leaves to 40 cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, convolute when dry, tapering to the narrowly acute apices, flag leaf blades longer than 10 mm, bases about as wide as the top of the sheaths. Inflorescences panicles. Spikelets 6-8.5 mm, with 1 floret; rachillas not prolonged beyond the base of the floret; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the floret. Glumes saccate-lanceolate, tapering from above midlength into elongate apices, midveins extending to or nearly to the apices, apices narrowly acute to acuminate; lower glumes 6-8.5 mm; upper glumes 6.5-7.5 mm, slightly narrower than the lower glumes; florets 4-5 mm, lengths more than 3 times the widths; calluses about 0.7 mm, blunt; lemmas coriaceous, evenly hairy throughout, hairs 1-2 mm, apical hairs not longer than those below; awns twisted, not or once-geniculate, readily deciduous; paleas more than 2/3 as long as the lemmas, veins ending at the apices; anthers poorly developed, indehiscent, sometimes with 1 or 2 penicillate hairs.",321717205 wfo-4000000228,distribution,"Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Sask.;Yukon;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.",321717205 wfo-0000840979,morphology,"Culms 50-90 cm, glabrous. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, margins and throats usually ciliate; ligules 0.5-1.7 mm, truncate-rounded; blades 1-3.5 mm wide. Panicles 15-18 cm; branches ascending. Lower glumes 6-8.5 mm long, 1-1.6 mm wide; florets 4-5 mm; calluses about 0.7 mm; lemmas 7-veined, hairy, hairs 1-2 mm, apices awned; awns 9-16 mm, readily deciduous; paleas 2.5-3.3 mm, 2/3 - 3/4 the length of the lemmas, hairy; anthers 2, 1.7-2.3 mm, differing in length within the florets, indehiscent. 2n = 65.",321717205 wfo-0000840979,distribution,"Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Sask.;Yukon;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.",321717205 wfo-4000000988,morphology,"Plants perennial; loosely cespitose to spreading, rhizomatous. Culms 8-60 cm, usually branched below, ascending from a decumbent base or the lower nodes geniculate. Sheaths smooth, open; auricles absent; ligules membranous, puberulent, acute to obtuse, often bifid or denticulate with age; blades usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous. Inflorescences panicles, moderately dense to very dense, often interrupted; disarticulation tardy, below the glumes. Spikelets laterally compressed, with 1 floret. Glumes similar, narrowly oblong to elliptic, 1-veined, apices notched, midveins extending into a short awn; calluses glabrous; lemmas shorter than the glumes, inconspicuously 5-veined, awned from just below the minutely toothed apices; paleas about 3/4 i as long as the lemmas; anthers usually indehiscent. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000000988,distribution,"Wash.;Calif.;La.;N.Mex.;Ala.;Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000841005,morphology,"Culms 8-60 cm. Sheaths sometimes inflated; ligules 3-7 mm; blades 3-20 cm long, 2-11 mm wide, usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous. Panicles 2-18 cm long, 0.6-7 cm wide, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, green or purplish; pedicels scabrous. Spikelets 2-3 mm. Glumes subequal, membranous, scabrous, acute, awns to about 2 mm, apical; calluses glabrous; lemmas 1-1.7 mm, awns to 3 mm, subterminal; paleas about 3/4 as long as the lemmas; anthers about 1 mm. Caryopses not produced. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-4000002924,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous. Culms to 38 cm. Sheaths closed for 1/3-3/4 their length; auricles absent; ligules membranous, acute to truncate, lacerate; blades flat or folded, glabrous. Inflorescences partly open panicles; branches stiff, glabrous, lower branches sometimes reflexed. Spikelets somewhat compressed, with 2-4 florets. Glumes subequal, ovate, membranous, acute; calluses with scant, stiff hairs; lemmas ovate, membranous to subcoriaceous, 1(3)-veined, apices truncate and lacerate-dentate; paleas 2-keeled, glabrous; anthers indehiscent; ovaries glabrous; lodicules 2, membranous. Caryopses apparently absent.",321717205 wfo-4000002924,distribution,"Nunavut",321717205 wfo-0000841022,morphology,"Culms 13-40 cm. Ligules 2-4 mm; blades 2-6 cm long, 1.5-4 mm wide. Panicles 4-12 cm, partly or completely exserted. Spikelets 3.5-7 mm. Glumes 3-6 mm; lower glumes 1-veined; upper glumes 1(3)-veined; lemmas 3-5 mm, paleas about as long as the lemmas; anthers to about 2 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841022,distribution,"Nunavut",321717205 wfo-4000012757,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous. Culms 25-80 cm, glabrous, often glaucous, with 2-4 nodes. Sheaths closed for 1/3-2/3 their length, glabrous, not conspicuously glaucous; auricles absent; ligules membranous, whitish- or yellowish-brown, acute to obtuse, lacerate to erose, ciliate; blades glabrous. Inflorescences panicles. Spikelets with (1)2-3(4) florets. Glumes usually not exceeding the florets, glabrous, often glaucous, acute to acuminate; calluses bearded, hairs often crinkled below the keel and/or absent from the sides; lemmas usually scabrous, sometimes smooth towards the base, acute; paleas smooth or slightly scabrous; anthers 3, indehiscent. Caryopses absent.",321717205 wfo-4000012757,distribution,"Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Que.;Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000841032,morphology,"Rhizomes to 1.5 mm thick, nodes with few roots. Culms 25-80 cm. Ligules 1-4 mm; blades 5-20 cm long, 2-6 mm wide. Panicles 8-20 cm, open to somewhat dense; branches glabrous, spikelet-bearing to the base. Spikelets 5-10 mm. Glumes subequal to unequal; lower glumes 4-8.5 mm, 1-3-veined; upper glumes 6.5-10 mm, (1)3-veined; lemmas 4-7 mm, 3-5-veined; paleas 4-6 mm; anthers 1.8-2.5 mm. 2n = 43-46 (43+0-3).",321717205 wfo-0000841032,distribution,"Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Que.;Alaska",321717205 wfo-4000013262,morphology,"Plants perennial; usually cespitose, occasionally shortly rhizomatous. Inflorescences terminal, spikes or spikelike, with 1-3(7) spikelets per node, lateral spikelets usually shortly pedicellate, central spikelets sessile or nearly so; disarticulation tardy, at the rachis nodes and beneath the florets. Spikelets with 1-4 florets. Glumes subulate to narrowly lanceolate, usually awned; lemmas usually awned; anthers sterile. Caryopses rarely formed.",321717205 wfo-4000013262,distribution,"Wash.;Oreg.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Calif.;Mont.;Alaska;Nev.;Colo.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.S.;N.W.T..;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ill.;Iowa;Idaho;Utah;Mo.;Minn.",321717205 wfo-0000841035,morphology,"Culms 40-85 cm. Blades 7-22 cm long, 3-10 mm wide, abaxial surfaces scabrous, adaxial surfaces pilose. Inflorescences spikelike, 6-15 cm, arcuate to nodding, with 3 spikelets per node; central spikelets sessile, with 1-3 florets; lateral spikelets shortly pedicellate, with 0-2 florets. Glumes to 25 mm, awnlike, scabrous; lemmas 9-11 mm, scabrous, awned, awns to 25 mm, arcuate and divergent at maturity; anthers 1-1.4 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841035,distribution,"Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000841038,morphology,"Culms 30-40 cm, glabrous throughout or hairy on the lower portion. Sheaths glabrous; auricles to 0.5 mm; ligules 0.4-1.5 mm, rounded; blades to about 15 cm long, 1-2(3) mm wide, abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy, adaxial surfaces scabridulous, all veins equally prominent. Inflorescences spikelike, 2.5-5 cm long, 7-10 mm wide excluding the awns, 20-30 mm wide including the awns, straight, nodes with 3 spikelets; internodes 2.2-4 mm, bases about 1/2 as wide as the apices. Spikelets 8-10 mm excluding the awns, 25-28 mm including the awns, with 1-2 florets, the lateral spikelets shortly pedicellate, the central spikelet sessile. Glumes 15-35 mm including the awns, setaceous, straight; lemmas 7-8 mm, smooth throughout or scabrous distally, awned, awns 10-20 mm, straight or slightly divergent at maturity; anthers about 1.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841038,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000841041,morphology,"Culms 55-80 cm. Ligules about 0.2 mm, truncate; blades 1.5-2 mm wide. Spikes 7-10 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, nodding, with 2(3) spikelets per node. Spikelets with 2-4 florets. Glumes 20-50 mm including the awns, bases indurate; lemmas pubescent, awned, awns similar in length to those of the glumes; anthers not developed. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841041,distribution,"S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0000841045,morphology,"Culms 40-80 cm, erect. Sheaths hirsute; ligules about 0.3 mm; auricles short, acute; blades 6-8 mm wide, adaxial surfaces shortly velutinous. Inflorescences spikelike, 9-12 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, flexuous, with 3 spikelets per node. Spikelets with 2 florets, the lateral spikelets usually shortly pedicellate, the central spikelet sessile. Glumes about 2.5 cm, not indurate at the base; lemmas 6-8 mm, puberulent, awns 25-35 mm; anthers 1.6-1.8 mm, indehiscent in the lowest florets of each spikelet. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841045,distribution,"Iowa;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.",321717205 wfo-0000841046,morphology,"Culms 25-30 cm. Lower sheaths puberulent; blades 2.5-4.5 mm wide, adaxial surfaces slightly scabrous. Spikes 4-12 cm, erect to slightly nodding, usually with 2 spikelets per node. Spikelets 7-12 mm excluding the awns, with 2-3 florets. Glumes 7-13 mm long, bases about 1 mm wide, not indurate, with a prominent, scabridulous midrib, apices gradually tapering into an awn shorter than 20 mm; lemmas 6-8 mm, shortly pubescent, the pubescence decreasing in density towards the apices, apices awned, awns 5-8 mm; anthers about 1.5 mm, indehiscent. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841049,morphology,"Culms 50-100 cm. Sheaths usually glabrous; ligules truncate; blades 9-16 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, stiff, ascending, scabrous. Spikes 4-13 cm long, about 5 mm wide, erect, lower nodes with 1-2 spikelets, upper nodes with 1 spikelet, the spikelets imbricate. Spikelets with 1-3 florets, those at the lower nodes frequently with 3 glumes. Glumes 6-9 mm, not indurate at the base, awned, awns as long as or longer than the glume bodies; lemmas 6-11 mm, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or sometimes scabrous distally, awned, awns 10-20 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841049,distribution,"Wyo.;Colo.;Alaska;Oreg.;Wash.;Mont.;Utah;Minn.;Idaho;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Ill.;Iowa;Mo.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T..;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Calif.;Nev.;N.Mex.",321717205 wfo-0000841050,morphology,"Culms 60-100 cm. Sheaths glabrous; blades 5-8 mm wide, flat, lax. Inflorescences spikelike, 8-17 cm, nodding, with 3 spikelets per node. Spikelets with 1-4 florets, the lateral spikelets usually shortly pedicellate, with 1(2) sterile florets, the central spikelet sessile, with 2(3-4) sterile florets, the third and fourth florets rudimentary. Glumes 10-35 mm including the awns, slightly widened above the base; lowest lemma of central florets about 8 mm, glabrous towards the base, sparsely scabrous distally, awned, awns 15-25 mm, straight to slightly divergent at maturity. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841050,distribution,"N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.S.;Que.;Mont.;Ill.;Iowa;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Idaho;Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000841053,morphology,"Culms 40-75 cm, erect, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades 6-15 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, flat, adaxial surfaces glabrous or hairy. Spikes 6-12 cm long, 5-7 mm wide including the awns, erect to arching, with 1-2 spikelets per node; internodes 2-5 mm, concealed by the spikelets. Spikelets 7-13 mm, with 2-3 florets and 2-3 glumes. Glumes 10-18 mm including the awns, not indurate at the base, linear to linear-lanceolate, hispid, 1-3-veined; lemmas 7-10 mm, evenly pilose, hairs about 0.2 mm, awns as long as to slightly longer than the lemma bodies; anthers 1-1.5 mm, indehiscent. In = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841053,distribution,"Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000841056,morphology,"Culms about 100 cm. Sheaths glabrous, smooth; ligules about 0.7 mm, truncate; blades 6-10 mm wide, flat, adaxial surfaces sparsely hairy, hairs about 0.8 mm. Inflorescences spikelike, 9-11 cm long, 10-12 mm wide, lax, with (2)3 spikelets per node. Spikelets with 1-2 florets, the second floret, if present, rudimentary, the lateral spikelets shortly pedicellate, the central spikelet sessile or nearly so. Glumes narrow, coarse, unawned or awned, awns to 15 mm; lemmas mostly glabrous, margins shortly hairy distally, apices unawned or awned, awns to 15(20) mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841056,distribution,"Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000841058,morphology,"Culms 60-80 cm. Blades 3-5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces scabridulous. Inflorescences spikelike, 10-16 cm, with 3 spikelets per node; internodes averaging 3.4 mm. Spikelets with 1-3 florets, the lateral spikelets sessile or pedicellate, pedicels to 3 mm. Glumes 0.5-1 mm wide, terminating in a 4-7 mm awn; lemmas glabrous to scabrous, awned, awns 5-11 mm; anthers indehiscent. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841058,distribution,"Calif.;Oreg.;Wash.",321717205 wfo-4000013263,morphology,"Plants perennial; sometimes rhizomatous. Culms 40-235 cm, erect. Inflorescences usually spikes, sometimes spikelike racemes, 5-35 cm, erect, with 1-3 spikelets per node, pedicels, when present, to 3 mm. Spikelets with 2-8 florets; disarticulation usually above the glumes and beneath the florets, sometimes below the glumes, sometimes in the rachises, usually tardy. Glumes linear to lanceolate, often awn-tipped; lemmas 6-25 mm, glabrous or hairy, usually awned, awns to 15 mm; anthers 1.5-5 mm.",321717205 wfo-4000013263,distribution,"Colo.;Wash.;Alaska;Idaho;Alta.;B.C.;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Wyo.;Calif.;Nev.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000841060,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous. Culms to 75 cm tall, mostly glabrous, hairy for about 1 cm below the spikes, hairs about 0.1 mm. Blades to 15 mm wide, adaxial surfaces with the primary and secondary veins evident, subequal. Inflorescences spikes, to 15 cm long, 20 mm wide, erect, with (1)2 subsessile spikelets per node, pedicels to 1 mm; internodes about 5 mm. Spikelets with 3-5 florets; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes 10.5-13 mm long, 1.3-2(2.3) mm wide, linear-lanceolate to linear, flexible, hairy, 3-4(5)-veined, veins prominent, apices unawned or awned, awns to 1.2 mm; lemmas 15-18 mm, lemmas awned, awns 1-7 mm, more or less straight; anthers 2.3-3.9 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841060,distribution,"Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000841062,morphology,"Plants not or shortly rhizomatous. Culms 60-130 cm, glabrous. Leaves evenly distributed on the culms; sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles poorly developed, to 0.5 mm; ligules 1-2.5 mm, scarious, rounded; blades about 5.5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces glabrous, mostly smooth, scabrous near the margins, adaxial surfaces scabridulous, primary veins separated by about 3 secondary veins. Inflorescences spikes, 6-15 cm long, 10-15 mm wide including the awns, 7-10 mm wide excluding the awns, erect, with 2-3 sessile or subsessile spikelets per node; internodes 4-7 mm, concealed by the spikelets; disarticulation tardy, in the rachises and beneath the florets. Spikelets 10-20 mm excluding the awns, to 18 mm including the awns, with 3-4 florets. Glumes 8-15 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, subequal to unequal, scabrous; lemmas 7.5-12 mm, glabrous, smooth or scabrous, sometimes only scabrous distally, midveins prominent and scabrous distally, awns 4-5 mm; anthers 2.2-2.4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841062,distribution,"Colo.;Wash.;Calif.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841064,morphology,"Plants loosely cespitose, shortly rhizomatous. Culms about 60 cm, glabrous. Auricles often present; ligules 0.3-1.2 mm, truncate; blades 2-4 mm wide, scabrous on the adaxial surfaces. Inflorescences spikes, 6.5-12 cm, somewhat lax, with 1(2) sessile or subsessile spikelets per node; internodes 4-9 mm, angles pilose or hispid, convex surfaces sparsely villous distally. Spikelets 10-15 mm, with 3-5 florets; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes 6.5-11.5 mm long, 1.1-1.5 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate to subulate, 1-3(4)-veined, margins narrow, scarious; lemmas 8-11 mm, villous, slightly to strongly keeled, awned, awns 2-10 mm; paleas glabrous or puberulent between the veins, apices slightly dentate or retuse; anthers 1.7-2.2 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841064,distribution,"Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000841065,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous. Culms 40-90 cm tall, 2-2.5 mm thick, glabrous. Leaves somewhat basally concentrated; sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles 0.3-0.5 mm; ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, truncate; blades 5-20 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, usually involute, sometimes flat, abaxial surfaces smooth, glabrous or sparsely hairy, particularly towards the base, veins not prominent, adaxial surfaces scabridulous or scabrous, varying within a plant, all veins equally prominent, apices narrowly acute. Inflorescences spikes, 5-18 cm long, 8-10 mm wide, with 1-2 sessile or subsessile spikelets per node; internodes 4-5 mm, partially exposed on the sides, hairy. Spikelets 11-14 mm, to 23 mm including the awns, with 3-6 florets; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes 12-17 mm long including the awnlike apices, 1-3 mm wide, widest at about 1/4 length, 1(3)-veined, keeled, sparsely to densely hairy, hairs 0.3-0.5 mm; lemmas 8.5-10 mm, sparsely to densely hairy, hairs 0.3-0.5 mm, apices awned, awns 5-10 mm, straight; anthers 1.8-2 mm long.",321717205 wfo-0000841065,distribution,"Alta.;B.C.;Ont.;Sask.;Yukon;Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0001279013,morphology,"Plants cespitose, shortly rhizomatous. Culms to 60 cm, glabrous, hairy below the spikes, nodes shortly hairy. Sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles absent or to 0.5 mm; ligules 0.2-0.8 mm, truncate; blades 3-4 mm wide, adaxial surfaces densely strigulose over the veins, all veins equally prominent. Inflorescences spikes, 9-17 cm long, 8-10 mm wide, erect, with solitary, sessile or subsessile spikelets. Spikelets 15-20 mm, with 4-6 florets. Glumes 9-11 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, with 4-5 veins, hairy, acute, unawned; lemmas 10-12 mm, hairy, unawned or awned, awns to about 1 mm; paleas with short and long hairs on the keels; anthers 3-4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841066,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous. Culms 90-130 cm tall, about 5 mm thick. Leaves somewhat basally concentrated; sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles well developed; ligules about 0.3 mm on the lower leaves, to 3 mm on the upper leaves; blades 5-6 mm wide, veins equally prominent on the adaxial surfaces. Inflorescences spikes, 15-25 cm long, 6-12 mm wide, with 1-2 sessile or subsessile spikelets per node; internodes 8-15 mm, angles scabrous or hispid. Spikelets 16-28 mm, with 3-4(5) florets. Glumes 12-20 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, 3-5-veined, scabrous and sparsely hairy, tapering gradually from about midlength, margins scarious, apices subulate or awned, awns to 4 mm; rachilla internodes pubescent or villous; lemmas 8.7-16 mm, with appressed hairs at the base, glabrous elsewhere, awned, awns 1-3 mm; paleas with ciliate keels and retuse to bidentate apices; anthers 2-3 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001279015,morphology,"Plants cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous. Culms to 80 cm, glabrous. Sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles 0.5-1.5 mm; ligules 0.5-1.2 mm; blades 3-7 mm wide, flat, adaxial surfaces and margins scabrous. Inflorescences spikes, 8-15 cm long, 10-25 mm wide including the awns, 8-15 mm wide excluding the awns, with (1)2 sessile or subsessile spikelets per node; internodes 4-6 mm, scabrous or hispid on the angles. Spikelets 12-17 mm, usually with 5 florets. Glumes 9-15 mm long including the awns, 0.8-1 mm wide, 1-3-veined, hairy; lemmas 8-13 mm, villous, awned, awns 4-15 mm; paleas 8-10 mm, glabrous between the keels, margins shortly ciliate; anthers 2-3 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001279014,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous. Culms to 75 cm tall, 2-2.5 mm thick, clustered, glabrous. Leaves more or less evenly distributed; sheaths glabrous, smooth; auricles absent or to 0.3 mm; ligules about 0.5 mm, truncate; blades 10-25 cm long, 2-3 mm wide, involute, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, glabrous, veins not evident, adaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, glabrous, veins all equally prominent, apices narrowly acuminate. Inflorescences spikes, 8-12 cm long, 6-12 mm wide, with 1(2) sessile or subsessile spikelets per node; internodes 6-9 mm, partly exposed, angles hairy, hairs 0.4-0.6 mm; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Spikelets 15-20 mm, with 3-5 florets. Glumes 9.5-16 mm long including the awns, 0.7-1.3 mm wide, lanceolate, widest about midlength, 3-veined, hairy or scabrous over the veins, awns 1-1.5 mm; lemmas 10-15 mm, hairy, hairs 0.3-0.4 mm, awns 3-7 mm; anthers about 2.8 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841068,morphology,"Plants not cespitose, rhizomatous. Culms 110-130 cm, pubescent below the spikes. Leaves glaucous; auricles present, at least on the innovations; blades 3-5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces scabrous or smooth, adaxial surfaces scabrous. Inflorescences spikelike racemes, 11-20 cm long, lax, with (1)2 spikelets per node, spikelets at the lower nodes unequally pedicellate, longer pedicels 1.5-3 mm; internodes 6-15(30) mm, those at the base of the spike longest, angles hispid, convex surfaces pubescent or pilose. Spikelets 15-25 mm, with 5-8 florets; disarticulation above or below the glumes. Glumes unequal, 2-17 mm long, 0.5-1.2 mm wide, subulate to narrowly lanceolate, scabrous or pilose, (0)1-3-veined; rachilla internodes pubescent; lemmas 6-16 mm, pubescent, pilose, or villous, backs often glabrate, apices awned, awns 0.7-8 mm; paleas 6.5-10 mm, puberulent or pubescent between the veins; anthers (2.8)3.5-5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841068,distribution,"Alta.;Sask.",321717205 wfo-0000841069,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous. Culms 170-235 cm tall, 4-5 mm thick, smooth, mostly glabrous, hairy for 12-15 cm below the spikes, hairs 0.1-0.2 mm. Leaves evenly distributed on the culms; sheaths smooth, glabrous: auricles absent; ligules 0.5-0.7 mm, truncate; blades 6-10 mm wide, smooth, glabrous, abaxial surfaces with the primary veins evident, adaxial surfaces with the primary and secondary veins evident. Inflorescences spikes, 25-35 cm long, about 15 mm thick, with 2 sessile or subsessile spikelets per node; internodes 7-14 mm. Spikelets 14-20 mm excluding the awns, to 25 mm including the awns, with 2-3 florets; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes 12-25 mm long including the awns, 0.8-2 mm wide, widest near midlength, flexible, hairy, hairs about 0.4 mm, bases indurate for about 0.3 mm, 3-5 veins evident at midlength, margins about 0.5 mm wide, apices tapering into awns, awns 1-3 mm; lemmas 20-25 mm, hairy, hairs about 0.4 mm, apices awned, awns 2.5-9(11) mm; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841071,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous. Culms to about 100 cm tall, 3-5 mm thick, glabrous, lower internodes glaucous. Leaves somewhat basally concentrated; sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles present on some basal leaves, to 0.4 mm; ligules about 0.5 mm, truncate; blades of the culm leaves 5-7 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth, glabrous, primary and secondary veins evident, adaxial surfaces scabrous, glabrous, all veins more or less equally prominent, blades of the innovations to 3 mm wide. Inflorescences spikes, to 18 cm long, about 10 mm wide, with 1 sessile or subsessile spikelet per node; internodes 7-9 mm, mostly glabrous, angles hairy, hairs about 0.3 mm. Spikelets 15-25 mm, with 5-7 florets; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes 15-20 mm long including the awnlike tip, 2.5-4 mm wide, widest at or just beyond midlength, purplish, sparsely scabrous to hairy over the veins, margins about 1 mm wide, apices acuminate, unawned; lemmas 15-17 mm, evenly hairy, hairs 0.4-0.5 mm, apices mucronate, mucros about 0.5 mm; anthers about 1.8 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841071,distribution,"Que.",321717205 wfo-4000021644,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous, sometimes shortly so. Culms to 140 cm tall, 1-3 mm thick. Spikes 10-15 cm long, 5-12 mm wide excluding the awns, erect, sometimes lax, nodes with 2-3 spikelets; internodes 3-5 mm; disarticulation in the rachises, sometimes delayed. Spikelets appressed, with 1-3 florets. Glumes equal or unequal, 10-25 mm long, 0.2-1.5 mm wide, tapering from below midlength or subulate from the base; lemmas glabrous or hairy, awned, awns 1-10 mm; anthers 1.8-3 mm long, 0.1-0.3 mm thick. Caryopses not developed.",321717205 wfo-4000021644,distribution,"Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000841112,morphology,"Plants cespitose, rhizomatous. Culms about 60 cm tall, 2-2.5 mm thick. Leaves evenly distributed on the culms; sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles absent or to 0.3 mm; ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, truncate, entire; blades 20-30 cm long, 5.5-7 mm wide, glabrous, tapering from below midlength, abaxial surfaces with prominent midveins, all veins more or less equally prominent or a few less prominent, apices narrowly acute. Spikes about 15 cm long, about 25 mm wide including the awns, 10-12 mm wide excluding the awns, nodes with 2 spikelets; internodes 3-5 mm, concealed by the spikelets; disarticulation in the rachises. Spikelets 18-25 mm, with 2-3 florets, the distal floret reduced. Glumes unequal, subulate from the base, to 0.5 mm wide, hairy, hairs about 0.8 mm; lower glumes 13-17 mm; upper glumes 20-25 mm; lemmas 10-12 mm, strigose, hairs about 0.5 mm, awned, awns 8-10 mm; anthers 2-2.4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001279011,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous. Culms to 140 cm tall, about 3 mm thick. Leaves evenly distributed; sheaths smooth, glabrous; auricles 0.8-1 mm; ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, truncate, entire; blades to 20 cm long, 6-9 mm wide, glabrous, tapering from near the base, abaxial surfaces smooth, with 20+ veins, veins more or less equally prominent or the primary veins slightly more prominent than the secondary veins, adaxial surfaces scabridulous, apices narrowly acute. Spikes 6.5-15 cm long, 12-15 mm wide including the awns, 8-12 mm wide excluding the awns, nodes with 2-3 spikelets; internodes 3.5-5 mm, concealed by the spikelets; disarticulation in the rachises, possibly also in the spikelets. Spikelets 12-15 mm, with 1-3 florets, the distal florets reduced. Glumes equal, 11-13 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide, 3-veined at midlength, hairy, hairs about 0.5 mm, somewhat divergent, tapering from below midlength, apices awned, awns 3-4 mm long; lemmas 13-15 mm, hairy, awns 1-3 mm; anthers about 2.8 mm long, 0.1-0.3 mm thick.",321717205 wfo-0000841113,morphology,"Plants shortly rhizomatous. Culms to 80 cm tall, about 1.5 mm thick. Leaves evenly distributed; sheaths smooth; auricles to 1.5 mm; ligules 0.5-0.8 mm, truncate to rounded; blades 10-20 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, tapering from near the base, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, adaxial surfaces scabrous, with about 12 usually more or less equally prominent veins, apices narrowly acute. Spikes 10-15 cm long, 10-15 mm wide including the awns, 5-7 mm wide excluding the awns, lax, nodes with 2(3) spikelets, 1 (central if 3) spikelet sessile, 1(2) spikelet(s) pedicellate, pedicels about 0.2 mm; internodes 3-5 mm, completely or mostly concealed by the spikelets; disarticulation tardy, in the rachises. Spikelets about 15 mm including the awns, about 10 mm excluding the awns, with 1-3 florets, the larger or central spikelets with 2-3 florets, the lateral or smaller spikelets with 1(2) floret(s). Glumes 10-15 mm long, about 0.2 mm wide, subulate, scabrous; lemmas glabrous, mostly smooth, scabrous distally, the largest lemmas of the larger spikelets 6-7 mm, with awns about 9 mm, the largest lemmas of the smaller or lateral spikelets about 5 mm, with awns about 5.5 mm; anthers 1.8-2.2 mm long, about 0.3 mm thick.",321717205 wfo-0000841113,distribution,"Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0001279016,morphology,"Culms 2-3 mm thick. Auricles to 1 mm; blades 5-10 mm wide. Rachis internodes 7-12 mm. Spikelets 12-22 mm. Glumes 1.2-9 mm; lemmas about 10 mm, hairy, hairs about 1 mm, awns 1.5-4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841200,morphology,"Plants not rhizomatous. Culms 0.8-1 mm thick; ligules 0.2-0.4 mm; blades 1.5-2 mm wide. Spikes 7-14 cm, with 1 spikelet per node; internodes 7-9 mm. Spikelets 12-15 mm excluding the awns; disarticulation beneath the florets, sometimes also in the rachises. Glumes 15-21 mm including the awns, glume bodies 6-8 mm long, 0.7-1 mm wide, (1)3-4-veined; lemmas 10-11 mm excluding the awns, (14)18-37 mm including the awns, apices often bifid; anthers about 2.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841200,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Calif.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Mont.;Utah;Wash.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-4000032151,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose. Culms to 23 cm. Sheaths closed for 1/3-2/3 their length, glabrous; auricles absent; ligules membranous; blades flat or folded, glabrous. Inflorescences compact panicles. Spikelets laterally compressed, with (1)2-3(4) florets; rachillas prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret; disarticulation above the glumes. Glumes usually 2, occasionally 1, unequal, membranous, hyaline, acute to obtuse; lemmas unawned; paleas 2-veined, veins spiculose; anthers indehiscent. Caryopses absent.",321717205 wfo-4000032151,distribution,"Greenland",321717205 wfo-0000841202,morphology,"Culms 7-15(23) cm, erect, glabrous. Sheaths closed for 1/3-2/3 their length; ligules 0.5-2.7 mm, apices entire, truncate, rounded or acuminate; blades 1.5-6(8) cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide. Panicles 1.5-4.5 cm long, 1-2 cm wide; branches smooth; primary branches 1.3-14 mm, erect to ascending. Spikelets 2-3.5 mm, pedicellate; rachillas glabrous or pubescent, internodes 0.2-2.2 mm, prolonged beyond the uppermost floret. Glumes glabrous; lower glumes 0.4-0.8 mm, (0)1-veined, occasionally absent; upper glumes 0.5-1.4 mm, 1-3-veined, obtuse; lemmas i.8-2.6 mm, (1)3-veined, pilose basally, particularly on the veins, apices entire or erose, truncate to acute; paleas 1.5-2.5 mm; anthers 1-3, 0.5-1 mm. 2n = 21.",321717205 wfo-0000841202,distribution,"Greenland",321717205 wfo-4000039396,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms to 130 cm, erect, straight or geniculate at the lowest node. Leaves mainly cauline; ligules 2-4 mm, membranous, truncate to rounded. Inflorescences terminal, distichous spikes, with solitary spikelets; internodes 3-5 mm, densely pilose, at least on the edges. Spikelets 10-17 mm, with 2-4 florets, distal floret usually reduced. Glumes 9-12 mm, asymmetrically keeled, keels stronger and sometimes conspicuously ciliate distally, apices retuse to acute, awned, awns 3-4 mm; lemmas 10-15 mm, laterally compressed, keeled, keels sometimes ciliate distally, terminally awned, awns 3-50 mm; anthers 3, yellow, x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000000031,morphology,"Herbs, annual [perennial], [subshrubs], glabrate to densely hairy, often harshly so. Stems not hairy. x = 29, 30, 33, 34, 36.",321717205 wfo-4000000031,distribution,"Introduced, Fla.; s, se Asia, Africa, sw Pacific Islands, Australia; introduced nearly worldwide, often becoming naturalized, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.",321717205 wfo-0000510862,morphology,"Plants 1–2 m. Stems often red blotched, coarse. Leaf blades scarcely lobed to palmately divided, 10–25 cm, ± broader than long. Pedicels not articulated, stout; involucellar bractlets linear, to 2.5 cm. Flowers: corolla to 8 cm diam.; staminal column anther-bearing from near base, apex 5-toothed. Capsules cylindric, slightly 5-angled, beaked, 8–30 cm. 2n = 72, 108, 118, 120, 122, 130, 132, 144.",321717205 wfo-0000510862,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000510862,elevation,"0–30 m",321717205 wfo-0000510862,habitat,"Fertile, well-drained soil with ample moisture, waste places",321717205 wfo-0000510862,distribution,"Introduced; Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Va.; s Asia; Africa; sw Pacific Islands; introduced also in Mexico and elsewhere nearly worldwide.",321717205 wfo-4000000038,morphology,"Trees evergreen, crown usually spirelike to conic, sometimes flat to round topped in age. Bark initially thin, smooth, bearing resin blisters, in age furrowed and/or flaking in plates. Branches whorled, irregular internodal branches occasionally produced by epicormic sprouting (growing from a dormant bud); short (spur) shoots absent; leaf scars prominent, ± circular to broadly elliptic, flush with twig surface, slightly depressed, or slightly raised evenly all around. Buds ovate or oblong, resinous or not, apex rounded or pointed. Leaves borne singly, persisting 5 or more years, spirally arranged but often proximally twisted so as to appear either 1-ranked (pointing up like toothbrush bristles) or 2-ranked, sessile, typically constricted and often twisted above the somewhat broadened base, sheath absent; leaves on vegetative branches flattened, frequently grooved adaxially, usually notched to rounded at apex; leaves on fertile branches sometimes appearing 4-sided, upright, sharp-pointed to rounded at apex; resin canals 2. Cones borne on year-old twigs. Pollen cones grouped, ovate or oblong-cylindric, leaving gall-like protuberances after falling, yellow to red, green, blue, or purple. Seed cones maturing in 1 season, erect, ovoid to oblong-cylindric or cylindric, not falling whole but scale by scale, cone axis persisting as an erect 'spike' on branch; scales shed individually, fan-shaped, lacking apophysis and umbo; bracts included to exserted. Seeds winged, the wing-seed juncture bearing resin sac; cotyledons 4–10. x =12.",321717205 wfo-4000000038,distribution,"Widespread in north temperate regions, North America, Mexico, Central America, Eurasia (s to Himalayas, s China, and Taiwan), n Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000510989,morphology,"Trees to 75m; trunk to 2.6m diam.; crown spirelike, with age becoming flat topped, cylindric. Bark gray, thin, smooth, with age breaking into scaly plates. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, short, stiff; twigs mostly opposite, darker brown abaxially, light brown adaxially, pubescence tan. Buds hidden by leaves or exposed, brown, globose, small, resinous (at least apically), apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, triangular, densely pubescent, usually not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves (0.7–)1–2.5cm × 1–3mm, mostly 2-ranked, flexible, ± concealing the adaxial surface of the twigs (especially in mid to upper crown), some leaves forwardly directed, others usually longer and spreading horizontally, proximal portion ± straight; cross section flat, prominently grooved adaxially; odor pungent; abaxial surface with 5–6 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface dark, lustrous green, lacking stomates; apex prominently notched; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination red, becoming reddish yellow. Seed cones cylindric, 8–10(–13) × 3.5–5cm, purple, sessile, apex round to nipple-shaped; scales ca. 2 × 2cm, pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 10–12 × 4mm, body tan; wing about as long as body, rose to tan; cotyledons 4–7.",321717205 wfo-0000510989,elevation,"0–2000m",321717205 wfo-0000510989,habitat,"Moist, coastal coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000510989,distribution,"B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000511004,morphology,"Trees to 23m; trunk to 0.6m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, in age often becoming broken into irregular brownish scales. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, the lower often spreading and drooping; twigs mostly opposite, greenish brown, pubescence sparse. Buds hidden by leaves or exposed, brown, conic, small, resinous, apex acute; basal scales short, broad, nearly equilaterally triangular, glabrous, resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.2–2.5cm × 1.5–2mm, 1-ranked (particularly on lower branches) to spiraled, flexible; cross section flat, grooved adaxially; odor pinelike (copious ß-pinene); abaxial surface with (4–)6–7(–8) stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface dark green, slightly or not glaucous, with 0–3 stomatal rows at midleaf, these more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins, midway between abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers. Pollen cones at pollination red, purplish, bluish, greenish, or orange. Seed cones cylindric, 4–7 × 1.5–3cm, gray-purple, turning brown before scale shed, sessile, apex round to obtuse; scales ca. 1–l.5 × 0.7–1.7cm (relationship reversed in more western collections), pubescent; bracts included or exserted and reflexed over scales. Seeds 3–6 × 2–3mm, body brown; wing about twice as long as body, brown-purple; cotyledons ca. 4. 2n =24.",321717205 wfo-0000511004,elevation,"0–1700m",321717205 wfo-0000511004,habitat,"Boreal and northern forests",321717205 wfo-0000511004,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Conn., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.Y., Pa., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000511021,morphology,"Trees to 30m; trunk to 0.45m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, with age somewhat furrowed and scaly (toward southern end of range bark is corky [corkbark fir]). Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, stout, stiff; twigs opposite to whorled, grayish, pubescence sparse, light brown; fresh leaf scars with light brown periderm. Buds exposed, brown, globose, small, resinous, apex rounded; basal scales long, narrow, isosceles triangular to spatulate, glabrous, resinous or not resinous, margins entire to rarely crenate, apex sharp-pointed or rounded. Leaves 1.1–2.5cm × 1.25–1.5mm, spiraled and turned upward, flexible; cross section flat, grooved adaxially, sometimes only slightly so; odor camphorlike; abaxial surface with 3–5 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface light green to bluish green, usually glaucous, with 3–6 stomatal rows at midleaf, rows usually continuous to leaf base, usually more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers. Pollen cones at pollination purplish. Seed cones cylindric, 5–10 × 3–3.5cm, dark purple-blue to grayish purple, sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 1.5 × 2.5cm, densely pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 5–7 × 2–3mm, body brown; wing about 1.5 times as long as body, grayish brown; cotyledons 3–6.",321717205 wfo-0000511021,elevation,"600–3600m",321717205 wfo-0000511021,habitat,"Continental, subalpine coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000511021,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Ariz., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000511028,morphology,"Trees to 25 m; trunk to 1 m diam.; crown spirelike, narrow. Bark red-brown, thin, smooth, with age slightly fissured and broken into appressed scales. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, the lower often drooping in age; twigs becoming purplish green or brown, glabrous, glaucous when young. Buds exposed, brown, ovate to fusiform, extremely large, not resinous, apex pointed; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, glabrous, not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 2.5–6cm × 3mm, 2-ranked to spiraled, stiff; cross section flat, with raised vein abaxially, grooveless to faintly grooved adaxially; odor pungent; abaxial surface with 8–10 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface dark green, lacking stomates; apex sharply pointed; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination yellow to yellow-green. Seed cones ovoid, 7–10 × 4–5cm, pale purplish brown, borne on stout peduncles, apex round; scales ca. 1.5–2 × 2–2.5cm, glabrous; bracts exserted, not reflexed. Seeds 10 × 5mm, body deep red-brown; wing about as long as body, deep red-brown; cotyledons ca. 7.",321717205 wfo-0000511028,elevation,"600–900m",321717205 wfo-0000511028,habitat,"Dry, coastal coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000511028,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000511077,morphology,"Trees to 40m; trunk to 0.9m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, with age thickening (to 18cm) and breaking into deep longitudinal furrows, often revealing yellowish inner periderm, appearing 'corky.' Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, the lower often spreading and drooping in age; twigs mostly opposite, glabrous or with yellowish pubescence. Buds exposed, either yellowish and nearly conic (when large) or brownish and nearly globose (when small), resinous, apex rounded to pointed; basal scales equilaterally triangular, glabrous, not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.5–6cm × 2–3mm, mostly 2-ranked, flexible, proximal portion ±straight; cross section flat, sometimes slightly grooved adaxially; odor pungent, frequently camphorlike; abaxial surface glaucous, with 4–7 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface grayish green, glaucous, with (7–)12(–18) stomatal rows at midleaf, these usually fewer toward leaf apex; apex usually rounded, sometimes acute or notched; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination ± red, purple, or ± green. Seed cones cylindric, 7–12 × 3–4.5cm, olive-green, sessile, apex round; scales ca. 2.5–3 × 3–3.5cm, pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 8–12 × 3mm, body tan; wing about twice as long as body, tan with rosy tinge; cotyledons 5–7. 2n =24.",321717205 wfo-0000511077,elevation,"1700–3400m",321717205 wfo-0000511077,habitat,"Coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000511077,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah; Mexico in Baja California, Sonora.",321717205 wfo-0000511165,morphology,"Trees to 25m; trunk to 0.75m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, with age developing appressed reddish scales at trunk base. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles; twigs opposite, pale yellow-brown, pubescence reddish. Buds exposed, light brown, conic, small, resinous, apex acute; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, glabrous, resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.2–2.5cm × 1.5–2mm, 2-ranked, particularly in lower parts of tree, to spiraled, flexible; cross section flat, grooved adaxially; odor turpentinelike, strong; abaxial surface with (8–)10(–12) stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface dark lustrous green, sometimes slightly glaucous, with 0–3 stomatal rows at midleaf, these more numerous toward leaf apex; apex slightly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers. Pollen cones at pollination reddish yellow or yellowish green. Seed cones cylindric, 3.5–6 × 2.5–4cm, dark purple overlaid with yellowish green bracts, sessile, apex round; scales ca. 0.7–1 × 1–1.3cm, pubescent; bracts exserted and reflexed over cone scales. Seeds 4–5 × 2–3mm, body brown; wing about as long as body, purple; cotyledons ca. 5. 2n =24.",321717205 wfo-0000511165,elevation,"1500m",321717205 wfo-0000511165,habitat,"Mountain forests",321717205 wfo-0000511165,distribution,"N.C., Tenn., Va.",321717205 wfo-0000511178,morphology,"Trees to 75m; trunk to 1.55m diam.; crown conic, in age round topped or straggly. Bark gray, thin to thick, with age becoming brown, often with reddish periderm visible in furrows bounded by hard flat ridges. Branches spreading, drooping; twigs mostly opposite, light brown, pubescent. Buds exposed, purple, green, or brown, globose, small to moderately large, resinous, apex round; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, slightly pubescent or glabrous, resinous, margins entire, apex pointed or slightly rounded. Leaves (1–)2–6cm × l.5–2.5mm, 2-ranked, flexible, with leaves at center of branch segment longer than those near ends, or with distinct long and short leaves intermixed, proximal portion ± straight, leaves higher in tree spiraled and 1-ranked; cross section flat, grooved adaxially; odor pungent, faintly turpentinelike; abaxial surface with 5–7 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface light to dark lustrous green, lacking stomates or with a few stomates toward leaf apex; apex distinctly notched (rarely rounded); resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination bluish red, purple, orange, yellow, or ± green. Seed cones cylindric, (5–)6–7(–12) × 3–3.5cm, light green, dark blue, deep purple, or gray, sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 2–2.5 × 2–2.5cm, densely pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 6–8 × 3–4mm, body tan; wing about 1.5 times as long as body, tan with rosy tinge; cotyledons (4–)5–6(–7). 2n =24.",321717205 wfo-0000511178,elevation,"0–1500m",321717205 wfo-0000511178,habitat,"Moist, coastal coniferous forests and mountain slopes",321717205 wfo-0000511178,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000511232,morphology,"Trees to 20m; trunk to 0.8m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, furrowed in age. Branches stiff, straight; twigs opposite to whorled, greenish gray to light brown, bark splitting as early as 2 years to reveal red-brown layer, somewhat pubescent; fresh leaf scars with red periderm. Buds hidden by leaves or exposed, tan to dark brown, nearly globose, small, resinous, apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, glabrous or with a few trichomes at base, not resinous, margins crenate to dentate, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.8–3.1cm × 1.5–2mm, spiraled, turned upward, flexible; cross section flat, prominently grooved adaxially; odor sharp (ß-phellandrene); abaxial surface with 4–5 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface bluish green, very glaucous, with 4–6 stomatal rows at midleaf, rows usually continuous to leaf base; apex prominently or weakly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers. Pollen cones at pollination ± purple to purplish green. Seed cones cylindric, 6–12 × 2–4cm, dark purple, sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 1.5 × 1.7cm, densely pubescent; bracts included (specimens with exserted, reflexed bracts are insect infested). Seeds 6 × 2mm, body brown; wing about 1.5 times as long as body, light brown; cotyledon number 4–5. 2n =24.",321717205 wfo-0000511232,elevation,"1100–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000511232,habitat,"Coastal, subalpine coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000511232,distribution,"B.C., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000511244,morphology,"Trees to 60m; trunk to 1.9m diam.; crown somewhat spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, with age thickening and breaking into deep longitudinal furrows ('corky'), which may reveal inner yellow-caramel periderm. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, or slightly drooping; twigs mostly opposite, yellow-green, pubescent or glabrous. Buds exposed, tan, globose, resinous, moderately large, apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, sparsely pubescent, not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 2–6cm × 2–3mm, mostly 2-ranked, flexible, proximal portion ± straight; cross section flat, grooved adaxially; odor pungent, pinelike; abaxial surface glaucous or not, with 5–8 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface light green, not glaucous, with ca. (5–)7(–9) stomatal rows at midleaf, these fewer toward leaf apex; apex weakly notched; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Seed cones cylindric, 8–9 × 4–4.5cm, olive-green, turning to yellowish brown, then darker brown, sessile, apex round; scales ca. 2.5–3 × 2.8–3.8cm, pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 8–12 × 3mm, body dull brown; wing about twice as long as body, brown with rosy tinge; cotyledons 5–9.",321717205 wfo-0000511244,elevation,"900–2300m",321717205 wfo-0000511244,habitat,"Mixed coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000511244,distribution,"Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000511249,morphology,"Trees to 57m; trunk to 2.5m diam.; crown narrowly conic. Bark grayish, thin, with age thickening and becoming deeply furrowed with ridges being often 4 times wider than furrows, plates reddish. Branches ascending in upper crown, descending in lower crown; twigs opposite to whorled, light yellow to ± tan, reddish pubescent for 1–2 years. Buds hidden by leaves or exposed, usually dark brown, ovoid, small, not resinous or with resin drop near tip, apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, densely pubescent, not resinous, margins entire to crenate, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 2–3.7cm × 2mm, mostly 1-ranked, flexible, the proximal portion often appressed to twig for 2–3mm (best seen on abaxial surface of twig), distal portion divergent; cross section flat, with or without weak groove adaxially toward leaf base, or cross section 3–4-sided on fertile branches; odor camphorlike; abaxial surface with 2 glaucous bands, each band with 4–5 stomatal rows; adaxial surface blue-green to silvery blue, with single glaucous band that may divide into 2 toward leaf base, band with (8–)10(–13) stomatal rows at midleaf; apex rounded or, on fertile branches, somewhat pointed; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination ± purple or reddish brown. Seed cones oblong-cylindric, 15–20 × 7–10cm, purple at first but becoming yellowish brown or greenish brown, sessile, apex round; scales ca. 3 × 4cm, pubescent; bracts included to exserted and reflexed (Shasta red fir) over scales. Seeds 15 × 6mm, body dark reddish brown; wing about as long as body, rose; cotyledons 7–8. 2n =24.",321717205 wfo-0000511249,elevation,"1400–2700m",321717205 wfo-0000511249,habitat,"Mixed coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000511249,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000511367,morphology,"Trees to 80m; trunk to 2.2m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark grayish brown, in age becoming thick and deeply furrowed (furrows and ridges about same width) and reddish brown (especially reddish when plates flake off). Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, stiff; twigs reddish brown, finely pubescent for several years. Buds hidden by leaves, tan, ovoid, small, not resinous, apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, pubescent centrally, not resinous, margins entire to crenate, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1–3(–3.5)cm × 1.5–2mm, 1-ranked, flexible, proximal portion often appressed to twig for 2–3mm (best seen on abaxial surface of twig), distal portion divergent; cross section flat, with prominent raised midrib abaxially, with or without groove adaxially, or cross section 4-sided on fertile branches; odor pungent, faintly turpentinelike; abaxial surface with 2–4 glaucous bands, each band with (4–)6–7 stomatal rows; adaxial surface bluish green, with 0–2 glaucous bands, each band with 0–7 stomatal rows at midleaf; apex rounded to notched; leaves on fertile branches 4-sided with 4 bands of stomates below; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination ± purple, ± red, or reddish brown. Seed cones oblong-cylindric, 10–15 × 5–6.5cm, green, red, or purple, overlaid with green bracts, at maturity brown (bracts light-colored and scales dark), sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 2.5 × 3cm, pubescent; bracts exserted and reflexed over scales. Seeds 12 × 6mm, body reddish brown; wing slightly longer than body, light brown to straw; cotyledons (4–)5–6(–7). 2n =24.",321717205 wfo-0000511367,elevation,"60–2700m",321717205 wfo-0000511367,habitat,"Mixed coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000511367,distribution,"Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-4000000040,morphology,"Plants large. Stems erect-ascending, 1-pinnate; paraphyllia filamentous to narrowly foliose, simple or branched; axillary hairs 2-celled, cells brown. Stem leaves ovate; margins recurved at least proximally, crenulate-papillose; costa 3/4 leaf length; laminal cells rhombic to oblong-hexagonal, 1-papillose on both surfaces. Branch leaves ovate; margins plane, crenulate-papillose; apex acute to broadly acuminate; costa 3/4 leaf length, not covered with cells apically; laminal cells rounded-quadrate to short-rectangular, 1-papillose on both surfaces. Sexual condition dioicous; perichaetial leaves oblong-lanceolate, margins strongly serrate distally, costa subpercurrent, laminal cells porose. Seta smooth. Capsule inclined, cylindric, arcuate; annulus 2- or 3-seriate; operculum obliquely short-rostrate; endostome segments narrowly perforate, cilia 1 or 2.",321717205 wfo-4000000040,distribution,"North America, Europe, Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001147534,morphology,"Plants dark green, yellowish brown, or dark brown, sometimes blackish tinged. Stems to 12 cm; branches short, unequal, tapered; paraphyllia many. Stem leaves erect when dry, erect-spreading when moist, orange at insertion, plicate, 1.2–1.8 mm. Branch leaves erect when dry, erect-spreading when moist, 0.6–0.7 mm; costa strong. Perichaetial leaves to 4 mm. Seta 2–2.5 cm. Capsule yellow-brown, 2–3 mm. Spores 9–11 µm, finely papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001147534,phenology,"Capsules mature late summer.",321717205 wfo-0001147534,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001147534,habitat,"Dry, exposed calcareous rock and soil, sand of partially stabilized dunes, talus at base of cliffs, humus in open, coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0001147534,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Colo., Conn., Iowa, Maine, Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Pa., S.Dak., Vt., Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia.",321717205 wfo-4000000042,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, cespitose, rhizomatous or not. Culms round. Leaves basal, polystichous; sheaths distally open, loose, ribbed; ligules absent; blades mostly filiform, compressed or lunate to semicircular in cross section, margins strongly involute. Inflorescences terminal, pseudoumbellate or capitate or solitary spikelet; spikelets 1–5; involucral bract 1, spreading to erect, scalelike or linear. Spikelets terminal, straw colored, ovoid to lance-ovoid, somewhat compressed laterally, whole spikelet flat or with torque; scales 10–30, all distichously arranged, each subtending flower on short pedicel-joint, proximal 1–2 empty. Flowers bisexual, protandrous; perianth absent; stamens 2–3; styles linear, base enlarged, 3-fid, deciduous in fruit. Achenes trigonous.",321717205 wfo-4000000042,distribution,"Pantropics and subtropics.",321717205 wfo-0000336880,morphology,"Herbs, bulbous-based, (5–)10–50(–70) cm. Culms erect to radiately spreading, leafy at base, most of length a scape; scape glabrous, wiry, 0.5 mm diam. Leaves: proximal leaves persistent as fibrous scales; principal leaves at least 1/2 as long as scapes; sheaths open, broad-based, shorter than blades, margins pale or brown, scarious, forming broad auricle at junction with blade; blades filiform, to 1 mm, margins incrassate, glabrous or scabridulous, apex acute to blunt, scabrid; abaxial surfaces convex, coarsely ribbed, adaxial flat or concave. Spikelets commonly 1, less often 2(–3) in simple monochasium or dichasium, lance-ovoid, 10–15 mm, glabrous, acute; scales at least 10, ovate, curvate-keeled, proximal 1–4 bracteal, at least proximalmost with strong cusp, the rest fertile, apex shortacuminate or acute, mucronate to apiculate; stamens 1–3; anthers 3–4 mm. Achenes pale, 2.5–3 mm; body nearly globose, pebbly. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000336880,phenology,"Fruiting all year.",321717205 wfo-0000336880,elevation,"0–50 m",321717205 wfo-0000336880,habitat,"Rocky, gravelly savanna, solution pockets in limerock",321717205 wfo-0000336880,distribution,"Fla.; Mexico; West Indies; Bermuda; Central America; South America; Eurasia; Africa; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australia.",321717205 wfo-4000000056,morphology,"Herbs, annual or perennial, sometimes cespitose or appearing acaulescent, usually viscid-pubescent, from slender to stout taproot (extensively rhizomatous in Abronia bolackii). Stems prostrate to erect, unarmed, without glutinous bands on internodes. Leaves usually basal and cauline (all basal in A. bigelovii and A. nana), unequal in each pair, petiolate; blade ± thick and succulent, base usually asymmetric. Inflorescences axillary (appearing scapose in A. bigelovii and A. nana), pedunculate, capitate clusters, with peripheral flowers usually opening first; receptacle slightly rounded to conic, without pedicel-like projections; bracts persistent, not accrescent, 5–10, distinct, forming involucre, lanceolate to broadly ovate, thinly papery or scarious, translucent, occasionally thin and green. Flowers bisexual, chasmogamous; perianth radially symmetric, funnelform or salverform, constricted distal to ovary, abruptly expanded to 5-lobed limb; stamens 5–9, included; styles included; stigmas linear. Fruits winged or not, usually fusiform or turbinate, in profile rhombic, cordate, or obdeltate, coriaceous, glabrate to viscid puberulent; wings 2–5, opaque, subtly veined, not or only slightly extending beyond apex or base of body, distal margins sometimes dilated and flattened, broader than lamina, interior hollow, forming cavity, or filled with spongy tissue; sulci smooth or slightly rugose.",321717205 wfo-4000000056,distribution,"North America, Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000511505,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems prostrate, well branched, forming small mats, elongate, viscid-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–2 cm; blade orbiculate-oval, 0.4–1 × 0.3–0.5 cm, margins entire, plane, surfaces glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle shorter than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to ovate, 2–3 × 1–2 mm, papery, glandular-pubescent; flowers 1–5. Perianth: tube whitish, 10–18 mm, limb white to lavender-pink, 6–8 mm diam. Fruits narrowly obovate in profile, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, thin, coriaceous, apex broadly conic; wings absent or 5-angled.",321717205 wfo-0000511505,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000511505,elevation,"2600-3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000511505,habitat,"Sandy soils, alpine meadows",321717205 wfo-0000511505,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000511506,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems procumbent to semierect, slightly to moderately branched, elongate, often reddish at nodes, viscid. Leaves: petiole 1–9 cm; blade deltate-ovate to elliptic, 2–8 × 2–6.5 cm, margins repand to sinuate, frequently undulate, adaxial surface glandular-puberulent, abaxial surface glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts ovate to elliptic, 5–16 × 2–10 mm, papery, glandular-pubescent; flowers 20–75. Perianth: tube magenta, 12–25 mm, limb bright magenta, 8–10 mm diam. Fruits narrowly turbinate, 6–9 × 3–4.5 mm, ± 2 times as long as wide, scarious, base attenuate, rounded or truncate at apex, with a broadly conic beak; wings 5, finely reticulate, thin walled, narrow, cavities extending throughout.",321717205 wfo-0000511506,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring.",321717205 wfo-0000511506,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000511506,habitat,"Sandy soils, live-oak grasslands",321717205 wfo-0000511506,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000511507,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems prostrate, much branched, forming loose mats, elongate, densely glandular-pubescent, viscid. Leaves: petiole 2–4.5 cm; blade elliptic-oblong to rhombic-ovate, 1–2.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm, margins entire to repand and ± undulate, surfaces glandular-puberulent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to elliptic, 3–5 × 1–3 mm, papery, puberulent to glandular-pubescent; flowers 15–35. Perianth: tube greenish, 7–12 mm, limb greenish white, 4–6 mm diam. Fruits biturbinate, tapered at both ends, ± rhombic or fusiform in profile, 4–6 × 2.5–4.5 mm, indurate; wings reduced, appearing as 5 prominent lobes near middle of fruit; peripheral fruits not or only slightly distorted.",321717205 wfo-0000511507,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511507,elevation,"2300-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000511507,habitat,"Sandy soils, lake shores",321717205 wfo-0000511507,distribution,"Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000511509,morphology,"Plants annual (perennial). Stems decumbent to ascending, much branched, elongate, often reddish, glandular-pubescent, viscid. Leaves: petiole 1–7 cm; blade ovate-oblong to elliptic, 1–5.5 × 0.7–3 cm, margins entire to sinuate, often ± undulate, infrequently shallowly lobed, surfaces viscid-pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–3 mm, papery, glandular-pubescent; flowers 10–30. Perianth: tube pink, 10–20 mm, limb bright magenta to pale pink, infrequently pale rose, 6–8 mm diam. Fruits broadly obdeltate in profile, 5–10 × 4–8 mm, scarious, apex narrowly tapered to a prominent beak; wings 5, extending to or slightly beyond base of beak, truncate, with conspicuous dilations, cavities extending throughout.",321717205 wfo-0000511509,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511509,elevation,"300-1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000511509,habitat,"Sandy soils, desert scrub",321717205 wfo-0000511509,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; n Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-0000511514,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems arising from branched caudices, ascending to erect, few branched, elongate, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1–3 cm; blade elliptic to obovate, 1.5–3.5 × 0.3–1.5 cm, margins entire to ± repand and undulate, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts ovate to orbiculate, 7–15 × 6–15 mm, scarious, glandular-puberulent; flowers 15–20. Perianth: tube white to greenish, 10–15 mm, limb white, 5–7 mm diam. Fruits narrowly fusiform, 7–10 × 3–4 mm, scarious; wings absent.",321717205 wfo-0000511514,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000511514,elevation,"1300-1900 m",321717205 wfo-0000511514,habitat,"Clay soils, desert scrub to pinyon-juniper woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000511514,distribution,"Colo., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000511518,morphology,"Plants perennial, acaulescent or rarely with short branched aerial caudices, cespitose. Leaves: petiole 1–3.5 cm; blade linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 1.5–8 × 0.3–0.4 cm, 5 or more times as long as wide, margins entire, plane, surfaces glabrous or puberulent. Inflorescences: bracts broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 7–11 × 2–8 mm, thinly papery, glabrate to minutely glandular-puberulent; flowers 12–25. Perianth: tube greenish pink, 3–8 mm, limb pale pink, 3–4 mm diam. Fruits winged, ± obdeltate in profile, 6–9 × 5–8 mm, scarious, apex slightly beaked; wings 5, thin walled, apex tapered to broadly obtuse, without dilations, cavities extending throughout.",321717205 wfo-0000511518,phenology,"Flowering fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511518,elevation,"1500-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000511518,habitat,"Shrubby gypsum hills",321717205 wfo-0000511518,distribution,"N.Mex.",321717205 wfo-0000511519,morphology,"Plants perennial, short caulescent or nearly acaulescent. Stems decumbent to erect, minutely and sparsely glandular-pubescent or ± glabrate, arising from cordlike rhizomes. Leaves: petiole 1–4 cm; blade elliptic-oblong to ovate, 1–4 × 0.5–2 cm, margins entire to shallowly sinuate, often ± undulate, surfaces minutely puberulent or glabrous (especially in age). Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts broadly lanceolate, ovate, obovate, or almost round, 5–10 × 3–10 mm, scarious, apex acute, obutse, or rounded, glandular-puberulent; flowers 15–25. Perianth: tube greenish, 7–11 mm, limb white, 3 mm diam. Fruits broadly turbinate, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, scarious, apex truncate and slightly beaked; wings (3–)5, dilated distally and ± flattened perpendicular to plane of lamina, dilations ± as long as wide, thin walled, cavities extending throughout.",321717205 wfo-0000511519,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000511519,elevation,"1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000511519,habitat,"Gypseous sandy or gravelly soils, open areas, among sparse shrubs",321717205 wfo-0000511519,distribution,"N.Mex.",321717205 wfo-0000511524,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems ascending, infrequently procumbent, unbranched to few branched, elongate, often whitish, viscid-puberulent to glandular-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–4.5 cm; blade lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, 2.5–5 × 0.5–3 cm, margins entire to ± repand and undulate, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous or puberulent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts ovate, 4–8 × 2–5 mm, papery, apex acute to acuminate, glandular-pubescent, sometimes villous basally; flowers 15–30. Perianth: tube greenish, 8–16 mm, limb pale pink to light magenta, 5–7 mm diam. Fruits turbinate, 4–17 × 3–5 mm, scarious, apex broadly obtuse and beaked; wings 5, thin walled, truncate and conspicuously dilated distally, dilations as wide as long and flattened perpendicular to plane of lamina, cavities extending throughout.",321717205 wfo-0000511524,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511524,elevation,"1000-1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000511524,habitat,"Calcareous or gypseous, clay or silty soils, shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000511524,distribution,"Colo., N.Mex., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000511532,morphology,"Plants perennial, sometimes nearly acaulescent. Stems decumbent to erect, elongate, glandular-pubescent, infrequently glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1–4 cm; blade ovate elliptic-oblong to ovate, 1.5–6 × 0.5–3.5 cm, margins entire to sinuate, often undulate, adaxial surface glabrous or puberulent, abaxial surface thinly puberulent to pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts ovate to obovate, 5–20 × 3–10 mm, scarious, apex obtuse to acute, glandular-pubescent to villous; flowers 25–75. Perianth: tube rose to greenish, 10–20 mm, limb white, 5–8 mm diam. Fruits broadly turbinate, apex truncate or rounded and slightly beaked, or fruit ± rhombic in profile, 5–12 × 4–8.5 mm, scarious, tapered at both ends; wings (2–)5 (often 2 on periphery of inflorescence and folded together), dilated distally and flattened perpendicular to plane of lamina, dilations longer than wide, thin walled, cavities extending throughout.",321717205 wfo-0000511532,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511532,elevation,"700-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000511532,habitat,"Sandy or gravelly soils, desert grasslands, scrub",321717205 wfo-0000511532,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., Nev., N.Mex., Utah, Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000511536,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems procumbent to semierect, slightly to moderately branched, elongate, sometimes reddish at base and nodes, glandular-pubescent, viscid. Leaves: petiole 0.5–8 cm; blade ovate to triangular or lanceolate, 3–12 × 1–8 cm, margins entire to subsinuate and slightly undulate, adaxial surface glandular-pubescent, abaxial surface more densely and longer pubescent, or sometimes villous. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts linear-lanceolate to oval-ovate, 7–25 × 2–12 mm, scarious, glandular-puberulent to short villous; flowers 30–80. Perianth: tube greenish to reddish purple, 10–25 mm, limb white, (2–)6–10 mm diam. Fruits winged or not, fusiform and appearing deeply grooved when wingless, when wings not distorted, fruit ± cordate in profile, tapered at base, with prominent beak in broad notch at apex, 5–12 × 2.5–7 mm, indurate, rugose veined or, if wings distorted, fruit ± rhombic in profile and tapered at both ends, or obdeltate and truncate at apex, with prominent beak; wings 4–5, thick, narrow, not dilated at apex, cavities extending throughout; peripheral fruits often distorted, S-shaped in lateral view.",321717205 wfo-0000511536,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511536,elevation,"400-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000511536,habitat,"Dry sandy soils, scrub and grasslands",321717205 wfo-0000511536,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., Kans., Mont., Nebr., N.Mex., N.Dak., Okla., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wyo.; Mexico (Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-0000511550,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems prostrate, often buried in sand, usually much branched, forming large mats, succulent, densely glandular-pubescent to glabrous. Leaves: 1–6 cm; blade deltate-ovate to reniform, 2.2–4.8 × 2.7–5.2 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes slightly repand and undulate, surfaces glabrous or viscid-puberulent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts ovate, 5–9 × 3–5 mm, thin, yellowish green, glandular-pubescent; flowers 17–35. Perianth: tube yellowish green, 6.5–18 mm, limb yellow, 8–13 mm diam., lobes slightly to moderately reflexed. Fruits winged, ± rhombic in profile, attenuate at both ends, 8–15 × 6–14 mm, scarious; wings 4–5, thin walled, small, cavities extending into wing.",321717205 wfo-0000511550,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000511550,elevation,"0-50 m",321717205 wfo-0000511550,habitat,"Sandy soils, coastal scrub, lees of dunes adjacent to strand",321717205 wfo-0000511550,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000511553,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems ascending to semierect, slightly to moderately branched, elongate, glandular-pubescent to viscid. Leaves: petiole 0.5–4 cm; blade ovate to elliptic, 2–5 × 1.5–3.5 cm, margins entire or occasionally ± repand and slightly undulate, surfaces glandular-puberulent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts ovate to elliptic, 7–13 × 4–6 mm, papery, glandular-pubescent; flowers 20–75. Perianth: tube pink to magenta, 18–32 mm, limb magenta, 8–10 mm diam. Fruits broadly turbinate or cordate in profile, 8–15 × 6–12 mm, 0.7–2 times as long as wide, scarious, with a low, conic, inconspicuous beak at apex; wings 5, often twisted, usually smooth, occasionally rugose, not reticulate veined at apex, without cavities.",321717205 wfo-0000511553,phenology,"Flowering spring, opportunistically after summer rains.",321717205 wfo-0000511553,elevation,"100 m",321717205 wfo-0000511553,habitat,"Sand dunes",321717205 wfo-0000511553,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000511555,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems prostrate, often buried, often extensively branched, forming large mats, succulent, densely glandular-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 0.5–3 cm; blade elliptic to oblong or nearly obovate, 5–6.8 × 2.3–4.3 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes ± repand and undulate, surfaces minutely viscid-puberulent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to lance-ovate, 7–11 × 3–4 mm, papery, minutely glandular to glandular-pubescent; flowers 10–18. Perianth: tube red to reddish green, 6–10 mm, limb deep purplish red, 7–10 mm diam., lobes tightly reflexed. Fruits turbinate, 10–14 × 6–18 mm, thick, indurate, apex irregularly truncate and ± beaked; wings 3–5, without cavities.",321717205 wfo-0000511555,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000511555,elevation,"0-50 m",321717205 wfo-0000511555,habitat,"Foredunes and unstable dunes near strand",321717205 wfo-0000511555,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000511556,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems decumbent to ascending, much branched, elongate, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–6 cm; blade ovate to lance-elliptic, 1–6 × 0.5–4 cm, margins entire to sinuate and ± undulate, surfaces glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to obovate, 5–12 × 1–5 mm, papery, glabrate to glandular-pubescent; flowers 25–60. Perianth: tube pale rose proximally to greenish distally, 15–25 mm, limb white, 7–12 mm diam. Fruits winged, broadly obdeltate or cordate in profile, 6–10 × 4–10 mm, thin, usually coriaceous, rarely indurate, base attenuate, apex prominently beaked; wings (2–)5 (when 2, folded to form single deep groove), without dilations, broad, thin, without cavities.",321717205 wfo-0000511556,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511556,elevation,"100-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000511556,habitat,"Sandy soils, cold desert scrub, grasslands",321717205 wfo-0000511556,distribution,"Idaho, Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000511562,morphology,"Plants perennial, acaulescent or nearly so, usually cespitose. Leaves: petiole 1–5 cm; blade elliptic to lanceolate, shortly ovate, or oblong-ovate, (0.4–)0.5–2.5 × (0.2–)0.4–1.2 cm, less than 3 times as long as wide, margins entire or ± repand and undulate, surfaces glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences: bracts lanceolate to ovate, 4–9 × 2–7 mm, scarious, glandular-puberulent, often minutely so; flowers 15–25. Perianth: tube pale pink, 8–30 mm, limb white to pink, 6–10 mm diam. Fruits obovate to obcordate in profile, 6–10 × 5–7 mm, scarious, apex low and broadly conic; wings 5, without dilations, without cavities.",321717205 wfo-0000511562,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Nev., Utah",321717205 wfo-0000511563,morphology,"Leaf blades shortly ovate to oblong-ovate. Inflorescences: bracts lanceolate.",321717205 wfo-0000511563,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511563,elevation,"1600-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000511563,habitat,"Dry sandy and rocky areas, pinyon-juniper woodlands, yellow-pine forests",321717205 wfo-0000511563,distribution,"Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0001245134,morphology,"Leaf blades elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate. Inflorescences: bracts ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or vestigial.",321717205 wfo-0001245134,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0001245134,elevation,"600-3000 m",321717205 wfo-0001245134,habitat,"Rocky limestone, scrub, pinyon-juniper woodlands, pine forests",321717205 wfo-0001245134,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., Nev., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000511575,morphology,"Plants annual. Stems decumbent to ascending, little to moderately branched, elongate, glandular-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 0.8–4 cm; blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 2–5 × 1.5–3.5 cm, margins entire to ± sinuate and undulate, surfaces glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, 4–9 × 1.8–6 mm, papery, puberulent to glandular-pubescent, often villous basally; flowers 12–24. Perianth: tube rose red, at least basally, 10–20 mm, limb white to pink, 6–8 mm diam. Fruits winged, broadly cordate or ± round in profile, 4–6 × 4–6 mm, coriaceous, apex deeply notched with small beak; wings 2(–3), infrequently partially folded together, without dilations, interior spongy.",321717205 wfo-0000511575,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000511575,elevation,"100-1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000511575,habitat,"Sandy soils, Joshua tree desert scrub",321717205 wfo-0000511575,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000511588,morphology,"Plants annual, infrequently perennial. Stems decumbent to ascending, much branched, elongate, reddish at least basally, glandular-pubescent, rarely glabrous or viscid-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–4.5 cm; blade broadly ovate to orbiculate, 1–5 × 0.5–3 cm, margins entire or ± repand and undulate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to ovate, 3–10 × 1–5 mm, papery, puberulent to densely glandular-pubescent; flowers 15–35. Perianth: tube greenish to coral pink, 6–18 mm, limb white to pale pink, 5–8 mm diam. Fruits winged, turbinate, 3–8 × 3–6 mm, coriaceous, apex broadly tapered to prominent beak; wings (2–)5 (when 2, folded together) truncate distally with conspicuous dilations, cavities extending throughout.",321717205 wfo-0000511588,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511588,elevation,"900-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000511588,habitat,"Sandy soils, desert scrub",321717205 wfo-0000511588,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000511592,morphology,"Plants annual. Stems prostrate, much branched in large plants, forming loose mats, elongate, glandular-pubescent or glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1–6 cm; blade ovate, elliptic, or rhombic, 1.5–6.8 × 0.8–4.7 cm, margins entire to ± repand and undulate, surfaces glandular-puberulent to glandular-villous, usually ± glaucous. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to ovate, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, papery, glandular-puberulent to viscid-villous; flowers 8–27. Perianth: tube magenta to greenish, 6.5–18 mm, limb magenta, 6–16 mm diam., throat surrounded by white to yellowish white eyespot. Fruits ± obdeltate in profile, 6–12 × 6–16(–24) mm, indurate, smooth, not rugose veined, apex beaklike; wings 5, not folded, poorly to very well developed, from slightly shorter than beaklike apex of body to prolonged beyond beak, thin, without cavities.",321717205 wfo-0000511592,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000511593,morphology,"Flowers 8–20 per inflorescence, 7–10 mm. Fruits 10–12 × 8–12 mm; wing tips often prolonged beyond apex of fruit body.",321717205 wfo-0000511593,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511593,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000511593,habitat,"Sandy soils, coastal scrub, lees of dunes near strand",321717205 wfo-0000511593,distribution,"B.C.; Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000511597,morphology,"Flowers 14–18 per inflorescence, 6.5–10 mm. Fruits 8–12 × 6–14 mm; wings truncate, poorly to moderately developed, if developed, tapering to fruit apex.",321717205 wfo-0000511597,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000511597,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000511597,habitat,"Sandy soils, coastal scrub, lees of dunes near strand",321717205 wfo-0000511597,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0001245136,morphology,"Flowers 10–27 per inflorescence; 12–18 mm. Fruits 6–12 × 7–16(–24) mm; wings well developed, truncate or tapering to beaklike apex of fruit body.",321717205 wfo-0001245136,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0001245136,elevation,"0-50 m",321717205 wfo-0001245136,habitat,"Sandy soils, coastal scrub, lees of dunes near strand",321717205 wfo-0001245136,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000511604,morphology,"Plants annual. Stems decumbent to ascending, often widely spreading, much branched in large plants, forming large, loose mats, elongate, usually with reddish tinge, glandular-pubescent to long viscid-villous. Leaves: petiole 0.5–5 cm; blade deltate-ovate to ovate or elliptic, 1–5 × 1–4.5 cm, margins entire to sinuate and ± undulate, adaxial surface glabrous or glandular-pubescent, abaxial surface glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences: peduncle longer than subtending petiole; bracts lanceolate to lance-ovate, 2.5–11 × 1–3 mm, papery, viscid-villous; flowers 15–35. Perianth: tube pink, 10–35 mm, limb usually magenta, with light eyespot, rarely white, 6–18 mm diam. Fruits usually winged, ± obdeltate in profile, 5–10 × 4–15 mm, indurate, ± rugose-veined, sometimes inconspicuously so; wings 3–5, not folded, without dilations, thin, truncate distally, equaling or extending slightly beyond conic apex of fruit body, interior spongy.",321717205 wfo-0000511604,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah; nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000511605,morphology,"Perianth: tube 20–35 mm, limbs often more than 15 mm diam. Fruits 6–10 mm, inconspicuously rugose veined, not appearing pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000511605,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000511605,elevation,"100-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000511605,habitat,"Sandy soils, sage-scrub, chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000511605,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; nw Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0001086772,morphology,"Perianth: tube 10–20 mm, limb seldom more than 15 mm diam. Fruits 5–8 mm, strongly rugose veined, often appearing pitted.",321717205 wfo-0001086772,phenology,"Flowering winter–summer.",321717205 wfo-0001086772,elevation,"0-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0001086772,habitat,"Sandy soils, creosote bushscrub",321717205 wfo-0001086772,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah; nw Mexico (Baja California, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-4000000069,morphology,"Subshrubs, shrubs, or herbs. Stems erect, sometimes trailing (A. parvulum) or procumbent or ascending (A. wrightii), glabrescent or pubescent, sometimes viscid (A. hirtum, A. reventum, A. trisulcatum). Leaves: stipules usually persistent, subulate, lanceolate, or filiform; blade elliptic, ovate, [cordiform], sometimes shallowly lobed, but not maplelike [sometimes umbellate]; involucel absent. Flowers: calyx not accrescent (except A. hulseanum, A. hypoleucum, A. palmeri, and A. wrightii), not inflated, not completely enclosing fruit, lobes not ribbed, lanceolate, ovate, cordate, or acuminate; corolla usually yellow or orange, less often pinkish, sometimes with dark red center; staminal column included or exserted; ovules 3(–6) per carpel; style 5–25-branched; stigmas sometimes black, capitate. Fruits schizocarps, erect, not inflated, globose, ovoid, oblate, cask-shaped, or cylindric, usually not indurate, variably hairy but not setose; mericarps 5–25, 1-celled follicle, adherent to adjacent mericarps and persistent on their axes, without dorsal spur, apex usually acute or acuminate to spinescent, sometimes rounded or obtuse, abaxially dehiscent. Seeds usually 3–6 per mericarp, usually turbinate, puberulent or scabridulous. x = 7, 8.",321717205 wfo-4000000069,distribution,"United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000511699,morphology,"Subshrubs, to 1.5 m. Stems erect, roughly stellate-pubescent, without glandular hairs. Leaves: stipules subulate, 6–8 mm; petiole usually shorter than blade; blade slightly discolorous, ovate, 2–10 cm, longer than wide, base truncate to cordate, margins obscurely to prominently crenate-serrate, apex usually acuminate, surfaces roughly pubescent. Inflorescences solitary flowers or racemose panicles. Flowers: calyx 9–12 mm, basally truncate, lobes basally overlapping, erect in fruit, acuminate, to 8 mm wide; corolla rotate, orange-yellow throughout, petals 10–12 mm; staminal column pubescent; style 8–10-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 9–14 × 10–16 mm; mericarps: apex acuminate, surface uniformly stellate-pubescent and with simple hairs on abaxial margins. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 3 mm, reticulately scabridulous. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000511699,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000511699,elevation,"0–1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000511699,habitat,"Open, arid habitats",321717205 wfo-0000511699,distribution,"Ariz., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica).",321717205 wfo-0000511776,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–1.5 m. Stems erect, roughly stellate-pubescent with minute intermingled glandular hairs. Leaves: stipules subulate, 3–10 mm; petiole shorter than blade; blade slightly discolorous, ovate, 2.5–10 cm, slightly longer than wide, base truncate to cordate, margins obscurely crenate to serrate, apex acute, sometimes acuminate, surfaces roughly pubescent. Inflorescences solitary flowers or racemes or panicles. Flowers: calyx 8–13 mm, basally cuneate, lobes basally overlapping, erect in fruit, acuminate, to 8 mm wide; corolla orange-yellow throughout, petals 10 mm; staminal column pubescent; style 8–10-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 10–13 × 10–13 mm; mericarps: apex acuminate, surface with both stellate and glandular hairs. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 3 mm, uniformly puberulent. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000511776,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000511776,elevation,"0–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000511776,habitat,"Open, arid habitats",321717205 wfo-0000511776,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000511817,morphology,"Subshrubs, to 1 m. Stems erect, densely tomentulose, without simple hairs. Leaves: stipules subulate, 3–5 mm; petiole more than 1/2 as long as blade; blade nearly concolorous, ovate, 4–6 cm, ± as long as wide, base truncate to cordate, margins sharply serrulate, apex acute, surfaces tomentulose, obscured by pubescence. Inflorescences solitary flowers or open, terminal panicles. Flowers: calyx 5–6 mm, lobes not overlapping, fully reflexed in fruit, lanceolate; corolla rotate, yellow throughout, petals 10–15 mm; staminal column with few stellate hairs apically; style 5-branched. Schizocarps ± cylindric, 8–10 × 6–8 mm; mericarps: apex long-acuminate, surface stellate-pubescent. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2 mm, puberulent.",321717205 wfo-0000511817,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000511817,elevation,"1000–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000511817,habitat,"Open, arid habitats",321717205 wfo-0000511817,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico (Coahuila, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000511971,morphology,"Herbs, 1 m. Stems erect, puberulent and with simple hairs 2–5 mm, viscid. Leaves: stipules recurved, lanceolate, 7–9 mm; petiole as long as or longer than blade; blade somewhat discolorous, ovate to suborbiculate, 5–7 cm, base cordate, margins finely serrate, apex acuminate, surfaces softly tomentose. Inflorescences solitary flowers or terminal panicles. Flowers: calyx 12–17 mm, lobes not overlapping, erect, ovate; corolla orange-yellow with dark red center, petals 18–20 mm; staminal column pubescent; style 20–25-branched. Schizocarps oblate, 12–14 × 20 mm; mericarps: apex obtuse to acute, surface stellate-hirsute. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2.4–2.8 mm, minutely scabridulous. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000511971,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000511971,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000511971,habitat,"Disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000511971,distribution,"Introduced; Fla.; Asia; Africa; Australia; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies (Cuba, Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico), Central America, South America (Peru, Venezuela).",321717205 wfo-0000511977,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, perennial, 1–2 m. Stems erect, stellate-tomentulose and with simple hairs 2–4 mm. Leaves: stipules filiform, 8 mm; petiole subequal to blade; blade ± discolorous, ovate, mostly 6–10 cm, longer than wide, base cordate, margins crenate, apex rounded-acute, surfaces softly tomentulose. Inflorescences solitary flowers. Flowers: calyx 12–15 mm, lobes basally overlapping, erect, cordate, accrescent to 15–20 mm; corolla yellowish throughout, fading pinkish, petals 20 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 12-branched. Schizocarps ± oblate, 12–15 × 20–25 mm; mericarps: apex apiculate, surface prominently hirsute, hairs 1–2 mm. Seeds 4–6 per mericarp, 2 mm, puberulent. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000511977,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring.",321717205 wfo-0000511977,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000511977,habitat,"Roadsides, disturbed sites, secondary vegetation",321717205 wfo-0000511977,distribution,"Fla., La., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies.",321717205 wfo-0000511979,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–1.5 m. Stems erect, sparsely to densely stellate-pubescent, sometimes also with few simple hairs to 2 mm. Leaves: stipules subulate, 2–4 mm; petiole 1/2 to as long as blade; blade markedly discolorous, narrowly ovate, 5–11 cm, to 2 times as long as wide, base cordate, margins crenate, apex acute or slightly acuminate, surfaces densely soft-tomentose abaxially, sparsely scabridulous adaxially. Inflorescences solitary flowers. Flowers: calyx 10–15 mm, lobes basally overlapping, erect, broadly cordate, accrescent to 25 mm, to 20 mm wide; corolla yellow or yellow-orange throughout, petals 15–25 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 13–15-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 15 × 15 mm; mericarps: apex acuminate, surface stellate-pubescent. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2.5 mm, minutely scabridulous. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000511979,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511979,elevation,"0–1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000511979,habitat,"Dry shrublands, roadsides, disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000511979,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000511986,morphology,"Subshrubs, 1–2 m. Stems erect, terete when young, minutely tomentulose. Leaves: stipules subulate, 3 mm; petiole ca. 1/2 times as long as blade; blade concolorous, ovate, to 6 cm, longer than wide, base cordate, margins irregularly serrulate or crenate, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces densely tomentulose, obscured by pubescence. Inflorescences solitary flowers or in open panicles. Flowers: calyx 3–5 mm, lobes not overlapping, spreading or somewhat reflexed in fruit, lanceolate-ovate; corolla reflexed, yellow or pink with dark red center, petals 4–6 mm; staminal column pubescent; style 5-branched. Schizocarps cask-shaped, not medially constricted, 7–9 × 6 mm; mericarps: apex acute or apiculate, surface tomentulose. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2 mm, puberulent but appearing glabrous. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000511986,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000511986,elevation,"0–1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000511986,habitat,"Open, arid habitats, hills and plains",321717205 wfo-0000511986,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., N.Mex.; Mexico (Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora); Pacific Islands (Hawaii).",321717205 wfo-0000512070,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, usually perennial, to 1 m. Stems erect, minutely stellate-tomentulose, hairs yellowish. Leaves: stipules subulate, 5–9 mm; petiole 1 / 2 to as long as blade; blade concolorous, suborbiculate to ovate, 3–7 cm, ± as long as wide, base cordate, margins sharply serrate, apex acuminate, surfaces minutely tomentulose, obscured by pubescence. Inflorescences terminal, compact panicles. Flowers: calyx 6–8 mm, lobes not overlapping, erect in fruit, lanceolate-ovate; corolla rotate, yellow throughout, petals 9–15 mm; staminal column pubescent; style 5-branched. Schizocarps ± cylindric, 6–7 × 6–7 mm; mericarps: apex usually acute, surface coarsely stellate-pubescent. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2 mm, puberulent but appearing glabrous. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000512070,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000512070,elevation,"300–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000512070,habitat,"Arid habitats, hillsides, plains, canyons",321717205 wfo-0000512070,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Zacatecas).",321717205 wfo-0000512109,morphology,"Shrubs, 1–2 m. Stems erect, prominently hirsute, with simple hairs 2–4 mm. Leaves: stipules subulate, 5–9 mm; petiole subequal to blade, prominently hirsute; blade markedly discolorous, broadly ovate or 3–5-angulate, mostly 10–20 cm, ± as long as wide, base cordate, margins irregularly crenate-serrate, apex acuminate, surfaces minutely stellate-pubescent.",321717205 wfo-0000512109,phenology,"Flowering late summer.",321717205 wfo-0000512109,elevation,"500–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000512109,habitat,"Open desert habitats, along water courses",321717205 wfo-0000512109,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Sonora, Veracruz).",321717205 wfo-0000512160,morphology,"Shrubs, to 1.5(–2) m. Stems erect, ± stellate-pubescent, sometimes also with simple hairs 1–2 mm. Leaves: stipules filiform, 6–9 mm; petiole variable, usually subequal to blade; blade nearly concolorous, broadly ovate or weakly 3-lobed, 4–8 cm, ± as long as wide, base cordate, margins dentate, apex acuminate, surfaces softly tomentose. Inflorescences solitary flowers or terminal panicles. Flowers: calyx 9–15 mm, lobes accrescent to 20 mm, basally overlapping, not reflexed in fruit, cordate, to 8 mm wide; corolla yellow-orange throughout, petals 20–25 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 10-branched. Schizocarps broadly ovoid, 10–12 × 15–16 mm; mericarps: apex acute or apiculate, densely hirsute. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 3 mm, puberulent.",321717205 wfo-0000512160,phenology,"Flowering late winter–spring.",321717205 wfo-0000512160,elevation,"0–1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000512160,habitat,"Desert habitats",321717205 wfo-0000512160,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000512167,morphology,"Subshrubs, 1 m. Stems erect, stellate-pubescent and with ± retrorse, simple hairs 2 mm. Leaves: stipules caducous, subulate, 5 mm; petiole equaling or to 2 times length of blades of lower leaves; blade discolorous, ovate, 2.5–6.5 cm, longer than wide, base cordate, margins coarsely dentate, apex acute, abaxial surface softly stellate-pubescent, adaxial surface with appressed simple and bifurcate hairs 1 mm. Inflorescences solitary flowers. Flowers: calyx 6–8 mm, lobes not overlapping, erect in fruit, ovate; corolla yellow-orange throughout, not fading pinkish, petals 8–12 mm; style 6–8-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 10 × 10 mm; mericarps: apex spinose, spines 2–3 mm, stellate-pubescent and ciliate on keel, hairs 1.5 mm. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2.5 mm, minutely scabridulous. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000512167,phenology,"Flowering late summer.",321717205 wfo-0000512167,elevation,"1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000512167,habitat,"Mountain slopes, desert scrublands",321717205 wfo-0000512167,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000512170,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, perennial, usually to 0.5 m. Stems trailing, minutely stellate-pubescent and sometimes with simple hairs 1 mm. Leaves: stipules subulate, 2–4 mm; petiole 1/2 to as long as blade; blade concolorous, broadly ovate, to 5 cm, length ± equaling width, base cordate, margins coarsely dentate, apex acute, surfaces sparsely pubescent, visible through pubescence. Inflorescences axillary, solitary flowers. Flowers: calyx 3–5 mm, lobes not overlapping, reflexed in fruit, ovate; corolla ± pinkish throughout, petals 4–7 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 5-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 8–9 × 8–9 mm; mericarps: apex acute or apiculate, minutely stellate-pubescent. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2 mm, puberulent. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000512170,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000512170,elevation,"500–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000512170,habitat,"Dry, open habitats",321717205 wfo-0000512170,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Nev., N.Mex., Tex., Utah; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000512187,morphology,"Shrubs, 1–2 m. Stems erect, softly stellate-pubescent, without simple hairs. Leaves: stipules lanceolate, 5–7 mm; petiole 1/2 to as long as blade; blade discolorous, ovate, 7–12 cm, ca. 2 times as long as wide, base deeply cordate, margins serrate, apex acuminate, surfaces softly tomentose. Inflorescences solitary flowers or terminal panicles. Flowers: calyx 10–15 mm, lobes basally overlapping, erect in fruit, lanceolate-ovate, to 8 mm wide; corolla yellow or yellow-orange throughout, petals 10–18 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 10–12-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 8–10 × 8–10 mm; mericarps: apex acute, hirsute. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2 mm, papillate.",321717205 wfo-0000512187,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000512187,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000512187,habitat,"Coastal areas, disturbed sites, often on limestone soil",321717205 wfo-0000512187,distribution,"Fla.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America.",321717205 wfo-0000512246,morphology,"Herbs, annual, or subshrubs, to 2 m. Stems erect, usually reddish or purplish, minutely glandular-pubescent to glabrate, without simple hairs, obscurely viscid. Leaves: stipules lost early and seldom observed, subulate; petiole subequal to blade; blade markedly discolorous, broadly round-ovate, 8–10(–20) cm, ± as long as wide, base deeply cordate, margins obscurely serrulate, apex acuminate, surfaces softly pubescent. Inflorescences terminal panicles. Flowers: calyx 3–6 mm, lobes not overlapping, not reflexed in fruit, lanceolate-ovate, to 8 mm wide; corolla pale yellow throughout, petals 9–15 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 10-branched. Schizocarps globose, 7–10 mm; mericarps: apex rounded or obtuse, stellate-tomentose. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2.5–3 mm, sparsely reticulately scabridulous.",321717205 wfo-0000512246,phenology,"Flowering late summer.",321717205 wfo-0000512246,elevation,"1000–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000512246,habitat,"Arid hillsides, along water courses",321717205 wfo-0000512246,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000512325,morphology,"Herbs, annual, to 1+ m. Stems erect, stellate-tomentose, without simple hairs. Leaves: stipules lanceolate; petiole subequal to blade; blade concolorous, broadly ovate to suborbiculate, 8–15 cm, ± as long as wide, base cordate, margins crenulate, apex acuminate, surfaces softly pubescent. Inflorescences usually solitary flowers, sometimes cymose or racemose. Flowers: calyx 10 mm, lobes not overlapping, erect in fruit, ovate; corolla pale yellow throughout, petals 8–13 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 13–15-branched. Schizocarps broadly ovoid, 15 × 20 mm; mericarps: apex spinose, spines divergent, 3–6 mm, hirsute. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 3–4 mm, minutely puberulent. 2n = 84.",321717205 wfo-0000512325,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000512325,elevation,"0–1400 m",321717205 wfo-0000512325,habitat,"Soybean, corn, and cotton fields, naturalized in disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000512325,distribution,"Introduced; Ont.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000512346,morphology,"Herbs, annual, sometimes perennial, or subshrubs, 1–2.5 m. Stems erect, prominently 3-sulcate when young, minutely puberulent, usually viscid (especially in inflorescence). Leaves: stipules subulate, 2–4 mm; petiole usually shorter than blade; blade slightly discolorous, ovate, 6–11 cm, longer than wide, base cordate, margins crenulate-serrulate, apex acuminate, surfaces tomentulose, obscured by pubescence. Inflorescences terminal, open panicles. Flowers: calyx 3–4 mm, lobes not overlapping, erect in fruit, lanceolate-ovate; corolla sometimes reflexed, yellow, often with dark red center, petals 4–6 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 5-branched. Schizocarps subcylindric, usually medially constricted, 6–8 × 5–8 mm; mericarps: apex apiculate, minutely puberulent. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2 mm, minutely pubescent. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000512346,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring.",321717205 wfo-0000512346,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0000512346,habitat,"Dry shrublands, disturbed vegetation, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000512346,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America.",321717205 wfo-0000512388,morphology,"Subshrubs, to 0.5 m. Stems procumbent or ascending, sometimes purplish, minutely stellate-pubescent, usually with simple hairs 1 mm. Leaves: stipules filiform, 3–4 mm; petiole often exceeding blade; blade markedly discolorous, ovate, 1.5–4 cm, ± as long as wide, base deeply cordate, margins dentate, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface with soft, densely matted pubescence, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences solitary flowers. Flowers: calyx 10–15(–20) mm, lobes accrescent, basally overlapping, cordate; corolla pale yellow throughout, petals 14–18 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 6–9-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 10 × 11 mm; mericarps: apically acuminate, densely hirsute. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 2.6 mm, muriculate. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000512388,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000512388,elevation,"100–300 m",321717205 wfo-0000512388,habitat,"Dry, open habitats, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000512388,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-4000000077,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, 1–15 dm diam.; from branched, woody caudex or stoloniferous. Stems 1–20, creeping and rooting or suberect, basally woody, clad in old leaf bases, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Leaves persistent, basal and/or cauline; stipules absent or persistent, adnate to petiole, free portion ovate to obovate, deeply 2–5-fid, or linear, margins entire; petiole present; blade spatulate, [1–]2–15[–18] cm, herbaceous, leaflets 4–10 per side, opposite, ovate, oblong, or elliptic, margins flat or revolute, incised or pinnatisect, dentate or entire, surfaces hairy or glabrous. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, [4–]15–100-flowered, spikes or globose heads; peduncles present or absent; bracts absent; bracteoles present. Pedicels present. Flowers 3.5–6 mm diam.; hypanthium obtriangular, ovoid, or obconic, 3.5–6 mm diam., spiny [or winged or neither], tomentose or glabrous; sepals 4–5[–6], spreading, elliptic or triangular; petals 0; stamens 2–4[–6], longer than sepals; carpels 1[or 2], styles white or red, fimbriate. Fruits achenes, 1[–2], spindle-shaped; hypanthium persistent, enclosing achenes, gray- to red-brown, ovoid, oblong, globose, or obconic, 3–6 mm diam., hardened, sometimes winged, distinctly or obscurely angled with a single spine at apex of each of 4 angles, or covered with 10–20[–50] spines [or without spines], spines usually bearing retrorse hairs or barbs at apices, pubescent or glabrous, eglandular or glandular; sepals persistent, spreading. x = 21.",321717205 wfo-4000000077,distribution,"w United States, Mexico, South America (Argentina, Chile), s Africa (Cape Province), Atlantic Islands (Gough Island, South Georgia, Tristan da Cunha), Indian Ocean Islands (Kerguelen, Prince Edward Island), Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Guinea, New Zealand), Australia; introduced in Europe (England, Ireland).",321717205 wfo-0001004320,morphology,"Plants creeping or stoloniferous. Stems to 15 dm, 1.5–2 mm diam.; branches erect, short, leafy. Leaves: stipules 3–5-fid; petiole 0.3–1 cm; blade 2–11 cm, leaflets 4–7 per side, bright shining green, oblong or elliptic, 4–17 mm, margins crenate-dentate, teeth 8–15, smooth adaxially, abaxial surface glaucescent, usually pilose on veins and margins, adaxial sparsely pilose. Scapes axillary, 10–15 cm, 1–2 mm diam., smooth, lacking both cauline leaves and multicelled hairs. Inflorescences 80–100-flowered, globose heads (9 mm diam. in flower, 20–35 mm diam. in fruit); bracteoles linear, pilose. Flowers 3.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, triangular, 1.5 mm, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous; stamens 2(or 3), filaments 1.5–2 mm, anthers white; stigma white, fimbriate. Fruiting hypanthia obtriangular, 3.5–5 mm diam., surfaces sericeous, 4-angled, each angle with a slender spine at apex, red, sometimes lemon yellow, 7–12 mm, spines with 4–10 translucent, retrorse barbs 0.5 mm at apex, surfaces glabrous. 2n = 42 (New Zealand).",321717205 wfo-0001004320,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0001004320,elevation,"0–200 m",321717205 wfo-0001004320,habitat,"Roadsides and paths, forest edges, logged lands, lawns, among cultivated ground covers and waste grounds",321717205 wfo-0001004320,distribution,"Introduced; Calif., Oreg.; Pacific Islands (New Guinea, New Zealand); Australia; also introduced in Europe (England, Ireland).",321717205 wfo-0000985243,morphology,"Plants stoloniferous. Stems to 10 dm, 2–3 mm diam., rough with protruding hair bases; branches erect, leafy. Leaves: stipules 3–4-fid; petiole 1–1.5 cm; blade 2.5–12 cm, leaflets 4–7 per side, abaxially whitish with uneven wax layer, adaxially glossy green, oblong, 6–30 mm, margins dentate, teeth 4–10 per side, rugulose adaxially, abaxial surface pilose. Scapes axillary, 7–18 cm, 1.5–2 mm diam., lacking both cauline leaves and multicellular hairs. Inflorescences 80–90-flowered, globose heads (heads 10 mm diam. in flower, 2–4 cm diam. in fruit); bracteoles linear, pilose. Flowers 4 mm diam.; sepals 4, triangular, 2 mm, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous; stamens 2, filaments 3–4 mm, anthers white; stigma white, fimbriate. Fruiting hypanthia obconic, 4.5–6 mm diam., surfaces covered with appressed hairs, 4-angled, each angle with a spine at apex, 9–15 mm, spines with 4–10 translucent, retrorse barbs 0.5 mm at apex, usually with 1[–3] subsidiary spines on angles, surfaces glabrous. 2n = 42 (New Zealand).",321717205 wfo-0000985243,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000985243,elevation,"0–10 m",321717205 wfo-0000985243,habitat,"Coastal sands",321717205 wfo-0000985243,distribution,"Introduced; Calif.; Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia.",321717205 wfo-0001005319,morphology,"Plants from branched woody caudex. Stems decumbent, becoming suberect, 1.5–5 dm (in fruit), 4 mm diam.; branches erect or leafy. Leaves (crowded at bases of stems); stipules absent; petiole to 4 cm; blade 3–15 cm, leaflets 6–10 per side, gray-green (at least on dried specimens), ovate, 4–10 mm, pinnatisect, lobes 3–7(–11), linear, margins revolute, apex penicillate (having a little brush or tuft of hairs at tips), abaxial surface sericeous, adaxial sparsely pilose. Scapes terminal, to 50 cm, 1.5–3 mm diam., sparsely pilose, proximal scape and leaf sheaths with multicellular hairs among 1-celled hairs, with (0–)2–3 cauline leaves to 10 cm. Inflorescences 15–35-flowered, interrupted spikes, (flowers crowded distally, 2–15 cm in flower, elongating to 50 cm in fruit); bracteoles leaflike to linear, ciliate. Flowers 6 mm diam.; sepals 4–5, elliptic, 3 mm, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous; stamens usually 4, filaments 2–3 mm, anthers dark red; stigma rose, laciniate. Fruiting hypanthia ovoid, 3–4 mm diam., surfaces tomentose, obscurely 4-angled, bearing 10–20 spines in longitudinal ranks, to 3[–4] mm, spines with retrorse hairs or barbs.",321717205 wfo-0001005319,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0001005319,elevation,"50–400 m",321717205 wfo-0001005319,habitat,"Coastal grasslands, open rocky slopes, sand dunes, old roadsides",321717205 wfo-0001005319,distribution,"Calif.; South America (Argentina, Chile).",321717205 wfo-0000275337,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 2–6 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, short-pubescent and stipitate-glandular. Leaves: petiole 0.5–7 cm, stipitate-glandular; blade ovate to broadly ovate, 2–8 × 1.5–5 cm, base rounded or subcordate, margins serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences unisexual, axillary (staminate) and terminal (pistillate); staminate peduncle 0.1–0.6 cm, stipitate-glandular, fertile portion 0.2–0.8 cm; pistillate peduncle 0.2–1 cm, stipitate-glandular, fertile portion 2–6 × 0.8–1.5 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers common, terminal on pistillate or, rarely, staminate inflorescences. Pistillate bracts (normal flowers) crowded (inflorescence axis not visible between bracts), 8–12 × 3–4 mm, abaxial surface long-hirsute (hairs to 2 mm) and stipitate-glandular; lobes 3–5, proximally deltate with linear tips, 3/4 bract length, smooth; of allomorphic flowers absent. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers 5–15 mm. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate (normal flowers), 1(–2)-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles unbranched or rarely 2-fid. Capsules smooth, pubescent and stipitate-glandular or glabrate; allomorphic fruits obovoid, 1–1.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm, muricate, hirsute. Seeds 1–1.1 mm, minutely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000275337,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting late summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000275337,elevation,"0–40 m.",321717205 wfo-0000275337,habitat,"Disturbed areas.",321717205 wfo-0000275337,distribution,"Introduced; Ala., Fla., La.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; n South America.",321717205 wfo-0000722660,morphology,"Shrubs, 5–10 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, hirsute and stipitate-glandular, becoming glabrate. Leaves persistent or drought-deciduous; petiole 0.5–2.5 cm; blade ovate to cordate, 1–5 × 0.5–4 cm, base truncate to rounded or cordate, margins serrate-crenate, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences unisexual and bisexual, axillary and terminal; staminate peduncle 0.3–2.5 cm, fertile portion 1–4 cm; pistillate peduncle 0.4–3 cm, fertile portion 1–3 × 0.8–1.2 cm; bisexual similar to staminate, with 1–3 pistillate bracts near base; allomorphic pistillate flowers absent. Pistillate bracts loosely arranged (inflorescence axis visible between bracts), 3–6 × 5.5–11 mm, abaxial surface pubescent, sessile- and stipitate-glandular; lobes (8–)10–18, rounded, 1/5 bract length. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate; styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent and stipitate-glandular. Seeds 1.5–2 mm, minutely pitted. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000722660,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting year-round, especially spring and fall.",321717205 wfo-0000722660,elevation,"10–1400 m.",321717205 wfo-0000722660,habitat,"Arid rocky slopes, desert washes.",321717205 wfo-0000722660,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000905276,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 3–7 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, glabrate. Leaves: petiole 2.5–7 cm; blade ovate to broadly rhombic, 4–12 × 2–7 cm, base obtuse, margins serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary; peduncle 0.1–0.6 cm, pistillate portion 0.8–1.5 × 1–2 cm or pistillate bract solitary, staminate portion 0.3–0.7 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers common, solitary in axils near base of stem. Pistillate bracts (normal flowers) loosely arranged to crowded (inflorescence axis clearly to scarcely visible between bracts) or solitary, 8–16 × 11–20 mm, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent and usually stipitate-glandular; lobes (5–)7–9, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 1/2–3/4 bract length; of allomorphic flowers absent. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers rudimentary. Pistillate flowers: pistil 2-carpellate (normal flowers), 1-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent; allomorphic fruits obovoid, 2.5–3 × 1.8–2 mm, spiny, pubescent. Seeds 2.4–3.2 mm, shallowly pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000905276,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting late summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000905276,elevation,"100–400 m.",321717205 wfo-0000905276,habitat,"Moist bottomland woods, near streams or rivers, rarely in moist upland forests.",321717205 wfo-0000905276,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mo., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000943296,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 1–6 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 0.2–1.2(–1.8) cm; blade oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.7–6 × 0.4–2 cm, base cuneate, margins serrate to crenate to subentire, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary; peduncle 0.1–0.6 cm, pistillate portion 0.7–1.3 × 0.8–1.5 cm or pistillate bract solitary, staminate portion 0.2–2.6 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers absent. Pistillate bracts loosely arranged to crowded (inflorescence axis clearly to scarcely visible between bracts) or solitary, 8–14 × 11–17 mm, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent, red sessile-glandular, and sometimes stipitate-glandular; lobes (7–)9–13(–15), deltate, 1/10–1/4 bract length. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate; styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent. Seeds 1.1–1.9 mm, minutely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000943296,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting mostly summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000943296,elevation,"0–1100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000943296,habitat,"Pine and pine-oak woods, dry hardwood forests, glades, prairies, disturbed areas, usually on sand or shallow rocky soils.",321717205 wfo-0000943296,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000973185,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 1–4 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 0.2–1(–1.2) cm; blade linear-lanceolate to linear, 1.7–6(–7) × 0.3–1.2 cm, base cuneate, margins usually subentire, sometimes shallowly serrate, apex acute. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary; peduncle 0.1–0.6 cm, pistillate portion 0.6–1.2 × 0.8–1.5 cm or pistillate bract solitary, staminate portion 0.1–2.5 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers absent. Pistillate bracts loosely arranged to crowded (inflorescence axis clearly to scarcely visible between bracts) or solitary, 8–13 × 11–16 mm, abaxial surface sparsely to densely pubescent, red sessile-glandular, and rarely stipitate-glandular; lobes (7–)9–13(–17), deltate, 1/10–1/4 bract length. Pistillate flowers: pistil 1-carpellate; styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent. Seeds 1.6–2.4 mm, shallowly pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000973185,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000973185,elevation,"80–600 m.",321717205 wfo-0000973185,habitat,"Pine and oak woods, prairies, barrens, on sandy or shallow rocky soils.",321717205 wfo-0000973185,distribution,"Ark., Ill., Kans., Ky., La., Mo., Okla., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000973398,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, perennial, 1.5–4 dm, monoecious or dioecious (staminate plants rare). Stems prostrate to ascending, short-pubescent and hirsute. Leaves: petiole 0.5–2.5 cm; blade orbiculate or reniform, 0.7–2.5 × 0.8–2.5 cm, base cordate or rounded, margins shallowly crenate, apex rounded. Inflorescences unisexual or bisexual, terminal (staminate, pistillate, and bisexual) and axillary (pistillate); staminate peduncle 0.8–3 cm, fertile portion 1–4 cm; pistillate peduncle 0.4–1.5 cm, fertile portion 1–2 × 0.8–1.2 cm; bisexual similar to staminate, with 1–3 pistillate bracts near base; allomorphic pistillate flowers absent. Pistillate bracts crowded (inflorescence axis not visible between bracts), 6–8.5 × 8–12 mm, abaxial surface hirsute, sessile- and stipitate-glandular; lobes (8–)10–12(–14), rounded, 1/4 bract length. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate; styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent. Seeds 1.5–1.8 mm, minutely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000973398,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000973398,elevation,"0–900 m.",321717205 wfo-0000973398,habitat,"Dry, open, rocky, gravelly, or sandy areas.",321717205 wfo-0000973398,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000975794,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 1–3.5 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–4 cm; blade ovate-lanceolate, 2–5 × 0.7–2.7 cm, base rounded (sometimes asymmetric), margins crenate to serrate, apex acute. Inflorescences unisexual, axillary (staminate) and terminal (pistillate; sometimes on short lateral branches, appearing axillary); staminate peduncle 0.1–0.3 cm, fertile portion 0.1–0.6 cm; pistillate peduncle 0.1–0.2 cm, fertile portion 2–5(–7) × 1.5–2.5 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers common, near apices of pistillate inflorescences. Pistillate bracts (normal and allomorphic flowers) crowded (inflorescence axis not or sparingly visible between bracts), 12–15 × 7–10 mm, abaxial surface pubescent and stipitate-glandular; lobes (5–)9–13(–17), deltate to triangular, 1/8–1/4 bract length, except terminal lobe to 1/3 bract length. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers rudimentary. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate (normal flowers), 2-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent; allomorphic fruits obovoid, longitudinally 2-ridged near apex, 1.4–1.6 × 1–1.2 mm, muricate, pubescent. Seeds 1.2–1.5 mm, coarsely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000975794,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting late summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000975794,elevation,"600–2500 m.",321717205 wfo-0000975794,habitat,"Moist or shaded areas, oak or pine woodlands, desert grasslands.",321717205 wfo-0000975794,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; n, c Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000979275,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 3.5–7 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, pubescent, sparsely hirsute, and stipitate-glandular. Leaves: petiole 1.5–6.5 cm; blade ovate, 3–8 × 1.5–5 cm, base cordate, margins serrate, apex acute to short acuminate. Inflorescences unisexual, axillary (staminate) and terminal (pistillate; sometimes on short lateral branches, appearing axillary); staminate peduncle 0.5–1.5 cm, fertile portion 0.5–3.5 cm; pistillate peduncle 0.1–1 cm, fertile portion 3–7 × 0.7–1 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers common, near apices of pistillate inflorescences. Pistillate bracts (normal and allomorphic flowers) loosely arranged (inflorescence axis visible between bracts), 3–6 × 6–8 mm, abaxial surface pubescent (hairs to 0.3 mm) and sparsely stipitate-glandular; lobes (9–)13–17, linear, 2/3 bract length, muricate. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers rudimentary. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate (normal flowers), 1(–3)-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules spiny, pubescent; allomorphic fruits obovoid, 2 irregular flanges near apex, 2–2.2 × 1.6–1.8 mm, smooth, pubescent. Seeds 1.6–2 mm, tuberculate.",321717205 wfo-0000979275,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000979275,elevation,"0–1700 m.",321717205 wfo-0000979275,habitat,"Stream banks, edges of woods, disturbed areas, agricultural fields.",321717205 wfo-0000979275,distribution,"Ala., Ariz., Ark., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.C., Ohio, Okla., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.; Mexico; West Indies; introduced to Central America.",321717205 wfo-0000217232,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, 2–5 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, short-pubescent and hirsute. Leaves: petiole 0.2–1 cm; blade rhombic-ovate to ovate, or proximal suborbiculate, 2–6 × 1–3 cm, base acute to rounded, margins serrate to crenate-serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal; peduncle 0.3–0.5(–1) cm, pistillate portion 4–7 × 1.6–2 cm, staminate portion 0.5–3.5 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers rarely present, replacing all or part of staminate portion of inflorescence. Pistillate bracts (normal flowers) loosely arranged (inflorescence axis visible between bracts), 8–12 × 7–11 mm, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent and stipitate-glandular; lobes (3–)5–7(–8), triangular to attenuate, 1/5–1/3 bract length or terminal lobe longer; of allomorphic flowers absent. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers 3–5 mm. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate (normal flowers), 2-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules muricate, pubescent; allomorphic fruits obovoid, 2 × 1.5 mm, muricate, pubescent. Seeds 1.5–2 mm, minutely pitted. 2n = 40 (Mexico).",321717205 wfo-0000217232,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000217232,elevation,"100–2600 m.",321717205 wfo-0000217232,habitat,"Rocky areas, grasslands, oak, pine, or juniper woodlands.",321717205 wfo-0000217232,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico; Central America (Guatemala).",321717205 wfo-0000219111,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 1–4 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, pubescent and sparsely hirsute. Leaves: petiole 1–4.5 cm; blade ovate to elliptic, 2–5 × 1–3.5 cm, base obtuse to rounded, margins serrate-crenate, apex acute. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary; peduncle 0.1–0.5 cm, pistillate portion 2–4 × 0.8–1.2 cm (shorter on proximal inflorescences), staminate portion 0.3–1 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers common, terminal on staminate portion of inflorescences. Pistillate bracts (normal flowers) crowded (inflorescence axis not visible between bracts), 4–5 × 6–8 mm, abaxial surface pubescent and sparsely stipitate-glandular; lobes 7–9, triangular, 1/5 bract length; of allomorphic flowers absent. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers rudimentary. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate (normal flowers), 1-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles unbranched. Capsules smooth, pubescent; allomorphic fruits obovoid, 1.2–1.5 × 1–1.2 mm, muricate, pubescent. Seeds 1.2–1.5 mm, minutely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000219111,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting late summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000219111,elevation,"10–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000219111,habitat,"Disturbed areas.",321717205 wfo-0000219111,distribution,"Tex.; c, e Mexico; Central America (Guatemala); introduced West Indies, South America, Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000223950,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, perennial, 1.5–4 dm, dioecious. Stems prostrate to ascending, short-pubescent and hirsute. Leaves: petiole 0.4–1.6 cm; blade reniform or suborbiculate, 0.5–1.5 × 0.8–2 cm, base cordate or rounded, margins deeply crenate, apex rounded. Inflorescences unisexual, terminal (staminate and pistillate) and axillary (pistillate); staminate peduncle 0.5–3 cm, fertile portion 1–4(–5) cm; pistillate peduncle 0.1–0.5 cm, fertile portion 1–2.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers absent. Pistillate bracts crowded (inflorescence axis not visible between bracts), 7–10 × 12–16 mm, abaxial surface hirsute, sessile- and stipitate-glandular; lobes (7–)8–10(–13), spatulate, 1/2 bract length. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate; styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent and hirsute. Seeds 1.8–2 mm, minutely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000223950,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000223950,elevation,"0–200 m.",321717205 wfo-0000223950,habitat,"Grassy openings, dunes, and oak or mesquite woodlands, usually on deep sand.",321717205 wfo-0000223950,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000227376,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 1.5–6 dm, monoecious. Stems usually erect, sometimes ascending, usually sparsely pubescent, rarely sparsely hirsute. Leaves: petiole 0.4–7 cm; blade ovate to broadly rhombic, 2–9 × 0.8–5 cm, base obtuse, margins crenate to serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary; peduncle 0.1–0.6 cm, pistillate portion 0.7–1.5(–2) × 1–2(–2.5) cm or pistillate bract solitary, staminate portion 0.3–1 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers rare, solitary in axils near base of stem. Pistillate bracts (normal flowers) loosely arranged to crowded (inflorescence axis clearly to scarcely visible between bracts) or solitary, 6–15 × 9–23 mm, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent and stipitate-glandular; lobes (5–)7–9(–11), lanceolate to triangular, 1/3–2/3 bract length; bracts of allomorphic flowers absent. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers 1–2 mm. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate (normal flowers), 1-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, pubescent; allomorphic fruits obovoid, 2 × 1 mm, spiny, pubescent. Seeds (1.2–)1.5–1.7(–2) mm, minutely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000227376,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000227376,elevation,"0–1500 m.",321717205 wfo-0000227376,habitat,"Deciduous and evergreen woods, moist depressions, swampy areas, riverbanks, agricultural fields, disturbed areas.",321717205 wfo-0000227376,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000236239,morphology,"Herbs, annual, 3–5 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, sparsely pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–7 cm; blade ovate, 2.5–10 × 1.5–8 cm, base broadly obtuse to rounded or truncate, margins serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences unisexual, axillary (staminate) and terminal (pistillate; sometimes on short lateral branches, appearing axillary); staminate peduncle 0.5–0.7 cm, fertile portion 0.5–1.5 cm; pistillate peduncle 0.1–0.5 cm, fertile portion 3–12 × 0.7–1 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers common, near apices of pistillate inflorescences and mixed with flowers in staminate inflorescences. Pistillate bracts (normal flowers) loosely arranged (inflorescence axis visible between bracts), 5–7 × 3–4 mm, abaxial surface glabrous; lobes 7–9(–13), linear, nearly bract length, muricate; of allomorphic flowers on pistillate inflorescences like those of normal flowers, on staminate inflorescences absent. Pedicels of allomorphic flowers rudimentary. Pistillate flowers: pistil 3-carpellate (normal flowers), 1(–3)-carpellate (allomorphic flowers); styles multifid or laciniate. Capsules smooth, sparsely pubescent; allomorphic fruits oblate ellipsoidal, longitudinally ridged, an irregular flange on each side, 1.4–1.7 × 1.5–2 mm, smooth, puberulent. Seeds 1.2–1.4 mm, minutely pitted.",321717205 wfo-0000236239,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000236239,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000236239,habitat,"Disturbed areas.",321717205 wfo-0000236239,distribution,"Introduced; Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C.; c, s Mexico; West Indies; Central America; n South America.",321717205 wfo-4000000085,morphology,"Shrubs, 20–40 cm (deciduous; taproots woody). Stems erect (older portions gray, usually with shredding bark), branched, spinescent with age, glabrous or hirtellous. Leaves cauline; alternate (sometimes in axillary fascicles); petiolate or sessile; blades (gray-green) 1-nerved, narrowly lanceolate or narrowly obovate or spatulate, margins entire, faces glabrous, scabrous, or scabro-hirtellous, eglandular. Heads radiate or discoid, borne singly or in loose corymbiform arrays (pedunculate). Involucres campanulate to hemispheric or globose, (4–13 ×) 7–16 mm. Phyllaries 13–25 in 3 series, appressed (reflexing at maturity, bases yellowish, apices green), 1-nerved (flat), broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, unequal, margins broadly hyaline, lacerate, faces glabrous. Receptacles flat to slightly convex, deeply pitted (pit margins ± lacerate), epaleate. Ray florets usually 5–14, sometimes 0, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow. Disc florets 13–45, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes longer than funnelform throats, lobes 5, reflexed, lanceolate; style-branch appendages triangular-lanceolate. Cypselae obconic, compressed, nervation not evident, faces densely sericeous to villous (some hairs ascending-spreading, others appressed and tortuous); pappi persistent, of 18–22, variably thick, broadly flattened, subequal, marginally barbellate or barbellulate to smooth, apically attenuate (ray) to spatulate (disc), setiform scales (heights equaling disc corollas) in 1–2 series, plus much shorter bristles or setae. x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000000085,distribution,"sw United States.",321717205 wfo-0000009183,morphology,"Leaf faces densely, hirtellous. Heads borne singly. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 7–10 mm wide. Rays 5–14. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000009183,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000009183,elevation,"500–1700(–2000) m",321717205 wfo-0000009183,habitat,"Mesas, ridges, slopes, ravines, washes, in various shrub associations, commonly with Larrea, Yucca, Ambrosia, Artemisia, Ephedra, Atriplex",321717205 wfo-0000009183,distribution,"Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000127272,morphology,"Leaf faces glabrous or hirtellous. Heads in loose, corymbiform arrays. Involucres hemispheric to globose, 7–10 mm wide. Rays 0.",321717205 wfo-0000127272,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah",321717205 wfo-0000098655,morphology,"Leaf margins and faces glabrous, or margins sometimes hirtellous. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000098655,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000098655,elevation,"50–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000098655,habitat,"Gravelly, rocky soils, grasslands, deserts, woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000098655,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah.",321717205 wfo-4000000104,morphology,"Shrubs, erect to arching, clambering, or climbing, often sparingly branched, sometimes forming impenetrable thickets. Roots diffuse, adventitious where arching stems touch soil. Stems segmented or unsegmented, green, greatly elongate, angled, 30–400[–700] × (4–)6–10 cm; ribs 3–5[–7], narrowly triangular to winglike, very prominent, 3–5 cm deep, less than 1 cm thick, rib crests undulate; areoles widely spaced, located next to sinuses, 2–5 cm apart along ribs, circular to oval, short woolly. Spines [0–]4–10 per areole, diffusely spreading, brown or reddish [white, yellowish, or black], aging gray, ± straight, acicular to subulate, terete or somewhat flattened, longest spines 10–40[–70] mm, hard; radial spines [0–]6–8 per areole, 5–25 mm; central spines [0–]1–2[–4] per areole, 0–40 mm. Flowers nocturnal, lateral to terminal on stems 1 or more years old, at adaxial edge of areoles, funnelform, [11–]14–20[–25] cm; outer tepals green or purple tinged, lanceolate-linear, 3–5 × 1 cm; inner tepals white, broadly linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 5–15 × 1–4 cm, margins entire or minutely denticulate; ovary minutely scaly, spiny [spineless], with short wool; stigma lobes 10–15, white, to 12 mm. Fruits indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent longitudinally, red to red-purple, spheric, ovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, or pyriform, 30–80[–120] mm, fleshy or juicy [tough in A. columbianus], scaly, spiny [or spineless]; scales deciduous; pulp red; floral remnant persistent. Seeds black, broadly obovoid, to 4.8 mm, smooth and shiny; testa cells flat. x = 11.",321717205 wfo-4000000104,distribution,"se United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, n and e South America.",321717205 wfo-0000513101,morphology,"Shrubs, clambering or arching-reclining, branched near base, sometimes with well-developed trunks. Stems dark green, growing to 200 cm per season; ribs from base to rib crest 3–5 cm, less than 1 cm thick. Spines abruptly thickened at base, extremely variable. Flowers 14–20 cm; flower tube 8–15 cm, ± tuberculate, areoles few, usually 1 spine per areole; outer tepals narrowly lanceolate to linear, 3.5–4 cm, apex acuminate; inner tepals broadly linear, 3.5–4.5 cm, apex acuminate; ovary with small scales and usually 3–5 diverging spines per areole. Fruits bright red, ovoid to oblong, 30–80(–100) mm, slightly tuberculate, shiny, edible, sweet. 2n = 22 [as A. pentagonus (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose].",321717205 wfo-0000513101,phenology,"Flowering mid summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000513101,elevation,"0-10 m",321717205 wfo-0000513101,habitat,"Sandy soils of dense thickets, hammocks, bottomlands of coastal areas",321717205 wfo-0000513101,distribution,"Fla., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; n South America; introduced Pacific Islands (Hawaii).",321717205 wfo-4000000151,morphology,"Herbs, annual; taproot slender. Stems arising directly from the root, erect to somewhat spreading, solid, not fistulose or disarticulating into ringlike segments, glabrous, partially glandular. Leaves usually persistent through anthesis, basal, rosulate; petiole indistinct; blade broadly obovate or spatulate to oblong or oblanceolate, margins ciliate-denticulate. Inflorescences terminal, cymose; branches dichotomous, not brittle or disarticulating into segments, round, glabrous except for glandular nodes and proximal 1/2 of internode; bracts 2–3, connate basally, scalelike, triangular to lanceolate or subulate, awned at proximal nodes, glabrous or sparsely glandular. Peduncles erect to deflexed. Involucres 1 per node, not ribbed, tubular, turbinate; teeth 4(–5) or 7–30(–36), 1/2 to completely connate, awn-tipped, glandular distally adaxially. Flowers 3–10(–20) per involucre at any single time during full anthesis; perianth white to rose, occasionally greenish white to cream, broadly campanulate when open, narrowly urceolate when closed, hirsute to strigose and sparsely glandular abaxially; tepals 6, connate 1/4–1/3 their length, monomorphic, entire or rarely irregularly divided apically; stamens 9; filaments basally adnate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent basally; anthers red to maroon, oblong to oval. Achenes usually included, dark brown to deep maroon, not winged, globose-lenticular, glabrous. Seeds: embryo curved. x = 20.",321717205 wfo-4000000151,distribution,"s Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000513764,morphology,"Plants (0.5–)1–6 × 0.5–4 dm. Leaf blades 1–7 × 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescences 1–5 dm; bracts 1–4(–10) × 0.5–3 mm, awns 0.2–1.5 mm. Peduncles (0.3–)1–5(–7.5) cm. Involucres 1.5–2 mm, awns ivory or reddish, 2–5 mm. Flowers: perianth 2–2.5 mm; filaments 2–2.5 mm; anthers 0.3–0.6 mm. Achenes 1.7–2 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000513764,distribution,"s Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000513765,morphology,"Plants erect or spreading, 1–3 dm. Stems slender, 1–3(–7) cm. Leaf blades 1–3(–5) cm. Inflorescences: bracts (2–)3, triangular, awns 0.5–1.5 mm. Peduncles 0.8–2 cm. Involucres: awns 7–16, dark red, 3–4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000513765,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000513765,elevation,"1700-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000513765,habitat,"Sandy flats and slopes, chaparral communities, montane conifer woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000513765,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000513766,morphology,"Plants erect, 0.5–4 dm. Stems slender, 3–8 cm. Leaf blades 1–3.5 cm. Inflorescences: bracts 2(–3), subulate, awns 0.5–1.5 mm. Peduncles 0.5–2(–3.5) cm. In-volucres: awns 7–10, ivory-colored, (3–)4–5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000513766,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000513766,elevation,"2100-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000513766,habitat,"Sandy flats and slopes, montane conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0000513766,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000513767,morphology,"Plants erect or spreading, 0.5–3 dm. Stems slender, (1.5–)2–6 cm. Leaf blades 1–3 cm. Inflorescences: bracts 2(–3), subulate, awns 0.5–1.5 mm. Peduncles 0.3–1.5(–2) cm. Involucres: awns 4(–5), ivory colored, 2–3 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000513767,phenology,"Flowering May–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000513767,elevation,"1300-2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000513767,habitat,"Sandy calcareous slopes, chaparral communities",321717205 wfo-0000513767,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0001271370,morphology,"Plants erect, 1–6 dm. Stems usually stout, (1–)5–15 cm. Leaf blades 1–7 cm. Inflorescences: bracts (2–)3, triangular, awns 0.2–0.5 mm. Peduncles (1–)2–5(–7.5) cm. Involucres: awns (10–)13–30(–36), ivory colored, (3–)4–5 mm. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0001271370,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0001271370,elevation,"1900-2600 m",321717205 wfo-0001271370,habitat,"Sandy to gravelly flats and slopes, chaparral communities, montane conifer woodlands",321717205 wfo-0001271370,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-4000000154,morphology,"Annuals (sometimes persisting), 10–60(–120) cm. Stems erect to ± prostrate (repeatedly “forked”). Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate or ± sessile; blades mostly elliptic to deltate, rhombic, or ovate, sometimes lyrate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually pilosulous to sericeous or scabrellous, sometimes glabrate or glabrescent, usually gland-dotted. Heads radiate, 1(–3) in “forks” of branches (terminal, appearing axillary by sympodial growth). Involucres ± hemispheric, 3–5 mm diam. (becoming ± rotate in fruit). Phyllaries persistent (outer) or falling, 10–13 in 2 series (outer 4–6 herbaceous, inner 5–8 each investing a ray ovary, enlarging in fruit to form a perigynium, shed with enclosed cypsela). Receptacles convex, paleate (paleae cuneate to spatulate, ± conduplicate or flattish, membranous). Ray florets 5–8, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellowish (tubes shorter than to equaling laminae, laminae ovate to elliptic or linear). Disc florets 3–8(–12+), functionally staminate; corollas yellowish, tubes shorter than funnelform or campanulate throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae each enclosed within and shed with an often hardened, ± prickly perigynium (the ultimate “fruits” plumply ellipsoid to fusiform, or ± compressed); pappi 0 or rudimentary. x = 11.",321717205 wfo-4000000154,distribution,"Introduced; mostly tropical to warm-temperate New World; also introduced in Old World.",321717205 wfo-0000114552,morphology,"Plants 10–60(–120+) cm. Stems ± procumbent. Leaf blades deltate to ± rhombic or ovate, 13–37 × 7–32 mm, faces sparsely scabrellous to glabrate or glabrescent, gland-dotted. Fruits plumply ellipsoid to fusiform, weakly compressed, 7–9+ mm, 5–7-ribbed, lacking terminal spines, prickles ± uncinate, mostly along ribs. 2n = 22.",321717205 wfo-0000114552,phenology,"Flowering year round, mostly Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000114552,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0000114552,habitat,"Disturbed, often sandy sites",321717205 wfo-0000114552,distribution,"Introduced; Ala., Ark., D.C., Fla., Ga., La., Mass., Miss., N.C., Oreg., Pa., S.C., Tex., Va.; South America; also introduced in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii).",321717205 wfo-4000000178,morphology,"Plants bulbiform, gregarious or scattered, reddish to yellowish brown distally, brown proximally. Stems short, to 0.5 mm; hyalodermis absent, sclerodermis absent, central strand absent; axillary hairs to ca. 5 cells in length, proximal cell walls sometimes thickened. Stem leaves strongly appressed and apices usually reflexed when dry, appressed to weakly spreading when moist; ovate, adaxial surface deeply concave, 0.5–1.75 mm; base not differentiated in shape, proximal margins not differentiated; distal margins plane or very weakly recurved, entire to serrulate or dentate; apex broadly acute, abruptly apiculate; costa excurrent in a stout, sharp apiculus, occasionally as a short, occasionally dentate awn, adaxial outgrowths absent in American species, adaxial cells elongate, in 3–4 rows; transverse section round, adaxial epidermis present, adaxial stereid band absent, guide cells 0–4 in 1 layer, hydroid strand usually present, occasionally central, abaxial stereid band present, usually weak, rounded in sectional shape, abaxial epidermis present; proximal cells not differentiated in shape, rectangular, little wider than distal cells, 3–4:1, walls of proximal cells thin; distal medial cells rounded-quadrate to rhomboid, ca. 13–15 µm wide, 1–4:1, 1-stratose; papillae absent or occasionally large and simple, one per lumen, cell walls evenly thickened, occasionally highly thickened on abaxial walls, convex on both sides of lamina. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous and perigoniate plants smaller, or monoicous, usually paroicous. Perichaetia terminal, interior leaves somewhat enlarged. Seta very short, to 0.2 mm. Capsule cleistocarpous, spheric, apiculus lacking, ca. 0.4–0.7 mm, annulus absent. Calyptra mitrate, often lobed. Spores ca. 25–35(–50) µm. KOH laminal color reaction red.",321717205 wfo-4000000178,distribution,"Nearly worldwide, mainly in temperate regions.",321717205 wfo-0001197226,morphology,"Plants yellow-brown in nature. Spores densely low spiculose-papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001197226,phenology,"Capsules mature late fall to spring.",321717205 wfo-0001197226,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001197226,habitat,"Soil, among grasses, pastures",321717205 wfo-0001197226,distribution,"Calif., Iowa, Kans., Mass., N.Y., N.C., Okla., Tenn., Tex.; Europe; Asia; Africa.",321717205 wfo-0001186549,morphology,"Plants yellow- to red-brown in nature. Spores variably low papillose-punctulose or smooth.",321717205 wfo-0001186549,phenology,"Capsules mature late fall to early spring.",321717205 wfo-0001186549,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001186549,habitat,"Soil, gravel pit, pasture, lawn",321717205 wfo-0001186549,distribution,"B.C., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Fla., Ill., La., Md., Mich., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., Okla., Oreg., S.C., Tex., Wis.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001147654,morphology,"Plants three-angled, about 1 mm. Stem leaves cuspidate, keeled; laminal cells, 13–18 µm wide, 1–3:1, smooth. Seta as long as the diameter of the capsule. Spores 25–30(–40) µm, finely papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001147654,phenology,"Capsules mature late autumn-spring.",321717205 wfo-0001147654,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001147654,habitat,"Soil, sand, clay, old fields, pastures, roadside banks, temporarily moist areas",321717205 wfo-0001147654,distribution,"Ont., Sask.; Calif., Ill., Iowa, Mass., N.J., Tex., Va., W.Va.; Europe; Asia; n Africa; Australia.",321717205 wfo-7000000003,morphology,"Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets spinescent, sometimes with scattered thorns. Leaves alternate, sometimes fasciculate, exstipulate; blade spatulate to oblanceolate to elliptic, margins entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences axillary racemes or panicles, or flowers solitary; bracts 0.5–1 mm; bracteoles present or absent. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same plant; perianth simple; tepals 4–5, imbricate, distinct, herbaceous. Staminate flowers: stamens [10–]12–14[–20], exserted; filaments filiform, 1–1.5[–2] mm; anthers basifixed, oblong, extrorsely dehiscent. Pistillate flowers: pistils 2-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; style absent; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruits berries. Seed 1, lenticular, without true endosperm; embryo annular, surrounding perisperm.",321717205 wfo-7000000003,distribution,"North America, South America.",321717205 wfo-0000516101,morphology,"Plants, 3-5 dm. Leaves: petiole 1-3 cm. Central leaflet blade ca. 7-16 × 8-17 cm, proximal margins entire, distal margins (3-)6-9(-12)-lobed. Inflorescences 2.8-5.8 cm excluding peduncle. Flowers: stamens 3.8-6 mm; ovaries 1.5-2 mm. Follicles brown, 3.5-5 mm. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0000516101,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000516101,elevation,"0-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000516101,habitat,"Coastal and mountainous regions, Sequoia sempervirens and Pseudotsuga menziesii forests",321717205 wfo-0000516101,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-4000000227,morphology,"Plants perennial; tightly to loosely cespitose, sometimes shortly rhizomatous. Culms 10-250 cm, erect, not branching at the upper nodes; basal branching extra- or intravaginal; prophylls shorter than the sheaths. Leaves sometimes concentrated at the base; sheaths open, margins often ciliate distally; cleistogenes not present in the basal leaf sheaths; collars sometimes with hairs on the sides; auricles absent; ligules hyaline to membranous, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes ciliate; blades flat, convolute, or involute, apices acute, flexible, basal blades not overwintering, flag leaf blades more than 10 mm long. Inflorescences terminal panicles, usually contracted, sometimes 2 forming at the terminal node; branches usually straight, sometimes flexuous. Spikelets usually appressed to the branches, with 1 floret; rachillas not prolonged beyond the floret; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the floret. Glumes exceeding the floret, usually lanceolate, 1-7-veined, acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse; florets usually terete, fusiform or globose, sometimes somewhat laterally compressed; calluses 0.1-4 mm, blunt to sharp, usually strigose; lemmas stiffly membranous to coriaceous, smooth, usually hairy, sometimes glabrous, hairs on the lemma body to 6 mm, usually evenly distributed, hairs on the upper 74 sometimes somewhat longer than those below, not both markedly longer and more divergent, apical hairs to 7 mm, lemma margins usually not or only weakly overlapping, firmly overlapping in some species with glabrous lemmas, usually terminating in 0.05-3 mm lobes, sometimes unlobed, lobes usually membranous and flexible, sometimes thick, apices with a single, terminal, centric awn, awn-lemma junction evident; awns 3-80 mm, centric, readily deciduous to persistent, usually scabrous to scabridulous, sometimes hairy in whole or in part, if shorter than 12 mm, usually deciduous, not or once-geniculate and scarcely twisted, if longer than 12 mm, usually persistent, once- or twice-geniculate and twisted below, terminal segment usually straight, sometimes flexuous; paleas from 1/3 as long as to slightly longer than the lemmas, usually pubescent, 2-veined, not keeled over the veins, flat between the veins, veins usually terminating below the apices, sometimes prolonged 1-3 mm, apices usually rounded; lodicules 2 or 3, membranous, not lobed; anthers 3, 1.5-6 mm, sometimes penicillate; ovaries with 2 style branches, branches fused at the base. Caryopses fusiform, not ribbed, style bases persistent; hila linear, almost as long as the caryopses; embryos 1/5 – 1/3 the length of the caryopses. x = 10 or 11.",321717205 wfo-4000000227,distribution,"Mont.;Oreg.;Ariz.;Idaho;Wash.;S.Dak.;Tex.;Calif.;Colo.;Wyo.;Utah;N.Mex.;Nev.;Nebr.;Alaska;Kans.;N.Dak.;Okla.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;Sask.;Yukon;Ark.;Minn.",321717205 wfo-0000841249,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Utah;Calif.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Mont.;Wash.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841253,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 35-85 cm tall, 0.9-2.5 mm thick, usually glabrous and smooth, sometimes scabridulous or puberulent; nodes 2-3. Basal sheaths glabrous, upper sheath margins hyaline distally; collars of the basal sheaths occasionally with a small tuft of 0.8 mm hair on the sides, collars of the upper leaves glabrous, scabridulous, or sparsely puberulent; ligules 0.2-1.5 mm, truncate to rounded, erose, sometimes ciliate, cilia about 0.05 mm; blades 0.9-3 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, glabrous, adaxial surfaces hirtellous, hairs to 0.5 mm. Panicles 5-17 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, contracted, bases often enclosed at anthesis; branches appressed or strongly ascending, straight, lower branches 1.5-4 cm. Lower glumes 8-15 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide; upper glumes 1-5 mm shorter; florets 4-6.5 mm long, 0.6-1.1 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.2-1 mm, sharp; lemmas evenly hairy on the lower portion, hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, the distal 1/5 – 1/4 often glabrous, apical hairs absent or fewer than 5, to 1.5 mm; awns 40-80 mm, persistent, obscurely once-geniculate, scabridulous, terminal segment flexuous; paleas 2-3.2 mm, 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs exceeding the apices, apices rounded, flat; anthers 2-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841253,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;Utah;Calif.;Ariz.;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0001279006,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 15-75 cm tall. Sheaths smooth, mostly glabrous, margins ciliate; collars glabrous, with or without tufts of hair at the sides, hairs 0.7-2 mm; ligules 1-4 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy, acute, sometimes ciliate; blades 1-2 mm wide, involute, 0.5-1 mm in diameter, abaxial surfaces scabridulous or smooth, adaxial surfaces densely hairy, hairs about 0.2 mm. Panicles 5-20 cm long, 0.5-2.8 cm wide, loosely contracted; branches strongly ascending, longest branches 0.5-2.5(5) cm. Spikelets evenly distributed along the branches; pedicels loosely appressed to the branches, paired, unequal, shorter pedicels in each pair usually less than 1/2 as long as the longer pedicels. Glumes slightly unequal, saccate below, tapering from about midlength, veins and sometimes also the intercostal regions puberulent, hairs to 0.1 mm, apices acute to acuminate; lower glumes 5.1-6.1 mm; upper glumes 4.3-5.2 mm; florets 2.8-4.2 mm, ovoid; calluses 0.2-0.4 mm, acute; lemmas indurate, dark gray-brown, smooth, densely pilose, hairs at midlength and at the apices similar, 2-3 mm, easily rubbed off, apices not lobed; awns 3-4.4 mm, rapidly deciduous, not geniculate, scabrous; paleas similar to the lemmas in length and texture, glabrous, apices pinched; anthers about 1 mm, dehiscent, penicillate. Caryopses 1-1.7 mm long, 0.8-1 mm in diameter, globose to obovoid. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841275,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 30-50 cm tall, 1-1.3 mm thick, glabrous; nodes 3-4. Sheaths glabrous; collars puberulent, hairs about 0.2 mm, sometimes the margins with poorly developed tufts of hair to 0.5 mm; ligules 1.8-5 mm, broadly to narrowly acute, glabrous; blades 0.5-1.5 mm wide, flat or convolute, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces scabridulous. Panicles 6-25 cm long, 7-15 cm wide; branches ascending to strongly divergent, longest branches 5-8 cm; pedicels appressed to the branches, paired, unequal, shorter pedicels in each pair usually less than 1/2 as long as the longer pedicels. Spikelets confined to the distal 1/2 of the branches. Glumes saccate below, tapering at midlength, glabrous, midveins sometimes scabridulous, apices acuminate; lower glumes 5.5-7 mm long, 0.9-1.5 mm wide; upper glumes about 0.3 mm shorter; florets 2.5-3.5 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm thick, fusiform to obovoid; calluses 0.3-0.5 mm, blunt; lemmas densely pilose, hairs at midlength and on the apices similar, 1.2-2 mm, apical lobes 0.5-0.6 mm; awns 6.5-9 mm, readily deciduous, scabrous; paleas similar to the lemmas in length, texture, and pubescence, distal hairs exceeding the paleal apices, apices rounded, flat; anthers about 1.5 mm, penicillate, dehiscent, well-filled. Caryopses 1.5-2.5 mm, globose to obovoid. 2n = 48.",321717205 wfo-0000841275,distribution,"Mont.;Colo.;Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000841280,morphology,"Plants loosely cespitose, shortly rhizomatous, bases knotty. Culms 55-210 cm tall, 3-6 mm thick, internodes usually glabrous, lower internodes sometimes puberulent; nodes 1-2, glabrous. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, often puberulent on the lower portion, flat, ribbon¬like with age, margins hairy distally, hairs 1-2.5 mm; collars mostly glabrous; ligules 0.4-1.6(3) mm, truncate to slightly rounded, abaxial surfaces pubescent, ciliate, cilia about 0.5 mm; blades usually flat, 2.5-7 mm wide, both surfaces scabrous. Panicles 15-60 cm long, 2-4 cm wide; branches widely spreading to ascending, longest branches 4-13 cm. Glumes lanceolate, glabrous, tapering to awnlike apices; lower glumes 16-21 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, midveins scabrous; upper glumes 11-18 mm; florets 6.5-10 mm long, about 1 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.5-2 mm, blunt to acute; lemmas densely hairy, hairs at midlength 1.5-4 mm, apical hairs 2-5 mm; awns 25-45 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, all segments scabrous, terminal segment straight; paleas 3.5-5.5 mm, 3/5 – 9/10 as long as the lemmas, sparsely hairy between the veins, apices flat, rounded; anthers 3-4 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 5-7 mm, fusiform. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000841280,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000841281,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 25-55 cm tall, 0.7-1 mm thick, glabrous; nodes 3. Basal sheaths usually puberulent, hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, sometimes densely tomentose at the base, brown to gray-brown when old; collars glabrous, sometimes with tufts of hair on the sides, hairs to 0.5 mm; ligules truncate, pubescent, hairs about 0.1; basal ligules about 0.3 mm, upper ligules to 0.6 mm; blades normally valvate to involute, about 0.5 mm in diameter, strongly arcuate, abaxial surfaces pubescent near the base, glabrous and smooth distally, adaxial surfaces densely hairy, hairs to 0.2 mm. Panicles 7-11 cm long, 1-2 cm wide; branches appressed to strongly ascending, longest branches 3-4 cm. Glumes subequal, 10-14 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide; florets 6-8 mm long, 0.4-0.8 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 1-1.5 mm, sharp; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength 0.3-1 mm, apical hairs 1-1.5 mm, apical lobes not developed; awns 22-38 mm, once-geniculate, first segment pubescent, hairs 1-2 mm, gradually decreasing in length distally; paleas 2-2.3 mm, 1/4-1/3 as long as the lemmas, glabrous; anthers about 3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses about 4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 44.",321717205 wfo-0000841281,distribution,"N.Mex.;Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000841282,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 110-140 cm tall, 2.5-4 mm thick, internodes densely and retrorsely pubescent for 3-9 mm below the nodes, particularly the lower nodes, glabrous or retrorsely puberulent elsewhere; nodes 3, pubescent or glabrate. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous or puberulent, margins ciliate distally; collars glabrous or with hairs, hairs mostly to 0.5 mm, sides with tufts of 1.5-2 mm hairs; ligules 0.4-2 mm, rounded to acute, abaxial surfaces hairy, hairs to 0.5 mm; upper ligules 1-3 mm, similar in structure and pubescence; blades 1-3.5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabrous, adaxial surfaces prominently ribbed, hairy, hairs 2-3 mm. Panicles 21-25 cm long, (2)4-8 cm wide; branches strongly divergent to ascending, straight, lower branches 5-7 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes subequal, 8-11.5 mm; lower glumes 0.5-1 mm wide, 3-5-veined; upper glumes 3-veined; florets 5.5-7.5 mm long, 0.7-1 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.25-1.2 mm, acute; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength and at the apices 0.5-1 mm, apical lobes 0.2-0.4 mm, membranous, flexible; awns 20-50 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, all segments scabrous to scabridulous, terminal segment straight; paleas 2.6-3.8 mm, 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs not extending beyond the apices, veins terminating below the apices, apices rounded; anthers 2.5-4 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841282,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000841286,morphology,"Plants cespitose, shortly rhizomatous, bases knotty. Culms 50-100 cm tall, 0.8-1.5 mm thick, glabrous; nodes 2-3. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, ciliate on the margins; collars glabrous on the back, usually with tufts of hair on the sides, hairs about 0.8 mm; basal ligules 0.8-1.6 mm, membranous, glabrous, rounded to acute; upper ligules to 4.5 mm, acute; blades 0.7-3.5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth to scabridulous, adaxial surfaces prominently ribbed, scabridulous or sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs about 0.1 mm. Panicles 20-55 cm long, 3-8 cm wide, open, often enclosed to midlength at anthesis; lower branches 5-8 cm, ascending to divergent, flexuous. Lower glumes 5-12 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, 3-5-veined; upper glumes 1-4 mm shorter, 3-veined; florets 4-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.9 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 1-2 mm, sharp; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs 0.4-0.8 mm throughout, apical lobes not present; awns 35-70 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments scabrous, terminal segment flexuous; paleas 1-2 mm, 1/3 – 1/2 as long as the lemmas, sparsely to moderately pubescent, apices rounded, flat; anthers 3-3.5 mm, dehiscent, a few penicillate, hairs about 0.3 mm. Caryopses about 4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 44, 46.",321717205 wfo-0000841286,distribution,"Ariz.;N.Mex.;Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000841289,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 10-35 cm tall, 0.3-0.9 mm thick, pubescent below the nodes, glabrous or sparsely puberulent elsewhere; nodes 1-2. Basal sheaths completely or mostly glabrous, margins sometimes ciliate distally; collars glabrous; ligules 0.4-1 mm, hyaline, glabrous or pubescent, rounded; blades tightly folded or convolute, to 1 mm wide or thick, abaxial surfaces scabrous, adaxial surfaces pubescent. Panicles 4-12 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, erect; branches and pedicels straight, appressed to strongly ascending, longest branches 2-7 cm. Glumes subequal, 3.5-5.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, 5-veined; lower glumes obtuse, apices rounded to acute; upper glumes rounded to obtuse, subequal or to 1 mm shorter than the lower glumes; florets 3.5-4.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, fusiform, laterally compressed; calluses 0.3-0.5 mm, blunt; lemmas coriaceous, glabrous, shiny, apical lobes about 0.2 mm long, thick; awns 6-10 mm, readily deciduous, not geniculate, scabrous; paleas about 3 mm, from3/4 as long as to equaling the lemmas, indurate, glabrous, apices rounded, flat; anthers about 2.5 mm, dehiscent, penicillate. Caryopses 2.5-4 mm. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000841289,distribution,"Idaho;Wash.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000841294,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 25-70 cm tall, 0.7-1.3 mm thick, glabrous or partly scabridulous; nodes 3-4. Sheaths glabrous or scabridulous, sometimes puberulent on the distal margins, hairs to 0.8 mm; collars glabrous, sometimes with tufts of hair on the sides, hairs to 1 mm; basal ligules 1.5-4 mm, hyaline, glabrous, acute; upper ligules to 2 mm; blades usually convolute, 0.1-1 mm in diameter, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, adaxial surfaces pubescent. Panicles 9-20 cm long, 8-14 cm wide; branches ascending to strongly divergent, longest branches 3-15 cm; pedicels paired, conspicuously divaricate, shorter pedicels in each pair usually at least 1/2 as long as the longer pedicels. Glumes subequal, 5-9 mm long, 0.8-2 mm wide, saccate below, puberulent, hairs about 0.1 mm, tapering above midlength, apices acuminate; lower glumes 5-veined at the base, 3-veined at midlength; upper glumes 5-7-veined at the base; florets 3-4.5 mm long, 1-2 mm thick, obovoid; calluses 0.4-1 mm, sharp; lemmas indurate, densely and evenly pilose, hairs 2.5-6 mm, easily rubbed off, apices not lobed; awns 3-6 mm, rapidly deciduous, not geniculate, scabrous; paleas subequal to the lemmas in length and texture, glabrous, apices pinched; anthers 1.5-2 mm, penicillate, dehiscent, well-filled. Caryopses 2-3 mm. 2n = 46, 48.",321717205 wfo-0000841294,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;Utah;Calif.;Minn.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Oreg.;Mont.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;Sask.;Yukon;Ark.;Wyo.;Wash.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841300,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 50-110 cm tall, 0.7-1.2 mm thick, lower internodes retrorsely pilose, upper internodes glabrous; nodes 2-4. Basal sheaths usually retrorsely pubescent, brown to gray-brown, flat when mature; collars usually glabrous, sometimes with a few hairs at the sides; basal ligules 0.2-2.5 mm, truncate to rounded; upper ligules 1.2-3 mm, rounded to acute, ciliate; blades 0.7-3 mm wide, straight to lax, abaxial surfaces smooth, glabrous, adaxial surfaces pubescent, scabrous. Panicles 15-30 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide; branches appressed to strongly ascending, longest branches 2.5-6.5 cm. Glumes subequal, 12-15 mm long, 1.3-1.9 mm wide, 3-veined; florets 8-9 mm long, 0.9-1.4 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.7-1 mm, blunt to sharp; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm at midlength, apical hairs 1-2 mm, apical lobes to 1 mm, membranous; awns 33-45 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments pilose, with hairs 0.5-2 mm, terminal segment mostly scabrous, straight; paleas 4-5 mm, 3/5 – 4/5 as long as the lemmas, pubescent; anthers not seen. Caryopses not seen. 2n = 70.",321717205 wfo-0000841300,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000841301,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 15-90 cm tall, 0.7-1 mm thick, glabrous, pubescent, or tomentose; nodes 3-4. Basal sheaths glabrous, pubescent, or tomentose; collars, including the sides, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, hairs shorter than 0.5 mm; basal ligules 0.5-1.2 mm, hyaline, glabrous, truncate to acute; upper ligules to 2.5 mm; basal blades 0.5-1.5 mm wide, folded to convolute, abaxial surfaces smooth, glabrous, adaxial surfaces prominently ribbed, often with 0.3-0.5 mm hairs, sometimes glabrous; upper blades to 2.5 mm wide, otherwise similar to the basal blades. Panicles 7-21 cm long, about 1 cm wide; branches straight, strongly ascending to appressed, longest branches 4-5 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes subequal, 7-11.5 mm; lower glumes 0.9-1.1 mm wide, 4-5-veined; upper glumes 3-veined; florets 5.5-7 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm thick, fusiform, somewhat laterally compressed; calluses 0.4-1.2 mm, blunt; lemmas coriaceous, evenly pubescent, hairs 0.4-1 mm, apices 1-lobed, lobe about 0.1 mm long, thick, stiff, apical lemma hairs 0.4-0.8 mm; awns 16-30 mm, persistent, (once)twice-geniculate, all segments scab¬rous, terminal segment straight; paleas 4.5-6.5 mm, from 3/4 as long as to equaling the lemmas, sparsely to moderately pubescent, hairs not exceeding the apices, veins terminating below the apices, apices flat or pinched; anthers 2.3-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 4-5 mm, fusiform. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000841301,distribution,"Wash.;B.C.;Utah;Calif.;Oreg.;Mont.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0001098689,morphology,"Sheaths and culms glabrous or pubescent, hairs to 0.2 mm, sometimes varying within a population.",321717205 wfo-0000841302,morphology,"Lower sheaths and culms densely tomentose, hairs 0.4-0.6 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841303,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 15-90 cm tall, 0.5-0.8 mm thick, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulent to 5 mm below the lower nodes; nodes 2-3. Basal sheaths smooth, glabrous, margins not ciliate; collars, including the sides, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, collars of the flag leaves glabrous; ligules 0.2-1.5(2) mm, without tufts of hair on the sides, truncate to rounded; blades 0.5-2, wide, abaxial surfaces smooth to scabridulous, adaxial surfaces scabrous or puberulent. Panicles 7-19 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide; branches straight, appressed to strongly ascending, longest branches 1.2-2.5 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes 6.5-9 mm, subequal; lower glumes 1(3)-veined; upper glumes to 0.5 mm shorter than the lower glumes, 0.6-1 mm wide, 1-veined; florets 4.5-6 mm long, 0.8-1 mm thick, fusiform, teret, widest below midlength; calluses 0.4-1 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength about 0.5 mm, apical hairs 0.7-1.5(2) mm, apical lobes 0.3-0.8, membranous, flexible; awns 12-25 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, scabrous, terminal segment straight; paleas 3-4 mm, 3/4 - 4/5(9/10) as long as the lemmas, veins terminating at or before the apices, apices round, flat, apical hairs 0.5-1 mm, extending beyond the palea body; anthers 1.5-2 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses about 4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000841303,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Utah;Calif.;Oreg.;Mont.;Wyo.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841304,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 40-100 cm tall, 0.6-2.6 mm thick, glabrous or sparsely pubescent to 5 mm below the lower nodes; nodes 4. Basal sheaths becoming flat and papery in age, margins some¬times ciliate distally, cilia to 0.5 mm; collars, including the sides, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, collars of the flag leaves glabrous; basal ligules 0.2-1.3 mm, membranous, truncate, erose to ciliate, cilia about 0.05 mm; upper ligules 0.3-1 mm; blades 1-4 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces scabrous. Panicles 12-28 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide; branches ascending to appressed, straight, longest branches 3-6 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes unequal; lower glumes 9.5-12.5 mm long, 0.8-1.2 mm wide, 3(5, 7)-veined, apices straight to somewhat recurved; upper glumes 2-3.5 mm shorter, 3-veined; florets 5.5-7.5 mm long, 0.6-1.1 mm thick, terete, widest about midlength; calluses 0.3-0.5 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength 0.7-1.2 mm, fusiform, terete, apical hairs 1.3-2.2 mm, erect, usually less than 1 mm longer than those at midlength, apical lobes 0.5-1.2 mm, membranous, flexible; awns 10-22 mm, persistent, once- or twice-geniculate, scabrous, terminal segments straight; paleas 3-4.3 mm, 3/5 – 3/4 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs exceeding the apices, veins terminating below the apices, apices flat, rounded; anthers 3-4 mm, dehiscent, sparsely penicillate, hairs about 0.1 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841304,distribution,"Ariz.;N.Mex.;Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000841132,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 40-175 cm tall, 0.7-2.4 mm thick, lower cauline internodes usually glabrous, sometimes slightly pubescent below the lower nodes; nodes 2-5. Basal sheaths glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, margins sometimes ciliate; collars glabrous or somewhat pubescent, without tufts of hair on the sides, collars of the flag leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent; basal ligules 0.2-0.7 mm, membranous, truncate to rounded, usually not ciliate; upper ligules 1-1.5 mm, acute; blades (0.5)1.2-5 mm wide. Panicles 9-36 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide; branches ascending to appressed, straight. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes 6-12.5 mm long, 0.7-1.1 mm wide; lower glumes exceeding the upper glumes by 0.2-0.8 mm; florets 4.5-7 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm thick, fusiform; calluses 0.2-1 mm, blunt to sharp, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip with the callus hairs almost straight to acute; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength 0.5-1 mm, hairs at the apices to 2 mm, erect to ascending, apical lobes 0.1-0.4 mm, membranous, flexible; awns 19-45 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments scabrous or with hairs shorter than 0.5 mm, terminal segment straight; paleas 2-4 mm, 1/3 – 2/3 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs usually not exceeding the apices, veins terminating before the apices, apices rounded; anthers 2-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 3-4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 36, 44.",321717205 wfo-0000841132,distribution,"Ariz.;Colo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;Utah;Calif.;Oreg.;Mont.;Wyo.;Wash.;Alta.;B.C.;Sask.;Yukon;Nev.;Idaho;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0000841133,morphology,"Calluses blunt, glabrous tips 0.02-0.06 mm, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip and the callus hairs almost straight to rounded; awns 19-31 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001098692,morphology,"Calluses sharp, acute to acuminate, glabrous tips 0.05-0.15 mm, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip and the callus hairs acute; awns 19-45 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000841136,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 20-85 cm tall, 0.8-1.2 mm thick, usually retrorsely pubescent below the lower nodes, sometimes glabrous, sometimes pubescent over the whole of the internodes; nodes 3-4. Basal sheaths glabrous or pubescent, sometimes scabridulous, usually glabrous at the throat, becoming brown to gray-brown; collars, including the sides, glabrous; basal ligules 0.2-0.7 mm, truncate; upper ligules 0.3-1 mm, often wider than the blades; blades usually 10-25 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, usually involute, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces more or less puberulent. Panicles 6-25 cm long, 0.4-1.5 cm wide; branches appressed, lower branches 2-7.5 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes subequal, 7-14 mm; lower glumes 0.6-0.9 mm wide; florets 5-6.5 mm long, 0.6-1 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.5-0.7 mm, sharp, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip with the callus hairs rounded to acute; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs 0.5-1 mm at midlength, apical hairs 0.8-2 mm, longer than those at midlength and those at the base of the awn, apical lobes membranous, about 0.2 mm; awns 20-35 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments pilose, with hairs 0.5-1.5 mm and of mixed lengths, terminal segment scabridulous to smooth; paleas 2.8-4.2 mm, 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, distal hairs usually about 1 mm, extending well beyond the apices, apices rounded; anthers about 2.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 3-5.5 mm, fusiform. 2n = 68.",321717205 wfo-0000841136,distribution,"Colo.;Utah;Calif.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841137,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 14-120(180) cm tall, 0.3-2 mm thick, internodes glabrous or puberulent to densely pubescent; nodes 2-4, glabrous or pubescent. Basal sheaths glabrous or puberulent to densely pubescent, often ciliate at the throat; collars often with tufts of hair at the sides; ligules 0.2-1.5 mm, often ciliate; blades 0.5-3 mm wide and flat, or convolute and 0.1-0.8 mm in diameter, lax to straight. Panicles 5-30 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide; branches appressed, straight, longest branches 1-7 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes subequal, 9-15 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide; florets 5.5-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.9 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.8-1.2 mm, sharp, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip with the callus hairs narrowly acute; lemmas evenly hair, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm at midlength, apical hairs somewhat longer than those below, sometimes similar in length to those at the base of the awns, sometimes longer, apical lobes 0.3-0.5 mm, membranous; awns 15-55 mm, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments evidently hairy, terminal segment glabrous or partly to wholly pilose, sometimes scabrous; paleas 2.2-3.5 mm, 2/5 – 3/5 as long as the lemmas, hairs at the tip usually shorter than 1 mm, frequently extending beyond the apices, apices rounded; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 4-6 mm, fusiform. 2n =36.",321717205 wfo-0000841137,distribution,"Utah;Wash.;Colo.;Mont.;Alta.;B.C.;Idaho;Calif.;Wyo.;Ariz.;Nev.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000841138,morphology,"Culms 30-100(180) cm tall, 0.5-2 mm thick, internodes glabrous or pubescent, sometimes densely pubescent; nodes 2-4, glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths glabrous, pubescent, or pilose; collars usually with tufts of hair at the sides; blades 0.8-2 mm wide, usually erect or ascending, adaxial surfaces pilose. Panicles 8-30 cm; branches appressed, longest branches to 7 cm. Glumes usually green; lower glumes 0.6-0.8 mm wide; lemmas with hairs to 0.8 mm at midlength, apical hairs to 1.8 mm, longer than the basal awn hairs; awns 18-55 mm, scabrous or pilose on the first 2 segments, with hairs to 0.5 mm and of mixed lengths, terminal segment usually scabrous, occasionally pilose at the base. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0001098693,morphology,"Culms 14-50 cm tall, 0.3-1 mm thick, internodes glabrous. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, often ciliate or sparsely tomentose at the throat; collars usually without tufts of hair at the sides; blades 0.3-2 mm wide when flat, usually convolute and 0.1-0.2 mm in diameter. Panicles 5-20 cm; longest branches 1.5-4 cm. Glumes often purplish; lemmas with apical pubescence similar in length to the basal awn pubescence; awns 15-42 mm, first 2 segments always pilose, terminal segment usually pilose, hairs becoming shorter distally, occasionally scabridulous or smooth.",321717205 wfo-0000841139,morphology,"Culms 32-120 cm tall, 0.8-1.3(2) mm thick, basal internodes puberulent to pubescent. Basal sheaths usually pubescent, sometimes densely pubescent, occasionally glabrous; collars often with tufts of hair at the sides; blades 1-3 mm wide, adaxial surfaces pubescent to pilose. Panicles 10-30 cm; longest branches 2-7 cm. Glumes usually green; lemmas with apical pubescence similar in length to the basal awn pubescence; awns 24-50 mm, pilose on the first 2 segments, with hairs gradually becoming shorter distally, terminal segment scabrous or glabrous. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000841144,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 14-80 cm tall, 0.8-2 mm thick, internodes glabrous or pubescent below the nodes; nodes 3-5, glabrous. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, sometimes pubescent at the base, flat and ribbonlike with age, margins sometimes hairy distally, hairs adjacent to the ligules 0.5-3 mm; collars glabrous; ligules truncate, abaxial surfaces pubescent, ciliate, cilia as long as or longer than the basal membrane, ligules of basal leaves 0.3-0.8 mm, of upper leaves 0.5-1.5 mm, asymmetric; blades 4-30+ cm long, 1-4.2 mm wide, usually flat and more or less straight, sometimes tightly convolute and arcuate. Panicles 7-15 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide; branches strongly ascending at maturity, longest branches 1.5-4 cm. Glumes unequal to subequal, narrowly lanceolate, 3-5-veined; lower glumes 9-15 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide; upper glumes 8-15 mm; florets 4.8-6.5 mm long, 0.8-1 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.2-0.8 mm, acute; lemmas evenly and densely hairy, hairs 1.5-3.5 mm at midlength, apical hairs 2.5-5 mm; awns 10-35 mm, persistent, once-geniculate, first segment scabrous or strigose, hairs to 0.3 mm, terminal segment straight; paleas 2.5-4.5 mm, 1/2 - 4/5 times the length of the lemmas, hairy between the veins, hairs often as long as those on the lemmas but not as dense, apices usually rounded, occasionally somewhat pinched; anthers 2.3-4.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 3-6 mm, fusiform. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841144,distribution,"Utah;Calif.;Ariz.;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841145,morphology,"Culms 14-35 cm tall, 0.8-1.7 mm thick, glabrous. Basal sheath margins glabrous or hairy distaily, hairs to 0.5 mm; blades 4-15 cm long, 1-2.5 mm wide, usually 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter and tightly convolute, conspicuously arcuate distaily, abaxial surfaces smooth, glabrous, adaxial surfaces scabrous. Panicles 7-12 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide. Florets 4.8-6 mm; paleas densely hairy between the veins, some hairs as long as those on the lemmas; awns 10-17 mm; anthers 2.3-2.8 mm. Caryopses 3-4 mm, fusiform. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001098695,morphology,"Culms 20-80 cm tall, 1.5-2 mm thick, mostly glabrous, pubescent below the nodes. Basal sheath margins hairy distaily. hairs 1-3.2 mm; blades 11-30+ cm long, 2.5-4.2 mm wide, usually flat or only partly closed, sometimes completely convolute, straight to somewhat arcuate distaily. Panicles 11-15 cm long, 2-4 cm wide. Florets 5.5-6.5 mm; awns 15-35 mm; paleas sparsely hairy between the veins, hairs about 1/2 as long as the lemma hairs, apices usually rounded, occasionally somewhat pinched; anthers 3.5-4.5 mm, glabrous. Caryopses 5-6 mm, fusiform. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841150,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 35-90 cm tall, 0.7-2.2 mm thick, lower internodes glabrous, puberulent to 5 mm below the nodes; nodes 2-3. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, margins ciliolate distally; collars glabrous, including the sides; basal ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, truncate, ciliolate, cilia to 0.1 mm; upper ligules 0.2-3.5 mm, rounded to acute; blades to 30 cm long, 1-3 mm wide. Panicles 10-25 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide; branches ascending to appressed, straight. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes unequal; lower glumes 10-15 mm long, 0.5-1.1 mm wide, exceeding the upper glumes by 1-3(4) mm; florets 5.5-11 mm long, 0.7-1 mm thick, fusiform, terete, widest at or below midlength; calluses 0.4-0.6 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength about 1 mm, apical hairs 1-2 mm, ascending to divergent, apical lobes 0.2-0.5 mm, membranous, flexible; awns 10-19 mm, persistent, once(twice)-geniculate, basal segments scabrous, terminal segments straight; paleas 2.8-5.6 mm, 1/2 -2/3 as long as the lemmas, hairy, hairs not or scarcely exceeding the apices, veins terminating at or before the apices, apices acute to rounded; anthers 2.5-4 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 3-6 mm, fusiform. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841150,distribution,"Ariz.;Utah;N.Mex.;Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000841152,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 14-50(80) cm tall, 0.4-0.9 mm thick, mostly glabrous, lower internodes often puberulent or pubescent, particularly below the nodes; nodes 2-3. Basal sheaths not becoming flat and ribbonlike with age, usually glabrous, throat sometimes with a few hairs, hairs about 0.2 mm; collars glabrous, including the sides; basal ligules 0.2-0.8 mm, truncate to rounded, membranous, glabrous; upper ligules to 2 mm, rounded; blades usually involute and 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter, 0.5-1 mm wide if flat, often arcuate distally, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, adaxial surfaces hairy, hairs about 0.1 mm. Panicles 4.5-20 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, contracted; branches appressed, lower branches 1-5 cm, with 2-7 spikelets. Glumes subequal, 7-11 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide, lanceolate, not saccate; florets 3.5-5.5 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.4-0.6 mm, sharp; lemmas densely and evenly pilose, hairs at midlength 1.5-3.5 mm, apical hairs to 5 mm, apical lobes 0.3-2 mm, thin; awns 13-25 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments scabrous; paleas 2.5-4 mm, from 2/3 as long as to equaling the lemmas, hairy; anthers 1.8-2.6 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 2.5-4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000841152,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Utah;Calif.;Oreg.;Mont.;Wyo.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841156,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 30-100 cm tall, 1-1.5 mm thick, glabrous; nodes usually 3. Basal sheaths glabrous, margins ciliolate; collars glabrous, without tufts of hair on the sides; ligules 0.1-0.5 mm, truncate, ciliolate; blades 0.8-3 mm wide, convolute when dry, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, adaxial surfaces glabrous. Panicles 7-25 cm long, 7-15 cm wide; branches divergent, flexuous, longest branches 7-10 cm, with the spikelets confined to the distal 1/4. Spikelets pendulous. Lower glumes 7.5-11 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide; upper glumes 2-3 mm shorter; florets 5-6 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.4-0.7 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly hairy on the lower portion, often glabrate distally, body and apical hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, apical lobes not or scarcely developed, to 0.1 mm; awns 15-25 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments strigulose, hairs about 0.1 mm, termi¬nal segment straight; paleas 2.2-3.6 mm, 1/2 - 3/5 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs not exceeding the apices, apices rounded; anthers 2.5-3 mm, dehiscent, penicillate, hairs 0.1-0.5 mm. Caryopses 3-4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 44.",321717205 wfo-0000841156,distribution,"Colo.;Wash.;Alaska;Mont.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;Sask.;Yukon;Idaho;Wyo.;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0000841158,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 100-230 cm tall, 2-4.5 mm thick, mostly glabrous, often pubescent below the nodes, the pubescence antrorse or retrorse; nodes 4-5. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, margins usually ciliate distaily; collars hairy, those of the flag leaves densely hairy, hairs 0.5-2 mm, sides glabrous; basal ligules 1-2 mm; upper ligules to 4 mm, truncate, rounded, or obtuse, glabrous; blades 6-10 mm wide, glabrous, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces prominently ribbed, ribs scabrous. Panicles 15-30 cm long, 0.8-3.5 cm wide; branches straight, appressed to ascending, lower branches 3-9 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes subequal, 9-11.5 mm long, 1-1.4 mm wide; florets 5.9-8.5 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.3-1 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength 0.3-0.8 mm, apical hairs to 1.5 mm; awns 20-32 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, scabridulous to scabrous, scabrules to about 0.1 mm, longest on the middle segment, terminal segment straight; paleas 3.7-5.6 mm, 2/3 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas, hairy, hairs about 0.5 mm, not exceeding the apices, veins terminating below the apices, apices rounded; anthers 4-5 mm, dehiscent, penicillate. Caryopses 5-6 mm. 2n = 64.",321717205 wfo-0000841158,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;Nebr.;Kans.;Ariz.;Wyo.;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0000841161,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 25-90 cm tall, 0.5-1.6 mm thick, glabrous; nodes 3. Basal sheaths becoming flat and papery, margins ciliate distally; collars glabrous, with tufts of hair on the sides, hairs on the basal leaves to 1.5 mm, hairs on the flag leaves 1-2.5 mm; basal ligules 0.3-0.8 mm, truncate, erose, ciliate, cilia 0.2-0.4 mm; upper ligules to 1.5 mm, asymmetric, obliquely truncate for most of their width, abruptly longer on 1 side; blades to 30 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, flat or involute, long-tapering. Panicles 7-21 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide; branches appressed to ascending, straight. Lower glumes 10-17 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide, exceeding the upper glumes by 2.5-4.5 mm, apices tapering, often slightly recurved; florets 6-9.5 mm long, 0.6-1.1 mm thick, fusiform, terete, widest at or below midlength; calluses 0.5-1.5 mm, sharp; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength to 1 mm, apical hairs 2-3 mm, ascending, apical lobes 0.3-0.5 mm; awns 13-25 mm, persistent, usually once-geniculate, first segment scabrous, terminal segment straight; paleas 2.5-3.5 mm, 1/3 – 1/2 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs not exceeding the apices, apices rounded; anthers 3-5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 5-6 mm, fusiform. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000841161,distribution,"Okla.;Wyo.;Colo.;N.Mex.;Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000841167,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 30-250 cm tall, 2-3 mm thick, glabrous, smooth; nodes 1-3. Basal sheaths glabrous or the margins ciliate, becoming fibrous with age; collars glabrous, including the sides; basal ligules 1-3 mm, membranous, glabrous, truncate to acute; upper ligules to 12 mm, acute; blades to 60 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces scabrous. Panicles 12-50 cm long, 4-15 cm wide; branches ascending, usually whorled, longest branches 2.5-15 cm, with 15+ spikelets. Glumes 4-8.5 mm, acute; lower glumes 0-1.7 mm shorter than the upper glumes; upper glumes 0.5-0.9 mm wide; florets 4-7.2 mm, fusiform; calluses 0.3-0.5 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength to 1 mm, apical hairs to 1.5 mm, apical lobes 0.5-1 mm; awns 5-12 mm, readily deciduous, indistinctly once-geniculate or flexuous, scabrous; paleas slightly shorter than the lemmas, pubescent; anthers 3-4.5 mm, dehiscent, penicillate, yellow. Caryopses 2-4 mm, fusiform. 2n =42, 48.",321717205 wfo-0000841170,morphology,"Plants shortly rhizomatous, forming open clumps. Culms 60-150 cm tall, 2-5 mm thick, often geniculate at the lowest node, mostly glabrous; nodes 2-3, often puberulent. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, some¬times ciliate distally, intact at maturity; collars glabrous or pubescent, often with hairs at the sides, hairs shorter than 0.5 mm; basal ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, membranous, truncate, ciliate, cilia 0.2-0.3 mm; upper ligules shorter than the basal ligules; blades 3-7 mm wide, lax. Panicles 10-24 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, contracted; branches straight, appressed to strongly ascending, lower branches 2.5-3.5 cm. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes subequal, 14-16 mm; lower glumes 1-3-veined; upper glumes 0.6-1.5 mm wide, 3-5-veined; florets 8-10 mm, fusiform; calluses 0.5-1.2 mm, rounded; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs about 0.5 mm, apical hairs similar in length, apices 2-lobed, lobes 1-3 mm, narrow; awns 18-25 mm, persistent, scabrous, once- or twice-geniculate, terminal segment straight; paleas as long as or slightly longer than the lemmas, hairy, hairs about 0.5 mm, veins prolonged, reaching almost to the tips of the lemma lobes; anthers 4-6 mm, penicillate, dehiscent. Caryopses fusiform. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841170,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000841171,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 15-25 cm tall, 0.5-1 mm thick, glabrous; nodes 2-3. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, pubescent at the base, throats glabrous; collars, including the sides, glabrous; basal ligules 0.2-0.3 mm, obtuse to rounded, glabrous; upper ligules to 0.5 mm, rounded to broadly acute; blades 0.4-0.7 mm wide, arcuate, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, adaxial surfaces with hairs shorter than 0.5 mm. Panicles 3-6.5 cm long, 0.3-0.7 cm wide; branches appressed, lower branches 1-5 cm, with 1-5 spikelets. Glumes subequal, 4-5.5 mm, not saccate, apices narrowly acute to acuminate, midveins often prolonged into an awnlike tip; lower glumes 0.6-1 mm wide, apices narrowly acute; florets 2.5-3.5 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.1-0.2 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs 0.3-0.5 mm, all similar in length, apical lobes 0.3-0.5 mm, thickly membranous; awns 5-6 mm, once-geniculate, readily deciduous, basal segment scabridulous; paleas 2.2-2.5 mm, slightly shorter than the lemmas; anthers 1.5-2 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 2-3 mm, ovoid. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000841171,distribution,"Idaho;Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000841173,morphology,"Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 30-75 cm tall, 0.5-1.7 mm thick, internodes pubescent or glabrous, pubescence more common on the lower internodes, particularly just below the nodes; nodes 2-3, lower nodes retrorsely pubescent, upper nodes glabrous or pubescent. Basal sheaths glabrous, usually smooth, brown or gray-brown; collars glabrous, without tufts of hair at the sides; basal ligules 1.5-6 mm, hyaline, rounded to acute, lacerate; upper ligules to 8 mm, hyaline, acute, glabrous; blades 0.5-2 mm wide, convolute, abaxial surfaces scabrous, adaxial surfaces scabrous or hairy, hairs about 0.3 mm. Panicles 7-15 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, often included in the upper leaf sheaths at the start of anthesis; branches 1.5-6 cm, appressed to strongly ascending, with 1-6 spikelets. Glumes often purplish; lower glumes 10-15 mm long, 1.2-2 mm wide; upper glumes to 2 mm shorter; florets 6-9 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.9-1.5 mm, sharp; lemmas coriaceous, evenly pubescent or the back glabrate distally, hairs 0.5-0.8 mm, apices lobed on 1 margin, lobe about 0.1 mm long, thick, apical lemma hairs 0.5-0.8 mm; awns 32-56 mm, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments pilose, hairs 0.8-2 mm, terminal segment glabrous, often scabrous; paleas 4.6-6.1 mm, 3/4 - 9/10 as long as the lemmas, sparsely pubescent towards the base; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 5-7 mm, fusiform. 2n =34.",321717205 wfo-0000841173,distribution,"Wash.;Utah;Calif.;Colo.;Oreg.;Mont.;Wyo.;Idaho;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841175,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms (10)15-40 (45) cm tall, 0.5-0.7 mm thick, glabrous; nodes 1-2. Basal sheaths becoming flat with age, glabrous; collars glabrous, including the sides; basal ligules 0.8-1.3 mm, membranous, truncate to broadly acute, glabrous; upper ligules to 1.6 mm; blades tightly valvate to involute, 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, adaxial surfaces hairy, sometimes densely hairy, hairs shorter than 0.05 mm. Panicles (4)5-13(15) cm long, to 10 cm wide, lax; branches divergent, flexuous, longest branches 2-10 cm, with spikelets confined to the distal portions, drooping. Glumes obtuse to acute; lower glumes 3.5-7 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, 5(7)-veined; upper glumes 3-6.5 mm, 3-veined; florets 3-5.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.1-0.2 mm, blunt; lemmas coriaceous, shiny, glabrous, black to dark brown at maturity, margins overlapping at maturity, apices thickened dorsally; awns 5-11 mm, readily deciduous, not or weakly geniculate, scabrous; paleas 2.8-4.5 mm, similar to the lemmas in texture, glabrous; anthers 1.6-1.8 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 2-4 mm, ovoid. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000841175,distribution,"Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000841176,morphology,"Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 12-35 cm tall, 0.4-0.7 mm thick, smooth or antrorsely scabridulous; nodes 2-3. Basal sheaths glabrous, smooth or scabridulous; collars glabrous, without tufts ' of hair on the sides; basal ligules 0.1-1 mm, truncate to rounded; upper ligules 1-2 mm, acute; blades 0.5-1.5 mm wide when flat, usually folded to involute and about 0.5 mm in diameter, stiff, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabrous, adaxial surfaces scabrous. Panicles 2.5-7 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, contracted; branches appressed, longest branches 1-2 cm. Glumes subequal, 6-10 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide, lanceolate, not saccate; florets 4.5-6 mm long, 0.7-1 mm thick, fusiform, terete; calluses 0.3-0.8 mm, blunt; lemmas evenly and densely pilose, hairs 2.5-3.5 mm, apical lobes 0.6-1.9 mm, membranous; awns 4-11 mm, readily deciduous, straight to once-geniculate, scabrous; paleas 4-5.6 mm, from as long as to slightly longer than the lemmas; anthers 1.6-2 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 3.5-4.5 mm, fusiform. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000841176,distribution,"Colo.;Utah;Calif.;Oreg.;Idaho;Nev.;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-4000000250,morphology,"Annuals, 4–62 cm. Stems erect, branched distally. Leaves mostly cauline; proximal opposite, distal alternate; ± sessile; blades linear, margins entire or toothed, faces hirsute or villous and (distal leaves) sparsely glandular-pubescent. Heads radiate, borne singly or in loose, ± corymbiform arrays. Peduncular bracts: pit-glands, tack-glands, and/or spines 0 at tips. Involucres ± campanulate to cylindric or ellipsoid, 3–12+ mm diam. Phyllaries 3–8 in 1 series (± lance-linear, herbaceous, each fully enveloping a ray ovary, abaxially hirsute or villous and sparsely glandular-pubescent or eglandular). Receptacles flat to convex (setulose), paleate (paleae falling, in 1 series between rays and disc, distinct). Ray florets 3–8, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, turning reddish (lobes ± parallel). Disc florets 4–35, bisexual and fertile; corollas yellow to reddish, tubes ± equaling narrowly funnelform throats, lobes 5, lance-deltate (anthers ± dark purple; styles glabrous proximal to branches). Ray cypselae (black) obcompressed, clavate (10-ribbed, straight, basal attachments centered, apices beakless, faces glabrous or ± scabrous); pappi 0. Disc cypselae (brown to black) similar to rays (± scabrous); pappi of 10 white, oblong scales (apices obtuse). x = 8.",321717205 wfo-4000000250,distribution,"w North America, nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000126762,morphology,"Leaf blades 2–15 cm × 1–7+ mm. Phyllaries 10–20 mm. Ray corollas inconspicuous, laminae usually erect, sometimes spreading, 4–7 mm. Disc corollas 6–10 mm. Cypselae black, 4.5–9 mm; pappi (disc) of 5 outer scales 3–9 mm plus 5 inner scales 6–13 mm. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000126762,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000126762,elevation,"0–900 m",321717205 wfo-0000126762,habitat,"Grassy, often wet sites, usually with clay-rich soils",321717205 wfo-0000126762,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0001046217,morphology,"Leaf blades orbiculate, obovate-orbiculate, or broadly rhombate, 1–4(–6) × 1–4(–6) cm, base rounded or tapering, apex rounded, apiculate. Tepals 3–4 mm. Utricles 2–2.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001046217,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0001046217,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0001046217,habitat,"Dry, sandy waste places, near woolen mills",321717205 wfo-0001046217,distribution,"Introduced; Ala., Fla., La., S.C.; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001046268,morphology,"Leaf blades elliptic, ovate, or broadly ovate, 4–20 × 2–5 cm, base rounded or narrowed, apex acuminate. Tepals 6–7 mm. Utricles 3–4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001046268,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0001046268,elevation,"0-10 m",321717205 wfo-0001046268,habitat,"Waste places, chrome ore piles, hammocks",321717205 wfo-0001046268,distribution,"Fla., Md., Tex.; West Indies.",321717205 wfo-0000516320,morphology,"Plants perennial. Stems 0.75–1.5 m, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaf blades ovate-elliptic, 2.5–13.5 × 0.2–6.8 cm, base tapering, apex acute to acuminate, pubescent on veins abaxially, short-pubescent adaxially, varying to glabrous or glabrescent. Inflorescences 2–4 cm in flower, elongating to 21 cm in fruit; bracteoles spinose; basal wings attached at base and sometimes slightly on sides. Flowers: tepals 5, 4–5 mm; pseudostaminodes with margins entire, denticulate, or slightly 2-lobed at apex. Utricles elliptic, 2.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000516320,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000516320,elevation,"100-200 m",321717205 wfo-0000516320,habitat,"Wooded riverbanks",321717205 wfo-0000516320,distribution,"Introduced; Ky., Ohio, W.Va.; Asia.",321717205 wfo-4000000260,morphology,"Herbs, annual. Taproots slender. Stems prostrate to ascending, branched, terete to angular, base glabrous. Leaves opposite, connate or connected by thickened ridge or transverse wing from which stipules arise, sessile; stipules 2 per node, white, ovate to spatulate, margins fringed to ciliate, apex ± entire; blade obscurely 1-veined, spatulate, somewhat succulent, apex rounded. Inflorescences axillary cymes proliferating throughout length of stem; bracts paired, resembling stipules, smaller. Flowers sessile; hypanthium cylindric to urceolate, abruptly expanded proximally and distally in fruit; sepals 5, distinct, green, broadly ovate to orbiculate or reniform, 1.2–1.5 mm, herbaceous, margins white, scarious, apex broadly rounded, not hooded, not awned; nectaries at filament bases subtended adaxially by flaps of tissue; stamens 1–4; filaments distinct to base; staminodes 14–19, arising from hypanthium rim, filiform; styles 2, connate in proximal 1/2, filiform, 0.2–0.4 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2, linear along adaxial surface of styles, obscurely papillate (50×). Modified utricles obconic, opening by 8 or 10, not spreading, toothlike valves. Seeds tan with red spot near one end, ovoid, slightly laterally compressed, smooth, marginal wing absent, appendage absent; embryo peripheral, straight to slightly curved.",321717205 wfo-4000000260,distribution,"sw United States, Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000516555,morphology,"Stems 3–17 cm, mostly glabrous. Leaves pairs unequal; stipules 0.1–0.4 mm; blade 3–20 mm. Inflorescences 20–60+-flowered. Flowers: perianth 2.5–3 mm; hypanthium green, becoming brown and hard, 10-ribbed distally; sepals erect to spreading, concave, central portion green, fleshy, white, scarious portion forming an ovate to orbiculate apex, 1–1.3+ mm wide, becoming deciduous with age; staminodes ca. 0.5 mm. Seeds 0.9–1.1 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000516555,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000516555,elevation,"50-700 m",321717205 wfo-0000516555,habitat,"Dry, sandy areas, sand dunes, desert washes",321717205 wfo-0000516555,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-4000000308,morphology,"Plants perennial, finely pubescent, from stout taproots. Stems prostrate to erect, often clambering through other vegetation, slender to ± stout, herbaceous or woody, unarmed, without glutinous bands on internodes. Leaves sessile to petiolate, subequal to greatly unequal in each pair, ± thick and succulent, base asymmetric or ± symmetric. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, solitary flowers or few-flowered cymes and nearly sessile, or short pedicellate in 3–25-flowered umbellate clusters in axils or forks of branches; bracts persistent, not accrescent, 1–3 beneath each flower, distinct, narrowly lanceolate, small or minute, herbaceous. Flowers bisexual, chasmogamous and/or cleistogamous; cleistogamous perianth narrow domelike tube atop basal portion; chasmogamous perianth radially symmetric, short to elongate funnelform, constricted beyond ovary, abruptly expanded to 5-lobed limb; stamens 2(–3) or 5–6 (2–5 in cleistogamous flowers), exserted; styles exserted beyond anthers; stigmas peltate. Fruits oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, coriaceous, smooth, glabrous or minutely puberulent; ribs 5, rounded, often with large, dark, sticky gland near apex, or wings 3–5, coriaceous, hyaline, often between ribs or wings a rib or low sharp ridge.",321717205 wfo-4000000308,distribution,"sw United States, n Mexico, ne Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000516689,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, overall pubescence mixture of capitate-glandular hairs 0.2–0.3 mm and white, capitate, shorter hairs 0.1–0.2 mm. Stems decumbent to ascending, much branched, 10–40 cm, hirtellous to glabrate. Leaves yellowish green, usually petiolate, distalmost sessile or nearly so, those of pair subequal; petiole 1–15 mm, puberulent to hirtellous; blade oval to oblong-elliptic, (5–)10–50 × 3–20(–25) mm, base acute to obtuse, margins crispate or undulate, apex apiculate and acute to obtuse or infrequently rounded; margins and adaxial midveins puberulent or occasionally hirtellous. Inflorescences solitary flowers, sessile or nearly so; bracts linear to subulate, 3–10 mm, hirtellous to puberulent. Flowers: chasmogamous perianth 2–5 cm, puberulent, tube 1–1.5 mm diam., limbs 10–30 mm diam., stamens 5; cleistogamous perianth 4–10 mm, hirtellous, stamens 2(–5). Fruits with 5 narrow sulci and 5 broad, smooth ribs extending past glands, each bearing sticky, resinous gland in constriction below apex, ovate-oblong, constricted 0.5–1 mm below apex, 5–8 mm, base tapering, apex truncate, sparsely puberulent or glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000516689,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516689,elevation,"700-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000516689,habitat,"Calcareous or gypseous soils in grasslands and shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000516689,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas).",321717205 wfo-0000516691,morphology,"Plants woody at base or throughout, overall moderately pubescent, with glandular hairs, also with minute white, curved, flattened, or T-shaped hairs. Stems erect or decumbent, sparsely leafy, 30–150 cm. Leaves dark green, often purplish, drying dark grayish green, sessile or petiolate, those of a pair slightly unequal, gradually reduced toward inflorescence, leathery-succulent; petiole 0–3 mm; blade linear, narrowly oblong, or lanceolate, 5–32 × 1–7 mm, base tapered, margins entire, apex acute or rounded and apiculate. Flowers 1(–2) in axils of distal leaves; pedicel 1–3 mm; perianth 10–15 mm, tube dark greenish yellow, limbs dull brownish orange, 6–8 mm diam.; stamens 5. Fruits 5–7 mm, puberulent with white flattened hairs; wings 1.5–2.5 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000516691,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516691,elevation,"600-1000[-1800] m",321717205 wfo-0000516691,habitat,"Arid, well-drained, often rocky, igneous, calcareous, or gypseous soils",321717205 wfo-0000516691,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango).",321717205 wfo-0000516692,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, overall pubescence of white, capitate hairs 0.1–0.2 mm. Stems decumbent, much branched, 3–15 cm, puberulent to glabrate. Leaves grayish green, sessile or more often petioled, those of pair very unequal (1 leaf 2–10 times length of other); petioles of smaller leaves to 12 mm, those of larger leaves 2–35 mm, puberulent to glabrate; blade ovate to oval-oblong or oval-rhombic, base rounded to obtuse, unequal and short decurrent, margins flat or very slightly undulate, apex acute to rounded or obtuse and apiculate, puberulent to glabrate; smaller blades 3–28 × 2–15 mm, larger blades 6–70 × 3–35 mm. Inflorescences solitary flowers, sessile or pedicellate; bracts linear-lanceolate to linear-subulate, 2–6 mm, sparsely puberulent; pedicel to 1 mm. Flowers: chasmogamous perianth 4–6 cm, puberulent, tube 10 mm diam., limbs 20–40 mm diam., stamens 5; cleistogamous perianth 1–3 mm, puberulent, stamens 5. Fruits with 10 equal ribs, without resinous glands, oval-oblong, truncate at both ends, slightly constricted beyond base, 3–6 mm, sparsely puberulent.",321717205 wfo-0000516692,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516692,elevation,"40-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000516692,habitat,"Rocky, gravelly, or sandy soils, limestone or shale outcrops in grasslands or shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000516692,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000516694,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, overall lightly pubescent with white, T-shaped minute hairs. Stems erect or ascending, sparsely to moderately leafy, 15–40 cm. Leaves dull green when fresh or dry, petiolate, those of a pair very unequal (the smaller often less than 1/2 the size of the larger), gradually reduced toward inflorescence, fleshy; petiole 5–45 mm; blade ovate to ovate-oblong or deltate, 15–50 × 6–40 mm, base rounded to subcordate, margins entire or undulate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Flowers 3–25 in umbellate clusters, in forks of branches and distal axils, and terminal on branches; pedicel 1–4 mm; perianth 4–6 mm, tube greenish pink, limbs pink to lavender, 4–6 mm diam.; stamens 2(–3), widely spreading. Fruits 5 mm, puberulent with flattened, white hairs; wings 1.5–2 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000516694,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516694,elevation,"700-1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000516694,habitat,"Dry, sandy, and gravelly areas, rock, gypseous clay",321717205 wfo-0000516694,distribution,"Ariz.; N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-0000516695,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, often slightly woody at base, overall pubescence of white, capitate hairs 0.1–0.2 mm. Stems procumbent, sparsely branched, 15–50 cm, hirtellous to glabrate. Leaves grayish green (major veins prominently paler), petiolate, those of pair slightly unequal; petiole 2–15(–20) mm, hirtellous; blade ovate to deltate-ovate or oblong-ovate, (5–)10–35(–45) × 2–20(–30) mm, base usually rounded, margins undulate, apex apiculate and acute or less frequently obtuse, sparsely puberulent abaxially and adaxially, adaxial primary and secondary veins hirtellous. Inflorescences solitary flowers, sessile or nearly so; bracts linear-lanceolate, 2–7 mm, long attenuate, usually puberulent. Flowers: chasmogamous perianth 3–5 cm, puberulent, tube 1–1.5 mm diam., limbs 8–25 mm diam., stamens 5; cleistogamous perianth 2–6 mm, hirtellous, stamens 2. Fruits with 5 broad, flat ribs, lacking grooves and resinous glands, 5-angled and shallowly 5-sulcate, oval-oblong, truncate at both ends, 6–9 mm, hirtellous.",321717205 wfo-0000516695,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516695,elevation,"200-700 m",321717205 wfo-0000516695,habitat,"Rocky, calcareous soils in cenizo (Leucophyllum frutescens) shrublands and grasslands",321717205 wfo-0000516695,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-0000516696,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, ± woody at base, overall moderately to densely pubescent with brownish, translucent, conic hairs, often with terminal cell whitish and flattened or brownish and spheroidal, and with appressed, white, flattened, minute, basally attached hairs. Stems erect, decumbent, or prostrate, densely leafy, 10–30 cm. Leaves dull green, commonly drying brownish green, petiolate, those of a pair slightly unequal, gradually reduced toward inflorescence, somewhat succulent; petiole 3–20 mm; blade ovate to ovate-oblong, 10–30 × 4–17 mm, base obtuse to truncate, margins undulate, apex acute to obtuse. Flowers usually 1 in axils of leaves; pedicel 1 mm; perianth 35–48 mm, tube pale dull green, limbs greenish white or pale greenish yellow, often with 5 greenish stripes, 15 mm diam.; stamens (4–)5. Fruits 5–7 mm with flattened, white hairs on body; wings 1–2 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000516696,phenology,"Flowering late spring–late summer.",321717205 wfo-0000516696,elevation,"1100-1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000516696,habitat,"Dry clay and sandy, commonly calcareous or gypseous, soils",321717205 wfo-0000516696,distribution,"N.Mex., Okla., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000516698,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.; n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001268289,morphology,"Plants herbaceous or basally woody, lightly pubescent, hairs appressed, mostly retrorse, white, flattened, minute. Stems erect or decumbent, densely leafy, 10–50 cm. Leaves grayish green when fresh or dry, sessile or petiolate, those of a pair slightly unequal, gradually reduced toward inflorescence, thick and succulent; petiole 0–3 mm; blade lanceolate to broadly ovate, 12–40 × 4–13 mm, base obtuse or ± cordate, margins entire, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers 1(–2) in axils of distal leaves; pedicel 0–1 mm; perianth 30–42 mm, tube pale greenish, limbs cream or pale yellow, 10–15 mm diam.; stamens 5(–6). Fruits 6–9 mm, publerulent with flattened, white hairs; wings 2–4 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0001268289,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0001268289,elevation,"1000-1900 m",321717205 wfo-0001268289,habitat,"Gypsum hills and flats",321717205 wfo-0001268289,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (n Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-0000516703,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, often slightly woody at base, overall pubescence of white, capitate hairs 0.2–0.4 mm. Stems ascending to prostrate or sprawling, profusely branched, to 100 cm, puberulent to glabrate, occasionally hirtellous. Leaves grayish green, petiolate, those of pair slightly unequal; petiole 1–14 mm, puberulent to glabrate; blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate to deltate, 3–40 × 1–30 mm, base cuneate and decurrent, margins undulate or crispate, apex acuminate to acute or long attenuate, glaucous, puberulent to glabrate. Inflorescences solitary flowers, rarely geminate, sessile or with pedicel to 7 mm; bracts linear-subulate, 1–7 mm, puberulent to sparsely so. Flowers: chasmogamous perianth with tubes 7–17 cm × 1–2 mm, puberulent to glabrate, limbs 10–20 mm diam., stamens 5; cleistogamous perianth 5–12 mm, puberulent, stamens 5. Fruits with 5 hyaline ridges and pair of shallow, parallel grooves between ridges, without resinous glands, narrowly oblong, truncated at both ends, constricted 1 mm both below apex and above base, 6–10 mm, hirtellous to puberulent with capitate hairs and many to few, minute, moniliform hairs 0.2–0.4 mm, or glabrate.",321717205 wfo-0000516703,phenology,"Flowering Feb–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000516703,elevation,"0-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000516703,habitat,"Rocky, gravelly, loamy, or sandy calcareous, gypseous, or igneous-derived soils in deserts, grasslands, shrublands, or woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000516703,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Sonora, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000516707,morphology,"Plants herbaceous or ± woody at base, overall moderately to densely pubescent with glandular hairs, with whitish, translucent, conic hairs (with or without large flattened and whitish terminal cell), and with appressed, white, flattened, minute hairs. Stems erect, decumbent, or prostrate, densely leafy, 8–30 cm. Leaves dull green, commonly drying yellowish green, petiolate, those of a pair slightly unequal, gradually reduced toward inflorescence, fleshy; petiole 3–20 mm; blade ovate to orbiculate, 8–30 × 4–17 mm, base obtuse to truncate, margins undulate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Flowers usually 1 in axils of leaves; pedicel 1 mm; perianth 30–40 mm, tube pale dull green, limbs greenish white or pale greenish yellow, often with 5 greenish stripes, 10 mm diam.; stamens 5. Fruits 5–7 mm, puberulent with white, flattened hairs; wings 1.5–5 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000516707,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000516707,elevation,"800-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000516707,habitat,"Dry rocky soils, commonly with Larrea",321717205 wfo-0000516707,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000516708,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, often woody at base, overall pubescence of white, capitate hairs 0.1–0.2 mm. Stems prostrate or spreading, much branched, to more than 100 cm, hirtellous to glabrate. Leaves grayish green, sessile or petiolate, those of pair slightly unequal; petiole to 25 mm, hirtellous to glabrate; blade deltate to deltate-ovate, 2–30(–45) × 2–35(–50) mm, base truncate to subcordate or rounded and short decurrent, margins flat or slightly undulate, apex acute to broadly rounded and often apiculate, puberulent to glabrate. Inflorescences solitary flowers or 2–5-flowered cymes, sessile or with pedicel to 5 mm; bracts linear-subulate, 1–7 mm, puberulent, usually sparsely so. Flowers: chasmogamous perianth 2.5–5.5 cm, sparsely puberulent, tube 1–2 mm diam., limbs 13–25 mm diam., stamens 5; cleistogamous perianth 3–12 mm, puberulent, stamens 5. Fruits 5-ribbed with pair of parallel grooves between ribs, each rib and pair of grooves ending at summit in inconspicuous, glandless knob, oblong, truncate at both ends, often constricted ca. 1 mm above base and below apex, 5–8 mm, hirtellous to sparsely puberulent with capitate hairs and with few, scattered, moniliform hairs 0.2–0.3 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000516708,phenology,"Flowering early spring–late fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516708,elevation,"0-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000516708,habitat,"Sandy, silty, or clay soils on calcareous or igneous substrates in grasslands, shrublands, or woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000516708,distribution,"Tex.; s to c Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000516710,morphology,"Plants herbaceous or ± woody at base, overall moderately pubescent with glandular hairs and minute, appressed, white, flattened hairs with conic bases. Stems erect or ascending, sparsely leafy, 15–60 cm. Leaves yellow-green, drying dull brownish green, petiolate, those of a pair slightly unequal, abruptly reduced toward inflorescence, somewhat succulent; petiole 1–8 mm; blade ovate or ± diamond-shaped, 9–22 × 4–12 mm, base obtuse or ± cordate, margins entire or undulate, apex acute. Flowers usually 1 in axils of bracts in repeatedly forked inflorescences; pedicel 1–3 mm; perianth 34–52 mm, tube yellowish green, limbs pale yellowish green, 10–15 mm diam.; stamens 5. Fruits 8–10 mm, puberulent with glandular hairs and white flattened hairs; wings 2–4 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000516710,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516710,elevation,"600-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000516710,habitat,"Dry gypseous clays and shales",321717205 wfo-0000516710,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (ne Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-0000516716,morphology,"Plants herbaceous, overall pubescence mixture of capitate-glandular hairs 0.2–0.3 mm, and white, capitate, shorter hairs 0.1–0.2 mm. Stems erect or ascending to decumbent, much-branched, 10–40 cm, puberulent to glabrate. Leaves yellowish green, petiolate, those of pair subequal; petiole 1–15 mm, puberulent; blade oval to ovate-lanceolate or suborbiculate, 5–35 × 3–20 mm, base slightly unequal and obtuse to rounded or acute, margins crispate, apex apiculate and obtuse or infrequently acute, hirtellous to puberulent. Inflorescences solitary flowers, sessile or with pedicel to 1 mm; bracts linear-subulate, 2–8 mm, hirtellous to puberulent. Flowers: chasmogamous perianth 2.5–5 cm, puberulent to hirtellous, tube 1–1.5 mm diam., limbs 10–15 mm diam., stamens 5; cleistogamous perianth 3–8 mm, hirtellous, stamens 2(–5). Fruits prominently 5-ribbed and deeply 5-sulcate, ribs broad, smooth, each terminating in hemispheric, glandular tubercle, tubercule oblong, truncate at both ends, 5–9 mm, puberulent.",321717205 wfo-0000516716,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000516716,elevation,"200-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000516716,habitat,"Various soils on calcareous substrates in grasslands or shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000516716,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-4000000312,morphology,"Annuals or perennials, 10–20(–30+) cm. Stems prostrate to erect, usually branched ± throughout. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate [± sessile]; blades (usually 3-nerved) ovate to rhombic or lanceolate [linear to filiform], bases ± cuneate, margins entire or toothed, faces sparsely pilose to strigillose, glabrescent. Heads radiate or discoid [disciform], borne singly at tips of branches [corymbiform arrays]. Involucres ± hemispheric to ovoid, 3–6+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 8–15+ in 1–3 series (distinct, ovate to linear, subequal or outer longer). Receptacles conic, paleate (paleae falling with fruit, ± navicular, membranous to scarious, each about equaling subtended floret). Ray florets 0 or 5–20+, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow to orange [white or purplish] (laminae ovate to linear) [wanting]. Disc florets 25–100(–200+) bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow [orange], tubes shorter than campanulate throats, lobes 4–5, deltate. Cypselae 2–3-angled (peripheral) or strongly compressed, ellipsoid to obovoid (glabrous or ciliate on the 2–3 angles or ribs); pappi 0, or fragile, of 1–3 awnlike bristles. x = 13.",321717205 wfo-4000000312,distribution,"s United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America; introduced in Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000102223,morphology,"Leaves: petioles 2–4 mm; blades lanceolate, mostly 12–40 × 3–10 mm, margins usually sinuate-dentate, rarely entire. Cypselae 1.2–1.6 mm, ciliate or not, tips of cilia recurved; pappi 0 or of 1–2 bristles. 2n = 26, 52.",321717205 wfo-0000102223,phenology,"Flowering May–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000102223,elevation,"0–10 m",321717205 wfo-0000102223,habitat,"Disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000102223,distribution,"Introduced; Fla., Ga., N.C., S.C.; South America.",321717205 wfo-0000077798,morphology,"Leaves: petioles 3–40+ mm; blades ovate to lance-ovate, mostly 20–40(–100) × 10–35 mm, margins dentate to denticulate or entire. Cypselae 1–2.5 mm, ciliate or not, tips of cilia straight; pappi 0 or of 1–2(–3) bristles. 2n = 52.",321717205 wfo-0000077798,phenology,"Flowering Jan–Dec.",321717205 wfo-0000077798,elevation,"0–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000077798,habitat,"Disturbed, wet or drying sites",321717205 wfo-0000077798,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., Mo., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-4000000323,morphology,"Plants moderate, clusteringed palms. Stems caespitose, erect, slender, less than 15 cm diam. Leaves: sheath fibers soft, eventually sloughing off to reveal smooth to fissured stem; petiole not split at base, armed with stout teeth, occasionally obscurely armed with minute teeth; abaxial hastula absent; adaxial hastula conspicuous, acute to acuminate; costa minute to absent; blade palmate; plication induplicate; segments lanceolate, stiff, basally connate. Inflorescences axillary within crown of leaves, paniculate, arching, longer than leaves, with 3(–4) orders of branching; prophyll short; peduncular bracts 2, tubular, 2-keeled, long; rachillae pendulous, pubescent. Flowers bisexual, borne singly or in clusters of 2–3 along rachillae, sessile; perianth 2-seriate; sepals 3, imbricate, briefly connate, margins ciliate; petals 3, basally connate, valvate, triangular with adaxial crest; stamens 6, filaments basally connate, acuminate; anthers dorsifixed, versatile; dehiscence latrorse-introrse; pistils 3(–4), distinct basally, glabrous; styles connate, filiform; stigmas minute. Fruits globose, stigmatic scar apical; exocarp blackish, smooth, slightly rugose when dry; mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp membranaceous. Seeds 1 per fruit, globose, with circular raphe; endosperm bony, homogeneous; embryo nearly basal; eophyll undivided, lanceolate. xn = 18.",321717205 wfo-4000000323,distribution,"Widespread, North America, se Mexico, West Indies, Central America, and n South America (Colombia–Isla de Providencia).",321717205 wfo-0000334949,morphology,"Stems multiple, brown, to 7 m, covered in tardily deciduous leaf bases. Leaves: petiole strongly (rarely weakly) armed; hastula present on adaxial surface. Inflorescences exceeding leaves, appearing secund because of pendulous rachillae, 15–22 cm, orange in fruit. Fruits ripening from green through orange to black, globose, 7.5–8.5 mm diam. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000334949,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000334949,elevation,"0-10m",321717205 wfo-0000334949,habitat,"Thin, rocky soil over limestone in hydric hammocks, wet savannas, and swamps of Everglades",321717205 wfo-0000334949,distribution,"Fla.; se Mexico; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba); Central America; n South America (Colombia-Isla de Providencia).",321717205 wfo-0001129653,morphology,"Bulbils absent in leaf axils and inflorescences. 2n=16, 18.",321717205 wfo-0001129653,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jul–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0001129653,elevation,"300-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0001129653,habitat,"Spring-fed bogs, seep areas, meadows, along streams, and in other wet areas",321717205 wfo-0001129653,distribution,"B.C.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Iowa, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., N.Y., Ohio, Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000517106,morphology,"Bulbils conspicuous in leaf axils and sometimes in inflorescence in place of flowers. 2n=18, 19, 20.",321717205 wfo-0000517106,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jul–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000517106,elevation,"900-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000517106,habitat,"Spring-fed bogs, seep areas, meadows, along streams, and other moist areas in mountains",321717205 wfo-0000517106,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000517629,distribution,"Alaska; Maritime and subalpine areas of w North America, and Asia (Russian Far East and Japan).",321717205 wfo-0001130204,morphology,"Roots tuberous, tubers distally bulbous, 20-50 × 5-20 mm, parent and daughter tubers separated by connecting rhizome usually 10-15 mm. Stem erect, ca. 3-20 dm. Cauline leaves: blade 3-divided with more than 2 mm leaf tissue between deepest sinus and base of blade, 5-20cm wide, segment margins deeply cleft and toothed. Inflorescences racemes or panicles, terminal portion often contracted and capitate. Flowers blue, purple, or occasionally bluish white, 25-50 mm from tips of pendent sepals to top of hood; pendent sepals ca. 15 mm; hood conic-hemispheric, ca. 17 mm from receptacle to top of hood, ca. 20 mm wide from receptacle to beak apex.",321717205 wfo-0001130204,phenology,"Flowering summer (mid Jul–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0001130204,elevation,"0-300 m",321717205 wfo-0001130204,habitat,"Meadows, thickets, and forests",321717205 wfo-0001130204,distribution,"Alaska; Asia (Russian Far East and Japan).",321717205 wfo-0000517976,morphology,"Roots slender, elongate, fascicled. Stems erect, reclining or climbing, 6-25 dm. Cauline leaves: blade 3-7-divided with more than 4mm leaf tissue between deepest sinus and base of blade, 12-20 cm wide, segment margins cleft and toothed. Inflorescences open racemes or panicles. Flowers white to cream colored, 18-30 mm from tips of pendent sepals to top of hood; pendent sepals 7-10 mm; hood conic to nearly cylindric, 15-23 mm from receptacle to top of hood, 4-12 mm wide from receptacle to beak apex.",321717205 wfo-0000517976,phenology,"Flowering late spring–summer (Jun–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000517976,elevation,"0–1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000517976,habitat,"Shaded ravines of woods in mountains and upper piedmont",321717205 wfo-0000517976,distribution,"N.C., Pa., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-4000000342,morphology,"Herbs, perennial; roots woody. Stems ascending to erect, glabrous or pubescent to pilose or tomentose. Leaves deciduous, mostly cauline, alternate, petiolate or sessile; ocrea persistent or deciduous, chartaceous; blade narrowly lanceolate to ovate, margins entire, sometimes irregularly undulate. Inflorescences terminal, subterminal, or axillary, racemelike or paniclelike; peduncle present or essentially absent. Pedicels present. Flowers bisexual, 1–5 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike or not; perianth nonaccrescent, creamy or greenish to yellowish white or pink, rotate, glabrous; tepals 5, connate ca. 1/4 their length, petaloid, slightly to distinctly dimorphic, outer 2 smaller than inner 3; stamens 8; filaments distinct, free or adnate to perianth tube, glabrous; anthers yellow to pink or reddish purple, ovate to elliptic; styles 3, erect or spreading, distinct or connate proximally; stigmas capitate. Achenes includedor exserted, yellowish or dark brown, unwinged, 3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds: embryo usually curved. x = 8, 10, 11.",321717205 wfo-4000000342,distribution,"w North America, Europe, Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000518394,morphology,"Plants (30–)50–150(–200) cm. Stems erect, glabrous or densely and retrorsely pubescent. Leaves: ocrea reddish brown, funnelform, 1–2.2 cm, margins oblique, glabrous or pilose; petiole 0.8–3.5(–4) mm; blade narrowly lanceolate to ovate, 5–20 × 2–8 cm, not subcoriaceous, base truncate or obtuse to subcordate, margins sometimes irregularly undulate, ciliate or, rarely, glabrous, apex acuminate, faces not glaucous, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes also axillary, paniclelike; peduncle 0–4 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Pedicels 0.5–0.1 mm. Flowers 2–4 per ocreate fascicle, all flowers with stamens well developed; perianth white or greenish white, 2–4 mm; tepals dimorphic, rarely slightly so, ovate, apex obtuse; anthers yellow to pink. Achenes included or exserted, tan to grayish brown, not beaked distally, 2.6–3.8 × 2–3 mm, shiny, faces usually not concave. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000518394,distribution,"N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska; Europe (e Russia).",321717205 wfo-0001242194,morphology,"Stem usually densely and retrorsely pubescent. Leaf blades 5–16.8 × 2–6 cm, margins ciliate, faces pubescent.",321717205 wfo-0001242194,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001242194,elevation,"100-1300 m",321717205 wfo-0001242194,habitat,"Montane slopes above treeline, steep hillsides, steep cut banks or sandy loam of rivers",321717205 wfo-0001242194,distribution,"Yukon; Alaska; Europe (e Russia).",321717205 wfo-0000518395,morphology,"Stem glabrous, rarely or pubescent proximal to nodes. Leaf blades 6–17(–20) × 2–8 cm, margins glabrous or ciliate, faces glabrous. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000518395,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000518395,elevation,"300-1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000518395,habitat,"Moist hillsides, waste places, streambanks, sandy lake shores, talus slopes above treeline",321717205 wfo-0000518395,distribution,"N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska.",321717205 wfo-0000518412,morphology,"Plants 12–42(–50) cm. Stems ascending to erect, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves: ocrea reddish brown, funnelform, 0.3–3 cm, margins oblique, glabrous or finely pubescent to pilose; petiole 0.3–10(–15) mm; blade oblong-ovate to ovate, rarely broadly lanceolate, 2.1–7.5(–9.5) × 1.1–5 cm, subcoriaceous, base truncate or, rarely, cordate, margins entire, glabrous or ciliate, apex obtuse to acute, faces often glaucous, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, racemelike; peduncle essentially absent. Pedicels 0.5–1.9(–2.4) mm. Flowers 1–4 per ocreate fascicle, rarely some flowers with stamens poorly developed; perianth greenish to pinkish white, 2–4.5 mm; tepals slightly dimorphic or, rarely, distinctly so, oblong-ovate to obovate, apex obtuse; anthers yellow or pink. Achenes exserted, yellowish brown, not beaked distally, 3.2–6(–8.3) × 2.1–5 mm, shiny, faces not concave. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000518412,distribution,"Calif., Idaho, Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000518413,morphology,"Stems glabrous. Leaf blades 2.4–5.8 × 1.2–3.2 cm, base cordate or truncate, faces glabrous. Pedicels 0.6–1.4 mm, glabrous. Perianths 3–3.8 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000518413,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000518413,elevation,"1000-2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000518413,habitat,"Mountain slopes, talus slopes, edges of serpentine outcrops",321717205 wfo-0000518413,distribution,"Calif., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000518450,morphology,"Plants (50–)70–150(–200) cm. Stems erect, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves: ocrea reddish brown, funnelform, 1–3 cm, margins oblique, glabrous or pubescent; petiole 5–20 mm; blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–15(–19) × 1.4–7.5 cm, not subcoriaceous, base rounded, margins entire, usually scabrous to ciliate, rarely glabrous, apex obtuse to acuminate, faces not glaucous, glabrous or densely pubescent. Inflorescences usually terminal, subterminal, and axillary, paniclelike; peduncle 0.5–12 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Pedicels 0.9–4 mm. Flowers 1–3 per ocreate fascicle, rarely some flowers with stamens poorly developed; perianth white to greenish white, 2.5–3.5 mm; tepals slightly dimorphic, ovate to obovate, apex obtuse; anthers yellow to pink. Achenes usually exserted, yellowish brown, not beaked distally, (3–)3.8–7 × 2.3–4.8 mm, shiny, faces concave.",321717205 wfo-0000518450,distribution,"Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-7000000004,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, wetland, usually with aromatic oil, especially in rhizomes. Rhizomes horizontal, creeping at or near surface, branched. Stems repent, branched rhizomes. Cataphylls absent. Leaves not differentiated into petiole and blade, equitant, sword-shaped, larger than 1.5 cm; venation parallel along length of leaf. Inflorescences: spadices, from 3-angled axis (peduncle fused with proximal portion of sympodial leaf, i.e., leaf encircling terminal inflorescence), distal sympodial leaf extending beyond spadix; true spathe absent; spadix nearly cylindric, tapering, apex obtuse. Flowers bisexual; tepals 6; stamens 6, distinct; ovariesy 1, (1–)3-locular, sessile; stigmas sessile (styles essentially absent), minute. Fruits berries; pericarp thin, leathery. Seeds 1–6(–14), from apex of locule.",321717205 wfo-7000000004,distribution,"Temperate Northern Hemisphere, tropical Asia at higher elevations, and sporadically introduced into Southern Hemisphere.",321717205 wfo-4000000365,morphology,"Perennials, (2.5–)5–50(–150+) cm (caudices brown-woolly, aerial stems glabrate or resinous-punctate). Leaves basal, cauline, or both; shortly petiolate or sessile; blades elliptic-oblong, lanceolate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate, orbiculate, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or rhombic-orbiculate (thin and chartaceous to thick and coriaceous), bases cuneate to cordate or clasping, margins entire or lobed or pinnately parted, dentate, or serrate, faces usually minutely stipitate-glandular and/or hirtellous. Heads quasi-radiate [discoid] (see florets), borne singly or in paniculiform or corymbiform arrays. Involucres turbinate or obconic to campanulate, 6–17+ mm. Phyllaries in 1–7 series, lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear, unequal (rigid, margins scarious), apices obtuse to acute, acuminate, or mucronate. Receptacles concave, flat, or convex, usually foveolate, alveolate, or reticulate, pubescent, sometimes paleate (paleae apically pubescent). Florets 3–25(–80), bisexual, fertile; corollas pink to lavender or white [yellow], zygomorphic (2-lipped; outer lip liguliform, 3-toothed, inner usually smaller, 2-lobed, lobes often curled); anther basal appendages entire, elongate, rounded, apical appendages lanceolate; style branches relatively short, apices blunt-penicillate (abaxial faces usually glabrous, i.e., without collecting hairs). Cypselae ± fusiform or terete to cylindric, 4–10 mm, not beaked, usually ± ribbed, faces glabrous or stipitate-glandular; pappi of 40–60(–80+) tan or white, ± barbellate to nearly smooth bristles in 1–3(–9) series. x = 27.",321717205 wfo-4000000365,distribution,"Warm regions of North America, Mexico, Central America.",321717205 wfo-0000022979,morphology,"Plants 2.5–30 cm, (divaricately branching). Leaves cauline; sessile; blades rhombic-orbiculate to suborbiculate, 10–50 mm, bases cuneate, margins coarsely and irregularly prickly-dentate, faces glabrous (reticulate). Heads borne singly (at branch tips). Involucres campanulate, 14–17 mm. Phyllaries in 4 series, broadly ovate, margins glandular, apices acute to mucronate, abaxial faces glabrous. Receptacles reticulate (sockets separated by squarish, apically pubescent paleae 1 mm). Florets 15–24; corollas lavender-pink or white, 10–17 mm. Cypselae subcylindric, 3–7.5 mm, densely stipitate-glandular; pappi white or tawny, 10–15 mm. 2n = 54.",321717205 wfo-0000022979,phenology,"Flowering (Mar–)Apr(–Jun).",321717205 wfo-0000022979,elevation,"0–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000022979,habitat,"Gravel, sandstone, silty, or caliche soils in desert scrub",321717205 wfo-0000022979,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Zacatecas).",321717205 wfo-0000119619,morphology,"Plants 5–35 cm. Leaves basal; petioles 0.5–9 cm; blades oblong-oblanceolate, 2.5–23 cm, bases cuneate, margins pinnately lobed (lobes ovate), spinulose-dentate, apices acute, faces hirtellous and/or finely stipitate-glandular. Heads borne singly or 2–3 together (on scapiform peduncles). Involucres turbinate, 14–17 mm. Phyllaries in 2–4 series, lanceolate to subulate (3–15 mm), margins glandular-hairy, apices acuminate, abaxial faces glandular. Receptacles reticulate, hispidulous. Florets 25–53; corollas pink or lavender-pink, 12–22 mm. Cypselae fusiform to linear-fusiform, 4–8 mm, stipitate-glandular and/or hispidulous; pappi tan or white, 1–17 mm. 2n = ca. 54.",321717205 wfo-0000119619,phenology,"Flowering year round (mostly Mar–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000119619,elevation,"0–1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000119619,habitat,"Juniper forests, oak woodlands, dry matorral, desert scrub on calcareous, sandy clay, and gypsiferous soils",321717205 wfo-0000119619,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000114273,morphology,"Plants 40–150 cm (stems sulcate to striate distally, densely glandular). Leaves cauline and/or basal; sessile; blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, 1.5 (cauline)–18 (basal) cm, bases shortly sagittate or clasping, margins acerose-denticulate, faces densely glandular-puberulent. Heads in subcongested corymbiform arrays. Involucres obconic to campanulate, 7–9 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, oblong-oblanceolate, apices acuminate, abaxial faces densely glandular-hairy. Receptacles alveolate, glandular. Florets 3–6; corollas lavender-pink (purple), 7–12 mm. Cypselae subcylindric to subfusiform, 3–7 mm, glandular; pappi bright white, 8–9 mm (rigid). 2n = 54.",321717205 wfo-0000114273,phenology,"Flowering Oct–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000114273,elevation,"100–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000114273,habitat,"Gravel and caliche soils in warm Sonoran desert scrub",321717205 wfo-0000114273,distribution,"Ariz.; N.Mex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000001261,morphology,"Plants 30–120 cm. Leaves cauline; sessile; blades oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, 2.5–13 cm, bases sagittate or clasping, margins dentate to denticulate, faces minutely stipitate-glandular and/or hirtellous (reticulate). Heads in corymbiform arrays. Involucres turbinate, 5–8 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, linear to lanceolate, margins fimbrillate-glandular, apices obtuse to acute, abaxial faces glabrous or glandular-hairy. Receptacles reticulate (edges of sockets glandular). Florets 8–12; corollas pink or purple, 9–20 mm. Cypselae linear-fusiform, 2–6 mm, glandular-puberulent; pappi bright white, 9–12 mm. 2n = 54.",321717205 wfo-0000001261,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000001261,elevation,"400–1400 m",321717205 wfo-0000001261,habitat,"Gravel, caliche, or sandy loamy soils in open desert (Lower Sonoran Desert)",321717205 wfo-0000001261,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex., Utah; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Zacatecas).",321717205 wfo-4000000366,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms to approximately 50 cm, erect or geniculate, not woody. Sheaths open; ligules membranous, ciliate; blades broadly linear. Inflorescences terminal, panicles of spike¬like branches, exceeding the upper leaves; branches 1.5-10 cm, subdigitate or in whorls along elongate rachises, axes flattened, with imbricate, subsessile spikelets, terminating in a rudimentary spikelet. Spikelets laterally compressed, with 3-25 florets; disarticulation of the spikelets below the glumes, of the lemmas within the spikelets acropetal, spikelets falling wholly or in part after only a few lemmas have fallen, paleas persistent. Glumes 1-veined, keeled, exceeded by the florets; lemmas 3-veined, strongly keeled, firmly membranous to cartilaginous, glabrous, cuspidate or awn-tipped. Fruits modified caryopses, pericarp hyaline, rupturing at maturity; seeds deeply sulcate, ornamented, x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000000366,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000841378,morphology,"Culms 17-50 cm. Blades 7-20 cm long, 5-11.5 mm wide, bases rounded, setaceous apically. Influorescence branches 1.5-10 cm, in whorls of 2-5, either subdigitate or on rachises up to 15 cm long. Spikelets 5.5-13 mm, oblong, serrate in outline, with 6-25 florets. Lower glumes 1.2-2.9 mm, linear-oblong, acute, mucronate; upper glumes 1.5-3 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, awn-tipped; lemmas 2-2.8 mm, narrowly ovate, keels scabrous, shallowly concave distally, midveins excurrent, forming stout, 0.3-0.9 mm awns; lateral veins also slightly excurrent. Fruits ellipsoid; seeds blackish, rugose, finely granular. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000841378,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-4000000409,morphology,"Stems solitary, robust, armed, covered with persistent leaf bases or bare. Leaves: petioles armed with needlelike prickles; petiole margins unarmed; blade pinnate, armed with prickles; plication reduplicate; segments regularly arranged, apices acute. Inflorescences axillary within crown of leaves, paniculate, arching, becoming pendulous in fruit, with 1 order of branching; prophyll short; peduncular bract woody, prickly, splitting abaxially, curling downward; rachis armed with prickles. Flowers unisexual, sessile, borne in triads of 1 pistillate flower flanked by 2 staminate flowers, staminate flowers borne singly along distal portions of rachillae. Staminate flowers: sepals 3, free; petals 3, valvate, leathery, basally connate, leathery; stamens 6, free; anthers rectangular; pistillode with 3 minute lobes. Pistillate flowers: sepals 3, imbricate, free; petals 3, imbricate, basally connate or nearly free; staminodes well -developed, bearing short, sterile anthers; pistils 1, large, tomentose; ovules 3; styles indistinct; stigmas 3. Fruits drupes, globose; exocarp brownish green, thin, pubescent near fruit apex [bristly]; mesocarp fleshy, oily; endocarp thick, bony, with 3 equatorial germination pores. Seeds irregular; endosperm homogeneous; embryo lateral; eophyll undivided [2-cleft], linear-lanceolate. nx = 15.",321717205 wfo-4000000409,distribution,"Mexico, West Indies, Central America, and South America.",321717205 wfo-4000000445,morphology,"Plants small, yellowish to golden yellow, glossy. Stems 1[–10] cm, not or weakly complanate-foliate, irregularly to regularly pinnate or sometimes simple. Leaves imbricate or strongly divergent, sometimes somewhat falcate, narrowly to broadly ovate-lanceolate; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; costa double or ecostate; alar cells elongate, inflated, pigmented, walls thin, region in 1 row, middle lamella not apparent, supra-alar cells not apparently differentiated; laminal cells narrowly rhomboid to linear, smooth or rarely 1-papillose. Sexual condition autoicous [synoicous, dioicous, or phyllodioicous]. Seta 0.4–0.7 cm. Capsule erect to inclined, ovoid to cylindric; exothecial cell walls collenchymatous; operculum conic, finely rostrate.",321717205 wfo-4000000445,distribution,"Fla., Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia; tropical and subtropical regions, predominantly Indo-Malaysia.",321717205 wfo-0001182740,morphology,"Plants delicate, in creeping mats. Stems with branches 0.4–0.6 mm, 0.7–1 mm across leafy branch, main stem and branches arching upward, stem and branch apices with penicillate group of abruptly imbricate leaves. Leaves 0.5–0.7 mm; margins incurved distally to form tubulose apex; supra-alar cells short. Specialized asexual reproduction rare, by filamentous gemmae. Perigonia on branches. Perichaetia on stems or branches. Seta red. Capsule 0.4–0.6 mm; annulus absent; exostome teeth 16, lanceolate, finely striate, longitudinally furrowed; endostome basal membrane wide, segments equal to exostome teeth length, cilia 1, short, occasionally rudimentary. Calyptra smooth. Spores spheric, 13–14 µm, slightly roughened.",321717205 wfo-0001182740,phenology,"Capsules mature summer.",321717205 wfo-0001182740,elevation,"low elevations (0 m)",321717205 wfo-0001182740,habitat,"Rotten logs, tree bark, charred wood, moist live-oak hammocks",321717205 wfo-0001182740,distribution,"Fla.",321717205 wfo-0001109379,morphology,"Stems usually erect, infrequently branched. Leaves ascending or erect, 1.5–5 m × 15–60 cm. Rachis shallowly grooved abaxially, flat or shallowly grooved adaxially. Pinnae 20–32(–64), distant to closely spaced, usually overlapping, 7–37 × 1.5–5.5 cm, tapering toward apex, abruptly acute at tip; costal areoles less than 3 times longer than wide; most pinnae of fertile leaves bearing sporangia. Sporangia spread over abaxial surface of fertile pinnae; paraphyses stalked, ending with horizontally extended, smooth or little-lobed cell. Spores (44–)54(–72) µm diam., surface minutely roughened with small projecting papillae. 2n = 60.",321717205 wfo-0001109379,elevation,"0–50 m",321717205 wfo-0001109379,habitat,"Somewhat saline to freshwater swamps, canal and pond margins, commonly in sinkholes in hammocks, disturbed marl sites, inland to coastal regions",321717205 wfo-0001109379,distribution,"Fla.; Central America; South America.",321717205 wfo-0000519103,morphology,"Leaf blade: leaflets abaxially ± glabrous. Inflorescences at anthesis often longer than wide, short-cylindric. Flowers: petals truncate or cleft, often antherlike at apex; stigma sessile, 1.5-2.8 mm diam. during anthesis, as broad as or broader than ovary. Berries white, very rarely red, widely ellipsoid to nearly globose, 6.5-9 mm; pedicel bright red, stout, (0.7-)0.9-2.2(-3) mm diam., ± as thick as axis of raceme. Seeds 3.4-4.5 mm. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000519103,phenology,"Flowering spring–early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000519103,elevation,"0-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000519103,habitat,"Deciduous forests, less often with pines, junipers, or other conifers",321717205 wfo-0000519103,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000519118,morphology,"Leaf blade: leaflets abaxially glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescences at anthesis often as long as wide, pyramidal. Flowers: petals acute to obtuse at apex; stigma nearly sessile, 0.7-1.2 mm diam. during anthesis, much narrower than ovary. Berries red or white, widely ellipsoid, 5-11 mm; pedicel dull green or brown, slender, 0.3-0.7 mm diam., thinner than axis of raceme. Seeds 2.9-3.6 mm. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000519118,phenology,"Flowering spring–early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000519118,elevation,"0-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000519118,habitat,"Mostly deciduous forests, also mixed coniferous forests, open pine or spruce woodlands, swales, stream banks, and swamps",321717205 wfo-0000519118,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-4000000530,morphology,"Plants terrestrial. Roots dark, fibrous, covered with dark, stiff hairs, 2–3 mm. Stems upright; hairs uniseriate. Leaves all fertile (even youngest), unbranched, long-petioled. Blades falsely digitate, reduced to 2–many erect to spreading terminal rays; rays appearing to be whorled but actually borne on very short rachis. Sporangia in 2–4 rows. Gametophytes subterranean, not green, tuberlike, brown-hairy. x = 134, 140.",321717205 wfo-4000000530,distribution,"Nearly worldwide in tropical regions.",321717205 wfo-0001109627,morphology,"Plants extremely variable in size, 5–50 cm, those in leaf mold (only form known in flora) usually small, those in open sunny areas much larger. Leaves 1–60; rays 1–12, 4–40 mm; petioles 0.5–2 cm. 2n = 168 (Trinidad).",321717205 wfo-0001109627,habitat,"On and around rotten stumps and decomposing litter in damp forests and open baylands.",321717205 wfo-0001109627,distribution,"Fla.; West Indies; Central America; South America.",321717205 wfo-0000760673,morphology,"Shrubs, 1–2(–3) m; bark gray to brown, branches usually ascending. Leaves: petiole 0.2 cm; blade pale green, spatulate to obovate, 2–3(–4) × 0.5–1 cm, base cuneate, apex usually rounded, rarely emarginate, surfaces glabrous; 3-veined at base, secondary veins 4–7 pairs. Inflorescences 1–3-flowered. Pedicels: staminate 2 mm, pistillate 3–5 mm in flower to 20 mm in fruit. Staminate flowers greenish white; sepals lanceolate, acute, 2 mm, hairy; stamens whitish; filaments 1.5 mm; pistillode 3-parted. Pistillate flowers yellowish green; sepals reflexed at anthesis, ovate to lanceolate, acute, 2–-3 mm, puberulent; ovary 1.5–2.5 mm diam.; styles 2 mm. Capsules subglobose, 1–-1.3 cm diam., hairy. Seeds 4–-5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000760673,phenology,"Flowering Jan–Jun, fruiting Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000760673,elevation,"10–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000760673,habitat,"Subtropical semideciduous woodlands on loamy soils, occasionally shrublands on sandy to gravelly soils.",321717205 wfo-0000760673,distribution,"Subtropical semideciduous woodlands on loamy soils, occasionally shrublands on sandy to gravelly soils; Tex.; Mexico (Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-4000000612,morphology,"Perennials (perhaps flowering first year, usually rhizomatous), (10–)30–60(–100+) cm (aerial stems usually proximally tomentose and distally stipitate-glandular). Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate (proximal) or sessile (distal); blades ovate to ± triangular [suborbiculate], bases mostly truncate to cordate or hastate, margins coarsely dentate or lobulate to denticulate or entire, abaxial faces tomentose, adaxial faces glabrate (distalmost leaves often linear or scalelike). Heads disciform, borne in open paniculiform arrays. Involucres cuplike to saucer-shaped (inconspicuous), 4–8+ mm diam. Phyllaries in 1–2 series, ovate to oblong, ± equal (reflexed in fruit), apices obtuse. Receptacles convex, smooth, glabrous, epaleate. Florets: outer 3–7 florets pistillate, corollas white or ochroleucous, obscurely zygomorphic (± 2-lipped; staminodes 4–5, minute; style branches relatively short); inner 2–10 florets functionally staminate, corollas white or ochroleucous, actinomorphic (lobes 5); anther basal appendages (relatively short) entire, apical appendages narrowly triangular; style branches none (apices of styles obtuse to acute). Cypselae clavate to obovoid, not beaked, ± ribbed, faces distally stipitate-glandular; pappi 0. x = 23.",321717205 wfo-4000000612,distribution,"North America, Central America, s South America, e Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000096216,morphology,"Aerial stems usually leafy only near bases, openly branched. Leaves: petioles winged; blades 3–nerved, 3–25 cm. Phyllaries 5–6(–10), 1–2 mm. Peripheral florets: corollas soon falling, 0.5–1.2 mm. Inner florets: corollas tardily falling, 1–2.3 mm. Cypselae 5–9 mm. 2n = 46.",321717205 wfo-0000096216,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000096216,elevation,"0–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000096216,habitat,"Woods, forests, usually in shade",321717205 wfo-0000096216,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Ont.; Calif., Idaho, Mich., Minn., Mont., Oreg., S.Dak., Wash., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-4000000648,morphology,"Annuals, perennials, or subshrubs [shrubs], (20–)30–70[–250+] cm. Stems erect, branched from bases or throughout. Leaves cauline; mostly opposite (distal sometimes alternate); petiolate or sessile; blades (or lobes) ovate, oblanceolate, or linear, 1-pinnately lobed, ultimate margins ± toothed (teeth often bristle-tipped), faces glabrous or ± hirtellous to scabrellous (oil-glands usually borne at bases of lobes and subterminally near apices). Heads usually radiate, rarely discoid, borne singly. Calyculi of 3–5 or 12–22 linear to subulate bractlets (sometimes with 1–2 lobes, often bristle-tipped, usually bearing oil-glands). Involucres campanulate to obconic [hemispheric], [5–]7–20+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 8–20+ in ± 2 series (weakly connate 1/3–3/4 their lengths, separating in age, mostly lanceolate to linear, margins of outer distinct to bases or nearly so, oil-glands in faces and near margins). Receptacles convex, ± pitted (socket margins fimbrillate to setose), epaleate. Ray florets usually 7–16[–16], rarely 0, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow to orange or red-orange. Disc florets 25–70[100+], bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow to yellow-orange, tubes shorter than cylindric throats, lobes 5, lance-ovate to lance-linear. Cypselae obpyramidal [obconic], glabrous or ± strigose or sericeous; pappi persistent, of 8–20 scales in 1–2 series (single scales muticous, or unequally 3-aristate, or comprising 5–11 basally connate bristles). x = 7, 13.",321717205 wfo-4000000648,distribution,"sw United States, Mexico, Central America.",321717205 wfo-0000061696,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, 30–50+ cm. Leaves mostly not lobed, blades oblanceolate to ovate, 8–25 × 4–8 mm (bases sometimes toothed or obscurely lobed, oil-glands 1–2 pairs near base, 1 near tip, each leaf). Peduncles 60–150 mm. Calyculi of 12–22 linear-attenuate, gland-bearing, bractlets 5–8 mm. Involucres campanulate to obconic, 15–18 mm. Phyllaries ca. 20, lanceolate to linear, separating in fruit. Ray florets (0–)7–13; corollas yellow-orange, becoming red-orange; tubes 5 mm, laminae 8–10 × 2.5–4 mm. Disc florets 50–80+; corollas yellow, 8–10 mm. Cypselae 5–7 mm; pappi of 15–20 scales 7–10 mm, each comprising 5–9, basally connate bristles. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000061696,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000061696,elevation,"0–1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000061696,habitat,"Sandy and gravelly soils of washes and alluvial fans in deserts",321717205 wfo-0000061696,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000113137,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, 20–50+ cm. Leaves pinnately lobed, 15–40 mm, lobes 3–5, linear to cuneate or oblanceolate (oil-glands at base of each lobe and subterminal in tips). Peduncles 20–80 mm. Calyculi of 12–16 subulate bractlets 3–8 mm (bearing glands). Involucres obconic, 10–15 mm. Phyllaries 12–20, lanceolate, separating in fruit. Ray florets 10–14; corollas yellow, becoming red-orange; tubes ca. 2 mm, laminae 6 × 2 mm. Disc florets 25–40; corollas yellow-orange, 7–8 mm. Cypselae 5 mm; pappi of 8–12 scales 7–8 mm, each comprising 7–11 basally connate bristles. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000113137,phenology,"Flowering spring and fall.",321717205 wfo-0000113137,elevation,"0–1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000113137,habitat,"Alluvial fans and rocky slopes in deserts",321717205 wfo-0000113137,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000043871,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000110804,morphology,"Annuals, to 70 cm. Leaves linear or pinnately lobed, 25–35 mm, lobes 5–9, linear (each with oil-gland at base). Peduncles 3–6 cm. Calyculi of 3–5 subulate bractlets 3–5 mm (eglandular). Involucres broadly campanulate to obconic, 7–8 mm. Phyllaries 8–13, narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, remaining connate in fruit. Ray florets usually 8; corollas yellow-orange; tubes 3 mm, laminae 2 × 1 mm. Disc florets 30–50; corollas pale yellow, often tipped with crimson, 4–5 mm. Cypselae 3.5–4.5 mm; pappi of 10 outer, erose scales 0.7–1 mm plus 10 inner, unequally 3-aristate scales 5–6.5 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000110804,phenology,"Flowering fall.",321717205 wfo-0000110804,elevation,"1500–2600 m",321717205 wfo-0000110804,habitat,"Wettish sites in otherwise arid areas, coarse, sandy alluvium",321717205 wfo-0000110804,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex.; Mexico (Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-4000000674,morphology,"Shrubs, erect to rounded-spreading, 8–60 dm; developing enlarged woody lignotubers. Stems 1–10+, erect to arching or spreading, branched, terete or decurrently grooved; bark of red brownish papery layers, weathering gray; short shoots present or absent; hirtellous, pilose, or glabrous. Leaves persistent, cauline, alternate, sometimes opposite, juvenile 1–2-pinnatifid, mature simple; stipules reduced or absent; petiole present or absent; blade linear to terete or linear-oblanceoloid, (0.2–)0.3–1.4(–2.6) mm, leathery or not, base persistent, clasping, truncate, margins revolute, entire, abaxial surface glabrous or sessile-glandular. Inflorescences terminal, 2–400+-flowered, panicles well branched, pyramidal or racemes or spikes reduced to cylindric, glabrous or hirtellous; bracts present; bracteoles present. Pedicels absent or relatively short. Flowers 2–6 mm diam.; hypanthium cylindric to campanulate, inner rim annular gland thickened, undulate, 0.6–2.4 mm, glabrous or hirtellous; sepals 5, erect to reflexed, valvate, broadly ovate to semiorbiculate; petals 5, white becoming rusty brown, obovate-orbiculate or elliptic to ovate, base clawed; stamens 10 or 15 in groups of 2 or 3 alternate with petals, shorter than petals; carpels 1(or 2), distinct, obliquely truncate distally, glabrous or sericeous, styles lateral, each bending over ovary, erect distally, stigmas capitate to truncate; ovules 1(or 2). Fruits achenes, 1(or 2), obovoid or ellipsoid, 1.1–1.8(–2.4) mm, hirtellous distally (exposed part); hypanthium persistent; sepals persistent, +/- spreading; styles not persistent. x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000000674,distribution,"Calif., nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001009078,morphology,"Plants decumbent or erect-ascending, 8–20 dm. Stems erect to arching; young stem internodes brown, 2–6.5(–12) mm, glabrous or hirtellous-pilose, rarely glandular. Leaves crowded on short shoots; stipules green, 0.5–1.5 mm on long-shoot leaves, smaller on fascicled leaves; blade dark green, linear-oblanceolate, (2–)3–10(–13) × 0.6–1(–1.7) mm, apex acute, apiculate to obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or hirtellous or villous, adaxial glabrous. Inflorescences of alternately branched pyramidal panicles, 3.5–10(–17) × 1–9(–15) cm or reduced to cylindric racemes or spikes, glabrous; subtending flower bracts 3-lobed, medial lobe largest; bracteoles 2, subulate. Pedicels present, short. Flowers in clusters of 1–3(–7); hypanthium green, 1.5–2.4 × 1–1.6(–2) mm, obscurely 10-veined, conspicuously so when dry, glabrous or weakly hirtellous, inner rims whitish; sepals broadly ovate to semiorbiculate, 0.5–0.9 mm; petals tardily falling, white, turning rusty, obovate-orbiculate, to 1–2 mm diam.; stamens (10–)15, filaments 1–1.5 mm, anthers 0.4–0.8 mm; ovaries obconic; styles curved over ovary, erect distally, white, rarely pinkish distally, 1–1.4 mm. Achenes obovoid, 1.2–1.8(–2.4) mm, contained within hypanthium.",321717205 wfo-0001009078,distribution,"Calif., nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001009084,morphology,"Stems erect-ascending, spreading (plants tall); internodes 2.5–7(–13) mm; young stems glabrous, sometimes +/- hirtellous. Leaves oblanceolate to linear, semiterete, (2.5–)5–13 mm (not or slightly expanded distally), apex acute-apiculate. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0001009084,phenology,"Flowering (Apr–)May–Jun(–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0001009084,elevation,"10–1800(–2100) m",321717205 wfo-0001009084,habitat,"Dry slopes, ridges, lower chaparral and coastal sage scrub",321717205 wfo-0001009084,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0001009090,morphology,"Plants erect, 20–60 dm. Stems erect to spreading; bark distinctively cinnamon-colored, papery-layered; young stem internodes yellowish green, 1.5–7(–15) mm (marked with slender paired decurrent grooves), finely hirtellous, sessile-glandular. Leaves on slender long shoots, proximal 1–2 opposite, distal subalternate or alternate; stipules absent; blade yellow-green, linear to terete, (2.5–)5–14(–26) × 0.4–0.6(–0.8) mm, apex recurved-apiculate, surfaces sparsely hirtellous and sessile-glandular. Inflorescences paniculate or reduced to spicate racemes (terminating all distal, long shoots of season), 0.8–5(–7.5) cm, hirtellous; subtending flower bracts linear-subulate; bracteoles 5 or 6, outermost subulate, inner oblong-ovate, concave. Pedicels present or absent. Flowers in sessile clusters of 2–3 (or single and pedicellate); hypanthium greenish, 0.6–2 mm, hirtellous, inner rims yellowish; sepals broadly ovate, 0.6–1 mm; petals persistent, whitish, turning rusty brown, elliptic to ovate, 1.5–2.2 mm; stamens 10(–12), filaments 1–1.5 mm, anthers 0.4–0.6 mm; ovaries obliquely obovoid; styles erect, pinkish, 0.5–1 mm. Achenes ellipsoid, 1.1–1.6 mm, exserted from hypanthium. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0001009090,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Aug(–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0001009090,elevation,"200–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0001009090,habitat,"Dry granitic slopes, mesas, ravines, chaparral, pinyon woodlands",321717205 wfo-0001009090,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0001114717,morphology,"Stems short-creeping or suberect; scales bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins entire. Leaves lax-arching to stiffly erect or pendent, often densely clustered, 15–110 cm. Petiole 0.5–3 mm diam., glabrous, often glaucous. Blade fan-shaped to funnel-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 5–45 × 5–45 cm; proximal pinnae (1–)2–7-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, often with glaucous bloom. Segment stalks 0.2–0.9(–1.3) mm, dark color entering into segment base or not. Ultimate segments oblong, long-triangular, or occasionally reniform, ca. 2.5–4 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin straight to oblique, or occasionally excavate; acroscopic margin lobed, lobes separated by narrow to broad incisions 0.2–3 mm wide; apex acute to obtuse, obtuse apices divided into ± angular lobes separated by sinuses 0.6–4 mm deep, margins of lobes sharply denticulate. False indusia transversely oblong to crescent-shaped, 0.2–3.5(–6) mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 37–47 µm diam. 2n = 58.",321717205 wfo-0001114717,phenology,"Sporulating summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0001114717,elevation,"0–3200 m",321717205 wfo-0001114717,habitat,"Wooded ravines, shaded banks, talus slopes, serpentine barrens, and coastal headlands (uncommon)",321717205 wfo-0001114717,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Que.; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Maine, Md., Mont., Nev., Oreg., Pa., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wyo.; Mexico in Chihuahua.",321717205 wfo-0001107915,morphology,"Stems short-creeping; scales dark reddish brown, concolored, margins entire. Leaves arching, clustered, 20–37 cm. Petiole 1–2 mm diam., adaxially hispid, not glaucous. Blade lanceolate, pinnate or occasionally pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 12–18 × 6.5–8 cm; proximal pinnae 1–4-pinnate; indument of light-colored, sparse, multicellular hairs; rachis straight, densely hispid, not glaucous. Segment stalks 0.2–0.3 mm, dark color generally entering into segment base. Ultimate segments oblong to long-triangular, ca. 2 times as long as broad, progressively reduced toward apex of penultimate divisions; basiscopic margin oblique; acroscopic margin of fertile segments crenulate, sterile segments sharply denticulate; apex obtuse or acute. False indusia ± round, 0.6–0.9 mm diam., covered with reddish brown, stiff, needlelike bristles. Spores mostly 40–60 µm diam.",321717205 wfo-0001107915,phenology,"Sporulating summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0001107915,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0001107915,habitat,"Banks and old walls",321717205 wfo-0001107915,distribution,"Introduced; Conn., Ga.; Asia in s India; e Africa; Pacific Islands.",321717205 wfo-0001109476,morphology,"Stems short-creeping; scales dark reddish brown, concolored, margins entire. Leaves arching to erect, clustered, (15–)35–80 cm. Petiole 1–2 mm diam., minutely rough, abaxially strigose, not glaucous. Blade ovate, pinnate, 1-pinnate distally (small leaves 1-pinnate throughout), (11–)15–35 × (3.5–)8–15 cm, glabrous; proximal pinnae (and sometimes also next 2–3 pairs) 1–2(–3)-pinnate; rachis straight, densely minutely rough. Segment stalks 0.1–0.8 mm, dark color entering into segment base. Ultimate segments oblong, about 2 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin straight or sometimes oblique; acroscopic margin shallowly lobed, lobes separated by narrow incisions; apex obtuse, shallowly lobed. False indusia crescent-shaped, 1–4.5 mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 40–50 µm diam. 2n = 60.",321717205 wfo-0001109476,phenology,"Sporulating throughout the year.",321717205 wfo-0001109476,elevation,"0 m",321717205 wfo-0001109476,habitat,"Hammocks and limestone sinks in Everglades National Park",321717205 wfo-0001109476,distribution,"Fla.; West Indies in Greater Antilles, Bahamas.",321717205 wfo-0001109483,morphology,"Stems short-creeping; scales bicolored, centers dark reddish brown, margins pale tan, erose-ciliate. Leaves arching or sometimes pendent, closely spaced, 20–110 cm. Petiole 1–3 mm diam., glabrous, occasionally glaucous. Blade trowel-shaped, pinnate, 12–60 × 12–60 cm, gradually reduced distally, glabrous; proximal pinnae 3-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, not glaucous. Segment stalks 1–5 mm, with dark color ending abruptly at segment base, terminating in cupulelike swelling at base of segment (unlike any other species of Adiantum in the flora). Ultimate segments fan-shaped or rhombic, about as long as broad; base cuneate; apex rounded or acute, lobed, lobes separated by narrow incisions 0.5 mm wide. Indusia transversely oblong to crescent-shaped, 0.5–2 mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 40–58 µm diam. 2n = 60.",321717205 wfo-0001109483,phenology,"Sporulating throughout the year.",321717205 wfo-0001109483,elevation,"0–50 m",321717205 wfo-0001109483,habitat,"Restricted to moist, shaded, limestone ledges, sink walls, and grottoes in the flora",321717205 wfo-0001109483,distribution,"Fla.; e,s Mexico; Central America in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica; South America in Venezuela.",321717205 wfo-0001109485,morphology,"Stems short-creeping to nearly erect; scales dark reddish brown, concolored, margins entire or minutely denticulate. Leaves arching or pendent, densely clustered, 20–62 cm. Petiole 0.8–1 mm diam., glabrous, occasionally glaucous. Blade ovate, pinnate, 15–38 × 8–26 cm, gradually reduced distally, hirsute; proximal pinnae 3–4-pinnate; rachis straight or becoming flexuous, glabrous, not glaucous. Segment stalks 1–4 mm, dark color ending ± abruptly at segment base. Ultimate segments transversely oblong, nearly round, or fan-shaped, about as long as broad; base truncate or cuneate; margins of fertile segments crenulate or entire, sterile segments with margins serrulate; apex rounded. Indusia transversely oblong or crescent-shaped, 0.5–4 mm, covered with whitish needlelike trichomes. Spores mostly 35–53 µm diam.",321717205 wfo-0001109485,phenology,"Sporulating late winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0001109485,elevation,"200–500 m",321717205 wfo-0001109485,habitat,"Moist, shaded, limestone cliffs along streams and rivers, on boulders in creeks, and among rocks on steep slopes",321717205 wfo-0001109485,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico; Central America in Guatemala, Belize.",321717205 wfo-0001114721,morphology,"Stems short-creeping; scales bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins entire. Leaves arching to stiffly erect, often densely clustered, 38–75(–90) cm. Petiole 1–3 mm diam., glabrous, often glaucous. Blade fan-shaped to funnel-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 10–35 × 10–35(–45) cm, glabrous; proximal pinnae 2–7-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, often glaucous. Segment stalks (0.4–)0.6–1.5(–1.9) mm, dark color commonly entering into segment base. Ultimate segments long-triangular, ca. 2.5 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin oblique; acroscopic margin lobed, lobes separated by narrow (less than 1 mm) incisions; apex acute, usually entire. False indusia transversely oblong, mostly 2–5(–10) mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 45–58 µm diam. 2n = 116.",321717205 wfo-0001114721,phenology,"Sporulating summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0001114721,elevation,"200–800 m",321717205 wfo-0001114721,habitat,"Restricted to serpentine sites where it occurs in rock clefts, on talus slopes, and in well-developed serpentine soils",321717205 wfo-0001114721,distribution,"Vt.",321717205 wfo-4000000715,morphology,"Shrubs, armed with thorns, secondary branches and branchlets green; bud scales absent. Leaves early deciduous, usually absent by flowering, opposite or subopposite; blade not gland-dotted; pinnately veined (obscurely, appearing 1-veined or vaguely 3-veined from base). Inflorescences axillary, cymes or flowers solitary; peduncles and pedicels not fleshy in fruit. Pedicels present. Flowers bisexual; hypanthium broadly obconic to hemispheric-campanulate, 1.5–3 mm wide; sepals (4–)5, spreading, whitish to greenish white, ovate-triangular or triangular-deltate, keeled adaxially; petals (4–)5, white, sometimes yellow-tipped, hooded, spatulate, clawed; nectary fleshy, 5-angled, lining hypanthium; stamens (4–)5; ovary superior, 3-locular; style 1. Fruits capsules.",321717205 wfo-4000000715,distribution,"sw United States, Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000521080,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–1.5 m, secondary branches and branchlets glabrous or glabrate, branchlets 1–1.5 mm diam. Leaves: blade elliptic-oblong to obovate, 3–12 mm, margins entire, surfaces puberulent; 1- or vaguely 3-veined from base. Pedicels 3–6 mm. Flowers: hypanthium broadly obconic, 2.5–3 mm wide, sides nearly straight; sepals triangular-deltate, length equaling width, margins straight; petals 2–2.5 mm, deeply hooded.",321717205 wfo-0000521080,phenology,"Flowering Dec–Apr(–May).",321717205 wfo-0000521080,elevation,"10–200 m.",321717205 wfo-0000521080,habitat,"Rocky slopes, dry canyons and washes, fields, roadsides, arroyos and hillsides near seeps, streambeds, chaparral, coastal sage scrub.",321717205 wfo-0000521080,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000521081,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.3–1(–2) m, secondary branches and branchlets minutely and persistently short-hispid, slowly glabrescent, branchlets usually 0.5–1 mm diam. Leaves: blade narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 3–10 mm, margins entire [rarely dentate], surfaces glabrous; 1-veined from base. Pedicels 1–2.5 mm. Flowers: hypanthium hemispheric-campanulate, 1.5 mm wide, sides convex; sepals ovate-triangular, length nearly 2 times width, margins curved; petals 1.2–1.5 mm, shallowly hooded.",321717205 wfo-0000521081,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Aug(–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000521081,elevation,"1200–1800 m.",321717205 wfo-0000521081,habitat,"Open slopes and washes, rocky outcrops, limestone and igneous substrates, roadsides, chaparral, oak-juniper and mixed conifer-oak woodlands.",321717205 wfo-0000521081,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; c, n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-4000000750,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 14-80 cm, usually glabrous, erect or geniculate at the base, with (1)2-4(5) nodes. Sheaths open; auricles ciliate; ligules 0.2-0.8 mm, membranous, truncate; blades 1.5-10 mm wide, linear to linear-lanceolate, flat, spreading. Inflorescences terminal spikes, with 2-13 spikelets, usually with 1-3 additional rudimentary spikelets at the base; internodes 6-12 mm; disarticulation either at the base of the spikes or in the rachises, the spikelets falling attached to the internodes above or below. Spikelets solitary at each node, 72-2(3) times the length of the internodes, tangential to the rachis, appressed or ascending, the upper spikelet(s) sometimes sterile; fertile spikelets 5-15 mm, with 2-7 florets, the distal florets often sterile. Glumes ovate to rectangular, rounded on the back, scabrous or pubescent, with several prominent veins, midveins smooth throughout, apices truncate, toothed, or awned, sometimes indurate at maturity; lemmas rounded on the back, apices toothed, frequently awned; paleas chartaceous, 2-keeled, keels ciliate; anthers 3, 1.5-4 mm, not penicillate; ovaries with pubescent apices. Caryopses lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, x = 7. Haplomes B, C, D, S, T, U, M, N.",321717205 wfo-4000000750,distribution,"Wash.;W.Va.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.Y.;Ariz.;Calif.;Oreg.;Va.;Nev.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Ala.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Md.;Pa.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000841639,morphology,"Culms 30-50 cm, erect, slightly geniculate, with few to many tillers. Sheaths ciliate near the throat; blades 8-25 cm long, 3-4 mm wide. Spikes (4.5) 6-10(13) cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm wide, moniliform, with (4)6-12 fertile spikelets; rudimentary spikelets usually absent, occasionally 1-2; disarticulation in the rachises, the spikelets falling attached to the internodes above. Spikelets 7-14 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, ovate, pubescent, with 4-7 florets, the distal 2 florets sterile. Glumes 7-10 mm, coriaceous, appressed-velutinous, 2-3-toothed; lemmas of lower spikelets 8-10 mm, toothed, usually awned; lemmas of apical spikelets awned, awns 3-8.5 cm, usually diverging. Caryopses about 7 mm, adhering to the lemmas and paleas. Haplomes DM, DDM. 2n = 28, 42.",321717205 wfo-0000841639,distribution,"N.Y.",321717205 wfo-0000841654,morphology,"Culms 14-50 cm, erect to decumbent at the base, usually with many tillers. Sheaths with hyaline margins, sometimes ciliate; blades 3-15 cm long, 2-5 mm wide. Spikes 2.2-12 cm long, about 0.3 cm wide, narrowly cylindrical, 10-45 times longer than wide, with (2)3-8(12) fertile spikelets; rudimentary spikelets absent or 1-2; disarticulation initially at the base of the spikes and secondarily in the rachises, the spikelets remaining attached to the internodes above. Fertile spikelets 9-12 mm, narrowly cylindrical, scabrous or pubescent, with 3-5 florets, the lower (1)2-3 florets fertile. Glumes of fertile spikelets awned, awns of the lower spikelets 2-5 mm; glumes of apical spikelets 7-9 mm, scabrid, awned, awns 3-6 cm, usually flanked by 2 lateral teeth; lemmas of lower fertile spikelets 9-10 mm, adaxial surfaces velutinous distally, apices mucronate or awned, awns 0.1-0.5 cm; lemmas of apical spikelets 1-awned, awns (2)4-8 cm, flanked by 2 teeth. Caryopses 6-7 mm, adhering to the lemmas and paleas. Haplomes DC. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841654,distribution,"Wash.;W.Va.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.Y.;Pa.;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Calif.;Ala.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000841692,morphology,"Culms 20-40 cm, geniculate at the base, usually with many tillers. Sheaths with hyaline margins, the distal portion of the lower cauline sheaths ciliate; blades 2-7.5 cm long, 2-5 mm wide. Spikes 1-3 cm long, bases 0.4-0.7 cm wide, narrowly ovoid to ellipsoid, gradually tapering distally, with (2)3-4 spikelets, the distal spikelet sterile; rudimentary spikelets 1(2); disarticulation at the base of the spikes, above the rudimentary spikelets. Fertile spikelets 7-10 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, urceolate; lower spikelet with 3-4 florets, the lower 1-2 florets fertile; apical spikelets 4-5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, narrowly obovoid, with 1 floret, floret reduced, sterile. Glumes of fertile spikelets 6-10 mm, ovate, smooth, scabrous, appressed-velutinous, (3)4(5)-awned, awns 2-4.5 cm; glumes of apical spikelets about 3 mm, 4-awned, awns usually 1-3.5 cm; lemmas of fertile spikelets 6-8 mm, adaxial surfaces often velutinous distally, apices 2-3-awned, awns 1-2.5 cm. Caryopses 4-6 mm, falling free from the lemmas and paleas. Haplomes MU. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841692,distribution,"N.Y.;Calif.;Va.",321717205 wfo-0000841503,morphology,"Culms 20-55 cm, geniculate and semiprostrate at the base, usually with many tillers. Sheaths with hyaline margins, ciliate; blades 5-8 cm long, 3-4 mm wide. Spikes 2-4.5 cm long, 0.4-1.3 cm wide, ovoid-ellipsoid proximally, abruptly contracted distally to a narrow cylinder, with 3-6 spikelets, the distal 1-3 spikelets sterile; rudimentary spikelets (2)3; disarticulation at the base of the spikes. Fertile spikelets 8-12 mm, subventricose, urceolate, with 2 fertile florets and 2-3 sterile florets; apical spikelets 4-5 mm, usually with 1 sterile floret, cultivated forms often with 1 fertile floret and 1-2 sterile florets. Glumes of fertile spikelets 7-10 mm, usually velutinous, sometimes scabrous, apices with (2)3 awns, awns 2-5.5 cm; lemmas of fertile spikelets 2-awned, awns 0.5-4 cm, sometimes with 1 lateral tooth. Caryopses 5-7 mm, falling free of the lemmas and paleas. Haplomes UM, UMN. 2n = 28, 48.",321717205 wfo-0000841503,distribution,"Calif.;Oreg.;Va.",321717205 wfo-0000841857,morphology,"Culms 20-45 cm, geniculate at the base, usually forming many tillers. Sheaths with hyaline margins, margins of the lower cauline sheaths usually ciliate; blades 6-20 cm long, 3-6 mm wide. Spikes 5.5-8.2 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm wide, narrowly cylindrical to slightly moniliform, with 6-13 spikelets; rudimentary spikelets absent; disarticulation in the rachises, the spikelets falling attached to the internodes above. Spikelets 7-8 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, cylindrical, scabrous, with 2-5 florets, the distal 2 florets sterile. Glumes 5-7 mm, coriaceous, scabrous, rims thickened, apices obtuse to truncate, minutely denticulate, unawned; lemmas 6-8 mm, mucronate or awned, awns usually solitary; lemmas of lower spikelets with shorter awns than those of the upper spikelets, the lower lemmas in a spikelet with shorter awns than those of the distal florets. Caryopses 5-6 mm, adhering to the lemmas and paleas. Haplome D. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000841857,distribution,"N.Y.;Ariz.;Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000841887,morphology,"Culms 17-60 cm, geniculate to semiprostrate at the base, usually with several tillers. Sheaths with hyaline margins, lower cauline sheath margins usually ciliate; blades 1.5-7 cm long, 2-3 mm wide. Spikes 2.2-6 cm long, bases 0.4-0.5 cm wide, narrowly ellipsoid, becoming subcylindrical distally, with 2-7 fertile spikelets; rudimentary spikelets (2)3; disarticulation at the base of the spikes. Lower fertile spikelets 7-13 mm, lanceolate-ovate, with 3-5 florets, the first 1-2 florets fertile; upper spikelets 7-9 mm, reduced. Glumes of lower fertile spikelets 6-10 mm, 2-3-awned, awns 1.5-6 cm, glabrous, scabrous, or velutinous, if 3-awned, the central awn often shorter than the lateral awns, sometimes reduced to a tooth; glumes of apical spikelets 6-8 mm, 3-awned or with 1 awn and 2 lateral teeth, awns 2.5-8 cm, if 3-awned, the central awn the longest; lemmas of lower fertile spikelets 7-11 mm, with 2-3 teeth, if 3-toothed, the central tooth the longest, sometimes extending into a 10 mm awn. Caryopses 5-8 mm, falling free from the lemmas and paleas. Haplomes UC. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841887,distribution,"Md.;Calif.;N.Y.;Pa.;Oreg.;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000841956,morphology,"Culms 25-70 cm, erect to slightly geniculate at the base, forming few to many tillers. Sheaths with hyaline margins, ciliate; blades 7-15 cm long, 3-6 mm wide. Spikes 5-12 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm wide, distinctly moniliform, with 3-11 fertile spikelets; rudimentary spikelets usually absent, sometimes 1-2; disarticulation in the rachises, the spikelets falling attached to the internodes above. Fertile spikelets 7-11 mm, urceolate, with 2-5 florets, the distal 1-2 florets sterile. Glumes of fertile spikelets mostly glabrous, veins setulose, apices truncate, with a sharply acute tooth to 3 mm; glumes of apical spikelets 7-8 mm, with a central tooth or awn flanked by 2 short teeth, central awns to 0.9 cm on the lower glumes, to 2 cm on the upper glumes; lemmas of fertile spikelets 8-10 mm, adaxial surfaces velutinous, apices awned, awns 0.3-3 cm, solitary; lemmas of apical spikelets awned, awns to 4 cm. Caryopses 5-7 mm, adhering to the lemmas and paleas. Haplomes DN. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-4000000767,morphology,"Plants annual or perennial; synoecious; tufted, cespitose, or sprawling. Culms 2-30 cm. Sheaths open; ligules membranous; blades flat. Inflorescences terminal, racemelike, 1-sided panicles, usually exceeding the upper leaves; branches 0.4-0.8 mm, not appressed to the rachis, with 3 spikelets, bases sharply curved, strigose, axes not extending beyond the distal spikelets; disarticulation at the base of the branches. Spikelets with 1 floret; lateral spikelets pedicellate, staminate or sterile, varying from rudimentary to as large as the central spikelet; central spikelets sessile or pedicellate, laterally compressed, bisexual. Glumes exceeded by the florets, cuneate, truncate to bilobed, 1-veined, awned from the midveins, sometimes also from the lateral lobes; lemmas 3-veined, central veins and sometimes the lateral veins extended into awns, central awns always the longest; paleas almost as long as the lemmas, 2-keeled, 2-awned; lodicules 2; anthers 3; styles 2. Caryopses about twice as large as the embryos; hila punctate, x = 10.",321717205 wfo-4000000767,distribution,"Calif.;Ariz.",321717205 wfo-0000842002,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 2-30 cm, bases often prostrate or decumbent, strongly branching. Sheaths glabrous or sparsely hirsute; ligules 0.7-1.5 mm, lacerate; blades 1-7 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, glabrous or puberulent. Panicles 2-6 cm. Lateral spikelets 1.5-2.3 mm, on 1-1.3 mm pedicels; central spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm, on 0.3-0.6 mm pedicels. Glumes 1.3-1.8 mm, flabellate, lobes rounded, awns 0.1-0.6 mm; lemmas 2.5-3.2 mm, central awns 3-8 mm, lateral awns to 1 mm; anthers 0.5-0.8 mm. 2n = 20, 60.",321717205 wfo-0000842002,distribution,"Ariz.",321717205 wfo-4000000773,morphology,"Plants perennial; usually strongly rhizomatous or stoloniferous, rhizomes and stolons with persistent sheaths. Culms 5-40 cm, prostrate to erect, solitary or not; internodes numerous, short. Sheaths overlapping; ligules of hairs; blades usually stiffly spreading, flat or convolute below, folded distally, apices often cartilaginous and sharp. Inflorescences terminal, dense panicles of non-disarticulating spikelike branches racemosely arranged on elongate rachises, exceeding the upper leaves; branches 2.5-5 mm wide, axes triquetrous, spikelets closely packed, subsessile, in 2 rows. Spikelets bisexual, dorsally compressed, with 2-14 florets. Glumes unequal, exceeded by the florets, keeled; lower glumes 1-5 (7)-veined; upper glumes 3-9-veined; lemmas 7-11-veined, mucronate, mucros 0.1-0.3 mm; lodicules 2; anthers 3, 0.8-1.6 mm; style branches 2. Caryopses ovoid-ellipsoid; hila punctate, basal; embryos about 1/2 as long as the caryopses. x = 10.",321717205 wfo-4000000773,distribution,"Ariz.",321717205 wfo-0000842034,morphology,"Plants both rhizomatous and stoloniferous. Culms 9-25 cm, erect or decumbent. Sheaths strongly ridged, glabrous; blades 1.5-7 cm, adaxial surfaces glabrous, scabridulous, or sparsely hairy, strongly and closely ridged. Panicles 1-7 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, with 4-13 branches, each bearing 12 or more spikelets; lower branches usually not overlapping. Spikelets 3-4.5 mm, ovoid, with 6-9 florets. Glumes unequal, veins scabrous, margins glabrous or hairy; lower glumes 1-2.5 mm, 1-4-veined; upper glumes 1.5-3 mm, 3-6-veined; lemmas 1.5-4 mm, 9-11-veined, veins scabrous, margins glabrous or hairy, apices mucronate, mucros 0.1-0.3 mm; paleas hyaline, keels ciliolate; anthers 1-1.5 mm. Caryopses strongly compressed. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000842034,distribution,"Ariz.",321717205 wfo-4000000784,morphology,"Shrubs [perennial herbs], not viviparous, [1–]7–10[–20] dm, glabrous or pubescent. Stems erect, branched [simple], woody or fleshy. Leaves persistent, crowded in rosettes at ends of branches, alternate, sessile, not connate basally; blade oblong-lanceolate or obovate, laminar to terete, 3–15 cm, fleshy, base not spurred, margins ciliate; veins not conspicuous. Inflorescences terminal cymes. Pedicels present. Flowers erect or spreading, [6–]7–12[–16]-merous; sepals connate basally, all alike; petals spreading or erect, distinct or nearly so, cream or bright yellow; calyx and corolla not circumscissile in fruit; nectaries mostly rectangular; stamens 2 times as many as sepals; filaments adnate on corolla base; pistils erect, distinct or nearly so; ovary base rounded; styles 2+ times shorter than ovary. Fruits erect. Seeds ellipsoidal, ribbed, finely cross-ribbed. x = 18.",321717205 wfo-4000000784,distribution,"Introduced, Calif.; Asia (Yemen), Africa, Atlantic Islands (especially Canary Islands).",321717205 wfo-0000521607,morphology,"California",321717205 wfo-0000521607,distribution,"Introduced; Calif., Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands); introduced also s Europe, n Africa (Mediterranean coast).",321717205 wfo-0001233283,morphology,"Shrubs rather open, 10[–20] dm, without prop roots. Stems branched, 10–40 mm thick, fleshy; bark nearly smooth. Leaves: rosettes dense, concave or flattish, 50–75-leaved, 1–2 dm diam.; blade shiny, bright green [purple-black], oblong-oblanceolate, 5–9(–15) cm, 1.5–3 mm thick, firm, marginal cilia spreading to ascending, wavy, surfaces glabrous. Cymes dense, conic to ovoid, 1–2+ dm, puberulent. Flowers rotate, 2 cm diam.; calyx puberulent; petals 9–11, spreading, bright yellow. 2n = [36,] 72.",321717205 wfo-0001233283,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0001233283,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0001233283,habitat,"Cliffs and banks near sea",321717205 wfo-0001233283,distribution,"Introduced; Calif.; Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands [Gran Canaria]); introduced also s Europe, n Africa (Mediterranean coast).",321717205 wfo-0000521658,morphology,"Shrubs closely dome-shaped, 7 dm, with many adventitious woody prop roots. Stems branched, 3–10 mm thick, woody; bark rough-reticulate and fissured. Leaves: rosettes lax, concave, 15–25-leaved, to 1 dm diam.; blade gray-green, often red-edged, obovate, 3–6 cm, 2–5 mm thick, firm, marginal cilia curved forward, broad-based, surfaces glabrous. Cymes lax, flat-topped, 0.5–1.5 dm, glabrous. Flowers bell-shaped, 1 cm diam.; calyx glabrous; petals 7–9, erect, cream. 2n = 72.",321717205 wfo-0000521658,phenology,"Flowering late spring.",321717205 wfo-0000521658,elevation,"0-300 m",321717205 wfo-0000521658,habitat,"North-facing cliffs in canyons and above sea",321717205 wfo-0000521658,distribution,"Introduced; Calif.; Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands, Tenerife).",321717205 wfo-4000000878,morphology,"Herbs, annual, rarely perennial (A. linifolia); hemiparasitic, rarely rhizomatous (A. linifolia). Stems erect, rarely leaning, rarely fleshy, glabrous, hispid, scabrous, scabridulous, glabrate, sericeous, or papillate. Leaves cauline, opposite or subopposite, rarely alternate (A. filifolia); petiole absent; blade not leathery, rigid, rarely fleshy, margins entire, rarely proximally cleft, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid. Inflorescences terminal, racemes or panicles, rarely racemiform or spikelike; bracts present. Pedicels present; bracteoles absent. Flowers: sepals 5, calyx radially, rarely bilaterally, symmetric, campanulate to hemispheric, turbinate, or funnelform, lobes obtusely to acutely subulate or deltate, acute- to acuminate-triangular, or lanceolate; petals 5, corolla pale pink to rose purple or purple, rarely white, throats usually with 2 abaxial yellow lines and red spots within, bilabiate, funnelform to campanulate, abaxial throat gibbous, rounded, or straight, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2; stamens 4, didynamous; filaments glabrate to lanate; staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma linear, rarely 2-lobed (A. neoscotica). Capsules: dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 60–600, yellow, tan, brown, or black, angled, wings absent. x = 13.",321717205 wfo-4000000878,distribution,"c, e North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America.",321717205 wfo-0000522739,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 40–140 cm; branches stiffly ascending, quadrangular, siliceous-ridged, glabrate or scabridulous. Leaves appressed or slightly divergent; blade subulate to narrowly triangular, 0.5–3 x 0.2–1 mm, margins entire, siliceous, adaxial surface scabridulous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, sometimes with 1–3 mm, floriferous branches, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than or both shorter and longer than, sometimes equal to, pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 1–3(–4) mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric, tube (1.5–)2–3.5 mm, glabrous, lobes subulate, 0.2–0.6 mm; corolla pale to dark pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark pink spots in abaxial throat, 12–20 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 4–6 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs (1.6–)2–3 mm; style exserted, 7–9 mm. Capsules globular, 3–5.5 mm. Seeds yellowish tan, 0.7–1.4 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522739,phenology,"Flowering early Sep–mid Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522739,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522739,habitat,"Bogs, wet flatwoods, hydric savannas, seepage slopes.",321717205 wfo-0000522739,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C.",321717205 wfo-0000522740,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 7–100 cm; branches ascending, terete, ridged, scabridulous proximally, angular, ridged, scabrous distally, sometimes sparingly. Leaves ascending; blade linear to filiform, 15–50(–60) x 0.4–1.5(–2) mm, margins entire, siliceous, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles well developed, shorter to longer than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels ascending-spreading, 4–20 mm, glabrous or proximally scabridulous. Flowers: calyx campanulate, tube (3–)3.5–5 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-lanceolate, (1.5–)2–4 mm; corolla pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark red spots in abaxial throat, 15–28 mm, throat pilose externally and glabrous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial projecting to spreading, adaxial spreading to erect, 3–7 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.8–3 mm; style included or exserted, 8–15 mm. Capsules ovoid-oblong, 6.5–11 mm. Seeds dark brown, 0.9–2 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522740,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000522740,elevation,"200–400 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522740,habitat,"Tallgrass or loess hills or upland prairies, dry rocky or sandy soils over limestone, limestone bluffs, gravelly moraines.",321717205 wfo-0000522740,distribution,"Man.; Ill., Iowa, Kans., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.Dak., Okla., S.Dak., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000522741,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, (18–)30–100 cm; branches spreading-ascending, obtusely angular, retrorsely short-sericeous and hispid. Leaves spreading; blade lanceolate, 12–60 x (2–)5–20(–25) mm, margins and midveins entire or mid to distal ones with 1 or 2 proximal lobes, hispid, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences spikelike racemes, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels, margins with 1 or 2 proximal lobes. Pedicels ascending, 0.5–3 mm, hispid. Flowers: calyx campanulate, tube (2–)3–9 mm, hirsute, lobes ovate-lanceolate, (5–)7–13 mm, unequal; corolla pink, usually without 2 yellow lines and with dark pink spots in abaxial throat, 16–30 mm, throat pilose externally, villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial projecting to spreading, adaxial erect to recurved, 4–8 mm, abaxial sparsely pilose externally, adaxial glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.2–3 mm; style exserted, 15–16 mm. Capsules ovoid, 7–20 mm. Seeds brown, 1–2 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522741,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000522741,elevation,"30–500 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522741,habitat,"Seasonally wet meadows, mesic prairies, glades, roadsides, fallow fields.",321717205 wfo-0000522741,distribution,"Ala., Ark., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.J., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001138490,morphology,"Stems widely branched, 20–60 cm; branches ascending, angular distally, scabridulous. Leaves spreading or reflexed or recurved; blade filiform, 15–35 x 0.3–0.6 mm, margins entire, siliceous, adaxial surface scabrellous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts equal to or shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, 7–22 mm, proximally scabridulous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric-campanulate, tube 3.5–5.5 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-subulate, 0.8–1.7 mm; corollas rose purple, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 17–30 mm, throat pilose externally and glabrous within across bases of adaxial lobes, lobes spreading, 6–9(–11) mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2.5–3.8 mm; style exserted, 12–16.5 mm. Capsules unknown. Seeds unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001138490,phenology,"Flowering Oct.",321717205 wfo-0001138490,elevation,"50–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0001138490,habitat,"Oak woods, dry loamy soils.",321717205 wfo-0001138490,distribution,"La.",321717205 wfo-0000522746,morphology,"Stems branched, 40–62 cm; branches ascending, terete to +/- quadrangular, glabrous or sparsely scabridulous. Leaves spreading; blade narrowly linear, 12–28(–35) x 0.8–1.5 mm, fleshy, margins entire, often siliceous, adaxial surface with siliceous, sessile, dome-shaped hairs; axillary fascicles shorter than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes or panicles, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 5–9 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx elongate-campanulate, tube 4.5–6 mm, glabrous, lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2.7–7 mm; corolla pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark red spots in abaxial throat, 17–23 mm, throat pilose externally and glabrous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes spreading, 4–6 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal parallel or oblique to filaments, pollen sacs 3–3.2 mm; style included or exserted, 13–15 mm. Capsules obovoid to oblong, 10–12 mm. Seeds brown, 1–2 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000522746,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000522746,elevation,"800–1100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522746,habitat,"Wet alkaline, saline meadows and marshes associated with springs and seeps.",321717205 wfo-0000522746,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-0000522751,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 6–60 cm; branches ascending to spreading, quadrangular-ridged, wingless distally, glabrous or sparsely scabridulous. Leaves ascending to spreading; blade linear-filiform to linear, (6–)8–25 x 0.4–1.5 mm, margins entire, often siliceous, adaxial surface finely scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, short to elongate, interrupted, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts usually shorter than, sometimes both shorter and longer than, pedicels. Pedicels ascending to +/- spreading, (3–)6–26 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx obconic to hemispheric, tube (1.3–)2–4.5(–5.5) mm, glabrous, lobes subulate to triangular, (0.2–)0.5–1.5(–2) mm; corollas pale pink to pink, usually with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, (5–)6–14.5 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial erect to recurved, (2–)3–6(–7) mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 0.8–2.2 mm; style exserted, (5–)7–12 mm. Capsules ovoid, 3.5–5 mm. Seeds yellowish tan, 0.3–1.2 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522751,phenology,"Flowering Aug–mid Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522751,elevation,"0–700 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522751,habitat,"Sand plain grasslands, dry prairie remnants, dry roadsides, cemeteries, margins and openings in mesic to dry mixed woodlands, serpentine grasslands.",321717205 wfo-0000522751,distribution,"Ala., Conn., D.C., Ky., Md., Mass., N.Y., N.C., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Va.",321717205 wfo-0000522753,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 15–82 cm; branches ascending, subterete, retrorsely short-sericeous and hispid. Leaves spreading-ascending; blade triangular-ovate, 16–35 x 10–45 mm, margins 2-pinnatifid with 1–3 pairs of lobes, pinnatifid distally, margins and midvein hispid, siliceous, adaxial surface scabrous or glabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences spikelike racemes, dense, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels, margins pinnatifid. Pedicels erect, 0.5–2 mm, scabridulous. Flowers: calyx campanulate, tube 4–7 mm, densely, finely scabridulous and hispid, lobes lanceolate, 7–11 mm, unequal; corolla pink to pale pink, usually without 2 yellow lines and with red spots in abaxial throat, 18–33 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within at sinus and/or across bases of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial erect, 5.5–11 mm, abaxial sparsely pilose externally, adaxial shorter than abaxial, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal oblique or perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.5–3.8 mm; style exserted, 16–26 mm. Capsules ovoid-obovoid, 7–10 mm. Seeds dark brown to black, 1.8–3 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522753,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000522753,elevation,"100–900 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522753,habitat,"Prairies, grassy roadsides, pastures, well-drained calcareous soils.",321717205 wfo-0000522753,distribution,"Kans., Okla., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000522755,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 20–50(–60) cm; branches widely spreading, quadrangular-ridged, scabridulous or glabrate. Leaves spreading to +/- reflexed at mid stem, distalmost sometimes ascending; blade linear-filiform, 10–30 x 0.2–0.6 mm, margins entire, adaxial surface glabrous or slightly scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading to slightly spreading-ascending, 12–28 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx campanulate to funnelform, tube 1.5–3 mm, glabrous, lobes spreading, deltate, 0.1–0.5 mm; corolla pale to dark pink, rarely white, without 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 14–20 mm, throat glabrous externally and within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial projected flatly over anthers, 2.5–6 mm, unequal, abaxial 4–6 mm, adaxial 2.5–3 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.4–2.6 mm; style exserted, 6–9(–10) mm. Capsules globular, 3–5 mm. Seeds yellowish brown to tan, 0.5–0.7 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522755,phenology,"Flowering early Sep–mid Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522755,elevation,"0–70 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522755,habitat,"Dry open pine savannas, dry oak openings, dry sandy ground, mesic flatwoods, margins of bogs and seepage slopes, dry roadsides.",321717205 wfo-0000522755,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga.",321717205 wfo-0000522757,morphology,"Stems branched, 37–80 cm; branches ascending-spreading, terete proximally, obtusely quadrangular-ridged distally, glabrate or sparsely scabridulous. Leaves mostly spreading, proximal often +/- reflexed; blade filiform to narrowly linear, 10–36 x 0.3–1 mm, margins entire, adaxial surface scabridulous; axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 9–30 mm, scabridulous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric, tube 3–5 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-subulate to subulate, 0.4–0.8(–1.3) mm; corolla pink to rose pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 14.5–24 mm, throat glabrous externally, sometimes pilose proximal to sinuses, glabrous within across bases of adaxial lobes, sparsely villous at sinus, lobes: abaxial spreading to recurved, adaxial arched over anthers, 4.5–9 mm, unequal, abaxial 5.5–9 mm, adaxial 4.5–6 mm, glabrous externally; proximal and distal anthers perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 3–4 mm; style exserted, 13–17 mm. Capsules globular to obovoid-globular, 5–7 mm. Seeds dark brown, 0.8–1.8 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522757,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522757,elevation,"200–600 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522757,habitat,"Grasslands, open rocky slopes, calcareous, clay or sandy soils.",321717205 wfo-0000522757,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000522761,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, (10–)50–200 cm; branches ascending, distal portions often arching, subterete proximally to +/- quadrangular-ridged distally, moderately to copiously scabrous. Leaves spreading; blade narrowly to broadly linear, 15–40(–50) x 1–3(–4) mm, margins entire, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles shorter than or equal to subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, elongate, flowers 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 2–5(–6) mm, scabrous. Flowers: calyx long-campanulate, tube 3–5 mm, glabrous or scabrous, lobes triangular to triangular-subulate, 0.6–2 mm; corolla pale to dark pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark red spots in abaxial throat, 22–36 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 5–12 mm, pilose externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2.2–4.6 mm; style strongly exserted, 14–22 mm. Capsules globular, 4.5–6 mm. Seeds blackish, 0.7–1 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522761,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000522761,elevation,"0–300 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522761,habitat,"Dry or wet sandy ground, waste places, roadsides, ditches, pastures, fallow fields, alluvial ground of streams, brackish soils, thickets, lawns.",321717205 wfo-0000522761,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kans., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex.; West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico).",321717205 wfo-0000522764,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 20–40(–50) cm; branches widely and laxly spreading, nearly terete, papillate proximally to glabrate distally, sometimes glaucous. Leaves appressed to strongly ascending; blade subulate to narrowly triangular, 0.8–2.1 x 0.4–0.7 mm, margins entire, siliceous, abaxial midvein scabrous, adaxial surface glabrate; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences paniculate, flowers 1 per node; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 3–10(–12) mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx campanulate, tube 1.5–2.1 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular, siliceous at tips, 0.1–0.3 mm; corolla pink, without 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 8–11 mm, throat glabrous externally and glabrous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial arching forward and overlapped resembling a keel, 1.6–4.2 mm, unequal, abaxial 2.5–4.2 mm, adaxial 1.6–2.5 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 0.9–1.6 mm; style exserted, 6.5–7.2 mm. Capsules globular, 3–4 mm. Seeds tan, 0.5–1 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522764,phenology,"Flowering mid Sep–early Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000522764,elevation,"0–20 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522764,habitat,"Mesic to moist longleaf pine forests, moist prairies, shallow bogs, moist roadsides, remnant wiregrass communities, borrow pits.",321717205 wfo-0000522764,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss.",321717205 wfo-0000522765,morphology,"Stems often leaning, branched, 30–70 cm; branches ascending to widely spreading, subterete proximally to obtusely quadrangular distally, glabrous or scabridulous. Leaves alternate, spreading; blade filiform, widened slightly distally, 10–20(–30) x 0.2–0.6(–1) mm, fleshy, margins entire, adaxial surface sparsely scabrous; axillary fascicles often equal to or longer than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, elongate, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, 9–33 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx campanulate, tube 3–5 mm, glabrous, lobes subulate, 0.3–1.5 mm; corolla dark pink to nearly rose, with 2 yellow lines and purple spots in abaxial throat, 15–30 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 5–10 mm, pilose externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2.5–3.7 mm; style exserted, 10–20 mm. Capsules globular, 3.9–5.3 mm. Seeds nearly black, 0.4–0.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522765,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000522765,elevation,"0–30 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522765,habitat,"Xeric, sandy, open pine forests, open coastal scrub habitats, dunes, open areas of pine flatwoods, hydric soils of pine flatwoods.",321717205 wfo-0000522765,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga.",321717205 wfo-0000748633,morphology,"Stems branched, 30–90 cm; branches spreading-ascending, larger branches widely spreading and decumbent-ascending, quadrangular, glabrous or scabridulous on angles. Leaves spreading to spreading-ascending; blade linear to linear-spatulate, 7–13 x 0.8–1.5 mm, margins entire, midvein scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences paniculate-racemiform, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading, 4–20 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx elongate-campanulate, tube 2–3.2 mm, glabrous, lobes deltate-subulate, 0.2–0.5 mm; corolla pink to rose, without 2 yellow lines and sometimes with dark pink spots in abaxial throat, (8–)10–12 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 3–4.5 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.2–1.8 mm; style exserted, 5–7 mm. Capsules obovoid-oblong, 3.8–4.5 mm. Seeds golden brown, 0.5–0.6 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000748633,phenology,"Flowering Sep–late Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000748633,elevation,"0–60 m.",321717205 wfo-0000748633,habitat,"Mesic to moist soils, open, wiregrass-dominated longleaf pine systems, savannas, prairies, seepage slopes, depressed wetlands, disturbed ground.",321717205 wfo-0000748633,distribution,"Fla.",321717205 wfo-0000522769,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 10–60 cm; branches spreading-ascending, quadrangular-ridged, glabrate, scabridulous, or scabrous. Leaves spreading or arching; blade narrowly linear to filiform, 13–30(–40) x 0.4–1.4 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, adaxial surface finely scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemiform, flowers 1 per node, sometimes with pseudoterminal flowers on lateral branches; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, (4–)8–35 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx turbinate to hemispheric, tube 2–4 mm, glabrous, sometimes hairy, lobes triangular-lanceolate, 0.5–1.4(–2.6) mm; corolla pink to pale purple, with 2 yellow lines and dark pink spots in abaxial throat, 7–17 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial recurved, 3–5 mm, abaxial pilose externally, adaxial sparsely pilose or glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.3–2.5 mm; style exserted, 7–13 mm. Capsules globular-ovoid, 3.5–5 mm. Seeds yellowish tan, 0.7–1.2 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522769,phenology,"Flowering mid Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522769,elevation,"0–500 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522769,habitat,"Dry roadsides, open woodlands, forest margins, mesic prairies, glades, bluffs, exposed ridges, alvars, often in cherty limestone, or sandy, rocky soils.",321717205 wfo-0000522769,distribution,"Man., Ont.; Ala., Ark., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., Ohio, Okla., Pa., Tenn., Tex., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000522771,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 20–40(–50) cm; branches ascending, quadrangular-ridged, scabridulous on faces and angles. Leaves spreading-ascending; blade linear, widened distally, 10–15(–20) x 0.4–1.5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, midvein sometimes abaxially scabrous, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles shorter than or equal to subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, elongate, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 0.5–3.4 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric, tube 2.5–3 mm, sometimes scabrous proximally, lobes triangular, 1–1.4 mm; corolla pale pink, without 2 yellow lines and red spots, 12–14 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 3–5 mm, abaxial pilose externally, adaxial glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.2–1.7 mm; style included or slightly exserted, 4–7.7 mm. Capsules globular, 3.5–5 mm. Seeds dark brown, 0.4–0.6 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000522771,phenology,"Flowering late Aug–late Sep(–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000522771,elevation,"0–80 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522771,habitat,"Dry or moist longleaf pine savannas, oak openings, wiregrass-dominated seepage slopes, margins of bogs.",321717205 wfo-0000522771,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga.",321717205 wfo-0001137210,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 50–80 cm; branches ascending, subterete, ridged proximally, quadrangular-ridged distally, glabrous or scabridulous. Leaves spreading-ascending, widely spaced; blade linear to linear-filiform, 10–30 x 0.5–1.4 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, elongate, flowers 2 per node, nodes widely spaced; bracts much longer than pedicels. Pedicels erect-ascending, 0.5–4(–5) mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx funnelform-obconic, tube 4–6 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-subulate, keeled, 1.3–2.8 mm; corolla pink to rose pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark purple spots in abaxial throat, 15–23 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 6–7(–8) mm, abaxial pilose externally, adaxial glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2–3 mm; style exserted, 10–16 mm. Capsules globular, 4–5(–6) mm. Seeds black, 0.6–1 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0001137210,phenology,"Flowering late Sep–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0001137210,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0001137210,habitat,"Wet to mesic savannas, bogs, wet prairies, borders of fresh to brackish marshes, roadsides and ditches, drier sites near these habitats.",321717205 wfo-0001137210,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex.; West Indies (Bahamas).",321717205 wfo-0000522777,morphology,"Stems branched, 40–100 cm; branches spreading-ascending, obtusely quadrangular-ridged, glabrous or scabridulous, sometimes slightly glaucous. Leaves spreading-ascending (primary branches) to erect or ascending (secondary branches); blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 10–40(–50) x 2–6(–7) mm, not fleshy, margins of proximalmost sometimes 3-cleft, distal entire, midvein sometimes abaxially scabrous, adaxial surface scabridulous to slightly scabrous; axillary fascicles absent, rarely developed. Inflorescences racemes, elongate, flowers 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 1–5(–6) mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx campanulate, tube 3–5(–7) mm, glabrous, lobes lanceolate, 3–8 mm, unequal; corolla pale to dark pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark purple spots in abaxial throat, 20–32 mm, throat pilose externally and glabrous within across bases of adaxial lobes, sparsely villous at sinus, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial spreading-reflexed, 6–9 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2.5–4 mm; style exserted, 11–24 mm. Capsules ovoid-oblong, 5–9 mm. Seeds dark brown, 0.7–1.1 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522777,phenology,"Flowering late Aug–early Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522777,elevation,"0–300 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522777,habitat,"Moist open sites, moist prairies, margins of mesic to wet forests, fallow fields, roadsides, ditches, margins of marshes and ponds, disturbed sandy soils.",321717205 wfo-0000522777,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Kans., La., Miss., Mo., N.C., Okla., Tenn., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000522781,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 30–100 cm; branches ascending, obtusely quadrangular proximally, quadrangular-ridged distally, scabrous. Leaves spreading-ascending; blade narrowly linear to linear, 14–35(–40) x 0.6–1.5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, abaxial midvein scabrous, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles usually to 1/2+ as long as subtending leaves, sometimes absent. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than or both shorter and longer than pedicels. Pedicels ascending, often arching upwards distally, 6–30 mm, scabrous, sometimes only proximally. Flowers: calyx funnelform to obconic, tube 3–5 mm, glabrous, lobes recurved, triangular-subulate, 0.6–1.5 mm; corolla dark pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark purple spots in abaxial throat, 15–26 mm, throat pilose externally and glabrous within across bases of adaxial lobes, sparsely villous at sinus, lobes: abaxial projecting-spreading, adaxial arched over anthers, 2–6 mm, unequal, abaxial 4–6 mm, adaxial 2–4 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers perpendicular to filaments, distal oblique or perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 3–4 mm; style exserted, 12–18(–20) mm. Capsules globular, 5–7 mm. Seeds dark brown to nearly black, 0.8–1.6 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522781,phenology,"Flowering late Aug–early Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522781,elevation,"0–300 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522781,habitat,"Dry, open woodlands, dry to xeric sandy terrace communities above streams, dry roadsides, open sandy habitats.",321717205 wfo-0000522781,distribution,"Ark., La., Miss., Okla., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000522788,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 20–100 cm; branches widely and laxly ascending, terete proximally, terete or bluntly angular-ridged distally, glabrous or scabridulous. Leaves spreading; blade filiform, (7–)10–30 x 0.3–1 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, finely scabrous or nearly glabrous, adaxial surface finely scabrous or glabrate; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemose-paniculate, flowers 1 per node, some flowers pseudoterminal; bracts much shorter than pedicels. Pedicels widely spreading, 15–40(–47) mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx narrowly campanulate, tube 2.5–4 mm, glabrous, lobes deltate-subulate, 0.3–1 mm; corolla pale pink to pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 8–16.5 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 2.7–6.4(–7) mm, abaxial pilose externally, adaxial glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.3–2.8 mm; style exserted, 5–12 mm. Capsules globular-ovoid, 3.7–5 mm. Seeds black, 0.4–0.7 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522788,phenology,"Flowering Sep–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522788,elevation,"0–60 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522788,habitat,"Dry to mesic pinelands, pine and oak savannas, sand hills, openings in saw palmetto flatwoods, sandy soils.",321717205 wfo-0000522788,distribution,"Fla., Ga., S.C.",321717205 wfo-0000522791,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 70–160 cm; branches stiffly erect or arching-ascending, terete, faintly ridged, glabrous. Leaves strongly-ascending; blade linear-lanceolate, 10–50 x 1–3 mm, fleshy, margins entire, adaxial surface with sessile, dome-shaped hairs; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, elongate, flowers 1 or 2 per node, some flowers pseudoterminal; bracts both shorter and longer than, or longer than, pedicels. Pedicels strongly ascending, 5–25 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx narrowly campanulate, tube 4–6.5 mm, glabrous, lobes deltate, 0.5–0.9 mm; corolla pink, without 2 yellow lines and with dark pink spots in abaxial throat, 25–35 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 6–14 mm, pilose or sparsely so externally; proximal and distal anthers parallel to filaments, pollen sacs 2.8–5 mm; style exserted, 15–28 mm. Capsules subglobular to globular, 5–7 mm. Seeds dark brown to blackish, 1.1–1.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522791,phenology,"Flowering late Aug–early Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522791,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522791,habitat,"Wet savannas and prairies, depressed areas of mesic savannas or open flatwoods, bogs, margins and centers of cypress domes, margins of ponds, lakes, brackish and freshwater marshes, open stream banks, roadsides, ditches.",321717205 wfo-0000522791,distribution,"Ala., Del., Fla., Ga., La., Md., Miss., N.C., S.C., Va.",321717205 wfo-0001283792,morphology,"Stems branched, 35–75 cm. Flowers: calyx tube 3–5 mm, lobes divergent, apex obtuse to acute; corolla 12–19(–21) mm, throat villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes; anthers and filaments lanate; style exserted, 10–14 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001283792,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0001283792,elevation,"0–10 m.",321717205 wfo-0001283792,habitat,"Saline coastal areas, salt marshes, edges of saline or brackish pools, open salt terns, edges of ditches, salt flats, and tidal flats.",321717205 wfo-0001283792,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex., Va.; e Mexico; West Indies.",321717205 wfo-0000522800,morphology,"Stems branched, 25–80 cm; branches spreading-ascending, nearly terete proximally, obtusely quadrangular-ridged distally, glabrous or scabridulous distally. Leaves proximal to mid reflexed or recurved, distal spreading; blade filiform, (11–)17–30(–40) x 0.5–1.2 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, siliceous, abaxial midvein scabridulous, adaxial surface scabridulous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemiform-paniculate, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts both longer and shorter than, or shorter than, pedicels. Pedicels ascending-spreading, (2–)6–25 mm, scabridulous proximally or glabrous. Flowers: calyx funnelform-obconic, tube 2.2–4.6 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-subulate to subulate, 0.5–1.5 mm; corolla pink to rose, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 15–24 mm, throat pilose externally and glabrous within across bases of adaxial lobes, sparsely villous at sinus, lobes spreading, 5–7 mm, equal, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2–3.2 mm; style exserted, 11–15 mm. Capsules ovoid to obovoid-oblong, (4–)6–7 mm. Seeds dark brown, 0.8–2.3 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522800,phenology,"Flowering Sep–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522800,elevation,"90–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522800,habitat,"Rocky prairie remnants on sandstone outcrops, sandy clay soils of longleaf pine savannas.",321717205 wfo-0000522800,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000522801,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 5–30(–47) cm; branches spreading-ascending, obtusely quadrangular proximally to quadrangular with wings on angles distally, glabrous or sparsely scabridulous. Leaves spreading; blade linear-elliptic to elliptic, 6–40 x 0.8–5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, abaxial midvein sparsely scabrous, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, (0.8–)1.5–5.3(–6.5) mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric-campanulate, tube 1.5–3 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-lanceolate, 1.1–4(–5) mm, unequal, mid adaxial shortest; corolla pale to dark pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, or lines faint or absent, (8–)10–15 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial slightly spreading to projected, adaxial slightly spreading or projected distal to corolla mouth, 1.6–6 mm, unequal, pilose or densely so externally; proximal and distal anthers parallel to filaments, pollen sacs 1–2 mm; style included, (3–)4–7.5 mm. Capsules globular, 5–6 mm. Seeds brown, 0.9–1.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522801,phenology,"Flowering late Jul–early Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000522801,elevation,"0–10 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522801,habitat,"Sandy or peaty soils, margins of pools, lakes, bogs, estuaries, and marshes, sand flats, dune hollows, ditches.",321717205 wfo-0000522801,distribution,"N.B., N.S.; Maine.",321717205 wfo-0000522803,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 30–80(–100) cm; branches erect-ascending to arching-ascending, quadrangular, with siliceous ridges on angles and, often, faces proximal to leaves, glabrous, sometimes scabridulous on ridges and at nodes. Leaves erect to erect-ascending; blade linear-elliptic to narrowly spatulate, most widened distally, 10–20 x 0.4–1.5 mm, margins entire, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemiform-paniculate, flowers 1 or 2 per node, interrupted by short multinoded branches bearing pseudoterminal flowers subtended by tiny bractlets; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, 4–25 mm, glabrous, rarely scabridulous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric, tube 2–3 mm, glabrous, lobes deltate, 0.2–0.5 mm; corolla pink, with 2 yellow lines and pink spots pale or absent in abaxial throat, 12–15(–17) mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 3–5 mm, glabrous; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.5–2.1 mm; style exserted, 5–7 mm. Capsules globular to oblong, 4–5 mm. Seeds pale yellowish brown, 0.6–0.8(–1) mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522803,phenology,"Flowering Sep–late Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522803,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522803,habitat,"Mesic to dry savannas, dry roadsides with native vegetation, open rocky ground, open pine flatwoods, cutover and edges of pine plantations, margins of bogs and seepage slopes.",321717205 wfo-0000522803,distribution,"Ala., Del., Fla., Ga., Ky., La., Md., Miss., N.C., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Va.",321717205 wfo-0000522804,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 30–90(–110) cm; branches spreading-ascending, quadrangular, with siliceous ridges on angles, scabridulous. Leaves ascending; blade subulate, elliptic, or filiform, (1–)4–13 x 0.3–1.1 mm, margins entire, heavily siliceous, scabridulous, adaxial surface siliceous, scabridulous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemiform-paniculate, with short multinoded floriferous branches, some with pseudoterminal flowers, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than or sometimes equal to pedicels. Pedicels ascending, 4–16 mm, +/- scabridulous. Flowers: calyx campanulate to funnelform, tube 2.5–3.2 mm, glabrous, lobes subulate to triangular-subulate, 0.1–1 mm; corolla pink to dark pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 15–25 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 4–7(–9) mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal oblique or perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.8–2.6 mm; style exserted, 6–11 mm. Capsules globular, 4–6 mm. Seeds tan to yellow, 0.5–0.9 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522804,phenology,"Flowering late Sep–mid Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000522804,elevation,"0–300 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522804,habitat,"Moist to dry longleaf pine savannas, edges of pine plantations, dry roadsides, chalky outcrops, seepage slopes of clay roadsides.",321717205 wfo-0000522804,distribution,"Ala., Ark., La., Miss., Tenn., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000522822,morphology,"Stems often leaning, simple or branched, 30–100 cm, bushy; branches spreading-ascending, subterete proximally to quadrangular-ridged distally, glabrous or sparsely scabridulous distally. Leaves widely spreading to slightly ascending; blade filiform, 18–45 x 0.2–0.8 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, adaxial surface scabridulous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemiform, flowers 1 per node, some flowers pseudoterminal; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, 3–8 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric, tube 3–5 mm, glabrous, lobes deltate-subulate, 0.2–1 mm; corolla dark pink to rose pink, with 2 yellow lines and dark pink spots in abaxial throat, 18–30 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 6–10 mm, abaxial pilose externally, adaxial glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2.2–4 mm; style exserted, 11–17 mm. Capsules globular, 4–5 mm. Seeds dark brown to black, 0.5–0.8 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522822,phenology,"Flowering late Sep–early Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000522822,elevation,"0–300 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522822,habitat,"Dry to xeric, sandy, gravelly or clay roadsides, pine-oak forests, margins of savannas, disturbed ground.",321717205 wfo-0000522822,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C., Tenn.",321717205 wfo-0000522824,morphology,"Stems branched, 50–120 cm; branches spreading-ascending, quadrangular-ridged, scabrous. Leaves spreading-ascending; blade filiform, 16–40 x 0.4–1 mm, margins entire, midvein harshly scabrous, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles: length 1/2–1 times subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemiform-paniculiform, flowers 1 per node, some flowers pseudoterminal; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, 12–50 mm, scabrous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric, tube 3–4(–5) mm, glaucous, lobes erect, subulate, 0.1–0.6 mm; corolla dark pink to rose, with 2 yellow lines and purple spots in abaxial throat, 22–33 mm, throat sparsely pilose externally and glabrous within across bases of adaxial lobes, sparsely villous at sinus, lobes: abaxial reflexed-spreading, adaxial spreading, 6–12 mm, equal, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2.5–3.8 mm; style strongly exserted, 9–18 mm. Capsules globular, 4–6 mm. Seeds black, 0.5–0.8 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522824,phenology,"Flowering Sep–early Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522824,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522824,habitat,"Dry, open pine savannas, open pine-oak sandhills, dry upslope areas of wiregrass-dominated mesic prairies, chalky glades or roadsides, dry sandy or clay roadsides beside existing or remnant savannas.",321717205 wfo-0000522824,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000522825,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 7–120 cm; branches ascending, spreading, or arching, quadrangular-ridged to winged distally, glabrate or scabridulous to sparsely scabrous, especially on angles or also on faces near nodes. Leaves spreading to ascending; blade narrowly linear to linear or linear-lanceolate, 7.5–50 x 0.5–4(–5) mm, not fleshy, margins entire, abaxial midvein sometimes scabrous, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, short to elongate, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts longer than pedicels. Pedicels spreading-ascending, 1–5(–6) mm, glabrous, rarely scabrous. Flowers: calyx tubular-campanulate to hemispheric, tube (2–)3–5 mm, glabrous, rarely scabrous on major veins, lobes triangular, lanceolate, or triangular-subulate, not keeled, 0.8–3(–5) mm; corolla pink to rosy pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat or these pale or absent, 9–36 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading to reflexed or projected to somewhat spreading (small-flowered plants), adaxial erect to reflexed, 2.5–11 mm, pilose externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal oblique or perpendicular to filaments (parallel in small-flowered plants), pollen sacs 0.9–4.5 mm; style included or exserted, 6.5–21 mm. Capsules globular, 4–6(–7) mm. Seeds dark brown, 0.7–1.4 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522825,distribution,"Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., D.C., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.C., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Nebr., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., Vt., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000522831,morphology,"Stems 7–60 cm; branches ascending. Flowers: calyx tube 2–3.5 mm; corolla 9–20 mm, lobes projecting to spreading, 2.5–5(–6) mm; distal anthers included or exserted, oblique or perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 0.9–2 mm; style included or slightly exserted.",321717205 wfo-0000522831,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000522831,elevation,"0–300 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522831,habitat,"Moist sandy, clay, or peaty soils at margins of ponds, lakes, streams, bogs, freshwater or brackish marshes, ditches, roadsides.",321717205 wfo-0000522831,distribution,"Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Conn., Del., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Vt., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001139865,morphology,"Stems 4–120 cm; branches ascending, spreading, or arching. Flowers: calyx tube 3–5 mm; corolla 18–36 mm, lobes spreading to reflexed, (4–)5–11 mm; distal anthers exserted, perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2–4.5 mm; style strongly exserted.",321717205 wfo-0001139865,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0001139865,elevation,"0–1100 m.",321717205 wfo-0001139865,habitat,"Moist sandy soils at margins of ponds, lakes, streams, bogs, freshwater and brackish marshes, ditches, pine barrens, meadows, prairies, coastal swales, dry soils, margins of pine plantations, inundated marl prairies.",321717205 wfo-0001139865,distribution,"Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000522840,morphology,"Stems branched, 15–72 cm, bushy; branches spreading-ascending, terete to quadrangular proximally, quadrangular-ridged distally, glabrous or sparsely scabridulous. Leaves spreading or arching; blade filiform to sometimes narrowly linear, 10–45 x 0.2–1(–1.5) mm, not fleshy, margins entire, abaxial midvein occasionally scabridulous, adaxial surface finely scabrous; axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, sometimes interrupted by floriferous branches, flowers 2 per node; bracts shorter than or nearly equal to pedicels. Pedicels ascending-spreading, (5–)10–35 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx turbinate-obconic, tube 2.2–4.4 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-subulate, 0.3–0.9 mm; corolla pink to rosy pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, (9–)13–22 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading to reflexed, adaxial reflexed, 3.5–7 mm, pilose externally throughout or only proximally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 2–3.2 mm; style exserted, 8–15 mm. Capsules elliptic-ovate, 3–4 mm. Seeds black, 0.4–0.7 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522840,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522840,elevation,"0–500 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522840,habitat,"Dry sandy soils, pine savannas, margins of pine-oak woodlands and scrub, sand hills, roadside embankments.",321717205 wfo-0000522840,distribution,"Ala., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Md., N.J., N.Y., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Va.",321717205 wfo-0001137327,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 10–50(–60) cm; branches ascending, sharply quadrangular, siliceous ridges and/or wings on angles distally, scabrous or scabridulous mostly on angles, especially proximally. Leaves: proximal slightly spreading, distal ascending-appressed; blade linear, 5–20(–25) x 0.5–1.5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, abaxial midvein scabrous, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 2 per node on central terminal raceme; bracts both longer and shorter than, or shorter than, pedicels, secondary branches with shorter pedicels, bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels erect-ascending, (3–)5–17(–30) mm, glabrous or sparsely scabridulous. Flowers: calyx hemispheric, tube 2–4.5 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-subulate, 0.3–1.2 mm; corolla whitish to pale pink or pink, with 2 pale yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat or lines absent, 8–16 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial spreading to reflexed, 3–4 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 0.6–1.2 mm; style exserted, 4–8 mm. Capsules globular, 3.5–5 mm. Seeds yellow, 0.6–1 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0001137327,phenology,"Flowering Aug–early Oct.",321717205 wfo-0001137327,elevation,"10–300 m.",321717205 wfo-0001137327,habitat,"Dry to mesic areas in sand and loess hill prairies, bluff prairies, dolomite glades, dunes, open woods, areas of low and/or sparse herbaceous cover.",321717205 wfo-0001137327,distribution,"Ont.; Ark., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., La., Md., Mich., Miss., Mo., Ohio, Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000522845,morphology,"Stems branched, 30–100 cm; branches ascending-spreading, subterete to obtusely angular, finely ridged, glabrous or sparsely scabridulous. Leaves spreading, proximal sometimes reflexed, distal appressed; blade linear, 8–35 x 0.5–2 mm, margins entire, siliceous, adaxial surface finely scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading, often upcurved distally, (6–)10–30 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx turbinate-campanulate, tube 3–5.5 mm, glabrous, lobes triangular-lanceolate, 0.8–2.5 mm; corolla pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 15–35 mm, throat strongly upcurved, glabrous externally and within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial erect to spreading, 4.5–8(–10) mm, equal, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 3–4 mm; style exserted, 12–17 mm. Capsules globular-ovate to oblong, 5–8 mm. Seeds dark brown to black, 0.5–1 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522845,phenology,"Flowering mid Jul–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522845,elevation,"0–200 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522845,habitat,"Grasslands, old fields, pastures, open mesquite plains, dunes along Gulf Coast.",321717205 wfo-0000522845,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000522847,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 25–90 cm; branches laxly and widely spreading, subterete proximally, quadrangular-ridged distally, glabrous or scabridulous. Leaves spreading; blade filiform to linear-filiform, 6–25 x 0.2–1(–1.5) mm, margins entire, often siliceous, abaxial midvein sometimes scabridulous, adaxial surface finely scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemes, flowers 2 per node, sometimes with branches bearing pseudoterminal flowers; bracts shorter than pedicels. Pedicels spreading, (7–)10–25(–30) mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx obconic to hemispheric, tube 2–3 mm, glabrous, lobes subulate, 0.2–0.4 mm; corolla pink to rosy pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 10–17 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial erect to strongly recurved, 4–7.3 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular to filaments, pollen sacs 1.7–2.5 mm; style exserted, 7–9 mm. Capsules ovoid-globular, 3–3.7 mm. Seeds yellow, 0.7–1 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000522847,phenology,"Flowering Sep–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522847,elevation,"0–70 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522847,habitat,"Dry sandy to mesic pine savannas, margins of pine plantations, mixed open woodlands and oak-pine scrub, open pine-palmetto palm woodlands, ditch banks, sandy embankments, roadsides.",321717205 wfo-0000522847,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., S.C.",321717205 wfo-0000522848,morphology,"Stems simple or branched, 10–100 cm; branches ascending to spreading, quadrangular, sharply ridged to winged distally, glabrate, sometimes scabrous. Leaves spreading, sometimes arching, ascending, or reflexed; blade narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–70 x 0.3–6 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, adaxial surface scabrous; axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. Inflorescences racemes, elongate, flowers 2 per node; bracts shorter than, or longer than, or both shorter and longer than, pedicels. Pedicels ascending-spreading, some upcurved distally, 6–25 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx obconic to hemispheric, tube 2.3–5.5 mm, glabrous, lobes subulate to triangular-subulate, 0.3–2 mm; corolla pink to rose purple, with 2 yellow lines and red spots in abaxial throat, 7–23 mm, throat pilose externally and glabrous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial projected or spreading, adaxial projected over distal anthers, 2–8 mm, abaxial pilose externally, adaxial glabrous externally or pilose proximally; proximal anthers perpendicular or oblique to filaments, distal perpendicular and vertical to filaments, pollen sacs 1–4 mm; style exserted, 6.7–18 mm. Capsules globular, 4–7 mm. Seeds tan to brown, 0.5–1.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000522848,phenology,"Flowering (late Jul–)Aug–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000522848,elevation,"0–1600 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522848,habitat,"Wet to dry roadsides, ditches, margins of streams and ponds, borders of woodlands, dry to moist prairies, fallow fields, railroad embankments, rocky cliff faces and bluffs.",321717205 wfo-0000522848,distribution,"Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000522857,morphology,"Stems branched, 15–70 cm; branches laxly and widely spreading, proximal arching upward, subterete proximally, quadrangular, with siliceous ridges and wings on angles distally, glabrous, sometimes scabridulous. Leaves spreading to spreading-ascending; blade linear, 8–30 x 0.5–2.3(–3) mm, not fleshy, margins entire, siliceous, adaxial surface finely scabrous; axillary fascicles absent. Inflorescences racemiform, with lateral branches bearing solitary flowers, flowers 1 per node; bracts both shorter and longer than, or shorter than, pedicels. Pedicels spreading to spreading-ascending or arching, 3–14 mm, glabrous. Flowers: calyx campanulate, tube 3–5.5 mm, glabrous, lobes lanceolate, 1.3–2.5 mm; corolla pale pink (sometimes nearly translucent), with 2 yellow or pale lines and pale purple spots in abaxial throat, 8–12 mm, throat pilose externally and villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes, lobes: abaxial spreading, adaxial reflexed-spreading, 3–5 mm, glabrous externally; proximal anthers parallel to filaments, distal perpendicular or oblique to filaments, pollen sacs 0.8–1.5 mm; style exserted, 3–5 mm. Capsules obovoid, 4–6(–7) mm. Seeds tan to pale brown, 0.8–1 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000522857,phenology,"Flowering late Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000522857,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000522857,habitat,"Mesic to wet areas of prairies, moist to wet savannas, moist roadsides, mesic to wet edges of recently clear-cut forests, dry or wet roadsides.",321717205 wfo-0000522857,distribution,"Ala., Ark., La., Miss., Mo., Okla., Tex.",321717205 wfo-4000000898,morphology,"Shrubs or trees. Stems erect; twigs glabrous. Leaves persistent; blade ovate, coriaceous, margins entire or serrate, plane, surfaces often multicellular, long-stalked stipitate-glandular-hairy, otherwise unicellular-hairy on midvein [covering abaxial surface]; venation reticulodromous (reticulum rather dense and with all orders ± equally prominent). Inflorescences axillary [terminal] racemes [panicles], 10–20-flowered, (produced just before flowering). Pedicels: bracteoles 2, near base to ± midpoint. Flowers: sepals 5, slightly connate, deltate; petals 5, connate for most of their lengths, white [red], corolla cylindric [urceolate], lobes short; stamens 10, included; filaments geniculate, flattened, hairy, without spurs; anthers without awns, dehiscent by elliptic pores; pistil 5-carpellate; ovary 5-locular; stigma (slightly exserted), truncate to capitate, obscurely lobed, (minutely papillose). Fruits capsular, subglobose to short-ovoid, (with unthickened sutures), dry. Seeds 120–250, narrowly oblong to pyramidal or angular-obovoid; testa cells elongate. x = 12.",321717205 wfo-4000000898,distribution,"se United States, Mexico, Central America, South America, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands (including Madagascar).",321717205 wfo-0000523238,morphology,"Plants to 7 m. Stems terete, with chambered pith. Leaf blades 2.6–9(–11.2) × 0.9–4(–5) cm, base narrowly cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate, surfaces sometimes stipitate-glandular-hairy, hairy on midvein adaxially. Flowers: calyx lobes 0.9–2 × 0.6–1.5 mm; corolla 6–9.5 × 3–5 mm, glabrous; filaments 4–5.5 mm; style impressed into ovary apex. Capsules 3–4 × 4.5–6.5 mm, placentae subapical. Seeds brown, 1.4–2 mm. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0000523238,phenology,"Flowering early spring–spring.",321717205 wfo-0000523238,elevation,"0-50 m",321717205 wfo-0000523238,habitat,"Acid swamps to moist broadleaved forests, especially along streams, in ravines, or near springs",321717205 wfo-0000523238,distribution,"Fla., Ga., S.C.",321717205 wfo-4000000936,morphology,"Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs [trees], mostly 20–220 cm. Stems usually erect, rarely scandent, sparsely to densely branched. Leaves cauline; mostly opposite (distal sometimes alternate); petiolate; blades 3(–5)-nerved from bases, usually deltate, lanceolate, ovate, rhombic, or triangular, sometimes orbiculate, margins entire, crenate, dentate, or serrate, faces glabrous or hispidulous, pilose, or puberulent, sometimes gland-dotted (A. occidentalis, A. adenophora). Heads discoid, usually in compact, (terminal and axillary) corymbiform arrays, sometimes borne singly. Involucres campanulate, 3–6 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 8–30 in 2(–3) series, 0- or 2-nerved, lanceolate to linear, ± equal (herbaceous). Florets 10–60; corollas white or lavender, throats obconic to campanulate (lengths 1.5–2 times diams.); styles: bases sometimes enlarged, glabrous, branches linear, seldom distally dilated. Receptacles convex (glabrous or hairy), epaleate. Cypselae prismatic or ± fusiform, usually 5-ribbed, scabrellous and/or gland-dotted; pappi usually persistent, sometimes fragile, rarely falling, of 5–40, barbellulate bristles in 1 series. x = 17.",321717205 wfo-4000000936,distribution,"North America, Mexico, Central America, Andean South America.",321717205 wfo-0000022875,morphology,"Subshrubs, 50–220 cm. Stems (usually purplish when young) erect, stipitate-glandular. Leaves opposite; petioles 10–25 mm; blades (abaxially purple) ovate-lanceolate or ovate-deltate to lanceolate-ovate, (1.5–)2.5–5.5(–8) × 1.5–4(–6) cm, bases cuneate to obtuse or nearly truncate, margins serrate, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces stipitate- to sessile-glandular. Heads clustered. Peduncles 5–12 mm, densely stipitate-glandular and sometimes also sparsely viscid-puberulent. Involucres 3.5–4 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces stipitate-glandular. Corollas white, pink-tinged, lobes sparsely hispidulous. Cypselae glabrous. 2n = 51.",321717205 wfo-0000022875,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Aug(–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000022875,elevation,"400–900 m",321717205 wfo-0000022875,habitat,"Stream margins, ditches, road embankments, hillsides",321717205 wfo-0000022875,distribution,"Intoduced; Calif.; Mexico; also introduced in Europe, Pacific Islands (New Zealand).",321717205 wfo-0000080123,morphology,"Perennials, (30–)50–80(–120) cm (bases usually fibrous-rooted crowns, sometimes rhizomatous). Stems ascending to erect, sometimes semiscandent, puberulent (hairs minute, crisped). Leaves opposite; petioles (5–)10–30(–50) mm; blades usually deltate-ovate to ovate or broadly lanceolate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 4–11(–13) × 2.5–8(–9) cm, bases usually rounded to truncate or obtuse, sometimes cordate, margins coarsely and doubly incised-serrate, apices usually acuminate. Heads clustered. Peduncles 1–5 mm, puberulent. Involucres 4–5 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely and finely villous. Corollas white, lobes sparsely short-villous. Cypselae glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000080123,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.C., N.Dak., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Nebr., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Va., Vt., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000105887,morphology,"Phyllaries 3–5 mm, apices not cuspidate.",321717205 wfo-0000105887,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Oct(–Nov).",321717205 wfo-0000105887,elevation,"10–800 m",321717205 wfo-0000105887,habitat,"Moist forests, cove forests",321717205 wfo-0000105887,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000071306,morphology,"Phyllaries 4–7 mm, apices cuspidate to acuminate.",321717205 wfo-0000071306,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000071306,elevation,"700–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000071306,habitat,"Moist forests, northern red oak, oak-chestnut, cove forests",321717205 wfo-0000071306,distribution,"Ala., Ga., Ky., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000011501,morphology,"Perennials, 30–80(–100) cm. Stems erect, villous-puberulent. Leaves opposite; petioles 1–8(–12) mm; blades narrowly to broadly deltate to nearly ovate or lanceolate, 2–7(–9) × 1.5–4 cm, (usually subcoriaceous) bases rounded or truncate to barely cuneate or subcordate, margins usually crenate, sometimes crenate-serrate to dentate or subentire, apices acute to obtuse, faces minutely pilose. Heads clustered. Peduncles 2–9 mm, densely and closely puberulent. Involucres 3.5–5 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces puberulent to villous-puberulent. Corollas white, lobes sparsely villous. Cypselae usually glabrous or sparsely puberulent (near apices), rarely hirtellous on angles. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000011501,phenology,"Flowering late Aug–Oct(–Nov).",321717205 wfo-0000011501,elevation,"100–900 m",321717205 wfo-0000011501,habitat,"Sandy soils, burned pinelands, turkey oak sand ridges, pine-oak and oak-hickory upland woods, old fields, roadsides, fencerows, moist sites",321717205 wfo-0000011501,distribution,"Ala., Conn., Del., Fla., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Miss., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000087550,morphology,"Shrubs [trees], (30–)69–150(–200) cm. Stems erect (brittle), puberulent to glabrous. Leaves persistent, opposite; petioles 3–10(–15) mm; blades deltate to broadly ovate or somewhat hastate, (2–)3–5(–8) × 2–5 cm, bases truncate to cuneate, margins dentate, apices acute, faces glabrous or nearly so, eglandular. Heads clustered. Peduncles 2–14 mm, minutely puberulent. Involucres 4–6 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces glabrous or nearly so. Corollas white to slightly pinkish, glabrous. Cypselae hispid. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000087550,phenology,"Flowering mainly (Sep–)Oct–Nov(–Dec), also Apr–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000087550,elevation,"100–900 m",321717205 wfo-0000087550,habitat,"Bluffs, limestone outcrops and slopes, ledges along streams, often in oak-juniper woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000087550,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico; West Indies (Cuba).",321717205 wfo-0000030004,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, (20–)30–60(–80) cm (woody crowns and woody rhizomes). Stems erect (brittle), minutely puberulent. Leaves opposite; petioles 10–25 mm; blades triangular to lanceolate-ovate or ovate, 2–5(–7) × 1.5–3.5(–4.5) cm, bases truncate to shallowly cordate, margins dentate to serrate-dentate, abaxial faces sparsely hispidulous to glabrate, eglandular. Heads clustered. Peduncles 4–15 mm, puberulent. Involucres 4–5 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces granular-puberulent. Corollas white, glabrous. Cypselae finely strigose-hispidulous. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000030004,phenology,"Flowering (Jul–)Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000030004,elevation,"1400–2700(–2900) m",321717205 wfo-0000030004,habitat,"Pine, pine-oak, juniper, and pinyon-juniper woodlands, rocks along streams, slopes, ridges, washes",321717205 wfo-0000030004,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Nev., N.Mex., Tex., Utah; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000003999,morphology,"Perennials, 40–80(–100) cm. Stems erect, lax, minutely pilose. Leaves opposite; petioles 7–15(–22) mm; blades narrowly deltate to rhombic, 2–6(–7) × 1.5–4 cm, (usually subcoriaceous) bases usually cuneate, sometimes truncate to slightly subcordate, margins usually coarsely serrate or incised, sometimes crenate to subentire, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous or hairy on veins. Heads clustered. Peduncles 2–10 mm, sparsely puberulent. Involucres 2.5–4 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces puberulent to villous-puberulent. Corollas white, lobes glabrous or sparsely short-hirtellous. Cypselae usually finely hirtellous-strigose on distal 1/3, sometimes glabrous. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000003999,phenology,"Flowering (Sep–)Oct–Dec(–Jan).",321717205 wfo-0000003999,elevation,"0–50 m",321717205 wfo-0000003999,habitat,"Sand pine scrub, longleaf pine-turkey oak sand ridges, pine-palmetto, live-oak woods, hammocks, dunes, roadsides, old fields, stream banks, dry flatwoods",321717205 wfo-0000003999,distribution,"Fla., Ga.",321717205 wfo-0000125327,morphology,"Perennials, 20–40(–70) cm (densely fibrous-rooted crowns). Stems (commonly purple) erect, puberulous (hairs usually with colored crosswalls). Leaves opposite; petioles usually 0, sometimes 1–2 mm; blades ovate-lanceolate, 2–4.5 × 0.5–2.5 cm, margins shallowly serrate, abaxial faces glabrous or glabrate, gland-dotted. Heads in loose, open arrays. Peduncles 10–60 mm, puberulent. Involucres 4–5.5 mm. Phyllaries: (narrowly oblong-lanceolate) apices acute, abaxial faces sparsely hairy to glabrate. Corollas white, lobes densely hispid-villous. Cypselae sparsely and finely hispidulous. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000125327,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000125327,elevation,"1800–2800[–3300, Mexico] m",321717205 wfo-0000125327,habitat,"Rocky slopes, mostly in pine-oak woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000125327,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000122257,morphology,"Perennials, 30–60 cm. Stems erect, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petioles 25–70 mm; blades broadly ovate-deltate, 4–8 × 5–9 cm, (thin, delicate) bases truncate to subcordate, margins coarsely dentate, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Heads clustered. Peduncles 1–3 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Involucres 3.5–4 mm. Phyllaries: apices acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Corollas white, lobes glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Cypselae sparsely and evenly hirtellous. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000122257,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000122257,elevation,"400–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000122257,habitat,"Under overhanging sandstone (Pottsville formation) cliffs and ledges",321717205 wfo-0000122257,distribution,"Ky., Tenn.",321717205 wfo-0000006622,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, 15–70 cm (caudices woody, rhizomatous). Stems (green or purple) erect or ascending, puberulent. Leaves opposite proximally, alternate on distal 1/4–1/2 of stems; petioles 5–12 mm; blades triangular to ovate, 2.5–5 × 1.7–4 cm, bases truncate to cuneate, margins serrate, apices acute, abaxial faces gland-dotted. Heads clustered. Peduncles 2–5 mm, minutely puberulent. Involucres 3–3.5(–4) mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces viscid-puberulent and/or sessile-glandular. Corollas pink, bluish, or white tinged with purple, lobes glabrous or glabrate. Cypselae sessile-glandular. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000006622,phenology,"Flowering (Jun–)Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000006622,elevation,"(40–50)900–2800(–3200) m",321717205 wfo-0000006622,habitat,"Crevices, outcrops, rocky slopes, ridges, talus, gravelly and sandy stream bars, mixed hardwood-conifer woodlands, aspen, open and brushy vegetation",321717205 wfo-0000006622,distribution,"Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000042075,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, to 100 cm. Stems erect, puberulent to glabrate. Leaves opposite; petioles 3–15 mm; blades narrowly to broadly lanceolate, (2–)3–7 × 0.5–1.5 cm, margins coarsely and remotely serrate, apices long-acuminate, abaxial faces sparsely pubescent. Heads clustered. Peduncles 2–6 mm, puberulent. Involucres 2.5–3 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces puberulent-hispidulous. Corollas white, lobes sparsely hispid-villous. Cypselae glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000042075,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May.",321717205 wfo-0000042075,elevation,"1000–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000042075,habitat,"Rocky slopes, crevices, gravelly, sandy streambeds, pine-oak woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000042075,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000019570,morphology,"Perennials, (20–)40–70(–150) cm (slender, fibrous-rooted crowns, with slender rhizomes). Stems ascending to erect, puberulent to glabrate. Leaves opposite; petioles 2–20 mm; blades (3–5-nerved) lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, mostly 3–6 × (1.5–)2–3 cm, bases obtuse to truncate, margins serrate to crenate, apices acute to acuminate, sparsely puberulent abaxially, mostly along nerves. Heads clustered. Peduncles 5–12(–20) mm, puberulent. Involucres 5–7 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces glabrous or glabrescent, eglandular. Corollas white, lobes short-villous. Cypselae sparsely and finely strigose-hirsute. 2n = 85 [ca. 100, fide A. M. Powell on label].",321717205 wfo-0000019570,phenology,"Flowering (Jul–)Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000019570,elevation,"1700–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000019570,habitat,"Rocky slopes and ledges, in oak-juniper, pine-oak, pine, aspen, and spruce-fir woodland",321717205 wfo-0000019570,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000092050,morphology,"Perennials, 15–45 cm (bases woody, enlarged, occasionally rhizomatous). Stems erect (clustered from bases), puberulent to pubescent (often with some glandular hairs distally). Leaves opposite proximally, alternate on at least distal 1/2 of stems; petioles 4–6 mm; blades (venation raised-reticulate) orbiculate (juvenile) or deltate-ovate, 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, (subcoriaceous) bases obtuse to truncate, margins entire or coarsely serrate to dentate, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces ± gland-dotted and/or stipitate-glandular. Heads mostly borne singly (each often subtended by a leaflike bract). Peduncles (0–)2–15 mm, puberulent and stipitate-glandular. Involucres 10–11 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces sparsely puberulent. Corollas white, glabrous. Cypselae hispidulous. 2n = 34.",321717205 wfo-0000092050,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000092050,elevation,"400–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000092050,habitat,"Cracks and crevices of nearly vertical limestone cliffs",321717205 wfo-0000092050,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000053471,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, 50–100 cm. Stems erect (usually forming compact ‘bushlets’), finely and evenly puberulent (hairs minute, bent). Leaves usually alternate, sometimes subopposite (densely overlapping internodes); petioles 3–20 mm; blades ovate-lanceolate to triangular, 2.5–6.5 × 1–2.5(–3) cm, bases obtuse to cuneate, margins shallowly and coarsely crenate to serrate to subentire, apices rounded-obtuse, abaxial faces hirtellous. Heads clustered (in dense, terminal aggregates). Peduncles 3–8 mm, puberulent. Involucres 2.5–3 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute to obtuse (dark orange-veined), abaxial faces. Corollas white (orange-veined), glabrous. Cypselae hispid.",321717205 wfo-0000053471,phenology,"Flowering Sep–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000053471,elevation,"1000–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000053471,habitat,"Rocky sites, oak woodland",321717205 wfo-0000053471,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000061860,morphology,"Shrubs, 50–150 cm. Stems erect, puberulous. Leaves opposite proximally, alternate on distal 1/3–1/2 of stem; petioles narrowly winged, 3–5(–8) mm; blades ovate to deltate-ovate, mostly 1–2 × 0.5–1.5(–2) cm, bases truncate to cuneate or attenuate, margins entire or shallowly crenate, apices acute to blunt or obtuse, abaxial faces gland-dotted. Heads clustered. Peduncles 1–3 mm, puberulent. Involucres 3.5–4.5 mm. Phyllaries: apices acute, abaxial faces puberulent. Corollas pinkish white to pink, glabrous. Cypselae sparsely hispidulous.",321717205 wfo-0000061860,phenology,"Flowering (Jul–)Aug–Oct(–Nov).",321717205 wfo-0000061860,elevation,"1300–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000061860,habitat,"Limestone slopes, ledges, alluvium, in brushy vegetation",321717205 wfo-0000061860,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000046653,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, 30–100 cm (fibrous-rooted). Stems erect to basally decumbent, puberulent to minutely strigoso-hispid. Leaf blades ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, 3–8 × 1–3.5 cm, margins toothed, abaxial faces usually puberulent, sometimes minutely strigoso-hispid, densely gland-dotted. Peduncles finely puberulent (not pilose), eglandular. Involucres 5–6 mm. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate (0.4–0.7 mm wide, innermost often 1–1.5 mm longer than outer), finely puberulent, eglandular, tips green or purplish, filiform. Corollas usually blue to lavender, sometimes white. Cypselae glabrous; pappi usually crowns of connate scales with erose margins or tubular portions longer than divisions, rarely with 1 or more awnlike lobes. 2n = 20, 30, 40.",321717205 wfo-0000046653,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000046653,elevation,"(900–)1200–1900 m",321717205 wfo-0000046653,habitat,"Crevices, ledges, cliffs, other rocky sites in canyons, along streams, in desert grasslands, oak-agave, oak, oak-juniper, and pine-oak woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000046653,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000017628,morphology,"Annuals, 30–80 cm (fibrous-rooted). Stems erect to decumbent, sparsely to densely pilose. Leaf blades deltate to ovate, mostly 3–8 × 2.5–4 cm, margins toothed, abaxial faces sparsely to densely pilose, not evidently gland-dotted. Peduncles viscid-puberulent, pilose, and stipitate-glandular. Involucres ca. 4 × 5–6 mm. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate (0.6–1 mm wide), stipitate-glandular, sparsely to densely pilose, eciliate or inconspicuously ciliate, tips gradually tapering, indurate-subulate, 0.8–2 mm. Corollas usually lavender, rarely white. Cypselae sparsely strigoso-hispidulous; pappi of 5 distinct, oblong scales 2–3 mm. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000017628,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000017628,elevation,"0–20 m",321717205 wfo-0000017628,habitat,"Disturbed sites, mostly coastal",321717205 wfo-0000017628,distribution,"Introduced; Ala., Conn., Fla., Ga., Mass., N.C., S.C., Tex.; Mexico; Central America; introduced, Pacific Islands (Hawaii).",321717205 wfo-4000000964,morphology,"Perennials, 5–60(–100) cm (taproots relatively massive; caudices sometimes branched). Stems erect and branched (mostly distally), or decumbent (and seldom branched distally). Leaves basal and cauline (basal usually scalelike on flowering stems, well-formed on non-flowering shoots); alternate; petiolate; blades (3-or 5-nerved or pinnately nerved), cordate-ovate, deltate, deltate-triangular, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or suborbiculate, bases broadly cuneate, subcordate, or truncate, margins entire or dentate to crenate, faces glabrous or hairy (often gland-dotted). Heads radiate or discoid, borne singly (terminal) or in ± racemiform arrays. Involucres campanulate to ± hemispheric, 12–40 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, (8–)12–26+ in 2–3+ series (subequal to unequal, outer usually surpassing inner). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae persistent, conduplicate, chartaceous). Ray florets 0 or (1–)5–21+, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow. Disc florets 50–150+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes shorter than cylindric throats, lobes 5, lance-deltate (style branches stigmatic in 2, barely distinct lines, appendages filiform). Cypselae ± prismatic, 3–4-angled (faces glabrous or strigillose); pappi usually persistent, coroniform (± lacerate, sometimes with 1–4 teeth or scales), sometimes 0. x = 19.",321717205 wfo-4000000964,distribution,"Calif., nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000132051,morphology,"Plants (10–)15–30 cm. Stems decumbent, seldom distally branched. Cauline leaves: blades oblong, ovate, rounded-deltate, or suborbiculate, 4–12 cm, bases ± truncate or cordate, margins entire, faces glabrous (shining, finely gland-dotted, ± glutinous). Heads held among or beyond leaves. Involucres ± campanulate, 15–25(–30+) mm diam. Outer phyllaries ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 10–40+ mm (seldom surpassing ray corollas). Ray florets (7–)8–12, laminae (12–)20–30(–35) mm. Cypselae 7–9 mm, glabrous; pappi 0 or coroniform, 0.1–0.3 mm. 2n = 38.",321717205 wfo-0000132051,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Apr(–May).",321717205 wfo-0000132051,elevation,"600–800 m",321717205 wfo-0000132051,habitat,"Openings in chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000132051,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000116271,morphology,"Plants 50–100 cm. Stems erect, usually branched distally. Cauline leaves: blades ovate-lanceolate to deltate, (8–)10–15(–20) cm, bases truncate to subcordate, margins entire or finely dentate or serrulate, faces tomentulose to pilosulous (and gland-dotted). Heads held beyond leaves. Involucres hemispheric, 25–40 mm diam. Outer phyllaries lanceolate, 20–30 mm (equaling or surpassing discs, tips often spreading to squarrose). Ray florets 10–14(–23), laminae (30–)50–60 mm. Cypselae 8–12 mm, usually glabrous, sometimes distally strigillose; pappi coroniform (lacerate, projected into scales on angles), (0.5–)1–2(–3) mm. 2n = 38.",321717205 wfo-0000116271,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Jul(–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000116271,elevation,"900–1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000116271,habitat,"Open pine forests",321717205 wfo-0000116271,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000077266,morphology,"Plants 20–60(–100) cm. Stems erect, usually distally branched (densely glandular distally). Cauline leaves: blades ± deltate to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 7–20 cm, bases broadly cuneate to truncate or shallowly cordate, margins usually entire, rarely irregularly crenate, faces piloso-hispid or hirtellous (usually gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular as well). Heads usually held beyond leaves. Involucres ± hemispheric, 20–30 mm diam. Outer phyllaries lineartriangular to lanceolate, 18–25(–30+) mm (equaling or slightly surpassing discs). Ray florets 0 or 2–3, laminae 6–10 mm. Cypselae 7–8 mm, glabrous (apices developing knoblike projections on angles); pappi 0.",321717205 wfo-0000077266,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000077266,elevation,"(600–)1100–1900(–2300) m",321717205 wfo-0000077266,habitat,"Openings in chaparral and in pine and oak forests",321717205 wfo-0000077266,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000042800,morphology,"Plants (5–)10–30(–45+) cm. Stems decumbent, seldom distally branched. Cauline leaves: blades broadly ovate or elliptic to suborbiculate, 7–20 cm, bases broadly cuneate to truncate or cordate, faces silky-villous to strigillose, glabrescent. Heads in axils of (and overtopped by) leaves. Involucres narrowly campanulate, 12–20(–25) mm diam. Outer phyllaries broadly linear to oblong or obovate, 12–35 mm (equaling or surpassing ray corollas). Ray florets 5–8(–9), laminae 8–18 mm. Cypselae 9–10 mm, glabrous; pappi coroniform (lacerate, projected into scales on angles), 1–1.5 mm. 2n = 38.",321717205 wfo-0000042800,phenology,"Flowering May–Jul(–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000042800,elevation,"(900–)1300–1900 m",321717205 wfo-0000042800,habitat,"Grassy slopes, openings in pine forests",321717205 wfo-0000042800,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000068889,morphology,"Plants mostly 40–70 cm. Stems erect, usually branched distally. Cauline leaves: blades (green) ovate-lanceolate to deltate, 6–15 cm, bases truncate or subcordate, margins entire or serrulate to crenate, faces sparsely hispid or scabrous (and finely gland-dotted, often vernicose). Heads held beyond or among the leaves. Involucres hemispheric, 15–30 mm diam. Outer phyllaries oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 12–20+ mm (± equaling discs, tips usually spreading to squarrose). Ray florets 10–16(–21), laminae 20–25 mm. Cypselae ca. 6 mm, glabrous; pappi coroniform, 0.1–1 mm. 2n = 38.",321717205 wfo-0000068889,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000068889,elevation,"300–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000068889,habitat,"Chaparral, oak woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000068889,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-4000000970,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 3–14 cm (bases woody). Stolons none. Basal leaves absent at flowering. Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate to cuneate-oblanceolate, 11–35 × 2–6 imm, acute, not flagged (apices acute), faces gray-pubescent. Heads 3–25 in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 6–8 mm; pistillate 6–8 mm. Phyllaries distally red to pink, light brown, or white. Corollas: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 5–6 mm. Cypselae 2–2.5 mm, pubescent and papillate; pappi: staminate 6–7 mm (capillary); pistillate 6–7 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-4000000970,distribution,"North America, South America.",321717205 wfo-0001130597,morphology,"Stems 0. Leaves erect to ascending; blades usually oblanceolate, sometimes lanceolate or obovate, 15–25 cm, margins usually toothed to lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire, lobes 2–4 pairs, lanceolate to triangular, antrorse to spreading, lobules mostly 0, faces glabrous and glaucous or sparsely villous. Peduncles ± elongating after flowering, 15–65(–90) cm in fruit, glabrate, or apically pubescent or villous, ± stipitate-glandular. Involucres obconic to campanulate, 2–4 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 2–4 series, medially rosy purple, sometimes purple-black apically, rarely all green or purple-black spotted, faces pubescent to villous, ± stipitate-glandular; outer mostly spreading, adaxially ± villous and eglandular; inner erect, elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate. Florets (25–)50–150; corollas orange or yellow, tubes 8–10 mm, ligules 6–8(–12) × 1–3 mm; anthers 2–3(–5) mm. Cypselae (11–)14–20 mm, bodies ± fusiform, (6–)8–10 mm, beaks 5–10 mm, mostly equaling bodies; ribs broadly ridged, straight; pappus bristles in 2–3 series, 10–14 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001130597,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001130597,elevation,"10–100 m",321717205 wfo-0001130597,habitat,"Lowland prairies",321717205 wfo-0001130597,distribution,"Oreg., Wash.; and montane meadows or open pine forests; 1400–2800 m; Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000012846,morphology,"Stems 0 or 1–5+ (becoming buried by drifting sand and appearing pseudorhizomatous). Leaves usually reclining to decumbent, sometimes erect; blades mostly oblanceolate to spatulate, sometimes nearly linear, 3–15 cm, margins usually dentate to lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire, lobes 3–5(–7) pairs, filiform to spatulate, spreading to antrorse, lobules mostly 0, faces glabrous or densely hairy. Peduncles ± elongating after flowering, 7–45 cm in fruit, glabrous or glabrate to hairy, often villous basally, sometimes villous to tomentose apically, sometimes stipitate-glandular. Involucres obconic to hemispheric, 1.5–2.5 cm in fruit. Phyllaries imbricate (sometimes subequal) in 2–3 series, green or medially rosy purple, often spotted and/or with purple-black midstripes, margins ciliate to tomentose, faces usually ± villous, sometimes glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular; outer mostly spreading, adaxially usually ± tomentose, rarely glabrous; inner erect, elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate. Florets 25–200; corollas yellow, tubes 2–5.5 mm, ligules 3–16 × 1–3 mm; anthers 1.5–4.5 mm. Cypselae 5–12 mm; bodies fusiform to obconic, 3–5 mm, beaks (1–)3–8 mm, lengths mostly 1–2 times bodies; pappus bristles in 2–3 series, 4–9 mm. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000012846,distribution,"Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000036865,morphology,"Leaves mostly reclining to prostrate; blades usually linear to oblanceolate, rarely spatulate, 3–10(–15) cm × 1–15(–24) mm, margins toothed to lobed, sometimes laciniately pinnatifid or entire, lobes filiform to oblanceolate, faces glabrous or sparsely villous. Phyllaries lanceolate to obovate or oblong, margins ciliate to tomentose, faces glabrous or villous (hairs translucent, whitish or yellowish, sometimes purple-septate), ± stipitate-glandular. Corollas surpassing phyllaries at flowering, ligules 8–16 mm; anthers 3.5–4.5 mm. Cypselae ± dimorphic, whitish or purplish, ribs ridged to subalate, straight or slightly undulate, often diminishing proximally, glabrous or scabrous. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000036865,phenology,"Flowering Apr–May (year-round).",321717205 wfo-0000036865,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000036865,habitat,"Coastal dunes",321717205 wfo-0000036865,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000041570,morphology,"Stems 0. Leaves erect to decumbent; petioles purplish, petiole margins ciliate to hairy; blades 7–38 cm, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, margins entire or laciniately pinnatifid, lobes 2–4 pairs, linear to lanceolate, spreading to antrorse, lobules usually inconspicuous to subequaling lobes, rarely lacking, faces glabrous and ± glaucous or sparsely villous. Peduncles ± elongating after flowering, 8–40(–80) cm, glabrate, or apically villous to lanate, eglandular. Involucres cylindric to obconic or campanulate, 2.5–3 cm at maturity. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, green or medially rosy purple, often with purple-black spots, blotches, and/or midstripes, or nearly all black, subequal to unequal, margins ciliate, faces glabrous or villous, eglandular; outer mostly spreading, adaxially glabrous or villous; inner erect, elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate. Florets 15–100; corollas usually orange, sometimes yellow, pink, red, purple, or white, tubes (4–)7–9 mm, ligules 4–12 × 1–3 mm; anthers 2–5 mm. Cypselae ± dimorphic, 8–18 mm, bodies cylindric to fusiform or obconic, 6–9(–11) mm, abruptly or gradually tapered to slender beaks (2–)5–10 mm, lengths mostly equaling bodies; ribs strongly ridged, straight, glabrous or scabrous; pappi in 2–3 series, 9–15 mm. 2n = 18, 36.",321717205 wfo-0000041570,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Que., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., N.Mex., Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000106687,morphology,"Leaf blades: margins usually dentate to laciniately pinnatifid, rarely entire, faces mostly glabrous and often glaucous. Peduncles mostly longer than leaves at flowering, glabrate or apically ± villous to lanate. Phyllaries ± stramineous proximally, green, often purple-black blotched or spotted, or with a purple-black midstripes, rarely nearly all black, usually ovate or obovate, sometimes lanceolate, subequal to unequal at flowering, margins ± ciliate, especially distally, faces glabrous or slightly pubescent basally or medially; outer mostly glabrous adaxially. Corollas usually orange or yellow, sometimes pinkish, subequal to or surpassing inner phyllaries. Cypselae: bodies ± gradually tapered to beaks, ribs ± weakly and uniformly ridged (not thickened distally). 2n = 18, 34, 36.",321717205 wfo-0000106687,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000106687,elevation,"1800–3600 m",321717205 wfo-0000106687,habitat,"Moist, subalpine meadows and forests to alpine tundra, often disturbed areas",321717205 wfo-0000106687,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., Nev., N.Mex., Utah, Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000036905,morphology,"Stems 0. Leaves erect to decumbent; petioles rarely purplish, petiole margins glabrous or pubescent, not usually ciliate; blades lanceolate to oblanceolate, 2–46 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes dentate, rarely lobed or lacerate, lobes 2–3 pairs or irregularly arranged, lanceolate, spreading, lobules 0, faces glabrous and glaucous or sparsely villous to tomentose. Peduncles not notably elongating after flowering, 5–60(–90) cm in fruit, glabrous or glabrate, or apically puberulent to lanate, sometimes stipitate-glandular. Involucres obconic to hemispheric, 1–3 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, green or medially rosy purple, often with purple-black spots, midstripe, and/or tips, subequal to unequal, margins glabrous or ± hairy, not usually ciliate, faces glabrous or tomentose, sometimes stipitate-glandular or eglandular; outer erect or spreading, apices adaxially glabrous or hirsuto-villous; inner erect, not notably elongating in fruit. Receptacles epaleate or paleate. Florets 15–150; corollas yellow, tubes 4–18 mm, ligules 6–24 × 2–5 mm; anthers 3–7 mm. Cypselae 7–15 mm, bodies fusiform to narrowly conic, 5–9 mm, tapered to stout beaks 1–4 mm, lengths mostly less than 1/2 times bodies; ribs flattened to ridged, glabrous, or distally scabrous; pappi in 2–3 series, 8–18 mm. 2n = 18, 36",321717205 wfo-0000036905,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mich., Minn., Mont., N.Dak., N.Mex., Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000066397,morphology,"Leaf blades: margins often undulate, usually entire, sometimes lobed, faces usually puberulent to densely villous, sometimes glabrous, rarely glaucous. Peduncles usually apically villous to lanate (glabrous in one phase), sometimes ± stipitate-glandular. Involucres obconic to hemispheric. Phyllaries often medially rosy purple and usually with some combination of purple-black spots, speckles, midstripes, or tips, rarely all green, margins ± undulate or reflexed, often hairy, faces usually villous to hirsuto-tomentose, sometimes glabrous, mostly stipitate-glandular; outer erect or spreading, usually adaxially villous, sometimes glabrous. Receptacles usually ± paleate. Cypselae usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous distally. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000066397,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000066397,elevation,"100–3600 m",321717205 wfo-0000066397,habitat,"Moist to dry habitats, alpine meadows, montane forests, northern prairies, arctic tundra, in gravelly, rocky, and other coarse-textured soils",321717205 wfo-0000066397,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Sask., Yukon; Colo., Idaho, Mont., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000105695,morphology,"Leaf blades: margins ± straight, usually entire (most) to dentate, sometimes irregularly so, faces glabrous and glaucous, sometimes sparsely hairy. Peduncles usually glabrous, sometimes apically puberulent, eglandular. Involucres obconic to campanulate. Phyllaries usually green, sometimes medially rose-purple, often purple-black spotted and/or tipped, faces usually glabrous, sometimes proximally puberulent, margins ± straight, glabrous (most) or proximally puberulent; outer erect or spreading, usually abaxially glabrous (most). Receptacles epaleate. Cypselae usually scabrous distally, sometimes glabrous. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000105695,phenology,"Flowering May–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000105695,elevation,"100–2500(–3300) m",321717205 wfo-0000105695,habitat,"Wet meadows, stream margins, swales, other moist sites, grasslands, steppes, and meadow habitats, slightly alkaline or saline sites, mostly in silts, clays, and other fine-textured soils",321717205 wfo-0000105695,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mich., Minn., Mont., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000037710,morphology,"Stems usually 0, rarely weakly developed. Leaves erect to ascending; petioles often purplish, margins ciliate to tomentose; blades usually linear to oblanceolate, rarely spatulate, 10–40(–50) cm, margins usually dentate to lobed, or laciniately pinnatifid, rarely subentire, lobes 3–5 pairs, opposite to irregular, linear to lanceolate, usually antrorse, sometimes spreading; lobules often present, faces ± villous to canescent. Peduncles elongating after flowering, (15–)25–60(–96) cm in fruit, ± glabrate, or apically villous to tomentose, eglandular, sometimes bracteate. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 2–5 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 4–5 series, green or medially rosy purple and/or spotted, subequal to unequal, margins occasionally dentate, ciliate or lanate, sometimes glabrous, faces glabrous or hairy, eglandular; outer subequal to or surpassing inner at flowering, spreading, adaxially tomentose; inner erect, greatly elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate. Florets 40–500; corollas yellow, tubes 4–7(–10) mm, ligules 3–7 × ca. 1 mm; anthers 1–3 mm. Cypselae 9–28 mm, bodies fusiform, 3–7 mm, beaks 9–21 mm, lengths mostly 3–4 times bodies; ribs ridged to subalate, rarely nerviform, straight, ± glabrous; pappus bristles in 2–3 series, 7–15 mm. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000037710,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000103083,morphology,"Leaves: blades oblanceolate to spatulate, 10–50 cm × 10–35 mm (excluding lobes), margins dentate to lobed or pinnatifid, lobes linear-lanceolate to lanceolate. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 3–5.5 cm in fruit. Phyllaries medially rosy purple, rarely green, rarely spotted, lanceolate to ovate or obovate; outer often surpassing inner at flowering, margins sometimes dentate. Florets (100–)150–300(–500). 2n = 18",321717205 wfo-0000103083,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000103083,elevation,"300–2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000103083,habitat,"Mesic to dry meadows, grasslands, sagebrush steppes, open oak or coniferous woodlands, chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000103083,distribution,"Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000102885,morphology,"Leaves: blades linear to filiform, 10–36 cm × 2–4(–8) mm (excluding lobes), margins usually laciniately or finely pinnatifid, sometimes toothed, lobes or teeth linear to filiform. Involucres campanulate, 2–4 cm in fruit. Phyllaries mostly medially rosy purple and spotted, ± lanceolate, margins usually entire, rarely dentate; outer mostly subequal to, sometimes surpassing inner at flowering. Florets 40–60+. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000102885,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000102885,elevation,"10–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000102885,habitat,"Moist to dry lowland prairies, coastal forests, open coniferous woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000102885,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000093192,morphology,"Annuals. Stems 0 or 1 (erect, 0–5 cm). Leaves mostly erect, sometimes prostrate; petioles not purplish, margins glabrous or ciliate; blades usually oblanceolate to spatulate, rarely linear, 1–25 cm, margins entire or lobed; lobes 2–3 pairs, linear to spatulate, spreading to antrorse, lobules mostly 0, glabrous or densely hairy. Peduncles elongating after flowering, 3–60 cm in fruit, glabrous or glabrate, or basally puberulent and apically hairy to tomentose, sometimes stipitate-glandular. Involucres cylindric to hemispheric, 1–2 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, green or medially rosy purple, sometimes purple-black spotted or tipped, subequal to unequal, margins glabrous or ciliate, faces usually puberulent to villous, mostly stipitate-glandular, sometimes glabrous; outer erect or spreading, adaxially usually villous to lanate, sometimes glabrous; inner erect, ± elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate. Florets 5–100(–300); corollas yellow, tubes 1–5 mm, ligules 2–15 × 1–3 mm; anthers 1–4 mm. Cypselae 7–16 mm, bodies mostly fusiform to obconic, sometimes tumid, 2–5(–10) mm, beaks 5–11 mm, lengths 1–4 times bodies, ribs 0 or alate, straight to strongly undulate, uniform or diminishing proximally; pappus bristles in 2–3 series, 4–9 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000093192,distribution,"B.C.; Ariz., Calif., Idaho, Mont., N.Mex., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash.; nw Mexico (including Guadalupe Island); introduced in Europe (Sweden).",321717205 wfo-0000096078,morphology,"Stems 0 or 1 (internodes much shorter than subtending leaves). Leaves erect to spreading; blades (1–)3–15(–23) cm × (0.5–)2–10(–16) mm, mostly toothed, rarely lobed, lobes or teeth in 2–3 pairs, faces glabrous or densely, ± uniformly hairy. Peduncles 6–53 cm, lengths mostly (0.5–)1.5–4.5 times leaves at flowering, (1.5–)2–5 times leaves in fruit, glabrous or glabrate, or apically puberulent to villous. Heads 2–10(–12) mm wide at flowering. Phyllaries green or medially rosy purple, sometimes spotted, margins glabrous or ciliate, faces mostly hairy, occasionally glabrous, or villous, stipitate-glandular, translucent, yellowish or purple-septate and often purple-tipped trichomes, or eglandular with whitish opaque trichomes; outer erect to spreading, adaxially glabrous or puberulent and eglandular. Florets (5–)20–50(–100); corollas ± equaling phyllaries at flowering, tubes 1–4 mm, ligules 2–6 × 1–2 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm. Cypselae: outermost strongly differing from inner, highly variable in color, shape, ornamentation, and pubescence; ribs flattened to alate, or 0, straight to strongly undulate, not diminishing proximally. 2n = 18, 36.",321717205 wfo-0000096078,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000096078,elevation,"0–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000096078,habitat,"Wet to dry, mostly seasonal habitats in deserts, grasslands, chaparral, steppe, oak woodlands, and open pine forests, often disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000096078,distribution,"B.C.; Ariz., Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash.; Mexico (Baja California, Guadalupe Island); introduced, Europe (Sweden).",321717205 wfo-0000064220,morphology,"Stems 0. Leaves erect to ascending; petioles rarely purplish, petiole margins glabrous or tomentose; blades narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, (7–)10–30 cm, margins usually lobed to pinnatifid, rarely dentate, lobes 5–7(–9) pairs, lanceolate to oblanceolate, spreading to antrorse, lobules sometimes present, faces sparsely to densely hairy. Peduncles not notably elongating after flowering, 10–45 cm in fruit, glabrate, or basally and apically pubescent to villous, mostly stipitate-glandular. Involucres obconic to campanulate, 1.5–2.5 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, green or medially rosy purple, sometimes purple-black speckled, margins ciliate, faces ± villous, stipitate-glandular; outer erect to spreading, adaxially ± tomentose; inner erect, elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate. Florets 50–250; corollas yellow, tubes 3–6 mm, ligules 6–16 × 2–3 mm; anthers 3–5 mm. Cypselae 9–14 mm; bodies fusiform to narrowly conic, 3–5 mm, beaks 6–10 mm, lengths 1–3 times bodies, ribs flattened, ridged, or subalate, straight or slightly undulate; pappus bristles in 3–4 series, (4–)6–10 mm. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000064220,phenology,"Flowering mostly Apr–Jun, rarely Sep–Dec.",321717205 wfo-0000064220,elevation,"10–700 m",321717205 wfo-0000064220,habitat,"Mesic to dry grasslands, oak woodlands, and coastal scrub-lands",321717205 wfo-0000064220,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000022885,morphology,"Stems 0. Leaves mostly decumbent to prostrate; petioles rarely purplish, margins not ciliate; blades oblanceolate to spatulate, 2–10(–14) cm, margins usually dentate to lobed or laciniately pinnatifid, rarely entire, lobes 2–3 pairs, linear to oblanceolate, proximal lobes often retrorse, distal often antrorse, lobules often present, faces mostly puberulent to villous, sometimes glabrous and glaucous. Peduncles not elongating after flowering, 2–25 cm in fruit, basally lanate, apically stipitate-glandular. Involucres obconic to campanulate, 1–2 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 2–4(–6) series, usually rosy purple, rarely green, sometimes spotted, often with a purple-black midstripes, unequal, faces ± hairy, stipitate-glandular; outer usually erect, sometimes spreading apically, adaxially glabrous; inner erect, not elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate, rarely paleate (outer florets only). Florets 10–40; corollas yellow, tubes 4–10 mm, ligules 5–11 × 2–4 mm; anthers 3–5 mm. Cypselae 6–10 mm; bodies fusiform, 6–9 mm, beaks 1–3 mm, lengths to 1/2 times bodies; ribs ridged to flattened, straight; pappus bristles in 2 series, 8–11 mm. 2n = 18, 36.",321717205 wfo-0000022885,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000022885,elevation,"2000–3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000022885,habitat,"Mesic subalpine meadows and forests to alpine tundra and rocky slopes, volcanic or pyroclastic soils",321717205 wfo-0000022885,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000067378,morphology,"Stems 0. Leaves erect to decumbent; petioles sometimes purplish, margins usually ± hairy, sometimes glabrous or ciliate; blades linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, (5–)10–20(–32) cm, margins usually lobed, sometimes entire (variable within plants, e.g., outer entire, inner lobed), rarely all entire; lobes (3–)5–8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, mostly retrorse, sometimes spreading; lobules often present, faces glabrous and glaucous or densely tomentose. Peduncles not notably elongating after flowering, [(6–)10–25(–45) cm in fruit], glabrate, or apically hairy to lanate, eglandular. Involucres obconic to hemispheric, 2–3.5 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, usually medially rosy purple, rarely all green or spotted, margins ciliate or lanate, faces glabrous or sparsely villous, eglandular; outer erect or spreading, adaxially ± tomentose (sometimes glabrous); inner erect, not notably elongating after flowering. Receptacles epaleate. Florets 30–100; corollas yellow, tubes (4–)6–15 mm, ligules 10–20 × 2–4 mm; anthers 3–5 mm. Cypselae 9–18 mm, bodies terete or narrowly conic to obconic, 5–9 mm, beaks 3–10 mm, lengths (1/2–)2 times bodies; pappus bristles in ca. 3 series, 10–20 mm. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000067378,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000067378,elevation,"1000–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000067378,habitat,"Dry habitats, sandy soils, short-grass prairies, sagebrush steppes, pinyon-juniper woodlands, montane meadows, mixed conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0000067378,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000117940,morphology,"Stems 0. Leaves erect to ascending; petioles often purplish; blades linear to linear-elliptic, (7–)10–30(–36) cm, margins usually lobed to pinnatifid, rarely toothed or entire, lobes (4–)7–9(–11) pairs, linear to lanceolate, mostly retrorse, sometimes spreading, lobules often present, faces sparsely villous to tomentose. Peduncles elongating after flowering, 15–65(–94) cm in fruit, ± glabrate, or apically villous to tomentose, eglandular. Involucres cylindric to obconic or campanulate, 4–6 cm in fruit. Phyllaries in 3–5 series, medially rosy purple or all green, lacking darker spots or midstripes, margins ciliate to tomentose, faces glabrous or villous, eglandular; outer erect to spreading, adaxially glabrous or tomentose; inner erect, often precociously elongating and much surpassing outer. Receptacles epaleate. Florets 10–100; corollas yellow, tubes 8–20 mm, ligules 6–15 × 1.5–2.5 mm; anthers 2–5 mm. Cypselae (15–)20–31 mm, bodies narrowly obconic, 5–7 mm, beaks (10–)15–25 mm, lengths mostly 3–4 times bodies; ribs strongly ridged, straight, often minutely cinereous-pannose; pappus bristles in 4–6 series, (11–)15–20 mm. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000117940,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000117940,elevation,"400–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000117940,habitat,"Mesic to dry habitats in scrub-lands, chaparral, steppe, and open oak or pine woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000117940,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0001009093,morphology,"Herbs, 3.5–15 dm. Roots: tubers absent. Stems with glistening stipitate-glandular hairs and hirsute (hairs scattered, erect, 2 mm). Leaves: mid cauline stipules ± 1/2-ovate, margins incised; major leaflets 3–9 (mid cauline 5–7), minor 1–4, rarely 0–1, pairs; major leaflet blades ovate to elliptic or rhombic, terminal largest, largest of these 2.4–10.5 × 1.4–5.6 cm, margins serrate, apex acute, sometimes acuminate, abaxial surface usually with glistening stipitate-glandular hairs and hirsute (hairs scattered, 0.5–2 mm). Inflorescences: axes with glistening stipitate-glandular hairs and hirsute (hairs erect, 2 mm). Flowers usually ± alternate. Fruiting hypanthia turbinate to broadly campanulate, rarely broadly obconic, 2.3–5.8 × 2.8–6.2 mm, deeply to sometimes obscurely sulcate, hooked bristles in 4–5 circumferential rows, proximal row reflexed, with glistening stipitate-glandular hairs and sparsely hirsute. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0001009093,phenology,"Flowering Jul–mid Aug[–Mar].",321717205 wfo-0001009093,elevation,"0–2000[–3000] m",321717205 wfo-0001009093,habitat,"Edges, open spaces, and thickets, deciduous or mixed pine-deciduous woods",321717205 wfo-0001009093,distribution,"B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila, Nuevo León); Central America (Guatemala).",321717205 wfo-0001003751,morphology,"Herbs, 3–11 dm. Roots: tubers fusiform, thickened. Stems with glistening sessile-glandular hairs and ± matted-pubescent to villous and hirsute (hairs scattered, erect, stiff, 2–3 mm). Leaves: mid cauline stipules ± falcate, margins dentate; major leaflets 3–15 (mid cauline 9), minor 1–3 pairs; major leaflet blades ± obovate, terminal largest, largest of these 2.3–4.1 × 1–1.7 cm, margins incised, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial surfaces glistening with sessile-glandular hairs and pubescent to villous and sparsely hirsute (hairs stiff, 2 mm). Inflorescences: axes often with glistening sessile-glandular hairs and pubescent to villous and hirsute (hairs stiff, erect, 2 mm). Flowers usually ± alternate. Fruiting hypanthia hemispheric to turbinate, 1.5–2.7 × 1.8–3.3 mm, obscurely sulcate, hooked bristles in 3–4 circumferential rows, proximal row spreading 45–90°, glistening with sessile-glandular hairs (often yellow).",321717205 wfo-0001003751,phenology,"Flowering late Jul–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0001003751,elevation,"0–200 m",321717205 wfo-0001003751,habitat,"Dry to moist, longleaf pine-oak woods, oak-hickory slopes, roadsides, sand or shell maritime thickets",321717205 wfo-0001003751,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., Mo., S.C., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0001009094,morphology,"Herbs, 3–11 dm. Roots: tubers ± narrowly oblong, thickened. Stems with short-stipitate-glandular hairs and pubescent to villous and hirsute (hairs scattered, erect, 3–4 mm, stiff). Leaves: mid cauline stipules ± falcate to ± 1/2-round, margins deeply incised; major leaflets 3–9 (mid cauline 5–7), minor 0 or 1 pair; major leaflet blades obovate to elliptic, terminal largest, largest of these 2.9–7 × 1.7–3.7 cm, margins serrate to dentate, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial surface rarely with glistening sessile-glandular hairs and pubescent to pilose and hirsute (hairs stiff, scattered, 1–2 mm, densest along major veins). Inflorescences: axes pubescent to villous and hirsute (hairs stiff proximally, erect and 2 mm to ascending distally and 1 mm). Flowers usually ± alternate. Fruiting hypanthia turbinate to obconic, 2.2–4 × 3–4.6 mm, ± deeply sulcate, hooked bristles in 3 circumferential rows, proximal row spreading 45–90°, glandular-hairy (hairs short-stipitate), grooves strigose, ridges rarely sparsely hirsute (sepal bases rarely pubescent along rim).",321717205 wfo-0001009094,phenology,"Flowering late Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001009094,elevation,"0–600 m",321717205 wfo-0001009094,habitat,"Edges, open spaces and thickets, deciduous or mixed pine-deciduous woods",321717205 wfo-0001009094,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.J., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0001009101,morphology,"Herbs, 5–16 dm. Roots: tubers ± fusiform. Stems with short-stipitate-glandular hairs and pubescent to villous and hirsute (hairs scattered, erect, 2–3 mm, stiff). Leaves: mid cauline stipules ± broadly 1/2-ovate, margins dentate, apical lobes sometimes attenuate; major leaflets 3–13 (mid cauline 5–9), minor 1 or 1–3 pairs; major leaflet blades elliptic or narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes ± obovate (lateral sometimes ± falcate), terminal largest, largest of these 3.3–9.8 × 1.4–5.5 cm, margins serrate to dentate, apex obtuse to acute or acuminate, abaxial surface rarely with glistening glandular hairs, pubescent to pilose and sparsely hirsute (hairs stiff, 1–2 mm, usually densest along major veins). Inflorescences: axes with short-stipitate-glandular hairs to villous and hirsute (hairs stiff, ± scattered, usually erect proximally and 1–3 mm to ± ascending distally and 1 mm). Flowers usually ± alternate. Fruiting hypanthia turbinate to campanulate, 1.9–4.5 × 2–4.6 mm, deeply to shallowly sulcate, hooked bristles in 3–4 circumferential rows, proximal row spreading ± 90° (pressed upward on dried specimens), glandular-hairy, grooves strigose, ridges sparsely hirsute (sepal bases usually pubescent along rim).",321717205 wfo-0001009101,phenology,"Flowering mid Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001009101,elevation,"0–1300 m",321717205 wfo-0001009101,habitat,"Edges, open spaces, thickets, deciduous or mixed deciduous woods",321717205 wfo-0001009101,distribution,"Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001009106,morphology,"Herbs, 4–10 dm. Roots: tubers fusiform. Stems with glistening stipitate-glandular hairs and hirsute (hairs stiff, sparse to scattered, erect, 1–2 mm). Leaves: mid cauline stipules ± falcate to ± 1/2-ovate, margins often deeply incised; major leaflets 3–11 (mid cauline 5–7), minor 0–1(–2) pairs; major leaflet blades obovate to broadly elliptic to elliptic, terminal largest, largest of these 3.4–10.5 × 1.7–5.6 cm, margins serrate, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface glistening with sessile-glandular hairs (often shining) and hirsute (hairs sparse to scattered, 1 mm). Inflorescences: axes glistening with sessile-glandular hairs and ± ascending-hirsute (hairs stiff, sparse to scattered, 0.5–1 mm). Flowers ± alternate. Fruiting hypanthia hemispheric, 1–3.1 × 1.8–3.9 mm, obscurely sulcate, hooked bristles in 2–3 circumferential rows, proximal row spreading to ± 90°, usually glistening with sessile-glandular hairs.",321717205 wfo-0001009106,phenology,"Flowering Jul–mid Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001009106,elevation,"0–1100 m",321717205 wfo-0001009106,habitat,"Edges, open spaces, and thickets, deciduous or mixed deciduous woods",321717205 wfo-0001009106,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mich., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001009110,morphology,"Herbs, 4–13 dm. Roots: tubers absent. Stems with ± glistening stipitate-glandular hairs and pubescent to pilose (at least distally) and hirsute (hairs scattered, erect, 2 mm, stiff). Leaves: mid cauline stipules ± falcate, margins proximally dentate or entire; major leaflets 3–11 (mid cauline 5–7), minor 1–4 pairs; major leaflet blades elliptic to rhombic, terminal largest, largest of these 4.3–10.7 × 1.9–4.2 cm, margins serrate, apex acute to acuminate or long-acuminate, abaxial surface with glistening glandular hairs (stipitate and sessile) and pubescent to pilose and hirsute (hairs stiff, scattered, 1–2 mm, densest along major veins). Inflorescences: axes with stipitate-glandular hairs and pubescent to pilose and hirsute (hairs stiff, scattered, proximally ± erect and 1–2 mm to distally ± ascending and 1 mm). Flowers usually ± subopposite. Fruiting hypanthia obconic to ± campanulate, rarely turbinate, 2.1–6.6 × 2.4–5.2 mm, deeply sulcate, hooked bristles in 3–4 circumferential rows, proximal row spreading ± 90º (pressed upward on dried specimens), stipitate-glandular hairs, ± glistening, grooves strigose, ridges usually sparingly hirsute (sepal bases usually pubescent along rim). 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0001009110,phenology,"Flowering late Jun–Aug(–mid Sep).",321717205 wfo-0001009110,elevation,"0–3700 m",321717205 wfo-0001009110,habitat,"Edges, open spaces, thickets, in deciduous or mixed deciduous woods",321717205 wfo-0001009110,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Iowa, Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Vt., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Hidalgo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-4000000990,morphology,"Plants perennial; densely to loosely cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous. Culms 25-110 cm, geniculate or erect. Sheaths open; auricles usually present; ligules membranous, often erose. Inflorescences spikes, usually pectinate; middle internodes 0.2-3(5.5) mm, basal internodes often somewhat longer. Spikelets solitary, usually more than 3 times as long as the internodes, usually divergent or spreading from the rachis, with 3-16 florets; disarticulation above the glumes and beneath the florets. Glumes shorter than the adjacent lemmas, lance-ovate to lanceolate, 1-5-veined, asymmetrically keeled, a secondary keel sometimes present on the wider side, keels glabrous or with hairs, hairs not tufted, apices acute and entire, sometimes awned, awns to 6 mm; lemmas 5-7-veined, asymmetrically keeled, acute to awned, awns to 4.5 mm; paleas from slightly shorter than to exceeding the lemmas, bifid; anthers 3, 3-5 mm, yellow. Caryopses usually falling with the lemmas and paleas attached, x = 7. Haplome P.",321717205 wfo-4000000990,distribution,"Wash.;Del.;Wis.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.Mex.;Okla.;S.Dak.;N.H.;Ariz.;Tex.;Conn.;N.Y.;Calif.;Nev.;Colo.;Alaska;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Utah;Mass.;Ohio;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Alta.;B.C.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Man.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000842335,morphology,"Plants occasionally rhizomatous. Culms 25-110 cm, sometimes geniculate. Ligules to 1.5 mm; blades 1.5-6 mm wide, glabrous or pubescent. Spikes 1.3-10.5(15) cm long, 5-25 mm wide, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, rectangular, or ovate, sometimes tapering distally; internodes (0.2)0.7-5(8) mm, glabrous or pilose, sometimes all more or less equal, sometimes short and long internodes alternating within a spike, basal internodes often longer than those at midlength. Spikelets 7-16 mm, diverging at angles of 30-95° at maturity, with 3-6(8) florets. Glumes 3-6 mm, glabrous or with coarse hairs on the keels, acute, usually awned, awns 1.5-3 mm; lemmas 5-9 mm, glabrous or with hairs, keeled, keels sometimes scabrous distally, apices acute, usually awned, awns 1-6 mm; anthers 3-5 mm. 2n = 14, 28, 42.",321717205 wfo-0000842335,distribution,"Wash.;Del.;Calif.;Colo.;Idaho;Ill.;Mont.;N.Y.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.Mex.;Okla.;S.Dak.;N.H.;Tex.;Conn.;Nev.;Alaska;Ind.;Iowa;Mass.;Utah;Minn.;Mich.;Alta.;B.C.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Man.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000842469,morphology,"Plants not rhizomatous. Culms 30-100 cm, rarely geniculate. Ligules to 1 mm; blades 1.5-6 mm wide. Spikes (5)8-15 cm long, 5-13 mm wide, linear to narrowly lanceolate; internodes 1.5-5 mm. Spikelets 7-16 mm, appressed or diverging up to 30(35)° from the rachises. Glumes 3-5 mm, glabrous or hairy, often awned, awns 1-3 mm; lemmas 5-9 mm, keels scabrous distally, apices unawned, sometimes mucronate, mucros up to 0.5 mm; anthers 4-5 mm. 2n = (14), 28, (42).",321717205 wfo-0000842469,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Utah;Mont.;Wyo.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Sask.;Yukon;Nev.;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0001234339,morphology,"Plants 30–100 cm, spreading-pilose, villous. Leaf blades 4–15 cm. Inflorescences of solitary, axillary flowers. Pedicels 5–20 cm. Flowers: calyx 2.5–6.2 cm; tube 1.2–1.7 cm, spreading-pilose; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.2–4.5 cm; petals purplish red to pink (rarely white), unspotted, 1.5–4 cm, equaling or shorter than calyx lobes. Capsules 16–24 mm. Seeds 3–4 mm wide. 2n = 48 (Europe).",321717205 wfo-0001234339,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0001234339,elevation,"0-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0001234339,habitat,"Fields, roadsides, waste places",321717205 wfo-0001234339,distribution,"Introduced; Man., N.B., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ala., Alaska, Ark., Calif., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Eurasia; widely introduced worldwide.",321717205 wfo-4000000996,morphology,"Plants usually perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms (3)5-120 cm, usually erect. Sheaths open, usually smooth and glabrous, sometimes scabrous to scabridulous, rarely hairy; collars not strongly developed; auricles absent; ligules membranous, smooth or scabridulous dorsally, apices truncate, obtuse, rounded, or acute, usually erose to lacerate, the lacerations sometimes obscuring the shape, or entire; blades flat, folded, or involure, usually smooth and glabrous, sometimes scabridulous, adaxial surfaces somewhat ridged. Inflorescences terminal panicles, narrowly cylindrical and dense to open and diffuse; branches usually in whorls, usually more or less scabrous, rarely smooth, some branches longer than 1 cm; secondary panicles sometimes present in the leaf axils. Spikelets 1.2-7 mm, pedicellate, laterally compressed, lanceolate to narrowly oblong or ovate, with 1(2) florets; rachillas not prolonged beyond the base of the floret(s); disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets, sometimes initially at the panicle base. Glumes (1)1.3-2(4) times longer than the lemmas, 1(3)-veined, glabrous, usually mostly smooth, vein(s) often scabrous to scabridulous, backs keeled or rounded, apices acute to acuminate or awn-tipped; lower glumes usually 0.1-0.3 mm longer than the upper glumes, rarely equal; calluses poorly developed, blunt, glabrous or hairy, hairs to about 1/2 as long as the lemmas; lemmas thinly membranous to hyaline, usually smooth and glabrous, sometimes scabridulous, occasionally pubescent, rarely warty-tuberculate, 3-5-veined, veins not convergent, sometimes excurrent as 2-5 teeth, apices acute to obtuse or truncate, sometimes erose, unawned or awned, sometimes varying within an inflorescence, awns arising from near the lemma bases to near the apices, usually geniculate, sometimes straight; paleas absent, or minute to subequal to the lemmas, usually thin, veins not or only weakly developed; lodicules 2, free; anthers (1)3, 0.1-2 mm, not penicillate; styles 2, free to the base, white; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses with a hard, soft, or liquid endosperm, the latter resulting from the substitution of lipids for starch, x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000000996,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.Mex.;Wash.;Va.;W.Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;Mont.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Tex.;La.;Utah;Puerto Rico;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Okla.;Calif.;Nev.;Colo.;Miss.;Alaska;Ala.;Kans.;S.Dak.;Ind.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Iowa;Ohio;Idaho;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000843215,morphology,"Plants perennial; loosely cespitose, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 20-50 cm, erect. Basal leaves usually numerous; ligules 0.6-3.5 mm, scabridulous, rounded, erose, sometimes lacerate, ciliate; blades to 10 cm long, 3-4 mm wide, flat. Panicles 6-20 cm long, 1-4(8) cm wide, lanceolate to ovate, somewhat contracted but not spikelike; branches erect, slender, scabrous; pedicels 0.5-8 mm. Spikelets lanceolate, greenish purple. Glumes subequal, 2-3.5 mm, 1-veined, ciliate on the keels, otherwise smooth, acute; callus hairs less than 76 the length of the lemma; lemmas 1.6-3 mm, translucent, 5-veined, veins obscure or prominent distally, apices acute, entire, awned from above midlength, awns 1-1.5 mm, geniculate, exserted; paleas absent; anthers 3, 0.5-0.8 mm. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0000843316,morphology,"Plants perennial; forming dense, stiff clumps, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 6-30 cm, decumbent to erect. Leaves forming a dense, bristly basal tuft; ligules 0.7-2.3 mm, dorsal surfaces scabridulous, apices truncate to obtuse, often erose, sometimes lacerate or ciliolate; blades 2-5 cm long, less than 1 mm wide, soon becoming tightly inrolled and rigid. Panicles 2-8 cm long, 0.2-0.6 cm wide, narrowly cylindric, spikelike, dense, occasionally interrupted near the base, the base often enclosed by the upper sheaths; branches to 2 cm, scabrous, strongly appressed, hidden by the spikelets; pedicels 0.5-7 mm. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, greenish to purplish. Glumes 1.8-4 mm, often 3-veined, midveins scabrous to smooth, acute to acuminate; calluses glabrous; lemmas 1.5-2.5 mm, 5-veined, veins obscure or prominent distally, extending as teeth to 0.2 mm, unawned or awned from above midlength, awns to 1.2 mm, usually scarcely exceeding the lemma apices, straight; paleas to 0.3 mm, thin; anthers 3, 0.7-2 mm. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm; endosperm liquid. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000843316,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000843382,morphology,"Plants perennial; appearing loosely cespitose and forming a rather closed turf, stoloniferous, stolons to 25 cm, slender, leafy, weakly rooting and eventually producing tufts of shoots at the nodes, without rhizomes. Culms 15-75 cm, erect, frequently geniculate at the base, sometimes weakly rooting at the lower nodes, with 2-4(6) nodes. Leaves basal and cauline; sheaths usually smooth, sometimes scabrous distally; ligules 1-4 mm, dorsal surfaces scabridulous, apices truncate to obtuse or acute, erose-lacerate; blades 1-10 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, usually flat, sometimes involute, usually scabrous, apices acute. Panicles 3-10 cm long, 1-7 cm wide, open, often lax, lanceolate to broadly ovate, lowest node with 3-7 branches; branches more or less scabrous, erect to spreading, usually branched above midlength, spikelet-bearing in the distal 1/3, patent at anthesis, lower branches 3-5 cm; pedicels (0.4)1-3 mm. Spikelets lanceolate or narrowly oblong, brownish yellow to purplish or rarely greenish. Glumes subequal, 1.7-3 mm, 1-veined, scabrous only on the distal part of the midveins, acute; callus hairs to 0.1 mm; lemmas 1-2 mm, about 2/3 the length of the glumes, bases minutely pubescent, otherwise glabrous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent or obscure, apices acute to obtuse, entire, usually awned from near the base, awns to 5 mm, geniculate, rarely unawned, awned and unawned lemmas sometimes mixed within the panicle; paleas absent, or to about 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3, 1-1.5 mm, at least 1/2 as long as the lemmas. Caryopses 0.8-1.2 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000843382,distribution,"Maine;Conn.;Mass.;N.H.;N.Y.;R.I.;N.J.;Del.;Md.;W.Va.;Pa.;Minn.;Mich.;Tenn.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Vt.;Oreg.;Greenland;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;P.E.I.;Que.",321717205 wfo-0000841743,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous or stoloniferous, rhizomes or stolons to 5 cm. Culms 10-75 cm, erect or geniculate, with 2-5 nodes. Leaves basal and cauline; sheaths smooth; ligules 0.3-2 mm, shorter than wide, dorsal surfaces usually scabridulous, sometimes smooth, apices truncate to rounded, erose-ciliolate, sometimes lacerate; blades 3-10 cm long, 1-5 mm wide, flat. Panicles 3-20 cm long, less than 1/2 the length of the culm, (1)2-12 cm wide, stiffly erect, widely ovate, open, exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with (2)3-9(13) branches; branches smooth or scabridulous, spreading during and after anthesis, spikelets usually confined to the distal 1/2, lower branches 1.5-7 cm; pedicels 0.4-3.3 mm, adjacent pedicels divergent. Spikelets lanceolate or oblong, purplish brown to greenish. Glumes subequal, 1.7-3 mm, 1-veined, acute; lower glumes scabridulous over the midvein towards the apices; upper glumes scabridulous or smooth over the midvein; calluses glabrous, or with a few hairs to 0.1 mm; lemmas 1.2-2.5 mm, smooth, glabrous, opaque to translucent, 3(5)-veined, veins typically prominent, apices obtuse to acute, usually entire, sometimes the veins excurrent to 0.5 mm, usually unawned, rarely awned, sometimes varying within a panicle, awns to 2 mm, mid-dorsal, straight or geniculate; paleas 0.6-1.2(1.4) mm, typically at least 1/2 the length of the lemmas, veins visible; anthers 3, 0.8-1.3 mm. Caryopses 0.8-1.5 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000841743,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;D.C.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);B.C.;Greenland;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Yukon;Wyo.;N.H.;N.C.;Tenn.;Pa.;Calif.;Nev.;Va.;Mass.;Maine;R.I.;Vt.;Alaska;Ala.;Ind.;N.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Mont.;Miss.;S.C.;Ky.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000841757,morphology,"Plants perennial; loosely cespitose, rhizomatous, rhizomes to 10(40) cm, covered with inflated scales. Culms 30-80 cm, erect or geniculate, with up to 10 nodes, basal internodes devoid of leaf bases after anthesis in dry habitats, shoots proliferating from the upper nodes, especially of the innovations, later in the season. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths smooth; ligules 0.5-3 mm, shorter than wide, dorsal surfaces smooth or scabridulous, apices truncate to rounded, ciliolate-erose; blades 4-10 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, flat. Panicles 10-30 cm long, less than 1/2 the length of the culm, 3-8 cm wide, loosely ovate, somewhat lax, somewhat contracted and linear-lanceolate after anthesis, lowest node with (1)2-7 branches; branches spreading to ascending, sparsely scabridulous, branching above the midpoint, spikelets usually confined to the distal 1/3 and in discrete clusters at the branch tips, lower branches 3-9 cm; pedicels 0.6-2.3(3) mm, usually shorter than the spikelets, adjacent pedicels not divergent. Spikelets lanceolate, yellowish green to stramineous or brownish, slightly to strongly suffused with purple. Glumes subequal, 2-3 mm, lanceolate, 1-veined, acute or acuminate; lower glumes scabrous over the midvein, at least distally; upper glumes smooth or scabrous to scabridulous over the midvein distally; calluses abundantly hairy, hairs to 0.3(0.6) mm; lemmas 1.3-1.9 mm, occasionally with hairs on the lower 1/2, translucent, (3)5-veined, veins prominent distally, apices usually truncate to obtuse, sometimes acute, entire or the lateral veins excurrent to 0.6 mm, awned or unawned, usually mixed in the inflorescence, terminal spikelets usually awned, in some plants all unawned, awns to 5 mm, awns arising from the lower 1/3 or occasionally as a minute bristle from above the center; paleas 0.6-1.1 mm, 1/2-2/3 as long as the lemma; anthers 3, 1-1.5 mm. Caryopses about 1 mm. 2n = 28, 42.",321717205 wfo-0000841757,distribution,"Calif.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000843445,morphology,"Plants annuals or short-lived perennials; densely tufted, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 30-70 cm, erect, smooth, with 3-6 nodes. Leaves mostly basal or basal and cauline; sheaths smooth; ligules (0.5) 1.5-4.2 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices truncate to rounded, erose-lacerate, often ciliolate; blades 10-20 cm long, 1-5(7) mm wide, flat, scabrous at least along the margins and/or veins. Panicles 8-35 cm long, 3-10 cm wide, widely ovate, becoming lax, open, usually exserted, bases sometimes enclosed in the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with (1)2-8 branches; branches scabrous, spreading, branched above midlength, spikelet-bearing in the distal 1/2 - 2/3, lower branches 3-12 cm; pedicels 0.5-5.5 mm, clavate; secondary panicles often present in the leaf axils, smaller than the primary panicles. Spikelets narrowly ovate to lanceolate, greenish or light brownish purple. Glumes subequal, 1.5-2.8 mm, lanceolate, 1-veined, keels somewhat aculeolate, apices usually acute, sometimes acuminate; calluses usually sparsely hairy, hairs to 0.2 mm, sometimes glabrous; lemmas 1.2-2 mm, smooth, glabrous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent distally or obscure, apices acute, entire, unawned; paleas absent, or to 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.3-0.6 mm, to 1/2 as long as the lemmas. Caryopses 0.9-1.3 mm. 2n = [28], 42.",321717205 wfo-0000843445,distribution,"Alaska;Yukon",321717205 wfo-0000843532,morphology,"Plants perennial; not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 9-85 cm, erect, sometimes decumbent at the base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, usually with 4-7 nodes. Leaves basal and cauline; sheaths smooth or scabrous; ligules 1-4.8(7.5) mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices truncate to obtuse, erose-lacerate, sometimes ciliolate; blades 2-12 cm long, 2-10 mm wide, upper blades broader than those below, flat. Panicles 2-10 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, narrow and spikelike to dense, lobed-lanceolate, bases exserted or enclosed by the upper sheaths at maturity; branches to 1.5 cm, scabrous, appressed, branching at the base and mostly hidden by the spikelets; pedicels about 0.4-3 mm. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, yellowish, sometimes tinged with purple, or greenish purple. Glumes generally equal, 2-3.3 mm, 1-veined, densely scabrous, aculeolate on the veins, narrowly acute to acuminate or somewhat mucronate, mucros to about 0.5 mm; callus hairs to 0.3 mm, usually dense; lemmas 1.5-2.1 mm, smooth or scabridulous, translucent, (3)5-veined, veins prominent to obscure, sometimes prominent only distally, apices acute to obtuse, veins usually extended as teeth up to 0.3 mm, unawned or awned from above midlength, awns to 3.5 mm, straight, readily deciduous; paleas 0.3-0.7 mm, thin; anthers 3, 0.5-2 mm. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000843532,distribution,"Calif.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000843596,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 5-45 cm, erect, sometimes geniculate at the base, with (3)4-9 nodes. Leaves mostly basal or cauline; basal leaves withered at anthesis; sheaths smooth or scabridulous; ligules (0.7) 1.5-3.5 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices acute, rounded, or truncate, lacerate; blades 0.5-4 cm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, flat, becoming involute. Panicles 3-20 cm long, (0.5)2-12 cm wide, widely ovate, ultimately open and diffuse, the whole panicle detaching after maturity, blowing about as a tumbleweed, bases usually exserted, sometimes enclosed by the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-6 branches; branches scabridulous, capillary, branching beyond midlength, initially ascending, becoming laxly spreading, spikelets clustered near the tips, lower branches 2-8 cm; pedicels 0.3-7.5 mm; secondary panicles sometimes present in the leaf axils. Spikelets narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, yellowish purple to greenish purple. Glumes equal, 1.5-2.2 mm, 1-veined, scabrous on the midvein, margins scabrous distally, acute; callus hairs to 0.6 mm, dense; lemmas 1-2 mm, smooth or scabrous to warty, translucent, 5-veined, veins prominent, apices acute, entire or 2-5-toothed, teeth minute, to 0.8 mm, usually awned from just below the apices, sometimes unawned, awns 3-10 mm, flexuous, not geniculate, deciduous; paleas absent or minute; anthers 1, 0.1-0.2 mm, lobes widely separated by the connective, usually retained at the apices of the caryopses. Caryopses 1-1.4 mm; endosperm liquid. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000843596,distribution,"D.C.;Fla.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Maine;Md.;Kans.;Okla.;Mass.;Ohio;Mo.;Miss.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000843613,morphology,"Plants perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous, not stoloniferous. Culms 8-100 cm, erect or decumbent at the base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with (2)3-6(8) nodes. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous; ligules (1)1.7-8(11.2) mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices truncate to obtuse, lacerate to erose; blades 4-15 cm long, 2-7 mm wide, flat. Panicles (3)5-30 cm long, 0.5-4 cm wide, contracted, spikelike, oblong, or lanceolate, usually dense, rarely more open, sometimes interrupted near the base, bases usually exserted, rarely enclosed by the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-5 branches; branches scabrous, ascending to appressed, spikelet-bearing to or near the base, usually hidden by the spikelets, spikelets crowded, lower branches 1-2(4) cm; pedicels 0.2-4.3 mm. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, greenish to purplish. Glumes subequal to equal, 1.5-3.5 mm, scabrous on the midvein and sometimes on the back, 1(3)-veined, acute, elongate-acuminate, with an awnlike tip to 1 mm; callus hairs to 0.3 mm, sparse to abundant; lemmas 1.2-2.2 mm, smooth, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent distally or obscure throughout, apices acute, entire or toothed, teeth no more than 0.12 mm, unawned or awned from above midlength, awns to 3.5 mm, straight or geniculate; paleas absent or to 0.5 mm; anthers 3, 0.3-0.6 mm. Caryopses 0.9-1.2 mm; endosperm solid or soft. 2n = 28, 42, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000843613,distribution,"Oreg.;Colo.;Alta.;B.C.;N.W.T.;Sask.;Yukon;Tex.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Utah;Alaska;Idaho;Mont.;Vt.;Wyo.;Wash.;Ky.;Ariz.;Calif.;Nev.;N.Mex.",321717205 wfo-0000843693,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous, rhizomes to 25 cm, not stoloniferous. Culms 20-120 cm, erect, sometimes geniculate at the base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with 4-7 nodes. Leaves mostly cauline, sheaths smooth or sparsely scabridulous; ligules longer than wide, dorsal surfaces usually scabrous, sometimes smooth, apices rounded to truncate, erose to lacerate, basal ligules 1-4.5 mm, upper ligules 2-7 mm; blades 4-10 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, flat. Panicles 8-25(30) cm long, less than 1/2 the length of the culm, (1.5)3-15 cm wide, erect, open, broadly ovate, exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with (1)3-8 branches; branches scabrous, spreading during and after anthesis, usually some branches spikelet-bearing to the base, lower branches 4-9 cm, usually with many shorter secondary branches resulting in crowding of the spikelets, spikelets restricted to the distal 1/2 of the branches and not crowded in shade plants; pedicels 0.3-3.4(4.2) mm. Spikelets narrowly ovate to lance¬olate, green and slightly to strongly suffused with purple. Glumes subequal, 1.7-3.2 mm, lanceolate, 1-veined, acute to apiculate; lower glumes scabrous on the distal 1/2 of the midvein; upper glumes scabridulous on the distal 1/2 of the midvein; callus hairs to 0.5 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.5-2.2 mm, opaque to translucent, smooth, 3-5-veined, veins usually obscure, sometimes prominent throughout or distally, often excurrent to 0.2 mm, apices usually acute, sometimes obtuse or truncate, usually unawned, rarely with a 0.4-1.5(3) mm straight awn arising from near the apices to near the base; paleas 0.7-1.4 mm, about Vi the length of the lemmas, veins visible; anthers 3, 1-1.4 mm. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000843693,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;Okla.;Alaska;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Kans.;Mont.;Miss.;S.C.;Ky.;Oreg.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon",321717205 wfo-0000843741,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous, rhizomes to 50 cm, not stoloniferous. Culms 17-100 cm, erect. Leaves mostly cauline or somewhat basally concentrated; sheaths smooth; ligules 2.3-7 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices acute, usually lacerate; blades 6-20 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, flat. Panicles 7-22 cm long, 1.5-5.5(7) cm wide, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, more or less open to dense, lowest node with 2-15 branches; branches scabridulous, ascending to more or less appressed, mostly branching at or above midlength, some branching near the base, lower branches 1-5 cm; pedicels 0.5-6 mm. Spikelets lanceolate, yellow-green, often tinged with purple. Glumes equal to subequal, 2.5-4 mm, 1-veined, scabrous to scabridulous on the midvein, at least distally, sometimes also sparsely scabridulous over the back, acute to acuminate; callus hairs (0.8)1-2 mm, abundant, conspicuous; lemmas 2-3 mm, smooth, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent at least distally, apices acute, entire or erose, sometimes toothed, teeth to about 0.2 mm, unawned; paleas absent, or to 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3,1.5-2.3 mm. Caryopses 1.5-2 mm. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000843741,distribution,"Calif.;Oreg.;Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000843745,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 6-70 cm, erect, with 2-5 nodes. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.5-5 mm, usually scabridulous, dorsal surfaces sometimes smooth, apices acute to obtuse, erose-lacerate, sometimes ciliolate; blades 1-4.5 cm long, 0.5-1(2) mm wide, flat or weakly involute. Panicles 1-5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, cylindrical, spikelike, dense, sometimes interrupted near the base, usually well exserted from the upper sheaths; branches scabridulous, ascending to appressed, mostly hidden by the spikelets, lower branches 0.5-2.5 cm; pedicels 0.5-4(6.3) mm. Spikelets lanceolate, greenish to yellowish, tinged with purple. Glumes subequal, 5-7 mm, scabrous over the midvein, often sparsely scabridulous over the body, 1(3)-veined, apices narrowly acuminate to awn-tipped to 2 mm; callus hairs to 0.7 mm, abundant; lemmas 2.5-4 mm, scabridulous over the veins and sometimes over the body, opaque to translucent, 5-veined, veins prominent distally, apices acute, veins extended into 2 teeth, teeth 0.2-1.5 mm, awned from about midlength, awns (5)8-10 mm, more or less geniculate; paleas absent or to 0.9 mm; anthers 3, 0.4-0.7 mm. Caryopses 1.6-1.8 mm. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000843745,distribution,"Calif.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000843773,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, not rhizomatous, not stoloniferous. Culms 30-80 cm, erect, usually with more than 3 nodes. Leaves mostly on the lower 1/2 of the culm; basal leaves withered by anthesis; lower leaf sheaths finely tomentose, the tomentum extending to below ground; upper leaf sheaths smooth; ligules 2.5-6 mm, dorsal surfaces scabridulous, apices acute to truncate, lacerate; blades 10-16 cm long, 0.5-1(2) mm wide, flat, becoming involute. Panicles (4)10-17 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, broadly lanceolate, usually open, exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-8 branches; branches scabrous, generally ascending, mostly branching at about midlength, sometimes to near the base, lower branches 1.5-5 cm; pedicels 0.4-5 mm. Spikelets lanceolate, slightly purplish. Glumes equal to subequal, 1.8-3 mm, 1-veined, scabridulous on the veins, sometimes also on the body, acute; callus hairs to 0.3 mm, abundant; lemmas 1.5-2 mm, scabridulous to warty throughout or only on the veins, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent distally, apices truncate, minutely toothed to about 0.2 mm, awned on the lower 1/3, awns to 2.5 mm, geniculate, persistent; paleas absent or minute; anthers 3, 1-1.5 mm, usually shed at anthesis. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm; endosperm liquid. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000843773,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000843775,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, not rhizomatous, not stoloniferous. Culms 40-80 cm, geniculate and decumbent at the base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with 3-6 nodes. Leaves mostly cauline; basal leaves withered by anthesis; cauline leaves persisting; sheaths smooth or scabridulous; ligules (0.9)2.7-5 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices truncate to acute, erose to lacerate; blades 15-20 cm long, 3-5 mm wide, flat. Panicles 10-25 cm long, 3.5-11 cm wide, ovate, open and diffuse, bases usually exserted, rarely enclosed in the upper sheaths, lowest node with (1)2-6 branches; branches scabridulous, flexuous, spreading, spikelets usually only on the distal 1/2, lower branches 3-10 cm; pedicels 1.2-9.4 mm. Spikelets ovate to lanceolate, green, not or slightly tinged with purple. Glumes unequal, 2.3-3.5 mm, 1(3)-veined, veins scabridulous, acute to acuminate; callus hairs to 0.3 mm, abundant; lemmas 2.5-3 mm, usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent distally or obscure, apices acute to obtuse, lateral veins extending as 4 teeth to 0.5 mm, awned from the lower 1/3, awns 4-6 mm, geniculate; paleas absent or minute; anthers 3, 1-1.3 mm. Caryopses 1.2-1.6 mm; endosperm liquid. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000843775,distribution,"Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000843786,morphology,"Plants perennials or facultative annuals; cespitose, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 15-82 cm, erect, with (3)4-7 nodes. Leaves cauline and basal; sheaths smooth; ligules (0.7) 1.2-4 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices usually rounded to truncate, sometimes acute, lacerate-erose; blades 3-10 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, flat, becoming involute, or folded. Panicles (5)10-25(36) cm long, (3)4-24 cm wide, broadly ovate, often nearly as wide as long, diffuse, the whole panicle often detaching at the base at maturity, forming a tumbleweed, bases often enclosed by the upper sheaths, lowest node with (3)5-11 branches; branches scabrous, capillary, flexible, wide-spreading, branching in the distal 1/4, spikelets strongly clustered at the branch tips, lower branches 5-15 cm; pedicels 0.1-2.5(3.5) mm. Spikelets ovate to narrowly ovate, greenish or purplish. Glumes subequal, 1-2 mm, 1-veined, keeled, keels scabrous, sometimes the body also scabrous towards the apices, acute to acuminate; callus hairs to 0.2 mm, sparse; lemmas 0.8-1.2 mm, scabridulous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins obscure or prominent distally, apices usually obtuse, sometimes acute, entire, unawned; paleas absent, or to 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.2-0.5 mm. Caryopses 0.7-1 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000843786,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Puerto Rico;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Kans.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Va.;Ont.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000843803,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 8-40 cm, slender, erect, with 2-5 nodes. Leaves mostly basal; sheaths usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous, not inflated; ligules (0.7)1-3.8 mm, dorsal surfaces scabridulous, apices rounded to truncate, rarely acute, erose to lacerate; blades 1-7 cm long, 0.5-2 mm wide, flat, becoming involute. Panicles 3-13 cm long, 1-6(8) cm wide, lanceolate to ovate, diffuse, exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-6(10) branches; branches scabridulous, fairly stiff, more or less ascending, branching at or above midlength, spikelets not crowded, frequently solitary, lower branches 1-4 cm; pedicels 0.5-6.4 mm. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, purplish. Glumes subequal, 1.5-2.5 mm, 1-veined, usually scabrous to scabridulous, upper glumes sometimes smooth, apices acute to acuminate; callus hairs to 0.3 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.2-2.2 mm, usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins usually prominent at least distally, sometimes obscure, apices acute to obtuse, entire, unawned; paleas absent, or to 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.3-0.6 mm. Caryopses 1-1.3 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000843803,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Wash.;B.C.;Utah;Alaska;Idaho;Mont.;Wyo.;Ariz.;Calif.;Nev.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000843982,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms (5)10-40 cm, erect, with 2-4 nodes. Leaves mostly basal or basal and cauline, basal leaves persistent; sheaths smooth or scabrous; ligules 0.7-3.3 mm, scabridulous or smooth, usually rounded, sometimes acute or truncate, erose, sometimes lacerate; blades 2.5-13 cm long, 0.5-3 mm wide, usually flat, occasionally involute or folded. Panicles (2)3-10 cm long, (0.5)1.5-5 cm wide, widely ovate to lanceolate, usually open, exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with (1)2-5 branches; branches erect, not capillary, readily visible, smooth or sparsely scabridulous, branched above midlength, spikelets in the distal 1/2 or beyond, lower branches (1.5)2-4 cm; pedicels 0.4-6.4 mm. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, dark brown or purplish. Glumes subequal, 2-4 mm, elliptical to lanceolate, midveins scabrous to scabridulous, at least distally, 1-veined, acute; callus hairs to 0.4 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.6-2.6 mm, smooth or scabridulous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent to obscure, apices acute, entire or erose, awned from just below midlength, awns (2)3-4.4 mm, geniculate, exserted, persistent; paleas absent, or to 0.1 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.5-0.8 mm, usually shed at anthesis. Caryopses 1.4-2 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 56 [reports of 2n = 42 are for Agrostis scabra].",321717205 wfo-0000843982,distribution,"Maine;N.H.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Colo.;Utah;Wash.;N.Y.;W.Va.;Alaska;N.C.;Vt.;Tenn.;Mont.;Va.;S.C.;Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000843997,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 8-45 cm, erect. Leaves usually mostly cauline, sometimes mostly basal; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; upper sheaths usually inflated; ligules 1.4-4.5 mm, dorsal surfaces scabridulous, apices truncate to acute, lacerate to erose; blades 3-15 cm long, 0.7-2.5 mm wide, flat, becoming involute, finely scabrous. Panicles 2-12 cm long, 0.4-2 cm wide, cylindrical, spikelike, dense, occasionally lobed or interrupted near the base, appearing bristly from the awns, usually exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity; branches 0.3-1.5 cm, scabrous to scabridulous, ascending to appressed, spikelet-bearing to the base and hidden by the spikelets; pedicels 0.3-3 mm. Spikelets lanceolate, greenish to yellowish, tinged with purple. Glumes equal to subequal, 2.5-5 mm, scabrous over the midvein and often scabridulous on the body, 1-veined, apices narrowly acuminate to awn-tipped, awns to 1.5 mm; callus hairs to 0.5(1) mm, usually dense; lemmas 1.5-2.3 mm, scabrous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent distally, apices acute, veins extended into 2(4) teeth, teeth 0.1-0.5 mm, awned from about midlength or above, awns 3.5-8 mm, geniculate; paleas absent, or to 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.4-0.6 mm, often retained at the apices of the caryopses. Caryopses 0.9-1.3 mm; endosperm soft. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0000843997,distribution,"Calif.;Oreg.;Wash.;B.C.",321717205 wfo-0000844060,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 10-75 cm, erect or geniculate, with 2-7 nodes. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths scabrous; ligules 1-6 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrid¬ulous, apices acute to rounded, erose to lacerate; blades 5-15 cm long, 1-4 mm wide, flat. Panicles 3-30 cm long, (2)5-20 cm wide, oblong to ovate, diffuse, usually over 1/2 the length of the culm, lowest node with (2)3-18 branches; branches scabrous, erect to spreading, lower branches 4-15 cm; pedicels (2.5)4-15 mm, much longer than the spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, usually purplish, sometimes green to yellowish green. Glumes subequal, 1.3-2.1 mm, 1-veined, sparsely aculeolate on the veins, obtuse; calluses glabrous; lemmas 0.5-0.8 mm, transparent, thin, veins scarcely visible, smooth and glabrous or rarely hairy, apices truncate to rounded or acute, toothed or erose, usually unawned, rarely awned from near the base; paleas 0.4-0.7 mm, about as long as the lemmas and of similar texture; anthers 3,1-1.4 mm. Caryopses 0.6-0.8 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000844108,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 12-75 cm, erect, with up to 5 nodes. Leaves mostly basal, basal leaves usually persistent; sheaths smooth or scabridulous, ligules 1.2-6.3 mm, usually scabridulous, sometimes smooth, truncate to rounded, lacerate-erose; blades 10-30 cm long, (1)2-4 mm wide, flat, culm blades usually less substantial than the basal blades. Panicles 8-35(60) cm long, (1.5)2.5-14 cm wide, lanceolate-ovate, usually 3 times longer than wide, open, bases exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-15 branches; branches scabrous to scabridulous, ascending, mostly branching above midlength, lower branches occasionally branching to near the base, spikelets somewhat clustered towards the tips, lower branches 2-10 cm, mostly longer than 3 cm; pedicels (0.5)1-3.5(6) mm; secondary panicles not present. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, yellowish green to purple. Glumes unequal, 2-3.6 mm, 1(3)-veined, scabrous on the midvein, occasionally also sparsely scabridulous over the body, acute to acuminate; callus hairs to 0.2 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.5-2.5 mm, usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous or pubescent, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins faint or prominent distally, apices acute to obtuse, usually entire, sometimes erose or toothed, teeth to about 0.4 mm, usually unawned, sometimes awned from midlength, awns to 2 mm, straight, not exserted, sometimes awned and unawned spikelets present on the same plant; paleas absent, or to 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.5-1.2 mm. Caryopses 1-1.6 mm; endosperm semisoft. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000844108,distribution,"Wash.;B.C.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Wyo.;Oreg.;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000844117,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous, rhizomes to 10 cm, not stoloniferous. Culms 10-70 cm, erect, sometimes decumbent at the base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with 3-7 nodes. Leaves usually cauline; sheaths usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous; ligules 1-6 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices truncate to rounded or acute, often lacerate to erose; blades 1.5-11.5 cm long, 1-6 mm wide, flat, becoming involute. Panicles 5-20 cm long, 0.4-6(8) cm wide, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, open to contracted, exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-8 branches; branches scabrous to scabridulous, usually ascending, branching below midlength, the majority spikelet-bearing to the base, lower branches 2-5 cm; pedicels 0.5-7 mm. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, green to yellowish green or yellow, tinged with purple. Glumes equal to subequal, 2-3.5 mm, scabrous over the midvein and sometimes also sparsely over the body, 1(3)-veined, acute to acuminate; callus hairs to 0.3(1) mm, sparse; lemmas 1.5-2.5 mm, smooth or scabridulous or warty, 5-veined, veins prominent throughout or only distally, apices acute, entire or the veins excurrent to about 0.2 mm, usually unawned, rarely awned from below the apices, awns to 0.5(2.7) mm, straight; paleas absent, or to 0.2 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.7-1.8 mm. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 42, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000844117,distribution,"Wash.;B.C.;Calif.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000844160,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms 20-80 cm, erect, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with 3-10 nodes. Leaves usually mostly cauline, basal leaves withering at anthesis; sheaths usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous, ligules (0.7)1.5-7.3 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices acute to truncate, erose to lacerate, often ciliolate; blades 6-20 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, flat, lax to stiff, cauline blades as substantial as the basal blades. Panicles 10-25 cm long, 2.5-11 cm wide, broadly ovate, open, bases usually exserted, sometimes enclosed in the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with (1)3-11(13) branches; branches scabridulous, capillary, wide-spreading, branching above midlength, spikelets somewhat aggregated towards the ends of the branches, lower branches 3-7 cm; pedicels 1-7.3 mm, spreading; secondary panicles sometimes present in the leaf axils. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly ovate, green to tawny. Glumes unequal, 1.8-3.2 mm, lower glumes longer than the upper glumes. 1-veined, veins scabrous, acuminate to acute; callus hairs to 0.3 mm, abundant; lemmas 1.3-2.2 mm, smooth or scabridulous, translucent, 5-veined, veins prominent to obscure, apices acute to more or less truncate, entire or minutely denticulate, usually unawned, rarely awned from near midlength, awns to 2 mm, straight, not exserted; paleas absent, or to 0.1 mm and thin; anthers 3, 0.4-0.9 mm. Caryopses 1.1-1.9 mm; endosperm liquid. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000844160,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Tex.;La.;Nebr.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Calif.;Ala.;Oreg.;Wash.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000844326,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 4-20 cm. Sheaths smooth, upper sheaths inflated; ligules (0.6)1-1.5 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices truncate to rounded, lacerate to erose-ciliolate; blades 1-2.5 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, flat or folded. Panicles 1.5-6 cm long, 0.4-2 cm wide, initially lanceo¬late, becoming ovate and diffuse, bases sometimes enclosed in the upper sheaths; branches 1-3 cm, erect to spreading, scabrous; pedicels 0.5-6.3 mm. Spikelets ovate, green, slightly to strongly tinged with purple. Glumes equal, 2-2.5 mm, 1-veined, acuminate; lower glumes scabrous on the midvein; upper glumes smooth or scabrous on the midvein; callus hairs to 0.1 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.3-1.7 mm, scabrous, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins mostly obscure, apices truncate, entire, erose, or the veins excurrent to about 0.12 mm, unawned; paleas to 0.2 mm, thin; anthers 3, 0.5-0.9 mm, often retained at the apices of the caryopses. Caryopses 1.2-1.5 mm; endosperm semisoft. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000844326,distribution,"Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000844367,morphology,"Plants perennial or annual; cespitose, not rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms (7.5) 15-90 cm, erect, nodes usually 1-3. Leaves mostly basal, basal leaves usually persistent; sheaths usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous; ligules 0.7-5 mm, dorsal surfaces scabrous, apices usually rounded, sometimes truncate or acute, erose-ciliolate, sometimes lacerate; blades 4-14 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, basal blades mostly involute, cauline blades mostly flat. Panicles (4)8-25(50) cm long, 0.5-20 cm wide, broadly ovate, often nearly as wide as long, diffuse, the whole panicle often detaching at the base at maturity, forming a tumbleweed, exserted from the upper sheaths, lowest node with (1)2-7(12) branches; branches scabrous, capillary, flexible, wide-spreading, readily visible, branching beyond midlength, spikelets somewhat distant, not crowded, lower branches 4-12 cm; pedicels 0.4-9.6 mm. Spikelets lanceolate, greenish purple, frequently purple at maturity. Glumes unequal, 1.8-3.4 mm, lanceolate, 1-veined, keels scabrous at least towards the apices, apices acuminate; callus hairs to 0.2 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.4-2 mm, scabrous to scabridulous or smooth, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins prominent, apices acute to obtuse, usually entire, sometimes minutely toothed, unawned or awned from below midlength, awns 0.2-3 mm, exceeding the lemma apices by up to 2.5 mm, geniculate or straight, persistent; paleas absent or to 0.2 mm; anthers 3, 0.4-0.8 mm, usually shed at anthesis. Caryopses 0.9-1.4 mm; endosperm liquid. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000844367,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;Pa.;Ark.;Md.;Mont.;N.C.;S.C.;Va.;Calif.;Nev.;Colo.;Alaska;Ala.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ohio;Utah;Minn.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000844489,morphology,"Plants perennial; stoloniferous, stolons 5-100+ cm, rooting at the nodes, often forming a dense mat, without rhizomes. Culms (8)15-60 cm, erect from a geniculate base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with (2)4-7 nodes. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths smooth; ligules longer than wide, dorsal surfaces usually scabrous, rarely smooth, apices usually rounded, acute to truncate, erose to lacerate, basal ligules 0.7-4 mm, upper ligules 3-7.5 mm; blades 2-10 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, flat. Panicles (3)4-20 cm long, less than 1/2 the length of the culm, 0.5-3(6) cm wide, narrowly contracted, dense, oblong to lanceolate, exserted from the sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-7 branches; branches scabrous, ascending to appressed, except briefly spreading during anthesis, usually some branches at each node spikelet-bearing to the base, lower branches 2-6 cm; pedicels 0.3-3.3 mm. Spikelets lanceolate, green and slightly to strongly suffused with purple. Glumes subequal to unequal, 1.6-3 mm, lanceolate, 1-veined, sometimes scabridulous distally, at least on the midvein, acute to acuminate or apiculate; callus hairs to 0.5 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.4-2 mm, opaque to translucent, smooth, 5-veined, veins obscure or prominent distally, apices acute to obtuse, entire or the veins excurrent to about 0.1 mm, usually unawned, rarely with a subapical straight awn to about 1 mm; paleas 0.7-1.4 mm, veins visible; anthers 3, 0.9-1.4 mm. Caryopses 0.9-1.3 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 28, 35,42.",321717205 wfo-0000844489,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Mich.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Mont.;Oreg.;Wyo.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Fla.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Mass.;Maine;Alaska;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Vt.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;R.I.;Miss.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000844656,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose. Culms (3.3)5.5-60 cm, erect, glabrous, with (2)3-4 nodes. Leaves mostly basal or evenly distributed; sheaths glabrous, scabridulous; ligules 2-6.2 mm, membranous, scabridulous dorsally, apices acute to more or less truncate, erose to lacerate; blades 4-19 cm long, 0.5-4 mm wide, involute or flat, scabrous or smooth over the veins. Panicles 1.5-14 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, lanceoloid, somewhat spikelike, dense to somewhat open, exserted at anthesis; branches appressed, shorter than 2 cm; pedicels 0.7-3(4.5) mm, scabrous. Spikelets purple to green, shiny. Glumes subequal, 2-3.5 mm, 1-veined, keeled, keels and back usually smooth, occasionally scabrous, apices acute, muticous; lower glumes wider than the upper glumes; calluses with 2 tufts of hair to 0.3 mm; lemmas 1.4-1.9 mm, glabrous, 5-veined, veins evident, apices truncate to acute, microdenticulate, teeth to about 0.1 mm, dorsally awned from midlength or below, awns 2-3.5 mm, exserted, twisted, geniculate, scabridulous; paleas 0.1-0.2 mm, hyaline, linear; anthers 3, 0.5-1 mm. Caryopses 0.7-1.2 mm; endosperm soft. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000844726,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, rarely rhizomatous, rhizomes to 2 cm. Culms 5-30 cm, erect, sometimes geniculate at the base, with 2-5(7) nodes. Leaves mostly basal, forming dense tufts; sheaths smooth; ligules (0.7)1-2.8 mm, dorsal surfaces usually scabridulous, sometimes smooth, apices rounded to truncate, lacerate to erose; blades 3-7 cm long, 0.5-2 mm wide, flat, becoming folded or involute. Panicles (1)2.5-6 cm long, 0.3-1.2(2) cm wide, cylindric to lanceolate, usually dense, exserted from the upper sheaths at maturity, lowest node with 1-5 branches; branches usually scabridulous, sometimes smooth, ascending to erect, branching at or near the base and spikelet-bearing to the base, to branching in the distal 2/3, lower branches 0.5-1.5 cm; pedicels 0.4-2.8(4.3) mm. Spikelets ovate to lanceolate, greenish purple. Glumes subequal to equal, 1.8-2.5 mm, smooth, or scabrous on the keel and sometimes elsewhere, 1-veined, acute to acuminate; callus hairs to 0.2 mm, sparse to abundant; lemmas 1.5-2 mm, smooth, translucent, (3)5-veined, veins usually prominent distally, sometimes obscure throughout, apices acute, entire, usually unawned, rarely awned, awns to 1(2.8) mm, arising beyond the midpoint, usually not reaching the lemma apices; paleas to 0.2 mm, thin; anthers 3, 0.4-0.7(1) mm. Caryopses 1-1.3 mm; endosperm soft. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000844726,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Wash.;Utah;Alta.;B.C.;Idaho;Mont.;Wyo.;Calif.;Nev.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000844747,morphology,"Plants perennial; densely cespitose, rhizomatous, rhizomes to about 10 cm, slender, scaly, not stoloniferous. Culms 10-60 cm, erect or geniculate at the base, slender, smooth, with 1-2(4) nodes. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.6-5 mm, dorsal surfaces scabridulous, apices acute to obtuse, entire or lacerate to erose; blades 2-10 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, usually flat, sometimes involute, sometimes bristlelike, adaxial surfaces scabrous, abaxial surfaces sometimes scabrous. Panicles 2-15 cm long, (0.8)1-5.5(8) cm wide, lanceolate to oblong, somewhat open, often contracted after anthesis, lowest node with (1)3-8 branches; branches scabrous, readily visible, more or less erect, branched mostly at or below midlength, spikelets closely clustered, lower branches 3-5 cm; pedicels 0.5-2 mm. Spikelets lanceolate to narrowly oblong, greenish, purplish, or brownish. Glumes equal to subequal, 2-4 mm, membranous, acute to acuminate; lower glumes 1-veined, scabrous to scabridulous over the midvein; upper glumes usually shorter than the lower glumes, 1(3)-veined, almost smooth; callus hairs to 0.1 mm, sparse; lemmas 1.5-2.4 mm, about 3/4 the length of the glumes, bases minutely pubescent, glabrous and smooth elsewhere, translucent to opaque, 5-veined, veins usually prominent distally, apices blunt, entire, usually awned from near the base, awns 2-4.5 mm, geniculate, rarely unawned; paleas to about 0.2 mm; anthers 3,1-1.8 mm. Caryopses 0.8-1.3 mm; endosperm solid. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000844747,distribution,"Alaska;Greenland",321717205 wfo-4000001038,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 1-55 cm, erect to decumbent. Leaves cauline; sheaths open for most of their length, glabrous, usually scabridulous, occasionally smooth; auricles absent; ligules membranous; blades of the uppermost leaves greatly reduced. Inflorescences open or contracted panicles, sometimes spikelike, with more than 1 spikelet associated with most nodes; branches longer than 5 mm, capillary, appressed to strongly divergent; pedicels capillary, appressed to divergent. Spikelets 1.5-3.8 mm, laterally compressed, with 2 bisexual florets, both usually awned, the lower floret sometimes unawned, occasionally both unawned; rachillas glabrous, lowest segments about 0.2 mm, florets appearing opposite, usually not or scarcely extended beyond the base of the distal floret; disarticulation above the glumes and beneath the florets. Glumes equal to subequal, longer than the florets, membranous, 1-3-veined, unawned; calluses puberulent; lemmas subcoriaceous, glabrous, scabridulous, 5-veined, apices bifid, awned or unawned, awns attached below midlength, usually geniculate, sometimes straight; paleas membranous, 2-veined; lodicules 2, free; anthers 3; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, adhering to the lemmas and/or paleas, longitudinally grooved, dorsally compressed, x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000001038,distribution,"Wash.;Del.;D.C;Conn.;Mass.;N.Y.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;Wyo.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Idaho;Oreg.;N.C.;B.C.;N.S.;Yukon;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Calif.;Va.;Alaska;Ala.;Miss.;Ark.;Vt.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Okla.",321717205 wfo-0000844921,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 4.5-55 cm, erect. Sheaths scabridulous, occasionally smooth; ligules 1.2-8 mm, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, acute to subobtuse, becoming lacerate; blades 0.3-13.5 cm long, 0.3-2.5 mm wide, antrorsely scabridulous, glabrous, apices prow-tipped. Panicles 1.2-13.5 cm long, 1.5-10 cm wide, open; primary branches to 7.3 cm, ascending to divergent, antrorsely scabridulous, occasionally smooth; pedicels 0.9-11.3 mm, apices enlarged. Spikelets 1.7-3.3(3.5) mm, silvery-green to stramineous or purplish; rachillas usually not prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret, sometimes prolonged, vestigial. Glumes subequal to equal, 1.3-3.3(3.5) mm, scabridulous on the upper 1/2; callus hairs 0.2-0.4 mm; lemmas 1.3-2.6 mm, apices bifid, sometimes only the upper lemma awned, awns 2.1-3.9 mm, straight or geniculate; paleas 0.9-1.7 mm; anthers 0.2-0.5 mm. Caryopses 0.9-1.5 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces grooved in the distal 1/2, adaxial surfaces grooved the entire length. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000844921,distribution,"Wash.;Del.;D.C.;Conn.;Mass.;N.Y.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;Wyo.;N.H.;N.J.;Tex.;La.;B.C.;N.S.;Yukon;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Calif.;Va.;Alaska;Ala.;Miss.;Ark.;Vt.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Okla.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0001279117,morphology,"Pedicels 2-11.3 mm, usually 2-8 times as long as the spikelets, gradually thickening to the apices. Spikelets 1.7-2.5 mm, spreading, divergent from the secondary branches, often purplish to reddish-purple-tinged; rachillas not prolonged or vestigial. Glumes subequal, 1.7-2.5 mm, 1-veined, acute; lower lemmas 1.3-1.8 mm, apices bifid, teeth to 0.1 mm, awns absent or to 2.6 mm, straight or geniculate; lower paleas 1-1.3 mm; upper lemmas 1.7-2.1 mm, apices bifid, teeth 0.2-0.4 mm, awned, awns 2.1-3 mm, geniculate; upper paleas 1-1.3 mm; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm, yellow-orange or purple. Caryopses 0.9-1.2 mm long, about 0.3 mm wide, glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0001098965,morphology,"Pedicels 0.9-7 mm, usually 1-2 times as long as the spikelets, gradually thickening to the apices. Spikelets 2-3.3(3.5) mm, usually appressed to the secondary branches, silvery-green to stramineous; rachillas not prolonged. Glumes 2-3.3(3.5) mm, subequal, 1-veined or the upper glumes with 2 lateral veins, these sometimes obscure and usually less than 1/2 the length of the glumes, acute; lower lemmas 2-2.4 mm, apices bifid, teeth 0.2-0.4 mm, awned, awns 2.4-3.5 mm, geniculate; lower paleas 1.5-1.7 mm; upper lemmas 2-2.6 mm, apices bifid, teeth 0.2-0.3 mm, awned, awns 2.5-3.9 mm; upper paleas 1.4-1.7 mm; anthers 0.2-0.5 mm, yellow to orange. Caryopses 1.4-1.5 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0001098965,distribution,"Wash.;Del.;D.C.;Conn.;Mass.;N.Y.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;Wyo.;N.H.;N.J.;Tex.;La.;B.C.;N.S.;Yukon;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Calif.;Va.;Alaska;Ala.;Miss.;Ark.;Vt.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Okla.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000844931,morphology,"Pedicels 2.8-6.5 mm, usually 1-3 times as long as the spikelets, abruptly thickened at the apices. Spikelets 1.3-2.6 mm, spreading, divergent from the secondary branches, silvery-green. Glumes equal to subequal, 1.3-2.6 mm, 1-3-veined, subobtuse, usually denticulate, often mucronate; lower lemmas 1.3-1.9 mm, usually unawned; upper lemmas 1.3-2 mm, apices bifid, awned, awns 1.8-2.5 mm, geniculate; paleas 0.9-1.4 mm; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm, yellow or purple. Caryopses about 1 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000844931,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000845169,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 1-36 cm, erect. Sheaths usually scabridulous, occasionally smooth; ligules 1.4-5.3 mm, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, acute, becoming lacerate; blades (0.1) 0.25-5 cm long, 0.3-2.0 mm wide, antrorsely scabridulous, glabrous, prow-tipped. Panicles (0.5)1-4.1 cm long, 0.3-0.7 cm wide, sometimes reduced to a single spikelet in depauperate specimens; primary branches to 1.5 cm, appressed to the rachises, antrorsely scabridulous; pedicels 0.7-3.2 mm, enlarged at the apices. Spikelets 2.8-3.8 mm, green and purple-tinged; rachillas prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret. Glumes subequal, antrorsely scabridulous, especially on the midveins; lower glumes 2.8-3.6 mm, 1-3-veined; upper glumes 2.7-3.8 mm, 3-veined; callus hairs 0.3-0.5 mm; lower lemmas 2.4-3.3 mm, apices bifid, teeth 0.3-0.5 mm, awned, awns 3-4.5 mm; paleas 1.7-2.1 mm; upper lemmas similar; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm, yellow. Caryopses 1.3-1.7 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, glabrous, abaxial surfaces grooved 0.8-1 mm distally, adaxial surfaces grooved the entire length. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000845169,distribution,"Md.;N.J.;N.C.;Mass.;Wash.;Va.;B.C.;N.S.;Del.;Oreg.;N.Y.;Pa.;Calif.;Conn.",321717205 wfo-7000000010,morphology,"Herbs, shrubs, or subshrubs, annual or perennial, often succulent, papillate, glabrous, hairy, or scaly. Roots usually fibrous, sometimes tuberous. Stems underground, or prostrate and mat-forming to erect. Leaves cauline or basal, alternate or opposite, sessile or petiolate; stipules usually absent, or free from or adnate to petiole; blade flat, terete, or triquetrous (3-angled), occasionally scalelike. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, flowers solitary or in cymes; bracts present or absent; bracteoles usually absent (present in Trianthema, Cypselea); pedicel present or absent. Flowers bisexual (sometimes unisexual in Tetragonia), inconspicuous to showy, tubular or campanulate; hypanthium present; calyx lobes (3–)4–5(–8), sometimes colored and petaloid, occasionally hooded and/or appendaged, equal or unequal; nectary absent, a ring, or separate glands; petals (including petaloid staminodia) 0–250[–300], distinct or connate proximally, often 2–4-seriate, linear; stamens 1–500(–700), distinct or connate in groups; pistil 1, 1–25-carpellate; ovary superior, inferior, or half-inferior, 1–25-loculed; placentation usually parietal, infrequently axile, apical, free-central, or basal; styles absent or 1–25, distinct or partly connate; stigmas 2–25. Fruits usually capsules, dehiscence loculicidal or septicidal, usually with multiple valves, with or without membranes covering seeds, or dehiscence circumscissile, or indehiscent berries, or nutlike. Seeds 1–500(–1000), often arillate, usually papillose; embryo coiled around perisperm.",321717205 wfo-7000000010,distribution,"North America (especially Calif.), West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia; some species cultivated and introduced in temperate and tropical regions worldwide.",321717205 wfo-4000001066,morphology,"Vines, twining. Leaves palmately compound; leaflets 3-5, articulate at base of blade and at base of petiolule. Inflorescences racemose, pistillate flowers proximal to staminate flowers in each raceme. Flowers dimorphic: pistillate flowers larger and longer pediceled than staminate flowers; sepals mostly brownish to purplish. Staminate flowers: pistillodes present. Pistillate flowers: pistils (3-)-8(-15); placentation laminar; staminodes present. Fruits follicles, fleshy, dehiscent along adaxial suture. Seeds 100-several hundred. x = 16.",321717205 wfo-4000001066,distribution,"North America, Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000524888,morphology,"Plants, deciduous to semi-evergreen, climbing to 12 m, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1.6-12.5 cm; leaflets mostly 5, petiolules 0.2-2.2 cm, blades oblong to ovate-elliptic, 0.7-8.2 × 0.4-4.2 cm, base rounded, margins entire, apex retuse. Inflorescences pendent, 4.5-12 cm; pedicel with basal bracts. Flowers fragrant. Staminate flowers 4-15 per inflorescence, 1.2-1.6 cm diam.; sepals oblong to ovate or elliptic, 5-9 mm; stamens 4-5 mm. Pistillate flowers (0-)1-5 per inflorescence, 2-3 cm diam.; sepals elliptic to ovate or nearly orbiculate, 10 16­mm; pistils 3-7, 1 or more maturing. Follicles glaucous, violet to dark purple, oblong, 5-15 cm. Seeds black, ovoid, embedded in whitish pulp.",321717205 wfo-0000524888,phenology,"Flowering spring, fruiting fall (Sep–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000524888,elevation,"0-400 m",321717205 wfo-0000524888,habitat,"Waste places, open woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000524888,distribution,"Introduced; Conn., Ga., Ind., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., Va., W.Va.; native, Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000525187,morphology,"Plants 1.5–2.5 m, stellate-hairy. Leaves: stipules ovate, 6–11 mm, apically 2–4-lobed; petiole equaling or longer than blade; blade ovate to ovate-orbiculate, usually 5–7-lobed 1/2 or more to midrib, often figlike, 7–15 cm, margins crenate. Inflorescences simple, flowers solitary, subsessile; bracts leaflike. Pedicels 6 mm, to 8–10 mm in fruit; involucellar bractlets 6-parted, usually 1/2–2/3 calyx length. Flowers: calyx hairy; corolla not doubled, 8–10 cm diam., petals pale yellow, usually drying greenish, notched, narrowed to base, 5 cm; staminal column bearing anthers at apex; anthers 5-rowed when viewed from above; style 20–40-branched. Schizocarps enclosed by calyx, 2 cm diam.; mericarps (20–)30(–40), channeled and winged dorsally, 4–6 mm. Seeds tuberculate or not, glabrous or minutely hairy axially. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000525187,phenology,"Flowering May–Oct; fruiting Jun–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000525187,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0000525187,habitat,"Disturbed sites, roadsides, vacant lots",321717205 wfo-0000525187,distribution,"Introduced; Md., Wis.; e Europe; w Asia; introduced widely.",321717205 wfo-0000983182,morphology,"Plants small to medium-sized, glaucous to grass green, young inflorescences yellowish, soon becoming reddish brown, to 40 cm. Stems densely spreading- to very sparsely hairy at least in proximal 1/2. Leaves: stipules translucent, usually strongly wine red-tinged proximally, lobes green; blade usually reniform, sometimes orbiculate, shallowly 7–9-lobed, margins flat or slightly, rarely distinctly, undulate, basal sinuses usually wide, sometimes narrow, middle lobes rounded, shorter than to equal to their half-widths, sometimes longer; incisions absent or relatively short to long; teeth sometimes slightly connivent, slightly to strongly asymmetric, apex usually acute to subobtuse, sometimes obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or hairy, nerves glabrous proximally or hairy throughout, adaxial sparsely to densely hairy throughout or on folds only. Inflorescences: primary branches glabrous or densely pubescent; peduncles glabrous or densely hairy. Pedicels glabrous or hairy. Flowers: epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5 times to almost equal to sepals (always narrower); hypanthium usually sparsely to densely hairy, sometimes glabrous. Achenes exserted.",321717205 wfo-0000983182,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Wyo.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001005598,morphology,"Stems densely hairy in proximal 1/2, glabrous or sparsely hairy in distal 1/2. Leaf blades: basal sinus incisions absent or, sometimes, relatively short, abaxial surface usually glabrous, nerves usually glabrous proximally, sometimes hairy throughout, adaxial sparsely to densely hairy throughout or on folds only. Inflorescences: primary branches and peduncles usually glabrous. Pedicels usually glabrous, rarely some of the proximal hairy. Flowers: hypanthium usually sparsely hairy, sometimes glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0001005598,phenology,"Flowering late Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001005598,elevation,"0–700 m",321717205 wfo-0001005598,habitat,"Moist meadows, herb slopes, often near seashores",321717205 wfo-0001005598,distribution,"Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., Que.; Wyo.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001016414,morphology,"Stems densely hairy. Leaf blades: basal sinus incisions relatively short or long, sometimes absent, abaxial surface usually irregularly or uniformly hairy, sometimes glabrous, nerves hairy throughout, adaxial usually densely hairy throughout, rarely only on folds. Inflorescences: primary branches densely hairy; peduncles hairy. Pedicels, or at least most, hairy. Flowers: hypanthium densely hairy.",321717205 wfo-0001016414,phenology,"Flowering late Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001016414,elevation,"0–500 m",321717205 wfo-0001016414,habitat,"Moist to mesic meadows, herb slopes, sometimes near seashores",321717205 wfo-0001016414,distribution,"Greenland; N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Que.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000984092,morphology,"Plants medium-sized to occasionally very large, yellowish grass green to dark green, often reddish brown on exposed parts of stems and petioles. Stems glabrous or appressed-hairy proximally, glabrous distally. Leaves: stipules translucent, usually suffused with red proximally, translucent to pale green distally, lobes pale green; petiole glabrous or sparsely to densely appressed-hairy; blade reniform-orbiculate, 7–9(–11)-lobed, margins flat or slightly undulate, basal sinuses narrow or wide, middle lobes as long as to longer than their half-widths, rounded to triangular-ovate; incisions absent; teeth ± connivent, slightly concave near apex, strongly asymmetric, apex subacute or obtuse, abaxial surface with nerves hairy throughout or in distal 1/2 only, internerve regions glabrous, adaxial glabrous or slightly hairy near margins, rarely (late-season leaves) hairy on folds. Inflorescences: primary branches glabrous. Pedicels glabrous. Flowers: epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5 times sepals (narrower); hypanthium glabrous. Achenes exserted from discs.",321717205 wfo-0000984092,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000984092,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000984092,habitat,"Meadows",321717205 wfo-0000984092,distribution,"Introduced; N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Que.; Alaska; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000999868,morphology,"Plants small, gray-green, to 20 cm. Stems densely ascending-spreading-hairy, sometimes sericeous. Leaves: stipules translucent, colorless, sometimes flushed pale wine red proximally, green distally, lobes green; blade orbiculate, rather shallowly 7–9-lobed, margins flat or slightly undulate, basal sinuses closed, middle lobes rounded, as long as to slightly longer than their half-widths; incisions usually absent or relatively short, sometimes relatively long; teeth slightly connivent, slightly asymmetric, apex subacute or almost digitate, surfaces densely hairy. Inflorescences: primary branches sericeous; peduncles sericeous. Pedicels sericeous. Flowers: epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5 times as sepals (narrower); hypanthium sericeous. Achenes not or exserted to 1/20 from discs.",321717205 wfo-0000999868,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000999868,elevation,"0–50 m",321717205 wfo-0000999868,habitat,"Waste ground",321717205 wfo-0000999868,distribution,"Introduced; Que.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000985353,morphology,"Plants medium-sized, grass green or glaucous, often becoming reddish orange when young changing to dark brownish especially on margins of leaves and flowers (young flowers are yellowish), often coarse, 30–40 cm. Stems appressed-hairy throughout (hairs becoming looser and ± ascending distally). Leaves: stipules translucent to pale green, appearing brownish upon drying; petiole thickly, usually densely appressed-hairy throughout, rarely glabrous or sparsely hairy (on spring leaves); blade reniform to orbiculate, 7–9-lobed, margins undulate, basal sinuses narrow, middle lobes equal to longer than their half-widths; incisions absent; teeth: sometimes proximal sides at least slightly connivent, slightly concave near apex, slightly asymmetric, apex subobtuse to acute, abaxial surface with nerves hairy throughout, internerve regions ± hairy throughout, adaxial light to grass green, sometimes glaucous, margins and folds usually turning reddish orange, sparsely to densely appressed-hairy throughout or only on folds. Inflorescences: primary branches densely appressed- to ascending-hairy; peduncles appressed- to ascending-hairy or glabrous. Pedicels mostly glabrous or some of the proximal hairy. Flowers: epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5 times to almost equal to sepals (narrower); hypanthium glabrous or sparsely appressed-hairy (on proximalmost flowers). Achenes not exserted.",321717205 wfo-0000985353,phenology,"Flowering late Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000985353,elevation,"0–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000985353,habitat,"Moist herb slopes, willow scrub",321717205 wfo-0000985353,distribution,"Greenland; Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), Que.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001015829,morphology,"Plants medium-sized, dark green, often somewhat sericeous (abaxial surface of leaves), sometimes reddish brown, especially on exposed distal part of stems and inflorescences, to 50 cm. Stems usually densely spreading- to slightly ascending-hairy, usually glabrous in distal 1/2. Leaves: stipules translucent, strongly wine red-tinged proximally, lobes pale green, sometimes suffused wine red; petiole densely spreading- or slightly ascending-hairy (especially in distal 1/3); blade usually reniform to orbiculate, 7–9-lobed, margins flat, sometimes slightly undulate, basal sinuses relatively wide or narrow, basal lobes not overlapping, middle lobes rounded, as long as to longer than their half-widths, to as long as wide and with straight sides; incisions usually absent or relatively short; teeth usually slightly connivent, almost symmetric to ± asymmetric, apex acute, abaxial surface with nerves hairy throughout, internerve regions uniformly or irregularly hairy, adaxial densely appressed-hairy throughout. Inflorescences: primary branches often sparsely, sometimes densely, ascending-hairy; peduncles glabrous or hairy. Pedicels glabrous or some of the proximal hairy. Flowers dark green, often becoming reddish; epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5+ times sepals (narrower); hypanthium attenuate at base, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy (in proximal flowers). Achenes not exserted.",321717205 wfo-0001015829,phenology,"Flowering late May–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001015829,elevation,"0–400 m",321717205 wfo-0001015829,habitat,"Meadows, moist sand",321717205 wfo-0001015829,distribution,"Introduced; Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Que.; Maine, N.Y.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001018841,morphology,"Plants large to very large, yellowish green, to 80 cm, often very robust, densely hairy, hairs patent, soft. Stems densely spreading-hairy (to inflorescences). Leaves: stipules translucent, usually pale pink proximally, lobes turning brownish; blade orbiculate or reniform-orbiculate, 9–11-lobed, margins flat or slightly undulate, basal sinuses narrow to almost closed, basal lobes sometimes overlapping, middle lobes with lateral sides convex or slightly concave at base, shorter than to as long as their half-widths; incisions absent; teeth slightly connivent or not, ± symmetric, apex acute or subacute, surfaces densely hairy throughout. Inflorescences: primary branches densely hairy; peduncles pubescent or almost glabrous. Pedicels glabrous. Flowers: epicalyx bractlet lengths 1 times sepals (as wide), often with blunt teeth, glabrous; epicalyx bractlets and sepals patent after flowering, giving appearance of an 8-point star; hypanthium usually densely, occasionally sparsely, hairy (in proximal 1/2). Achenes exserted from discs (distinctly longer than hypanthia).",321717205 wfo-0001018841,phenology,"Flowering late Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001018841,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0001018841,habitat,"Densely vegetated lake shores",321717205 wfo-0001018841,distribution,"Introduced; B.C., Ont.; Europe (e Carpathians); w Asia (Caucasus, Turkey).",321717205 wfo-0001003291,morphology,"Plants medium-sized, sometimes larger, yellowish green to dark green, often reddish brown especially on stems, petioles, and inflorescence branches, to 50 cm. Stems densely spreading- to slightly reflexed-pubescent or only sparsely so in distal 1/2. Leaves: stipules translucent, sometimes wine red-tinged proximally, lobes green; petiole sparsely to densely spreading- to reflexed-hairy; blade reniform to orbiculate, 7–9-lobed, margins strongly plicate to undulate, basal sinuses closed, basal lobes overlapping (in plants from spring-flooded habitats, only cauline leaves with wide sinus may persist), middle lobes usually longer than their half-widths, as long as wide, longer than wide (with ± straight sides); incisions absent; teeth: proximal sides connivent or slightly so, sometimes slightly concave near apex, slightly to strongly asymmetric, apex subobtuse to obtuse, abaxial surface grass green to dark green, nerves hairy throughout, internerve regions irregularly or uniformly hairy, adaxial densely spreading-hairy throughout or only on margins and folds. Inflorescences: primary branches sparsely to densely hairy; peduncles glabrous or sparsely hairy. Pedicels glabrous. Flowers green, often becoming reddish brown; epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5 times sepals (narrower); hypanthium glabrous. Achenes exserted to 1/3 from discs.",321717205 wfo-0001003291,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001003291,elevation,"0–1400 m",321717205 wfo-0001003291,habitat,"Moist grasslands, flood plains",321717205 wfo-0001003291,distribution,"Introduced; B.C., Que.; Mont.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000984096,morphology,"Plants medium-sized, often purple on stems, petioles, and margins of leaves and stem leaves, usually thin and delicate, 20–30 cm. Stems sparsely appressed-hairy throughout or glabrous in distal 1/2. Leaves: stipules translucent, colorless, usually flushed pale wine red proximally, apex pale green, sometimes with pale wine red margins and veins; blade reniform-orbiculate, 7–9-lobed, margins flat, basal sinuses narrow or closed, middle lobes as long as and rounded to longer than their half-widths; incisions long or short, 2–5 mm; teeth usually connivent, symmetric to slightly asymmetric, apex acute, abaxial surface with nerves hairy throughout or in distal 1/2 only, internerve regions usually glabrous (except sometimes on 2 basal lobes), adaxial glabrous or slightly hairy at margin. Inflorescences: primary branches glabrous. Pedicels glabrous. Flowers: epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5 times to almost equal to sepals (always narrower); hypanthium glabrous. Achenes not exserted.",321717205 wfo-0000984096,phenology,"Flowering Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000984096,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000984096,habitat,"Moist herb slopes",321717205 wfo-0000984096,distribution,"Greenland; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000985078,morphology,"Plants large, yellowish green to green, rarely with reddish orange leaf margins, robust, compact often with rather rigid stems, 40–60 cm. Stems usually densely spreading-hairy, sometimes sparsely in distal 1/2. Leaves: stipules translucent, colorless proximally, lobes green, quickly turning brownish; petiole thickly, densely pubescent (hairs patent or, when not fully developed, slightly ascending); blade reniform to orbiculate, 7–11-lobed, margins flat or slightly undulate, basal sinuses wide, basal lobes not overlapping, middle lobes equal to longer than their half-widths and rounded, or as long as wide and straight-sided; incisions usually absent, sometimes relatively short; teeth sometimes proximal sides at least slightly connivent, side slightly concave near apex, usually slightly, sometimes markedly, asymmetric, apex acute to subobtuse, abaxial surface with nerves hairy throughout, internerve regions uniformly or irregularly hairy throughout, adaxial yellowish to light green, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy on teeth, margins, and folds or on some folds only. Inflorescences: primary branches densely hairy; peduncles sparsely hairy or glabrous. Pedicels glabrous or some of the proximal rarely sparsely hairy. Flowers: epicalyx bractlet lengths 0.5 times to almost equal to sepals (narrower); hypanthium usually glabrous or sparsely hairy (on proximalmost flowers). Achenes exserted 1/3 from discs.",321717205 wfo-0000985078,phenology,"Flowering late May–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000985078,elevation,"0–50 m",321717205 wfo-0000985078,habitat,"Moist meadows, herb slopes, willow scrub, ditches, lawns",321717205 wfo-0000985078,distribution,"Introduced; N.B., N.S., Que.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000755418,morphology,"Herbs, 0.5–30(–50) cm. Leaves submersed, floating, or emersed; submersed sessile, ribbonlike; floating linear, 15–100 × 0.2–2(–3) cm, blade present or absent; emersed petiolate, rarely sessile, blade linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 4–2–6 × 1.5 cm. Inflorescences to 50 cm. Flowers cleistogamous in submersed plants, chasmogamous in terrestrial; sepals 1.5–3 mm; petals faint purplish white, 2–4 mm, margin entire to slightly erose, apex obtuse; anthers ovoid, 0.3–0.6 mm; style ± coiled, 0.4–0.5 mm, ½ length ovary. Fruiting heads 3–6 mm diam.; achenes orbicular to orbicular-ovoid, 2–2.7 mm, with 2 shallow, abaxial grooves lateral to 1 abaxial ridge, beak erect. 2n =14.",321717205 wfo-0000755418,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000755418,elevation,"30–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000755418,habitat,"Shallow fresh or brackish water or muddy shores",321717205 wfo-0000755418,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Y., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wyo.; Eurasia; n Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000755439,morphology,"Herbs, to 70 cm. Leaves emersed, petiolate; blade lanceolate, 6–23 × 1–4.5 cm. Inflorescences to 70 cm. Flowers chasmogamous; sepals 1.6–3 mm; petals purplish pink, 4.4–6.5 mm, margins ± erose, apex acuminate; anthers ellipsoid, 0.6–1.1 mm; style ± curved, 0.4–0.6 mm, equaling ovary length. Fruiting heads 4–8 mm diam; achenes obovoid, 2–2.9 mm, with 1–2 abaxial grooves, beak erect. 2n = 26, 28 (Eurasian material).",321717205 wfo-0000755439,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000755439,elevation,"0–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000755439,habitat,"Streams and marshes",321717205 wfo-0000755439,distribution,"Introduced; Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000755500,morphology,"Herbs, to 6 dm. Leaves emersed, rarely floating, petiolate; blade ovate to elliptic, to 15 × 10 cm. Inflorescences to 1 m. Flowers chasmogamous; sepals 1.5–2.5(–6) mm; petals white, 1–3 mm, margins slightly erose, apex mostly acuminate; anthers rounded, 0.4–0.6 mm; style ± curved, 0.2–0.4 mm, ¼ length ovary. Fruiting heads 2–4 mm diam; achenes obliquely ovoid, 1.5–2.2 mm, abaxially rounded, with 1 abaxial groove; beak ascending. 2n =14.",321717205 wfo-0000755500,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000755500,elevation,"50–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000755500,habitat,"Shallow ponds, stream margins, marshes, and ditches",321717205 wfo-0000755500,distribution,"N.B., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000755508,morphology,"Herbs, to 1 m. Leaves emersed, petiolate; blade linear-lanceolate to broadly elliptic or oval, to 35 × 3–12 cm. Inflorescences to 1 m. Flowers chasmogamous; sepals 3–6 mm; petals white, 3.5–6 mm, margins ± erose, apex obtuse; anthers ovoid, 0.6–1 mm; style ± curved, 0.4–0.6 mm, equal to ovary length. Fruiting heads 4.1–7 mm diam; achenes ovoid, 2.1–3 mm, abaxial keel broadly rounded with 1 median abaxial groove, beak erect or nearly erect. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000755508,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000755508,elevation,"0–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000755508,habitat,"Shallow muddy ponds, stream margins, marshes, and ditches",321717205 wfo-0000755508,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wis., Wyo.; n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-7000000012,morphology,"Herbs, annual or perennial, rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or cormose, caulescent, glabrous to stellate-pubescent; sap milky. Roots septate or not septate. Leaves basal, submersed, floating, or emersed, sessile or petiolate, sheathing proximally; blade with translucent markings of dots or lines present or absent, basal lobes present or absent; venation reticulate, primary veins parallel from base of blade to apex, secondary veins reticulate. Inflorescences scapose racemes or panicles, rarely umbels, erect, rarely floating or decumbent, whorled (forming racemes) or whorls branching (forming panicles), bracteolate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, if unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants, hypogynous, subsessile to long-pedicellate; sepals persistent, 3; petals deciduous, 3, delicate; stamens 0, 6, 9, or to 30, distinct; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally; pistils 0 or 6–1500 or more, distinct or coherent proximally, 1-loculed; placentation basal; ovules1–2. Fruits achenes or follicles. Seeds: embryo U-shaped; endosperm absent in mature seed.",321717205 wfo-7000000012,distribution,"Nearly worldwide, primarily tropical and subtropical regions.",321717205 wfo-4000001249,morphology,"Plants with garlic smell when crushed; not scapose; glabrous or pubescent, trichomes simple. Stems erect [decumbent], often branched distally. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate; basal (often withered by anthesis or fruiting), rosulate, long-petiolate, blade margins crenate, dentate, or sinuate; cauline shortly petiolate, blade margins dentate. Racemes elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, stout (almost as broad as fruit [slender, narrower than fruit]). Flowers: sepals erect, oblong, lateral pair not saccate basally, (glabrous); petals oblanceolate, (longer than sepals), claw obscurely differentiated from blade, (apex obtuse); stamens slightly tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers ovate or oblong, (apex obtuse); nectar glands confluent, subtending bases of stamens. Fruits siliques, sessile, linear [oblong], torulose or subtorulose, terete, subterete, or 4-angled; valves each with prominent midvein and distinct marginal veins, glabrous [scabrous]; replum rounded; septum complete; ovules [4–]6–22 per ovary; style obsolete or distinct (to 6 mm); stigma capitate, entire. Seeds plump, not winged, oblong; seed coat (longitudinally striate), not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent.",321717205 wfo-4000001249,distribution,"Introduced; Eurasia, n Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000526081,morphology,"Stems simple or branched distally, (1.5–)3–9(–13) dm; glabrous or pilose basally, trichomes to 1.5 mm. Basal leaves: petiole 3–16(–22) cm; blade reniform or cordate, (6–)15–88(–118) mm wide (shorter in length), surfaces glabrous or pilose. Cauline leaves: petiole shorter than basal; blade ovate, cordate, or deltate, to 15 × 15 cm, base cordate or truncate, margins acutely to obtusely toothed, apex acute. Racemes several-flowered. Fruiting pedicels terete, (2–)3–10(–15) mm. Flowers: sepals (2–)2.5–3.5(–4.5) × 0.7–1.5 mm; petals (2.5–)4–8(–9) × (1.5–)2–3(–3.5) mm, base attenuate to clawlike; filaments 2–3.5(–4.5) mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1 mm. Fruits divaricate-ascending, subtorulose, quadrangular or subterete, (2–)3–7(–8) cm × 1.2–2.5 mm; style (0.2–)1–2(–3) mm. Seeds dark brown or black, narrowly oblong, 2–4.5 × 0.7–2 mm. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000526081,phenology,"Flowering Apr–May.",321717205 wfo-0000526081,elevation,"0-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000526081,habitat,"Roadsides, trails, railroad tracks, stream banks, waste places, fields, shaded woodlands, bluffs, thickets, steep slopes, disturbed fields, floodplains, woods, shaded forest floor",321717205 wfo-0000526081,distribution,"Introduced; B.C., Ont.; Conn., Del., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., Tenn., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; South America (Argentina); Eurasia; n Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000526128,morphology,"Herbs, annual [probably also perennial], glabrate to viscid pubescent. Stems often reddish, 0.1–0.7[–2] m. Leaves progressively reduced distally; distal leaves proportionately narrower than proximal; larger leaves: petiole 2–18[–30] mm, equaling or shorter than blade; blade usually undulate, sometimes flat, 10–30 × 6–22 mm, base often oblique, obtuse, or round, margins sinuate, sometimes entire, apex narrowing to rounded tip, obtuse, or acute. Inflorescences: peduncle 1–9(–12) mm; involucres broadly ovoid to spheric when mature, 4–7.5 mm. Perianth pale pink to magenta [nearly white], 2–7 mm. Fruits shallowly convex, 3.2–4.3 × 1.8–3.7 mm; lateral ribs with 4–8 teeth, teeth slender and attenuate, sometimes gland tipped [rarely mostly entire with short-toothed margin], concave side of fruit with 5–7 glands per row; stalk equaling or longer than diameter of glandular head.",321717205 wfo-0000526128,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall [year-round].",321717205 wfo-0000526128,elevation,"[0-]800-1600[-2500] m",321717205 wfo-0000526128,habitat,"Open arid areas, often on sandy or gravelly soils, sometimes on clay or gypsum",321717205 wfo-0000526128,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex., Utah; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America.",321717205 wfo-0001257205,morphology,"Inflorescences: peduncle 3–15(–30) mm, sparingly glandular-puberulent, sparsely to densely spreading-villous; flower cluster 5–10(–12) mm diam. in anthesis; abaxial perianth limb 3–8(–10) mm. Fruits 3–5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001257205,phenology,"Flowering year-round, primarily early spring–late fall.",321717205 wfo-0001257205,elevation,"0-1600[-2500] m",321717205 wfo-0001257205,habitat,"Open arid areas, usually on sandy or gravelly soils, sometimes on gypsum",321717205 wfo-0001257205,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., N.Mex., Okla., Tex., Utah; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America.",321717205 wfo-0001257208,morphology,"Inflorescences: peduncle 15–25(–30) mm, usually glandular-puberulent, densely spreading villous; flower cluster 20–25 mm diam. in anthesis; abaxial perianth limb 10–15 mm. Fruits 4–6 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001257208,phenology,"Flowering early spring–late fall [year-round].",321717205 wfo-0001257208,habitat,"Open arid areas, usually on sandy or gravelly soils, 100-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0001257208,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., N.Mex., Utah; Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-4000001284,morphology,"Plants perennial; dioecious, staminate and pistillate plants similar; stoloniferous. Culms 10-70 cm. Leaves mostly cauline; ligules membranous, ciliate. Inflorescences terminal panicles, exceeding the upper leaves; branches appressed or ascending, usually spikelet-bearing to the base. Spikelets not disarticulating. Pistillate spikelets with 5-10 florets; lower glumes 1-5-veined, only the midveins conspicuous; upper glumes with 3 conspicuous veins, sometimes with 2-4 inconspicuous lateral veins; lemmas 3-5(6)-veined, unawned; paleas shorter than the lemmas, completely surrounding the ovaries, saccate basally, narrowing distally and surrounding the styles, intercostal region coriaceous, veins keeled, scabrous and puberulent, margins scarious. Staminate spikelets with 4-21 florets; lower glumes 1-veined; upper glumes 1-3-veined; lemmas conspicuously 3-veined, unawned; paleas equaling or slightly longer than the lemmas, linear, 2-veined, veins ciliolate. Lodicules 2, cuneate. x = 10.",321717205 wfo-4000001284,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000845356,morphology,"Culms (10) 25-70 cm, ascending, glabrous; stolons to 15 m long, 1-4 mm thick, strongly ribbed. Sheaths mostly glabrous, the apices with a tuft of hairs; lower sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligules 0.5-1.4 mm; blades (6)10-43 cm long, (2.5)4-6 mm wide, usually flat, glabrous, scabridulous near the apices, margins scabrous. Panicles (3)10-23 cm; branches 3-6 cm. Pistillate spikelets 10-30 mm. Glumes subcoriaceous, glabrous, midveins scabridu¬lous; lower glumes 5.5-9 mm; upper glumes 6.8-10.3 mm; lower lemmas 6.5-10.5 mm, broadly ovate, coriaceous, glabrous, midveins scabrous distally, margins clasping the bases of the florets above. Staminate spikelets 9-25 mm long, 3-8 mm wide; lower glumes 3.5-5 mm, glabrous except for the scabrous midvein; upper glumes 4.5-6 mm, glabrous; lowest lemma 5-6.3 mm, glabrous; anthers 3, 3-3.7 mm, yellow. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000845356,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-4000001313,morphology,"Plants annual or perennial; cespitose. Culms 15-150 cm, erect or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, erect distally; nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaves mostly basal; sheaths stiffly pubescent; ligules of hairs or membranous and ciliate; blades linear to lanceolate. Inflorescences terminal, panicles of 4-11 digitate or subdigitate, spikelike branches; branches naked at the base, spikelets in pairs or triplets, lower lemmas and lower glumes closest to the branch axes; disarticulation below the glumes. Spikelets 2.5-7 mm, dorsally compressed, with 2 florets. Glumes acute to shortly awned; lower glumes about M as long as the spikelets, 1-2-veined; upper glumes equaling the spikelets, 3-5-veined, margins ciliate; lower florets staminate; lower lemmas papery; lower paleas reduced, deeply bifid, 1-veined; upper florets bisexual; upper lemmas stiffly membranous, margins involute, apices attenuate into a mucro or curved awn; anthers 3. Caryopses elliptic, x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000001313,distribution,"Md.;Fla.;Miss.",321717205 wfo-0000845359,morphology,"Culms 15-75 cm. Sheaths hispid; ligules to 2 mm, membranous and ciliate; blades to 8 cm long, 15-25 mm wide, flat, cordate, hispid abaxially, glabrous adaxially, margins with papillose-based hairs. Panicles with 4-7 digitate branches; branches 2-16 cm. Spikelets 2.7-3.2 mm, subsessile; upper lemmas awned, awns 0.4-1.2 mm. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000845359,distribution,"Md.;Fla.;Miss.",321717205 wfo-4000001316,morphology,"Herbs, achlorophyllous, heterotrophic. Stems absent. Leaves absent. Inflorescences racemes, erect at emergence from soil, axis fleshy and fibrous, persistent after seed dispersal, white with red to maroon vertical stripes, 0.5–1 cm diam. proximal to proximalmost flower. Pedicels erect, somewhat elongated in fruit; bracteoles absent. Flowers radially symmetric, erect to spreading; sepals absent, rarely 2–5, distinct, linear to filiform; petals 5, distinct, white, without basal tubercles, (surfaces glabrous), corolla crateriform; intrastaminal nectary disc present; stamens 10, exserted; filaments terete, glabrous; anthers ovoid, without awns, without tubules, dehiscent by 2 oval slits; pistil 5-carpellate; ovary 5-locular; placentation axile; style straight, stout; stigma peltate, without subtending ring of hairs. Fruits capsular, erect, dehiscence basipetally loculicidal, no cobwebby tissue exposed by splitting valves at dehiscence. Seeds 100+, fusiform, mostly narrowly winged. x = 13.",321717205 wfo-4000001316,distribution,"w North America.",321717205 wfo-0000527118,morphology,"Inflorescences 1.5–5 dm; bracts white, thin, 0.5–3 × 0.2–0.9 cm. Flowers: sepals 4–7 × 1–1.5 mm; petals elliptic to orbiculate, concave, 3–6 × 2–4 mm, base not saccate, margins irregular to lacerate; stamens inverted at anthesis, depressed-ovoid, 3–5 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm diam.; ovary 2–4 × 3–5 mm, glabrous; style 0.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm; stigma 1.5–2.5 mm diam., apex slightly depressed. Capsules 5-segmented, 4–7 × 6–8 mm. Seeds 0.5–1.2 mm. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000527118,phenology,"Flowering late spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000527118,elevation,"70-3100 m",321717205 wfo-0000527118,habitat,"Moist, mixed-deciduous or coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000527118,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-4000001318,morphology,"Subshrubs, herbage usually hairy, often viscid. Stems erect or spreading. Leaves: stipules caducous, filiform; blade ovate to subround, unlobed or 3-lobed, base cordate [obtuse or subtruncate], margins toothed. Inflorescences axillary and solitary flowers or cymes or terminal and racemes or panicles; involucellar bractlets absent. Flowers: calyx [5–]8–13.5[–apex]; filaments terminal and subterminal; ovary 5-carpellate; ovules 3 per carpel, pendulous or horizontally pendulous, 2 collateral in upper carpel cell, 1 in lower carpel cell; style 5-branched; stigmas capitate. Fruits schizocarps (± functionally capsular), erect, not inflated, turbinate, 5-lobed, starlike in cross section, papery to indurate, hairy; mericarps 5, 2-celled, lower cell ± trapezoidal, 1-seeded, upper cell angular-orbiculate, collaterally 2-seeded, cells sometimes separated by endoglossum. Seeds obovoid-reniform, glabrous. x = 8.",321717205 wfo-4000001318,distribution,"sc United States, Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000527122,morphology,"Plants 1–2 m; herbage sparsely to densely, sometimes velvety tawny, stellate-hairy, glandular. Leaf blades ovate to subspheric, unlobed or acutely 3-lobed, 5–10(–30) cm, base closed-cordate. Inflorescences terminal, usually open panicles or cymes, individual units 2+-flowered, sometimes solitary flowers. Flowers: calyx campanulate, smooth or ribbed, (7–)8–13.5 mm, subequal or slightly exceeding fruits, lobes ovate to triangular, (3–)4–6.5 × (3–)4–5.5 mm; corolla orange-yellow, (12–)15–25 mm; staminal column 10 mm, including filaments. Mericarps moderately dorsolaterally constricted, 7–9 mm including dorso-apical apiculus or spine to 1.5(–2) mm, stellate- and glandular-hairy, endoglossum absent. Seeds reddish brown to blackish, 2.3–3 mm. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000527122,phenology,"Flowering May–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000527122,elevation,"100–1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000527122,habitat,"Open habitats, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000527122,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000527123,morphology,"Plants 1–1.5 m; herbage densely, closely tawny-yellowish, roughly stellate-hairy, not glandular. Leaf blades ovate to transversely ovate, unlobed or with low hiplike lobe on either side, 5–13 cm, base mostly open-cordate. Inflorescences usually dense or open cymes, sometimes solitary flowers. Flowers: calyx campanulate, densely tawny-hairy, strongly 10-ribbed at base, 8–12 mm, subequal to fruits, lobes keeled, ovate to deltate-ovate, (3–)4–8 × 4–6 mm; corolla yellow to orange-yellow, 13–20 mm; staminal column to 12 mm including filaments. Mericarps strongly dorsolaterally constricted, 7.5–10 mm including dorso-apical apiculus or spur 0.5–2 mm, densely tawny stellate-hairy, endoglossum narrow, stout, spearlike, nearly reaching ventral suture. Seeds grayish with reddish-brown raphe, 2.7–3 mm. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000527123,phenology,"Flowering May–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000527123,elevation,"10–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000527123,habitat,"Mostly clay soil, open scrub or waste places",321717205 wfo-0000527123,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-4000001327,morphology,"Perennials, 30–120 cm (rhizomes long, slender, roots fleshy). Stems (1–4), ascending to erect, simple, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pilose proximally, densely stipitate-glandular distally. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; basal ± petiolate, cauline sessile; blades 1-nerved, linear- to oblong-spatulate (basal), or linear-lanceolate to linear, margins entire, revolute, faces glabrous or (distal) densely stipitate-glandular. Heads radiate, usually in paniculiform (sometimes appearing corymbiform) arrays, sometimes borne singly. Involucres campanulate, 4.5–8 × 8–14 mm. Phyllaries 22–44 in 3–4 series, 1-nerved (nerve translucent, flat), usually lance-oblong to lanceolate, sometimes ovate, subequal, membranous, margins scarious, (apices darker green, acute, mucronulate) abaxial faces densely short-stipitate-glandular. Receptacles flat to slightly convex, pitted, epaleate. Ray florets 15–30(–45) in 1 series, pistillate, fertile; corollas white to pale purple (coiling at maturity). Disc florets 40–50, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, slightly ampliate, tubes shorther than tubular throats, lobes 5, erect, triangular; style-branch appendages lanceolate. Cypselae fusiform-obconic, terete, 7–10-nerved (nerves thin), faces glabrous to sparsely strigose; pappi of 30–40, stramineous, subequal, barbellate, apically attenuate bristles in 1 series. x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000001327,distribution,"North America, Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000038649,morphology,"Plants laxly colonial. Stems sometimes reddish at base. Leaves: blades 10–100 mm, margins sometimes ciliate or (distal) stipitate-glandular, apices mucronulate; basal sometimes marcescent, petiole bases widened, clasping, apices obtuse or acute; cauline reduced distally, subclasping, apices acute. Heads (1–)3–10(–30+), each terminating long, ascending branch. Peduncle bracts 2–9, glandular. Phyllaries ± green, margins erose-hyaline, inner more widely so, apices mucronulate. Ray floret laminae 5–8 mm. Cypselae golden brown, ribs stramineous. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000038649,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000038649,elevation,"200–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000038649,habitat,"Damp alkaline places, alluvial soils, with halophytic vegetation, inland salt marshes, along streams in ravines, ditches, in desert and dry prairie areas",321717205 wfo-0000038649,distribution,"Alta., Man., N.W.T., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wyo.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-4000001331,morphology,"Trees or shrubs, to 35 m; trunks usually several, branching excurrent to deliquescent. Bark of trunks and branches light gray to dark brown, thin, smooth, close; lenticels often present, pale, prominent, sometimes horizontally expanded. Wood nearly white, turning reddish upon exposure to air, moderately light and soft, texture fine. Branches, branchlets, and twigs nearly 2-ranked to diffuse; young twigs uniform or (Alnus subg. Alnobetula) differentiated into long and short shoots. Winter buds stipitate (nearly sessile in Alnus subg. Alnobetula), narrowly to broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, terete, apex acute to rounded; scales 2–3, valvate, or (Alnus subg. Alnobetula) several, imbricate, smooth, or (Alnus subg. Clethropsis) sometimes none. Leaves borne on long or short shoots, 3-ranked to nearly 2-ranked. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic or obovate, thin to leathery, base variable, cuneate to rounded, margins doubly serrate, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire, apex variable, acute to obtuse or acuminate to rounded; surfaces glabrous to tomentose, abaxially sometimes resinous-glandular. Inflorescences: staminate catkins lateral, in racemose clusters or (Alnus subg. Clethropsis) solitary, formed (Alnus subg. Alnus and Clethropsis) during previous growing season and exposed or enclosed in buds during winter, or (Alnus subg. Clethropsis) formed and expanding during same growing season, expanding before or with leaves; pistillate catkins proximal to staminate catkins, solitary or in relatively small racemose clusters, erect to nearly pendulous, ovoid to ellipsoid, firm; scales and flowers crowded, developing and maturing at same time as staminate catkins. Staminate flowers in catkins, 3 per scale; stamens (3–)4(–6); anthers and filaments undivided. Pistillate flowers usually 2 per scale. Infructescences erect or pendulous; scales persistent long after release of fruits, with 5 lobes, greatly thickened, woody. Fruits tiny samaras, lateral wings 2, leathery or membranaceous, reduced or essentially absent in some species. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000001331,distribution,"Forested temperate and boreal Northern Hemisphere; North America; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000945215,morphology,"Trees, to 20 m; trunks often several, crowns narrow. Bark dark brown, smooth, becoming darker and breaking into shallow fissures in age; lenticels pale, horizontal. Winter buds stipitate, ellipsoid to obovoid, 6–10 mm, apex obtuse; stalks 2–5 mm; scales 2–3, outer 2 equal, valvate, usually heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade obovate to nearly orbiculate, 3–9 × 3–8 cm, leathery, base obtuse to broadly cuneate, margins flat, coarsely and often irregularly doubly serrate to nearly dentate, major teeth acute to obtuse or rounded, apex often retuse or obcordate, or occasionally rounded; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, often more heavily on veins, both surfaces heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences formed season before flowering and exposed during winter; staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–5, 4–13 cm; pistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–5. Flowering before new growth in spring. Infructescences ovoid to nearly globose, 1.2–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm; peduncles 1–10(–20) mm. Samaras obovate, wings reduced to narrow, thickened ridges. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000945215,phenology,"Flowering early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000945215,elevation,"0–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000945215,habitat,"Stream banks, moist flood plains, damp depressions, borders of wetlands",321717205 wfo-0000945215,distribution,"Ont.; Conn., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Wis.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000945749,morphology,"Trees and shrubs, to 25 m; crowns open. Bark light to dark gray, reddish, or brown, smooth, or in age broken into irregular plates; lenticels present or absent, conspicuous, enlarged or unexpanded. Winter buds stipitate, ellipsoid, 4–7 mm, apex rounded to nearly acute; stalk 1–3 mm; scales 2–3, equal, valvate, resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly ovate to elliptic, base cuneate to narrowly rounded, margins doubly serrate, with distinctly larger secondary teeth, apex acute or short-acuminate to obtuse. Inflorescences formed season before flowering and exposed during winter. Flowering before new growth in spring. Infructescences ovoid to nearly cylindric; peduncles relatively short and stout. Samaras elliptic to obovate, wings narrower than body, irregular in shape.",321717205 wfo-0000945749,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., N.W.T., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.Dak., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., Nev., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., Utah, Va., Vt., W.Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo.; Canada",321717205 wfo-0000946067,morphology,"Shrubs, open, spreading, to 9 m. Bark dark grayish to reddish brown, smooth; lenticels whitish, prominent, horizontal. Winter buds parallel to twig, ellipsoid, 3–7 mm, apex acute or obtuse; stalks 2–4 mm. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 4–11 × 3–8 cm, firm, base cuneate to narrowly rounded, margins usually coarsely doubly serrate, toothed to base, apex acute or short-acuminate to slightly obtuse; surfaces abaxially often glaucous, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, often more densely so on veins, slightly to not noticeably resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–4, 2–7 cm; pistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–6. Infructescences ovoid, 1–1.7 × 0.8–1.2 cm; peduncles 1–5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000946067,phenology,"Flowering early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000946067,elevation,"0–800 m",321717205 wfo-0000946067,habitat,"Stream banks, lake shores, bogs, swamps, margins of wet fields, swales, and roadsides, often forming dense thickets",321717205 wfo-0000946067,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Conn., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000946122,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, to 12 m; shrubs ascending, open, spreading, trees small, shrubby. Bark light gray to dark brown, smooth; lenticels pale, orbiculate to elliptic. Winter buds nearly divergent, ellipsoid, 4–7 mm, apex obtuse; stalks 1–3 mm; scales 2, equal, valvate. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 4–10 × 2.5–8 cm, thin, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margins distinctly doubly serrate to nearly crenate or lobulate, teeth relatively blunt or rounded, apex acute to obtuse; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, slightly to not noticeably resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 3–5, 4–10 cm; pistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–5. Infructescences ovoid, 1–2 × 0.8–1.3 cm; peduncles 1–5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000946122,phenology,"Flowering early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000946122,elevation,"100–3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000946122,habitat,"Stream banks, lake shores, margins of wet fields and meadows, bog margins, and muskegs",321717205 wfo-0000946122,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000946711,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, to 10 m; crowns narrow. Bark light gray, smooth; lenticels small, inconspicuous. Winter buds stipitate, ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.5–5 mm, apex rounded; stalks 1–3 mm; scales 2–3, subequal, often poorly developed, heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong, or narrowly obovate, 4.5–9 × 2–5 cm, leathery, base acute to cuneate, margins flat, teeth low, single, relatively distant, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; surfaces abaxially mostly glabrous, resin-coated when young. Inflorescences: catkins formed during same season as flowering; staminate catkins in 1 terminal cluster of 2–4, 2–6 cm; pistillate catkins solitary in leaf axils proximal to staminate catkins. Flowering in late summer or early fall. Infructescences ovoid, 1.2–2.8 × 1.2–2.2 cm; peduncles 5–10 mm. Samaras elliptic, wings reduced to narrow, leathery ridges. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000946711,phenology,"Flowering late summer–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000946711,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000946711,habitat,"Along edges of ponds and small streams, often in standing water",321717205 wfo-0000946711,distribution,"Del., Md., Okla.",321717205 wfo-0000947054,morphology,"Trees, to 30 m; trunks often several, crowns spreading. Bark dark gray, smooth, becoming blackish and breaking into shallow vertical plates in age; lenticels inconspicuous. Winter buds stipitate, ovoid, 4–8 mm, apex rounded; stalks 1.5–4 mm; scales 2, equal, valvate, sometimes incompletely covering underlying leaves, moderately resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly ovate or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 5–9 × 3–6 cm, leathery, base narrowly to broadly cuneate or narrowly rounded, margins flat, sharply and coarsely doubly serrate, rarely evenly and densely short-serrate, major teeth sharp, acuminate, secondary teeth distinctly larger, apex long to short-acuminate, rarely acute; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent or infrequently villous, moderately resin-coated. Inflorescences formed season before flowering and exposed during winter; staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 3–6, 3.5–10 cm; pistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–7. Flowering before new growth in spring. Infructescences ovoid, ellipsoid, or nearly cylindric, 1–2.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm; peduncles 5–10 mm. Samaras elliptic to obovate, wings narrower than body, irregular in shape, leathery.",321717205 wfo-0000947054,phenology,"Flowering early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000947054,elevation,"1000–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000947054,habitat,"Sandy or rocky stream banks and moist slopes, often in mountain canyons",321717205 wfo-0000947054,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex.; Mexico (n Chihuahua and n Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000947401,morphology,"Trees, to 35 m; trunks often several, crowns spreading, open. Bark light gray, smooth, becoming darker and breaking into scales in age; lenticels inconspicuous. Winter buds stipitate, ellipsoid to obovoid, 3–9 mm, apex rounded; stalks 3–5 mm; scales 2, equal, valvate, sometimes incompletely covering underlying leaves, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to rhombic, rarely ovate, 4–9 × 2–5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, margins flat, finely serrate or serrulate, sometimes slightly lobed, without noticeably larger secondary teeth, apex acute or obtuse to rounded; surfaces abaxially sparsely pubescent to villous. Inflorescences formed season before flowering and exposed during winter; staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 3–7, 3–10 cm, stamens 2, or 4 with 2 reduced in size; pistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–6. Flowering before new growth in spring. Infructescences ovoid to nearly cylindric, 1–2.2 × 0.7–1 cm; peduncles 1–10 mm. Samaras broadly elliptic, wings narrower than body, irregular in shape, leathery.",321717205 wfo-0000947401,phenology,"Flowering early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000947401,elevation,"100–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000947401,habitat,"Open, rocky stream banks and adjacent (often rather dry) slopes",321717205 wfo-0000947401,distribution,"Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000947467,morphology,"Trees, to 28 m; trunks often several, crowns narrow or pyramidal. Bark gray, smooth, darkening and breaking into shallow rectangular plates in age; lenticels inconspicuous. Winter buds stipitate, ellipsoid, 6–10 mm, apex rounded, long; stalks 2–8 mm; scales 2–3, outer 2 equal and valvate, usually heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 6–16 × 3–11 cm, leathery, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margins strongly revolute, deeply doubly serrate or crenate, with distinctly larger secondary teeth, apex acute to obtuse; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences formed season before flowering and exposed during winter; staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–6, 3.5–14 cm; sistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 3–8. Flowering before new growth in spring. Infructescences ovoid to nearly globose, 1–3.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm; peduncles 1–10 mm. Samaras ovate or elliptic, wings much narrower than body, irregularly elliptic to obovate, leathery. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000947467,phenology,"Flowering early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000947467,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0000947467,habitat,"Stream banks, moist flood plains, lake shores, wet slopes, and sandy, open coasts",321717205 wfo-0000947467,distribution,"B.C., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000947620,morphology,"Shrubs, open to rather densely ascending, to 10 m. Bark light gray, smooth; lenticels small, inconspicuous. Winter buds stipitate, ellipsoid to obovoid, 3–6 mm, apex mostly rounded; stalks 2–4 mm; scales 2, equal, valvate, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Leaf blade broadly elliptic to obovate, 5–14 × 3.5–8 cm, leathery, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins flat, serrulate, without noticeably larger secondary teeth, apex obtuse to rounded; surfaces abaxially glabrous to moderately villous, slightly to moderately resin-coated. Inflorescences formed season before flowering and exposed during winter; staminate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 2–5, 3–8.5 cm, stamens 4; pistillate catkins in 1 or more clusters of 3–5. Flowering before new growth in spring. Infructescences ovoid-ellipsoid, 1–2.2 × 0.6–1.2 cm; peduncles 1–3(–5) mm. Samaras obovate, wings narrower than body, irregularly elliptic or obovate, leathery. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000947620,phenology,"Flowering early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000947620,elevation,"0–800 m",321717205 wfo-0000947620,habitat,"Stream banks, ditches, edges of sloughs, swampy fields and bogs, and lakeshores",321717205 wfo-0000947620,distribution,"N.S., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000948201,morphology,"Shrubs, spreading or rather compact, to 3(–4) m. Bark grayish brown; lenticels pale. Leaf blade dark green, broadly to narrowly ovate or elliptic, 3.5–6(–10) × 3–5(–7) cm, leathery, base rounded, obtuse, or cuneate, sometimes nearly cordate, margins serrulate or finely serrate, apex obtuse to acute; surfaces abaxially glabrous to velutinous or occasionally tomentose, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 2.5–9 cm. Infructescences 1.2–2 × 0.5–1.2 cm; peduncles 1–5 cm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000948201,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000948201,elevation,"0–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000948201,habitat,"Singly or in thickets along streams, lakeshores, coasts, and bog or muskeg margins, or on sandy or gravelly slopes or flats",321717205 wfo-0000948201,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; Greenland; Alta., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.Y., N.C., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000948223,morphology,"Shrubs, spreading, to 3(–6) m. Bark gray-brown; lenticels pale. Leaf blade dark green, broadly ovate, 5–8(–10) × 3–6(–7) cm, base rounded to nearly truncate or nearly cordate, margins flat, sharply and densely doubly serrate, apex acute to short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, especially on veins, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 3.5–6 cm. Infructescences 1.2–2 × 0.5–1.2 cm; peduncles 1–3 cm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000948223,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000948223,elevation,"0–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000948223,habitat,"Rocky or sandy coasts, stream banks, lakeshores, and damp, open areas",321717205 wfo-0000948223,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.; n Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000948329,morphology,"Shrubs, spreading, to 5(–10) m. Bark light gray to reddish brown; lenticels inconspicuous. Leaf blade light or yellowish green, narrowly to broadly ovate, 4–10 × 3–8 cm, thin, papery, base rounded to cordate, margins flat, sharply and coarsely doubly serrate, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, lightly to moderately resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 2.5–13 cm. Infructescences 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–1.3 cm; peduncles 1–3 cm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000948329,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000948329,elevation,"0–2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000948329,habitat,"Along gravelly or rocky stream banks, lakeshores, and coasts, on moist rocky slopes, outcrops, in open coniferous woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000948329,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0001147936,distribution,"sw United States, Mexico, Europe, n Africa, Asia, Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands), Australia.",321717205 wfo-0001147937,morphology,"Plants to 2.5 mm. Leaves ligulate to lingulate, 1–2.8 mm, margins entire, undifferentiated at base, apex cucullate to nearly open; costa subpercurrent to percurrent, filaments of 3–6 cells, cells subspheric; cells of leaf base 15–64 µm, medial and distal cells 11–24 µm, occasionally with large solid papillae at leaf tip. Sexual condition dioicous or rhizoautoicous. Seta 5.5–12.5 mm. Capsule urn cylindric, 1.5–3 mm; operculum campanulate, 1–1.4 mm; peristome 600–1200 µm, strongly twisted. Spores 13–24 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001147937,phenology,"Capsules mature Jan–May.",321717205 wfo-0001147937,elevation,"moderate elevations (400-800 m)",321717205 wfo-0001147937,habitat,"Low, desert areas, banks and dry washes, soil and limestone",321717205 wfo-0001147937,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California); Europe; Asia (India, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey); n Africa; Australia.",321717205 wfo-0001186993,morphology,"Plants to 3 mm. Leaves lingulate to ovate-lingulate, 1–2.5 mm, margins entire to serrulate, undifferentiated at base, apex piliferous, open, broadly obtuse or rounded; costa undifferentiated, with few or no stereid cells, filaments of 4–8 cells, cells subspheric to cylindric; cells of leaf base 18–37 µm, medial and distal cells 9–22 µm, papillae none. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta 6–14 mm. Capsule urn cylindric to ovoid cylindric, 1.7–3.2 mm; operculum conical, rostrate, erect or slightly inclined, 0.9–1.4 mm; peristome 800–1230 µm, strongly twisted; spores 9–24 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001186993,phenology,"Capsules mature Jan–Jul(-Aug).",321717205 wfo-0001186993,elevation,"moderate elevations (300-800 m)",321717205 wfo-0001186993,habitat,"Sunny sandy soil or soil over limestone in dry areas",321717205 wfo-0001186993,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Idaho; Mexico (Baja California, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, Puebla and Zacatecas); s South America; s Europe; sw Asia (Jordan); Africa (Egypt, South Africa); Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia.",321717205 wfo-0001147940,morphology,"Plants 0.5–2 mm. Leaves lingulate to suborbicular, 0.5–1.5 mm, margins entire, undulate-denticulate distally, differentiated at base, apex cucullate to nearly open; costa subpercurrent, filaments of 2–5 cells, cells subspheric to cylindric; cells of leaf base 13–66 µm, medial and distal cells 13–40 µm, papillae none. Sexual condition synoicous or dioicous. Seta 6–17 mm. Capsule urn cylindric, 1–2 mm; operculum conic, short-rostrate, erect or inclined, 0.5–1 mm; peristome 250–900 µm, twisted. Spores 15–25 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001147940,phenology,"Capsules mature (Mar-)May–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001147940,elevation,"low to moderate elevations (100-1500 m)",321717205 wfo-0001147940,habitat,"Bare or disturbed soil or silt, roadside banks, calcareous boulders or gravel",321717205 wfo-0001147940,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Yukon; Alaska, Mont.; Europe; Asia (Siberia).",321717205 wfo-0001147952,morphology,"North America",321717205 wfo-0001147952,distribution,"North America, Mexico, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa.",321717205 wfo-0001195750,morphology,"Plants to 2.5 mm. Leaves short-lingulate to ligulate, 0.5–2.5 mm, margins entire to irregularly denticulate, differentiated at base, apex cucullate; costa subpercurrent to percurrent, filaments of 3–9 cells, cells cylindric to spheric; cells of leaf base 11–88 µm, medial and distal cells 9–40 µm, papillae none. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta 4.5–17 mm. Capsule urn ovoid-cylindric, 1.7–3.4 mm; operculum conical to subulate, long-rostrate, 1.2–1.9 mm; peristome 1200–1750 µm, strongly twisted. Spores 11–22 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001195750,phenology,"Capsules mature Jun–Aug(-Oct).",321717205 wfo-0001195750,elevation,"moderate to high elevations (1000-3000 m)",321717205 wfo-0001195750,habitat,"Rocks, banks, clay, sandy or gravelly soil in deserts, plains or conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0001195750,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.B., N.S., Nunavut, Ont., Yukon; Colo., Ill., Iowa, Kans., Mont., Nebr., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Nuevo León, Querétaro, Zacatecas); South America; Europe; Asia; Africa.",321717205 wfo-4000001354,morphology,"Plants annual or perennial; sometimes cespitose, sometimes shortly rhizomatous. Culms 5-110 cm, clumped or solitary, erect or decumbent, occasionally cormlike at the base; nodes glabrous. Leaves inserted mostly on the lower 1/2 of the culms; sheaths open, upper sheaths sometimes inflated; auricles absent; ligules 0.6-6.5 mm, truncate to acute, membranous, puberulent or glabrous, entire to lacerate; blades 0.7-12 mm wide, flat or involute, glabrous or scabrous, blades of uppermost leaves sometimes short or absent. Inflorescences terminal panicles, spikelike, capitate to cylindrical; branches usually shorter than 5 mm, lower branches sometimes to 2 cm; disarticulation below the glumes. Spikelets 1.8-7 mm, pedicellate, strongly laterally compressed, oval in outline, with 1 floret; rachillas not prolonged beyond the base of the floret. Glumes equaling or exceeding the florets, membranous or coriaceous, free or connate in at least the lower 1/2, narrowing from above midlength, 3-veined, keeled, keels ciliate, at least basally, apices obtuse to acute or shortly awned; calluses blunt, glabrous; lemmas membranous, margins often connate in the lower 1/2, keeled, indistinctly 3-5-veined, apices truncate to acute, awned dorsally from just above the base to about midlength, geniculate or straight; paleas absent or greatly reduced; lodicules absent; anthers 3, 0.3-4.1 mm; ovaries glabrous; styles fused, with 2 branches. Caryopses shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, glabrous; hila short, x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000001354,distribution,"Ariz.;Calif.;Conn.;D.C;Del.;Iowa;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;Mass.;Md.;Maine;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.Y.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Va.;Vt.;Wis.;W.Va.;Wyo.;Wash.;Idaho;N.H.;R.I.;Fla.;N.J.;N.Mex.;La.;N.C.;S.C.;Nev.;Colo.;Alaska;Ala.;Ark.;Ga.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Miss.",321717205 wfo-0000845386,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose. Culms 9-75 cm, erect or decumbent. Ligules 2-6.5 mm, obtuse; blades 2-10 cm long, 1-5(8) mm wide; upper sheaths not inflated. Panicles 1-9 cm long, 3-9 mm wide. Glumes 1.8-3.7 mm, connate near the base, membranous, pubescent on the sides, keels not winged, ciliate, apices obtuse, sometimes erose, pale green, occasionally purplish; lemmas 1.5-2.5(3.5) mm, connate in the lower 1/3-1/2, glabrous, apices obtuse, awns 0.7-3 mm, straight, exceeding the lemmas by 0-2.5 mm; anthers 0.5-1.2 mm, usually pale to deep yellow or orange, rarely purple. Caryopses 1-1.8 mm. 2n = 14, 28.",321717205 wfo-0000845386,distribution,"Minn.;Wash.;Del.;Wis.;Ariz.;Calif.;Conn.;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;Mass.;Md.;Maine;Mich.;Mo.;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.Y.;Oreg.;Pa.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Utah;Va.;Wyo.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Colo.;Alaska;Vt.;Iowa;Idaho;Ohio",321717205 wfo-0001096442,morphology,"Culms 9-75 cm. Blades 1-5(8) mm wide. Panicles 1-9 mm long, 3-6 mm wide. Spikelets usually not purplish-tinged; glumes 1.8-3 mm; awns not exceeding the lemmas or exceeding them by less than 1 mm; anthers 0.5-0.9 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001096442,distribution,"Minn.;Wash.;Del.;Wis.;Ariz.;Calif.;Conn.;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;Mass.;Md.;Maine;Mich.;Mo.;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;N.Y.;Oreg.;Pa.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Utah;Va.;Wyo.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Colo.;Alaska;Vt.;Iowa;Idaho;Ohio",321717205 wfo-0000845400,morphology,"Culms 30-75 cm. Blades to 7.5 mm wide. Panicles 2.5-9 cm long, 4-9 mm wide. Spikelets violet-gray to purplish-tinged, especially towards the apices; glumes to 3.7 mm; awns exceeding the lemmas by 1-2.5 mm; anthers 1-1.2 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000845400,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000845457,morphology,"Plants short-lived perennials; rhizomatous. Culms 30-110 cm, erect. Ligules 1.3-5 mm, truncate; blades 6-40 cm long, 3-12 mm wide; upper sheaths somewhat inflated. Panicles 3-10 cm long, 7-13 mm wide. Glumes 3.6-5 mm, connate in the lower 1/5-1/3, membranous, sparsely pubescent, keels not winged, ciliate, apices acute, divergent, pale green to lead-gray; lemmas 3.1-4.5 mm, connate in at least the lower 1/3, usually glabrous, sometimes with scattered hairs near the apices, apices truncate to obtuse, awns 1.5-7.5 mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by 0-3 mm; anthers 2.2-3.5 mm. 2n = 26, 28, 30.",321717205 wfo-0000845457,distribution,"Colo.;Wash.;N.Dak.;Ariz.;Utah;Nebr.;Alta.;Man.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.W.T.;Mont.;Wyo.;Ky.;Idaho;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0000845499,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 5-50 cm, erect or decumbent. Ligules 2.8-4.5 mm, obtuse; blades 3-15 cm long, 0.9-3 mm wide; upper sheaths not or only slightly inflated. Panicles 1-7 cm long, 3-6 mm wide, always dense. Glumes 2.1-3.1 mm, connate at the base, membranous throughout, sparsely pubescent, not dilated below, keels not winged, ciliate, apices obtuse, pale green to pale yellow; lemmas 1.9-2.7 mm, connate in the lower 1/2, glabrous, apices obtuse, awns 3-6.5 mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by 1.6-4 mm; anthers 0.3-1 mm, yellow or orange. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000845499,distribution,"Wash.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Fla.;Wyo.;Tenn.;N.J.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Alta.;B.C.;Sask.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;N.Y.;Mass.;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Ala.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;Conn.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Mont.;Miss.;Ky.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000845512,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 7-21(40) cm, erect. Ligules 1.4-2.3 mm, obtuse; blades 1-8 cm long, 1-3.5 mm wide; upper sheaths usually inflated. Panicles 2-4.3 cm long, 4-5.5 mm wide, dense. Glumes 3-4.5 mm, connate in the lower 1/2 - 4/5, coriaceous, glabrous or pub¬escent over the veins, keels winged, ciliate, apices obtuse, mucronate, divergent; lemmas 2.5-3.5 mm, connate at the base, glabrous, apices truncate, awns 3-6 mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by 0-4 mm; anthers 1.2-2.5 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000845512,distribution,"Pa.",321717205 wfo-0000845537,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose. Culms (5)10-60 cm, erect or decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes. Ligules 2-5 mm, obtuse; blades 2-12 cm long, 1-4(7) mm wide; upper sheaths somewhat inflated. Panicles 1.5-7 cm long, 4-8 mm wide. Glumes 1.9-3.5 mm, connate at the base, membranous, pubescent, keels not winged, ciliate, apices obtuse, parallel, often purplish; lemmas 2.5-3 mm, connate in the lower 1/2, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs at the apices, apices truncate to obtuse, awns 3-5(6) mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by (1.2)2-4 mm; anthers (0.9)1.4-2.2 mm, yellow. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000845537,distribution,"Wash.;Va.;D.C.;Wis.;Minn.;N.Dak.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Conn.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Wyo.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;Pa.;Calif.;Nev.;Ariz.;Iowa;Md.;Mich.;Ohio;Tex.;Utah;W.Va.;Colo.;Alaska;Ill.;Idaho;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Mont.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000845609,morphology,"Plants perennial; shortly rhizomatous. Culms (6)10-80 cm, erect or decumbent. Ligules 1-2 mm, truncate; blades 4-22 cm long, 2.5-7 mm wide; upper sheaths inflated. Panicles 1-5 cm long, 8-14 mm wide. Glumes 3-5 mm, connate in the lower 1/8, membranous, densely pilose throughout, keels not winged, ciliate, apices acute and parallel; lemmas 2.5-4.5 mm, connate in the lower 1/2 - 2/3, glabrous proximally, finely pubescent distally, apices usually obtuse, occasionally truncate, awns 2-6(8) mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by 0-5 mm; anthers 2.3-3 mm, yellow. Caryopses 0.7-2 mm. 2n = 98, 100, 105, 112, 117, 119, ca. 120.",321717205 wfo-0000845609,distribution,"Colo.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Man.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Utah;Alaska;Mont.;Idaho;Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000845620,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms (10)40-85 cm, erect. Ligules 2-6 mm, obtuse; blades (2) 3.5-6 mm wide; upper sheaths somewhat inflated. Panicles 4-12 cm long, 3-7 mm wide. Glumes 4.5-7.5 mm, connate in the lower 1/2, coriaceous, sides glabrous, keels winged, ciliate, scabrous distally, lateral veins ciliate or glabrous proximally, apices acute, convergent to parallel; lemmas 4-7 mm, connate in the lower 1/3-1/2, glabrous, apices acute, awns to 12 mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by 3-6 mm; anthers 2.4-4.1 mm, yellow. 2n = 14, 28.",321717205 wfo-0000845620,distribution,"Wash.;Del.;D.C.;W.Va.;N.J.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;N.Y.;Va.;Calif.;Ala.;Oreg.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Ohio;Man.;Mich.;R.I.;Kans.;Miss.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000845656,morphology,"Plants perennial; shortly rhizomatous. Culms 30-110 cm, erect. Ligules 1.5-3 mm, obtuse to truncate; blades 6-40 cm long, 1.9-8 mm wide; upper sheaths not or scarcely inflated. Panicles 3.5-9 cm long, 6-10 mm wide. Glumes 4-6 mm, connate in the lower 1/5-1/4, membranous, sides pubescent, keels not winged, finely ciliate, apices acute, parallel or convergent; lemmas 4-6 mm, connate in the lower 1/3, usually glabrous, keels sometimes ciliate distally, apices acute, awns 5-10.5 mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by (1)2.2-5.5 mm; anthers 2-4 mm, yellowish, orange, reddish, or purplish, sometimes varying within a population. Caryopses 1-1.2 mm. 2n = 28, 42.",321717205 wfo-0000845656,distribution,"N.Dak.;Nebr.;Wash.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;W.Va.;Conn.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;N.Y.;R.I.;Vt.;Wyo.;N.J.;N.Mex.;Tenn.;Pa.;Calif.;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Md.;Alaska;Ala.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Kans.;Ky.;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0000845689,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 8-30(40) cm, erect or decumbent. Ligules 0.6-3 mm, obtuse; blades 1-16 cm long, 1-3 mm wide; upper sheaths inflated. Panicles 1-3.2 cm long, 5-11 mm wide. Glumes 5-6.4 mm, connate in the lower 1/4-1/3, dilated and coriaceous in the lower 1/2, pilose or glabrous in the lower 1/2, indurate and constricted above the middle, keels not winged, ciliate on all veins, apices acute, slightly divergent; lemmas 5.6-6.4 mm, connate basally, glabrous or puberulent distally, apices coriaceous, acuminate, awns 6.5-18 mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by 0.8-7.2 mm; anthers about 3 mm. Caryposes 3.5-4.5 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000845689,distribution,"Pa.",321717205 wfo-0000845699,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted. Culms 12-45 cm, erect or decumbent. Ligules 1.5-5.5 mm, obtuse; blades 4-12 cm long, 1.2-4 mm wide; upper sheaths conspicuously inflated. Panicles 1.5-6.5 cm long, 5.5-13 mm wide, often dense. Glumes 3-5 mm, connate at the base, not dilated, membranous, pubescent, keels not winged, veins ciliate, apices obtuse; lemmas 3-5 mm, connate in the lower 1/3-1/2, glabrous, apices obtuse, awns 6-10 mm, geniculate, exceeding the lemmas by 3-6 mm; anthers 0.7-1.8 mm, yellow to rusty brown. Caryopses 1.5-2 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000845699,distribution,"Calif.;Idaho;Wash.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-4000001355,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, from tunicate, ovoid bulbs; tunic brown, dry, brittle, papery. Stems simple or branched. Leaves few, basal larger; blade pleated, linear-lanceolate. Inflorescences rhipidiate, few-flowered; spathes green, unequal, outer shorter than inner, apex acute. Flowers short-lived, ± nodding [sometimes drooping], actinomorphic; tepals spreading, distinct, blue to purple, clawed, unequal, outer whorl larger than [± equaling] inner, claw surface sometimes folded or pinched basally forming lobes that partly obscure nectary zone, often with band of nectar-bearing hairs; stamens closely appressed to style; filaments distinct [occasionally connate], usually weak, unable to support anthers; anthers fused lightly to style, fiddle-shaped; pollen sacs marginal, connective visible; style slender proximally, gradually widening and branched distally; branches fairly deeply divided into 2 recurved arms, arching over or between anthers, filiform, apically stigmatic. Capsules ovoid to oblong, cartilaginous, apex truncate. Seeds many, irregularly globose; seed coat brown. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000001355,distribution,"North America (incl. Mexico), Central America, tropical South America.",321717205 wfo-0000787758,morphology,"Plants 15–45 cm. Bulbs (5–)8–15 mm diam.; tunic dark brown. Stems simple or 2-branched. Leaves 3–6, basal leaves 2–3; blade narrowly lanceolate, ± equaling or slightly exceeding flowers; distalmost cauline blade reduced, often ± bractlike. Rhipidia 2–4-flowered; outer spathe 24–30 mm, inner spathe (30–)35–42 mm. Tepals dark purple; outer broadly ovate, 20–25 × 17–19 mm; inner marked with yellow shortly distal to claw, lanceolate, 16–20 × 10–12 mm; claw spreading, forming shallow cup, dull cream basally, speckled with reddish brown to black, broad; filaments ca. 2 mm wide basally; anthers 6–8 mm; ovary ovoid, 4–5 mm; style branching opposite middle of anthers; pedicel curved at base of ovary. Capsules 15–30 mm. Seeds ovoid, ca. 2.5 × 2 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000787758,phenology,"Flowering mostly May–Jul(–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000787758,habitat,"Open woodlands, grassy pastures, often sandy soils",321717205 wfo-0000787758,distribution,"Ark., La., Okla., Tex.; Mexico; South America (Guyana).",321717205 wfo-4000001368,morphology,"Pseudostems well -developed, 1–3 m. Inflorescences projecting from tip of pseudostem, lax, paniculate; bracts of main axis remote [imbricate or not], minute [to 7 cm], scalelike [ovate to lance-oblong or lanceolate]; cincinni stalked, 1–3-flowered; bracteoles large, conspicuous [small or absent], enclosing cincinni. Flowers: calyx subcampanulate, shallowly 3-toothed, split down one side [not split]; corolla tube cylindric, lobes oblanceolate to elliptical; filament linear, plane; anther enclosed in corolla, not spurred, terminal appendage none; lateral staminodes absent or very small and connate with lip, lip ovate, tubular-incurved, notched. Fruits mostly indehiscent, globose. x = 11, 12.",321717205 wfo-4000001368,distribution,"Introduced; North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America; native, Asia, Oceania.",321717205 wfo-0000338850,morphology,"Leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, (20–)33–67 × (3–)7.5–11 cm. Inflorescences drooping, 15–30 × 6–10 cm; stalks of cincinni 0.3–3 cm, bracteoles sheathing, white proximally, pink distally. Flowers: lip yellow with red penciling, perianth and staminodes otherwise white or pink.",321717205 wfo-0000338850,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000338850,elevation,"0–30 m",321717205 wfo-0000338850,habitat,"Disturbed hammocks and thickets",321717205 wfo-0000338850,distribution,"Introduced; Fla.; Central America; South America; native, Asia.",321717205 wfo-4000001377,morphology,"Secondary stems pinnate and frondiform distally; paraphyllia present; pseudoparaphyllia dissected-lanceolate to subfoliose. Stem leaves loosely imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; margins strongly recurved at base, plane at apex, entire or sometimes weakly serrulate at apex; apex acute to acuminate; costa variable on same plant, weak and almost ecostate, double and short, or strong and disappearing mid leaf; alar region filling basal angles, extending up margins to 1/2 leaf length; medial laminal cells oval-oblong. Branch leaves smaller, narrower. Sexual condition dioicous; perichaetial leaf apex filiform-acuminate. Seta 3–5 mm. Capsule erect-symmetric or nearly so, barely exserted beyond perichaetial leaves, oblong-cylindric; stomata basal, sunken; operculum oblique-rostrate; exostome teeth free, broadly subulate, punctulate-scabrous; endostome well developed. Calyptra naked. Spores 20 µm, light brown.",321717205 wfo-4000001377,distribution,"w North America, nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001147968,morphology,"Plants large, in thick, loose mats, green, yellow-green, or stramineous, tail-forming, wide-spreading. Primary stems inconspicuous, stoloniform, tightly adnate against substrate; pseudoparaphyllia investing branch buds. Secondary stems erect-ascending, 8 cm, densely foliate, irregularly subpinnate proximally, often curling upward when dry, uncurling erect-ascending when moist; cortex strong, in 4–6 layers, cells yellow to light brown, walls incrassate, medulla cells loose, hyaline, walls thin, central strand absent. Lateral branches of unequal length, 5–6(–15) mm, occasionally bearing gametangia or small (less than 3 mm) branchlets, occasionally flagelliform and tapering when moist. Stem leaves concave, 2 mm; base obtuse; medial laminal cells 2–3:1; apical cells short, oval-rhombic; marginal cells shorter than laminal. Branch leaves with costa weaker, sometimes ecostate. Perigonia conspicuous, 1 mm, ± subpinnate and complanate on secondary stem, occasionally on side branches, leaves with apex apiculate, ecostate. Perichaetia ± irregularly subpinnate and complanate on main stem, 5 mm; outer leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ecostate, inner leaves elongate, sheathing, apex narrowing abruptly. Seta brown to red-yellow, straight, mostly sheathed by and only slightly emergent from perichaetial leaves. Capsule yellowish, 1.5–2 mm, smooth; exostome teeth hyaline to brownish yellow, trabeculate; endostome basal membrane low, segments pale brownish yellow, narrowly subulate, finely papillose, occasionally perforate up median line.",321717205 wfo-0001147968,phenology,"Capsules mature spring.",321717205 wfo-0001147968,elevation,"low to moderate elevations (0-700 m)",321717205 wfo-0001147968,habitat,"Bark of trunks and branches of Acer, Alnus, Chrysolepis, Lithocarpus, Quercus, Picea, Populus, Sambucus, Sequoia, Umbellularia, rock surfaces, usually siliceous",321717205 wfo-0001147968,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-4000001413,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial. Stems prostrate, decumbent, ascending, erect, or floating, indumentum of simple trichomes. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate; blade lanceolate to ovate, ovate-rhombic, or obovate-rhombic, margins entire. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, sessile or pedunculate, several-flowered cylindric spikes or globose heads, without immediately subtending leaves; bracts and bracteoles scarious. Flowers bisexual; tepals 5, distinct; stamens 3–5; filaments connate basally into tube or short cup; pseudostaminodes 5, alternating with stamens; ovule 1; style 1, ca. 0.2 mm; stigma capitate or rarely 2-lobed. Utricles compressed, ovoid or obovoid, indehiscence. Seeds 1, reddish brown, lenticular or ovoid-oblong.",321717205 wfo-4000001413,distribution,"Primarily American tropics and subtropics, some in Asia, Africa, and Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000528483,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial, 5–6 dm. Stems erect, villous, glabrate. Leaves sessile; blade ovate to lanceolate, 1–7 × 0.7–1 cm, herbaceous, villous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, pedunculate; heads white, globose, 0.7–1 cm diam.; bracts keeled, shorter than to equaling tepals. Flowers: tepals monomorphic, green to stramineous, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, apex acuminate, villous, hairs not barbed; stamens 5; pseudostaminodes ligulate, margins fimbriate. Utricles included within tepals, brown, ellipsoid, 2 mm, apex acute. Seeds ovoid-oblong, 1.4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000528483,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000528483,elevation,"0-10 m",321717205 wfo-0000528483,habitat,"Sandy, wet, disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000528483,distribution,"Introduced; Fla.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua); South America.",321717205 wfo-0000528558,morphology,"Herbs, annual or perennial, often suffrutescent at base, 0.7–1 dm. Stems erect, ascending, prostrate, or decumbent, villous or gray-pubescent, glabrate. Leaves sessile; blade rhombic-ovate to rhombic-obovate, 1–6 × 0.7–2.2 cm, herbaceous, apex acuminate to acute. Inflorescences axillary, sessile; heads stramineous to white, globose, ovoid, or short cylindric, 0.5–1.2 × 0.5–6 cm; bracts less than 1/2 as long as tepals. Flowers: tepals monomorphic, whitish to stramineous, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-oblong, 2.2–2.5 mm, margins chartaceous, apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, pilose or hispid; stamens 5; anthers 5, oblong; pseudo-staminodes lanceolate, equaling or exceeding filaments, margins fimbriate. Utricles included within tepals, stramineous, ovoid to subglobose, 1.8–2 mm, apex acuminate. Seeds 1 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000528558,phenology,"Flowering late winter.",321717205 wfo-0000528558,elevation,"0-10 m",321717205 wfo-0000528558,habitat,"Waste places",321717205 wfo-0000528558,distribution,"Introduced; Fla., Tex.; South America (Brazil); widely cultivated throughout the tropics.",321717205 wfo-0000528661,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, 3–20 dm. Stems procumbent or prostrate, glabrous. Leaves sessile; blade oblong, oblanceolate, obovate, or oval, 2–6 × 0.8–3 cm, succulent, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate, glabrous. Inflorescences axillary, sessile; heads white to stramineous, globose to ovoid, 0.6–1 × 0.6–0.8 cm; bracts about 1/2 as long as tepals. Flowers: tepals monomorphic, stramineous, striate, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, rigid margins coriaceous, apex acuminate, glabrous; stamens 5; anthers 5, oblong; pseudostaminodes lanceolate, equaling or exceeding filaments, margins fimbriate. Utricles included within tepals, stramineous, subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute. Seeds subglobose, 1.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000528661,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring.",321717205 wfo-0000528661,elevation,"0 m",321717205 wfo-0000528661,habitat,"Sandy beaches, hammocks",321717205 wfo-0000528661,distribution,"Fla.; West Indies; South America; Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000528723,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, 1–8 dm. Stems prostrate, villous, glabrate. Leaves sessile; blade elliptic, ovate-rhombic, or oval, 0.6–2.5 × 0.3–1.1 cm, apex acute or obtuse, villous, soon glabrate. Inflorescences axillary, sessile; heads white, globose, 0.5–1 cm diam.; bracts less than 1/2 as long as tepals. Flowers: tepals monomorphic, white, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, apex acuminate, without rigid, spinose tips, hairs not barbed; stamens 5; anthers 3–5, globose; pseudostaminodes ligulate, shorter than filaments, margins entire or dentate. Utricles included within tepals, stramineous, orbiculate to rounded-obovate, 2–2.3 mm, apex truncate. Seeds lenticular, 1.2–1.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000528723,phenology,"Flowering spring–late fall, year-round in far south.",321717205 wfo-0000528723,elevation,"0-10 m",321717205 wfo-0000528723,habitat,"Ballast ground, swamps, sandy places, limestone near salt water",321717205 wfo-0000528723,distribution,"Introduced, Ala., Del., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.J., N.C., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Asia; Africa; Pacific Islands.",321717205 wfo-0000528743,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, aquatic to semiterrestrial, stoloniferous, to 50 dm. Stems prostrate, forming mats, often fistulose, glabrous. Leaves sessile; blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 3.5–7.1 × 0.5–2 cm, herbaceous, apex acute to obtuse, glabrous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, pedunculate; heads white, globose, 1.4–1.7 cm diam.; bracts not keeled, less than 1/2 as long as tepals. Flowers: tepals monomorphic, white, lanceolate or oblong, 6 mm, apex acute, glabrous; stamens 5; pseudostaminodes ligulate. Utricles not seen. Seeds not seen.",321717205 wfo-0000528743,phenology,"Flowering early spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000528743,elevation,"0-200 m",321717205 wfo-0000528743,habitat,"Ponds, ditches, streams, bayous",321717205 wfo-0000528743,distribution,"Introduced; Ala., Ark., Calif., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ky., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; West Indies; native to South America.",321717205 wfo-0000528902,morphology,"Herbs perennial, 0.4–2 m. Stems erect, branched distally, softly stellate-tomentose. Leaves: stipule somewhat persistent, linear, simple, 2–5 mm, white pilose-hairy; petiole 0.5–5 cm, stellate-hairy; blade orbiculate, palmately divided, 5-lobed, 5–7 × 6–8 cm, lobes lanceolate, 0.5–5 × 0.3–3.5 cm, base truncate, margins irregularly serrate, apex obtuse, upper leaves reduced, orbiculate-triangular, 3–5-lobed, 1–6 × 0.6–5 cm, middle lobe longer than others, surfaces stellate-hairy. Inflorescences 1–4-flowered fascicles in leaf axils or peduncles many-flowered; peduncles 0.5–3 cm. Pedicels 0.1–5 cm, densely stellate-hairy; involucellar bractlets 6–10, linear-lanceolate, free portions 2–6 × 0.5–2 mm, 1/2+ as long as calyx, margins entire, apex acuminate, densely stellate-hairy. Flowers: calyx 8–10 mm, not or only slightly accrescent, lobes lanceolate, margins entire, apex acuminate, stellate-hairy; petals lilac-purple, 9–15 × 4–6 mm, 1.1–1.5(–3) times as long as calyx, margins entire, apex obtuse or slightly notched; staminal column 1–3 mm, glabrous or rarely sparsely papillose-hairy; anthers in upper 1/2, purple; style 10–20-branched. Fruits partially concealed by incurved calyx lobes, 7 mm diam.; mericarps 10–20, erect, brown, unwinged, orbiculate, rugose, stellate pilose-hairy, sides glabrous. Seeds brown, reniform-round, 1–2 × 2–2.5 mm, glabrous. 2n = 84.",321717205 wfo-0000528902,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000528902,elevation,"300–400 m",321717205 wfo-0000528902,habitat,"Wet or moist ditches, disturbed areas, stream drainages",321717205 wfo-0000528902,distribution,"Introduced; S.Dak.; w Asia (n Iran, s Russia, Turkey, Turkistan).",321717205 wfo-4000001423,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 10–70[–150] dm. Leaves imparipinnate (mimosoid in appearance); leaflets [14–]17–35[–40], alternate, elliptic, 8–33 × 3–9 mm, base rounded to oblique. Inflorescences lateral to subterminal, racemes. Flowers: sepals 5; petals 5 or 0; stamens 5, anthers dorsifixed with enlarged connective, thecae parallel; pistils 3-carpellate, 2 lateral carpels sterile, central fertile, in staminate flowers pistils vestigial. Fruits samaras, flattened or recurved, usually hairy; sepals not persistent. Seeds 1, ellipsoid, ± 1/4–1/3 length of samara. x = 8.",321717205 wfo-4000001423,distribution,"Fla., Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America (Argentina, Bolivia).",321717205 wfo-0000529101,distribution,"Fla., Mexico, West Indies, Central America.",321717205 wfo-0000529102,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 10–70 dm. Stems of current year puberulent. Leaves glabrous except for puberulent rachis; rachis (including petiole) 9.5–21 cm; petiolules 1–1.5 mm; leaflets 17–35, abaxially pale green, adaxially olive, oblong to elliptic, 5–8(–10) × 14–19 mm, apex rounded. Racemes pendent; staminate-flowered racemes 7–15 cm, puberulent; pistillate-flowered racemes 7–10 cm, pubescent. Pedicels: staminate 1.5–2 mm; pistillate 1–2 mm. Staminate flowers: sepals 5, ovate, 1.5 mm, puberulent; petals 5, filiform, 3–3.5 mm, narrower than filaments; intrastaminal discs lobed; stamens 5, filaments 2–5 mm; pistils vestigial. Pistillate flowers: sepals 5, ovate, puberulent; petals 0; intrastaminal discs circular, thin, unlobed; stamens 0; pistils 3-carpellate, ovate, flattened, 2–2.2 × 1–1.4 mm, pubescent, stigmas unequal, 2 at apex of ovary, divergent, 3d slightly more proximal along medial line of pistil, sometimes only distal 2 stigmas present, 1 larger than other. Samaras stramineous or purplish tinged, flattened, (8–)10–12 × 2.7–3.2(–4) mm, dry, margins ciliate, puberulent; pedicels 6–10 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000529102,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000529102,elevation,"0–20 m",321717205 wfo-0000529102,habitat,"Hammocks, pine woodlands, on limestone",321717205 wfo-0000529102,distribution,"Fla.; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba).",321717205 wfo-0000529408,morphology,"Annuals; canescent throughout except fruit, trichomes appressed, 8–20-rayed. Stems simple or few to several from base, erect, ascending, or decumbent, (0.2–)0.5–1.8(–2.8) dm. Cauline leaves subsessile or (proximal) attenuate to petiole-like base (to 0.5 cm); blade linear to oblanceolate-linear, (0.3–)0.5–2.5(–3) cm × (0.5–)1–3(–4) mm (gradually smaller distally), base attenuate, apex acute. Fruiting pedicels ascending or subdivaricate, straight, stout, (1–)1.5–3.5(–4.5) mm, trichomes uniformly stellate. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.4–1.8(–2) × 0.4–0.5 mm, stellate-pubescent; petals pale yellow, oblanceolate, 2–2.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm, base attenuate, apex obtuse or retuse, sparsely stellate-pubescent abaxially; filaments: median pairs not toothed, gradually expanded from apex to narrowly winged base, lateral pair with broadly winged appendage apically notched into 2 teeth, 1–1.8(–2) mm; anthers ovate, 0.1–0.2 mm. Fruits orbicular, 2.5–4(–4.5) mm diam., apex shallowly emarginate, usually glabrous; valves uniformly inflated at middle, broadly flattened at margins, often glaucous, rarely sparsely pubescent (when young); ovules 2 per ovary; style 0.3–0.7 mm, glabrous. Seeds ovoid, slightly compressed, 1.2–1.5 × 0.9–1.1 mm, margined or not. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000529408,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000529408,elevation,"800-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000529408,habitat,"Deserts, rocky areas, disturbed sites, roadsides, fields, meadows, sagebrush flats",321717205 wfo-0000529408,distribution,"Introduced; Alta., B.C., Sask.; Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; Europe; c Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000529680,morphology,"Perennials; (cespitose, sometimes caudex woody); canescent or not, trichomes stellate, 5–20-rayed. Stems often several from caudex (sterile shoots absent or few), usually erect or ascending, (2.5–)3–6(–7) dm. Cauline leaves subsessile; blade narrowly oblanceolate to linear, (0.5–)0.7–2.5(–3) cm × 1–5(–8) mm (gradually smaller distally), base cuneate to attenuate, apex obtuse to subacute, (surfaces often more grayish abaxially than adaxially). (Racemes corymbose, in panicles terminating each stem.) Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight or slightly curved distally, slender, (2–)2.5–6(–8) mm, trichomes uniformly stellate. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.2–2 × 0.4–0.7 mm, stellate-pubescent; petals yellow, spatulate, 2.5–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, base attenuate, apex often obtuse or rounded, glabrous abaxially; filaments: median pairs broadly winged, apically 1-toothed, lateral pair with lanceolate or narrowly oblong basal appendage, apically subacute, 1.5–2.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.2–0.3 mm. Fruits broadly elliptic to orbicular, 3.5–5 × 2.5–5 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; valves not inflated, flattened and slightly undulate, stellate-pubescent; ovules 1 per ovary; style (slender) 1–2 mm, sparsely pubescent. Seeds suborbicular to broadly ovoid, compressed, 3–3.8 × 2–3.2 mm, margins winged, wing 0.5–0.9 mm wide. 2n = 16, 32.",321717205 wfo-0000529680,phenology,"Flowering May–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000529680,elevation,"1500-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000529680,habitat,"Waste areas, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000529680,distribution,"Introduced; Alta., B.C., Ont., Que.; Colo., Oreg., Utah; Europe; sw Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000529709,morphology,"Perennials; (cespitose, caudex often woody); canescent throughout, trichomes 10–25-rayed. Stems often several from base (often with sterile shoots), usually erect or ascending, 0.7–1.5(–2) dm. Cauline leaves subsessile; blade broadly oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or obovate, 0.6–1.4(–1.7) cm × (1–)2–6 mm (gradually smaller distally), base attenuate, apex rounded, obtuse, or subacute. (Racemes corymbose, simple, or in panicles terminating each stem.) Fruiting pedicels divaricate, straight, slender, (2–)3–7(–9) mm, trichomes uniformly stellate. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.5–2 × 0.7–1 mm, stellate-pubescent; petals yellow, broadly spatulate, 2.5–3.5(–4) × 1–1.5 mm, base attenuate, apex often obtuse or rounded, glabrous abaxially; filaments: median pairs unilaterally broadly winged, apically 1-toothed, lateral pair with lanceolate or narrowly oblong basal appendage, apically obtuse or subacute, 1.5–2 mm; anthers oblong, 0.3–0.4 mm. Fruits broadly elliptic or obovate, 3–4.5(–5) × 2.5–3.5 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; valves inflated at middle or on 1 side, flattened at margins, densely stellate-pubescent; ovules (1 or) 2 per ovary; style (slender), 1.5–2 mm, glabrous. Seeds ovoid, compressed, 1–1.7 × 0.8–1.2 mm, not winged or margined. 2n = 16, 32.",321717205 wfo-0000529709,phenology,"Flowering May–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000529709,elevation,"500-1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000529709,habitat,"Mountain slopes, cliffs, gravel, rocky places",321717205 wfo-0000529709,distribution,"Yukon; Alaska; c, e Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000529874,morphology,"Annuals; canescent throughout, trichomes appressed, coarse, (3–)5–10-rayed, rays sometimes unequal. Stems often several from base, usually erect or ascending, rarely decumbent, (unbranched or branched distally), (0.3–)0.7–3(–4) dm. Cauline leaves subsessile or (proximal) attenuate to petiolelike base (to 0.4 cm); blade oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or elliptic-lanceolate, (0.5–)0.7–2.2(–3) cm × (1–)2–6(–8) mm (gradually smaller distally), base attenuate, apex acute. Fruiting pedicels divaricate, straight, stout, (2–)3–5(–6) mm, trichomes stellate (some with unequal rays). Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.7–2.3 × 0.8–1.1 mm, trichomes stellate; petals pale yellow, oblanceolate, (1.8–)2–2.8(–3.2) × 0.6–0.8 mm, base attenuate, apex often emarginate, sparsely stellate-pubescent abaxially or glabrous; filaments: median pairs broadly winged, apically 1- or 2-toothed, lateral pair with broadly winged appendage, apically 2-cleft, 1.4–2 mm; anthers ovate, 0.3–0.4 mm. Fruits orbicular, (3.5–)4–6.5(–7) mm diam., apex truncate or shallowly emarginate; valves uniformly inflated at middle, broadly flattened at margins, densely stellate-pubescent (trichomes coarse, rays equal or unequal); ovules 2 per ovary; style 0.7–1.6 mm, basally stellate-pubescent or glabrous. Seeds ovoid, 1.6–2 × 1.2–1.5 mm, slightly compressed, margined or not. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000529874,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000529874,elevation,"1400-2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000529874,habitat,"Sagebrush areas, fields, roadsides, sandy slopes",321717205 wfo-0000529874,distribution,"Introduced; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Kans., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wyo.; Europe; c, sw Asia; n Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000529923,morphology,"Annuals; canescent throughout, trichomes appressed, coarse, 8–16-rayed, rays often subequal. Stems often several from base, erect, ascending, or decumbent, (unbranched or few-branched distally), (0.2–)0.4–1.6(–2) dm. Cauline leaves subsessile; blade oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, (0.5–)0.7–1.5(–2) cm × (1–)2–4(–6) mm (gradually smaller distally), base attenuate, apex subacute. Fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect, straight, stout, 1–3(–4) mm, trichomes uniformly stellate. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.2–1.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm, stellate-pubescent (trichomes with longer rays and appearing simple near apex); petals pale yellow, spatulate, 1.7–2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, base abruptly narrowed to claw, apex deeply emarginate, glabrous; filaments: median pairs not toothed, slightly expanded basally, lateral pair with basal appendage to 0.5 × 0.1 mm, often apically 2-toothed, 1.4–1.7 mm; anthers ovate, 0.1–0.2 mm. Fruits ovate-oblong, (3–)3.5–5 × (2.5–)3–4 mm, apex obtuse; valves uniformly inflated at middle, broadly flattened at margins, densely stellate-pubescent (rays equal); ovules 2 per ovary; style (slender), 0.3–0.5 mm, basally stellate-pubescent. Seeds ovoid, compressed, 1.6–1.9 × 1.2–1.6 mm, margins winglike, 0.1–0.3 mm wide. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000529923,phenology,"Flowering May.",321717205 wfo-0000529923,elevation,"1500-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000529923,habitat,"Rocky soil",321717205 wfo-0000529923,distribution,"Introduced; Utah; sw Asia.",321717205 wfo-7000000017,morphology,"Herbs, rarely subshrubs, annual or perennial; trichomes simple (branched in Tidestromia). Stems without nodal spines (Amaranthus spinosus sometimes with paired nodal spines). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, usually petiolate; blade margins entire (entire or serrulate in Iresine; entire, crispate, or erose in Amaranthus). Inflorescences cymules arranged in spikes, panicles, thyrses, heads, glomerules, clusters, or racemes; each flower subtended by 1 bract and 2 bracteoles (latter sometimes 1 or absent in Amaranthus). Flowers bisexual or unisexual (plants then monoecious or dioecious), hypogynous, generally small or minute; tepals mostly (1–)4–5 or absent, distinct or connate into cups or tubes, scarious, chartaceous, membranaceous, or indurate; stamens 2–5, filaments basally connate into cups or tubes, rarely distinct, alternating with pseudostaminodes (appendages on staminal tubes) or not, anthers 2-locular with 1 line of dehiscence or 4-locular with 2 lines of dehiscence; ovary superior, 1-locular; ovules 1 or, rarely, 2–many; style 1 or absent; stigmas 1–3(–5). Fruits utricles, dry, dehiscent or not. Seeds black, reddish brown, or brown, lenticular, subglobose or globose (rarely cylindric), usually small; embryo peripheral, surrounding mealy perisperm.",321717205 wfo-7000000017,distribution,"Nearly worldwide, most abundant in tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate regions, evidently absent from alpine and arctic regions.",321717205 wfo-0000530005,morphology,"Plants glabrous or glabrescent. Stems erect, much-branched, 0.1–0.8 m; proximal branches ascending. Leaves: petiole shorter than blade; blade narrowly linear-lanceolate to linear, 2–8 × 0.2–1.2(–1.7) cm, base narrowly cuneate to narrowly decurrent, margins erose, crispate, or irregularly undulate, apex acute to subobtuse. Inflorescences terminal spikes, erect, usually stiff. Bracts completely enfolding flower; of pistillate flowers with prominent excurrent midrib, venation distinct, broadly triangular to deltate, 5+ mm, longer than tepals, margins erose, crenate, or denticulate, apex acute or acuminate; of staminate flowers shorter than tepals, apex acute. Pistillate flowers: outer tepals rudimentary, less that 1.2 mm; inner tepals with venation distinct, 3–4(–5) mm, apex acute, with terminal mucro; style branches spreading; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, equal or subequal, 2–3 mm, margins erose to denticulate, outer tepals with apex subobtuse to acute-acuminate; inner tepals with apex distinctly acuminate or mucronulate; stamens 5. Utricles light brown, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 2(–2.5) mm, shorter than outer tepals, slightly rugose to smooth. Seeds dark reddish brown to brown, 1–1.3 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530005,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530005,elevation,"1000-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000530005,habitat,"Sandy areas, sand dunes, riverbanks, disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530005,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex., Utah; n Mexico (Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-0000530045,morphology,"Plants glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, usually branched or occasionally ± simple, 0.4–1.5(–2) m; branches sometimes ascending. Leaves: petiole shorter than or rarely ± equaling blade; blade mostly narrowly ovate, obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 1.5–8 × 0.5–3 cm, thin and soft, base cuneate to nearly rounded, margins entire, plane or irregularly undulate, apex subacute to obtuse, with terminal mucro. Inflorescences mostly terminal, spikes to panicles, erect to nodding, rarely with axillary clusters in proximal part of plant. Bracts: of pistillate flowers with short, excurrent midrib, (1.5–)2–2.5 mm, equaling tepals or nearly so, apex acute or acuminate; of staminate flowers with prominent midribs, 2–3.5 mm, shorter than tepals, apex acute. Pistillate flowers: tepals spatulate, 1.5–2.5 mm, apex obtuse, with terminal mucro; style branches ± erect; stigmas 2–3. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, equal or subequal, 3 mm, apex obtuse to subacute; inner tepals with apex indistinctly mucronulate; stamens 5. Utricles light brown to brown, subglobose, 1.5–2 mm, shorter than tepals, walls thin, usually smooth. Seeds dark reddish brown, (0.9–)1–1.2 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530045,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530045,elevation,"0-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000530045,habitat,"Sandy habitats, sand hills, riverbanks, creeks, lakes, disturbed areas, agricultural fields",321717205 wfo-0000530045,distribution,"Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Mich., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.J., N.Mex., Okla., Pa., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Va., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000530063,morphology,"Stems erect, branched, stout to robust, usually 1.5–3 m (occasionally to 9 m!) × 30 cm. Leaves: petiole 1/3–2/3 length of blade; blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 10–20 × 1–4 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane, apex acute or long-attenuate to acuminate. Inflorescences mostly terminal, linear spikes to panicles, usually interrupted. Bracts: of pistillate flowers 1.5–2 mm; of staminate flowers with moderately heavy midribs, 1.5–2 mm. Pistillate flowers: tepals absent; style branches spreading; stigmas 3–5. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, inner tepals with moderately prominent, excurrent midribs, equal, 2–2.5 mm, apex subacute to mucronulate; stamens 5. Utricles stramineous to brown, with 3(–5) longitudinal ridges corresponding to 3–5 style branches, elliptic or obovoid, 1.5–2.5 mm, slightly fleshy, smooth (slightly rugose in herbarium specimens). Seeds reddish brown to dark brown, 1–1.2 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530063,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530063,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000530063,habitat,"Freshwater and brackish wetland habitats, coastal marshes, swamps, riverbanks, bayous, canals, ditches, estuaries, lakeshores, hammocks",321717205 wfo-0000530063,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; e Mexico; West Indies; n South America.",321717205 wfo-0000530076,morphology,"Plants annual, glabrous. Stems prostrate or ascending (very rarely suberect), much-branched (usually from base), (0.1–)0.2–0.6(–1) m. Leaves: petiole ± 1/2 as long as blade; blade obovate, elliptic, or spatulate, 1–2(–4) × 0.5–1(–1.5) cm, base cuneate and tapering, margins usually entire, plane, rarely slightly undulate, apex obtuse, rounded, mucronulate. Inflorescences axillary glomerules, green. Bracts of pistillate flowers narrow, thin, 1.5–5 mm, ± equaling or slightly exceeding tepals. Pistillate flowers: tepals (3–)4–5, narrowly ovate to broadly linear, unequal or subequal, 1.5–3 mm, thin, apex acute or acuminate; style branches spreading; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers intermixed with pistillate; tepals 3(–4); stamens 3. Utricles broadly ovoid, 1.7–2.5 mm, equaling tepals, mostly smooth (slightly verrucose or rugose in dry plants), dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds black, lenticular to broadly plumply lenticular, 1.3–1.6 mm diam., rather dull.",321717205 wfo-0000530076,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530076,elevation,"0-2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000530076,habitat,"Disturbed habitats: roadsides, riverbanks, railroads, fields, waste places, sandy flats",321717205 wfo-0000530076,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; introduced and often completely naturalized in South America, Eurasia, and other regions.",321717205 wfo-0000530112,morphology,"Plants annual, glabrous. Stems prostrate, whitish or tinged with red, much-branched from base, 0.1–0.5 m, rather fleshy. Leaves: petiole 1/2 or less as long as blade; blade pale green, veins prominent, obovate, spatulate, or oblanceolate to linear, 0.3–2(–3) × 0.2–1.5 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex obtuse to subacute, with prominent mucro. Inflorescences axillary clusters borne from bases to tops of plants. Bracts of pistillate flowers linear, 0.5–1 mm, ± equaling tepals. Pistillate flowers: tepals 1–3, narrowly lanceolate, unequal, usually with only 1 well-developed tepal, largest 1–1.2 mm, apex acute to acuminate; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers intermixed with pistillate; tepals (2–)3; stamens 3. Utricles subglobose, 1–1.2 mm, smooth or wrinkled (especially in dry plants), dehiscence regularly circumscissile or tardily dehiscent. Seeds very dark reddish brown, lenticular, (0.6–)0.7–1 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530112,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530112,elevation,"0-2800 m",321717205 wfo-0000530112,habitat,"Seasonally moist flats, shores of water bodies, waste places, other disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530112,distribution,"Alta., Sask.; Calif., Idaho, Kans., Mont., Nebr., Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000530115,morphology,"Stems erect, branched, stout, usually 1–3 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2 length of blade; blade lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate to linear, to 20 × 4 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins entire, plane to slightly undulate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences mostly terminal, narrow spikes or thyrses, usually interrupted, linear. Bracts: of pistillate flowers 1.5 mm; of staminate flowers with midribs not prominent, scarcely excurrent, shorter than 1 mm. Pistillate flowers: tepals absent or 1–2 and rudimentary; style branches ± erect; stigmas 3–5. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, without prominent midribs, equal, 2.5–3 mm, apex obtuse to indistinctly mucronulate in outer tepals; stamens 3–5. Utricles often black, with 3(–5) longitudinal ridges corresponding to 3–5 style branches, ovoid or obovoid, 2.5–4 mm (exceeding tepals, when present), somewhat fleshy, smooth (slightly rugose, especially in herbarium specimens). Seeds reddish brown to dark brown, 2–3 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530115,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530115,elevation,"0-50 m",321717205 wfo-0000530115,habitat,"Coastal salt or brackish marshes, edges of sloughs, tidal riverbanks, tidal flats, rarely freshwater semiaquatic habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530115,distribution,"Ala., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Maine, Md., Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Pa., R.I., S.C., Vt., Va.",321717205 wfo-0000530161,morphology,"Plants annual, glabrous. Stems prostrate or weakly ascending, erect when young, branched mostly from base, 0.1–0.6 m. Leaves: petiole nearly 1/2 as long as blade; blade broadly elliptic, obovate, orbiculate, or oblanceolate, (0.5–)1–3(–4.5) × 0.3–2(–2.5) cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane to undulate, apex broadly rounded or emarginate. Inflorescences axillary clusters borne from base to apex, axes much thickened, appearing inflated, becoming indurate at maturity (only in A. scleropoides and A. crassipes). Bracts of pistillate flowers keeled (only A. scleropoides and A. crassipes have keeled bracts), deltate, 0.5–0.9 mm. Pistillate flowers: tepals (4–)5, narrowly spatulate, clawed, with small expanded blade, equal or subequal, 2–3 mm, apex rounded and apiculate; claws becoming indurate and scarious at maturity; style branches spreading; stigmas usually 2(–3), almost sessile. Staminate flowers intermixed with pistillate; tepals 5, membranaceous; stamens 3(–5). Utricles obovoid to compressed-obovoid, 1.4–2 mm, shorter than tepals, prominently muricate (especially in distal 1/2), indehiscent. Seeds dark brownish or reddish black to black, compressed-ovoid to broadly lenticular, 1–1.4 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530161,phenology,"Flowering summer and fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530161,elevation,"0-1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000530161,habitat,"Open, seasonally wet flats, shores of water bodies, waste places, other disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530161,distribution,"Ala., Ariz., Fla., La., N.Mex., S.C., Tex.; ne Mexico; West Indies; n South America; occasionally introduced in other regions.",321717205 wfo-0000530163,morphology,"Plants annual, sparsely pubescent. Stems prostrate to ascending, branched mainly from base, 0.1–0.4(–0.5) m. Leaves: petiole shorter than blade; blade rhombic-ovate to oblong, 0.5–1.5(–2.5) × 0.3–0.8(–1.5) cm, base cuneate, margins crisped-erose, conspicuously undulate, apex acute to subobtuse, with short mucro. Inflorescences axillary glomerules, green, axes not thickened, not indurage at maturity. Bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.2–1.7 mm, ± equaling or slightly shorter than tepals. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, spatulate-oblong, equal to subequal, 1.2–1.7 mm, margins entire, apex rounded to subacute; style branches spreading; stigmas 3, sessile. Staminate flowers intermixed with pistillate; tepals 5; stamens 5. Utricles ellipsoid or obovoid, 1.5–2 mm, slightly longer than tepals, smooth to slightly wrinkled, indehiscent. Seeds black to dark reddish brown, lenticular to obovoid-lenticular, 0.7–1 mm diam., smooth.",321717205 wfo-0000530163,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530163,elevation,"0-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000530163,habitat,"Waste places, other disturbed habitats, mostly at seaports and on ballast",321717205 wfo-0000530163,distribution,"Introduced; N.J., N.Y., N.C., Va.; native to South America (Argentina); introduced in s Eurasia and other regions.",321717205 wfo-0000530192,morphology,"Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent in distal parts. Stems erect, green, branched, 0.3–1 m. Leaves: petiole of proximal leaves equaling or longer than blade, becoming shorter distally; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate to elliptic, 3–12 × 2–8 cm, base broadly cuneate, margins entire, apex slightly acuminate to obtuse and faintly emarginate, mucronate. Inflorescences terminal panicles and axillary spikes; panicles erect or often drooping, green, dense, branched, leafless at least distally. Bracts lanceolate, shorter than 2 mm, shorter than tepals, apex spinescent. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, oblong-spatulate to oblong, not clawed, 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, often very shortly mucronate; style branches strongly spreading, shorter than body of fruit; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers usually clustered at tips of inflorescence branches, sometimes gathered in proximal glomerules (as in A. spinosus); tepals 5, equal or subequal; stamens 5. Utricles ovoid or subglobose, 1.5–2 mm, slightly shorter than tepals, smooth to irregularly wrinkled, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds dark reddish brown to black, subglobose or lenticular, 0.8–1 mm diam., shiny, smooth. 2n = 64.",321717205 wfo-0000530192,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall in tropics, various seasons in subtropics.",321717205 wfo-0000530192,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000530192,habitat,"Waste places, disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530192,distribution,"Introduced; Fla.; West Indies; South America; introduced and locally naturalized Europe, Asia, Africa.",321717205 wfo-0000530215,morphology,"Stems erect, branched, slender, usually (0.5–)1–1.5 m. Leaves: petiole 1/4 length of blade; blade linear to narrowly oblong, usually 10(–20) × 1 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins entire, plane, apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences terminal, linear spikes to panicles. Bracts: of pistillate flowers 1–1.5 mm; of staminate flowers with moderately heavy midrib, 1–1.5 mm. Pistillate flowers: tepals 1–2(–3), unequal, inner tepals lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate; style branches spreading; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, with excurrent midrib, equal to subequal, 2(–2.5) mm, apex acute to indistinctly mucronulate in outer tepals; stamens 5. Utricles reddish to reddish brown, occasionally with indistinct longitudinal ridges, subglobose to broadly obovoid, 1.5–2.5 mm, wall thin or slightly fleshy, irregularly rugose. Seeds dark reddish brown to dark brown, 0.7–1 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530215,phenology,"Flowering late spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530215,elevation,"0-10 m",321717205 wfo-0000530215,habitat,"Coastal dunes, beaches, swamps, marshes, disturbed habitats, such as gardens and fields near coast",321717205 wfo-0000530215,distribution,"Fla.",321717205 wfo-0000530241,morphology,"Plants glabrous or glabrescent. Stems erect to ascending, much-branched from base, 0.3–1 m. Leaves: petiole shorter than blade; blade ovate, or rhombic-ovate to elliptic, 1.5–4 × 0.5–2 cm, thick, coarse, base cuneate to rounded, margins entire, plane or irregularly undulate, apex rounded-obtuse to emarginate, with terminal mucro. Inflorescences mostly terminal, spikes to panicles, usually erect, thick, flexible. Bracts: of pistillate flowers with short, excurrent midrib, 1.5–2.5 mm, shorter than tepals, apex acute or acuminate; of staminate flowers shorter than tepals, apex acute. Pistillate flowers: tepals with dark, prominent midrib not excurrent, spatulate, subequal, 2–3 mm, apex obtuse to subacute, with terminal mucro; style branches spreading; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, equal, 2–3 mm, apex obtuse to subacute; inner tepals: with apex indistinctly mucronulate; stamens 5. Utricles light brown, elliptic, 3 mm, equaling tepals, walls somewhat fleshy, smooth, indehiscent. Seeds dark brown, 1.2–1.7 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530241,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530241,elevation,"0-50 m",321717205 wfo-0000530241,habitat,"Coastal sand dunes, sea beaches",321717205 wfo-0000530241,distribution,"La., Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000530375,morphology,"Plants glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, branched, 0.1–0.5 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as blade; blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, 1–3 × 0.2–1 cm, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, margins entire, plane or sometimes undulate, apex rounded or obtuse-truncate, mucronate. Inflorescences mostly axillary, but at apex flowers also condensed in terminal spikes or spicate panicles, usually leafy proximally or nearly leafless distally. Bracts broadly ovate, 1 mm or shorter, 1/2 or less length of tepals, apex acute. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, spreading at maturity, spatulate, clawed, subequal, 2 mm, margins fimbriate, apex rounded or shallowly emarginate; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: tepals (3–)5; stamens 3. Utricles narrowly oblong, 1–1.4 mm, shorter than tepals, indehiscent. Seeds dark reddish brown to nearly black, lenticular or broadly lenticular, 0.6–0.8 mm diam., smooth.",321717205 wfo-0000530375,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530375,elevation,"1000-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000530375,habitat,"Semideserts, naturally disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530375,distribution,"Ariz., Tex.; n Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000530390,morphology,"Plants glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect, branched, usually (0.3–)0.5–1.5(–3) m; proximal branches often ascending. Leaves: long-petiolate; blade obovate or rhombic-obovate to elliptic proximally, sometimes lanceolate distally, 1.5–7 × 1–3.5 cm, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins entire, plane, apex subobtuse to acute, usually with terminal mucro. Inflorescences terminal, linear spikes to panicles, usually drooping, occasionally erect, especially when young, with few axillary clusters, uninterrupted or interrupted in proximal part of plant. Bracts: of pistillate flowers with long-excurrent midrib, 4–6 mm, longer than tepals, apex acuminate or mucronulate; of staminate flowers, 4 mm, equaling or longer than outer tepals, apex long-acuminate. Pistillate flowers: tepals 1.7–3.8 mm, apex acuminate, mucronulate; style branches spreading; stigmas 2(–3). Staminate flowers: tepals 5, unequal, 2–4 mm, apex acute; inner tepals with prominent midrib excurrent as rigid spine, apex long-acuminate or mucronulate; stamens 5. Utricles tan to brown, occasionally reddish brown, obovoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 mm, shorter than tepals, at maturity walls thin, almost smooth or indistinctly rugose. Seeds dark reddish brown to brown, 1–1.2 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530390,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall, occasionally spring–winter in southern part of its native range.",321717205 wfo-0000530390,elevation,"100-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000530390,habitat,"Streambanks, disturbed habitats, especially agricultural fields, railroads, waste areas, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000530390,distribution,"Ont.; Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Fla., Ga., Ill., Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Miss., Mo., Nebr., Nev., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico; introduced Europe, Asia, and Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000530428,morphology,"Plants glabrous or moderately pubescent toward inflorescences, becoming glabrescent at maturity. Stems usually erect, green or sometimes reddish purple, branched, mainly in inflorescences, to nearly simple, 0.3–1.5(–2) m, stiff. Leaves: petiole mostly equaling or longer than blade; blade rhombic-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 4–8 × 2–3 cm, occasionally larger in robust plants, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margins entire, apex cuneate to obtuse or indistinctly emarginate, with mucro. Inflorescences mostly terminal, usually with spikes at distal axils, erect and rigid, green to silvery green, occasionally tinged red, leafless at least distally. Bracts lanceolate to linear-subulate, 4–7 mm, 2–3 times as long as tepals, rigid. Pistillate flowers: tepals usually 3–5, not clawed, unequal; outer tepals narrowly ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 1.5–3.5 mm, apex aristate; style branches spreading, shorter than body of fruit; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers clustered at tips of inflorescence branches; tepals 3–5; stamens 3–5. Utricles subglobose or compressed-ovoid, 2–3 mm, equaling or shorter than tepals, smooth or lid slightly rugose or minutely verrucose, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds black, subglobose to lenticular, 1–1.4 mm diam., smooth, shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530428,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530428,elevation,"0-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000530428,habitat,"Disturbed habitats, agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides, waste areas, banks of rivers, lakes, and streams",321717205 wfo-0000530428,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Fla., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico; introduced or naturalized in South America, Eurasia, Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000530438,morphology,"Plants annual, glabrous. Stems prostrate to ascending (often forming mats), red, much-branched, 0.1–0.4(–0.5) m, fleshy. Leaves clustered near tips of branches; petiole 5–10 mm; blade orbiculate, broadly ovate or obovate, 1–1.5 cm × 1–1.5 cm, fleshy, base broadly cuneate to tapering, margin entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex broadly rounded to obtuse, mucronate. Inflorescences dense axillary glomerules, green. Bracts of pistillate flowers ovate or elliptic, 1.2–2 mm, 1/2 as long as tepals. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, slightly unequal, 2.5–4 mm, margins entire, apex obtuse; style branches erect; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers intermixed with pistillate; tepals 5; stamens 5. Utricles ovoid, 4–6 mm, exceeding tepals, fleshy, smooth or slightly rugose, longitudinally wrinkled on drying, indehiscent. Seeds dark reddish brown, lenticular, 2.5 mm diam., glossy.",321717205 wfo-0000530438,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530438,elevation,"0-10 m",321717205 wfo-0000530438,habitat,"Maritime sand dunes, beaches, mostly on foredunes and at high tide level",321717205 wfo-0000530438,distribution,"Conn., Del., Md., Mass., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Pa., R.I., S.C., Va.",321717205 wfo-0000530484,morphology,"Plants annual, glabrous. Stems ascending to prostrate, erect when young, or main stems ± erect, branched proximally, 0.1–0.6 m. Leaves: petiole equaling or 1/2 as long as blade; blade elliptic, oblanceolate to lanceolate, (0.5–)1–3(–3.5) × 0.3–2 cm, base tapering, margins entire, plane to slightly undulate, apex broadly rounded or emarginate. Inflorescences axillary clusters borne from base to top, axes thickened and inflated, becoming indurate at maturity (only in A. scleropoides and A. crassipes). Bracts of pistillate flowers keeled (only A. scleropoides and A. crassipes have keeled bracts), ovate-triangular, minute. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, narrowly spatulate, slightly clawed, with expanded blade, equal or subequal, (1.2–)1.5–2.5 mm, apex acute to apiculate; claws indurate at maturity; style branches spreading; stigmas 2–3. Staminate flowers intermixed with pistillate; tepals 5, membranaceous; stamens 3. Utricles orbicular to compressed-obovoid, 1.1–1.5 mm, shorter than tepals, smooth to tuberculate in distal 1/2, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds dark brownish black to black, compressed-ovoid to broadly lenticular, 0.9–1.1 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530484,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530484,elevation,"0-1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000530484,habitat,"Seasonally wet, disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530484,distribution,"Okla., Tex.; Mexico (Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000530504,morphology,"Plants glabrous. Stems erect or ascending (sometimes prostrate), stramineous or suffused with red, branched at base, sparsely branched to simple distally, 15–30(–60) cm. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as to equaling blade; blade ovate or rhombic-ovate, 1–2.7 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margins entire, plane or slightly undulate (rarely erose), apex obtuse, rounded, or broadly cuneate, with mucro. Inflorescences axial glomerules from base of plant to tip, interrupted at nodes or crowded in terminal, leafy spikes. Bracts lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, shorter than tepals, apex acute. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, not imbricate, distal parts expanded, oblong-spatulate, subequal, 1.1–1.6(–2.1) mm, scarious, margins entire, apex obtuse or rounded, with excurrent midrib; style branches erect; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: basal and scattered on lateral shoots; tepals 4–5, oblong-ovate, equal, 1.2–1.6 mm, apex acute to acuminate; stamens 3(–4). Utricles brownish at maturity, obovoid to obpyramidal, slightly biconvex, 1.5–1.7 mm, longer than tepals, rugose to tuberculate, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds black to reddish brown, lenticular to subglobose, 1–1.2 mm, smooth, shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530504,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530504,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000530504,habitat,"Disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530504,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000530517,morphology,"Plants glabrescent to sparsely pubescent. Stems erect or ascending proximally, much-branched especially near base, 0.1–0.7 m. Leaves: petiole less than 1/2 as long as blade; blade oblanceolate or lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (1.2–)1.5–5(–7) × 0.3–2 cm, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex acute to subobtuse, mucronulate. Inflorescences axillary clusters, toward apex aggregated in spikes (rarely spicate panicles), axes, leafy (occasionally almost leafless distally). Bracts lanceolate to linear-subulate, 1.3–3.5 mm, slightly longer than tepals. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, spatulate to narrowly spatulate, clawed, equal or subequal, 1.5–2.5 mm, margins entire, apex obtuse, rounded, or slightly emarginate; style branches erect; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: mostly at tips of inflorescences; tepals 5, equal or subequal; stamens 3(–5). Utricles obovoid to subglobose-obovoid, 1.5–2 mm, nearly equaling or slightly shorter than tepals, smooth, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds black, subglobose to broadly lenticular, 1 mm diam., smooth, shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530517,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530517,elevation,"1000-1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000530517,habitat,"Sandy, rocky, and gravelly flats, slopes, canyons, washes, other naturally disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530517,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000530532,morphology,"Stems erect to sometimes ascending or rarely prostrate, branched, rarely simple, usually (0.5–)1–2(–3) m. Leaves: petiole 1/4–1/2 length of blade; blade ovate or obovate proximally, oblong or elliptic to narrowly lanceolate distally, 1.5–15 × 0.5–3 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane, apex obtuse or rounded to acute. Inflorescences terminal, linear spikes to panicles, occasionally interrupted-moniliform, remote, globose glomerules. Bracts: of pistillate flowers 1–2 mm; of staminate flowers with inconspicuous to prominent midrib, 1–2 mm, apex acuminate to short-subulate. Pistillate flowers: tepals absent or 1–2, often rudimentary, 1–3 mm; style branches ± erect; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers: tepals 5, inner tepals with prominent midribs excurrent as rigid spines or not, equal to unequal, 2–3 mm, apex obtuse to acute or acuminate or indistinctly mucronulate; stamens 5. Utricles dark brown to reddish brown, not ribbed, obovoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 mm, thin, almost smooth or irregularly rugose, indehiscent, irregularly dehiscent, or dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds dark reddish brown to dark brown, 0.7–1 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530532,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530532,elevation,"0-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000530532,habitat,"Wet areas, such as margins of rivers, ponds, marshes, lakes, and creeks, disturbed habitats, such as agricultural fields, roadsides, and railroads",321717205 wfo-0000530532,distribution,"Introduced; Man., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Pa., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; introduced, usually not naturalized, in Europe and other continents.",321717205 wfo-0000530555,morphology,"Plants densely viscid-pubescent (especially distal parts), becoming glabrescent proximally. Stems erect or ascending, often whitish or tinged with red, usually branched distally, sometimes proximally, to nearly simple, 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole usually longer than or ± equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate, ovate, obovate, or elliptic, 1–4.5 × 0.5–2.5 cm, usually somewhat fleshy, base cuneate, margins entire, apex obtuse to slightly emarginate, with terminal mucro. Inflorescences terminal, usually unbranched, stout spikes and axillary clusters, erect, usually greenish or reddish, leafless at least distally. Bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 5–10 mm, longer than tepals, apex spinescent. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, elongate, not clawed, unequal or subequal, 1.5–2.5 mm, apex obtuse to subacute; style branches elongated, shorter than body of fruit; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers few at tips of inflorescences; tepals 5; stamens 3–5. Utricles subglobose to broadly obovoid, 1.3–2.5 mm, equal or subequal to tepals, shorter than style branches, smooth or slightly rugose, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds black, lenticular to subglobose-lenticular, 1–1.2 mm diam., smooth, shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530555,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530555,elevation,"1500-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000530555,habitat,"Open dry slopes, other naturally disturbed habitats",321717205 wfo-0000530555,distribution,"N.Mex.",321717205 wfo-0000530559,morphology,"Plants pubescent and glandular-pubescent, especially on bracts. Stems ascending to erect, usually much-branched, 0.1–1 m; branches usually ascending. Leaves: petiole shorter than or equaling blade; blade ovate, obovate to elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 1–8 × 0.5–4 cm, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, margins entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex obtuse to emarginate, usually with terminal mucro. Inflorescences mostly terminal, erect spikes to panicles, usually thick and uninterrupted, with few axillary clusters in basal part of plant. Bracts: of pistillate flowers with long-excurrent midrib, 3–4 mm, longer than tepals, apex long-acuminate or mucronulate; of staminate flowers 2.5–4 mm, usually equaling outer tepals, apex long-acuminate or mucronulate. Pistillate flowers: tepals with dark midribs not excurrent, spatulate to fan-shaped, 1.7–2.2 mm, apex obtuse, with terminal mucro; style branches spreading; stigmas 2(–3). Staminate flowers: tepals 5, equal or subequal, 1.5–2(–3) mm, apex acute or almost obtuse; inner tepal apex acuminate or mucronulate; stamens 3–5. Utricles light brown to brown, obovoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 mm, shorter than tepals, walls thin, smooth or indistinctly rugose. Seeds dark reddish brown to nearly black, (0.8–)1–1.2 mm diam., shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530559,phenology,"Flowering late winter–spring, summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530559,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000530559,habitat,"Coastal dunes, beaches, sandy inland areas, weakly saline flats",321717205 wfo-0000530559,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora); Europe (reported as rare, non-naturalized casual alien).",321717205 wfo-0000530561,morphology,"Plants glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect or ascending, often whitish or tinged with red, simple to sparingly branched distally, or occasionally basally, 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole shorter than to ± equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5–6 × 0.5–3 cm, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins entire, plane to slightly undulate, apex obtuse to subacute, or shallowly emarginate, with terminal mucro. Inflorescences terminal and axillary in distal part of plant, erect, usually reddish green, branched, leafless at least distally, short and thick. Bracts linear-lanceolate to subulate, to 2 times as long as tepals, apex spinescent. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, spatulate-linear, not clawed, subequal or unequal, 1.5–2 mm, membranaceous, apex emarginate or retuse to obtuse, outer tepals with apex rarely subacute; style branches shorter than body of fruit; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers few at tips of inflorescences; tepals 5; stamens 4–5. Utricles subglobose to broadly obovoid, 1.3–2 mm, equal or subequal to tepals, smooth or slightly rugose, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds dark reddish brown to nearly black, lenticular to subglobose-lenticular, 1 mm diam., smooth, shiny.",321717205 wfo-0000530561,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000530561,elevation,"500-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000530561,habitat,"Naturally disturbed habitats, streambanks, canyons, semideserts",321717205 wfo-0000530561,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., N.Mex., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000095501,morphology,"Leaf lobes (3–)7–25(–75+), ovate to oblong or lanceolate to lance-linear, 4–12(–25+) × (1–)2–6(–12+) mm. Involucres 5–7+ × 10–18+ mm. Ray laminae 5–10+ mm. Disc corollas 2.5–3(–4+) mm, ± stipitate-glandular. Cypselae 2.5–4+ mm. 2n (= 3x) = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000095501,phenology,"Flowering (Jun–)Aug–Sep(–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000095501,elevation,"1600–2900 m",321717205 wfo-0000095501,habitat,"Usually on sandy or gravelly soils, openings in pinyon-juniper, yellow pine, or spruce-fir forests",321717205 wfo-0000095501,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Nev., N.Mex., Tex., Utah, Wyo.; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-4000001496,morphology,"Annuals or biennials, 20–70 cm; herbage not prickly, glabrate. Stems erect, usually branched from near bases. Leaves basal and cauline (distal smaller); petiolate (basal and proximal cauline) or sessile (distal cauline); blade margins dentate or ± lobed (basal) or entire to lobed (cauline). Heads ± radiant, borne singly. (Peduncles slender.) Involucres ovoid, 12–16 mm diam. Phyllaries many in several series, bases appressed, margins scarious, apices obtuse, inner with oblong, scarious appendages, these entire or spiny. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bearing setiform scales (“flattened bristles”). Florets many; corollas white to pink, purple, or yellow; outer sterile, corollas expanded, raylike, bilateral, 5–many-lobed; inner fertile, corollas actinomorphic; anther bases tailed, apical appendages oblong; styles branches: fused portions with basal nodes minutely hairy, distinct portions minute. Cypselae oblong, compressed, (apices denticulate), faces ribbed, wrinkled, with long, ascending hairs, basal attachment scars lateral, surrounded by whitish, swollen rims; pappi persistent, of many scales in several series, distinct, narrow [rarely 0]. x = 16.",321717205 wfo-4000001496,distribution,"Introduced; Mediterranean region to c Asia.",321717205 wfo-4000001521,morphology,"Leaves loosely erect to erect-spreading, not 3-ranked, narrowly oblong; margins plane; laminal cells oblong-rhombic to oblong-hexagonal, surface not bulging, smooth, walls thin, lax; basal cells same size as distal cells.",321717205 wfo-4000001521,distribution,"North America, Europe, Asia.",321717205 wfo-4000001528,morphology,"Annuals, to 40 cm (sweet scented). Stems erect, branched. Leaves cauline; opposite (proximal) or alternate (mostly); sessile; blades mostly linear, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire, faces glabrous (often granular-glandular). Heads discoid or disciform, in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays. Involucres ovoid to campanulate, 3–4+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 3–6+ in 1–2 series (± erect in fruit, distinct, obovate, herbaceous to membranous or scarious, flat or weakly cupped at bases, glabrous or granular-glandular). Receptacles conic, pitted or smooth, glabrous, epaleate. Ray florets 0 (or inconspicuous; peripheral 3–8 florets pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, tubular or nearly so). Disc florets 2–25+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes about equaling campanulate throats, lobes 5, ± deltate. Cypselae mostly obpyramidal, (3–)4-angled, hairy; pappi persistent, of 7–10+ oblong to spatulate scales. x = 8.",321717205 wfo-4000001528,distribution,"Calif., nw Mexico, South America.",321717205 wfo-0000088409,morphology,"Leaves 1–3+ cm, often ± fleshy. Ray or pistillate corollas 0.6–1 mm (obscurely zygomorphic). Disc corollas 0.6–1 mm. Cypselae black, 1.5–2 mm; pappi of white or purplish, apically ± muticous scales 0.5–0.8 mm. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000088409,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000088409,elevation,"0–40+ m",321717205 wfo-0000088409,habitat,"Coastal bluffs, dunes, beaches",321717205 wfo-0000088409,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California); South America.",321717205 wfo-4000001539,morphology,"Plants small, green to yellowish. Stems freely and irregularly branched; hyalodermis absent, central strand present; paraphyllia absent; rhizoids or rhizoid initials on stem or abaxial costa insertion, rarely forming tomentum, slightly to strongly branched, smooth; axillary hair distal cells 1 (or 2), hyaline. Stem and branch leaves erect to spreading, straight or rarely subsecund, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, not plicate, 0.5–1 mm; base not decurrent; margins plane, entire or denticulate, limbidia absent; apex acuminate, acumen not furrowed; costa single, usually reaching mid leaf, sometimes shorter or to 3/4 leaf length; alar cells often well differentiated, subquadrate to transversely elongate, region broadly ovate or transversely triangular along margin; medial laminal cells short-oblong; marginal cells 1-stratose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule inclined to horizontal, cylindric, arcuate; peristome perfect; exostome teeth well developed, external surface cross striolate basally, margins dentate or slightly so; endostome basal membrane present, cilia usually well developed. Spores 9–18 µm.",321717205 wfo-4000001539,distribution,"Nearly worldwide.",321717205 wfo-0001148239,morphology,"Plants in slender, soft mats. Stems creeping; central strand cells small, walls thin; axillary hair distal cells elongate. Stem and branch leaves similar, soft, not complanate, slightly concave; costa 10–30 µm wide at base; alar region reaching from margin 65% distance to costa at insertion; medial laminal cells 12–55 × 7–12 µm, 3–5:1, walls firm, slightly incrassate, eporose. Perichaetia with inner leaves suddenly narrowed to apex, plicate, apex acuminate. Seta reddish, elongate, 1–2.5 cm. Capsule 1.5–2 mm, neck well developed; operculum conic. Spores spheric, smooth to minutely papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001148239,elevation,"low to high elevations (0-3000 m)",321717205 wfo-0001148239,habitat,"Tree trunks, rotten wood, rock, soil, (sometimes salty) swamps to xeric habitats",321717205 wfo-0001148239,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico; Central America; South America; Europe; Asia; n Africa; Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000039838,morphology,"Annuals, 10–80+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves opposite (proximal) and alternate; petioles 5–15(–25+) mm; blades ± deltate, 15–40(–85+) × 12–35(–80+) mm, 1–2-pinnately lobed, bases cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, abaxial faces hispid and strigillose to sericeous, adaxial faces strigillose and gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0.5–2 mm; involucres shallowly cup-shaped (usually each with 1–5+ black nerves), 3–5(–7) mm diam., sparsely hirsute or glabrous; florets 6–12(–20+). Burs: bodies fusiform to obpyramidal, 3–5 mm, ± hirsutulous or glabrate, spines 8–18+, scattered, stoutly subulate (sometimes basally flattened or navicular), 2–4(–5) mm, tips straight or uncinate. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000039838,phenology,"Flowering (Apr–)Jul–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000039838,elevation,"10–3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000039838,habitat,"Canyons, sandy flats, dunes",321717205 wfo-0000039838,distribution,"Alta., Man., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Kans., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Okla., Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000121471,morphology,"Shrubs, 60–150+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 10–35 mm; blades lanceolate to narrowly triangular, 50–150+ × 18–55+ mm, bases truncate to cordate, margins coarsely toothed (not spiny), abaxial and adaxial faces ± hirsutulous and gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered on lateral axes, proximal to staminates; florets 4–5. Staminate heads: peduncles 2–4(–12) mm; involucres ± saucer-shaped, 4–6+ mm diam., ± hirsutulous; florets 40–60+. Burs: bodies ± fusiform, 6–8+ mm, stipitate-glandular, spines 60–80+, scattered, subulate, 4–6 mm, tips uncinate. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000121471,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May.",321717205 wfo-0000121471,elevation,"(100–)500–1000+ m",321717205 wfo-0000121471,habitat,"Sandy soils, washes, banks",321717205 wfo-0000121471,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000091698,morphology,"Annuals, 10–30(–100+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly opposite; petioles 0–0.5 mm; blades ± lanceolate to lance-linear, 15–40+ × 3–6(–10+) mm, bases rounded to cordate, margins entire or with (1–)2(–4) basal lobes, abaxial and adaxial faces ± piloso-hispid and gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0–0.5 mm; involucres obliquely cup-shaped (lateral lobe longer than others), 2.5–4 mm diam., piloso-hispid; florets 6–8+. Burs: bodies pyramidal, 5–8 mm, piloso-hispid, spines 4(–5), ± distal, ± acerose, 0.5–1 mm, tips straight.",321717205 wfo-0000091698,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000091698,elevation,"200–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000091698,habitat,"Dry, disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000091698,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Conn., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000000787,morphology,"Perennials, 50–150(–350+) cm. Stems prostrate or decumbent. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 15–30(–45+) mm; blades rounded-deltate to ovate or obovate, 20–45(–70+) × 10–25(–50+) mm overall, not lobed or 1–2(–3)-pinnately lobed, bases cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, abaxial and adaxial faces strigillose to sericeous. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0.5–2 mm; involucres shallowly cup-shaped, 4–6+ mm diam., strigillose; florets 8–25(–50). Burs: bodies fusiform to ± pyriform, 4–7+ mm, ± strigillose to pilosulous, spines 8–16+, scattered, stoutly conic or flattened- to triquetrous-subulate, 0.5–1.5+ mm, tips straight. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000000787,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000000787,elevation,"0–10 m",321717205 wfo-0000000787,habitat,"Sandy beaches and strand",321717205 wfo-0000000787,distribution,"B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000042641,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, 10–30+ cm (rhizomatous and/or soboliferous, colonial). Stems erect. Leaves opposite (distal sometimes alternate); petioles 0; blades lanceolate or lance-elliptic to lance-oblong or oblanceolate, 20–50(–70+) × 8–12(–25+) mm, rarely ± pinnately lobed (lobes ± deltate), bases cuneate (then rounded), margins entire or toothed, abaxial faces densely strigose (silvery gray), adaxial faces strigillose. Pistillate heads clustered (in axils), proximal to staminates; florets 1(–2). Staminate heads: peduncles 1–4+ mm; involucres cup-shaped (sometimes with black nerve in each lobe), 3–4+ mm diam., strigillose; florets 8–18+. Burs: bodies ± pyriform to ± globose, 2–3+ mm, glabrous or strigose, spines (1–)3–5+, scattered, stoutly conic, 0.4–0.8+ mm, tips straight (often each with black nerve). 2n = 72.",321717205 wfo-0000042641,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000042641,elevation,"10–30+ m",321717205 wfo-0000042641,habitat,"Seasonally wet clays or sands, scrublands",321717205 wfo-0000042641,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000056447,morphology,"Shrubs, 30–80+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 5–20 mm; blades ovate to rounded-deltate, 20–35(–50) × 18–30(–45) mm, bases broadly cuneate to ± truncate, margins toothed, abaxial faces ± densely tomentulose (between veins), adaxial faces sparsely tomentulose, glabrescent. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 2(–3). Staminate heads: peduncles 0–3 mm; involucres ± cup-shaped, 3–5 mm diam., tomentulose; florets 12–20+. Burs: bodies obconic to fusiform, 4–6 mm, tomentulose (little, if at all, stipitate-glandular), spines 15–20+, scattered or on distal 1/2, ± subulate (the proximal basally flattened), 2–3 mm, tips usually uncinate, sometimes straight. 2n = 72.",321717205 wfo-0000056447,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Apr.",321717205 wfo-0000056447,elevation,"50–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000056447,habitat,"Clays or sandy soils, among lava rocks",321717205 wfo-0000056447,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur).",321717205 wfo-0000095477,morphology,"Shrubs, 30–50+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 3–35 mm; blades deltate to rounded-deltate, 10–35(–80) × 10–30(–70) mm, bases cordate to truncate, margins coarsely toothed, abaxial faces densely puberulent (including veins), adaxial faces strigillose to scabrellous and gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets (1–)2. Staminate heads: peduncles 0–1 mm; involucres cup-shaped, 2–3(–5) mm diam., strigillose; florets 8–30+. Burs: bodies ± globose to fusiform, 3–4+ mm, tomentulose and stipitate-glandular, spines 8–20+, scattered, ± subulate (basally navicular), 1–2 mm, tips straight or uncinate.",321717205 wfo-0000095477,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Apr.",321717205 wfo-0000095477,elevation,"700–1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000095477,habitat,"Sandy washes, benches",321717205 wfo-0000095477,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000022917,morphology,"Shrubs, 30–80+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 5–12+ mm; blades deltate to lance-deltate, 12–25(–35) × 5–12(–18) mm, bases cuneate to truncate, margins toothed, abaxial faces ± densely tomentulose (between veins), adaxial faces sparsely tomentulose, glabrescent. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 2–3. Staminate heads: peduncles 0.5–3(–5) mm; involucres ± cup-shaped, 4–8 mm diam., tomentulose; florets 12–30+. Burs: bodies ± fusiform to globose, 3–4 mm, usually stipitate-glandular (little, if at all, tomentulose), spines 20–30+, scattered or on distal 1/2, ± subulate (the proximal basally flattened), 1–3 mm, tips usually straight, sometimes uncinate. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000022917,phenology,"Flowering Feb–May.",321717205 wfo-0000022917,elevation,"200–1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000022917,habitat,"Sandy washes, benches",321717205 wfo-0000022917,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000001021,morphology,"Shrubs, 10–40(–60+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 2–8(–12+) mm; blades (white) ovate to elliptic, 10–25(–45) × 8–15(–30) mm, (1–)2–3-pinnately lobed, abaxial and adaxial faces densely strigillose. Pistillate heads intermixed with staminates (sometimes wanting or staminates sometimes wanting, plants unisexual); florets (1–)2. Staminate heads: peduncles 0–1(–2) mm; involucres shallowly cup-shaped, 3–5 mm diam., ± strigillose; florets 8–15+. Burs: bodies ± globose, 3–5+ mm, pilosulous and/or gland-dotted, spines 12–25+, scattered, ± subulate (± navicular at bases), 2–4 mm, tips straight. 2n = 36, 72, 108, 126.",321717205 wfo-0000001021,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May(–Dec).",321717205 wfo-0000001021,elevation,"(-100–)100–1200(–1500) m",321717205 wfo-0000001021,habitat,"Rocky or sandy washes, benches",321717205 wfo-0000001021,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah; Mexico (Baja California, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000137410,morphology,"Shrubs, 30–80(–120+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 0–2 mm; blades (± white abaxially) elliptic, lance-linear, or rhombic, 10–40(–60) × 5–15(–40) mm, bases ± cuneate, margins irregularly toothed to ± laciniate, abaxial faces densely strigillose, adaxial faces tomentulose and pilosulous. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0–0.5 mm; involucres saucer-shaped to shallowly cup-shaped, 4–8+ mm diam., tomentulose and/or pilose; florets 12–25+. Burs: bodies obconic to fusiform, 3–5+ mm, densely villous and stipitate-glandular, spines 12–20+, scattered or mostly distal, ± subulate, 3–4 mm, tips straight. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000137410,phenology,"Flowering Apr–May(–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000137410,elevation,"700–1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000137410,habitat,"Sandy and gravelly washes",321717205 wfo-0000137410,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000086618,morphology,"Perennials, 10–30+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 10–45+ mm; blades elliptic to ovate, 45–60(–100+) × 30–45(–75+) mm, usually 1–2-pinnately lobed (lobes ± lanceolate), bases cuneate, ultimate margins serrate, abaxial faces densely sericeous or strigillose (silver or grayish), adaxial faces strigillose. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets (1–)2. Staminate heads: peduncles 1–2 mm; involucres saucer-shaped, 3.5–5+ mm diam., strigillose; florets 8–25(–40+). Burs: bodies ± pyriform to globose, 3–5+ mm, stipitate-glandular, spines 8–12+, scattered, stoutly conic, 0.5–1+ mm, tips straight. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000086618,phenology,"Flowering Aug–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000086618,elevation,"600–1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000086618,habitat,"Wet or seasonally wet flats, depressions, alkaline, clay soils, prairies",321717205 wfo-0000086618,distribution,"Colo., Kans., Nebr., Okla., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000137401,morphology,"Perennials, 10–50(–80+) cm. Stems prostrate or decumbent. Leaves mostly opposite; petioles 5–25 mm; blades rounded-deltate to ovate or elliptic, 20–35+ × 10–30+ mm, 2–3-pinnately lobed, bases cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, abaxial and adaxial faces strigillose. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 1–2 mm; involucres obliquely cup-shaped, 2–3+ mm diam., strigillose; florets 5–20+. Burs: bodies ± pyriform, 1–2 mm, ± strigillose, spines or tubercles 0–5+, near middles or distal, stoutly conic, 0.1–0.5+ mm, tips straight. 2n = 104.",321717205 wfo-0000137401,phenology,"Flowering Apr.",321717205 wfo-0000137401,elevation,"0–10 m",321717205 wfo-0000137401,habitat,"Sandy beaches or strand",321717205 wfo-0000137401,distribution,"Fla.; West Indies (Bahamas); Central America.",321717205 wfo-0000121067,morphology,"Shrubs, 30–50(–120+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 0–2 mm; blades (green) elliptic to ovate, 25–60+ × 12–35+ mm, bases rounded to truncate, margins spiny-toothed, abaxial and adaxial faces ± hirtellous (on veins) and stipitate-glandular. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 2. Staminate heads: peduncles 2–8(–12) mm; involucres ± saucer-shaped, 9–15+ mm diam., ± hirtellous and stipitate-glandular; florets 20–40+. Burs: bodies ± globose, 6–8 mm, stipitate-glandular, spines 40–50+, scattered, subulate, 4–6 mm, tips straight or ± uncinate. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000121067,phenology,"Flowering Jan–Apr.",321717205 wfo-0000121067,elevation,"30–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000121067,habitat,"Sandy washes, benches",321717205 wfo-0000121067,distribution,"Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000035491,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs, 20–40+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 0; blades mostly linear (some 1-pinnate, lobes linear), 12–20(–35+) × 1(–2+) mm, bases cuneate, margins entire, abaxial faces strigillose (whitish), adaxial faces scabrellous. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0.5–1 mm; involucres cup-shaped (with black nerves), 4–6+ mm diam., strigillose; florets 12–20+. Burs: bodies pyriform to obconic, 2–4(–5) mm, strigillose, spines (4–)5–9(–13+), scattered or mostly distal, subulate, (0.8–)1–1.5 mm, tips usually uncinate.",321717205 wfo-0000035491,phenology,"Flowering Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000035491,elevation,"2000–2100 m",321717205 wfo-0000035491,habitat,"Seasonally wet, sandy soils",321717205 wfo-0000035491,distribution,"Colo.",321717205 wfo-0000082686,morphology,"Shrubs, 30–150(–400) cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 0; blades mostly filiform, 5–30(–65+) × 0.5–1.5 mm, sometimes with 3(–5+) filiform lobes, abaxial faces glabrous or glabrate, often vernicose, adaxial faces densely scabrellous (white). Pistillate heads ± intermixed with staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0–0.5 mm; involucres ± cup-shaped, 2–4 mm diam., ± glabrate, ± vernicose; florets 5–12+. Burs: bodies fusiform to pyriform, 4–5 mm, stipitate-glandular, wings 7–12+, mostly around middles, oblanceolate to cuneiform, 2–3 × 1–2 mm. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000082686,phenology,"Flowering (May–)Aug–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000082686,elevation,"10–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000082686,habitat,"Desert washes, ravines",321717205 wfo-0000082686,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000038062,morphology,"Perennials, 10–20(–40+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate (sometimes crowded at bases of stems); petioles 5–35(–55) mm; blades deltate to elliptic, 15–35(–75) × 12–25(–45) mm overall, laciniately (1–)2(–3)-pinnately lobed, bases cuneate to truncate, ultimate margins entire, abaxial and adaxial faces ± strigillose to sericeous (often grayish) and gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0.5–6 mm; involucres obliquely cup-shaped, 3–5 mm diam., ± strigillose; florets 8–25+. Burs: bodies ± fusiform, 2–2.5 mm, strigillose, spines or tubercles 0 or 1–5, mostly distal, stoutly conic, 0.1–0.5 mm, tips straight. 2n = 72.",321717205 wfo-0000038062,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun(–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000038062,elevation,"100–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000038062,habitat,"Disturbed sites, damp to wet, alkaline soils",321717205 wfo-0000038062,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000033506,morphology,"Shrubs, 20–80(–150+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 0; blades mostly filiform, 15–35(–65+) × 0.5–1.5 mm, sometimes with 3(–5+) filiform lobes, abaxial faces sparsely scabrellous, glabrescent, often vernicose, adaxial faces densely scabrellous (white). Pistillate heads ± intermixed with staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0–0.5 mm; involucres ± cup-shaped, 1–3(–4) mm diam., ± glabrate, ± vernicose or gland-dotted; florets 5–15+. Burs: bodies plumply fusiform, 3–4(–6) mm, stipitate-glandular, wings 5–20+, ± scattered, broadly cuneiform, flabellate, or orbiculate, 3–4(–6) × 2–4(–8) mm. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000033506,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May(–Jun).",321717205 wfo-0000033506,elevation,"200–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000033506,habitat,"Desert washes, sandy and gravelly benches, lava talus",321717205 wfo-0000033506,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah; Mexico (Baja California, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000066476,morphology,"Perennials, 10–30+ cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly alternate; petioles 8–25(–35+) mm; blades elliptic to lance-elliptic, 50–80(–180+) × 12–20(–50+) mm overall, (1–)2(–3)-pinnately lobed (lobes ± deltate), bases cuneate, ultimate margins with ± deltate teeth, abaxial faces densely finely scabrellous (silvery gray), adaxial faces strigillose. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets (1–)2. Staminate heads: peduncles 2–9 mm; involucres saucer-shaped (with black nerves), 3–6+ mm diam., strigillose; florets 25–40+. Burs: bodies ± pyriform, somewhat flattened, 1.5–2.5(–4) mm, finely scabrellous, spines (1–)8–12+, scattered, stoutly conic, 0.5–1+ mm, tips straight.",321717205 wfo-0000066476,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000066476,elevation,"(200–)1200–2100 m",321717205 wfo-0000066476,habitat,"Seasonally wet clays or sands, disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000066476,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., Idaho, Ill., Iowa, Kans., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.Mex., N.Dak., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-4000001570,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, sometimes fastigiate, 2–250 dm; suckering and/or rhizomatous, sometimes forming colonies. Stems 1–150, erect to ascending; bark usually gray, sometimes brown or salmon colored, smooth or fissuring in older trees; short shoots present or absent; unarmed; young stems glabrous or hairy. Leaves deciduous, cauline, simple; stipules caducous, free, linear, margins entire; petiole present; blade elliptic, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-oval, ovate, oval, oblanceolate, oblong, oblong-ovate, obovate, quadrangular, suborbiculate, or orbiculate, 0.2–10 × 0.2–6 cm, membranous to coriaceous, base tapering or truncate to rounded or cordate, margins flat, entire or serrate, sometimes doubly serrate, or dentate distally or throughout, venation pinnate, apex acuminate to truncate or retuse, or mucronate to apiculate, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy by flowering, glabrous or ± hairy at maturity, usually paler than adaxial surface. Inflorescences terminal, arching, ascending, erect, or drooping, sometimes spreading or nodding, 1–4-flowered clusters or 4–17-flowered racemes (panicles); bracts absent; bracteoles sometimes present. Pedicels present, proximal 1–3 subtended by leaves. Flowers opening during leaf expansion, perianth and androecium epigynous, 10–55 mm diam.; hypanthium campanulate or funnelform to saucer-shaped, 3–9 mm diam., hairy or glabrous; sepals 5, erect to reflexed, triangular to lanceolate; petals 5, usually white, sometimes ivory, rarely ± pink, linear to orbiculate; stamens 7–28, shorter than or equal to petals; carpels 2–5, connate, adnate to hypanthium, ovary 6–10-loculed by false partitions, apex densely hairy or glabrous, styles 2–6, terminal, distinct or ± connate; ovules 2. Fruits pomes, bluish or purplish to nearly black, pinkish or maroon-purple, dark purple-blue, or brownish, globose (pear-shaped in A. bartramiana), 6–15 mm diam.; taste insipid to sweet; hypanthium persistent; sepals persistent, erect to strongly reflexed; carpels cartilaginous; styles sometimes persistent. Seeds absent or few. x = 17.",321717205 wfo-4000001570,distribution,"North America, nw Mexico, Europe, e, w Asia, n Africa.",321717205 wfo-0001009073,morphology,"Shrubs, 1–12 m. Stems 1–50, solitary or colonial. Leaves mostly unfolded; petiole (3–)6.8–19.1(–28) mm; blade usually elliptic to oval to suborbiculate, sometimes quadrangular, (14–)24–47(–67) × (7–)17–36(–55) mm, base usually subcordate to truncate, sometimes ± tapering or ± cuneate, each margin with 0–3(–9) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (0–)3–5(–8) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth more than 1 mm, apex rounded to truncate or occasionally acute or mucronate, abaxial surface sparsely to densely hairy (or glabrous) by flowering, sparsely to moderately hairy (or glabrous) later, adaxial glabrous or sparsely (moderately) hairy later. Inflorescences (4–)6–11(–16)-flowered, (8–)14–43(–62) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1 or 2(or 3) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (2–)3–20(–29) mm. Flowers: sepals erect to recurved after flowering, (1.4–)2.2–4(–4.9) mm; petals oblanceolate to oval or obovate to elliptic, (5.7–)9.5–14(–18.8) × (2.2–)3.3–5.2(–6.6) mm; stamens (10–)15–21(–22); styles (3 or)4 or 5(or 6), (1.3–)2–2.9(–3.9) mm; ovary apex moderately to densely hairy (or glabrous). Pomes black or purple, 8–15 mm diam.",321717205 wfo-0001009073,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Iowa, Kans., Minn., Mont., N.Dak., N.Mex., Nebr., Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0001009210,morphology,"Shrubs, 1–8 m. Stems 1–20, often colonial. Leaves: petiole (5–)11.7–17.5(–28) mm; blade usually elliptic to oval to suborbiculate, sometimes quadrangular, (20–)33–47(–67) × (14–)24–36(–55) mm, base usually subcordate to truncate, sometimes ± tapering, apex usually rounded to truncate, sometimes acute or mucronate, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely to moderately hairy, adaxial glabrous or sparsely hairy. Inflorescences (4–)6–11(–16)-flowered, (8–)26–43(–62) mm. Pedicels: proximalmost (5–)8–16(–29) mm. Flowers: sepals (1.7–)2.6–3.6(–4.9) mm; petals oblanceolate to oval, (5.7–)9–14(–18.8) × (2.2–)3.7–5.1(–6.6) mm; ovary apex moderately to densely hairy (or glabrous). Pomes 10–15 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009210,phenology,"Flowering May–Jul; fruiting Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001009210,elevation,"30–2900 m",321717205 wfo-0001009210,habitat,"Stream banks and shores, lake shores, mountainsides, dry rocky and grassy slopes (northern shrub-steppe), hillsides, woods, thickets, shaded canyons, moist roadsides",321717205 wfo-0001009210,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Colo., Idaho, Iowa, Kans., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0001009431,morphology,"Shrubs, 1–2(–4) m. Stems 1–50, solitary or in colonies. Leaves: petiole (7–)11.9–19.1(–27) mm; blade orbiculate to oval, (14–)26–37(–50) × (18–)23–36(–43) mm, base usually cordate to truncate, sometimes ± cuneate, apex rounded or subtruncate, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences (6 or)7–9(–12)-flowered, (24–)29–40(–47) mm. Pedicels proximalmost (8–)10–20(–27) mm. Flowers: sepals (2.7–)3.2–4(–4.5) mm; petals obovate to elliptic, (9–)10.9–11.5(–12.6) × (3–)3.8–5.2(–5.9) mm; ovary apex glabrous (or sparsely hairy with a ring of hairs at base of styles). Pomes 8–9 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009431,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun; fruiting Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001009431,elevation,"2000–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0001009431,habitat,"Mountain slopes",321717205 wfo-0001009431,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Utah, Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0001009220,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 1–12 m. Stems 1–20, solitary or in colonies. Leaves: petiole (3–)6.8–12.6(–20) mm; blade elliptic to oval to orbiculate, (16–)24–34(–49) × (7–)17–26(–37) mm, base rounded or subcordate, apex subtruncate to rounded or acute, abaxial surface sparsely to moderately hairy, adaxial glabrous or sparsely (moderately) hairy. Inflorescences (4–)6–9(–12)-flowered, (8–)14–26(–35) mm. Pedicels: proximalmost (2–)3–8(–13) mm. Flowers: sepals (1.4–)2.2–3.2(–4) mm; petals oblanceolate to oval, (7.6–)9.9–13.9(–18.2) × (2.6–)3.3–4.7(–6.6) mm; ovary apex moderately to densely hairy (or glabrous). Pomes 10–13 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009220,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Jun; fruiting Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001009220,elevation,"0–2100 m",321717205 wfo-0001009220,habitat,"Woods, hillsides, roadsides, mountainsides",321717205 wfo-0001009220,distribution,"B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0001009449,morphology,"Shrubs, 1–5 m. Stems 1–20, forming colonies. Leaves fully unfolded; petiole (9–)12.1–19.9(–28) mm; blade ovate-oval, (33–)41–58(–72) × (24–)30–46(–57) mm, base rounded to subcordate, each margin with (2–)6–10(–15) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (1 or)3 or 4(or 5) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth more than 1 mm, apex subacute, abaxial surface densely (moderately) hairy by flowering, sparsely (moderately) hairy (or glabrous) later, adaxial sparsely hairy (or glabrous) later. Inflorescences (4 or)5–8(–11)-flowered, (26–)38–57(–75) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1 or 2(or 3) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (9–)18–26(–33) mm. Flowers: sepals spreading to recurved after flowering, (2.4–)3.5–4.9(–6.5) mm; petals linear to narrowly spatulate, (15–)16.6–19.7(–22) × (4–)5.3–7.3(–8.6) mm; stamens (17–)19–21(–23); styles (3–)5, (2.3–)2.8–3.6(–4.2) mm; ovary apex densely hairy. Pomes dark purple or almost black, 10 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009449,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun; fruiting Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001009449,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0001009449,habitat,"Open woods, rocky banks, shores, calcareous sites",321717205 wfo-0001009449,distribution,"Ont., Que.; N.Y.",321717205 wfo-0001009221,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 2–20 m. Stems 1–20, solitary or in colonies. Leaves less than half-unfolded; petiole (5.5–)12–20.6(–29.2) mm; blade ovate to obovate, (30–)47–68(–93) × (16–)26–40(–56) cm, base cordate to rounded, each margin with (0–)11–21(–30) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (3–)5–9(–13) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex acute to acuminate, abaxial surface densely (moderately) hairy by flowering, glabrous or sparsely to moderately hairy later, adaxial glabrous or sparsely (moderately) hairy later. Inflorescences (3–)6–12(–15)-flowered, (19–)30–55(–79) mm. Pedicels: 0 or 1 subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (5–)10–20(–32) mm. Flowers: sepals soon reflexed after flowering, (1.6–)2.3–3.7(–5.3) mm; petals linear to oblong, (8–)10–15(–19) × (2–)3.1–5(–6.8) mm; stamens (16–)20(–21); styles (3–)5(or 6), (2.1–)3.2–4.2(–5.5) mm; ovary apex glabrous or sparsely (densely) hairy. Pomes maroon-purple, 6–10 mm diam. 2n = 2x, 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009221,phenology,"Flowering Feb–May; fruiting May–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0001009221,elevation,"0–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0001009221,habitat,"Dry to moist woods, mesic mixed hardwoods and pine-hardwoods, fields, thickets, roadsides, circumneutral soil, especially northward",321717205 wfo-0001009221,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001009230,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.3–2.5(–5) m. Stems 1–50, fastigiate, suckering and forming ± dense colonies. Leaves half-unfolded; petiole (2–)4.5–10.5(–25) mm; blade narrowly elliptic-oval to oblong to broadly oval, (26–)37–51(–74) × (12–)20–29(–48) mm, base usually cuneate, each margin (2–)8–14(–27) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (2–)7–12(–21) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex acute to rounded, abaxial surface sparsely (moderately) hairy (or glabrous) by flowering, glabrous or sparsely hairy later, adaxial glabrous (or sparsely hairy) later. Inflorescences (1 or)2 or 3(or 4)-flowered, (6–)13–25(–38) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1(–3) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (4–)11–21(–35) mm. Flowers: sepals ascending to recurved after flowering, (1.7–)2.7–3.9(–6) mm; petals oblong-oval to broadly elliptic, (5.5–)7.1–8.7(–16.9) × (2.6–)3.9–5.3(–7) mm; stamens (8–)18–21(–25); styles (3 or)4 or 5, (2.7–)3.8–5.2(–6.1) mm; ovary apex densely hairy (or glabrous). Pomes dark purple, pear-shaped, 10–15 mm diam. 2n = 2x, 3x, 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009230,phenology,"Flowering May–Aug; fruiting Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001009230,elevation,"0–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0001009230,habitat,"Cool woods, mountain slopes, summits, bogs, poor fens, conifer swamps, acidic soil, sandy lake shores, stream banks, rocky ridges, roadside thickets",321717205 wfo-0001009230,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.Y., Pa., Vt., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001007218,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.2–8 m. Stems 1–100, in open to dense colonies, evidently stoloniferous in var. obovalis. Leaves less than half-unfolded; petiole (5–)10–15(–25) mm; blade elliptic or oval to oblong or obovate, (24–)34–48(–67) × (12–)18–27(–42) mm, base subcordate, rounded, or cuneate, each margin with (0–)6–15(–29) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (0–)6–12(–17) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex subacute or obtuse to rounded and mucronate, abaxial surface densely hairy by flowering, glabrous or sparsely to moderately hairy later, adaxial glabrous or sparsely (moderately) hairy later. Inflorescences (3–)7–10(–15)-flowered, (6–)15–37(–74) mm. Pedicels: 0 or 1(or 2) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (1–)5–14(–17) mm. Flowers: sepals erect, ascending, or spreading after flowering, (0.3–)1.8–3.1(–4.6) mm; petals linear, elliptic, or oblong, (4–)6–10.2(–15) × (1.8–)2.6–4(–5.3) mm; stamens (15–)19–21(–28); styles (3–)5(or 6), (1.5–)3.4–4.7(–5.8) mm; ovary apex glabrous (or moderately hairy). Pomes purplish black or maroon-purple, 6–10 mm diam.",321717205 wfo-0001007218,distribution,"N.B., N.S., P.E.I., Que.; Conn., D.C., Del., Ga., Maine, Mass., Md., N.C., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Va., Vt.",321717205 wfo-0001131759,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–8 m. Stems 1–25, in open to dense colonies. Leaves: blade oblong to oblong-elliptic or narrowly oblong-obovate, (24–)35–48(–67) × (12–)20–27(–42) mm, base rounded, apex subacute to rounded and mucronate, abaxial surface glabrous to moderately hairy, adaxial glabrous or sparsely (moderately) hairy. Inflorescences (3–)7–10(–15)-flowered, usually loose, (12–)21–37(–74) mm. Pedicels: 0 or 1(or 2) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (6–)8–14(–17) mm. Flowers: sepals erect or spreading after flowering, (0.3–)2.1–3.1(–4.6) mm; petals linear to oblong, (4–)7–10.2(–15) × (1.8–)3–4(–5.3) mm; stamens (15–)19–20(–21); styles (3–)5. Pomes maroon-purple, 7–10 mm diam. 2n = 2x, 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001131759,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May; fruiting Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0001131759,elevation,"0–200 m",321717205 wfo-0001131759,habitat,"Damp soil of swamps, wet streamheads, bogs, moist to wet thickets, woods",321717205 wfo-0001131759,distribution,"N.B., N.S., P.E.I., Que.; Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Maine, Md., Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va.",321717205 wfo-0001009295,morphology,"Shrubs, 2–8 m. Stems 1–50, solitary or in colonies. Leaves fully unfolded; petiole (9–)12.8–19(–28) mm; blade elliptic to suborbiculate, (22–)33–46(–61) × (13–)25–32(–50) mm, base subcordate to truncate, each margin with (0 or)1–6(–11) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (2–)4 or 5(–7) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth 1 mm, apex usually truncate, sometimes mucronate to acute, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely hairy by flowering, glabrous (or sparsely hairy) later, adaxial glabrous later. Inflorescences (4–)6–8(–10)-flowered, (17–)26–36(–47) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1 or 2 subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (4–)9–14(–18) mm. Flowers: sepals erect to recurved after flowering, (2.6–)3.3–4.3(–5.3) mm; petals obovate to oblanceolate, (10.8–)13.3–20.1(–23.2) × (2.3–)3.3–6.3(–7.5) mm; stamens (14–)18–20(–21); styles (4 or)5, (1.7–)2.6–4(–4.8) mm; ovary apex glabrous or sparsely hairy (or with a ring of hairs at base of styles). Pomes bluish black, 10 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009295,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Jul; fruiting May–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001009295,elevation,"600–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0001009295,habitat,"Basaltic ledges, cliffs, and bluffs along streams, stony soil, streambeds, stream banks, copses, mountainsides, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0001009295,distribution,"B.C.; Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0001003803,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–1 m, rhizomatous. Stems 1–50, usually forming colonies. Leaves mostly or fully unfolded; petiole 1–25 mm; blade elliptic-oblong to oblong-obovate, 50–80 × 15–45 mm, base rounded to subcordate, each margin with 4–18 teeth on proximal 1/2 and 5–10 teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex subacute to rounded or mucronate, abaxial surface glabrous (or sparsely hairy) by flowering, surfaces glabrous later. Inflorescences 3–8-flowered, 20–40 mm. Pedicels: usually 1 subtended by a leaf, proximalmost 15–35 mm. Flowers: sepals ascending or spreading after flowering, 3–5 mm; petals oval to broadly oblanceolate, 8–15 × 3–6 mm; stamens 20; styles 5, length unknown; ovary apex densely hairy. Pomes dark purple or almost black, 6–10 mm diam.",321717205 wfo-0001003803,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Jul; fruiting Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001003803,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0001003803,habitat,"Ravines, thickets, barrens, rocky banks, shores, sea cliffs, swamps, wet woods, often calcareous",321717205 wfo-0001003803,distribution,"N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., P.E.I., Que.",321717205 wfo-0001009445,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–6 m. Stems 1–40, suckering and densely colonial. Leaves mostly unfolded; petiole (8–)12.8–20.7(–25) mm; blade broadly oblong to suborbiculate, (32–)41–57(–63) × (26–)30–40(–45) mm, base cordate or rounded, each margin with (0–)3–9(–12) teeth on proximal 1/2 and 3–5 teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth more than 1 mm, apex rounded to subtruncate or short-pointed, abaxial surface moderately (sparsely or densely) hairy by flowering, surfaces sparsely hairy (or glabrous) later. Inflorescences (3–)5–10(–12)-flowered, (20–)35–50(–55) mm. Pedicels: 1 or 2 subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (9–)12–19(–26) mm. Flowers: sepals recurved after flowering, (2.6–)3–4.5(–5.9) mm; petals oblanceolate, (8–)9.7–13.5(–15) × (3–)4.1–6.2(–7) mm; stamens (17–)18–20(–21); styles (4 or)5, (2.3–)2.6–3.5(–4.1) mm; ovary apex densely hairy. Pomes blackish purple, 10 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009445,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun; fruiting Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001009445,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0001009445,habitat,"Calcareous shores, gravel beaches, cliffs, ledges, alluvial woods, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0001009445,distribution,"Que.",321717205 wfo-0001009235,morphology,"Shrubs, to 1.5 m (sometimes to 8 m in shaded conditions). Stems 1–50, rhizomatous or suckering and forming scattered colonies. Leaves partly to fully unfolded; petiole (5–)9.3–16.7(–24) mm; blade elliptic or oblong to ovate or obovate, (20–)31–47(–62) × (12–)21–35(–45) cm, base rounded to cordate, each margin with (0 or)1–6(–13) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (0–)3–6(–9) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth more than 1 mm, apex broadly subacute to rounded and mucronate, abaxial surface densely hairy by flowering, surfaces sparsely (moderately) hairy (or glabrous) later. Inflorescences (5–)7–11(–14)-flowered, (12–)18–32(–51) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1(or 2) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (4–)6–11(–16) mm. Flowers: sepals spreading to recurved after flowering, (1–)1.6–2.7(–3.6) mm; petals to ivory, obovate-oblong, (4.3–)5.9–8.7(–11.3) × (1.4–)2.3–3.9(–5) mm; stamens (14–)18–21(–22); styles (3–)5, (1.8–)2.3–3(–3.6) mm; ovary apex densely hairy. Pomes almost black, 6–8 mm diam. 2n = 2x, 3x, 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009235,phenology,"Flowering Apr–May; fruiting Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001009235,elevation,"0–500 m",321717205 wfo-0001009235,habitat,"Dry, open sites with rocky, gravelly, or sandy soil, calcareous soil",321717205 wfo-0001009235,distribution,"Man., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Pa., S.Dak., Vt., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001009239,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 1–10 m. Stems 1–10, forming colonies or solitary. Leaves not fully unfolded; petiole 10–30 mm; blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 30–70 × 20–50 mm, base rounded to subcordate, each margin with 3–15 teeth on proximal 1/2 and (2–)4 or 5(–7) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex short acuminate to apiculate, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely hairy by flowering, surfaces glabrous later. Inflorescences 4–12-flowered, 30–75 mm. Pedicels: 1 or 2 subtended by a leaf, proximalmost 10–45 mm. Flowers: sepals recurved after flowering, 2–5 mm; petals obovate, 6–15 × 4–5 mm; stamens 20; styles 5, 3–5 mm; ovary apex densely (moderately) hairy (or glabrous). Pomes purple-black, 6–8 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009239,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun; fruiting Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001009239,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0001009239,habitat,"Dry woods, bluffs rocky areas and slopes, stream banks, fields, thickets, and sandy areas, sometimes wetlands",321717205 wfo-0001009239,distribution,"N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ill., Iowa, Mich., Minn., Ohio, S.Dak., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001131613,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 2–7 m. Stems 1–50, fastigiate, solitary or in colonies. Leaves half-unfolded; petiole (14–)16–21.8(–24) mm; blade elliptic to slightly obovate, (39–)46–65(–77) × (25–)26–38(–45) mm, base subcordate or rounded, each margin with (5–)13–19(–20) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (5–)13–19(–20) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex acute to short-acuminate, abaxial surface sparsely hairy by flowering, surfaces glabrous later. Inflorescences (6 or)7–10-flowered, 35–59(–77) mm. Pedicels: 0 or 1 subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (13–)14–25(–33) mm. Flowers: sepals ascending to recurved after flowering, (2–)3.3–4.5(–5.2) mm; petals oblong, (10–)12.7–17.7(–18.5) × (3–)3.9–5.3(–5.7) mm; stamens (18–)20(–21); styles (4 or)5, (3.3–)3.8–4.8(–5) mm; ovary apex glabrous (or sparsely hairy). Pomes dark purple, 7–12 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001131613,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun; fruiting Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001131613,elevation,"0–1000 m",321717205 wfo-0001131613,habitat,"Swamps, bogs, thickets, shores",321717205 wfo-0001131613,distribution,"N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Conn., Maine, Md., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Pa., S.C., Vt., Va.",321717205 wfo-0001009248,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 2–25 m. Stems 1–20, fastigiate, solitary or in colonies. Leaves less than half-unfolded; petiole (7–)15–26(–36) mm; blade elliptic to ovate to oblong or obovate, (32–)48–75(–100) × (19–)29–42(–60) mm, base subcordate to rounded, each margin with (0–)10–23(–38) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (1–)5–9(–13) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex acute to acuminate, abaxial surface glabrous (or sparsely hairy) by flowering, surfaces glabrous later. Inflorescences (4–)7–11(–14)-flowered, (25–)43–65(–85) mm. Pedicels: 0 or 1(or 2) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (7–)15–28(–41) mm. Flowers: sepals spreading to recurved after flowering, (1.9–)2.8–4(–5.3) mm; petals linear-oblong, (8–)12.5–17.3(–22.5) × (2.9–)3.9–5.7(–7.5) mm; stamens (14–)19–21(–24); styles (4 or)5(or 6), (2.5–)3.3–4.4(–5.3) mm; ovary apex glabrous (or sparsely hairy). Pomes dark purple, 8–15 mm diam. 2n = 2x, 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009248,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun; fruiting Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0001009248,elevation,"0–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0001009248,habitat,"Dry to moist, deciduous, mixed, and coniferous forests, fields, thickets, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0001009248,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001003805,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.3–2.5 m. Stems 1–70, rhizomatous, suckering and forming colonies. Leaves less than half-unfolded; petiole (6–)9–15(–22) mm; blade elliptic to oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, (11–)29–41(–55) × (13–)19–29(–42) mm, base rounded to cuneate, each margin with 0–4(–10) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (0–)3–8(–12) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex subacute to rounded and mucronate, abaxial surface densely (moderately) hairy by flowering, surfaces sparsely hairy (or glabrous) later. Inflorescences (4–)6–8(–11)-flowered, (12–)24–36(–53) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1(or 2) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (4–)7–14(–38) mm. Flowers: sepals irregularly spreading or recurved after flowering, (1.3–)2–3(–3.9) mm; petals spatulate to oblong, (2.2–)3–4.5(–6.8) × (0.6–)1–2(–3) mm, sometimes bearing 1 or 2 tiny pollen sacs near margins on adaxial surfaces; stamens (12–)18–20; styles (4 or)5, (1.7–)2.6–3.7(–4.3) mm; ovary apex glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy. Pomes dark purple-blue, 7.5–10 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001003805,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May; fruiting Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0001003805,elevation,"0–400 m",321717205 wfo-0001003805,habitat,"Fields, sand-plain grasslands, heaths, glacial outwash plains, forest openings, disturbed sites, stream shores, among rocks or sand, dry habitats, ditches, swales",321717205 wfo-0001003805,distribution,"N.S.; Conn., Maine, Md., Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., R.I., S.C., Va.",321717205 wfo-0000986405,morphology,"Shrubs, 2–6 m. Stems 20–150, in colonies. Leaves fully unfolded; petiole (2.5–)3.4–6(–8) mm; blade ovate to obovate, (6–)16–24(–31) × (7–)11–16(–19) mm, base cuneate to rounded, each margin with 0–3(–6) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (0–)2–6(–9) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex acute to rounded, abaxial surface sparsely to moderately hairy (or glabrous) by flowering, surfaces moderately to densely hairy (or glabrous) later. Inflorescences (3 or)4–7(–12)-flowered, (8–)10–18(–27) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1 or 2(or 3) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (4–)6–12(–19) mm. Flowers: sepals spreading to recurved after flowering, (1.3–)2.2–3.3(–4.3) mm; petals linear to oblanceolate, (5.2–)6.7–9.1(–12.2) × (1.7–)2.4–3.5(–4.6) mm; stamens (7–)12–19(–21); styles 2–4(or 5), (1.8–)2.3–3.4(–4.7) mm; ovary apex glabrous or sparsely to moderately (densely) hairy. Pomes pinkish purple, 8–14 mm diam. 2n = 2x.",321717205 wfo-0000986405,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun; fruiting Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000986405,elevation,"1500–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000986405,habitat,"Dry rocky slopes, canyons, stream banks, mountainsides, foothills, high deserts",321717205 wfo-0000986405,distribution,"Ariz., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0001009265,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–6 m. Stems 1–50, often densely colonial, much branched. Leaves fully unfolded; petiole (1–)4.5–8.5(–18) mm; blade suborbiculate to oval or obovate, (15–)20–29(–44) × (10–)14–20(–28) mm, base rounded to subcordate, sometimes cuneate, each margin with 0(–2) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (0–)2–5(–9) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex rounded, truncate, or emarginate to acute and mucronate, abaxial surface moderately (sparsely) hairy by flowering, sparsely to moderately hairy later, adaxial sparsely hairy later. Inflorescences (6 or)7–11(–17)-flowered, (15–)21–29(–38) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1 or 2(or 3) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (8–)12–18(–25) mm. Flowers: sepals usually erect to recurved after flowering, (1.3–)1.6–3(–4.5) mm; petals elliptic to broadly oval, (4–)5.2–8(–9.5) × (2.2–)3.2–4.6(–6.6) mm; stamens (12–)17–21(–23); styles (2 or)3 or 4(or 5), (1.4–)2.1–2.7(–3.3) mm; ovary apex moderately to densely (sparsely) hairy. Pomes often brownish, 6–10 mm diam. 2n = 2x, 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001009265,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun; fruiting Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001009265,elevation,"1000–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0001009265,habitat,"Dry rocky slopes, canyons, chaparral, mountainsides",321717205 wfo-0001009265,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0001016834,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.3–1.2(–2) m. Stems 1–100, rhizomatous and in scattered colonies. Leaves half-unfolded; petiole (9.5–)11.5–16(–19) mm; blade oval to orbiculate, (22–)34–45(–61) × (13–)21–33(–52) mm, base subcordate or rounded, each margin (0–)3–9(–14) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (3 or)4–7(–11) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth less than 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse and sometimes mucronate, abaxial surface densely (moderately) hairy by flowering, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy later. Inflorescences (5 or)6–9(–14)-flowered, (11–)22–37(–52) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1 subtended by a leaf, proximalmost 7–16(–22) mm. Flowers: sepals recurved after flowering, (1.7–)2–3(–4.4) mm; petals linear-oblong, (5.5–)6.5–9(–11) × (2–)2.7–4.4(–6.5) mm; stamens (10–)20; styles (4 or)5, (2.2–)3–3.8(–4.6) mm; ovary apex densely hairy (or glabrous). Pomes purple-black, 7–12 mm diam. 2n = 3x, 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001016834,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun; fruiting Jul–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001016834,elevation,"0–1200 m",321717205 wfo-0001016834,habitat,"Summits and cliffs of low mountains, open woods, woodland clearings, rocky soil, crevices, shores, fields, roadsides, peaty, sandy, or gravelly and, typically, acidic soil",321717205 wfo-0001016834,distribution,"N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Conn., Ga., Ill., Iowa, Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001003808,morphology,"Shrubs, 0.5–5 m. Stems 1–100, often colonial, much branched. Leaves mostly or fully unfolded; petiole (3–)6–13(–22) mm; blade suborbiculate to oval or obovate, (14–)21–36(–63) × (9–)16–32(–54) mm, base usually rounded to subcordate, sometimes cuneate, each margin with 0–3(–6) teeth on proximal 1/2 and (0–)3–5(–7) teeth in distalmost cm, largest teeth more than 1 mm, apex usually rounded to truncate or emarginate, sometimes acute and mucronate, abaxial surface moderately (sparsely or densely) hairy by flowering, sparsely to moderately hairy later, adaxial glabrous or sparsely (moderately) hairy later. Inflorescences (4–)6–10(–13)-flowered, (8–)16–30(–43) mm. Pedicels: (0 or)1 or 2(or 3) subtended by a leaf, proximalmost (2–)7–16(–25) mm. Flowers: sepals usually recurved after flowering, (1.6–)2.6–4.2(–6.5) mm; petals oblanceolate to oblong, (4.9–)7.2–9.8(–14) × (1.6–)2.6–3.1(–5.3) mm; stamens (9–)13–19(–20); styles (2 or)3 or 4, (1.7–)2.3–3(–3.9) mm; ovary apex moderately to densely hairy (or glabrous). Pomes purplish black, 6–10 mm diam. 2n = 4x.",321717205 wfo-0001003808,phenology,"Flowering Apr–May; fruiting Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001003808,elevation,"900–3500 m",321717205 wfo-0001003808,habitat,"Dry rocky slopes, canyons, stream banks, mountainsides, foothills, deserts",321717205 wfo-0001003808,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0001278999,morphology,"Plants with knotty, shortly rhizomatous bases. Culms 40-90 cm tall, 1-2(3) mm thick, erect, glabrous; nodes usually 3. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, margins ciliate distally; collars glabrous, often with tufts of hair to 1.5 mm on the sides; ligules 0.2-0.6 mm, membranous, strigose, ciliate, cilia to 2 mm, slightly longer at the leaf margins; blades 8-35 cm long, usually convolute and 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter, 2-3 mm wide when flat, erect, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces usually glabrous. Panicles 10-25 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, bases sometimes included in the upper leaf sheaths; branches ascending to spreading, longest lower branches 4-12 cm. Glumes subequal, 6-8 mm, linear-lanceolate, 1-3-veined, midveins smooth, scabridulous, or with stiff hairs, varying within a panicle, apices acuminate; florets 4-5.5 mm long, about 0.8 mm thick, fusiform; calluses 0.4-0.5 mm, blunt, strigose, hairs 0.5-0.8 mm; lemmas pubescent over and between the veins on the proximal 1/2 at least initially, hairs 0.5-0.8 mm, sometimes glabrous at maturity between the midveins and lateral veins, distal portion glabrous, tapering to the apices, apices with 0.7-1 mm hairs around the base of the awn; awns 10-18 mm, glabrous or scabrous, usually once-geniculate; paleas 3/4 - 9/10 as long as the lemmas, pubescent over the central portion, apices involute; lodicules 3; anthers 2-2.4(3) mm, penicillate. Caryopses 2-3 mm long, 0.9-1 mm thick, fusiform; style bases straight, centric. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001279001,morphology,"Plants cespitose, with knotty, rhizomatous bases. Culms 40-100 cm tall, 0.8-3(4.8) thick, erect, glabrous; nodes usually 3. Basal sheaths mostly glabrous, margins ciliate distally; collars glabrous, often with tufts of hair to 1.5 mm on the margins; ligules 0.2-0.6 mm, membranous, ciliate, cilia 1-2 mm, longest at the margins; blades 25-70 cm long, 2-7 mm wide when flat, usually convolute and 0.4-0.8 mm in diameter, erect, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces mostly glabrous. Panicles 10-45 cm long, 2-8 cm wide, bases sometimes included in the upper leaf sheaths; branches ascending to spreading, longest lower branches 4-12 cm. Glumes subequal, 5-11 mm, linear-lanceolate, 3-veined, midveins smooth, scabrous, or with stiff hairs, varying within a panicle, apices acuminate; florets 3.5-5(7) mm long, about 0.8 mm thick, fusiform; calluses 0.5-1 mm, blunt, strigose, hairs 0.5-0.8 mm; lemmas hairy over the veins, hairs 0.5-0.8 mm, glabrous between the mid- and lateral veins, glabrous or hairy between the lateral and marginal veins, distal portion glabrous, tapering to the apices, apices with 0.7-1 mm hairs around the base of the awn; awns 12-25 mm, glabrous or scabrous, once- or twice-geniculate; paleas 3.5-6.5 mm, 3/4 - 9/10 as long as the lemmas, pubescent over the central portion, apices involute; lodicules 3; anthers 2-4 mm in chasmogamous florets, cleistogamous florets sometimes with anthers of 2 lengths, about 0.4 mm and 0.7 mm, or all anthers of the same length, the long anthers penicillate. Caryopses about 3 mm long, 1-1.4 mm thick; style bases inclined, eccentric. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001279002,morphology,"Plants cespitose, with knotty, rhizomatous bases. Culms 50-90 cm tall, 1-2.9 thick, erect, glabrous; nodes usually 3. Sheaths mostly glabrous, mar¬gins ciliate distally; collars glabrous, often with tufts of hair to 1.5 mm on the margins; ligules 0.5-1.5 mm, membranous, ciliate, cilia 1-2 mm, slightly longer at the leaf margins; blades 10-50 cm long, usually tightly convolute and 0.4-1 mm in diameter, 2-4 mm wide when flat, erect, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces usually glabrous. Panicles 10-20 cm long, 1-5 cm wide, bases sometimes included in the leaf sheaths; branches ascending to spreading, longest lower branches 4-12 cm. Glumes subequal, 6.3-13 mm, linear-lanceolate, 3-veined, midveins smooth, scabrous, or with stiff hairs, varying within a panicle, apices acuminate; florets 5.5-8 mm long, about 0.8-1.3 mm thick, fusiform; calluses 0.3-0.6 mm, blunt, strigose, hairs 0.5-0.8 mm; lemmas pubescent on the proximal 1/2, the pubescence over the midvein extending to the awn, hairs 0.5-0.8 mm, distal portion glabrous, tapering to the apices, apices with 0.7-1 mm hairs around the base of the awn; awns 11-23 mm, glabrous or scabrous, usually twice-geniculate; paleas 3.5-6.5 mm, 3/4 - 9/10 as long as the lemmas, pubescent over the central portion, apices involute; lodicules 3; anthers 3-4 mm, penicillate. Caryopses about 3 mm long, 1-1.4 mm thick; style bases upright, centric. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000961339,morphology,"Plants 7–33 cm. Leaves: blades 2.7–11 × 1.2–8 cm. Inflorescences: floral bracts lanceolate to linear, 5–15 × 1–5 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Flowers showy; sepals white to pale magenta, ovate to elliptic-oblong, 6–10 × 3–4 mm; petals white to pale magenta, ovate to lance-oblong, 5–6 mm, less than 1/2 as wide; lip white, prominently magenta-spotted, rarely with broad, longitudinal, reddish bars, ovate in outline, 6–9 × 4–8 mm, lateral lobes spreading, spur conspicuous, 2/3 as long as to equaling lip, slender. Capsules erect, ellipsoid. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000961339,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000961339,elevation,"0–1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000961339,habitat,"Moist, often calcareous coniferous forests, thickets, fens, tundra",321717205 wfo-0000961339,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Maine, Mich., Minn., Mont., N.Y., Vt., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-4000001630,morphology,"Plants perennial; strongly rhizomatous. Culms 20-130 cm, erect, glabrous. Leaves mostly basal; sheaths open; auricles absent; ligules membranous, sometimes ciliolate; blades 0.5-8 mm wide, involute or convolute. Inflorescences terminal panicles, dense, cylindrical; branches strongly ascending and overlapping. Spikelets pedicellate, laterally compressed, with 1 floret; rachillas prolonged beyond the florets, glabrous or hairy; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes equaling or exceeding the florets, subequal, linear-lanceolate, papery, keeled, acute to acuminate; lower glumes 1-veined; upper glumes 3-veined; calluses short, pilose; lemmas chartaceous, linear-lanceolate, obscurely 3-5-veined, keeled, sometimes slightly rounded at the base, apices entire or minutely bifid, unawned or awned, awns 0.2-0.5 mm, subterminal; paleas equaling the lemmas, often appearing 1-keeled, 2- or 4-veined, central veins close together; lodicules 2, free, membranous, ciliate or glabrous, not toothed; anthers 3, 3-7 mm; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses enclosed by the hardened lemma and palea, ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved; hila about 2/3 as long as the caryopses. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000001630,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Mass.;Vt.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;Maine;Wis.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);N.H.;N.C.;Pa.;R.I.;B.C.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Calif.;Ill.;Ind.;Md.;Ohio;Minn.;Mich.;S.C.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000845777,morphology,"Culms (50)60-120 cm. Ligules 10-35 mm, acute, bifid or lacerate; blades to 60(90) cm long and 6 mm wide when flat, usually tightly convolute and sharply pointed. Panicles 12-35 cm long, 15-20 mm wide, stramineous. Spikelets 12-14 mm. Glumes equaling or exceeding the florets; callus hairs 2-6 mm; lemmas 8-12 mm, apices shortly bifid, midveins slightly excurrent; anthers 4-7 mm. 2n = 14, 28, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000845777,distribution,"Md.;Pa.;Wash.;B.C.;N.S.;Oreg.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000845786,morphology,"Culms 50-130 cm. Ligules 1-3 (4.6) mm, truncate to obtuse, ciliolate; blades 15-80 cm long, 4-8 mm wide when flat, usually involute, 0.5-2.5 mm in diameter when involute; flag leaf blades 5-39 cm. Panicles 9-40 cm long, 10-25 mm wide, stramineous. Glumes 8-15 mm, exceeding the florets; callus hairs 1-3 mm; lemmas 8-11.5(14) mm, somewhat thicker than the glumes, apices acute, entire, unawned, rarely mucronate, mucros to 0.2 mm, subterminal; anthers 3-7 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000845786,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;Wis.;N.H.;N.C.;Pa.;R.I.;B.C.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Mass.;Maine;Vt.;Calif.;Ill.;Ind.;Md.;Ohio;Minn.;Mich.;S.C.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0001279005,morphology,"Flag leaf blades 5-39 cm. Panicles (9.5)13-40 cm. Glumes 8-15 mm; lemmas 8-11.5(14) mm; anthers 3.5-7 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0001279004,morphology,"Flag leaf blades 8-22 cm. Panicles 9-17 cm. Glumes 8-11.5 mm; lemmas 8-10 mm; anthers 3-4.5 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-4000001662,morphology,"Shrubs, 100–400 cm (clambering, sprawling, or vinelike, deciduous or evergreen by production of new growth; sometimes clonal by adventitious roots on branches in contact with soil, these becoming separated). Stems scandent, widely and diffusely branched, sparsely to densely short-pilose or hirsute, especially distally, eglandular. Leaves cauline; alternate; sessile; blades 1-nerved, elliptic or oblanceolate to lanceolate or ovate, margins entire, faces sparsely to moderately pilose. Heads radiate, in paniculiform arrays. Involucres turbino-campanulate, 8–12 × 8.5–21 mm. Phyllaries 30–50, in 5–6 series, spreading to reflexed, 1-nerved (midnerves ± raised, especially proximally, ± translucent yellow-brown to golden brown, less prominent distally; ± flat), outer linear-lanceolate to spatulate, inner linear-attenuate, strongly unequal, proximally whitish, herbaceous distally (green zone restricted to apical 1/4 or less), margins hyaline proximally (sometimes reddish), abaxial faces sparsely to moderately pilose. Receptacles flat to slightly rounded, pitted (margins irregular), epaleate. Ray florets 30–50(–70), pistillate, fertile; corollas pale rose-purple to pale pink. Disc florets 30–50, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow becoming rose-purple, weakly ampliate, tubes shorter than narrowly cylindro-campanulate throats, lobes 5, erect, triangular; style-branch appendages narrowly triangular. Cypselae narrowly cylindric to fusiform, not compressed, 9–12-ribbed (whitish, raised), faces glabrous; pappi persistent, of 30–45, light stramineous to faintly rust-orange, barbellate bristles in 2(–3) series (outermost of 0–5 midlength attenuate bristles, outer of long, distally attenuate ones, slightly shorter than inner weakly clavate ones). x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000001662,distribution,"se United States.",321717205 wfo-0000009377,morphology,"Plants deciduous to evergreen by production of new growth, sprawling, climbing over other plants. Stems weak, 5–10 mm diam., branches at right angles. Leaf blades 30–70 × 10–15(–20) mm, reduced distally, membranous, bases auriculate-clasping, apices acuminate. Heads 1–15 per branch. Peduncles 1–4 cm, densely pilose; bracts lanceolate to ovate, 3–10 mm. Ray florets: laminae 9–15(–20) × 1–1.6 mm; style-branch appendages narrowly triangular. Disc florets corollas 6–8 mm, limbs 50–60% corollas, lobes 0.6–1.1 mm, 10–20% corollas. Cypselae usually tan to brown, sometimes mottled purple to black between light colored ribs, 3.5–4.3 mm; pappi shorter than disc corollas. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000009377,phenology,"Flowering peak late fall–winter, year round (Fla).",321717205 wfo-0000009377,elevation,"0–30 m",321717205 wfo-0000009377,habitat,"Marshy shores, stream banks, edges of swamps and moist thickets, wet woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000009377,distribution,"Fla., Ga., N.C., S.C.",321717205 wfo-4000001668,morphology,"Plants perennial; cespitose, rhizomatous. Culms 60-350 cm, annual, internodes solid. Leaves mostly basal; cleistogenes not developed; prophylls shorter than the sheaths; sheaths open; ligules membranous, ciliate; blades initially flat, becoming involute, bases becoming indurate and curved. Inflorescences panicles, loosely contracted, somewhat 1-sided. Spikelets pedicellate, laterally compressed, with 2-6 florets; rachillas hairy, hairs 2-3 mm, prolonged beyond the distal florets; disarticulation above the glumes and beneath the florets. Glumes subequal, more than 1/2 as long as the adjacent lemmas, scarious or chartaceous, 3-5-veined, awn-tipped; florets 10-12 mm; calluses 0.2-0.5 mm, rounded, strigose; lemmas coriaceous, smooth, 5-7-veined, mostly glabrous, hairy over and adjacent to the basal 1/2 of the midvein, hairs 1-2 mm, apices bidentate or bilobed, mucronate or awned from the sinuses, lemma-awn junction not conspicuous; paleas subequal to the lemmas, 2-keeled, keels extending as teeth, flat between the keels; lodicules 3, lanceolate, membranous, ciliate; anthers 3, 6-8 mm; ovaries pubescent distally; styles 2, white. Caryopses fusiform, subterete, grooved adaxially, not ribbed; hila linear; starch grains simple, x = 12.",321717205 wfo-4000001668,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000845816,morphology,"Plants rhizomatous, densely cespitose, clumps to 1 m in diameter. Culms 60-350 cm tall, 5-8 mm thick. Sheaths smooth, striate; ligules 8-15 mm; blades to 100 cm long, 3-9 mm wide, adaxial surfaces strongly ribbed, margins serrate, apices long-tapering. Panicles to 50 cm, lax; branches subsecund, drooping. Spikelets 10-15 mm, stramineous to purplish. Lower glumes 7-10 mm; upper glumes 9-12 mm; calluses 0.2-0.5 mm, rounded; lemmas 9-14.5 mm, distinctly keeled, bidentate, mucronate or awned, awns to 2 mm. Caryopses about 7 mm. 2n = 48.",321717205 wfo-0000845816,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-4000001672,morphology,"Lianas, climbing by tendrils, synoecious. Branches: bark adherent; pith white, continuous through nodes; tendrils 2-branched, without adhesive discs. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Inflorescences usually bisexual, leaf-opposed, corymblike cymes, sometimes compound. Flowers bisexual; calyx saucer-shaped, indistinctly undulate; petals 5, distinct; nectary adnate proximally to base of ovary, free distally, cup-shaped, slightly lobed; stamens 5; style cylindric, elongate. Berries rose violet, purple, blue, black, orange, or yellow. Seeds 1–4 per fruit. x = 10.",321717205 wfo-4000001672,distribution,"North America, Mexico, Asia; temperate to tropical regions.",321717205 wfo-0000531613,morphology,"Lianas, low to moderately high climbing. Branchlets purplish green, usually sparsely pilose, sometimes glabrate or glabrous. Leaves palmately compound or blade so deeply lobed that leaf appears compound; petiole ± equaling blade; blade broadly ovate to nearly circular in outline, 4–9 × 2–6 cm, base cuneate, margins deeply serrate, apex acuminate, surfaces glabrous or abaxial puberulent; leaflets or lobes (3 or) 5, lanceolate to rhombic-lanceolate, each pinnatifidly lobed. Inflorescences usually shorter than leaves. Flowers yellowish green. Berries orange or yellow at maturity, sometimes bluish prior to maturity, globose, 6–8 mm diam. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000531613,phenology,"Flowering May–Aug; fruiting Jun–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000531613,elevation,"50–400 m.",321717205 wfo-0000531613,habitat,"Thickets, forest edges.",321717205 wfo-0000531613,distribution,"Introduced; Conn., Mass., Mich., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa.; Asia (n, c China).",321717205 wfo-0000531655,morphology,"Lianas, moderately high climbing. Branchlets green, glabrous. Leaves simple; petiole ± equaling blade; blade ovate, 5–12 × 4–9 cm, usually unlobed, sometimes shallowly 3-shouldered, base truncate to subcordate, margins coarsely and irregularly serrate, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous or abaxial surface sparsely puberulent. Inflorescences ± equaling to longer than leaves. Flowers yellowish green. Berries ripening from green to orange, rose, purple and finally blue, subglobose, 6–10 mm diam. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000531655,phenology,"Flowering late Apr–Jun; fruiting Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000531655,elevation,"0–1000 m.",321717205 wfo-0000531655,habitat,"Stream and riverbanks, floodplain forests, wet woodland borders, lowland thickets, fencerows.",321717205 wfo-0000531655,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.C., Ohio, Okla., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000531668,morphology,"Lianas, low to moderately high climbing. Branchlets purplish green, usually sparsely puberulent, sometimes becoming glabrate. Leaves simple; petiole ± equaling blade; blade ovate, 6–14 × 4–11 cm, usually shallowly sometimes deeply, 3(–5)-lobed (but leaf never appearing compound), base cordate to subcordate, margins crenate-dentate to irregularly serrate, apex short acuminate, surfaces glabrous or abaxial surface puberulent. Inflorescences usually shorter than leaves. Flowers yellowish green. Berries ripening from green to white, rose, blue, or lilac, ± globose, 6–9 mm diam. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000531668,phenology,"Flowering late May–Jul; fruiting Jul–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000531668,elevation,"0–800 m.",321717205 wfo-0000531668,habitat,"Forest edges, pond margins, stream banks, thickets, disturbed areas.",321717205 wfo-0000531668,distribution,"Introduced; Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000083846,morphology,"Plants 20–40(–60) cm. Primary stems usually (2–)5 mm diam. Leaf blades linear, rarely linear-lanceolate, 5–25(–35) × 0.2–1(–2) mm. Heads in open paniculiform arrays. Phyllaries 3–4 × 1–2 mm. Receptacles with hooked, swollen-based hairs. Cypselae 2–3 mm, 4–6-ribbed, long-setulose. 2n = 8.",321717205 wfo-0000083846,phenology,"Flowering late Sep–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000083846,elevation,"0–650 m",321717205 wfo-0000083846,habitat,"Calcareous soils and gravels on or near limestone outcrops",321717205 wfo-0000083846,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-4000001695,morphology,"Plants annual or perennial; cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms to 180 cm, erect or geniculate. Sheaths open, lower sheaths often enclosing cleistogamous panicles with unawned spikelets having fewer florets and smaller anthers than the aerial spikelets; auricles absent; ligules elongate, membranous, becoming lacerate; blades flat or inrolled. Terminal inflorescences panicles, open to spikelike. Spikelets laterally compressed, with 2-10 florets, cleistogamous florets occasionally intermixed with the chasmogamous florets, distal florets often reduced, staminate; rachillas pubescent, prolonged beyond the base of the most distal pistillate floret, empty or terminating in a reduced floret; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes subequal to unequal, shorter than the adjacent lemmas, ovate to lanceolate, scarious, acute to obtuse, often erose, unawned; lower glumes shorter and narrower than the upper glumes, 1-5-veined; upper glumes 3-7-veined; calluses blunt, pubescent; lemmas chartaceous, smooth or scabrous, with 5-9 prominent veins, awned, apices with 2-4 teeth or lobes, outer lobes often smaller than the inner lobes, all lobes aristate to obtuse, awns arising from below midlength to near the apices, sometimes straight when young, geniculate at maturity, spreading or recurved; paleas subequal to or much shorter than the lemmas, bilobed; lodicules 2, free, glabrous, not lobed; anthers 3; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, terete, apices often with a few hairs; hila to 1/2 the length of the caryopses. x = unknown.",321717205 wfo-4000001695,distribution,"Calif.;La.",321717205 wfo-0000845826,morphology,"Plants perennial; usually cespitose, occasionally rhizomatous. Culms 30-150 cm tall, 1-2.5 mm thick, erect, terete to flattened, glabrous; nodes 2-4; lowest internodes not swollen. Sheaths smooth or scabridulous, ribbed; ligules 4.5-8 mm, acute to acuminate; blades 10-20(37) cm long, 2-4 mm wide, flat or involute, smooth to scabrous, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, adaxial surfaces deeply ribbed, scabrous. Terminal panicles 15-40 cm, erect, sparse, lower portion rarely partially enclosed in the uppermost sheaths; branches usually 7-14 cm, ascending or appressed, often flexuous; pedicels usually 10-20 mm. Spikelets 8-17 mm, with 2-6 florets. Glumes unequal, green, sometimes purplish in the center, with hyaline margins; lower glumes 3.5-6.5 mm, 3-5-veined; upper glumes 4.5-7.5 mm, 5-7-veined; lemmas 5-8.4 mm, 7-veined, papillose to scabrous, apices appearing constricted, 2-4-toothed, awned from the upper 2/3 - 3/4 of the lemmas, awns 14-26 mm, geniculate and twisted; paleas 8/10 – 9/10 the length of the lemmas, papillose; anthers of chasmogamous florets 1.3-2.3 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000845826,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000845827,morphology,"Plants perennial; usually cespitose, occasionally rhizomatous. Culms 30-125 cm tall, 1-3 mm thick, erect, terete to flattened, glabrous; nodes 2-5; lowest internodes not swollen. Sheaths smooth or scabridulous, ribbed; ligules 10-20 mm, acute to acuminate; blades 10-30 cm long, 1.5-3.5 mm wide, flat or involute, smooth to scabrous, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, adaxial surfaces deeply ribbed, scabrous. Terminal panicles 15-40 cm, erect, sparse, the lower portion sometimes partially enclosed in the uppermost sheaths; branches usually 7-15 cm, ascending or appressed, often flexuous; pedicels usually 10-20 mm. Spikelets 10-16 mm, with 4-6 florets. Glumes unequal to subequal, green, sometimes purplish in the center, with hyaline margins; lower glumes 2.5-5.5 mm, 3-5-veined; upper glumes 3-6.5 mm, 3-5-veined; lemmas 5-7.2 mm, 5-7-veined, scabrous, apices not appearing constricted, usually 4-toothed, 2 lateral teeth smaller than the 2 central teeth, awned from the lower 2/5 – 3/5 of the lemmas, awns 12-22 mm, geniculate and twisted; paleas 3/4 as long as to subequal to the lemmas, papillose; anthers of chasmogamous florets 2.2-3 mm, those of cleistogamous florets 0.3-1.4 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000845831,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous. Culms 30-100+ cm, terete, erect or decumbent; nodes up to 10, lowest 3 or 4 nodes often underground, aerial nodes usually producing cleistogamous panicles; lowest internodes usually swollen. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths usually longer than the internodes, smooth; ligules 6-15 mm; lower blades 5-25(40) cm long, 2-6 mm wide, flat, rather lax; upper blades reduced, sometimes to 1 cm. Cleistogamous panicles with 6-10 mm spikelets bearing 1-3 florets, lemmas unawned, sometimes mucronate, anthers about 0.7 mm. Terminal panicles 6-27 cm, often partially enclosed in the uppermost sheaths; branches 2-8 cm, ascending to drooping, often sinuous; pedicels absent or to 10 mm. Spikelets 12-25 mm, with 3-9 florets. Glumes 1/2 - 2/3 the length of the adjacent lemmas; lower glumes 3.5-6.7 mm, 1-3-veined; upper glumes 5-8 mm, 3-5-veined; lemmas 5-11 mm, 7-9-veined, hispid or tuberculate, deeply bilobed, awned, awns 8-17 mm, arising near midlength; paleas 4-6 mm, chartaceous, margins scabrous to ciliolate distally; anthers 0.7-2 mm. 2n = unknown.",321717205 wfo-0000845831,distribution,"La.",321717205 wfo-4000001700,morphology,"Plants annual or perennial; rhizomatous, rhizomes slender, terminating in a reduced panicle of cleistogamous spikelets. Culms 30-100 cm, erect or decumbent. Sheaths open; auricles absent; ligules of hairs; blades flat. Inflorescences subterranean and aerial, only the subterranean inflorescences forming mature caryopses; subterranean panicles with 1-5 spikelets; aerial panicles terminal, simple, with elongate rachises bearing erect to ascending branches, usually with 15 or more spikelets. Spikelets glabrous, unawned, with 2 florets. Subterranean spikelets setting seed, with 1 glume; lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas similar in size and texture, exceeded by the upper florets; upper florets turgid, ellipsoidal; upper lemmas mostly indurate, margins thin, flat, apices acuminate; upper paleas similar in texture to the lemmas; anthers 3; caryopses well-developed. Aerial spikelets not setting seed, sometimes forming immature caryopses, lanceoloid, dorsally compressed to terete; glumes unequal or the lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas similar in size and texture; upper lemmas mostly indurate, margins thin, flat, apices acute; lower florets staminate or sterile; upper florets with pistils but fruit not developed, x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000001700,distribution,"Md.;N.J.;N.C.;Mass.;S.C.;Del.;Ala.;Fla.;Va.;Ga.;N.Y.",321717205 wfo-0000845837,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 30-80 cm, erect. Leaves mostly basal; sheaths hirsute; blades 10-15 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, hirsute on both surfaces, margins ciliate. Subterranean spikelets 7-8 mm, acuminate. Aerial panicles 3-20 cm; aerial spikelets 4-5 mm, ellipsoidal. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000845839,morphology,"Plants perennial. Culms 30-100 cm, usually decumbent, sometimes erect. Leaves evenly distributed; sheaths usually glabrous, occasionally sparsely hirsute; blades to 10(13) cm long, 5-10.5 mm wide, glabrous, margins white. Subterranean spikelets 6-9 mm, acuminate. Aerial panicles 3-20 cm; aerial spikelets 5.5-7 mm, narrowly lanceoloidal. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-4000001729,morphology,"Shrubs, 30–60 cm (rounded). Stems erect (bark whitish), intricately branched, becoming leafless and spinescent, branchlets glabrous or densely, hirtellous. Leaves cauline; alternate (ascending); petiolate to subsessile; blades 1-nerved, obovate to narrowly elliptic, margins entire, faces glabrous or hirtellous, often resinous. Heads radiate (discoid), (2–4) in glomerate, terminal clusters, these in corymbiform arrays. Involucres turbino-cylindric, 4–5.5 × 2–3 mm. Phyllaries 7–12 in 3 series, greenish white, 1-nerved (outer keeled), ovate to elliptic, unequal, thin-indurate, margins not scarious, faces glabrous. Receptacles flat, pitted, epaleate. Ray florets (0–)1–2, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow (laminae slightly longer than involucres). Disc florets 3–7, functionally staminate; corollas yellow, tubes longer than narrowly funnelform throats (nerves 1, yellow, not resinous), lobes 5, reflexed or coiling back, lanceolate; style-branch appendages triangular (nonfunctional, lacking stigmatic lines). Cypselae (ray) oblong-elliptic to obovoid, ± flattened, 2-nerved, faces moderately villous; pappi persistent, of 15–20, stramineous, basally connate, flattened, slender, barbellate, apically attenuate bristles in 1 series (disc bristles longer than ray, sometimes undulate or twisted). x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000001729,distribution,"sw United States.",321717205 wfo-0000005483,morphology,"Leaves 3–11 mm. cypselae (ray) 3 mm",321717205 wfo-0000005483,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah",321717205 wfo-0000074050,morphology,"Young twigs, peduncles, and leaves glabrous. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000074050,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May.",321717205 wfo-0000074050,elevation,"(100–)500–1100 m",321717205 wfo-0000074050,habitat,"Rocky or sandy soils, ravines, washes, slopes, rock outcrops, canyon walls, cliff faces, usually with other shrubs, especially Ambrosia, Yucca, Ephedra, Atriplex",321717205 wfo-0000074050,distribution,"Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000073153,morphology,"Young twigs, peduncles, and leaves densely hirtellous.",321717205 wfo-0000073153,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May.",321717205 wfo-0000073153,elevation,"500–1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000073153,habitat,"Rocky or sandy soils, flats, washes, slopes, rock outcrops, canyon walls, cliff faces, commonly with Larrea, Yucca, Ambrosia",321717205 wfo-0000073153,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., Utah.",321717205 wfo-4000001739,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, internally mostly solid, without evident air cavities, cespitose or not, rhizomatous. Culms solitary or not, ± terete, tough, wiry. Leaves all basal; sheaths often disintegrating into fibers; ligules ciliate; blades strongly C-shaped in cross section to subcylindric, tough, wiry. Inflorescences terminal, often pseudolateral, capitate; spikelets 1–6(–10); involucral bracts 1–3, spreading or erect, leaflike. Spikelets 5–20 × 3–5 mm; scales 30–60, spirally arranged, each subtending flower, smooth, glabrous, margins ciliolate. Flowers bisexual; perianth of 1–6 bristles, straight, not longer than achene, retrorsely spinulose; stamens 3; styles deciduous, linear, 2-fid. Achenes plano-convex or unequally biconvex.",321717205 wfo-4000001739,distribution,"North America, South America.",321717205 wfo-0000339341,morphology,"Rhizomes 1–4 mm diam., tough, hard. Culms ridged, 10–70 cm × 0.5–2 mm, hard, without evident internal air cavities. Leaves 5–10; sheaths loose, the proximal often disintegrating to prominent fibers, often stramineous or brownish, papery, fronts membranous-hyaline with delicate veins, summit slightly concave with V-shaped veinless area and often disintegrating; blades 0.5–1 times as long as culms, hard, without evident internal air cavities; distal blades 3–30 cm × 0.5–2 mm, longer than sheaths, margins sparsely antrorsely spinulose or papillose, apex sharply acute. Inflorescences: proximal involucral bract 1–15 cm, resembling foliage leaf blade. Spikelets ovoid to lanceoloid or terete, 5–20 × 3–5 mm; scales pale to dark red-brown, midribs usually stramineous, smooth; proximal 1 or 2 scales often resembling involucral bracts, with awnlike blades, to 15 mm; other scales in proximal part of spikelet prominently 9-veined, ovate, 4 × 3 mm, papery to often cartilaginous, margins hyaline, ciliolate, apex entire, acute to rounded. Flowers: perianth bristles pale brown, unequal. Achenes greenish to orange-brown, broadly obovoid, 2–2.3 × 1.5–1.7 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000339341,phenology,"Fruiting summer.",321717205 wfo-0000339341,elevation,"400–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000339341,habitat,"Sunny, saline, often alkaline, seasonally wet places",321717205 wfo-0000339341,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Sask.; Calif., Colo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Dak., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; South America (Argentina, Chile).",321717205 wfo-4000001798,morphology,"Plants small to medium-sized, yellow to green. Stems freely branched; hyalodermis absent, central strand present; paraphyllia absent; rhizoids or rhizoid initials on stem or abaxial costa insertion, rarely forming tomentum, slightly to strongly branched, smooth or rarely granular-papillose; axillary hair distal cells 1 or 2, hyaline. Stem and branch leaves erect, spreading, or subsecund, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, not plicate, 0.7–1(–1.4) mm; base not decurrent; margins erect, entire to ± crenulate distally, limbidia absent; apex short-acuminate, acumen not furrowed; costa single to mid leaf or beyond; alar cells ± differentiated; medial and distal laminal cells short-rhomboid to linear. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule erect, oblong-cylindric, straight; peristome specialized; exostome teeth short, external and internal surfaces minutely papillose throughout, margins entire; endostome basal membrane absent, cilia absent. Spores 10–15 µm.",321717205 wfo-4000001798,distribution,"North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia; temperate and tropical areas.",321717205 wfo-0001148439,morphology,"Plants dull to shiny. Stems creeping, branches ± ascending, straight to slightly curved at apices; somewhat radiculose. Stem and branch leaves erect to slightly spreading when dry, spreading to subsecund when moist; costa to 1/2–4/5 leaf length; laminal cells smooth; basal cells bulging; medial and distal cells 30–56 × 8–11 µm. Perigonia with leaves ovate, apex short-acute, ecostate. Perichaetia with leaves oblong-lanceolate, margins serrulate distally, apex long-acuminate, costa faint, 1/2–3/4 leaf length, laminal cells elongate. Seta yellow, 0.7–1.4 cm, straight. Capsule yellow to brown, 0.8–2 mm, strongly constricted below mouth when dry, hypophysis present; operculum conic, obliquely rostrate; exostome yellow to light brown, teeth paired, strongly recurved when dry, triangular-lanceolate, attenuate, thin; endostome light orange to golden, segments 8 or 16, filiform, elongate, 1/3–1 time exostome length. Calyptra 1.7–2 mm, naked. Spores spheric, finely papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001148439,phenology,"Capsules mature (Jan-)Apr–Oct(-Dec).",321717205 wfo-0001148439,elevation,"low to high elevations (0-1700 m)",321717205 wfo-0001148439,habitat,"Bark of trees, wet, sheltered niches, crotches, fissures, knotholes on logs, stumps, sometimes rotten, wet rock",321717205 wfo-0001148439,distribution,"N.S., Ont., Que.; Ark., Conn., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Europe.",321717205 wfo-4000001809,morphology,"Plants in lax to dense tufts, sometimes viny, reddish brown proximally, yellowish green to green distally. Stems 1–5 cm, erect to ascending, simple or fastigiate; octagonal in cross section, hyalodermis absent, epidermis prorulose; radiculose proximally, rhizoids papillose. Leaves not in distinct rows or rarely in 5 rows, imbricate, appressed when dry, erect to spreading or recurved when moist, narrowly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1–3-stratose (sometimes 3- or 4-stratose at margins); base not sheathing; margins revolute in distal 1/2, sometimes almost to base, serrate, teeth single or paired; apex acute, acuminate, or rarely obtuse; costa percurrent to long-excurrent, abaxial surface rough or smooth; basal laminal cells shorter, wider than distal cells; distal cells usually oblong to linear or quadrate, strongly prorulose to nearly smooth, walls thick. Specialized asexual reproduction unknown. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia gemmiform; perichaetial leaves scarcely distinct. Seta single, short to elongate, straight or somewhat curved. Capsule erect to inclined, globose to ovoid, irregularly wrinkled when dry, mouth small; annulus absent or scarcely developed; operculum short-conic to conic-obtuse; peristome absent, of low membrane, or exostome teeth yellow to reddish brown, short, fragile, apically free; endostome rare, very faint. Spores globose to reniform, warty or coarsely papillose.",321717205 wfo-4000001809,distribution,"North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa.",321717205 wfo-0001148452,morphology,"Plants yellowish or reddish. Stems 1–5 cm. Leaves imbricate or distal leaves divaricate when dry, spreading to recurved when moist, narrowly ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, distal lamina 2-stratose toward costa, 3- or 4-stratose at margins, 2–6.5 mm; margins coarsely doubly serrate distally; costa excurrent to long-excurrent, abaxial surface rough; inner basal laminal cells elongated oblong; distal cells short-rectangular to linear, to 45 × 3–7 µm, prorulose at both ends. [Seta 0.2–0.8 cm. Capsule 2–3 mm; operculum short-conic; peristome absent. Spores 23–28 µm].",321717205 wfo-0001148452,elevation,"moderate to high elevations (1000-1700 m)",321717205 wfo-0001148452,habitat,"Dry to moist soil, rock crevices, talus slopes",321717205 wfo-0001148452,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., N.Mex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Asia; Africa.",321717205 wfo-0001148453,morphology,"Plants yellowish green to reddish brown. Stems 3–5 cm. Leaves erect, imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, narrowly lanceolate, distal lamina 1 (or 2)-stratose at margins, 2.5–4.5 mm; margins singly or doubly serrate distally; costa percurrent or short-excurrent, abaxial surface smooth; inner basal laminal cells quadrate or short-rectangular; distal cells rectangular to oblong, 25 × 4–10 µm, smooth or few cells bearing low prorulae on abaxial side. Seta 0.5–1.2 cm. Capsule 2–2.8 mm; operculum conic-obtuse; peristome usually absent, when present variously developed, usually broken, sometimes as low thin membrane below mouth. Spores 18–32 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148453,phenology,"Capsules mature Feb–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0001148453,elevation,"moderate to high elevations (500- 2200 m)",321717205 wfo-0001148453,habitat,"Rock, ledges, ravines, shady canyons, soil",321717205 wfo-0001148453,distribution,"B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000092746,morphology,"Perennials; rhizomes relatively slender. Stems white, densely and closely tomentose, not glandular. Leaf blades 1–3-nerved, 3–10(–15) cm, bases subclasping, decurrent, margins revolute, abaxial faces tomentose or glabrescent (proximal leaves), not glandular or very sparsely and inconspicuously glandular, adaxial faces green, glabrate. Involucres 5–7 × 6–8(–10) mm. Phyllaries ovate to nearly linear (innermost), subequal to unequal, apices white, opaque. Cypselae 0.5–1 mm, bases constricted into stipiform carpopodia. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000092746,phenology,"Flowering Jul–Oct (sporadically longer).",321717205 wfo-0000092746,elevation,"0–3200 m",321717205 wfo-0000092746,habitat,"Dry woods, often with aspen or mixed conifer-hardwood, borders and trails, dunes, fields, roadsides, other open, often disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000092746,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C. , Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico (Baja California); Asia; introduced in Europe.",321717205 wfo-4000001913,morphology,"Plants erect, unbranched (few branched from near base), sometimes deep-seated in substrate with only broad top visible. Roots diffuse, short, succulent taproots, or tuberlike. Stems unsegmented, dark green or dark gray-green to pale blue-green, spheric to cylindric, sometimes stipitate, 2–9(–15) × 2–8(–10) cm; ribs 8 or 13 (0 in young, tuberculate plants), indistinct (in A. brevihamatus) or distinct (in A. scheeri), crests deeply notched adaxial to each areole, making ribs prominently tuberculate; tubercles slightly coalesced into ribs with advancing age of plant, ± conic, protruding 1 cm or less on young plants and of ribs on adults; areoles ca. 12–18 mm apart along ribs, nearly circular at sexual maturity, newer areoles more elongate, on oldest parts of stem adaxially forming narrow grooves extending to axils, felted; areolar glands often conspicuous within grooves, hemispheric; cortex and pith conspicuously mucilaginous. Spines 10–26 per areole, sparse to densely obscuring stems, grayish, whitish, or yellowish, reddish or blackish in proximal and distal portions, acicular or somewhat flattened, to almost papery, minutely canescent; longest spines 9–25(–45) × 0.4–0.8 mm; radial spines 7–22 per areole, straight, longest spines 5–18(–29) × 0.1–0.5 mm; central spines (3–)4(–5) per areole (solitary abaxial central spine plus straight, flat adaxial central spines), principal central spine porrect, hooked (absent on immature plants and youngest adults of some A. brevihamatus populations). Flowers diurnal, near stem apex at adaxial edges of areoles on young adults, at axillary ends of short areolar grooves in older plants, funnelform, often narrowly so, expansion often restricted by adjacent spines, 2.5–4 × 1.5–4 cm; outer tepals entire to denticulate; inner tepals seldom showy: white, brown, pink, yellow, or green (brightest green in some A. scheeri), 2.5–17(–24) × 0.6–5(–7) mm, margins entire; ovary sparsely scaly, spineless, hairless; scales minutely fringed; stigma lobes 4–10, white, green, yellowish, or rose-pink, 1.5–2.5 mm. Fruits indehiscent, green, sometimes suffused pink or brownish purple, drying to yellowish, tan with dull pink tinge, or white, ovoid to cylindric, (9–)15–25(–31) × (3–)6–9 mm, weakly succulent (sometimes drying to a papery shell), scaly, spineless, hairless; floral remnant persistent. Seeds black or very dark reddish brown, spheric to helmet-shaped or reniform, 1.5–2 mm, glossy, papillate or minutely so; testa cells flat to weakly convex. x = 11.",321717205 wfo-4000001913,distribution,"Arid regions, sw United States, Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000533843,morphology,"Plants unbranched, deep-seated in substrate when young, inconspicuous. Roots diffuse or vertical, short, conic, cylindric, or hemispheric taproots, junction with stem obscure or inconspicuous. Stems spheric (to obconic or subcylindric in very old plants), flat-topped (in deep-seated young plants), (3–)4.5–10(–15) × (1.5–)4.5–8(–15) cm. Spines: radial spines 7–14(–18) per areole, opaque, yellowish to tan, tips yellow-brown to dark brown, turning gray, longest radial spines (5–)10–18(–29) × 0.1–0.5 mm; central spines (1–)4(–5) per areole; abaxial central spine 1 per areole, hooked (absent on immature plants and youngest adults), ± terete, angled, ridged, or dorsiventrally flattened, generally yellowish brown, rust, or dark brown, paler on abaxial surface, 7–43 × 0.4–1.5 mm; adaxial central spines (2–)3–4 per areole, erect, straight or weakly curved, adaxial surface flat (to 2 times as wide as thick), pale yellowish to gray or tan with dark tips, 1–2 times length of hooked spine (to at least 65 mm), to 1.1 mm wide. Flowers: inner tepals whitish, bright pink, or bright yellow, often pinkish brown or olive green with reddish brown midstripes. Fruits 8–25(–30) × 6–13 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000533843,phenology,"Flowering Jan–Mar.",321717205 wfo-0000533843,elevation,"300-1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000533843,habitat,"Tamaulipan thorn scrub, Chihuahuan desert scrub, sparse grasslands, oak and juniper woodlands, creosotebush flats, sedimentary substrates including limestone [and gypsum in Mexico], usually not on steep slopes, rocky to gravelly soils",321717205 wfo-0000533843,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León).",321717205 wfo-0000533848,morphology,"Plants unbranched (unless injured) until very old age, then few branched from ground level, precociously conspicuous. Roots long, fleshy, tuberlike taproots with bulbous swellings, sometimes having bulbous secondary roots, frequently horizontally oriented. Stem cylindric to club-shaped and stipitate, or spheric, to 17 × 8 cm. Spines: radial spines 13–28 per areole, translucent yellowish, tips red-brown, longest spines 6–28 × 0.15–0.55 mm; central spines 3–4 per areole; abaxial central spine 1 per areole, hooked (very rarely straight), ± terete or adaxially flattened, generally whitish or light brown, sometimes adaxially dark striped with brown to black, 12–38 mm; adaxial central spines (2–)3 per areole, erect, straight, dorsiventrally compressed, abaxially tan to whitish, adaxially brown to dark reddish brown, 19–50 mm. Flowers: inner tepals consistently bright green to yellowish (rarely pink to pale reddish). Fruits 19–35 mm. 2n = 22.",321717205 wfo-0000533848,phenology,"Flowering Nov–Mar.",321717205 wfo-0000533848,elevation,"20-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000533848,habitat,"Tamaulipan thorn scrub, plains and low hills, sandy, loamy, silty, or gravelly soils [rarely on shale]",321717205 wfo-0000533848,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-4000001914,morphology,"Annuals, 0.5–14 cm. Stems 0 (A. keilii) or, usually, 2–10 and ascending to prostrate, sometimes 1 and ± erect. Leaves basal or basal and cauline; alternate; blades oblanceolate to obovate. Heads borne singly or in glomerules of 2–5 in ± cymiform arrays. Involucres 0 or inconspicuous. Phyllaries 0, vestigial, or 3–6, ± equal (unlike paleae, hyaline). Receptacles distally expanded,± fungiform or hourglass-shaped (heights 1–2 times diams.), glabrous. Pistillate paleae tardily falling or ± persistent, erect to ascending; bodies with 3 nerves (nerves ± parallel, prominent, or midnerves sometimes thinning with age, obscure), ± boat-shaped to ovoid, saccate most of lengths (obcompressed, not galeate, each enclosing a floret); wings erect or incurved (apical). Staminate paleae persistent, 5(–7), ± spreading proximally (and enlarged) in fruit, shorter than or surpassing pistillate paleae; bodies lanceolate or spatulate (apices incurved to uncinate). Pistillate florets 5–11. Functionally staminate florets 3–6; corolla (zygomorphic, ± gibbous in A. keilii) lobes 4–5(–6), equal or unequal. Bisexual florets 0. Cypselae uniformly brown or proximally black-banded, monomorphic: obcompressed, obovoid, slightly incurved, not gibbous, faces glabrous, smooth, dull; corolla scars apical; pappi 0.",321717205 wfo-4000001914,distribution,"sw United States, nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000018476,morphology,"Plants 2–10(–14) cm. Stems usually 2–10, ascending to prostrate, sometimes 1, ± erect; branches mostly distal (sometimes absent). Leaves basal and cauline, sessile or obscurely petiolate, largest 8–16(–28) × 2–3(–4) mm, very unlike pistillate paleae; bases (of leaves or petioles) ± attenuate, 1-nerved, greenish, herbaceous, scarcely involucral. Heads in glomerules of 2–5 in ± cymiform arrays, 3.5–5 mm (excluding staminate paleae). Phyllaries usually 3–6, minute, ± equal, hyaline, unlike pistillate paleae, sometimes vestigial or apparently 0. Receptacles fungiform, 0.9–1.5 mm. Pistillate paleae: wings prominent, erect, ovate, ± plane. Staminate paleae 5, broadly lanceolate, 2.7–4.1 mm, surpassing pistillate; apices uncinate, terete, acuminate, cartilaginous, spinose. Staminate corollas actinomorphic, 1–1.5 mm, lobes (4–)5(–6), ± equal. Cypselae 1.4–2 × 0.6–0.9 mm, transverse bands 1, proximal, black.",321717205 wfo-0000018476,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting mid Mar–late Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000018476,elevation,"60–1900(–2100) m",321717205 wfo-0000018476,habitat,"Open, dry or vernally moist slopes, flats, drainages, shallow rocky to deep sandy or clay soils (often over serpentine or basalt), sometimes disturbed sites (burns, road beds)",321717205 wfo-0000018476,distribution,"Calif., Idaho, Nev., Oreg.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000020227,morphology,"Plants 0.5–1(–2) cm. Stems 0. Leaves basal, petiolate, largest 8–10(–18) × 1(–2) mm, some ± grading into pistillate paleae (by reduction or loss of blades and expansion of petiole bases, resembling aristate phyllaries); bases (of petioles) expanded, 3-nerved, yellowish tan, parchment-like, closely involucral. Heads borne singly amidst surrounding leaves (see discussion below), 2.5–3.5 mm. Phyllaries 0. Receptacles broadly hourglass-shaped, 0.9–1.3 mm. Pistillate paleae: wings obscure, incurved, lanceolate, ± involute. Staminate paleae 5(–7), broadly spatulate, 1.8–2.8 mm, slightly surpassed by pistillate; apices incurved, ± involute, obtuse to rounded, apiculate, shortly scarious, not spinose. Staminate corollas ± zygomorphic, 0.9–1.3 mm, lobes 4, unequal (1–2 enlarged). Cypselae 1–1.4 × 0.5–0.6 mm, transverse bands 0.",321717205 wfo-0000020227,phenology,"Flowering and fruiting Mar–Apr.",321717205 wfo-0000020227,elevation,"40–130 m",321717205 wfo-0000020227,habitat,"Sandy soils, chaparral bordering oak woodlands, under shrubs",321717205 wfo-0000020227,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-4000001968,morphology,"Plants commonly cemented to substrate. Stems with stalked mucilage hairs in leaf axils, stalks usually brown. Leaves spiraling around stem in several rows, usually brittle, commonly ending in a distinct apiculus of a single cell; costa sometimes poorly differentiated, sometimes not reaching the leaf insertion; laminal cells with thick longitudinal walls and often pitted or sinuose, transverse walls thin. Capsule 0.5–2 mm.",321717205 wfo-4000001968,distribution,"Cosmopolitan.",321717205 wfo-0001148469,morphology,"Plants reddish brown to black. Leaves erect-spreading to squarrose, straight, panduriform, widest distally, apex symmetric; costa absent; leaf margins denticulate along leaf base; basal laminal cells rectangular to long-rectangular, marginal cells similar, walls pitted, nodose; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate to ovate, 1-stratose entirely or sometimes 2-stratose distally, lumens rounded; laminal papillae rare, low. Sexual condition cladautoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 18–28 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148469,habitat,"Wet acidic or basic rock",321717205 wfo-0001148469,distribution,"Greenland; s, w South America; n Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001148494,morphology,"Plants brown to black. Leaves erect, curved or secund, becoming subulate from an ovate or narrow-rectangular base, widest in proximal half of leaf, apex symmetric; costa present, percurrent and filling the leaf apices, strong, terete, usually reaching the leaf insertion; leaf margins entire or crenulate; basal laminal cells rectangular, walls thin and straight; medial laminal cells usually quadrate, 1-stratose or rarely 2-stratose juxtacostally, lumens rounded-quadrate; laminal papillae rare. Sexual condition dioicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores (10–)13–15(–20) µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148494,elevation,"low to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001148494,habitat,"Rock, alluvium, edges of snow melt areas",321717205 wfo-0001148494,distribution,"Greenland; B.C., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., Nunavut, Que., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.; n Europe; n Asia; Atlantic Islands (Iceland).",321717205 wfo-0001148536,morphology,"Plants brown to black. Leaves erect to spreading, occasionally secund, broadly subulate from an ovate base, widest in proximal half of leaf, apex symmetric; costa present, percurrent and filling the leaf apices, weak, flattened distally, often not reaching the leaf insertion; leaf margins entire or occasionally weakly crenulate; basal laminal cells quadrate to occasionally short-rectangular, a few marginal cells rectangular, walls usually sinuose; medial laminal cells quadrate, 1-stratose or sometimes 2-stratose in patches, lumens rounded-quadrate; laminal papillae rare, low. Sexual condition apparently autoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 20–30(–40) µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148536,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001148536,habitat,"Acidic rocks",321717205 wfo-0001148536,distribution,"Greenland; B.C., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Oreg.; s Europe; se Asia; Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands, Kerguelen Island, Madiera Island).",321717205 wfo-0001195194,morphology,"Plants brown to black. Leaves erect-spreading or secund, subulate-lanceolate from an ovate base, widest in proximal half of leaf, apex symmetric; costa present, percurrent and sometimes filling the leaf apices, strong but narrow, bulging abaxially, usually reaching the leaf insertion; leaf margins entire or occasionally weakly crenulate; basal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, marginal cells mostly rounded-quadrate, walls weakly pitted-sinuose; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate, 1-stratose or 2-stratose in patches or completely, lumens rounded; laminal papillae smooth to papillose. Sexual condition cladautoicous or gonioatoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores (40–)50–90(–110) µm.",321717205 wfo-0001195194,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001195194,habitat,"Acidic rock",321717205 wfo-0001195194,distribution,"B.C.; Alaska, Wash.; nw Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001148566,morphology,"Plants reddish to black. Leaves erect-spreading, straight or sometimes secund, lanceolate, widest proximally, apex symmetric; costa absent; leaf margins entire; basal laminal cells rectangular to long-rectangular, marginal cells quadrate, walls little pitted; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate to ovate, 1-stratose entirely or sometimes 2-stratose in patches distally, lumens rounded; laminal papillae rare, low. Sexual condition cladautoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 12–20(–30) µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148566,elevation,"moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001148566,habitat,"Acidic rock faces, occasionally thin soil",321717205 wfo-0001148566,distribution,"B.C.; South America (Argentina, Ecuador); nw Europe; Asia (e China); Atlantic Islands (Kerguelen Island); Pacific Islands (including New Zealand); Australia.",321717205 wfo-0001148574,morphology,"Plants reddish brown to brownish green. Leaves secund to falcate-secund, mostly subulate, widest in proximal half of leaf, apex symmetric; costa present, percurrent and filling the leaf apices, strong, terete, reaching the leaf insertion; leaf margins crenulate to strongly denticulate; basal and medial laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, 1-stratose, walls thin and straight, lumens smoothly rounded, quadrate to short-rectangular on the margins; laminal papillae strong, usually distant. Sexual condition dioicous; perichaetial leaves not differentiated beyond being larger than the cauline. Spores (18–)20–30(–40) µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148574,elevation,"moderate to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001148574,habitat,"Wet rocks in streams, snow flushes, seeping outcrops",321717205 wfo-0001148574,distribution,"Greenland; B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.; Europe; Asia (Japan, Russia).",321717205 wfo-0001148579,morphology,"Plants red-brown to purple-black. Leaves straight to secund, panduriform, widest in distal half, apex usually symmetric; costa absent; leaf margins entire; basal laminal cells rectangular to long-rectangular, marginal cells rectangular, walls thick, pitted-nodose; medial laminal cells quadrate, 1-stratose, lumens irregularly stellate to rhombic; laminal papillae low or absent. Sexual condition autoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 20–35 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148579,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001148579,habitat,"Rock or soil in streams",321717205 wfo-0001148579,distribution,"Greenland; B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), Nunavut, Yukon; Alaska; n Eurasia; c Africa.",321717205 wfo-0001148615,morphology,"Plants brown to black. Leaves erect-spreading, occasionally secund, broadly subulate from an ovate base, widest in proximal half of leaf, apex symmetric; costa present, percurrent and usually filling the leaf apices, moderately differentiated to strong, terete, reaching the leaf insertion; leaf margins entire or occasionally weakly crenulate; basal laminal cells quadrate to occasionally short-rectangular, marginal cells mostly quadrate or rounded, walls usually sinuose; medial laminal cells quadrate, 1-stratose to nearly completely 2-stratose, lumens rounded-quadrate; laminal papillae rare, low. Sexual condition clad- or gonioautoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 35–60(–70) µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148615,elevation,"low to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001148615,habitat,"Siliceous rock, cliffs, boulders",321717205 wfo-0001148615,distribution,"Greenland; B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont.; Ala., Alaska, Calif., Conn., Fla., Ga., Maine, Md., Mich., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va.; n, c Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001148618,morphology,"Plants reddish black, black or greenish brown. Leaves curved or secund to straight, wide-spreading to squarrose, short-lanceolate, widest proximally, apex oblique or symmetric; costa absent; leaf margins entire; basal laminal cells short- to long-rectangular, marginal cells rounded-quadrate to short-rectangular, walls sometimes thickened, usually pitted, straight; medial laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, 1-stratose or occasionally 2-stratose in patches, lumens rounded, rectangular or irregularly stellate; laminal papillae usually present, commonly large, whitish. Sexual condition cladautoicous or autoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 20–32(–50) µm.",321717205 wfo-0001148618,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001148618,habitat,"Neutral to acidic boulders, cliffs and walls, generally wet sites",321717205 wfo-0001148618,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Ga., Idaho, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.Y., N.C., Oreg., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Eurasia; Africa; Atlantic Islands; Pacific Islands; Australia; Antarctica.",321717205 wfo-0001195193,morphology,"Plants greenish brown to brown-black. Leaves spreading, straight to secund, broadly subulate from an ovate base or lanceolate, widest in proximal half of leaf, apex symmetric; costa present, percurrent and usually filling the leaf apices, moderately differentiated to more often strong, terete, commonly reaching the leaf insertion; leaf margins entire or occasionally weakly crenulate; basal laminal cells rectangular, marginal cells grading to short-rectangular, walls usually sinuose, sometimes slightly pitted; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate, 2-stratose entirely or in large patches except near costa where commonly 1-stratose, rarely 1-stratose throughout, lumens rounded; laminal papillae rare, low. Sexual condition cladautoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 20–30 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001195193,elevation,"moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001195193,habitat,"Dry rock outcrops",321717205 wfo-0001195193,distribution,"B.C.; Calif.",321717205 wfo-0001195126,morphology,"Plants reddish brown to black. Leaves weakly spreading, straight or sometimes secund, narrowly lanceolate, widest proximally, apex symmetric; costa absent; leaf margins entire; basal laminal cells rectangular, marginal cells not different in shape, walls thickened, pitted, sinuose; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate to ovate, 1-stratose entirely or sometimes 2-stratose in patches distally, lumens rounded; laminal papillae low, large, brown to whitish, mainly medial. Sexual condition apparently dioicous, possibly cladautoicous; perichaetial leaves differentiated, convolute-sheathing. Spores 12–20 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001195126,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001195126,habitat,"Acidic rock in snow beds",321717205 wfo-0001195126,distribution,"B.C.; Alaska; nw Europe.",321717205 wfo-7000000026,morphology,"Plants dark green to black, small to large, often in dense turf. Stems erect, irregularly branched, bearing rhizoids at base; central strand absent. Leaves erect or secund, sometimes falcate-secund, short- to long-lanceolate or panduriform; costa absent or single or branched, narrow to broad, percurrent or ending before the apex; in section of uniform cells, lamellae absent; margins plane to weakly incurved, seldom recurved; laminal cells short throughout or occasionally elongate in leaf base, 1-stratose or 2- to multistratose. Specialized asexual reproduction rare, as filamentous gemmae from laminal cells. Sexual condition usually autoicous, mainly cladautoicous but occasionally gonioautoicous or dioicous; perichaetial leaves commonly differentiated, larger, convolute-sheathing. Sporophytes terminal on an elongate gametophytic stalk, the pseudopodium. Seta essentially absent. Capsule erect, elliptic, opening by usually 4 lateral longitudinal valves; stomata, annulus, operculum and peristome absent. Calyptra tiny, campanulate-mitrate, often fugacious. Spores spheric, oval or tetrahedral, small to large, 10 to occasionally more than 100 µm, papillose.",321717205 wfo-7000000026,distribution,"Cosmopolitan.",321717205 wfo-7000000027,morphology,"Plants clear green to olive green to dark red-brown to dull black, moderate in size, pulvinate to mat-forming. Stems erect, irregularly branched; rhizoids present; central strand absent. Leaves dimorphic, falcate-secund and ovate-lanceolate, occasionally minute, ecostate, imbricate, squamiform on flagelliform shoots or proximally on main stem; costa single, broad, indistinct, excurrent, forming a broad, obtuse subula, lamellae absent, in section at midleaf with substereid cells centrally, adaxially and abaxially of more or less uniform thick-walled cells; margins plane to weakly tubulose, never recurved; laminal cells rounded-quadrate to short-rectangular, 1-stratose at base, becoming 2-stratose distally, multistratose in four layers when filling the fleshy subula. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Perichaetial leaves scarcely differentiated from stem leaves, not convolute-sheathing. Pseudopodium as an elongate gametophytic stalk not developed. Sporophytes terminal on a short and broad seta. Capsule erect, rounded angular-ovate (trullate), broadest toward the base, opening irregularly during period of dehiscence by 4–8 lateral longitudinal valves connected at the apex; stomata, annulus, operculum, and peristome absent. Calyptra large, enveloping the whole capsule, mitrate, becoming cucullate on dehiscence, persistent. Spores chlorophyllose or aborted, the former spheric to ovoid, relatively large, (50–)90–100(–120) µm, papillose or reticulate-papillose.",321717205 wfo-7000000027,distribution,"nw North America in arctic and subarctic areas.",321717205 wfo-4000001970,morphology,"Stems with axillary hairs having brown to hyaline cells at the base, cells elongate distally but abruptly terminated by broadly rounded cells with a terminal beak, mucilage apparently extruded apically. Leaves not particularly brittle, ending in a mammillose, multistratose, obtuse subula without differentiated apical cells; costa poorly differentiated from the leaf lamina, strong from leaf insertion to apex; laminal cells with evenly thickened transverse and longitudinal walls, rounded, not pitted or sinuose. Capsule 0.6–1.5(–2) mm.",321717205 wfo-4000001970,distribution,"nw North America in arctic and subarctic areas.",321717205 wfo-0001146750,morphology,"Protonemata massive, globose, multicellular, giving rise to a branched and thallose protonema, and protonematal appendages that are persistent, cylindrical and multiseriate, to 2 mm. Stems 2–4(–6) cm, hyalodermis absent, sclerodermis of 3–4 thicker-walled cells, central strand absent, sparse, red-brown, 1-seriate rhizoids at base. Leaves little changed on drying, erect-spreading, falcate-secund when moist, near stem base 0.3–0.4 mm, gradually larger toward stem apices, to 1–1.7 mm, clustered in the stem apices as a fist-like coma, base scarcely differentiated to ovate or elliptic, somewhat decurrent, lamina gradually to abruptly ending in the subula in the distal 1/5 or less, lamina plane to gently concave, margins plane to slightly incurved proximally, smooth to weakly sinuose in the subula; basal cells gradually differentiated, occasionally hyaline near insertion, short-rectangular, 2(–3):1, all cells distal to the base rounded-quadrate, occasionally slightly oblate, 12–20(–25) µm, all cells firm, thick-walled, more thickened at the cell angles, thickenings not irregular, not trigonous, cell walls smooth, convex to bulging-mammillose, especially in the subula. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia gemmate, terminal and lateral, perigonial leaves broadly ovate, short apiculate, interior perigonial leaves 1-stratose, ecostate, wider than long, antheridia usually 4–6, on 2-seriate stalks; perichaetia terminal or lateral, 1–4 per stem, interior leaves little different from the cauline, minute, multistratose, innermost leaf little longer than the archegonium. Seta red-brown, concolorous with capsule base, massive, not twisted, 0.6–1.2(–2) × 0.2–0.4 mm, foot long-tapering, not swollen. Capsule red-brown to shining black with age, the broad base paler and the narrower, conic distal portion darker and developing 4–8 hygroscopic, longitudinal, dehiscent slits for spore dispersal.",321717205 wfo-0001146750,phenology,"Capsules mature late summer.",321717205 wfo-0001146750,elevation,"low to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001146750,habitat,"Calcareous rock in Arctic and subarctic areas",321717205 wfo-0001146750,distribution,"B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska.",321717205 wfo-0000534289,morphology,"Shrubs 10–70 cm. Stems ascending. Leaf blades linear to narrowly oblong, (2–)3–5 cm × 2–8 mm, abaxial surface white-hairy to white-velutinous, not glaucous, adaxial often white-hairy on base, petiole, and midvein, ± glaucous when young. Pedicels recurved, pale-glaucous, seldom more than 6(–8) mm, rarely 2 times length of corolla. Corymbs nodding, (2–)4–8-flowered, on curved branchlets. Corollas 6(–8) × 5–6(–7) mm, not dilated basally. Capsules obovoid to subglobose, 4–5.5 × 4 mm, glabrous or minutely hairy at base. 2n = 48.",321717205 wfo-0000534289,phenology,"Flowering May–Jul(-Sep); fruiting Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000534289,elevation,"100-700 m",321717205 wfo-0000534289,habitat,"Open, wet sites, bogs, fens, margins of pools, along boggy shores",321717205 wfo-0000534289,distribution,"Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Conn., Ill., Ind., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Pa., R.I., Vt., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001047586,morphology,"Plants 5–80 cm. Stems spreading. Leaf blades (white-glaucous, sometimes green abaxially), linear to narrowly elliptic, (1–)2–4 cm × 1–6 mm, surfaces glabrous. Pedicels erect or recurved, reddish, 10–20 mm, 2–3 times length of corolla. Corymbs erect or lax, 2–3(–4)-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary, on erect or ascending branchlets. Corollas (pink, fading with age), 5(–7) × 3.5 mm, dilated basally. Capsules subglobose, to 8 × 4–5 mm, glabrous. 2n = 48.",321717205 wfo-0001047586,phenology,"Flowering May–Aug; fruiting Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001047586,elevation,"0-1500 m",321717205 wfo-0001047586,habitat,"Sphagnum peat bogs, acid swamps, margins of pools throughout boreal forest and arctic",321717205 wfo-0001047586,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Idaho, Wash.; Europe; Asia.",321717205 wfo-4000002006,morphology,"Plants perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous. Culms 20-310 cm, erect, much-branched distally. Leaves not aromatic; ligules membranous, sometimes ciliate; blades linear, flat, folded, or convolute. Inflorescences terminal and axillary or a false panicle; inflorescence units 1-600+ per culm; peduncles initially concealed by the subtending leaf sheaths, sometimes exserted beyond the sheaths at maturity, with (1)2-5(13) rames; rames not reflexed at maturity, axes slender, terete to flattened, not longitudinally grooved, usually conspicuously pubescent, with spikelets in heterogamous sessile-pedicellate pairs (the terminal spikelets sometimes in triplets of 1 sessile and 2 pedicellate spikelets), apices of the internodes neither cupulate nor fimbriate; disarticulation in the rames, below the sessile spikelets. Sessile spikelets bisexual, awned, with short, blunt calluses; lower glumes 2-keeled, flat or concave, usually not veined between the keels, sometimes 2-9-veined; anthers 1, 3(2). Pedicels usually longer than 3 mm, similar to the rame internodes in shape, length, and pubescence color, not fused to the rame axes. Pedicellate spikelets usually vestigial or absent, sometimes well-developed and staminate. x = 10.",321717205 wfo-4000002006,distribution,"Minn.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wis.;Del.;D.C;Man.;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ark.;Ariz.;Calif.;Ga.;La.;Md.;Miss.;N.C.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;S.C.;Tex.;Va.;Virgin Islands;Fla.;Wyo.;N.H.;Ala.;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;Mass.;Mich.;Mo.;Okla.;Pa.;R.I.;Tenn.;Utah;Maine;Vt.;Colo.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Iowa;Ohio;Mont.",321717205 wfo-0000846123,morphology,"Plants cespitose or somewhat rhizomatous, upper portion dense, oblong to ovate. Culms 90-170 cm; internodes occasionally somewhat glaucous just below the nodes; branches straight, erect to ascending. Sheaths smooth, rarely some¬what scabrous; ligules 0.3-0.9 mm, sometimes ciliate, cilia to 0.5 mm; blades 15-35 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, glabrous or densely pubescent, hairs spreading. Inflorescence units 5-45 per culm; subtending sheaths (3.3)3.8-6.8(9) cm long, (2.5)3.2-4(5) mm wide; peduncles (9)26-66(115) mm, with 2(4) rames; rames (2.2)2.6-4.3(5.3) cm, usually exserted at maturity, pubescence either evenly distributed or more dense distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets (4.3)4.9-5.4(6.1) mm; callus hairs 1.5-2.5 mm; keels of lower glumes scabrous from below the midpoint; awns 5-16 mm; anthers 1(3), 2-3.5 mm, red. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000846123,distribution,"N.C.;Fla.;Ala.",321717205 wfo-0000846219,morphology,"Plants densely cespitose, upper portion dense, obovate to obpyramidal. Culms 60-250 cm; internodes not glaucous. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.6-1 mm; blades 20-70 cm long, 2-7 mm wide, usually glabrous or scabrous on the margins. Inflorescence units 50-500; subtending sheaths 2.5-4.5 cm long, 2-3 mm wide; peduncles 20-70 mm, with 2(3) rames; rames 2-4 cm, exerted at maturity; internodes filiform, densely and evenly pubescent, hairs 3-9 mm. Sessile spikelets 3-4 mm; unawned; callus hairs 0.5-1 mm; keels of lower glumes scabrous above the midpoint; anthers 3, 1-1.4 mm. Pedicellate spikelets mostly vestigial or absent, 1-2 of those in the terminal units on each rame 3-5 mm and staminate. 2n = 60, 120.",321717205 wfo-0000846219,distribution,"Puerto Rico;Virgin Islands;Fla.",321717205 wfo-0000846250,morphology,"Plants cespitose, open and ovate to obpyramidal above. Culms 1.1-3.1 m; internodes not glaucous; branches arching. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, ciliate, cilia 0.6-1.5 mm; blades 21-54 cm long, 2.3-6 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, with spreading hairs. Inflorescence units 12-190 per culm; subtending sheaths (2.1)2.4-3.5(4.1) cm long, (2.3)2.6-3(3.8) mm wide; peduncles (13)20-31(43) mm, with 2(3) rames; rames (1.2)1.5-2.1(2.6) cm, usually exserted at maturity, pubescence increasing in density distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets (4.1)4.4-4.6(5) mm; callus hairs 1-1.5 mm; keels of lower glumes scabrous only above the midpoint; awns 2-11 mm; anthers 1, 1.4-2.4 mm, red. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000846250,distribution,"S.C.;N.C.;Fla.;Ga.",321717205 wfo-0000846582,morphology,"Plants cespitose, usually densely obpyramidal to oblanceolate above. Culms 70-210 cm; internodes occasionally somewhat glaucous just below the node; branches straight, mostly erect to ascending. Sheaths often scabrous, somteimes smooth; ligules 0.4-1.2 mm, ciliate, cilia 0.2-1.3 mm; blades 32-61 cm long, 2.9-5 mm wide, glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent. Inflorescence units (9)50-210 per culm; subtending sheaths (3)4-5.9(7) cm long, (1.5)2-2.7(3.6) mm wide; peduncles (10)19-48(93) mm, with 2(4) rames; rames (2)2.5-3.7(4.5) cm, usually exserted at maturity, internodes evenly pubescent. Sessile spikelets (3.8)4.4-4.8(5.5) mm; callus hairs 1-3 mm; keels of lower glumes glabrous below midlength; awns 5-15 mm; anthers 1(3), 1.3-2 mm, usually yellow (sometimes purple). Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000846582,distribution,"Fla.;Ala.;Ga.",321717205 wfo-0000846629,morphology,"Plants often forming large clumps, rhizomes, if present, with internodes shorter than 2 cm. Culms 1-3 m, often glaucous. Sheaths glabrous or pilose; ligules 0.4-2.5 mm; blades 5-50 cm long, (2)5-10 mm wide, usually pilose adaxially, at least near the collar. Inflorescence units usually only terminal; peduncles with 2-6(10) rames; rames 5-11 cm, exserted at maturity, usually purplish, sometimes yellowish; internodes sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs 2.2-4.2 mm, usually white, rarely yellowish. Sessile spikelets 5-11 mm, scabrous; awns 8-25 mm; anthers 3, 2.5-4.5 mm. Pedicellate spikelets 3.5-12 mm, usually well-developed and staminate. 2n = 20, 40, 60 (usually), 70, 80.",321717205 wfo-0000846629,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wis.;Del.;D.C.;Man.;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;W.Va.;Colo.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Mass.;Maine;R.I.;Vt.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Mont.;Miss.;Ky.;S.Dak.",321717205 wfo-0000846663,morphology,"Plants cespitose, upper portion dense, oblong to oblanceolate or obpyramidal. Culms 20-250 cm; internodes green, sometimes glaucous; branches mostly erect, straight. Sheaths usually scabrous, sometimes smooth; ligules 0.6-2.2 mm, sometimes ciliate, cilia to 0.9 mm; blades 13-109 cm long, 2.9-9.5 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs usually spreading, rarely appressed. Inflorescence units 10-600 per culm; subtending sheaths (2.0)2.9-4.4(6.5) cm long, (1.5)2.3-3.4(4.4) mm wide; peduncles (1)6-14(60) mm, with 2(4) rames; rames (1)1.7-2.5(3.5) cm, exserted or not at maturity, pubescence sparse basally and increasing in density distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets 3-5 mm; callus hairs 1-2.5 mm; keels of lower glumes sometimes scabrous below midlength, usually scabrous distally; awns 6-19 mm; anthers 1(3), 0.5-1.5 mm, yellow, red, or purple. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent, sterile. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000846663,distribution,"Del.;D.C.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);N.C.;N.Y.;R.I.;S.C.;Utah;Fla.;Okla.;Tex.;N.J.;Ark.;Ariz.;Calif.;Ga.;La.;Md.;Miss.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Va.;Virgin Islands;Tenn.;Pa.;Ala.;Ill.;Mass.;Ohio;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000846669,morphology,"Plants usually oblong in the upper portion, sometimes cylindrical. Culms 1.2-2.2 m; internodes glaucous. Sheaths (1.3)2.3-3.1(4.7) mm wide, usually smooth; ligules ciliate or not, cilia to 0.2 mm; blades glaucous, glabrous, smooth. Subtending sheaths of inflorescence units usually 2-2.5 mm wide; peduncles shorter than 10 mm; rames usually shorter than 2 cm, not exerted at maturity. Keels of lower glumes usually scabrous beyond midlength.",321717205 wfo-0001095985,morphology,"Plants oblong to pyramidal in the upper portion. Culms 60-160 cm; internodes not glaucous. Sheaths (2)2.5-3.4(4.7) mm wide, scabrous; ligules sometimes ciliate, cilia to 0.3 mm; blades green, usually scabrous. Subtending sheaths of inflorescence units usually 2.5-3.4 mm wide; peduncles (4)11-35(60) mm; rames usually 2.1-2.9 cm, exerted. Keels of lower glumes usually smooth below midlength, scabrous distally; anthers eventually deciduous.",321717205 wfo-0001095985,distribution,"Md.;N.J.;Mass.;Miss.;La.;W.Va.;Pa.;Del.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);N.C.;N.Y.;R.I.;S.C.;Ala.;D.C.;Tenn.;Va.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ky.;Fla.;Ohio",321717205 wfo-0000846670,morphology,"Plants usually oblong in the upper portion, sometimes cylindrical. Culms 1-2 m; internodes not glaucous. Sheaths scabrous; ligules ciliate or not, cilia to 0.3 mm; blades green, usually pubescent. Subtending sheaths of inflorescence units (2)2.4-3.1(4) mm wide; peduncles 2-5(8) mm; rames usually 1.7-2.8 cm, not exserted at maturity. Keels of lower glumes usually smooth below midlength, scabrous distally; anthers often retained within the spikelets.",321717205 wfo-0000846670,distribution,"Va.;Okla.;Miss.;Tex.;La.;Ark.;N.J.;Ala.;Tenn.;Ga.;Ky.;Fla.;Md.;N.C.;S.C.",321717205 wfo-0000846671,morphology,"Plants oblanceolate to obpyramidal in the upper portion. Culms to 2.5 m, but as short as 20 cm in poor soils; internodes not glaucous. Leaf sheaths usually smooth; ligules ciliate, cilia 0.2-0.9 mm; blades green, smooth or pubescent. Subtending sheaths of inflorescence units (2)2.9-4.3(5.2) cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide; peduncles (2)8-15(40) mm; rames 1.3-3 cm, exerted. Keels of lower glumes usually smooth below midlength, scabrous distally; anthers often retained within the spikelets.",321717205 wfo-0000846671,distribution,"Va.;Okla.;Tex.;Ark.;Ariz.;Calif.;Ga.;La.;Miss.;N.C.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;S.C.;Virgin Islands;Ala.;Utah;Fla.",321717205 wfo-0000846679,morphology,"Plants densely cespitose. Culms 20-60 cm, wiry, glabrous. Sheaths smooth; ligules to 1.4 mm; blades to 45 cm long, to 4 mm wide, involute and filiform, or folded. Inflorescence units 3-50+ per culm; peduncles 2-13.2 cm, with 1 rame; rames 2-4 cm, usually long-exserted at maturity; internodes densely pubescent, hairs to 8 mm. Sessile spikelets 4-6 mm; lower glumes scabrous in the distal 1/2; awns 11-20 mm. Pedicellate spikelets reduced to an awned or unawned glume, sterile. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000846679,distribution,"Puerto Rico;Virgin Islands;Fla.",321717205 wfo-0000846705,morphology,"Plants cespitose, cylindrical to ovate above. Culms 30-100 (140) cm; internodes usually glaucous; branches mostly erect, straight. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.3-1.5 mm, sometimes ciliate, cilia to 0.7 mm; blades 6-48 cm long, 0.8-5 mm wide, glabrous or densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Inflorescence units 2-31 per culm; subtending sheaths (2.6)4.1-4.5(13.5) cm long, (1.5)2.7-4.7(8) mm wide; peduncles (1)5-31(195) mm, with 2-5 rames; rames (1.5)2.8-4.2(6) cm, exserted or not at maturity, pubescence increasing in density distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets (3)3.9-4.7(5.7) mm; callus hairs 1-5 mm; keels of lower glumes scabrous only beyond midlength; awns 8-24 mm; anthers 1, 0.6-1.4(1.7) mm, yellow or purple. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000846705,distribution,"Del.;D.C.;W.Va.;Fla.;N.J.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Md.;Okla.;Ohio;Mo.;Miss.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0001095986,morphology,"Ligules 0.3-0.8(1.1) mm. Inflorescence units usually with 2-5 rames; rames usually concealed at maturity.",321717205 wfo-0001095986,distribution,"Del.;D.C.;W.Va.;Fla.;N.J.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Md.;Okla.;Ohio;Mo.;Miss.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000846706,morphology,"Ligules (0.8)1.1-1.5 mm. Inflorescence units usually with 2 rames; rames usually exposed at maturity.",321717205 wfo-0000846706,distribution,"Va.;Ga.;La.;Fla.;Ala.;Miss.;N.C.;S.C.;Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000846722,morphology,"Plants strongly rhizomatous, rhizome internodes often longer than 2 cm. Culms (40)60-150(200) cm, strongly glaucous. Ligules (0.9)2.5-4.5 mm, ciliate; blades 3-40(51) cm long, (1.5)2-10 mm wide, often pilose, at least near the collar. Inflorescence units usually only terminal; peduncles with 2-7 rames; rames 4-7(9) cm, exserted at maturity; internodes usually densely pubescent, hairs 3.7-6.6 mm, often strongly yellowish. Sessile spikelets (5)6.5-12 mm; lower glumes often ciliate; awns absent or to 11 mm; anthers 3, (2.3)4-6 mm. Pedicellate spikelets 3.5-12 mm, usually well-developed and staminate. 2n = 60 (usually), 70, 100.",321717205 wfo-0000846722,distribution,"Colo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;Utah;Minn.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Mont.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Wyo.;Man.;Sask.",321717205 wfo-0000846937,morphology,"Plants cespitose, cylindrical to oblong above. Culms 20-170 cm; internodes not glaucous; branches mostly erect, straight. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.7-1.2 mm, sometimes ciliate, cilia to 0.4 mm; blades 3-35 cm long, 2.5-7.5 mm wide, sparsely to densely pubescent with spreading, shaggy hairs. Inflorescence units 7-50 per culm; subtending sheaths (4)4.9-7.4(10) cm long, (3)4.2-6.1(10.1) mm wide; peduncles (10)24-68(130) mm, at least some extending beyond the subtending sheaths at maturity, with 2-13 rames; rames (2)2.4-4(5) cm, usually exserted at maturity, pubescence increasing in density distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets (3)4-4.5(6.9) mm; keels of lower glumes scabrous above (and sometimes below) the midpoint; awns 17-24 mm; anthers 1, 0.7-1.4 mm, yellow. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000846957,morphology,"Plants cespitose; cylindrical to oblong and more or less open in the upper portion. Culms 50-100(150) cm; internodes green, sometimes somewhat glaucous just below the node; branches mostly erect, straight. Sheaths not scabrous; ligules 0.2-0.6 mm, ciliate, cilia 0.3-0.6 mm; blades 11-50 cm long, 2-5.5 mm wide, sparsely to densely pubescent, most hairs appressed. Inflorescence units 7-97 (usually about 45) per culm; subtending sheaths (2.5)3-4.5(6) cm long, (2.5)3.2-4.1(5.5) mm wide; peduncles (1)3-4(13) mm, with 2(3) rames; rames (1.3)1.8-2.6(4) cm, not exserted at maturity, pubescence increasing in density distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets (3.5)4.1-4.5(5) mm; callus hairs 1.5-5 mm; keels of lower glumes scabrous only above the midpoint; awns 10-21 mm; anthers 1, 0.9-1.6 mm, yellow. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000846957,distribution,"N.C.;S.C.;Fla.;Miss.;Ga.",321717205 wfo-0000847656,morphology,"Plants cespitose. Culms 70-150 cm. Sheaths smooth or scabrous, sometimes pilose; ligules 0.4-1.5 mm, ciliate; blades 1-3 mm wide, pubescent or glabrous and glaucous. Inflorescence units 2-30+ per culm; peduncles usually 5-20 mm, with (1)2 rames; rames 3-4 cm, exerted at maturity, terminating in a sessile-pedicellate spikelet pair; internodes sparsely to densely villous, hairs from as long as to twice as long as the sessile spikelets. Sessile spikelets 4.5-8.4 mm; callus hairs to 8 mm; awns 10-25 mm; anthers 3,1.2-2.3 mm. Pedicellate spikelets 1.5-3.6 mm, sterile. 2n = 40, 60.",321717205 wfo-0000847656,distribution,"Md.;Kans.;Okla.;Ala.;Ark.;D.C.;Del.;Fla.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;La.;Mo.;Miss.;N.C.;N.J.;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Va.",321717205 wfo-0000847658,morphology,"Rames densely villous; internode hairs about twice as long as and more or less obscuring the sessile spikelets. Lower glumes of sessile spikelets glabrous, sometimes scabrous, not conspicuously veined between the keels.",321717205 wfo-0000847658,distribution,"Fla.",321717205 wfo-0001096639,morphology,"Rames sparsely villous; internode hairs about as long as, but not obscuring, the sessile spikelets. Lower glumes of sessile spikelets scabrous, often with 2 conspicuous veins between the keels.",321717205 wfo-0001096639,distribution,"Miss.;N.J.;Ala.;Ark.;D.C.;Del.;Fla.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Md.;Mo.;N.C.;Okla.;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Va.",321717205 wfo-0000847684,morphology,"Plants cespitose, upper portion dense, cylindrical. Culms 50-120 cm; internodes not glaucous; branches mostly erect, straight. Sheaths smooth; ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, ciliate, cilia 0.2-0.8 mm; blades 10-22 cm long, 1.2-2.6 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, with spreading hairs. Inflorescence units 3-11 per culm; subtending sheaths (2.8)4.1-5.8(7.2) cm long, (3)4-4.7(5.8) mm wide; peduncles (9)14-31(65) mm, with 2 rames; rames (1.5)2.4-3.6(4.2) cm, usually exserted at maturity, pubescence increasing in density distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets (4)4.8-5(5.5) mm; callus hairs 1.5-3.5 mm; keels of lower glumes scabrous only above the midpoint; awns 11-23 mm; anthers 1, 1.2-2 mm, yellow. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial or absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000847684,distribution,"Ga.;N.C.;Ala.;Miss.;S.C.;Fla.",321717205 wfo-0000847756,morphology,"Plants cespitose, dense and cylindrical to obpyramidal above. Culms 40-210 cm; internodes glaucous or not; branches erect to ascending, usually straight, sometimes arching. Sheaths usually smooth, rarely some¬what scabrous; ligules 0.2-1 mm, ciliate, cilia 0.2-1.3 mm; blades 11-52 cm long, 1.7-6.5 mm wide, smooth and glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Inflorescence units 6-195 per culm; subtending sheaths (2.1)3.1-4.6(6.7) cm long, (1.7)3-3.8(5.6) mm wide; peduncles usually (1)4-6(30) mm, with 2-7 rames; rames (0.5)1.7-2.8(4.4) cm, sometimes exerted at maturity, pubescence sparse basally and increasing in density distally within each internode. Sessile spikelets (2.6)3.5-3.8(4.7) mm; callus hairs 1-3 mm; keels of lower glume usually smooth below midlength, scabrous distally; awns 6-21 mm; anthers 1(3), 0.6-1.5 mm, yellow or purple. Pedicellate spikelets vestigial to absent. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000847756,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Del.;D.C.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;Puerto Rico;Mass.;R.I.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Ont.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Okla.;Ky.;Md.;Kans.;Tex.;Ohio;Mo.;Mich.;Miss.",321717205 wfo-0000847765,morphology,"Culms 70-170 cm. Leaves green, sometimes slightly glaucous. Inflorescence units usually with 2 rames; subtending sheaths (1.7)2.4-3.1(4) mm wide; peduncles (1) 4-9 (30) mm; rames (1.3)1.5-2.3(3) cm.",321717205 wfo-0000847765,distribution,"Ky.;Fla.;N.C.;S.C.;Va.",321717205 wfo-0000847768,morphology,"Culms 60-180 cm. Leaves bluish-green, more or less strongly glaucous. Inflorescence units with 2(3) rames; subtending sheaths (2.7)3.1-3.8(5.5) mm wide; peduncles (2)3-4(10) mm; rames (1.4)1.7-3(4) cm, not exserted.",321717205 wfo-0001095987,morphology,"Culms 40-210 cm; internodes green. Leaves green or slightly glaucous, glabrous or pubescent, at least on the margins near the collar. Inflorescence units with 2-5(7) rames; subtending sheaths (2.2)3.3-4.4(5.6) mm wide; peduncles (2)3-6(12) mm; rames (0.5)1.9-3.3(4.4) cm, not exserted.",321717205 wfo-0001095987,distribution,"Del.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;Puerto Rico;N.J.;Conn.;Mass.;R.I.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;N.Y.;Pa.;Va.;Ont.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Okla.;Ky.;Md.;Tex.;Ohio;Mo.;Mich.;Miss.;D.C.;Kans.;S.C.",321717205 wfo-0001105359,morphology,"North America",321717205 wfo-0001105359,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Nunavut, Yukon; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mont., N.Mex., Utah, Wyo.; Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-0000534491,morphology,"Plants perennial, somewhat slender, forming loose or dense mats. Leaves in multiple rosettes; petiole absent; blade ligulate to oblong (moderately dimorphic between inner and outer layers of rosette), 3–15 × 3–4 mm, base obscurely narrowing to stem, margins ciliate, surfaces hirsute to glabrescent, hairs simple. Scapes usually 1, 2–7(–10) cm, sparsely hairy. Inflorescences 3–6-flowered; involucral bracts lanceolate to ovate, relatively broad. Pedicels erect, slender to moderately thick, ± equal, 0.5–1.5 cm. Flowers: calyx broadly campanulate to subglobose, obscurely ridged, 3–5(–8) mm, lobes erect, ovate-lanceolate, apex ± obtuse; corolla (fading to pink in age), tube slightly shorter than calyx, limb 3–4 mm diam. Capsules ± equaling calyx, ca. 3 mm. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000534491,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000534491,elevation,"0-4000 m",321717205 wfo-0000534491,habitat,"Rocky, open habitats on tundra",321717205 wfo-0000534491,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Nunavut, Yukon; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mont., N.Mex., Utah, Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000534543,morphology,"Plants annual, slender, not mat-forming. Leaves in single rosette; petiole absent; blade linear-lanceolate, 5–20 × 2–4 mm, base not narrowing to stem, margins ciliate, surfaces minutely hairy, hairs straight. Scapes usually 1, 2–8 cm, hairy to glabrescent. Inflorescences 2–6-flowered; involucral bracts ovate to lanceolate, relatively broad. Pedicels arcuate, slender, unequal, 0.6–6 cm. Flowers: calyx campanulate, without prominent ridges, 3–5 mm, lobes stiffly erect, subulate, apex prominently acute; corolla tube shorter than calyx, limb to 3 mm diam. Capsules slightly shorter than calyx, 2–5 mm. 2n = 40.",321717205 wfo-0000534543,phenology,"Flowering early-mid summer.",321717205 wfo-0000534543,elevation,"100-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000534543,habitat,"Open, grassy slopes",321717205 wfo-0000534543,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000534559,morphology,"Plants annual, slender, not mat-forming. Leaves in single rosette; petiole present; blade ovate to deltate, 5–25 × 2–6 mm, base abruptly narrowing to winged petiole, margins without hairs, surfaces glabrous or slightly glandular, glands not stipitate. Scapes (often multiple), 5–25, 3–12 cm, glabrescent. Inflorescences 5–20-flowered; involucral bracts lanceolate, relatively narrow. Pedicels erect to arcuate, filiform, unequal, 1–6 cm. Flowers: calyx campanulate to hemispheric, without prominent ridges, ca. 2 mm, lobes erect, triangular, apex acute; corolla tube shorter than calyx, limb ca. 2 mm diam. Capsules slightly shorter than calyx, 2–4 mm. 2n = 20 (Asia).",321717205 wfo-0000534559,phenology,"Flowering early-mid summer.",321717205 wfo-0000534559,elevation,"100-3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000534559,habitat,"Wet meadows",321717205 wfo-0000534559,distribution,"Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; Europe; e Asia (Russian Far East).",321717205 wfo-0000534712,morphology,"Plants annual, inconspicuous, not mat-forming. Leaves in single rosette; petiole obscure; blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, 5–30 × 4–9 mm, base obscurely narrowing to stem, margins with simple hairs, surfaces puberulent, hairs simple. Scapes 1–15, 2–10 cm, glabrescent to puberulent. Inflorescences 3–15-flowered; involucral bracts lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, relatively broad. Pedicels erect to arcuate, slender, unequal, 0.3–3 cm. Flowers: calyx broadly campanulate, ridged, 3–5 mm, lobes erect, broadly lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse; corolla tube equaling or shorter than calyx, limb ca. 3 mm diam. Capsules ± equaling calyx, 3–5 mm. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000534712,phenology,"Flowering early-mid summer.",321717205 wfo-0000534712,elevation,"300-1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000534712,habitat,"Open, grassy meadows, sandy or gravelly open soils, often in disturbed areas",321717205 wfo-0000534712,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Sask.; Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., La., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.Mex., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-4000002036,morphology,"Perennials; (cespitose, deep-rooted); scapose; pubescent, trichomes short-stalked, dendritic or irregularly forked, (soft). Stems erect, unbranched. Leaves (persistent) basal; rosulate; petiolate; blade margins entire. Racemes (corymbose, few- to several-flowered), not or slightly elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect, slender. Flowers: sepals (early caducous, erect), oblong, (pubescent), base of lateral pair not saccate; petals white to purplish, oblanceolate, (slightly longer than sepals); stamens tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers ovate; nectar glands confluent, subtending bases of stamens. Fruits (erect, siliques or silicles), sessile or short-stipitate, lanceolate, broadly oblong to narrowly ovate, not torulose, latiseptate; valves each with prominent midvein and somewhat anastomosing lateral veins, glabrous; replum rounded; septum complete; ovules 10–24 per ovary; stigma capitate. Seeds biseriate, somewhat flattened, not winged, oblong to ovoid; seed coat (silvery, papillate), not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000002036,distribution,"w United States.",321717205 wfo-0000534990,morphology,"Plants with caudex multi-stemmed, ultimate slender stems covered by persistent petiolar remains, terminating in rosettes; sparsely to densely pubescent. Stems 1–4 cm (leafless). Basal leaves tufted; petiole persistent becoming stramineous, 0.5–1 cm; blades narrowly oblanceolate to broadly linear, 0.5–1.8 cm × 1–2 mm, base attenuate, margins entire, apex obtuse. Fruiting pedicels 4–15 mm, pilose. Flowers: sepals purple, 4–5 × 1.5–2 mm; petals 4.5–6 × 1.7–2.3 mm; filaments 3.5–4.5 mm; anthers 0.5–0.7 mm; gynophore obsolete or to 1 mm. Fruits 1.5–3 cm × 5–9 mm; valves purplish, often glaucous, base obtuse, apex acute to acuminate; style 1–2 mm. Seeds brown, 2–3 × 1.2–1.5 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000534990,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000534990,elevation,"1600-4000 m",321717205 wfo-0000534990,habitat,"Rock slides of metamorphics, whitish ash, subalpine and alpine ridges, rock and talus slides, disintegrated volcanic rock",321717205 wfo-0000534990,distribution,"Calif., Idaho, Nev.",321717205 wfo-7000000028,morphology,"Plants terrestrial or on rock. Stems compact or short-creeping, horizontal, solenostelic (having phloem on both sides of xylem) or dictyostelic (having complex nets of xylem), clothed with orange to reddish brown hairs. Leaves erect [rarely forming a flat rosette], partially to entirely dimorphic. Sporangia in 2 rows on ultimate segments of fertile pinnae, sessile, oblong; annulus apical. Spores tetrahedral-globose, with parallel or rarely anastomosing ridges. Gametophytes terrestrial, green, cordate with unequal lobes.",321717205 wfo-7000000028,distribution,"Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions.",321717205 wfo-0000535039,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-19 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes ascending to horizontal. Basal leaves 3-15, often purplish abaxially, simple, deeply divided; petiole 3-19 cm; leaf blade widely orbiculate, 1.3-8 × 1.8- -11.5 cm, base cordate, margins entire, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces strongly villous to glabrescent; lobes 3(-5), deltate, 0.7-4 cm wide; middle lobe 70-90% of total blade length. Inflorescences 1-flowered, villous to pilose; involucral bracts 3, 1-tiered, simple, dissimilar to basal leaves, lanceolate to ovate, 0.53-1.8 × 0.27-0.95 cm, sessile, calyx-like, closely subtending flowers, bases distinct, cuneate, margins entire, apex acute, strongly villous to glabrescent. Flowers: sepals 5-12, white to pink or bluish, ovate to obovate, 6-14.6 × 2.2-5.8 mm, glabrous; petals absent; stamens 10-30. Heads of achenes spheric; pedicel 0.1-0.4 cm. Achenes: body narrowly ovoid, 3.5-4.7 × 1.3-1.9 mm, slightly winged, hispid, gradually tapering; beak indistinct. 2n=14.",321717205 wfo-0000535039,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000535039,elevation,"0-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000535039,habitat,"Deciduous woods, often in calcareous soils",321717205 wfo-0000535039,distribution,"Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000535072,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-18 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes ascending to horizontal. Basal leaves 3-15, often purplish abaxially, simple, deeply divided; petiole 5-20 cm; leaf blade widely orbiculate, 1.5-7 × 2-10 cm, base cordate, margins entire, apex rounded, surfaces strongly villous to glabrescent; lobes 3(-4), widely ovate, 1-4 cm wide; middle lobe 50-70(-75)% of total blade length. Inflorescences 1-flowered, villous to pilose; involucral bracts 3, 1-tiered, simple, dissimilar to basal leaves, sessile, calyx-like, closely subtending flower, ovate or elliptic, 0.65-1.8 × 0.5-1.2 cm, bases distinct, cuneate, margins entire, apex obtuse, strongly villous to glabrescent. Flowers: sepals 5-12, white to pink or bluish, ovate to obovate 7.5-14.5 × 3.5-7.7 mm, glabrous; petals absent; stamens 10-30. Heads of achenes spheric; pedicel 0.1-0.4 cm. Achenes: body narrowly ovoid, 3.5-5 × 1.2-1.6 mm, slightly winged, hispid, gradually tapering; beak indistinct. 2n=14.",321717205 wfo-0000535072,phenology,"Flowering spring.",321717205 wfo-0000535072,elevation,"0-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000535072,habitat,"Mixed woods, often in association with both conifers and deciduous trees",321717205 wfo-0000535072,distribution,"Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000535120,morphology,"Aerial shoots (10-)30-50 cm, from tubers, rarely also from rhizomes, tubers vertical, rarely ascending. Basal leaves (1-)3-6(-9), 1-(nearly 2)-ternate; petiole 3-20 cm; terminal leaflet sessile, rarely petiolulate, ovate to obovate, 1-3(-6) × (0.4-)0.7-3(-4) cm, base broadly cuneate, margins crenate to serrate on distal 1/2, rarely on distal 2/3, apex obtuse to broadly acute, surfaces pubescent; lateral leaflets unlobed or 1×-lobed or -parted; ultimate lobes (6-)8-12 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle villous; involucral bracts 3, borne above middle of scape at anthesis, 1-tiered, simple, dissimilar to basal leaves, obtriangular, 3-cleft, (1-)1.5-4(-5) cm, bases clasping, ±connate, margins incised throughout, apex narrowly acute to acuminate, surfaces pilose; segments primarily 3, broadly linear; lateral segments unlobed or occasionally 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals (7-)10-17(-25), abaxially blue to violet, adaxially white, linear-oblong, rarely narrowly elliptic, (10-)15-20 × 2-3(-4) mm, abaxially hairy, especially toward base, adaxially glabrous or hairy toward base; stamens 60-70. Heads of achenes cylindric; pedicel (7-)9-15(-28) cm. Achenes: body elliptic, flat, 2.7-3.5 × 2.2-2.5 mm, not winged, densely white-woolly; beak subulate, curved, 1-2.3 mm, hidden in achene indument, white tomentose, not plumose. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535120,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring (Feb–Apr).",321717205 wfo-0000535120,elevation,"60-1100m",321717205 wfo-0000535120,habitat,"Open grasslands, prairies, hillsides, often limy substrate, also woods over thin shale",321717205 wfo-0000535120,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Fla., Kans., La., Miss., N.C., Okla., S.C., Tex., Va.; n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000535164,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-35(-60) cm, from tubers with rhizomes near apex, tubers ascending or vertical, rhizomes horizontal or ascending. Basal leaves 1-3(-5), 1-2-ternate; petiole 3-9(-10) cm; terminal leaflet petiolulate, rarely sessile, obtriangular, 2-3-cleft, 1-3 × 0.8-2(-2.5) cm, base narrowly attenuate to strongly and narrowly cuneate, margins serrate, rarely dissected on distal 2/3, apex obtuse to broadly acute, surfaces glabrous; lateral leaflets ±pinnately 1-2(-3)×-lobed or -parted; ultimate lobes 2-10 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle proximally glabrous, distally villous; involucral bracts 3, borne below middle of scape at anthesis, 1-tiered, simple, ±similar to basal leaves, obtriangular, 3-cleft, 1-2.5 cm, bases somewhat clasping, connate, margins incised on distal 1/2, apex acuminate, surfaces sparsely pilose; segments 3, broadly linear; lateral segments 1-2×-lobed or -parted; ultimate lobes 1-2.5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 10-20(-30), white to rose or blue to purple, linear to oblong, (6-)10-20(-22) × 2-5(-7) mm, abaxially sparsely hairy, adaxially glabrous or nearly so; stamens 50-60. Heads of achenes fusiform; pedicel (5-)10-20 cm. Achenes: body ovoid, 1.5-2.5(-3) × ca. 2 mm, not winged, densely woolly; beak straight, 1.3-2 mm, projecting beyond achene indument, proximally tomentose, not plumose. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535164,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring (Feb–Apr).",321717205 wfo-0000535164,elevation,"60-700m",321717205 wfo-0000535164,habitat,"Dry prairies, barrens, pastures, meadows, rocky, open woods",321717205 wfo-0000535164,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Ga., Ill., Iowa, Kans., La., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., Okla., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000535215,morphology,"Aerial shoots (20-)30-70(-80) cm, from caudices, rarely with very short ascending rhizomes, caudices ascending to vertical. Basal leaves (2-)5-10(-13), ternate; petiole 9-21 cm; terminal leaflet sessile, broadly rhombic to oblanceolate, (2.5-)3-5(-6) × (3-)4-10(-14) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins crenate, or serrate and deeply incised on distal 1/2, apex narrowly acute, surfaces strigose, more so abaxially; lateral leaflets 1-2×-parted and -lobed; ultimate lobes 4-10(-13) mm wide. Inflorescences (1-)2-8-flowered cymes, sometimes appearing umbellike; peduncle villous to densely villous; involucral bracts 3-7(-9), 2(-3)-tiered (can appear 1-tiered), ternate, ±similar to basal leaves, bases distinct; terminal leaflet sessile, rhombic to oblanceolate, 2.5-6.5 × (1-)1.5-2(-2.5) cm, bases narrowly cuneate, margins serrate and incised on distal 1/3-1/2, apex narrowly acute, surfaces puberulous, more so abaxially; lateral leaflets 1(-2)×-parted or -lobed; ultimate lobes (4-)6-10(-15) mm wide. Flowers: pedicel usually appearing bractless; sepals 4-5(-6), green to whitish, oblong to elliptic or ovate, 5-12(-15) × 3-6 mm, abaxially silky, adaxially glabrous; stamens 50-75. Heads of achenes cylindric; pedicel 10-30 cm. Achenes: body ovoid, (1.8-)2-3 × 1.5-2 mm, not winged, woolly; beak usually recurved, (0.3-)0.5-1 mm, hidden by achene indument, glabrous. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535215,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000535215,elevation,"300-3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000535215,habitat,"Prairies, dry, open woods, pastures, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000535215,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ariz., Colo., Conn., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Vt., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000535259,morphology,"Aerial shoots (7-)10-25(-30) cm, from caudices, caudices ascending to primarily vertical. Basal leaves 5-15, 2-ternate, occasionally irregularly so; petiole 2-10 cm; terminal leaflet sessile or basally attenuate and appearing petiolulate, obovate to obtriangular, 0.5-3 × 0.5-2 cm, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins incised to dissected on distal 1/3-1/2, apex broadly acute to obtuse, surfaces villous; lateral leaflets 2×-parted, division frequently irregular; ultimate segments 1-2.6 mm wide. Inflorescences 1(-2)-flowered; peduncle villous; involucral bracts 3(-4), 1-tiered, ±similar to basal leaves, highly reduced, 2-ternate or irregularly so, bases distinct; terminal leaflet sessile or basally attenuate and appearing petiolulate, obovate to pinnatifid, 1-3.5 × 0.5-2 cm, bases narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins incised to dissected on distal 1/3-1/2, apex broadly acute to obtuse, surfaces villous; lateral leaflets 2×-parted, division frequently irregular; ultimate segments 1-2.5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals (5-)6-9, white, or abaxially white, tinged blue, and adaxially white, ovate, rarely oblong or narrowly obovate, 8-20 × 6-10 mm, abaxially hairy, rarely glabrous, adaxially glabrous; stamens 80-100, whitish; styles white. Heads of achenes spheric, rarely cylindric; pedicel (2-)3-10 cm. Achenes: body ovoid, 2-4 × 1-1.5 mm, not winged, woolly; beak straight, 2-4(-6) mm, glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000535259,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash., Wyo.; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001129632,morphology,"Aerial shoots (7-)10-25(-30) cm. Basal leaves 5-15; petiole 2-10 cm; leaflets villous; ultimate segments of lateral leaflets 1-1.5(-2) mm wide. Inflorescences: peduncle villous; involucral bracts villous; ultimate segments of lateral leaflets 1-1.5(-2) mm wide. Flowers: sepals white, tinged blue, or abaxially white, tinged blue, and adaxially white, abaxially hairy, rarely glabrous. Heads of achenes spheric, rarely cylindric. 2n =32.",321717205 wfo-0001129632,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0001129632,elevation,"1200-3300 m",321717205 wfo-0001129632,habitat,"Gravelly slopes, dry rocky ledges",321717205 wfo-0001129632,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Oreg., Wash.; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000535260,morphology,"Aerial shoots (7-)10-25 cm. Basal leaves 5-12(-15); petiole 5-9 cm; leaflets nearly glabrous or pilose; ultimate segments of lateral leaflets 1.5-2.6 mm wide. Inflorescences: peduncle pilose; involucral bracts nearly glabrous or pilose; ultimate segments of lateral leaflets 1.5-2.6 mm wide. Flowers: sepals white, tinged blue, rarely abaxially white and blue, adaxially white, abaxially hairy; filaments yellow. Heads of achenes spheric. 2n=48.",321717205 wfo-0000535260,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535260,elevation,"2100-3300m",321717205 wfo-0000535260,habitat,"Slopes, ridges",321717205 wfo-0000535260,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska, Idaho, Mont., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000535263,morphology,"Aerial shoots (20-)30-50 cm, from tubers, tubers ±vertical. Basal leaves 3-6, 1-(nearly 2)-ternate; petiole 8-15 cm; terminal leaflet petiolulate, oblanceolate to obovate, 2-5 × 2-2.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, margins coarsely crenate on distal 1/2, apex obtuse to broadly acute, surfaces glabrous; lateral leaflets 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 4-8(-12) mm wide. Inflorescences (1-)2-5-flowered cymes; peduncle proximally nearly glabrous, distally densely pubescent; involucral bracts primarily 3, 2-tiered, simple, dissimilar to basal leaves, 3-cleft to pinnatifid, 2-5 cm, bases clasping, ±connate, margins coarsely crenate throughout, apex narrowly acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous; segments primarily 3, linear; lateral segments unlobed or occasionally 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 3-5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals (8-)10-20, white to bluish, oblanceolate, 10-16 × 2-3 mm, sparsely hairy to nearly glabrous; stamens 50-60. Heads of achenes obconic to fusiform; pedicel 10-20 cm. Achenes: body orbiculate, flat, not winged, ±dull or varnished, woolly with long tuft of hairs at base, or glabrous; beak straight, rarely curved, 0.5-1 mm, glabrous or sparsely villous proximally, not plumose. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535263,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0001129758,morphology,"Achenes ± dull, wooly.",321717205 wfo-0001129758,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring (Feb–Apr).",321717205 wfo-0001129758,elevation,"200-500 m",321717205 wfo-0001129758,habitat,"Moist, limestone bluffs and ledges",321717205 wfo-0001129758,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000535264,morphology,"Achenes varnished, glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000535264,phenology,"Flowering winter–spring (Feb–Apr).",321717205 wfo-0000535264,elevation,"300-500m",321717205 wfo-0000535264,habitat,"Moist, rocky crevices",321717205 wfo-0000535264,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000535330,morphology,"Aerial shoots (3-)10-30(-40) cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes horizontal, occasionally ascending. Basal leaves usually absent, occasionally 1, ternate; petiole (1.5-)2.5-20(-25) cm; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, ovate to rhombic or oblanceolate, (1-)1.5-4.5(-5) × (0.6-)1-2.5(-3.5) cm, base cuneate, margins crenate, sometimes coarsely serrate, on distal 1/2-2/3, apex narrowly acute to acute, surfaces white-puberulous to pilose to nearly glabrous; lateral leaflets unlobed, rarely scarcely 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 4-12 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle proximally glabrous, distally villous or pilose; involucral bracts 3, 1-tiered, ternate, ±similar to basal leaves, bases distinct; terminal leaflet sessile to petiolulate, ovate to rhombic or oblanceolate, (1-)1.5-4.5(-5) × (0.6-)1-2.5(-3.5) cm, bases cuneate, margins crenate, sometimes coarsely serrate, on distal 1/2-2/3, apex narrowly acute to acute, surfaces white-puberulous to pilose to nearly glabrous; lateral leaflets unlobed, rarely scarcely 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 4-12 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 5-6, white or blue, elliptic to obovate, rarely ovate, 7-15 × 4-8 mm, glabrous; stamens 25-40. Heads of achenes nearly spheric; pedicel (0.5-)3-10 cm in fruit. Achenes: body elliptic, flat, 3-4 × 1.5-2 mm, not winged, puberulous to pilose; beak curved or recurved, 0.6-1 mm, glabrous. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535330,phenology,"Flowering winter–early summer (Feb–Jun).",321717205 wfo-0000535330,elevation,"100-900 m",321717205 wfo-0000535330,habitat,"Shaded woods, wooded slopes",321717205 wfo-0000535330,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000535415,morphology,"Aerial shoots 10-40 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes horizontal. Basal leaves 1, ternate; petiole 10-25 cm; terminal leaflet sessile, oblanceolate to ovate, (3.5-)4-7(-8) × 2.5-4(-6) cm, base broadly cuneate, margins coarsely serrate on distal 1/2-2/3, apex acuminate, surfaces ±glabrous; lateral leaflets unlobed or occasionally 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 8-25 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle ±glabrous; involucral bracts 3, 1-tiered, ternate, ±similar to basal leaves, bases distinct; terminal leaflet sessile, oblanceolate to ovate, (2-)3-8.7 × 0.8-3 cm, bases narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins coarsely serrate on distal 1/2 -2/3, apex acuminate, surfaces ± glabrous; lateral leaflets unlobed or occasionally 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 15-30 mm wide. Flowers: sepals (4-)5(-7), white, oblong to elliptic, (13-)15-20(-25) × 5-10 mm, glabrous; stamens 50-70. Heads of achenes nearly spheric; pedicel (3-)4-8(-10) cm. Achenes: body elliptic, flat, 3.5-5 × 1-1.5 mm, not winged, puberulous; beak straight or slightly curved, 1-1.5 mm, ±glabrous, not plumose.",321717205 wfo-0000535415,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Jun).",321717205 wfo-0000535415,elevation,"800-1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000535415,habitat,"Damp, rich woods",321717205 wfo-0000535415,distribution,"N.C., S.C., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000535444,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-30(-40) cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes horizontal. Basal leaves 0-1, ternate; petiole 5-8 cm; terminal leaflet sessile to petiolulate, ovate to oblanceolate, (1-)1.5-3(-4) × (0.4-)0.7-1.5(-2) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins serrate to crenate on distal 1/2-2/3, apex acuminate to narrowly acute, rarely obtuse, surfaces glabrous, rarely puberulous; lateral leaflets unlobed or occasionally nearly lobed. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle distally puberulous or nearly glabrous throughout; involucral bracts 3, 1-tiered, ternate, ±similar to basal leaves, bases distinct; terminal leaflet sessile to petiolulate, ovate to oblanceolate, (1-)1.5-3(-4) × (0.4-)0.7-1.5(-2) cm, bases narrowly cuneate, margins serrate to crenate on distal 1/2-2/3, apex acuminate to narrowly acute, rarely obtuse, surfaces glabrous, rarely puberulous; lateral leaflets unlobed or occasionally nearly lobed. Flowers: sepals 5(-7), white, pink, or sometimes blue-tinged, oblong, rarely narrowly ovate, 3.5-8(-10) × 1.5-3(-3.5) mm, glabrous; stamens 10-30(-35). Heads of achenes nearly spheric; pedicel 1-3(-4) cm in fruit. Achenes: body elliptic, flat, 3-4 × 1-1.5 mm, not winged, white-puberulous; beak subulate, sometimes slightly curved, ca. 0.5 mm, glabrous. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535444,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Mar–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000535444,elevation,"200-1900 m",321717205 wfo-0000535444,habitat,"Shaded woods, subalpine ridges",321717205 wfo-0000535444,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000535470,morphology,"Aerial shoots (3-)5-15 cm, from caudices, caudices ascending to primarily vertical. Basal leaves 5-20(-30+), 2-ternate, occasionally irregularly so; petiole 2-5(-10) cm; terminal leaflet sessile or basally attenuate and appearing petiolulate, obovate to obtriangular, 0.5-2(-3) × 0.5-2 cm, bases narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins incised to dissected on distal 1/3-1/2, apex broadly acute to obtuse, surfaces sparsely villous, often nearly glabrous; lateral leaflets 2×-lobed, lobing frequently irregular; ultimate lobes 1-2.6 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle villous; involucral bracts 3(-4), 1-tiered, ±similar to basal leaves, highly reduced, 2-ternate or irregularly so, bases distinct; terminal leaflet sessile or basally attenuate and appearing petiolulate, obovate to pinnatifid, 1-2(-2.5) × 0.5-2 cm, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins incised to dissected on distal 1/3-1/2, apex broadly acute to obtuse, surfaces villous; lateral leaflets 2×-parted, division frequently irregular; ultimate segments 1-2.5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 5-6, blue to purple, oblong or narrowly obovate, 8-20 × 6-10 mm, abaxially villous; stamens 80-100, purple; styles red. Heads of achenes spheric, rarely cylindric; pedicel 2-6(-18) cm. Achenes: body ovoid, 2-4 × 1-1.5 mm, not winged, villous; beak straight, 2-4(-6) mm, glabrous. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535470,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000535470,elevation,"100-2100 m",321717205 wfo-0000535470,habitat,"Tundra, slopes, ridges, limestone outcrops, and screes",321717205 wfo-0000535470,distribution,"Yukon; Alaska.",321717205 wfo-0001129603,morphology,"Aerial shoots (30-)40-70 cm. Basal leaves silky. Inflorescences (2-)5-7-flowered cymes; peduncle villous; involucral bracts (1-)2-tiered, silky. Flowers: sepals 5(-9), green to yellow, blue, purple, or red (rarely abaxially blue or red and adaxially white or yellow), ovate or oblong, 6-17 mm. Achenes: beak ± straight. 2n=32.",321717205 wfo-0001129603,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0001129603,elevation,"0-3200 m",321717205 wfo-0001129603,habitat,"Open forests, grassy slopes, often rocky areas, also moist prairie depressions, coulees, sandhill shrubland",321717205 wfo-0001129603,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Idaho, Maine, Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wis., Wyo.; South America (Chile and Argentina).",321717205 wfo-0000535489,morphology,"Aerial shoots (10-)20-40 cm. Basal leaves villous. Inflorescences (1-)2-3-flowered cymes; peduncle villous; involucral bracts 1-2-tiered, villous. Flowers: sepals 5, abaxially red, purple, or blue, adaxially white or yellow, elliptic, 6-10 mm. Achenes: beak ±straight. 2n=32.",321717205 wfo-0000535489,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535489,elevation,"1300-4200 m",321717205 wfo-0000535489,habitat,"Rocky slopes, meadows",321717205 wfo-0000535489,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T.; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000535491,morphology,"Aerial shoots 10-15 cm. Basal leaves abaxially sparsely long-pilose, adaxially glabrous or nearly glabrous. Inflorescences: flowers solitary; peduncle sparsely long-pilose; involucral bracts 1-tiered, abaxially sparsely long-pilose, adaxially glabrous or nearly glabrous. Flowers: sepals 6(-8), purple to red or green to red, ovate to oblong, 8-10 mm. Achenes: beak strongly hooked distally. 2n=32.",321717205 wfo-0000535491,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jul–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535491,elevation,"2700-3700 m",321717205 wfo-0000535491,habitat,"Rocky slopes",321717205 wfo-0000535491,distribution,"Ariz., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000535492,morphology,"Aerial shoots 10-20(-25) cm. Basal leaves hispid to villous. Inflorescences (2-)3-flowered cymes or flowers solitary; peduncle hispid to villous; involucral bracts 1(-2)-tiered, hispid to villous. Flowers: sepals 5-7(-9), usually blue or purple, sometimes white, or abaxially yellow and red, blue, or tinged purple, and adaxially yellow, red, blue, or tinged purple, oblong to elliptic or ovate, 5-15 mm. Achenes: beak recurved. 2n=32.",321717205 wfo-0000535492,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Mar–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535492,elevation,"2200-3700 m",321717205 wfo-0000535492,habitat,"Talus slopes, canyons",321717205 wfo-0000535492,distribution,"Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000535567,morphology,"Aerial shoots 7-40 cm. Basal leaves 3-7; petiole (4-)5-10(-15) cm; leaflets glabrous, sparsely pilose, or villous; lateral leaflets 2(-3)×-lobed; ultimate lobes 3-8 mm wide. Inflorescences 2-3(-4)-flowered umbels or flowers solitary; peduncle pilose or villous; involucral bracts obtriangular, 3-cleft, (1.5-)2.5-5 cm, surfaces glabrous, sparsely pilose, or villous; lateral segments unlobed. Flowers: sepals 5-9, yellow or yellowish; stamens 40-60. Pedicels 5-10 cm in fruit. Achenes: body ca. 5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000535567,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535567,elevation,"2700-4000 m",321717205 wfo-0000535567,habitat,"Forest margins, alpine meadows",321717205 wfo-0000535567,distribution,"Colo., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000535622,morphology,"Aerial shoots 10-60(-75) cm, from caudices, caudices ascending to vertical. Basal leaves (2-)3-6(-8), primarily 3-foliolate with each leaflet pinnatifid to dissected; petiole 6-8(-12) cm; terminal leaflet petiolulate, ovate in outline, (2.5-)3-6(-8) cm, base cuneate, margins pinnatifid to dissected throughout, apex narrowly acute, surfaces villous; lateral leaflets 2×-parted, pinnatifid; ultimate segments 2-3 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle woolly or densely villous, glabrate; involucral bracts 3, occasionally more, 1-tiered, ±similar to basal leaves, 3-foliolate, ovate in outline, bases distinct; terminal leaflet petiolulate, 2.5-7 cm (2.5 cm in flower, 7 cm or less in fruit), margins pinnatifid throughout, apex narrowly acute, surfaces villous; lateral leaflets 2×-parted, pinnatifid; ultimate segments 2-3 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 5-7, white, tinged purple (rarely abaxially blue proximally, white distally, and adaxially white), ovate to obovate, rarely elliptic, 15-30 × 10-17(-19) mm, abaxially hairy, adaxially glabrous; stamens 150-200. Heads of achenes spheric, rarely cylindric; pedicel 15-20(-22) cm. Achenes: body ellipsoid, 3-4 × ca. 1.5 mm, not winged, villous; beak curved or recurved, reflexed with age, (18-)20-40(-50) mm, long-villous, plumose. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535622,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Aug/Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000535622,elevation,"500-3700 m",321717205 wfo-0000535622,habitat,"Gravelly, rocky slopes, moist meadows",321717205 wfo-0000535622,distribution,"Alta., B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000535627,morphology,"Aerial shoots 20-30 cm, from tubers, tubers ±vertical. Basal leaves 4-10, 2-3-ternate or irregularly so; petiole 5-10 cm; terminal leaflet petiolulate, obovate, 1.2-1.8(-20) × ca. 1.5(-2.5) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins coarsely serrate to nearly incised on distal 1/2, ciliate or not, apex broadly acute, surfaces nearly glabrous; lateral leaflets 1-2×-lobed or -parted; ultimate lobes 2-5 mm wide. Inflorescences (1-)2-3-flowered cymes; peduncle proximally nearly glabrous, distally downy; involucral bracts primarily 3, (1-)2-tiered, simple, dissimilar to basal leaves, obtriangular, 3-cleft to pinnatifid, 2-5 cm, bases clasping, ±connate, margins incised throughout, apex acuminate, surfaces appressed-pilose; segments primarily 3, linear; lateral segments unlobed or 1×-lobed; ultimate segments 1-2 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 7-11, greenish white to abaxially reddish, oblong, 6-12(-14) × (2-)3-4.5 mm, abaxially hairy, adaxially glabrous; stamens 35-55. Heads of achenes oblong-ellipsoid; pedicel 10-18 cm. Achenes: body ovate, flat, not winged, densely white-villous (with long tuft of hairs at base); beak ±straight, ca. 1 mm, hidden in achene indument, white-tomentose, not plumose.",321717205 wfo-0000535627,phenology,"Flowering spring (Mar–Apr).",321717205 wfo-0000535627,elevation,"500-1500m",321717205 wfo-0000535627,habitat,"Dry, open ledges and slopes",321717205 wfo-0000535627,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000535632,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-30(-35) cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes horizontal. Basal leaves 0-1, ternate; petiole 4-20 cm; terminal leaflet sessile to petiolulate, oblanceolate to rhombic, oblong, or ovate, 1-5(-6) × 0.7-2.5(-3.5) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins sharply serrate on distal 1/2(-2/3), apex acuminate to acute, surfaces strigose to nearly glabrous; lateral leaflets unlobed or 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 0.4-10 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle proximally glabrous, distally villous to pilose; involucral bracts 3, 1-tiered, ternate, ±similar to basal leaves, bases distinct; terminal leaflet sessile to petiolulate, oblanceolate to rhombic, oblong, or ovate, 1-8 × 0.8-3(-3.5) cm, bases narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins crenate to serrate on distal 1/2(-2/3), apex acuminate to acute, surfaces abaxially glabrous or strigose, adaxially nearly glabrous to strigose; lateral leaflets unlobed or 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 0.5-10 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 5-7(-8), blue to purple, reddish, or purple to pink (rarely nearly white or abaxially reddish, violet, or marginally purple, adaxially white), ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 10-20 × 5-8(-10) mm, glabrous; stamens 30-75. Heads of achenes nearly spheric; pedicel (1.5-)2-5(-7) cm. Achenes: body oblong to ellipsoid, 4-5 × 1.5-2 mm, not winged, puberulous to pilose, rarely glabrous; beak ±straight, (0.5-)1-1.5 mm, glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000535632,distribution,"Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000535633,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-20(-30) cm. Basal leaves: lateral leaflets usually 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 6-10 mm wide. Inflorescences: involucral bracts with terminal leaflet 1-4 × 0.8-2.5 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins serrate, more sharply serrate than in basal leaves, apex acuminate to narrowly acute; lateral leaflets usually 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 4-10 mm wide. Flowers: sepals abaxially reddish, violet, or marginally purple, adaxially white; stamens 60-75. Achenes: body puberulous to pilose.",321717205 wfo-0000535633,phenology,"Flowering spring (Apr–Jun).",321717205 wfo-0000535633,elevation,"300-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000535633,habitat,"Marshes, sphagnum bogs",321717205 wfo-0000535633,distribution,"Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0001129791,morphology,"Aerial shoots 8-30(-35) cm. Basal leaves: lateral leaflets 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 0.4-2 mm wide. Inflorescences: involucral bracts with terminal leaflet 2-8 × 1-3(-3.5) cm, base cuneate, margins crenate to deeply serrate, apex acuminate to acute; lateral leaflets unlobed or 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 0.5-2 mm wide. Flowers: sepals blue to purple, reddish, or purple to pink, rarely nearly white; stamens 30-60, occasionally more. Achenes: body puberulous to pilose, rarely glabrous. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0001129791,phenology,"Flowering spring (Mar–Jun).",321717205 wfo-0001129791,elevation,"100-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0001129791,habitat,"Shaded, moist woods, open hillsides",321717205 wfo-0001129791,distribution,"Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000535638,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-30(-35) cm, from short caudices on rhizomes, rhizomes primarily horizontal. Basal leaves 1-5(-7), ternate; petiole 1-10 cm; terminal leaflet sessile, obtriangular, (0.5-)0.7-1.8(-2.2) × 0.5-1.3 cm, base cuneate, margins crenate to broadly serrate on distal 1/3, apex obtuse to truncate, surfaces villous to nearly glabrous; lateral leaflets usually 1×-lobed or -parted; ultimate lobes 4-15 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle villous; involucral bracts 2-3, 1-tiered, simple, ± similar to terminal leaflets of basal leaves, obtriangular, 3-cleft, 0.5-2.5 cm, bases distinct, cuneate, margins crenate to broadly serrate, surfaces villous to nearly glabrous; segments 3, oblanceolate to obovate; lateral segments unlobed, 2-8 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 4-7, white or tinged blue or abaxially white, proximally blue, and adaxially white, broadly elliptic to ovate, (7-)8-20 × 4-9 mm, abaxially hairy, adaxially glabrous; stamens 70-80. Heads of achenes spheric; pedicel 4-18 cm. Achenes: body obovoid, 2-2.5 × ca. 1 mm, not winged, densely woolly; beak straight, 1-2.5 mm, glabrous. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535638,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535638,elevation,"0-3800m",321717205 wfo-0000535638,habitat,"Streamsides, meadows, rocky slopes",321717205 wfo-0000535638,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000535644,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-40(-60) cm, from caudices, caudices ascending to vertical. Basal leaves (3-)5-8(-10), primarily 3-foliolate with each leaflet dichotomously dissected; petiole 5-10(-13) cm; terminal leaflet petiolulate to nearly sessile, obovate in outline, (2.5-)3-5 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins dichotomously dissected throughout, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces villous, rarely glabrous; lateral leaflets 3-4×-parted (±dichotomously); ultimate segments 2-4 mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle villous or glabrate; involucral bracts primarily 3, 1-tiered, simple, dissimilar to basal leaves, (2-)2.5-4 cm, bases clasping, connate, margins deeply laciniate throughout, surfaces villous, rarely glabrous to nearly glabrous; segments usually 4-6, filiform to linear, unlobed, 1-2(-3) mm wide. Flowers: sepals 5-8, blue, purple, to rarely nearly white, oblong to elliptic, (18-)20-40 × (8-)10-15 mm, abaxially villous, adaxially glabrous; petals present; stamens 150-200. Heads of achenes spheric to ovoid; pedicel 10-18(-22) cm. Achenes: body ellipsoid to obovoid, 3-4(-6) × ca. 1 mm, not winged, villous; beak curved, 20-40 mm, long-villous, plumose. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535644,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535644,elevation,"100-3800 m",321717205 wfo-0000535644,habitat,"Prairies, open slopes, sometimes open woods or granite outcrops in woods",321717205 wfo-0000535644,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Ill., Iowa, Minn., Mont., Nebr., N.Mex., N.Dak., S.Dak., Utah, Wis., Wyo.; Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-0000535713,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-15 cm. Leaves: petiole 4-12 cm; terminal leaflet of basal leaves 1-2.5 × 1-2 cm, pilose; lateral leaflets unlobed or occasionally 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 4-8 mm wide. Inflorescences: involucral bracts with terminal leaflet of 1-2 × 0.5-1 cm wide, base ± narrowly cuneate, margins crenate or serrate to dentate, apex acuminate to narrowly acute, surfaces pilose; lateral leaflets unlobed, rarely slightly 1×-lobed. Flowers: sepals (7-)8(-11) × ca. 4 mm; stamens 30-40. Pedicel 1-4 cm in fruit. Achenes: body 2.5-3 mm. 2n=32.",321717205 wfo-0000535713,phenology,"Flowering spring (Apr–May).",321717205 wfo-0000535713,elevation,"600-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000535713,habitat,"Damp, frequently acidic, wooded hillsides",321717205 wfo-0000535713,distribution,"N.C., Tenn., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0001129672,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-30 cm. Leaves: petiole 5-25 cm; terminal leaflet of basal leaves 1.5-4.5 × 1.4-3.7 cm, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially puberulous; lateral leaflets frequently 1×-lobed or -parted or unlobed; ultimate lobes 5-15 mm wide. Inflorescences: involucral bracts with terminal leaflet 1-5(-5.5) × 1-3 cm, base cuneate or ± oblique, margins crenate to serrate, sometimes incised, apex acuminate to acute, surfaces glabrous or puberulous; lateral leaflets frequently 1×-lobed or -parted, sometimes unlobed; ultimate lobes 5-20 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 6-25 × 4-8 mm; stamens 30-60. Pedicels 2-6(-8) cm in fruit. Achenes: body 3-4.5 mm. 2n=32.",321717205 wfo-0001129672,phenology,"Flowering spring–early summer (Mar–Jun).",321717205 wfo-0001129672,elevation,"30-1900 m",321717205 wfo-0001129672,habitat,"Moist, open woods, thickets, clearings, streamsides, occasionally swampy areas",321717205 wfo-0001129672,distribution,"Alta., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ala., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000535738,morphology,"Aerial shoots 5-30 cm, from rhizomes, rhizomes horizontal. Basal leaves 1, simple; petiole (0.8-)2-8(-12) cm; leaf blade reniform to ±orbiculate, (1-)1.5-3(-4) × 1.5-4 cm, base somewhat cordate, margins crenate to serrate ±throughout, apex acute to broadly acute, surfaces glabrous or ±villous, or abaxially glabrescent; segments primarily 3, rhombic; lateral segments unlobed or 1×-lobed; ultimate lobes 4-10(-15) mm wide. Inflorescences 1-flowered; peduncle puberulous; involucral bracts 2-3, 1-tiered, simple, ±similar to basal leaves, primarily rhombic, 1-3.5 cm, bases distinct, cuneate, margins crenate on distal 1/2, apex acute to narrowly acute, surfaces glabrous or ±villous, or abaxially glabrescent; segments 3, primarily rhombic; lateral segments unlobed, 2-10 mm wide. Flowers: sepals (4-)6(-8), yellow (rarely abaxially yellow, tinged blue, and adaxially yellow), elliptic, 8-15 × 4-10 mm, abaxially villous, especially proximally, adaxially glabrous; stamens 25-55. Heads of achenes loosely spheric; pedicel 3-20 cm. Achenes: body ovoid to oblong, 3-4 × ca. 1.5 mm, not winged, glabrous; beak recurved, 4-6 mm, glabrous. 2n=14.",321717205 wfo-0000535738,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000535738,elevation,"20-2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000535738,habitat,"Thickets, moist woods, meadows, slopes",321717205 wfo-0000535738,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000535874,morphology,"Aerial shoots 10-30(-40) cm, from caudex-like tubers, tubers ascending to vertical. Basal leaves 1-3(-5), 1-2-ternate; petiole 5-7 cm; terminal leaflet sessile, rarely petiolulate, irregularly oblanceolate, (1.5-)2-3(-3.5) × 1-2(-2.5) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins incised to dissected on distal 2/3, apex broadly acute, surfaces nearly glabrous; lateral leaflets 1-2×-parted and/or -lobed; ultimate lobes 4-8(-12) mm wide. Inflorescences 2-3(-5)-flowered cymes or flowers solitary; peduncle proximally nearly glabrous, distally villous; involucral bracts primarily 3, (1-)2-tiered, simple, ±similar to basal leaves, pinnatifid, 1.5-5.5 cm (primary involucral bracts 2-5.5 cm, secondary involucral bracts 1.5-3.5 cm), bases distinct, broadly to narrowly cuneate to clasping, margins irregularly serrulate and pinnatifid on ca. distal 1/2, apex narrowly acute to acuminate, surfaces thinly pilose; segments primarily 3, linear to pinnatifid; lateral segments 1-2×-parted and/or -lobed; ultimate lobes 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Flowers: sepals 8-10, pink to white, linear-oblong, 10-14(-20) × (2-)3-5(-6) mm, sparsely hairy; stamens 50-60. Heads of achenes fusiform; pedicel (5-)7-15(-22) cm. Achenes: body orbiculate, flat, 2.5-3.5 × 2-2.5 mm, not winged, densely villous; beak straight, ca. 1.5 mm, minutely puberulous, not plumose. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535874,phenology,"Flowering spring (Apr–May).",321717205 wfo-0000535874,elevation,"800-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000535874,habitat,"Rocky slopes, streamsides",321717205 wfo-0000535874,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev., N.Mex., Tex., Utah; n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000535901,morphology,"Inflorescences: involucral bracts with base often truncate to subtruncate, sometimes reniform or cordate; terminal leaflets dark green, margins proximally concave to straight-sided, distally incised, abaxially thinly pubescent. Flowers: sepals (9-)10-21 mm, abaxially thinly pubescent; anthers 0.8-1.2(-1.7) mm. Heads of achenes ±ovoid-cylindric, 8-10(-11) mm diam. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0000535901,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000535901,elevation,"10-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000535901,habitat,"Riparian areas, moist cliffs and ledges",321717205 wfo-0000535901,distribution,"N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., Que.; Conn., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Vt., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0001130148,morphology,"Inflorescences: involucral bracts with base cordate or reniform, rarely subtruncate; terminal leaflets light green, margins proximally mostly straight to convex-sided, variously lobed or serrate, variously pubescent. Flowers: sepals (6-)10-20 mm, abaxially usually thinly pubescent; anthers (0.9-)1-1.7 mm. Heads of achenes ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, (9-)11-14 mm diam. 2n=16.",321717205 wfo-0001130148,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0001130148,elevation,"0-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0001130148,habitat,"Dry, rocky, open woods, thickets, river banks",321717205 wfo-0001130148,distribution,"Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-4000002061,morphology,"Stems simple, nodes 1(-2). Leaves mostly basal. Inflorescences terminal, spikes, compact, conic, subtended by petaloid bracts. Flowers 75-150, coalescent; stamens epigynous, 6(-8); pistil 1, 3(-4)-carpellate; placentae 3(-4), parietal; ovules 6-10 per placenta; styles and stigmas 3(-4), distinct. Fruits capsules, dehiscent. Seeds 18-40. x = 11.",321717205 wfo-4000002061,distribution,"w North America.",321717205 wfo-0000536020,morphology,"Herbs, 8-80 cm, densely pubescent to nearly glabrous, producing stolons. Basal leaves 5-60 cm; petiole 2-40 cm; blade elliptic-oblong, 1-25 × 1-12 cm, base cordate to obtuse, apex rounded. Cauline leaves dimorphic; primary leaf 1(-2), usually bearing secondary leaves in axil; blade sessile, broadly to narrowly ovate, 1-9 × 1-4 cm, base clasping, apex rounded to acute. Secondary leaves 1-4, 2-20 cm; petiole 1-12 cm; blade elliptic-oblong, 2-10 × 1-5 cm, base cordate to rounded, apex rounded to acute. Spikes erect, fragrant, conic, 1-4 cm, subtended by bracts; bracts 4-9, white to reddish, petaloid, 5-35 × 5-15 mm. Floral bracts white, ± orbiculate, 3.5-6 mm (distinct portion), clawed, each adnate to an ovary. Capsules brown, 5-7 mm, coalescent but easily separable. Seeds brown, 1-1.5 × 0.8-1 mm, reticulate. 2n = 22.",321717205 wfo-0000536020,phenology,"Flowering early spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000536020,elevation,"0-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000536020,habitat,"Wet, alkaline, saline, and coastal marsh areas",321717205 wfo-0000536020,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., Kans., Nev., N.Mex., Okla., Oreg., Tex., Utah; n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000536491,morphology,"Stems slightly 4-angled, 30–50 cm, stipitate-glandular, especially on angles. Leaves: blade narrowly lanceolate, 40–90 × 5–15 mm, smaller distally, base narrowed, apex acute, abaxial surface glandular-pubescent, adaxial glabrous, sometimes sparsely glandular-pubescent when young. Racemes glandular-pubescent; bracts 5–20 × 4–10 mm, larger in fruit, flowers 1 per axil. Pedicels strongly recurved in fruit, 9–12 mm, glandular-pubescent. Flowers: sepals 3–4 × 2–3 mm, margins pale; corolla tube white to purple with darker spots within, 3–5 mm, throat 9–12 mm diam., palate concave, 3–5 mm; filaments 3–4 mm. Capsules globular, 3–8 mm, glabrous; style and stigma persistent. Seeds 1–1.5 mm, reticulate-alveolate. 2n = 20 (India).",321717205 wfo-0000536491,phenology,"Flowering May–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000536491,elevation,"0–100 m.",321717205 wfo-0000536491,habitat,"Roadsides, disturbed ground.",321717205 wfo-0000536491,distribution,"Introduced; Fla.; South America (Brazil); introduced also elsewhere in South America, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands.",321717205 wfo-4000002166,morphology,"Perennials, 10–80 cm. Stems erect, branched from bases or throughout. Leaves basal and cauline; proximal opposite (sometimes rosettes), distal alternate; ± sessile; blades oblong to linear, lance-linear, or oblanceolate, margins entire or toothed, faces hirsute to strigose or pubescent and (distal leaves) stipitate-glandular. Heads radiate or discoid, borne singly or in corymbiform or racemiform arrays. Peduncular bracts: pit-glands, tack-glands, and/or spines 0 at tips. Involucres ± globose or broadly ellipsoid to campanulate, 4–6+ mm diam. Phyllaries 0 (see paleae at receptacles) or falling, 1–3 or 7–15 in 1 series (lanceolate to lance-attenuate or oblanceolate, herbaceous, each 1/2 or fully enveloping subtended ray floret proximally, ciliolate, abaxially stipitate-glandular, sometimes hirtellous). Receptacles flat to convex, glabrous or setulose, paleate (paleae falling, in 1 series, between rays and discs, usually connate, sometimes distinct, phyllary-like, more scarious; in discoid heads, functionally an “involucre”). Ray florets 0, 1–3, or 8–15, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow. Disc florets 5–30, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate; corollas yellow, tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate (styles glabrous proximal to branches; anthers yellow). Ray cypselae (black or grayish) compressed or ± obcompressed, clavate, ± arcuate (basal attachments centered, apices beaked, beaks offset adaxially, 0.2–0.3 mm, faces glabrous or hairy); pappi 0 or coroniform. Disc cypselae (black or grayish) ± terete, clavate (± straight, faces hairy); pappi of 5–8 or 11–21 lanceolate, linear, quadrate, or subulate, ciliolate-plumose, erose, or fimbrillate scales. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000002166,distribution,"w North America.",321717205 wfo-0000090394,morphology,"Plants 15–80 cm. Leaf blades dark green, 40–130 × 5–15 mm, margins entire or toothed, apices acute. Involucres ± globose, 4–6 mm. Ray florets 7–15. Disc florets 5–30, functionally staminate. Ray cypselae compressed, 3–5 mm. Disc pappi 5–8 linear, lanceolate, or quadrate, fimbrillate or erose scales 0.2–1.5 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000090394,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000090394,elevation,"10–1300 m",321717205 wfo-0000090394,habitat,"Forests, woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000090394,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000013236,morphology,"Plants 10–50 cm (stems hirsute and stipitate-glandular). Leaf blades blue-green to grayish blue-green, 10–30 × 1–4 mm, margins entire, apices acute or obtuse. Involucres broadly ellipsoid to campanulate, 6–12 mm. Ray florets 0 or 1–3. Disc florets 5–23, bisexual, fertile. Ray cypselae ± obcompressed, 6–8 mm. Disc pappi of 11–21 subulate, ciliate-plumose scales 4–7 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000013236,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0000013236,elevation,"1600–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000013236,habitat,"Open ridges and slopes, on metamorphics",321717205 wfo-0000013236,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-4000002172,morphology,"Annuals, 5–25 cm (± scapiform); taprooted. Stems 1–25+, erect or ascending, simple, glabrous or densely tomentose, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves basal or subbasal; petiolate (petioles winged); blades oblanceolate, margins pinnately lobed, denticulate (teeth callose-tipped). Heads borne singly. Peduncles not inflated distally, ebracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 4–20 mm diam. Phyllaries 15–25 in 4–5 series, (centers green to reddish purple) unequal, outer ovate to orbiculate, inner linear to oblong, flat, margins papery-transparent, apices rounded or obtuse to subacute. Receptacles flat to weakly convex, smooth, paleate (paleae slender, bristlelike). Florets ca. 40; corollas cream to bright yellow. Cypselae tan, cylindric, (bases tapered) beaks 0 (or ca. 0.5 mm), 10–15-nerved, finely appressed-puberulent; pappi readily falling, of 10, distinct, white, plumose bristles in 1 series (adaxial usually shorter than abaxial). x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000002172,distribution,"sw United States, nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000019787,morphology,"Leaves: blades 2–7 cm, lobes oblong to triangular, abaxially ± floccose-tomentose, glabrate in age. Heads 3–5+ cm diam., nodding in bud. Paleae 7-–13 mm, persistent after cypselae have fallen. Involucres broadly cylindric to campanulate, 15–35 mm. Phyllaries often with reddish tips and dots, outer broadly rounded, 2–6 mm, inner 15–35 mm. Cypselae 4–7 mm; pappi 20–27 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000019787,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May.",321717205 wfo-0000019787,elevation,"20–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000019787,habitat,"Sandy washes, dry slopes, chaparral, pine-oak-juniper woodlands, montane coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000019787,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-7000000031,morphology,"Trees, shrubs, rarely woody vines, deciduous or evergreen, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers. Pith septate to diaphragmed. Leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, petiolate. Leaf blade pinnately veined, unlobed, margins entire. Inflorescences axillary to leaf scars on old wood or to leaves on new shoots, solitary flowers or few-flowered fascicles, pedunculate; bracts or bracteoles present or absent. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual; receptacle becoming enlarged, elevated or flat; perianth hypogynous, segments valvate or imbricate; sepals persistent, (2-)3(-4), distinct or basally connate; petals either 6 in 2 unequal whorls of 3 with petals of outer whorl larger, petals of inner whorl fleshier than the outer, often with corrugate nectary zone, or petals 6-12(-15), nearly equal or unequal, veins impressed on inner face; stamens 10-20 or very numerous, hypogynous, spirally arranged, forming ball or flat-topped mass; filament short, stout; anther linear to oblong-linear, extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent; connective apically elongate, connivent; pistils 1-many, superior, 1-carpellate, 1-locular, distinct or connate to various degrees with at least stigmas distinct; placentation marginal, placenta 1; ovules 1-many per pistil; style short, thick; stigma terminal. Fruits berries, distinct, 1-8(-12) per flower, or coalescent, forming syncarps, 1 per flower. Seeds 1-many per pistil, arillate; endosperm ruminate, oily.",321717205 wfo-7000000031,distribution,"Mostly circumtropical.",321717205 wfo-4000002245,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, annual. Stems erect to decumbent, hispid or stellate-hairy to glabrescent. Leaves: stipules deciduous, inconspicuous, usually linear; blade usually linear, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate to triangular, sometimes lobed, base truncate, cordate, or cuneate, margins dentate to entire. Inflorescences axillary solitary flowers or terminal racemes or panicles; involucel absent. Flowers: calyx accrescent or not, not inflated, ribbed or not, base rounded, lobes ovate to triangular, apex acute or acuminate; corolla yellow, lavender, or purplish, rarely white; staminal column included; style 5–19-branched; stigmas usually abruptly capitate. Fruits schizocarps, erect, not inflated, oblate, not indurate, hairy; mericarps 5–19, 1-celled, with or without spur at dorsal angle, lateral walls usually disintegrating at maturity, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds 1 per mericarp, sometimes enclosed in persistent reticulate endocarp. x = 15.",321717205 wfo-4000002245,distribution,"North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000537988,morphology,"Subshrubs, branching principally in inflorescence, 1 m. Stems erect, with simple hairs 0.5–1 mm and shorter glandular hairs. Leaves: petiole subequal to blade or shorter upward, with simple hairs 0.5–1 mm and shorter glandular hairs; blade concolorous, broadly ovate, gradually reduced and narrower upward, to 12 cm, membranous, base cordate, margins dentate, apex acuminate, surfaces minutely tomentose. Inflorescences usually panicles. Pedicels 1–5 cm. Flowers: calyx 5–7 mm, lobes with dark midrib, apex ± acuminate, tomentose; petals pale yellow, drying reddish, 10 mm, prominently bearded on claw; staminal column with recurved hairs; style 5-branched; stigmas glabrous. Schizocarps 6 mm diam., minutely hairy; mericarps 5, dorsally rounded. Seeds without enclosing endocarp. 2n = 30.",321717205 wfo-0000537988,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000537988,elevation,"1000–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000537988,habitat,"Dry, open shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000537988,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000537999,morphology,"Herbs, to 1 m. Stems erect, stellate-hairy, hairs 0.1–0.3 mm. Leaves: petiole subequal to blade proximally, shorter distally, with stellate hairs 0.1–0.3 mm; blade concolorous, ovate to hastate, narrowly so upward, 3–9 cm, membranous, base truncate, margins coarsely crenate-dentate, apex acute, surfaces minutely and obscurely stellate-hairy, hairs simple, bifurcate adaxially. Inflorescences racemes or panicles. Pedicels 2–7 cm. Flowers: calyx 3–7 mm, accrescent to 6–8 mm, lobes without dark midrib, apex acute, densely tomentose; petals pale yellow, not fading reddish, 6–8 mm, ciliate on claw; staminal column glabrous or with few apical hairs; style 10–13-branched; stigmas glabrous. Schizocarps 7–9 mm diam., densely hairy; mericarps 10–13, with dorsal spur 1–2 mm. Seeds enclosed in endocarp. 2n = 60.",321717205 wfo-0000537999,phenology,"Flowering fall.",321717205 wfo-0000537999,elevation,"800–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000537999,habitat,"Dry, open shrublands, deciduous forests",321717205 wfo-0000537999,distribution,"Ariz., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-0000538021,morphology,"Herbs or subshrubs, branching, 0.5–1 m. Stems erect, minutely, roughly hairy, hairs to 0.5 mm. Leaves: petiole shorter than blade, minutely, roughly hairy, hairs to 0.5 mm; blade somewhat discolorous, ovate-triangular to lanceolate, 3–7(–12) cm, membranous, base truncate to cuneate, margins obscurely crenate to subentire, apex acute, surfaces hairy, hairs minute, stellate abaxially, simple, appressed adaxially. Inflorescences solitary flowers or panicles. Pedicels to 4(–6) cm. Flowers: calyx 6(–9) mm, accrescent to 9 mm, lobes without dark midrib, apex acute, minutely stellate-hairy; petals bright yellow, 9–16 mm; staminal column stellate-hairy; style 10–12-branched; stigmas glabrous. Schizocarps 9 mm diam., densely stellate-hairy, hairs 0.5–1 mm; mericarps 10–12, with dorsal spur 1–1.5 mm. Seeds enclosed in endocarp.",321717205 wfo-0000538021,phenology,"Flowering summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000538021,elevation,"500–1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000538021,habitat,"Arid habitats, disturbed sites, sometimes open, sometimes shady",321717205 wfo-0000538021,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa).",321717205 wfo-0000538033,morphology,"Subshrubs, widely branching, 1–2 m. Stems erect, often purplish, minutely stellate-hairy, hairs to 0.1 mm, glabrescent. Leaves: petiole commonly 1/4 length of blade (longer on juvenile leaves), minutely stellate-hairy, hairs to 0.1 mm; blade markedly discolorous, highly variable in form and size, often narrowly oblong or linear, usually 1.5+ cm, coriaceous, base sometimes hastate, margins usually entire, apex acute, surfaces ± tomentulose. Inflorescences panicles. Pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm. Flowers: calyx 3–5 mm, lobes with dark midribs, apex acute, minutely hairy; petals pale yellow, sometimes fading reddish, 10 mm; staminal column apically scabrid, otherwise glabrous; style 5–8-branched; stigmas glabrous. Schizocarps 4–5 mm diam., minutely hairy; mericarps 5–8, with dorsal spur to 0.5 mm. Seeds without enclosing endocarp. 2n = 30.",321717205 wfo-0000538033,phenology,"Flowering late summer–mid winter.",321717205 wfo-0000538033,elevation,"100–600(–1500) m",321717205 wfo-0000538033,habitat,"Disturbed sites, roadsides, agricultural fields",321717205 wfo-0000538033,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000538044,morphology,"Herbs, 1 m. Stems erect, scabridulous and with some glandular hairs, hairs to 0.2 mm. Leaves: petiole equaling or exceeding blade, shorter upward, scabridulous and with some glandular hairs, hairs to 0.2 mm; blade concolorous, with purplish blotch along midrib, typically 3-lobed, lobes narrowly linear, reduced upward to simple linear leaves, 3–6 cm, membranous, base cordate to truncate, margins remotely serrate to subentire, apex subacute, surfaces minutely stellate-hairy. Inflorescences solitary flowers or racemes. Pedicels to 8.5 cm. Flowers: calyx 5 mm, lobes with strong midrib, apex acute, densely hairy; petals bluish purple, 5–6 mm, glabrous; staminal column glabrous or nearly so; style 10–11-branched; stigmas glabrous. Schizocarps 6–7 mm diam., stellate-hairy; mericarps 10 or 11, dorsally rounded. Seeds enclosed in endocarp.",321717205 wfo-0000538044,phenology,"Flowering late summer.",321717205 wfo-0000538044,elevation,"500–1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000538044,habitat,"Desert habitats",321717205 wfo-0000538044,distribution,"Ariz.; Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000538050,morphology,"Herbs, 1 m. Stems erect, with minute stellate and glandular hairs, hairs to 0.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 1/2 to equaling blade, with minute stellate and glandular hairs (hairs to 0.2 mm); blade concolorous, sometimes with purple blotch along midvein, ovate-cordate to hastately 3-lobed at base (distally unlobed) or narrowly triangular, 5–8 cm (often smaller), membranous, base cordate to truncate, margins subentire, apex acute, surfaces minutely hairy, hairs usually stellate. Inflorescences usually racemes or panicles. Pedicels 1–3 cm. Flowers: calyx 3.5–6 mm, accrescent to 6–8 mm, lobes without dark midrib, apex acute, stellate-hairy; petals bluish lavender (darker at base), 4–7 mm; staminal column stellate-hairy; style 6–8-branched; stigmas glabrous. Schizocarps 6–8 mm diam., minutely hairy; mericarps 6–8, with dorsal spur to 1 mm. Seeds with endocarp absent or incomplete. 2n = 26, 28.",321717205 wfo-0000538050,phenology,"Flowering late summer–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000538050,elevation,"900–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000538050,habitat,"Deciduous forests, dry, open shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000538050,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-4000002260,morphology,"Plants in turf or mats, green to yellow-brown distally, light to dark brown proximally. Stems to 1(–3) cm, branching occasionally; oval to rounded-triangular or pentagonal in transverse section, hyalodermis absent, sclerodermis weak, cells with smaller lumens, but usually thin-walled, central strand present, strong; weakly radiculose or with red-brown tomentum; axillary hairs of 3–10 cells, all hyaline or basal 1–2 brownish. Leaves often distant or crowded, occasionally secund, 1–1.5(–2) mm, appressed-incurved when dry, spreading when moist; ligulate to lanceolate, occasionally triangular or acuminate, adaxial surface strongly keeled, deeply grooved along costa; leaf base scarcely differentiated in shape or ovate, laminal margins plane or weakly recurved in proximal 1/2, entire, occasionally finely crenulate or weakly denticulate; apex broadly obtuse to sharply acute or occasionally acuminate; costa sometimes short-excurrent as a mucro or rarely ending a few cells below apex, adaxial outgrowths absent, adaxial cells elongate, occasionally short-rectangular to quadrate near apex, in 2–3 rows, abaxial cells elongate; transverse section oval to reniform, adaxial epidermis absent to weakly developed, adaxial stereid band absent, guide cells 2–4 in 1 layer, hydroid strand absent, abaxial stereid band strong, semicircular to ovate in section, abaxial epidermis usually distinct; basal cells differentiated in a small group at base of costa, short-rectangular, little wider than distal cells, 2–4:1, usually thick-walled; distal medial cells subquadrate, occasionally elongate transversely or longitudinally, (5–)7–9(–15) µm wide, 1(–2):1(–2), papillae either massive, multifurcating and centered over lumens or simple to 2-fid, cell walls thin to greatly thickened, superficially flat to bulging. Specialized asexual reproduction rare, by gemmae in axils of leaves. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia and perichaetia terminal on short lateral branches, interior perichaetial leaves convolute-sheathing, ovate-acuminate, 1–1.5 mm, laminal cells shortly rhomboidal to near apex. Seta yellow-brown, 0.3–0.8 cm, twisted clockwise proximally, occasionally counterclockwise distally. Capsule yellow-brown to brown, ovoid to elliptic, 0.5–1(–1.5) mm, exothecial cells rectangular, walls thin, annulus of two rows of weakly vesiculose cells; operculum long-rostrate, 0.4–0.6(–1.8) mm, cells in straight rows; peristome teeth absent. Calyptra cucullate, 1.2–1.5(–2) mm, smooth. Spores 9–12(–19) µm, weakly to strongly papillose, light brown. KOH laminal color reaction yellow to yellow-orange.",321717205 wfo-4000002260,distribution,"Worldwide except Antarctica, especially tropical, arctic and montane regions.",321717205 wfo-0001151282,morphology,"Leaves commonly distant and exposing the stem; short-lanceolate to ligulate, (0.4–)1–1.5(–1.8) mm; apex narrowly to broadly acute, apiculus short-triangular; margins 1-stratose; costa percurrent in distal leaves, ending in a clear, sharp cell. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule 0.5–1 mm, exceeding the theca in length, ovoid, inclined.",321717205 wfo-0001151282,elevation,"10-3300 m",321717205 wfo-0001151282,habitat,"Forming deep green cushions on calcareous and noncalcareous rock, sandstone walls, rock ledges, exposed moist crevices, wet areas",321717205 wfo-0001151282,distribution,"Greenland; B.C.; Alaska, Ariz., Colo., Wash.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Eurasia; Africa; Atlantic Islands; Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand); Australia.",321717205 wfo-0001151331,morphology,"Leaves dense, hiding the stem, ligulate to short-elliptic or ovate, 0.4–0.5(–0.6) mm; apex broadly acute to rarely rounded, apiculus absent or of one cell; margins often 2-stratose in patches; costa usually ending (1–)3–4 cells before apex. Specialized asexual reproduction by ovate gemmae, sometimes uncommon, occasionally apiculate by a projection, of ca. 8 cells, born on rhizoids in leaf axils. Sporophytes unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001151331,elevation,"moderate to high elevations (900-1700 m)",321717205 wfo-0001151331,habitat,"Fissures in rock, calcareous and noncalcareous sandstone",321717205 wfo-0001151331,distribution,"Calif., Colo., Nev.; s Europe; sw, c Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001151406,morphology,"Leaves dense, hiding the stem, long-lanceolate to linear-elliptical and commonly weakly constricted beyond the short-sheathing base, (1–)1.5–1.8(–2) mm; apex narrowly acute to acuminate, occasionally blunt, apiculus narrowly triangular; margins 1-stratose; costa regularly excurrent into a short or long, stout mucro of several cells. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sporophytes absent in range of flora.",321717205 wfo-0001151406,elevation,"moderate elevations (300-900 m)",321717205 wfo-0001151406,habitat,"Calcareous and noncalcareus rock, wet areas, spray of falls",321717205 wfo-0001151406,distribution,"N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Tenn.; e, c Asia.",321717205 wfo-4000002290,morphology,"Plants small, in thin mats or scattered, pale green to yellow-green. Stems 0.5–1.5 cm, weakly to strongly julaceous, often appearing stringlike, not or weakly branched; rhizoids few, micronemata and macronemata absent or present in clusters on proximal stem. Leaves imbricate when dry, erect when moist, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, flat to concave, 0.6–1.4 mm; base not decurrent; margins recurved proximally, plane distally, or often plane throughout, entire, 1-stratose, limbidium absent; apex broadly acute; costa not reaching apex or very short-excurrent, mucro smooth, guide cells absent; alar cells not differentiated from juxtacostal cells; laminal areolation distinctly heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells quadrate or short-rectangular, 1–2:1; medial and distal cells elongate-rhomboidal to elongate-vermicular, 6–10:1, walls thick, not pitted. Specialized asexual reproduction by leaf axil bulbils or absent. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia and perichaetia terminal, leaves same size as vegetative leaves or usually larger, not forming rosette, inner leaves little differentiated. Seta single, flexuose. Capsule inclined to erect, ovate-cylindric or ovate-pyriform, 1–3 mm; hypophysis somewhat differentiated; operculum weakly convex, short-conic, not rostrate; peristome double, single, or rarely absent; exostome pale brown basally, hyaline distally, teeth slender lanceolate; endostome separate from exostome or sometimes adherent or absent, basal membrane low to high, segments present or absent, broadly perforate, cilia present or sometimes absent. Spores shed singly, 8–15 µm, finely papillose, pale tan or yellow-tan.",321717205 wfo-4000002290,distribution,"Nearly worldwide.",321717205 wfo-0001151444,morphology,"Stems weakly julaceous. Leaves strongly imbricate when dry, flat to somewhat concave, 0.6–1.4 mm; costa percurrent to short-excurrent, mucro smooth; distal laminal cells elongate-rhomboidal, 40–60 µm, 6:1, walls not or weakly sinuate. Specialized asexual reproduction by leaf axil bulbils, red-brown, leafy, small. Seta 2–3 cm. Capsule erect or suberect, red, ovate-cylindric, 1–3 mm; peristome single, highly reduced, of unknown origin; endostome segments and cilia absent. Spores 8–15 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001151444,phenology,"Capsules mature Jul–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001151444,elevation,"low to high elevations (0-3500 m)",321717205 wfo-0001151444,habitat,"Acidic seepy or damp soil, soil over rock, ledges",321717205 wfo-0001151444,distribution,"Greenland; B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., Que.; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Maine, Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., N.Y., N.C., Tenn., Utah, Va., Wis.; Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, México, Querétaro); Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-0001151469,morphology,"Stems strongly julaceous. Leaves loosely imbricate when dry, strongly concave, 0.6–1.2 mm; costa ending mid leaf or 2/3 leaf length, rarely percurrent; distal laminal cells elongate-vermicular, 60–100 µm, 8–10:1, walls sinuate. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Seta 2–3 cm. Capsule inclined to nodding, brown or red-brown, ovate-pyriform, 1–2 mm; peristome double; endostome basal membrane high, segments broadly perforated, cilia 1–3, appendiculate to nodose. Spores 8–13 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001151469,phenology,"Capsules mature Jun–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001151469,elevation,"low to high elevations (0-4000 m)",321717205 wfo-0001151469,habitat,"Acidic seepy or damp soil, soil over rock, ledges",321717205 wfo-0001151469,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Nunavut, Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Conn., Mich., Minn., N.Y., N.C., Pa., Wis.; Mexico; Central America; South America; Eurasia; Africa; Subantarctic Islands.",321717205 wfo-4000002305,morphology,"Plants small to large, ± glaucous, green to rusty brown. Stems with branches erect to arcuate, sometimes attenuate to flagellate distally; central strand cells differentiated or not; pseudoparaphyllia absent in all but 2 species. Branch leaves appressed to moderately secund or crispate when dry, complanate or erect to imbricate when moist, broadly ovate to lanceolate, ± abruptly narrowed mid leaf, not plicate proximally (somewhat plicate in A. longifolius); margins plane, sometimes undulate or revolute, entire, papillose, crenulate, serrulate, or sometimes denticulate near apex; apex rounded, obtuse, acute, or narrowly acuminate; costa usually strong, sometimes obscured by laminal cells and ending before mid leaf, sometimes discreetly, asymmetrically 2-fid at end, abaxial costa cells smooth or papillose; laminal cells hexagonal, obscure to irregular, small, papillae 1 or many, high, on both surfaces, walls thin; basal cells sometimes oblong, pellucid, smooth, walls incrassate. Perichaetial leaves well differentiated. Seta to 2.2 cm. Capsule symmetric; stomata sometimes present; peristome reduced (well developed in A. rostratus); exostome teeth white to pale brown, densely papillose, occasionally cross striolate, sometimes slightly trabeculate; endostome sometimes very reduced or absent (sect. Haplohymenium), basal membrane 2–7 cells high, segments keeled to linear and reduced or absent. Calyptra smooth to papillose or hirsute (sect. Haplohymenium). Spores 9–20(–23) µm.",321717205 wfo-4000002305,distribution,"North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America (Bolivia), Europe, s Africa, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia; temperate, circumboreal regions.",321717205 wfo-0001151526,morphology,"Plants large, in dense mats, yellowish green. Stems 1.5–3 cm, 0.8–1 mm thick when dry, profusely branched, irregularly pinnate, primary branches prostrate to arcuate, mostly attenuate, secondary branches attenuate at apices; central strand cells not differentiated; pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids somewhat abundant. Branch leaves appressed when dry, complanate when moist, ligulate, slightly narrowed mid leaf, 1.2–2(–2.2) mm; base broadly decurrent; margins plane, entire from base to apex (cells moderately mammillose at insertion), sometimes denticulate near apex; apex acute, sometimes obtuse or slightly apiculate, intact; costa strong, sharply ending a few cells before apex, sometimes fading in youngest leaves, not obscured by laminal cells distally, pellucid, abaxial costa cells smooth; basal laminal cells hyaline or sometimes chlorophyllose, papillae few, region sometimes extending more than 1/2 length of leaf base; distal cells quadrate, 6–8 µm, papillae many, branched. Perichaetia never beyond last branching points, leaves abruptly narrowed, costa to beyond mid leaf, ending near apex in most interior leaves, laminal cells smooth. Seta 1–1.5 cm. Capsule oblong, urn 1.6–2.8 mm; stomata at base; annulus not differentiated; operculum obliquely short-rostrate, 1.3 mm; exostome teeth irregular, 0.3 mm, striolate proximally, trabeculate and ± finely papillose towards apex; endostome basal membrane 3 or 4 cells high, segments well developed. Spores 10–13 µm, densely papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001151526,phenology,"Capsules mature early-mid fall.",321717205 wfo-0001151526,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001151526,habitat,"Tree bark, at base, soil, rock",321717205 wfo-0001151526,distribution,"Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico; West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica); Central America (Belize, Guatemala); Europe; Asia (India, e Russia, Turkey).",321717205 wfo-0001151558,morphology,"Plants somewhat small to large, in thin to thick mats, yellowish green. Stems 2–3(–6) cm, 0.5–1 mm thick when dry, sparingly branched, primary branches prostrate or pendulous; central strand cells well differentiated, smaller; pseudoparaphyllia foliose; rhizoids many distally. Branch leaves appressed to almost recurved when dry, in slender forms julaceous to imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, long-lanceolate, somewhat plicate at base, 2.1–2.8+ mm in robust forms, 0.3–0.5(–0.6) mm in slender forms; base broadly decurrent; margins revolute near shoulder, entire to serrulate, often with shorter and wider cells near apex; apex subulalike, intact; costa strong, percurrent, obscured by laminal cells distally, yellowish, abaxial costa cells often scabrous distally; basal laminal cells not hyaline, smooth, region extending less than 1/4 length of leaf base; medial cells rectangular, 5–13 µm, papilla 1, central, unbranched. Perichaetia on distalmost portions of branches (with minute or flagelliform branches produced distally from inflorescences), leaves with laminal cells smooth near apex. Sporophytes unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001151558,elevation,"moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001151558,habitat,"Crevices between boulders",321717205 wfo-0001151558,distribution,"N.Y.; Europe; Asia (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Japan, w Siberia).",321717205 wfo-0001151564,morphology,"Plants medium-sized, in loose mats, dark to light green. Stems to 2.5(–6) cm, (0.6–)1–1.7 mm thick when dry, not or seldom branched, not pinnate, primary branches erect-ascending to arcuate, julaceous when dry, secondary branches not attenuate, often slightly clavate at apices; central strand cells poorly or not differentiated; pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids few. Branch leaves imbricate, appressed, or rarely slightly crisped when dry, erect to spreading, complanate, not secund when moist, broadly oblong-ligulate, sometimes slightly spatulate, abruptly narrowed mid leaf, (1–)1.5–2.3(–3) mm; base broadly decurrent; margins undulate, sometimes infolded, sometimes dentate to spinulose at insertion because of very high papillae, entire at apex; apex rounded, intact; costa moderately strong, ending before apex, not obscured by laminal cells, often 2-fid at end, pellucid, abaxial costa cells papillose, papillae rounded-simple, in rows; basal laminal cells hyaline, mostly papillose, region extending to 1/3 basal leaf portion; medial and distal cells hexagonal, 7–12 µm wide, papillae many, branched. Perichaetia on terminal branches, beyond distalmost branching points, leaves with distal laminal cells papillose. Seta 0.4–1.6 cm. Capsule ovoid, urn 1.5–2.2 mm; stomata absent; annulus well developed; operculum obliquely short-rostrate, 0.3–0.6 mm; exostome teeth irregular, to 0.4 mm, not striolate proximally, papillose distally, often trabeculate; endostome very reduced, basal membrane to 2 cells high, segments irregular, fragmentary. Spores (11–)13–18(–21) µm, smooth to faintly papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001151564,phenology,"Capsules mature early fall.",321717205 wfo-0001151564,elevation,"moderate to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001151564,habitat,"Deciduous forests, calcareous rock, bark of trees",321717205 wfo-0001151564,distribution,"Alta., Man., N.B., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico; Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala); Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001191821,morphology,"Plants small, in thick, dense, mats, light to yellowish green. Stems 0.5–2 cm, 1 mm thick when dry, profusely branched, primary branches erect; central strand cells differentiated, smaller; pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids few. Branch leaves julaceous, imbricate when dry, erect when moist, long-lanceolate, 0.8–1.4 mm; base broadly decurrent; margins revolute, entire; apex acuminate, ending in hair-point, intact; costa strong, ending well before apex, slightly obscured by laminal cells distally, pellucid, abaxial costa cells papillose, papillae thick, in 1 row; basal laminal cells hyaline, smooth, region in basal 1/2–2/3 of lamina; medial cells rhomboidal, 8–10(–12) µm, papillae many, slightly branched. Perichaetia distal to last branching nodes, leaves elongate, apex long-acuminate, laminal cells smooth. Seta 0.7–1.3 cm. Capsule elliptic, ovoid to oval-cylindric, urn 1–1.5 mm; stomata at base; annulus of 2 rows of cells; operculum obliquely rostrate, 0.8–1.1 mm; peristome well developed; exostome teeth regular, 0.2–0.3 mm, trabeculate, striolate to mid tooth or beyond, conspicuously papillose at apex; endostome well developed, basal membrane 7+ cells high, segments long, slender. Spores 11–15 µm, densely papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001191821,phenology,"Capsules mature early-mid fall.",321717205 wfo-0001191821,elevation,"low to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001191821,habitat,"Base or bark of deciduous trees, soil, fallen logs, deciduous forests, open spaces, secondary forests, vertical calcareous rock, occasionally acidic",321717205 wfo-0001191821,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico (Chiapas, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí); West Indies (Hispaniola, Jamaica); Bermuda; Central America (Guatemala, Honduras); Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001191824,morphology,"Plants small, in thick, dense mats, dark green to rusty brown. Stems to 3.5(–5) cm, 0.8–1.5 mm thick when dry, poorly branched, primary branches erect-ascending, somewhat arcuate; central strand cells differentiated; pseudoparaphyllia foliose; rhizoids many. Branch leaves incurved-contorted when dry, erect-spreading, somewhat secund when moist, broadly oblong-ligulate, (1.2–)1.4–2.3(–2.5) mm; base auriculate; margins plane, spiny-papillose in auricles, sometimes minutely denticulate in apex; apex broadly obtuse to rounded, often apiculate, intact; costa strong, ending sharply near apex, not obscured by laminal cells distally, 2-fid at end, pellucid, golden yellow to rusty brown, abaxial costa cells smooth; basal laminal cells hyaline, smooth, region occupying more than 1/2 basal portion of lamina; medial and distal cells hexagonal, 7–12 µm, papillae many, branched. Perichaetia at end of terminal secondary branches, leaves abruptly narrowed toward apex, becoming almost subulate, laminal cells papillose. Seta (0.5–)0.9–2.2 cm. Capsule elongate, urn (1–)1.8–2.3(–2.5) mm; stomata at base; annulus absent; operculum obliquely short-rostrate, 0.5–0.8 mm; exostome teeth regular, 0.1–0.3 mm, papillose, often inconspicuously horizontally striolate at base, trabeculate distally; endostome rudimentary, basal membrane 2–4(–6) cells high, segments very reduced or absent. Spores 9–14 µm, slightly papillose.",321717205 wfo-0001191824,phenology,"Capsules mature mid fall.",321717205 wfo-0001191824,elevation,"moderate to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001191824,habitat,"Tree trunks (generally 1-2 m above base), basic and acidic rock, montane deciduous forests",321717205 wfo-0001191824,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., Maine, Mass., Mich., Mo., N.H., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wis.; c, n Europe; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001191841,morphology,"Plants small, in loose mats, dark when dry, bright green when moist. Stems 1.5–3 cm, 0.5–1 mm thick when dry, somewhat densely branched, primary branches erect to ascending, julaceous when dry; central strand cells differentiated; pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids few. Branch leaves slightly crisped, incurved when dry, secund, reflexed, not complanate when moist, ligulate, 1.2–1.8(–2.1) mm; base ovate; margins plane, not papillose-crenulate at insertion; apex obtuse to rounded, often broken off; costa moderately strong, ending much before apex, obscured by laminal cells distally, light green, abaxial costa cells papillose, papillae large, in rows; basal laminal cells many, pellucid, smooth, region reaching margin, to 1/2 basal portion of lamina or beyond; medial and distal cells hexagonal, 6–11 µm, papillae many, branched. Perichaetia on terminal branches, beyond distalmost branching points, near apices, leaves with laminal cells papillose. Sporophytes unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001191841,elevation,"moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001191841,habitat,"Bark of trees, deciduous forests",321717205 wfo-0001191841,distribution,"N.J., N.Y., N.C.; Mexico (Hidalgo, Jalisco, San Luis Potosí); Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001191845,morphology,"Plants small, filiform to wiry, dark brownish green. Stems 0.5–1.5 cm, 0.3–0.5 mm thick when dry, rarely branched, primary branches prostrate; central strand cells not differentiated; pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids few. Branch leaves julaceous when dry, spreading, not complanate when moist, delicate, narrowly ligulate to tapering, 0.5–0.9 mm; base narrowly decurrent; margins plane, crenulate toward apex by prominent papillae; apex narrowly obtuse to acuminate, often broken off; costa weak, ending before mid leaf, obscured by laminal cells almost throughout, pellucid proximally, abaxial costa cells smooth; basal laminal cells few, pellucid, smooth, region not reaching margin; medial cells round, 4 µm, papillae many, unbranched. Perichaetia rare, on terminal branches, leaves oblong, apex acuminate, laminal cells with 1 or 2 papillae per lumen. Sporophytes unknown.",321717205 wfo-0001191845,elevation,"moderate to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001191845,habitat,"Bark of trees, deciduous forests",321717205 wfo-0001191845,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico (Jalisco, Nuevo León, Sonora, Veracruz); Central America (Costa Rica); South America (Bolivia); Europe; Asia; Pacific Islands (Hawaii).",321717205 wfo-0001191847,morphology,"Plants large, in thick mats, green. Stems 6–8+ cm, 1–1.8 mm thick when dry, somewhat branched, primary branches erect-ascending to arcuate; central strand cells not differentiated; pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids few. Branch leaves erect when dry, secund, somewhat flexuose, spreading to reflexed when moist, oblong-ligulate, 2.2–4 mm; base broadly decurrent; margins plane, entire; apex obtuse, rounded, or sometimes acute, intact; costa strong, ending sharply before apex, occasionally obscured by laminal cells distally, rarely asymmetrically 2-fid at end, pellucid, lighter green, abaxial costa cells papillose, papillae thick, in rows; basal laminal cells hyaline, papilla 1, region barely extending beyond 1/4 length of leaf base; medial and distal cells hexagonal, 8–12 µm, papillae many, branched. Perichaetia borne distally from last branching points, leaves similar to vegetative leaves, costa ending closer to apex, laminal cells papillose. [Seta 1–2 cm. Capsule long-elliptic, urn (1.7–)2–3.1(–3.3) mm; stomata absent; annulus well differentiated; operculum obliquely rostrate, 0.7–1 mm; exostome teeth irregular, 0.3–0.5 mm, nearly smooth, faintly striolate, not trabeculate, papillae inconspicuous toward apex; endostome basal membrane 2–4 cells high, segments moderately developed. Spores very variable in diam. between capsules, in some (19–)20–23(–25) µm, in others 15–16 µm, densely papillose].",321717205 wfo-0001191847,phenology,"Capsules mature early-mid fall.",321717205 wfo-0001191847,elevation,"moderate to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001191847,habitat,"Mesic calcareous environments of montane deciduous forests, limestone rock or vertical walls, epiphytic",321717205 wfo-0001191847,distribution,"N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ark., Ill., Iowa, Ky., Mass., Mich., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wis.; Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca); Europe; Asia.",321717205 wfo-7000000758,morphology,"Plants small to large, in dense or loose mats, glaucous, green, brown, or yellowish brown, dull. Stems creeping, sparsely to profusely branched, irregularly pinnate; paraphyllia absent. Stem and branch leaves differentiated. Stem leaves scalelike, minute; apex acute-acuminate to rounded; costa single, long, ending below apex, thick, usually pellucid, or double and short; laminal cells short. Branch leaves with costa single, ending sharply at or near apex, pellucid. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta dark to light reddish or brown, flexuose. Capsule erect, exserted; operculum conic to obliquely short-rostrate; exostome whitish yellow to pale brown, often striolate at base and papillose.",321717205 wfo-7000000758,distribution,"North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, e Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia; circumboreal areas.",321717205 wfo-4000002346,morphology,"Roots fibrous or tuberous-thickened, fleshy. Stems herbaceous, not ridged, to 3 cm diam.; epidermis scaly and exfoliating with age; aerial tubers axillary, basal, or absent. Leaves petiolate to subsessile; blade orbicular to elliptic, ovate, or cordate, base cuneate to truncate or cordate, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate or obtuse. Inflorescences indeterminate, axillary or terminal, racemose or clusters of racemes; bracts persistent or deciduous, connate or distinct, membranous to succulent. Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, fragrant, pedicellate; sepals distinct or basally connate, adaxially rounded to keeled, elliptic to ovate or obovate, basally adnate to petals, apex acute or obtuse; petals 5, distinct ± to base, erect to spreading or reflexed at anthesis; stamens opposite petals; filaments recurved in bud, flattened and proximally dilated; anthers versatile, dehiscence longitudinal; pollen pantoporate, spheric; pistils globose to ovoid; stigmas clavate to capitate or 2-lobed. Utricles partly to completely enclosed in persistent, dry perianth, wing or not. Seeds erect, laterally flattened to nearly globose. x = 12.",321717205 wfo-4000002346,distribution,"North America, West Indies, Central America, South America; introduced in Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia.",321717205 wfo-0000822997,morphology,"Stems twining to 5 m, often producing single or clustered axillary tubers. Leaves: petiole 6–12 mm; blade ovate to orbicular, 2–10 × 1–7 cm, base of larger leaf blades proximal to inflorescences cordate, base of small distal leaf blades tapering, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences racemes or in branched panicles of racemes, 10–35(–60) cm; single bract subtending each pedicel triangular-lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.3–0.4 mm; paired bracts subtending each flower persistent, triangular to obtuse, 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.6 mm, basally connate into cup. Flowers bisexual, usually functionally staminate; sepals basally adnate to petals, cream-white, not winged in fruit, ovate to elliptic, 1.2–2.3 × 1.1–2 mm, apex obtuse; petals basally connate, cream-white, ovate to elliptic, 2.1–3 × 1.4–2 mm, apex obtuse, spreading at anthesis; stamens fleshy; filaments basally connate and dilated, 1.9–3.5 mm; anthers early deciduous, 0.7–0.9 mm; pistils 0.4–0.6 mm; styles 1–1.5 mm, basally connate for 1/2–2/3 their length; stigmas clavate to capitate; pedicel 1–3 mm. Utricles rarely producing viable seeds, style bases persistent, globose, 0.8–1.1 mm. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0000822997,phenology,"Flowering late summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000822997,elevation,"0-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000822997,habitat,"Disturbed areas, fencerows, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000822997,distribution,"Introduced; Calif., Fla., La., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; Eurasia; Africa; Pacific Islands; Australia; native to South America.",321717205 wfo-0000823015,morphology,"Stems twining to 8 m, axillary tubers absent. Leaves: petiole 3–18 mm; blade ovate to elliptic, 2–16 × 0.5–9 cm, base of larger leaves proximal to inflorescence acute to cuneate, apex acute to obtuse. Inflorescences racemes or in branched panicles of racemes, 3–35(–70) cm; single bract subtending each pedicel oblong-oblanceolate, 1–2 × 0.2–0.5 mm; paired bracts subtending each flower deciduous, triangular, 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm, distinct. Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual; sepals basally adnate to petals, keeled, becoming winged in fruit, cream-white, elliptic, 1.7–2 × 1–1.3 mm, apex obtuse; petals basally connate, cream-white, elliptic, 1.5–2.3 × 0.8–1.1 mm, apex obtuse, spreading at anthesis; stamens of bisexual and functionally staminate plants fleshy; filaments basally connate and dilated, 2.5–3.8 mm; anthers 0.8–1 mm; stamens of functionally pistillate plants reduced and sterile; pistils in bisexual and functionally pistillate plants 0.4–0.6 mm; styles 0.8–1.5 mm, basally connate 1/3–1/2 their length; stigmas clavate to bifid; pistils of functionally staminate plants reduced; pedicel 1–3 mm. Utricles with style bases persistent, not [rarely] produced in functionally staminate plants, obovoid, 1–1.4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000823015,phenology,"Flowering late summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000823015,elevation,"0-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000823015,habitat,"Disturbed areas, fencerows, roadsides, thickets",321717205 wfo-0000823015,distribution,"Fla., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Eurasia; Africa; Pacific Islands; Australia.",321717205 wfo-4000002356,morphology,"Perennials or subshrubs (dioecious, gynoecious, or polygamodioecious), (0.2–)4–25(–70) cm (sometimes cespitose, sometimes stoloniferous, sometimes rhizomatous). Stems erect. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades (1–7-nerved) mostly cuneate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, or spatulate, margins entire, abaxial faces usually tomentose, adaxial glabrous or ± tomentose to sericeous or glabrescent. Heads discoid (unisexual), borne singly or in corymbiform, paniculiform, racemiform, or subcapitate arrays. Involucres: staminate campanulate to hemispheric, 2–6+ mm diam.; pistillate turbinate or campanulate to cylindric, 3–7(–9+) mm diam. Phyllaries in 3–6+ series, usually relatively narrow, unequal (proximally papery or membranous; distally ± scarious, often black, brown, castaneous, cream, gray, green, olivaceous, pink, red, white, or yellow), apices usually acute, sometimes obtuse to ± truncate. Receptacles flat to convex or ovoid, foveolate, epaleate. Ray florets 0. Disc florets mostly 20–100+, (functionally) staminate or pistillate; staminate corollas white, yellow, or red, narrowly funnelform or tubular (lobes usually 5, erect to recurved); pistillate corollas white, yellow, or red, narrowly tubular to filiform. Cypselae mostly ellipsoid to ovoid, faces usually glabrous, often papillate (stout, myxogenic twin-hairs); pappi: falling (bristles basally connate or coherent, shed together in rings or in groups); staminate usually of 10–20+ (usually ± clavate, sometimes capillary, barbellate to barbellulate) bristles; pistillate usually of 12–20+ (capillary, barbellulate to smooth) bristles. x = 14.",321717205 wfo-4000002356,distribution,"Temperate and arctic/alpine regions, North America, Mexico, South America, Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-0000084327,morphology,"Gynoecious (staminate plants uncommon). Plants 3–18 cm. Stolons 1–7 cm. Basal leaves: 1-nerved, spatulate to oblanceolate, 6–25 × 2–7 mm, tips mucronate, abaxial faces tomentose, adaxial green-glabrescent to gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, 5–20 mm, at least mid and distal flagged. Heads 2–5 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 5–6.5 mm; pistillate 4–7(–10) mm. Phyllaries distally dark brown, black, or olivaceous. Corollas: staminate 3–3.5 mm; pistillate 3.5–5 mm. Cypselae 1–1.8 mm, sparingly papillate; pappi: staminate 3.5–4 mm; pistillate 4.5–6 mm. 2n = 56, 84, 98, 112.",321717205 wfo-0000084327,phenology,"Flowering mid–late summer.",321717205 wfo-0000084327,elevation,"100–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000084327,habitat,"Dry to moist alpine tundra",321717205 wfo-0000084327,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Yukon; Alaska, Mont., Wyo.; Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-0000034127,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 15–35(–50) cm. Stolons none. Basal leaves (ephemeral) 3–5-nerved, narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 25–150(–200) × 4–20(–25) mm, tips mucronate, faces gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves oblanceolate or linear, 10–80 mm, usually flagged. Heads 8–30(–50+) in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate (4–)5–6.5 mm; pistillate 4.5–7 mm. Phyllaries (each with dark brown or blackish spot in middle) distally white or cream (sometimes suffused pink to rose). Corollas: staminate 2.5–4 mm; pistillate 3–4.5 mm. Cypselae 1–1.8 mm, glabrous; pappi: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 3.5–4.5(–5.5) mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000034127,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000034127,elevation,"1000–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000034127,habitat,"Dry meadows and aspen forest openings",321717205 wfo-0000034127,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Sask.; Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000069566,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 5–15(–20) cm (stems woolly). Stolons 4–10 cm (arched). Basal leaves 1–3-nerved, narrowly to broadly spatulate, or narrowly rhombic-obovate, 20–45 × 3–15 mm, tips mucronate, faces densely white-woolly. Cauline leaves linear, (2–)5–40 mm, not flagged. Heads (4–)7–25, in racemiform to paniculiform or corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 3–5 mm; pistillate 4.5–6(–7) mm. Phyllaries distally whitish (mostly staminate) or grayish stramineous to light brown. Corollas: staminate 2.5–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–5 mm. Cypselae 1–1.8 mm, glabrous; pappi: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 4–6 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000069566,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000069566,elevation,"1500–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000069566,habitat,"Moist alkaline basins in sagebrush steppe",321717205 wfo-0000069566,distribution,"Idaho, Nev., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000093763,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 18–40 cm. Stolons none. Basal leaves: 1–3-nerved, oblanceolate to elliptic, 20–50 × 4–15 mm, tips acute, faces ± gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 15–45 mm, not flagged. Heads 10–75 in paniculiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–5 mm; pistillate 4–5 mm. Phyllaries (relatively broad) distally silvery white. Corollas: staminate 2.5–3.5 mm; pistillate 3–4 mm. Cypselae 1–1.5 mm, glandular; pappi: staminate 4–5 mm; pistillate 3–4 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000093763,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000093763,elevation,"600–2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000093763,habitat,"Openings in dry coniferous forests",321717205 wfo-0000093763,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000041048,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 2–7 cm (stems stipitate-glandular). Stolons 0.5–2.5 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, usually cuneate-spatulate, sometimes oblanceolate, 5–16 × 3–10 mm, tips mucronate, faces gray-pubescent (and stipitate-glandular; fresh leaves citronella scented). Cauline leaves linear, 3–14 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads borne singly or 2–5 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4.5–6.5 mm; pistillate 5–7(–9) mm. Phyllaries distally light brown, dark brown, or olivaceous. Corollas: staminate 2.5–3 mm; pistillate 3.5–4.5 mm. Cypselae 0.9–2 mm, sparingly papillate; pappi: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 4.5–5.5 mm. 2n = 28, 56, 84.",321717205 wfo-0000041048,phenology,"Flowering mid summer.",321717205 wfo-0000041048,elevation,"1600–3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000041048,habitat,"Subalpine limestone talus",321717205 wfo-0000041048,distribution,"Alta.; Idaho, Mont., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000133025,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 6–15 cm. Stolons 1–10 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate, 18–45 × 2–4 mm, tips mucronate, faces ± gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves linear, 8–13 mm, not flagged (apices acuminate). Heads 3–7 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–5.3 mm; pistillate 4–5 mm. Phyllaries (bases each with distinct dark brown or blackish spot) distally white or light brown. Corollas: staminate 2–3.2 mm; pistillate 2.5–3.5 mm. Cypselae 0.5–1 mm, slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 2.5–3.5 mm; pistillate 3.5–4.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000133025,phenology,"Flowering early–mid summer.",321717205 wfo-0000133025,elevation,"1900–3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000133025,habitat,"Moist subalpine-alpine willow thickets in the Rocky and Cascade mountains, the Sierra Nevada and mountains of the Great Basin",321717205 wfo-0000133025,distribution,"Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000079567,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 3.5–16 cm. Stolons 1–2 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate to cuneate, 3–7 × 2–5 mm, tips mucronate, faces gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves linear, 2–13 mm, distal flagged. Heads 2–5 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 3–6.5 mm; pistillate 4.5–7.5 mm. Pistillate involucres 4.5–7.5 mm. Phyllaries distally light brown, dark brown, or black. Corollas: staminate 2–3.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–4.5 mm. Cypselae 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous; pappi: staminate 2.5–3.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–3.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000079567,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000079567,elevation,"700–2800 m",321717205 wfo-0000079567,habitat,"Subalpine-alpine limestone talus",321717205 wfo-0000079567,distribution,"B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska, Mont.",321717205 wfo-0000019154,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 0.5–4 cm. Stolons none. Basal leaves: 1-nerved, linear to narrowly spatulate, 8–11 × 1–1.2 mm, tips acute, faces ± gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves linear or oblanceolate, 7–12 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads borne singly. Involucres: staminate 6–8 mm; pistillate 10–11 mm. Phyllaries distally dingy brown (apices acute-acuminate). Corollas: staminate 3–5 mm; pistillate 8–10 mm. Cypselae 2–3.5 mm, pubescent; pappi: staminate 4.5–6 mm; pistillate 10–12 mm. 2n = 28, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000019154,phenology,"Flowering early–mid spring.",321717205 wfo-0000019154,elevation,"600–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000019154,habitat,"Sagebrush steppe, plains, foothills of mountains",321717205 wfo-0000019154,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Sask.; Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000035189,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 3–10 cm. Stolons 2–5 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate or rhombic-spatulate, 3–18 × 3–6 mm, tips mucronate, abaxial faces gray-tomentose, adaxial green-glabrous. Cauline leaves linear, 7–13 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads 3–7 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 5–6.5 mm; pistillate 5–7 mm. Phyllaries distally dark pink to light pink or white. Corollas: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 4–5 mm. Cypselae 0.5–1 mm, papillate; pappi: staminate 3.5–4.5 mm; pistillate 5–6 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000035189,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000035189,elevation,"0–600 m",321717205 wfo-0000035189,habitat,"Dry slopes on tundra",321717205 wfo-0000035189,distribution,"Alaska (Aleutian Islands); Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-0000028249,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 0.5–1.5 cm. Stolons 3–10 cm (leafless except tips, relatively slender). Basal leaves 1-nerved, linear-oblanceolate, 16–18 × 1.5–2 mm, tips acute, faces ± gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves linear or oblanceolate, 7–15 mm, not flagged. Heads borne singly. Involucres: staminate 6–7 mm; pistillate 7–9 mm. Phyllaries (relatively wide) distally brown to blackish or whitish. Corollas: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 5–7 mm. Cypselae 2–3 mm, papillate; pappi: staminate 3.5–4.5 mm; pistillate 6–8 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000028249,phenology,"Flowering mid–late spring.",321717205 wfo-0000028249,elevation,"900–2700 m",321717205 wfo-0000028249,habitat,"Seasonally dry basins in foothills of mountains, often associated with sagebrush flats",321717205 wfo-0000028249,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000083566,morphology,"Dioecious or gynoecious (staminate plants uncommon or in equal frequencies to pistillates, respectively). Plants 7–15 cm (stems stipitate-glandular, hairs purple). Stolons 0.1–4 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, 11–30 × 2–4 mm, tips mucronate, abaxial faces tomentose, adaxial green-glabrescent to gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, 4–20 mm, flagged. Heads 2–6 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–6.5 mm; pistillate 5.5–8 mm. Phyllaries distally usually black, light brown, dark brown, or olivaceous, sometimes. Corollas: staminate 2.5–3 mm; pistillate 3–4.5 mm. Cypselae 1.2–2 mm, glabrous or slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–5 mm. 2n = 28, 56, 63, 100+.",321717205 wfo-0000083566,distribution,"N.W.T., Nfld. and Labr., Nunavut, Que., Yukon; Alaska; Arctic North America, arctic Siberia.",321717205 wfo-0000079795,morphology,"Dioecious (staminates and pistillates in equal frequencies in populations). Plants 7.5–14 cm. Stolons 0.5–1 cm. Cauline leaves 4–20 mm. Heads 2–6. Involucres: staminate 4–6.5 mm; pistillate 5.5–7 mm. Corollas: staminate 2.5–3 mm; pistillate 3–4.5 mm. Cypselae 1.2–1.8 mm; pappi: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–5 mm. 2n = 28, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000079795,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000079795,elevation,"500–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000079795,habitat,"Arctic and alpine tundra, on or near dry rocky outcrops or sand ridges",321717205 wfo-0000079795,distribution,"N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska.",321717205 wfo-0000064761,morphology,"Gynoecious (staminates unknown). Plants 3.5–12.5 cm. Stolons 0.5–1 cm. Cauline leaves 7–14 mm. Heads 2–4. Involucres: staminate unknown; pistillate 6–7 mm. Corollas staminate unknown; pistillate 3.5–4 mm. Cypselae 1–2 mm; pappi: staminate unknown; pistillate 4–4.5 mm. 2n = 56, 63, 100+.",321717205 wfo-0000064761,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000064761,elevation,"100–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000064761,habitat,"Arctic and alpine tundra, on or near dry rocky outcrops or sand ridges",321717205 wfo-0000064761,distribution,"Greenland; Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), N.W.T., Nunavut, Que., Yukon; Alaska; Siberia (arctic).",321717205 wfo-0000107549,morphology,"Dioecious (staminates and pistillates in equal frequencies in populations). Plants 7.5–14 cm. Stolons 1–4 cm. Cauline leaves 4–20 mm. Heads 2–6. Involucres: staminate 4–6.5 mm; pistillate 7–8 mm. Corollas: staminate 2.5–3 mm; pistillate 3–4.5 mm. Cypselae 1.2–1.8 mm; pappi: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–5 mm. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0000107549,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000107549,elevation,"600–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000107549,habitat,"Arctic and alpine tundra, on dry rocky outcrops, fell fields, or gravelly frost boils",321717205 wfo-0000107549,distribution,"N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska.",321717205 wfo-0000046557,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 3–14 cm (bases woody). Stolons none. Basal leaves absent at flowering. Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate to cuneate-oblanceolate, 11–35 × 2–6 imm, acute, not flagged (apices acute), faces gray-pubescent. Heads 3–25 in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 6–8 mm; pistillate 6–8 mm. Phyllaries distally red to pink, light brown, or white. Corollas: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 5–6 mm. Cypselae 2–2.5 mm, pubescent and papillate; pappi: staminate 6–7 mm (capillary); pistillate 6–7 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000046557,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000046557,elevation,"600–2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000046557,habitat,"Dry lower montane to montane coniferous forests, usually in ± thick duff under Pinus ponderosa",321717205 wfo-0000046557,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000001053,morphology,"Gynoecious (staminate plants very uncommon). Plants (6–)8–35 cm (stems sometimes stipitate-glandular). Stolons 1–9(–12) cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate to oblanceolate, spatulate-obovate, narrowly to broadly ovate, or cuneate-oblanceolate, 20–48(–65) × 2.5–20 mm, tips mucronate, faces abaxially tomentose, adaxially green-glabrous or gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, 8–40 mm, distal sometimes flagged (apices acute). Heads 3–15 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 6–6.5 mm; pistillate 6–11 mm. Phyllaries (bases sometimes rose) distally white, cream, or light brown. Corollas: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–6.5(–8) mm. Cypselae 0.8–2 mm, ± papillate; pappi: staminate 4–4.5 mm; pistillate 5.5–9 mm. 2n = 56, 84, 140 (under A. neodioica).",321717205 wfo-0000001053,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., N.W.T., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.C., N.Dak., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Nebr., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Utah, Va., Vt., W.Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000058618,morphology,"Plants 15–35 cm (stems stipitate-glandular). Stolons 3–8 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate to oblanceolate, 20–40 × 6–9 mm, tips mucronate, faces abaxially tomentose, adaxially green-glabrous. Cauline leaves linear, 12–30 mm, distal flagged. Heads 3–7 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate unknown; pistillate 7–10 mm. Phyllaries (sometimes rose at bases) distally white or cream. Corollas: pistillate 4–6.5 mm. Cypselae 1–1.5 mm, papillate; pappi: pistillate 7–9 mm. 2n = 56, 84 (under A. neodioica).",321717205 wfo-0000058618,phenology,"Flowering mid spring–early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000058618,elevation,"0–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000058618,habitat,"Pastures, dry fields, openings in woodlands and forests, and rock barrens",321717205 wfo-0000058618,distribution,"Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Conn., Del., Ind., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000065872,morphology,"Plants 15–30 cm. Stolons 1–4 cm. Basal leaves 1–3-nerved, spatulate to oblanceolate, 25–40 × 9–12 mm, tips mucronate, faces abaxially tomentose, adaxially green-glabrous. Cauline leaves linear, 20–40 mm, not flagged. Heads 5–12 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate unknown; pistillate 6–7.5 mm. Phyllaries distally light brown or white. Corollas: pistillate 5–6 mm. Cypselae 1.5–2 mm, notably papillate; pappi: pistillate 6–8 mm. 2n = 56, 84, 140 (under A. neodioica).",321717205 wfo-0000065872,phenology,"Flowering mid spring–early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000065872,elevation,"0–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000065872,habitat,"Pastures, dry fields, openings in deciduous woodlands and coniferous forests. and rock barrens",321717205 wfo-0000065872,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Calif., Colo., Idaho, Minn., Mont., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000111382,morphology,"Plants (6–)15–35 cm. Stolons 3–8(–12) cm (leaves along stolons almost equal to those of rosettes at ends). Basal leaves 1-nerved (sometimes obscurely 3-nerved), spatulate to narrowly or broadly obovate (petiolate), 14–48 × 2.5–20 mm, tips mucronate, faces abaxially tomentose, adaxially gray-pubescent to floccose-glabrescent. Cauline leaves linear, 8–35 mm, distal flagged. Heads 4–8(–13) in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate (very uncommon) 6 mm; pistillate 6–9 mm. Phyllaries distally white or cream Corollas: staminate 3.5 mm; pistillate 3.5–6 mm. Cypselae 0.9–1.5 mm, minutely papillate; pappi: staminate 4 mm; pistillate 5.5–7 mm. 2n = 56, 84 (under A. neodioica).",321717205 wfo-0000111382,phenology,"Flowering mid spring–early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000111382,elevation,"0–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000111382,habitat,"Pastures, dry fields, openings in woodlands and forests, and rock barrens and dry lake shores",321717205 wfo-0000111382,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Colo., Conn., Del., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000031090,morphology,"Plants 8–35 cm. Stolons 4–9 cm (leaves along stolons smaller than in rosettes at ends). Basal leaves 1(–3)-nerved, cuneate-oblanceolate, spatulate, or spatulate-obovate (without distinct petioles), 15–45(–65) × 5–20 mm, tips mucronate, faces abaxially tomentose, adaxially gray-pubescent to floccose-glabrescent. Cauline leaves linear, 10–35 mm, mid and distal flagged. Heads 4–10(–15) in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate (uncommon) 6–6.5 mm; pistillate 7–11 mm. Phyllaries distally white or cream. Corollas: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 4–6.5(–8) mm. Cypselae 0.8–1.7 mm, minutely papillate; pappi: staminate 4–4.5 mm; pistillate 5.5–8 mm. 2n = 56, 84 (under A. neodioica).",321717205 wfo-0000031090,phenology,"Flowering mid spring–early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000031090,elevation,"0–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000031090,habitat,"Pastures, dry fields, openings in woodlands and forests, and rock barrens",321717205 wfo-0000031090,distribution,"St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Colo., Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000132786,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 3–20 cm (caudices branching or rhizomes stout). Stolons none. Basal leaves 3-nerved, narrowly oblanceolate, 10–60(–100) × 3–12 mm, tips acute, faces gray-woolly or tomentose. Cauline leaves linear, 5–40 mm, mid and distal flagged. Heads 3–9 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4.5–6 mm; pistillate 5–8 mm. Phyllaries (proximally light brown, dark brown, or olivaceous) distally whitish or light brown. Corollas: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–4 mm. Cypselae 1–1.6 mm, glabrous; pappi: staminate 4–5 mm; pistillate 3.5–5 mm. 2n = 28 (under A. neodioica).",321717205 wfo-0000132786,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000132786,elevation,"1400–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000132786,habitat,"Protected alpine and subalpine sites, gravelly or sandy soils near conifers at timberline",321717205 wfo-0000132786,distribution,"Alta., B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000074015,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 7–35(–70) cm (often viviparous in late season, bearing propagules in distal and, sometimes, proximal leaf axils, sometimes woody at bases). Stolons none. Basal leaves 1–3-nerved, linear to narrowly spatulate, 18–55 × 1–10 mm, tips acuminate, faces gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 5–60 mm, flagged. Heads 10–110+ in racemiform to paniculiform or corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 3.5–5.5 mm; pistillate 3.5–6.5 mm. Phyllaries (relatively narrow, proximally green or golden brown, glabrous) distally white, acute. Corollas: staminate 2.5–4 mm; pistillate 2–4 mm. Cypselae 1–2 mm, sparingly papillate or papillate-strigose (hairs clavate); pappi: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–4 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000074015,distribution,"Alta., B.C.; Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000096129,morphology,"Basal leaves 1(–3)-nerved, linear, 1–5 mm. Heads 10–30 in racemiform to paniculiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 3.5–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–4.5 mm. Phyllaries proximally green, distally white. Corollas: staminate 2.5–3.2 mm; pistillate 2–2.5 mm. Cypselae 1–1.5 mm, sparingly papillate-strigose; pappi: staminate 3–3.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–3 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000096129,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000096129,elevation,"1000–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000096129,habitat,"Moist, open, meadows and drainages, lower montane, ponderosa pine zone",321717205 wfo-0000096129,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000102212,morphology,"Basal leaves (1–)3-nerved, linear to narrowly spatulate, 2–10 mm. Heads 10–110+ in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–5.5 mm; pistillate 5–6.5 mm. Phyllaries proximally golden brown, distally white. Corollas: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 2.5–4 mm. Cypselae 1–2 mm, sparingly papillate; pappi: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 3–4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000102212,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000102212,elevation,"900–3200 m",321717205 wfo-0000102212,habitat,"Semidry meadows and drainages, lower montane, ponderosa pine zone",321717205 wfo-0000102212,distribution,"Alta., B.C.; Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000123155,morphology,"Dioecious or gynoecious (staminate plants in equal frequency as pistillates or none in populations, respectively). Plants 5–20 cm (stems sometimes stipitate-glandular, especially in dioecious diploids). Stolons 2–7 cm (woolly). Basal leaves 1–3-nerved, spatulate, 15–20 × 4–6 mm, tips mucronate, abaxial faces gray-tomentose, adaxial green-glabrous (margins white woolly). Cauline leaves linear, 7–16 mm, (apices acute) not flagged. Heads 5–8 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4.5–7 mm; pistillate 5–7(–9) mm. Phyllaries (relatively wide), distally white (apices acuminate). Corollas: staminate 3–5 mm; pistillate 4.5–6.5 mm. Cypselae 0.8–2 mm, glabrous or slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 3.5–5.5 mm; pistillate 5.5–8.5 mm. 2n = 28, 56, 84, 112, 140.",321717205 wfo-0000123155,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000123155,elevation,"1500–2900 m",321717205 wfo-0000123155,habitat,"Moist forests, slopes and tops of ridges under Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, Engelmann spruce or Gambel oaks, openings in the forests",321717205 wfo-0000123155,distribution,"Ariz., Calif., Colo., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-0000123735,morphology,"Dioecious or gynoecious (staminate plants rare or in equal frequency to pistillates, respectively). Plants 5–13 cm. Stolons 1–4 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate to oblanceolate, 6–19 × 2.5–6 mm, tips mucronate, faces gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, 5–20 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads 2–5(–9) in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate (3.5–)4.5–6.5 mm; pistillate 4–8 mm. Phyllaries distally dark brown, black, or olivaceous. Corollas: staminate 2.5–4.5 mm; pistillate 3–4.5 mm. Cypselae 0.6–1.6 mm, glabrous or papillate; pappi: staminate 2.5–4.5 mm; pistillate 4–5.5 mm. 2n = 56, 98, 112.",321717205 wfo-0000123735,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000123735,elevation,"1500–3800 m",321717205 wfo-0000123735,habitat,"Dry, rocky to moist alpine tundra",321717205 wfo-0000123735,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000129817,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 9–30 cm (stems stipitate-glandular distally). Stolons 1–5 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate, 6–16 × 2–6 mm, tips mucronate, faces silvery gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, 5–25 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads 6–13 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 5–6.5 mm; pistillate 5.5–7 mm. Phyllaries distally bright white to light yellow. Corollas: staminate 2.5–3 mm; pistillate 3–4.3 mm. Cypselae 0.7–1.2 mm, glabrous or sparingly papillate; pappi: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3–5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000129817,phenology,"Flowering early–mid summer.",321717205 wfo-0000129817,elevation,"0–3200 m",321717205 wfo-0000129817,habitat,"Moist open areas, flood plains of streams, margins of alkaline depressions, lower montane to subalpine (subarctic)",321717205 wfo-0000129817,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000106213,morphology,"Gynoecious (staminate plants unknown). Stems usually stipitate-glandular. Basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, faces usually gray-pubescent, adaxial sometimes green-glabrescent. 2n = 56, 60?, 70.",321717205 wfo-0000106213,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000106213,elevation,"0–2900 m",321717205 wfo-0000106213,habitat,"Moist tundra, disturbed margins of solifluction lobes, unstable, gravelly slopes",321717205 wfo-0000106213,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), N.W.T., Nunavut, Que., Yukon; Alaska, Mont., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000065112,morphology,"Dioecious (staminates and pistillates in equal frequencies in populations). Stems stipitate-glandular. Basal leaves narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, mostly abaxially tomentose, adaxially green-glabrous to glabrescent, sometimes both gray-pubescent. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000065112,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000065112,elevation,"0–1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000065112,habitat,"Moist tundra, often on disturbed margins of solifluction lobes or on unstable, gravelly slopes",321717205 wfo-0000065112,distribution,"B.C., N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska; Russian Far East (Chukotka Peninsula).",321717205 wfo-0000029508,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 4–25 cm. Stolons 2.5–18 cm. Basal leaves: 1-nerved, narrowly spatulate to cuneate-oblanceolate, 15–65 × 6–18 mm, tips mucronate, faces abaxially tomentose, adaxially gray-pubescent (green-glabrescent with age). Cauline leaves linear, 1.5–25 mm, distal flagged. Heads (1–)2–8 in corymbiform to spiciform or racemiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–7 mm; pistillate 6–10 mm. Phyllaries distally white. Corollas: staminate 2.7–5 mm; pistillate 4.5–6.5(–7) mm. Cypselae 0.9–1.4 mm, minutely papillate; pappi: staminate 3.5–6.5 mm; pistillate 6–8.5(–9.5) mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000029508,phenology,"Flowering early–mid spring.",321717205 wfo-0000029508,elevation,"0–2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000029508,habitat,"Plains, grasslands, pastures, and open woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000029508,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000034161,morphology,"Dioecious or gynoecious (staminate plants in equal frequencies as pistillates or none in populations, respectively). Plants 12–35(–45) cm. Stolons 3.5–11(–14) cm (mostly decumbent when young). Basal leaves 3–5-nerved, obovate-spatulate, obovate, rhombic-obovate, or suborbiculate, 30–95 × 12–45 mm, tips mucronate, faces gray-pubescent to floccose-glabrescent. Cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3.5–45 mm, distalmost flagged. Heads 4–12(–15) in tight corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 6–9 mm; pistillate (7–)8–13 mm. Phyllaries distally white. Corollas: staminate 3.5–5 mm; pistillate 4–7 mm. Cypselae 1–2 mm, minutely papillate; pappi: staminate 4–5 mm; pistillate 5–8 mm. 2n = 56, 84, 70, 112.",321717205 wfo-0000034161,distribution,"Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.C., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Nebr., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Va., Vt., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000109909,morphology,"Stems usually glandless. Basal leaves abaxially and adaxially gray-tomentose to floccose-glabrescent.",321717205 wfo-0000109909,phenology,"Flowering early–mid spring.",321717205 wfo-0000109909,elevation,"0–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000109909,habitat,"Clearings, fields, roadsides, and open deciduous woods",321717205 wfo-0000109909,distribution,"N.B., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000100582,morphology,"Stems usually with purple glandular hairs (at least near summits of young flowering stems). Basal leaves abaxially gray-tomentose, adaxially green-glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000100582,phenology,"Flowering early–mid spring.",321717205 wfo-0000100582,elevation,"0–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000100582,habitat,"Clearings, fields, roadsides, and open woods",321717205 wfo-0000100582,distribution,"Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000129476,morphology,"Dioecious or gynoecious (staminate plants uncommon or in equal frequency as pistillates, respectively). Plants 2–8(–15) cm. Stolons 1–6 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, narrowly spatulate to spatulate or oblanceolate, 8–35 × 2–15 mm, tips mucronate, faces gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 8–20 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads 2–7 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 5.5–7.5 mm; pistillate 8–10(–15) mm (gynoecious), 7–7.2 mm (dioecious). Phyllaries distally white, pink, green, red, or brown. Corollas: staminate 3.5–4.5 mm; pistillate 5–8 mm. Cypselae 1–1.8 mm, glabrous or minutely papillate; pappi: staminate 4–5.5 mm; pistillate 6.5–9 mm. 2n = 56, 84, 112, 140.",321717205 wfo-0000129476,phenology,"Flowering late spring–summer.",321717205 wfo-0000129476,elevation,"100–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000129476,habitat,"Prairies, pastures, roadsides, mountain parks, open deciduous woods, and drier coniferous forests, usually ponderosa or lodgepole pine",321717205 wfo-0000129476,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Sask.; Ariz., Colo., Idaho, Iowa, Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Okla. (expected in panhandle), Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wis. (expected), Wyo.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo León).",321717205 wfo-0000066845,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 6.5–20(–25) cm. Stolons 2.5–7.5 cm (mostly ascending when young). Basal leaves (petiolate) 3–5(–7)-nerved, obovate to suborbiculate, 35–75 × 15–35 mm, tips minutely mucronate, abaxially tomentose, adaxially green-glabrescent to gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, 6.5–35 mm, distal flagged. Heads 4–17(–30) in tight corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 5–7(–8) mm; pistillate 5–7 mm. Phyllaries distally white. Corollas: staminate 2–3.5 mm; pistillate 3–4 mm. Cypselae 0.5–1.6 mm, slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 2.5–4 mm; pistillate 3.5–5.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000066845,phenology,"Flowering mid–late spring.",321717205 wfo-0000066845,elevation,"0–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000066845,habitat,"Dry, open, deciduous woodlands, tops of banks, ridges, and bluffs, sandstone formations, slopes in openings in woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000066845,distribution,"Man., N.B., N.S., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000123479,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants (1–)3–12 cm (stems usually stipitate-glandular). Stolons 1–4(–9) cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate to linear-cuneate, 6–12 × 1.5–4.5 mm, tips mucronate, faces glabrescent-scabrous to gray-pubescent (often with purple glandular hairs). Cauline leaves linear, 3–11(–13) mm, usually not flagged (apices acute to acuminate), rarely distal flagged. Heads 4–6 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–5 mm; pistillate 3.5–4.5 mm. Phyllaries (relatively wide) distally dark brown-black (sometimes light brown or whitish at very tips; apices blunt). Corollas: staminate 1.9–2.8 mm; pistillate 2–3 mm. Cypselae 0.7–1.3 mm, glabrous or slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 2.5–3.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–3.5 mm. 2n = 28 (as A. media).",321717205 wfo-0000123479,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000123479,elevation,"2800–3700 m",321717205 wfo-0000123479,habitat,"Moist subalpine-alpine meadows, snow basins, margins of tarns, streams, or run-off from snow masses",321717205 wfo-0000123479,distribution,"Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000135844,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants (8–)30–65 cm (caudices branching or rhizomes stout). Stolons none. Basal leaves 3–5-nerved, spatulate to oblanceolate or lanceolate, 50–200 × 4–25 mm, tips acute, mucronate, faces gray-pubescent or silvery sericeous. Cauline leaves linear, 8–140 mm, distal flagged or not. Heads 3–30 in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 5–8 mm; pistillate 7–12 mm. Phyllaries distally black, dark brown, light brown, castaneous, or olivaceous. Corollas: staminate 3–5 mm; pistillate 3–6 mm. Cypselae 1–1.5 mm, glabrous; pappi: staminate 4–6 mm; pistillate (5–)8–10 mm. 2n = 28, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000135844,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mont., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000099130,morphology,"Plants 8–25 cm. Basal leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, 50–170 × 5–18 mm, faces silvery sericeous. Cauline leaves 7–30 mm, mostly not flagged (sometimes flagged near heads). Heads 3–15. Involucres: staminate 5.5–7 mm; pistillate 7–10 mm. Phyllaries distally light brown or castaneous. Corollas: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3–4.3 mm. Cypselae 1.2–1.5 mm; pappi: staminate 4–6 mm; pistillate 5–7 mm. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0000099130,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000099130,elevation,"0–300 m",321717205 wfo-0000099130,habitat,"Limestone barrens, serpentine",321717205 wfo-0000099130,distribution,"Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Que. (Anticosti Island).",321717205 wfo-0000106308,morphology,"Plants (15–)30–65 cm. Basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, 50–200 × 4–25 mm, faces gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves 8–140 mm, distal usually flagged. Heads 3–30. Involucres: staminate 5–8 mm; pistillate 7–12 mm. Phyllaries distally black, dark brown, light brown, or olivaceous. Corollas: staminate 3.5–5 mm; pistillate 4–6 mm. Cypselae 1–1.5 mm; pappi: pistillate (7–)8–10 mm. 2n = 28, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000106308,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000106308,elevation,"0–3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000106308,habitat,"Alluvial soils in moist willow thickets subject to intermittent flooding along streams, montane to subalpine zone",321717205 wfo-0000106308,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mont., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000021785,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 12–50 cm (stems stipitate-glandular distally). Stolons 3–8 cm. Basal leaves: 3-nerved, elliptic to oblong, 30–100 × 10–40 mm, tips mucronate, abaxially tomentose, adaxially glabrous. Cauline leaves linear, 10–30 mm, not flagged (apices obtuse to acute). Heads 3–12 in loose, racemiform to paniculiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–8 mm; pistillate 7–9 mm. Phyllaries (relatively wide) distally white or light brown (apices blunt). Corollas: staminate 3–4 mm; pistillate 3–4 mm. Cypselae 1–1.5 mm, glabrous or slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 4.5–7 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000021785,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000021785,elevation,"1200–3000 m",321717205 wfo-0000021785,habitat,"Moist, cool, montane and subalpine coniferous forests and roadcuts in forests",321717205 wfo-0000021785,distribution,"Alta., B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000024879,morphology,"Gynoecious (staminate plants uncommon). Plants 4–30 cm. Stolons 1–7 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, 8–40 × 2–10 mm, spatulate, oblanceolate, or cuneate, tips mucronate, faces usually gray-pubescent, adaxial sometimes green-glabrous. Cauline leaves linear, 6–36 mm, usually not flagged (apices acute to subulate or with lanceolate flags). Heads 3–20 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate unknown; pistillate 4–10 mm. Phyllaries distally brown, cream, gray, green, pink, red, white, or yellow (apices acute or erose-obtuse). Corollas: staminate unknown; pistillate 2.5–6 mm. Cypselae 0.7–1.8 mm, glabrous or papillate; pappi: staminate unknown; pistillate 3.5–6.5 mm. 2n = 42, 56, (70).",321717205 wfo-0000024879,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Nfld. and Labr., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Maine, Mich., Minn., Mont., N.Dak., N.Mex., Nev., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000102314,morphology,"Plants 19–30 cm. Stolons 1.5–4.5 cm. Basal leaves spatulate to narrowly cuneate, 10–20 mm, faces gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves 9–26 mm. Heads usually 6–12. Involucres: pistillate 6.5–8 mm. Phyllaries distally white, pink, green, red, or brown. Corollas: pistillate 3.5–6 mm. Pappi: pistillate 5–6 mm. 2n = 42, 56, (70).",321717205 wfo-0000102314,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000102314,elevation,"0–3800 m",321717205 wfo-0000102314,habitat,"Dry to moist habitats, tundra, rock outcrops, fields, meadows, forests, savannas, and roadcuts, other similarly disturbed places",321717205 wfo-0000102314,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif. (unconfirmed), Colo., Idaho, Maine, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000110516,morphology,"Plants 9–25 cm. Stolons 1.5–4.5 cm. Basal leaves spatulate to cuneate, 10–20 mm, faces gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves 6–20 mm. Heads 4–11. Involucres: pistillate 4–6.5 mm. Phyllaries distally usually brown, sometimes cream, gray, or pale yellow. Corollas: pistillate 2.5–4 mm. Pappi: pistillate 3.5–5 mm. 2n = 42, 56, (70).",321717205 wfo-0000110516,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000110516,elevation,"0–3800 m",321717205 wfo-0000110516,habitat,"Dry to moist habitats, tundra, rock outcrops, fields, meadows, forests, savannas, and roadcuts, other similarly disturbed places",321717205 wfo-0000110516,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex. (expected), Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000105980,morphology,"Plants 4–17 cm. Stolons 1–6 cm. Basal leaves spatulate to cuneate, 8–18 mm, faces gray-pubescent. Cauline leaves 6–19 mm. Heads 3–5. Involucres: pistillate 6.5–10 mm. Phyllaries distally brown, green, pink, red, or white. Corollas: pistillate 3.5–5 mm. Pappi: pistillate 5–6.5 mm. 2n = 42, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000105980,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000105980,elevation,"0–3800 m",321717205 wfo-0000105980,habitat,"Dry to moist open habitats, usually on rock outcrops or barrens",321717205 wfo-0000105980,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., Nunavut, Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Maine, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000082223,morphology,"Plants 10–40 cm. Stolons 2–7 cm. Basal leaves spatulate, oblanceolate, or cuneate, 20–40 mm, faces usually gray-pubescent, adaxial sometimes green-glabrous. Cauline leaves 8–36 mm. Heads 6–20. Involucres: pistillate 5–8 mm. Phyllaries distally usually green, pink, red, or white, seldom brown. Corollas: pistillate 3–4.5 mm. Pappi: pistillate 4–6 mm. 2n = 42, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000082223,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000082223,elevation,"400–3800 m",321717205 wfo-0000082223,habitat,"Dry to moist habitats, tundra, rock outcrops, fields, meadows, forests, savannas, and roadcuts, other similarly disturbed places",321717205 wfo-0000082223,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mich., Minn., Mont., N.Dak., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000046386,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 0.2–1.5(–2) cm. Stolons 1–2(–3.5) cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate, spatulate-obovate, or oblanceolate, 6.5–13 × 2–5 mm, tips mucronate, faces silvery gray-pubescent (often obscurely stipitate-glandular). Cauline leaves linear, 2–9 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads usually borne singly (rarely 2–3; subsessile among basal leaves). Involucres: staminate 5–7.5 mm; pistillate 6–10 mm. Phyllaries distally white. Corollas: staminate 2.5–4.5 mm; pistillate 3.5–5.5 mm. Cypselae 0.8–1.5 mm, papillate (bases puberulent); pappi: staminate 3.5–5 mm; pistillate 5.5–6.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000046386,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000046386,elevation,"2200–3300 m",321717205 wfo-0000046386,habitat,"Open slopes and dry meadows, lower montane to montane, or subalpine zone, usually with big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata",321717205 wfo-0000046386,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., N.Mex., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000087928,morphology,"Gynoecious (staminate plants unknown). Plants 1–4 cm. Stolons 0.5–2 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate, rhombic-spatulate, or cuneate, 4–13 × 2–8 mm, tips mucronate, faces densely gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves linear, 4–10 mm, distalmost flagged. Heads usually borne singly, rarely 2–3 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres staminate unknown; pistillate 8–11 mm. Phyllaries distally white, light brown, dark brown, or olivaceous. Corollas: staminate unknown; pistillate 4–5.5 mm. Cypselae 1.5–1.8 mm, glabrous; pappi: staminate unknown; pistillate 5–6 mm. 2n = ca. 168.",321717205 wfo-0000087928,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000087928,elevation,"3000–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000087928,habitat,"Talus areas on limestone ridge at treeline in the subalpine zone",321717205 wfo-0000087928,distribution,"Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000088687,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 2–25(–35) cm. Stolons 5.5–20 cm (filiform). Basal leaves: 3–5-nerved, obovate to broadly oblong-spatulate, 20–75 × 15–45 mm, tips mucronate, abaxially tomentose, adaxially gray-pubescent to floccose-glabrate. Cauline leaves linear, 1–17 mm, distal flagged. Heads borne singly. Involucres: staminate 8–11 mm; pistillate 8–14 mm. Phyllaries (bases green or brown) distally white. Corollas: staminate 3.8–5.5 mm; pistillate 4.5–7 mm. Cypselae 1–2 mm, papillate; pappi: staminate 4.5–7 mm; pistillate 6–9 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000088687,phenology,"Flowering early–mid spring.",321717205 wfo-0000088687,elevation,"0–1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000088687,habitat,"Slopes or stream banks in moist, rich, deciduous woodlands, forests, sometimes forest openings",321717205 wfo-0000088687,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Ga., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Miss., N.C., Ohio, Pa., S.C., Tenn., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000044731,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants (3–)10–15 cm. Stolons none. Basal leaves 1-nerved, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 15–50 × 1–2(–4) mm, tips acute, not flagged, faces ± gray tomentose. Cauline leaves (gradually reduced distally) narrowly linear, 5–60 mm, distalmost flagged. Heads 2–8(–10) in subcapitate arrays. Involucres: staminate 4–5 mm; pistillate 4–6.5 mm. Phyllaries distally light brown, dingy brown, or olivaceous (apices acute-acuminate). Corollas: staminate 2.5–3.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–4 mm. Cypselae 1–1.8 mm, glandular-puberulent; pappi: staminate 3–4.5 mm (bristles barbellate at tips); pistillate 3–4.5 mm. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0000044731,phenology,"Flowering in late spring–early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000044731,elevation,"1500–2300 m",321717205 wfo-0000044731,habitat,"Dry, often sagebrush (Artemisia) covered hillsides and dry margins around seasonally moist depressions in sagebrush steppe of the Great Basin and Columbia Plateau",321717205 wfo-0000044731,distribution,"Idaho, Nev., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000124503,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 5–12 cm (densely tufted, bases woody; root crowns relatively slender). Stolons none. Basal leaves absent at flowering. Cauline leaves spatulate, 5–12 × 2–4 mm, not flagged (apices emarginate or obtuse, abaxial faces tomentose, adaxial green). Heads borne singly. Involucres: staminate 5–9 mm; pistillate 10–15 mm. Phyllaries (relatively wide) distally white. Corollas: staminate 4–5 mm; pistillate 5–8 mm. Cypselae 1–2 mm, papillate; pappi: staminate 4.5–5.5 mm; pistillate 7–9 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000124503,phenology,"Flowering early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000124503,elevation,"500–1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000124503,habitat,"Dry, open coniferous woods or barren slopes on serpentine",321717205 wfo-0000124503,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000045066,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 7–16 cm (bases somewhat woody). Stolons 7–16 cm (usually erect, slightly woody). Basal leaves 1-nerved, narrowly spatulate to cuneate, 10–17 × 2–5.4 mm, tips mucronate, faces gray-tomentose. Cauline leaves linear, 8–18 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads 3–8 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 3–6 mm; pistillate 4–6.5 mm. Phyllaries distally whitish, yellowish, or pale brownish (often streaked with pink or rose). Corollas: staminate 2.5–3.5 mm; pistillate 2.5–3.5 mm. Cypselae 0.5–1.2 mm, glabrous; pappi: staminate 3–4.5 mm; pistillate 3–5 mm. 2n = 28, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000045066,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000045066,elevation,"1100–3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000045066,habitat,"Sagebrush steppe to open, dry, coniferous montane forests to subalpine meadows",321717205 wfo-0000045066,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000009469,morphology,"Dioecious. Plants 4–25 cm. Stolons 2–8 cm. Basal leaves 1-nerved, spatulate to cuneate-oblanceolate, 10–25 × 3–9 mm, tips mucronate, faces greenish gray, moderately pubescent. Cauline leaves linear, 4–20 mm, not flagged (apices acute). Heads 3–6(–9) in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 3.8–6 mm; pistillate 5–7 mm. Phyllaries distally white or stramineous. Corollas: staminate 2.2–3.5 mm; pistillate 2.8–4.5 mm. Cypselae 0.8–1.3 mm, slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 2.8–4(–5) mm; pistillate 3.5–5.2 mm. 2n = 28, 56.",321717205 wfo-0000009469,phenology,"Flowering early–mid spring.",321717205 wfo-0000009469,elevation,"300–600 m",321717205 wfo-0000009469,habitat,"Devonian shale barrens and argillaceous soils derived from them, open deciduous woods and fields",321717205 wfo-0000009469,distribution,"Md., Ohio, Pa., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-4000002370,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous. Culms 60-120 cm, stiffly erect, clustered. Sheaths open; ligules 0.1-0.3 mm, membranous, ciliate; blades flat, stiff, upper blades much reduced. Inflorescences terminal, simple panicles with elongate rachises; branches ascending to erect, not spikelike, lower branches usually with 8 or more spikelets; disarticulation beneath the glumes. Spikelets 3-4 mm, laterally compressed neither subtended by bristles nor sunken into the rachis, elliptic, obovoid, hirsute, unawned, with 2 florets. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes as long as the spikelets, obovate, densely hirsute, 5-veined; lower florets sterile or staminate; lower lemmas densely hirsute, similar to the upper glumes; lower paleas present or absent; upper lemmas and upper paleas cartilaginous, glabrous, dark brown, separating slightly at maturity, exposing the caryopses, lemmas 3-veined, margins flat, hyaline, 0.5-1 mm wide, paleas 2-veined. x = 10.",321717205 wfo-0000847911,morphology,"Culms 60-120 cm, from knotty rhizomes. Leaves 30-60 cm, junction of the sheath and blade inconspicuous abaxially; blades 2-5 mm wide, in line with the sheaths, margins scabrous, otherwise glabrous or the adaxial surfaces inconspicuously pubescent to hirsute. Panicles 8-16 cm long, 2-3(5) cm wide; branches spreading to erect. Spikelets 3-4 mm long, 1.3-1.8 mm wide. Upper glumes and lower lemmas pubescent, hairs 0.6-1.5 mm, eventually spreading, usually purple-tinged; anthers 1-1.5 mm. Caryopses 1.2-1.4 mm. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-0000847916,morphology,"Culms 70-110 cm, erect from scaly rhizomes. Leaves mostly shorter than 30 cm, junction of the sheath and blade evident; blades 5-10 mm wide, at an angle to the sheaths, surfaces glabrous or the adaxial surfaces hirsute, margins hispid, with papillose-based hairs. Panicles 8-16 cm long, 1-3 cm wide; branches stiffly to loosely erect. Spikelets 3-4 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide. Upper glumes and lower lemmas pubescent, hairs 0.5-1 mm, appressed or spreading, usually colorless or white; anthers 1-1.8 mm. Caryopses 1.2-1.4 mm. 2n = 20.",321717205 wfo-4000002394,morphology,"Plants annual or perennial; tufted or cespitose. Culms 15-50 cm, not woody. Sheaths open; ligules membranous. Inflorescences terminal, spikelike panicles, each node supporting a highly reduced branch or fascicle of spikelets; fascicles imbricate, with a short, thick, basal stipe sub¬tending 4 thick, rigid, coriaceous, many-veined, flat, narrowly elliptic to ovate bracts; bracts fused at the base, enclosing 2-11 spikelets, 1-2 of the spikelets sterile or reduced; disarticula¬tion beneath the fascicles. Spikelets with 2 florets. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes acicular, 1-veined, awned; lower florets sterile, sometimes reduced; lower lemmas 7-veined; lower paleas subequal to the lower lemmas; upper florets bisexual, sterile, or reduced; upper lemmas faintly 3-veined. Caryopses ellipsoidal, x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000002394,distribution,"Puerto Rico;Virgin Islands;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.",321717205 wfo-0000847945,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms erect or decumbent, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, branching from the base. Sheaths densely to sparsely pubescent, hairs papillose-based; ligules 1.5-3 mm, brownish, entire or dentate, not ciliate; blades 4-17 cm long, 2-8 mm wide, flat, pubescent on both surfaces. Panicles 4-12 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, with 20-60 fascicles; fascicles 5-7.5 mm; bracts 4-7 mm, scabrous. Fertile spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm, ovoid, scabrid between the veins, acute; upper lemmas 3.7-4 mm, glabrous, margins overlapping the edges of the palea. Caryopses about 2 mm. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000847945,distribution,"Puerto Rico;Virgin Islands;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.",321717205 wfo-4000002465,morphology,"Plants perennial or annual; densely to loosely cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous; fragrant. Culms 4-100 cm, erect or geniculate, sometimes branched; internodes hollow. Leaves cauline or basally concentrated, glabrous or softly hairy; sheaths open; auricles absent or present; ligules membranous, sometimes shortly ciliate or somewhat erose; blades flat or rolled, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Inflorescences open or contracted panicles, sometimes spikelike. Spikelets pedicellate or sessile, 2.5-10 mm, laterally compressed, stramineous to brown at maturity, with 3 florets, lowest 2 florets staminate or reduced to dorsally awned lemmas subequal to or exceeding distal floret, distal floret bisexual, unawned; rachillas not prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret; disarticulation above the glumes, the florets falling together. Glumes unequal or subequal, equaling or exceeding the florets, lanceolate to ovate, glabrous or pilose, keeled; calluses blunt, glabrous or hairy. Lowest 2 florets: lemmas strongly compressed, 3-veined, strigose, hairs brown, apices bilobed, unawned or dorsally awned. Distal florets: lemmas somewhat indurate, glabrous or pubescent, shiny, inconspicuously 3-7-veined, unawned; paleas 1-veined, enclosed by the lemmas; lodicules 2 or absent; anthers 2 or 3. Caryopses shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, tightly enclosed in the florets; hila less than 1/3 the length of the caryopses, oval, x = 5.",321717205 wfo-4000002465,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Yukon;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Alaska;Va.;Colo.;Iowa;Miss.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Okla.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Oreg.;Mont.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000848094,morphology,"Plants perennial; loosely ces¬pitose or the culms solitary, rhizomes elongate, 0.3-1 mm thick. Culms 5-26(35) cm. Sheaths glabrous; ligules 0.4-1.3 mm, obtuse; blades 2-25 cm long, 0.7-2 mm in diameter when rolled, involute to convolute, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces pubescent. Panicles 1-3(4.5) cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm wide, spikelike, with 1-2 spikelets per branch. Spikelets 3.5-5 mm, green to purple; rachilla internodes about 0.1 mm, glabrous. Glumes subequal, 2.9-4.7 mm, shiny; lowest 2 florets staminate; lemmas sparsely hairy, acute or slightly notched, unawned or awned, awns to 1 mm; bisexual lemmas 2.9-4.4 mm, with sparse, spreading hairs towards the apices; anthers 1.5-3 mm. Caryopses about 2.5 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0000848095,morphology,"Plants annual. Culms 5-60 cm, often geniculate at the base, freely branched. Auricles to 0.5 mm, sometimes absent; ligules 1-2(3) mm, obtuse to acute; blades 0.8-6 cm long, 1-5 mm wide. Panicles 1-4 cm; lowermost branches 8-12(15) mm; pedicels 0.1-0.3 mm, pubescent. Spikelets (4)5-9 mm; lower glumes 3-5 mm; upper glumes 5-7 mm; sterile florets about 3 mm, awn of the first floret 3.5-5 mm, awn of the second floret 6-10 mm, exceeding the upper glumes by 2-3 mm; fertile florets about 2 mm; anthers 2, 2.8-4.1 mm. 2n = 10, 20,",321717205 wfo-0000848095,distribution,"Wash.;W.Va.;N.J.;N.Y.;B.C.;Que.;Fla.;N.H.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Calif.;Ala.;Mass.;Maine;Ark.;Ill.;Iowa;Okla.;Ohio;Minn.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.;Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000848125,morphology,"Plants perennial; loosely cespitose or the culms solitary, rhizomes elongate, 0.7-2 mm thick. Culms 40-85(110) cm. Sheaths brownish or reddish; ligules 2.5-5.5 mm; blades 2.5-5.5 mm wide; abaxial surfaces glabrous, shiny, adaxial surfaces pilose; flag leaf blades 1-4.5(6) cm long, 3-4.5 mm wide. Panicles (5)7.5-15 cm long, 2-10 cm wide, open, pyramidal, with 20-100+ spikelets; branches with 3+ spikelets. Spikelets 4-6.3 mm, tawny at maturity; rachilla internodes 0.1-0.3 mm. Glumes subequal, exceeding the florets, glabrous, often somewhat purplish; lowest 2 florets staminate; lemmas 3-5 mm, with hairs to 0.5 mm towards the apices, margins with 16-30 hairs per mm, hairs 0.5-1 mm, apices acute, emarginate, or bifid; first lemma 3-5 mm long, 1.1-1.5 mm wide, length usually less than 4 times width, elliptic, awned, awns 0.1-1 mm; bisexual lemmas 2.9-3.5 mm, hairy distally, hairs 0.5-1 mm, evenly distributed around the apices, bases strongly divergent from the lemma surface; anthers of staminate florets 1.6-2.1 mm, those of bisexual florets 1.2-1.3 mm. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-0000848163,morphology,"Plants perennial; densely to loosely cespitose, rhizomes to 2 cm long, rarely longer, about 2 mm thick. Culms 20-55(75) cm. Basal sheaths glabrous, brown to deep purple; ligules 0.2-1.5 mm, truncate, ciliate; blades 1-12 cm long, (0.7) 1-3(5) mm wide, flat or folded, abaxial surfaces glabrous and shiny, adaxial surfaces sparsely scabrous or pilose. Panicles 1-8.5 cm long, 1.2-2 cm wide, with (3)10-20(35) spikelets. Spikelets 5-8 mm, tawny; rachilla internodes about 0.1 mm, glabrous. Glumes subequal, 4.8-6.7 mm, about equal to the lemmas; lowest 2 florets staminate; lemmas 4-6.5(8) mm, moderately hairy, hairs to 1 mm, apices deeply bifid, first lemma awn 0.6-4(6.5) mm, second lemma awn 4.5-10.5 mm, usually geniculate, arising from near the base to near midlength; bisexual lemmas 3.5-5.2 mm, pubescent towards the bifid apices; anthers 1.5-2.7 mm. 2n = 56, 58, 63, 66, 72.",321717205 wfo-0000848163,distribution,"Maine;N.H.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Yukon;N.Y.;Alaska;Vt.;Mont.",321717205 wfo-0000848164,morphology,"Awns of upper staminate florets 5-10.5 mm, attached from near the base to midlength, usually strongly geniculate, the lower portion twisted, with (1)2-4 gyres. 2n = 56, 66, 72.",321717205 wfo-0000848173,morphology,"Plants perennial; loosely cespitose or the culms solitary, rhizomes elongate, 0.7-2 mm thick. Culms (5)15-50(90) cm. Sheaths brownish or reddish, glabrous or puberulent; ligules 0.5-6.5(8) mm, truncate, obtuse, or acute; blades 10-30 cm long, 2-8 mm wide, usually flat, sometimes inrolled, abaxial surfaces glabrous or pubescent, without prominent cross venation, adaxial surfaces glabrous; flag leaf blades 0.3-1.5(4.5) cm long, 1.5-4.5(6) mm wide. Panicles (2)4-9(12.5) cm long, (1.5)2-5(7) cm wide, open, pyramidal, with 8-100 spikelets; branches with 3+ spikelets. Spikelets (2.5)3.5-7.5 mm, mostly tawny, sometimes tinged with green; rachilla internodes 0.15-0.3 mm, glabrous. Glumes subequal, exceeding the florets, glabrous; lower glumes with lengths 2-5 times widths, usually shorter and wider than the upper glumes; lowest 2 florets staminate; lemmas hairy, particularly distally, hairs brown, often papillose-based, to 0.8 mm on the margins and to 0.3 mm near the apices, margins with 11-26 hairs per mm, midvein usually terminating at the apices or extending beyond as an awn, apices acute to rounded, entire or bifid, unawned, mucronate, or with a thin awn, awns to 0.5 mm; first lemma 3.4-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, length usually less than 4 times width, elliptic; bisexual lemmas 2.5-4 mm, usually hairy distally, hairs 0.1-0.5 mm, appressed or almost so at maturity, longer, divergent hairs, if present, concentrated near the midvein; anthers of staminate florets 0.9-2.3 mm, those of bisexual florets 1.2-1.6 mm. 2n = 28, 42.",321717205 wfo-0000848177,morphology,"Plants perennial; loosely cespitose or the culms solitary, rhizomes elongate, 1-3 mm thick. Culms (4)60-90 cm. Sheaths scabrous to scabridulous; ligules 1.5-4(6) mm, rounded to truncate; blades 20-40 cm long, (3)5-15 mm wide, flat, rather stiffly erect, narrowing to the base, glabrous, often glaucous, veins widely spaced, cross venation evident on the abaxial surfaces; flag leaf blades 3.5-10 cm. Panicles 8-13 cm long, (1)2-6 cm wide, diffuse, with slender, often drooping branches and 3+ spikelets per branch. Spikelets 4.5-6 mm, tawny or green to olive-green, sometimes infused with purple; rachilla internodes 0.2-0.5 mm, glabrous. Glumes subequal, equaling or slightly exceeded by the apices of the bisexual florets; lower glumes 4.5-5 mm long, 0.7-1 mm wide; upper glumes 3.5-5.2 mm long, 1-1.8 mm wide; lowest 2 florets staminate; lemmas usually mostly glabrous on the body, sometimes scattered-pubescent, scabridulous near the apices, margins usually pilose, apices rounded and shallowly bilobed, unawned or awned, awns to 1 mm; first lemma 4-5 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, length more than 5 times width, narrowly elliptic; bisexual lemmas 3.5-4.5 mm, margins pilose, particularly distally; anthers 2-3.5 mm. 2n = 42.",321717205 wfo-0000848178,morphology,"Plants perennial. Culms (10) 25-60(100) cm, erect, simple or sparingly branched. Auricles 0.5-1 mm, pilose-ciliate, sometimes absent; ligules 2-7 mm, truncate; blades 1-31 cm long, 3-10 mm wide. Panicles (3) 4-14 cm, the spikelets congested; lowermost branches 10-25 mm; pedicels 0.5-1 mm, pubescent. Spikelets 6-10 mm; lower glumes 3-4 mm; upper glumes 8-10 mm; sterile florets 3-4 mm, awn of the first floret 2-4 mm, awn of the second floret 4-9 mm, equaling or only slightly exceeding the upper glumes; bisexual florets 1-2.5 mm; anthers 2, (2.9)3.5-4.8(5.5) mm. 2n = 10,20.",321717205 wfo-0000848178,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;B.C.;Greenland;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Calif.;Va.;Colo.;Alaska;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Idaho;Md.;Ohio;Mo.;Mich.;Miss.;Oreg.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-4000002487,morphology,"Vines, perennial [annual]; roots tuberous. Stems scandent, tendril-bearing, pubescent or glabrous; tendrils terminal and axillary, branched. Leaves deciduous or persistent, cauline, alternate, petiolate; ocrea usually deciduous, chartaceous; blade broadly ovate to deltate or truncate, margins entire, sometimes undulate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, often clustered near tips of stems, racemelike, pedunculate. Pedicels present. Flowers bisexual, (1–)2–5 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth accrescent in fruit, pink to purple or, rarely, white or yellowish, campanulate, glabrous; tepals 5, connate proximally, petaloid, dimorphic, outer 3 broader than inner 2; stamens (7–)8(–9); filaments connate ca. 1/2 their length, forming staminal tube, adnate to perianth tube, glandular-pubescent; anthers yellow to reddish, ovate to elliptic; styles 3, recurved, distinct; stigmas reniform-capitate. Achenes included in membranous perianth, brown, unwinged, subglobose to bluntly 3-gonous proximally, 3-gonous distally, glabrous or pubescent. Seeds: embryo straight. x = 20.",321717205 wfo-4000002487,distribution,"Introduced; subtropical and tropical, s North America (including Mexico), West Indies, Central America, South America.",321717205 wfo-0000538920,morphology,"Plants herbaceous or base sometimes woody. Stems climbing or sprawling by tendrils, branched, angular, to 15 m, sparsely to densely brownish- or reddish-pubescent or glabrous. Leaves: ocrea 0.2–2 mm; petiole often winged distally, 1–2.5(–5) cm, glabrate or pubescent; blade 5–14 × (2–)4–10 cm, base usually cordate, margins ciliate, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, especially on veins. Inflorescences 4–20 cm, axes puberulent to pilose; peduncle angular, 1–5 cm, puberulent to pilose. Pedicels articulated proximally, 3–5(–10) mm, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers: tepals ovate to elliptic, 4–8 × 2–6 mm, 8–20 × 4–15 mm in fruit, margins entire, apex acute. Achenes 8–12 × 4–7 mm, shiny. 2n = 14, 40, 42–44, 48.",321717205 wfo-0000538920,phenology,"Flowering year-round.",321717205 wfo-0000538920,elevation,"0-600 m",321717205 wfo-0000538920,habitat,"Cultivated and often persisting after abandonment, rarely escaping",321717205 wfo-0000538920,distribution,"Introduced; Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C., Tex.; Mexico; Central America; introduced in West Indies, Asia, Africa.",321717205 wfo-4000002518,morphology,"Plants large, in thick mats or deep wefts, yellow-green to dark green, glossy. Stems irregularly branched. Stem leaves ovate-lanceolate to cordate-ovate; base rounded to subcordate, slightly decurrent; margins revolute, serrate, serrulate, or denticulate; apex acute, acuminate, or abruptly acuminate; costa subpercurrent, with 2 or more shorter, supplementary costae at base; alar cells quadrate to transversely elongate, region extending nearly to costa and an equal distance distally; laminal cells smooth; medial cells uniformly linear-flexuose; apical cells oval-rhombic. Branch leaves similar, narrower, smaller, 2–3 × 1 mm; margins more strongly denticulate; apex narrower, flagelliform, smaller; costa weaker. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Perigonia on secondary stems or sometimes on side branches, leaves deltoid-apiculate. Perichaetia on primary stems, leaves ecostate. Seta short. Capsule exserted, cylindric, oblong-cylindric, or oblong-ovoid; annulus scant or absent, adherent; operculum oblique-rostrate; exostome teeth subulate, trabeculate or papillose; endostome basal membrane absent, segments weakly developed, narrowly subulate, papillose.",321717205 wfo-4000002518,distribution,"North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands.",321717205 wfo-0001191855,morphology,"Plants in mats to deep wefts, wide-spreading, green, stramineous, or yellow-brown when dry, bright green when moist. Secondary stems 10–20 cm, irregularly pinnate, lateral branches subequal, to 3 cm, sometimes pendent and distally flagelliform, occasionally bearing smaller (less than 5 mm) branchlets. Stem leaves erectopatent when dry, erect-spreading when moist, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate; margins serrulate-denticulate in apex; costa 2-fid distally, supplementary costae well developed, usually 2 or 3 on each side of main costa base, length more than 6 cells; laminal cell walls pitted throughout; medial cells 24–36 × 5–6 µm. Branch leaves similar. Perichaetial leaves short deltoid-apiculate to long gladiate-cuspidate and sheathing, basal laminal cells rectangular, 4–5:1, walls thin, medial cells flexuous-elongate, to 10:1. Seta 0.8–1.5 cm. Capsule erect-symmetric, brown to yellow-brown, oblong-ovoid, 4–5 mm. Spores 20–30 µm.",321717205 wfo-0001191855,elevation,"low to high elevations (0-2100 m)",321717205 wfo-0001191855,habitat,"Trunks and branches of Acer, Alnus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, conifers, dead branches, snags, decorticated or decomposing logs, siliceous rock, soil, humus",321717205 wfo-0001191855,distribution,"Greenland; B.C., Nfld. and Labr.; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Wash.; Europe; w Asia; montane e Africa; Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Madeira).",321717205 wfo-4000002543,morphology,"Herbs, usually short- to long-lived perennial, occasionally annual, stout, pubescent to glabrate, from slender and spongy or massive and woody taproots. Stems erect to ascending, unarmed, with glutinous bands on internodes. Leaves in pairs, ± equal in size in each pair, long petiolate, thick and fleshy, base ± symmetric. Inflorescences terminal, pedunculate, widely paniculate, flowers ultimately borne singly, in subumbellate clusters, or in glomerules; bracts persistent, not accrescent, 1–2 at base of pedicel, distinct, minute, lanceolate, dark, opaque. Flowers bisexual, chasmogamous; perianth radially symmetric or slightly bilaterally symmetric, tubular-funnelform, constricted beyond ovary, tube abruptly flared to 5-lobed limb; stamens 3 or 5, exserted; styles exserted beyond stamens; stigmas peltate. Fruits biturbinate or fusiform, constricted beyond base, apex umbonate, stiffly coriaceous, smooth or irregularly wrinkled, glabrous, with 10 narrow ribs and an equatorial flange or wing, or 5-angulate with a low rib between angles and no equatorial flange, or fusiform and smooth or with 10 low, linear ribs and sometimes with incomplete equatorial low, linear ridge, eglandular or glandular-puberulent.",321717205 wfo-4000002543,distribution,"sw United States, n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000539720,morphology,"Herbs, stout perennial. Stems 0.5–2 m. Leaves: 4–6 pairs proximal to inflorescence; petiole 1–7 cm; blade broadly ovate to almost reniform, 2–10 × 2–9.5 cm, base broadly rounded to truncate or cordate, apex rounded to broadly obtuse, adaxial surface yellow-green, abaxial surface much paler, both surfaces moderately villous-hirsute, hairs with dark brown to blackish pustulate bases. Flowers 5–15 in umbel-like clusters on branches of inflorescence; perianth 9–10 mm, tube very pale pink to rose-pink, densely shaggy-hairy, limbs very pale pink to rose-pink, gradually flared; stamens 3, exserted 1–2 mm. Fruits broadly fusiform, 3.5–6 × 2.1–2.7 mm, not secreting mucilage when wetted; ribs 10, well defined, linear, low, narrow; equatorial ridge absent or occasionally low, linear, and incomplete. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0000539720,phenology,"Flowering late winter–late summer, occasionally mid fall.",321717205 wfo-0000539720,elevation,"70-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000539720,habitat,"Dry, gravelly outwash fans, talus slopes, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000539720,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000539721,morphology,"Herbs, stout or slender, short-lived perennial or annual. Stems 0.2–1.8 m. Leaves: 2–3 pairs near base; petiole 2–7 cm; blade broadly ovate to almost round, 2–11 × 2–13 cm, base shallowly cordate to ± truncate, apex rounded or obtuse, adaxial surface yellow-green, abaxial surface much paler, both surfaces sparsely villous-hispid with blackish based hairs. Flowers usually borne singly on branchlets of inflorescence; perianth 8–9 mm, tube white to pink or pale lavender [magenta], finely pubescent, limbs white to pink or pale lavender [magenta], gradually flared from tube; stamens 5, exserted 4–6 mm. Fruits bluntly 5-angled, turbinate, 2.6–3.8 × 2.4–3.4 mm, sometimes secreting mucilage (especially southern populations) when wetted; ribs 10, faint, linear; equatorial flange or ridge absent. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0000539721,phenology,"Flowering late spring-mid fall.",321717205 wfo-0000539721,elevation,"600-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000539721,habitat,"Sandy, gravelly limestone outwash fans, or calcareous silty soils, gypsum",321717205 wfo-0000539721,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-0000539724,morphology,"Herbs, stout perennial. Stems 0.5–1.5 m. Leaves: 1–3 pairs near base; petiole 3–7 cm; blade broadly ovate to almost round, 5–15 × 4–19 cm, base cordate, rarely rounded, apex rounded or broadly obtuse, adaxial surface dull green to pale green, abaxial surface grayish green, often very pale, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely villous with fine hairs with pale brown or blackish pustulate bases. Flowers borne singly or in ill-defined clusters of 2–5 on branches of inflorescence; perianth 25–35 mm, tube greenish bronze, limbs white, pink, or rose-pink, abruptly flared from tube, glabrous or minutely pubescent externally at edge (pubescence most easily seen at tip of mature bud); stamens 3, exserted 25–40 mm. Fruits biturbinate, 4.2–8 × 2.6–4.6 mm, secreting mucilage when wetted; ribs 10, narrow, undulate; equatorial flange well developed, sinuate.",321717205 wfo-0000539724,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Nev., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000539726,morphology,"Leaves: blade pale blue-green, smooth, glabrous. Perianths white to very pale pink; bud glabrous. Fruits 6–8 mm; equatorial flange 0.8–1.2 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000539726,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000539726,elevation,"1000-1400 m",321717205 wfo-0000539726,habitat,"Gypsum outcrops",321717205 wfo-0000539726,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000539727,morphology,"Leaves: blade dull green, densely beset with pustulate-based hairs. Perianths pale pink to pink; bud minutely pubescent at apex. Fruits 4.2–6.8 mm; equatorial flange 0.2–0.6 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000539727,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000539727,elevation,"800-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000539727,habitat,"Calcareous clay and clayey shales",321717205 wfo-0000539727,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (ne Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-0001086777,morphology,"Leaves: blade dull green, moderately beset with pustulate-based hairs. Perianths white to pale pink; bud glabrous at apex. Fruits 4.2–6.8 mm, equatorial flange 0.2–0.6 mm wide. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0001086777,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0001086777,elevation,"400-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0001086777,habitat,"Calcareous clays and shales, sometimes on gypsum",321717205 wfo-0001086777,distribution,"Ariz., Nev., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-0000539728,morphology,"Herbs, stout perennial. Stems 0.3–1.2 m. Leaves: 2–3 pairs near base; petiole 1–8 cm; blade broadly ovate, round, or reniform, 3–12 × 3–14 cm, base cordate, apex rounded, adaxial surface dull green, abaxial surface slightly paler, both surfaces sparsely pubescent with pustulate-based hairs Flowers usually borne singly on branches of inflorescence; perianth 9–10 mm, glabrous, tube yellow-green, limbs pink or rose, lobes sharply reflexed at end of tube; stamens 3, exserted 10–14 mm. Fruits biturbinate, 5–6 × 2.5–3 mm, secreting mucilage when wetted; ribs 10, undulate, narrow; equatorial flange well developed, sinuate.",321717205 wfo-0000539728,phenology,"Flowering late spring–early fall.",321717205 wfo-0000539728,elevation,"800-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000539728,habitat,"Gypseous shaley clay",321717205 wfo-0000539728,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (ne Chihuahua).",321717205 wfo-4000002553,morphology,"Plants small, gregarious or in loose thin mats or tufts, yellowish green, orange-red to brown-green, rather dull. Stems erect, 3–6(–12) mm, simple or occasionally forked, central strand present; scarcely radiculose, rhizoids red, smooth. Leaves ovate or shortly lanceolate-acuminate, concave proximally, tubulose when acuminate, erect and appressed-imbricate when dry, somewhat loosely so when moist; apices in proximal leaves broadly acute grading to obtuse to acuminate-subulate in distal leaves; margins plane to incurved, entire, notched at the apex; costa prominent, single, ending before the apex, smooth on all surfaces, guide cells in 1 row, stereid bands 2, the adaxial band reduced, abaxial and adaxial epidermis prominent; laminal cells convex in section, without pits, smooth, mostly elongate throughout, shorter in the apex, walls in surface view thick-walled, irregularly elongate-hexagonal, rhomboid or rectangular, alar cells undifferentiated. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonial plants similar to the perichaetial, perigonium terminal, conspicuous, perigonial leaves larger than the cauline leaves, broadly lanceolate-triangular with an abrupt acumination, broadly tubulose; perichaetium terminal, conspicuous, leaves larger than stem leaves, convolute-sheathing, abruptly long-acuminate to subulate. Seta elongate, smooth, erect, yellow-orange to red. Capsule erect, globose, ovate or short-cylindric, straight, symmetric, smooth wet or dry, annular cells weakly differentiated in one layer; operculum conic to short-rostrate, oblique; peristome variably absent or present, single, 16 teeth ± cleft to 1/2 the length, vertically pitted-striolate basally, weakly papillose to smooth distally, reddish brown to nearly hyaline. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, fugacious. Spores 12–20 µm, smooth to finely papillose.",321717205 wfo-4000002553,distribution,"North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Atlantic Islands.",321717205 wfo-0001191968,morphology,"Stems stiff, slenderly julaceous, sterile and young material filiform, central strand distinct. Leaves proximally minute, 0.5–1 mm, scalelike, becoming larger and ovate-lanceolate distally; apex obtuse, subcucullate to acuminate-subulate in distal leaves; lamina 1-stratose; costa strong, less than a quarter of the leaf width, in section hydroids absent; median laminal cells (25–)30–60 × 8–15 µm, thinner, longer and narrower at the margin and forming a smooth, non-erose, indistinct border parallel to the margin. Perigonium a dark knob or apical rosette wider than the stem, formed by largest leaves, incurved-tubulose, to twice the length of the cauline leaves, abruptly narrowed into a tubulose acumination that can be longer than the leaf body. Perichaetium a large apical tuft, the leaves larger than stem leaves, to 1.5 mm, long-lanceolate and tubulose, acuminate from a broad, sheathing base, in most distal leaves rapidly or fairly rapidly narrowed into a blunt subula. Seta 4–10(–12) mm. Capsule exserted, brown, 0.6–1 mm, without stomates; peristome entire, perforate or divided nearly 1/2 distally, more or less vertically striolate to almost smooth basally, yellow and finely papillose to smooth distally; operculum to 0.4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0001191968,phenology,"Capsules mature late summer.",321717205 wfo-0001191968,elevation,"low to high elevations",321717205 wfo-0001191968,habitat,"Moist, exposed, sandy or silty soil of depressions, river and stream banks in montane coniferous forest regions, subalpine regions, mountains, and northern latitudes",321717205 wfo-0001191968,distribution,"Greenland; Alta., B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., Yukon; Alaska, Wash.; Arctic; n Europe; n Asia; Atlantic Islands (Iceland).",321717205 wfo-4000002564,morphology,"Shrubs. Stems main often ± spreading, irregularly and usually densely branched; twigs tan or orangish tinged, often with pair of opposite grooves, sometimes beginning to exfoliate during 1st year, not punctate, glabrous; bark grayish tan to gray or black. Leaves opposite, sometimes appearing fasciculate on short shoots; stipules absent or minute, narrowly triangular; sessile, those on long shoots decurrent as lines or grooves; blade oblanceolate to cuneate or spatulate, base tapered, margins entire or apically 2–3-lobed, occasionally minutely ciliate near base, apex tip angled or tapered to sharply pointed, often mucronate (or lobe tips), venation obscure, not glaucous, glabrous. Inflorescences terminal on short shoots, solitary flowers. Pedicels absent or short. Flowers: hypanthium without nectar disc; sepals 4, lanceolate to ovate, ± concave, not cucullate, margins usually narrowly hyaline at least proximally, not glaucous, glabrous; petals 4, white, sometimes cream or ± reddish tinged with age, oblanceolate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 4–5 mm; stamens 8, usually in 2 series, filaments inserted on hypanthium outside narrow disc, longer than anthers; carpels 4, usually distinct, sessile; stigmas linear, ventrally decurrent. Follicles 1–4, asymmetrically turbinate to narrowly obovoid, turgid to slightly flattened, adaxial surface straight or nearly so prior to dehiscence, longitudinally striate with prominent venation, hispidulous, sometimes glabrescent; adaxial suture cartilaginous. Seeds 1 or 2 per follicle, brown to yellowish brown, reniform, not or only slightly flattened, shiny, finely papillose (appearing pebbled); arils white (drying tan), irregularly discoid or ± fimbrillate.",321717205 wfo-4000002564,distribution,"sw United States.",321717205 wfo-0000539772,morphology,"Shrubs 7–50 cm (often wider than tall). Leaves 3.5–7.5 × 1–2.3 mm. Sepals 3–3.5 mm, usually 2 opposing sepals slightly narrower and longer than other pair. Follicles 4–5 mm. Seeds 1–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000539772,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Nov.",321717205 wfo-0000539772,elevation,"1700–2100 m",321717205 wfo-0000539772,habitat,"Rock crevices, cliff faces, on igneous or volcanic substrates (mostly rhyolite)",321717205 wfo-0000539772,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex.",321717205 wfo-4000002595,morphology,"Plants annual; tufted or the culms solitary. Culms 5-120 cm, erect or geniculate, glabrous. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths open, rounded to slightly keeled; collars glabrous, midveins continuous; auricles absent; ligules membranous, often lacerate to erose; blades flat or weakly involute, glabrous. Inflorescences terminal panicles; branches strongly ascending to divergent. Spikelets pedicellate, slightly laterally compressed, with 1 floret, rarely more, distal florets, if present, vestigial; rachillas prolonged beyond the base of the floret as a bristle, rarely terminating in a vestigial floret; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the floret. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, scabrous on the distal 1/2, unawned; lower glumes 1-veined; upper glumes slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the florets, 3-veined; calluses blunt, glabrous or sparsely hairy; lemmas firmer than the glumes, folded to nearly terete, obscurely 5-veined, marginal veins not excurrent, apices entire, awned, awns subterminal; paleas about 3/4 as long as to equaling the lemmas, hyaline, 2-veined; lodicules 2, free, glabrous, usually toothed; anthers 3; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, 1.2-2 mm, ellipsoidal, slightly sulcate; hila broadly ovate, 1/5 the length of the caryopses. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000002595,distribution,"Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ohio;Pa.;B.C.;Ont.;Mass.;Maine;Nev.;Colo.;Md.;Calif.;Oreg.;Vt.;Ill.;Ind.;Ariz.;Idaho;Mont.;Tex.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Ky.",321717205 wfo-0000848265,morphology,"Culms (5)10-50(75) cm, weak, slender, solitary or with several shoots, sometimes sparingly branched above the base; internodes usually longer than the sheaths. Sheaths often purplish; ligules 1.5-5 mm, acute to truncate, erose, margins decurrent; blades usually 4-12 cm long, 0.3-4 mm wide, flat or convolute when dry. Panicles 3-15(20) cm long, 0.4-1.5(3) cm wide, contracted, somewhat interrupted below; branches erect to ascending, most spikelet-bearing to within 2 mm of the base; pedicels 0.5-2 mm. Spikelets 2-2.8 mm, green or purplish; rachillas prolonged 0.2-0.6 mm. Lower glumes 1-2.2 mm; upper glumes 2-2.5(2.8) mm; lemmas 1.5-2.5 mm, slightly involute, awned, awns 4-10(16) mm; anthers 0.3-0.5 mm, often purplish brown. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm. 2n = 14, 28.",321717205 wfo-0000848265,distribution,"Wash.;Oreg.;Wis.;Wyo.;N.J.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ohio;N.Y.;B.C.;Ont.;Nev.;Colo.;Calif.;Ill.;Ind.;Ariz.;Idaho;Maine;Mont.;Mass.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.",321717205 wfo-0000848273,morphology,"Culms 20-80(120) cm, stout, usually with several shoots, sparingly branched; internodes shorter or longer than the sheaths. Sheaths often purplish; ligules 3-6(12) mm; blades usually 6-16(25) cm long, 2-5(10) mm wide, flat. Panicles (5)10-35 cm long, (2)3-15 cm wide, usually open, pyramidal; branches spreading, naked at the base for 5+ mm, with spikelets usually borne towards the distal ends; pedicels 1-3 mm. Spikelets 2.4-3.2 mm, often purplish; rachillas prolonged for about 0.5 mm. Lower glumes 1.5-2.5 mm; upper glumes 2.4-3.2 mm; lemmas 1.6-3 mm, folded, scabridulous above midlength, awned, awns 5-12 mm; anthers 1-2 mm, greenish to yellowish, often purple-tinged. Caryopses 1-1.5 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0001192063,morphology,"Plants gregarious to scattered; leaves slightly twisted when dry; perichaetial leaves erect-spreading when dry, exposing the capsule.",321717205 wfo-0001192063,phenology,"Capsules mature (Jul) Sep–Dec.",321717205 wfo-0001192063,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001192063,habitat,"Soil, clay, along creeks or trails in places subject to inundation, rarely among other mosses",321717205 wfo-0001192063,distribution,"Ont., Que.; Ark., Conn., D.C., Fla., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., Tenn., Va., Vt., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000046323,morphology,"Annuals 6–30 cm; vestiture sparsely hispido-pilose, stem hairs spreading at right angles, straight, 0.6–2.4 mm, thick-based. Phyllary apices long-acuminate. Ray florets 13–21. Disc floret corollas: base not swollen and indurate. Cypselae: hairs apically straight; pappi coroniform, ciliate, 0.2–0.7 mm. 2n = 8.",321717205 wfo-0000046323,phenology,"Flowering May–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000046323,elevation,"30–200 m",321717205 wfo-0000046323,habitat,"Sand or sandy clay, open scrub oak woodlands, mesquite savannas, fields, disturbed sites, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000046323,distribution,"Okla., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000109244,morphology,"Plants 6–15 cm. Involucres 4.7–7.5 mm. Ray florets 26-–35. Cypselae (1.1–)1.4–1.6 mm; pappi 0 or minutely ciliate rings 0.1–0.2 mm, sometimes nearly smooth. 2n = 8.",321717205 wfo-0000109244,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun(–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000109244,elevation,"700–1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000109244,habitat,"Sand and gravel bars, limestone soils, Larrea flats, mesquite savannas, roadsides, disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000109244,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas).",321717205 wfo-0000006667,morphology,"Plants 20–45 cm. Involucres 3.2–4.8 mm. Ray florets 20–41. Cypselae (1–)1.2–1.4 mm; pappi coroniform, indurate, cupuliform, 0.2–0.6 mm, usually minutely ciliate. 2n = 8.",321717205 wfo-0000006667,phenology,"Flowering (Feb–)Apr–Jul(–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000006667,elevation,"900–2500(–4000) m",321717205 wfo-0000006667,habitat,"Sand and sandy loam, black loam, silt, caliche, rocky limestone soils, stream bottoms, oak-juniper openings, mesquite pastures, roadsides, fencerows, disturbed sites",321717205 wfo-0000006667,distribution,"N.Mex., Okla., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-0000032646,morphology,"Perennials, 10–40(–50) cm (caudices usually woody, stems 1–5+); vestiture sparsely hispidulous to puberulent, stem hairs spreading to deflexed or antrorse, 0.2–0.5 mm. Phyllary apices long-acuminate. Ray florets 30–75. Disc floret corollas: bases indurate, not conspicuously swollen. Cypselae: hairs apically glochidiate; pappi coroniform, minutely ciliate or lacerate, 0.1–0.3 mm. 2n = 10, 20.",321717205 wfo-0000032646,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Aug(–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000032646,elevation,"100–500 m",321717205 wfo-0000032646,habitat,"Open sites, often calcareous, often with scrubby oaks",321717205 wfo-0000032646,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila).",321717205 wfo-0000105871,morphology,"Plants (10–)15–35 cm. Stems erect to decumbent, hirsuto-pilose and/or puberulent, hairs (0.2–)0.5–1.2 mm. Leaves not strongly thickened or felty gray-hairy. Ray florets 1–9–40. Pappi of acute or awn-tipped or setiform scales 0.4–2 mm. 2n = 6.",321717205 wfo-0000105871,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Jun(–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000105871,elevation,"0–50 m",321717205 wfo-0000105871,habitat,"Sandy or gravelly soils, often in matorral and scrublands",321717205 wfo-0000105871,distribution,"Tex.; Mexico (Tamaulipas).",321717205 wfo-4000002674,morphology,"Herbs, perennial. Roots in fascicles at base of pseudobulb, slender, fibrous. Corms connected by slender rhizomes. Stems scapes, cormose. Leaves produced in late summer–fall, withering in spring, solitary, borne at distal end of corm, plicate. Inflorescences solitary, lax racemes from lateral nodes on corm; floral bracts inconspicuous; cauline bracts sheathing, large. Flowers several, resupinate; sepals to 15 mm; lip 3-lobed, with 3 parallel lamellae; column compressed; pollinarium 1; pollinea 4, attached to viscidium by short stipe; stigma deeply concave. Fruits capsules, pendent, straight, 7 mm.",321717205 wfo-4000002674,distribution,"e North America, e Asia (Japan).",321717205 wfo-0000243897,morphology,"Plants 18–50 cm. Leaves persistent, petiolate; blade narrowly to broadly elliptic, prominently and irregularly plicate, 10–20 × 3–8 cm, abaxially usually maroon or greenish purple, adaxially dark green with whitish veins. Inflorescences: floral bracts inconspicuous, 3–7 × 1.5 mm, apex subulate to acuminate. Flowers prominent but inconspicuously colored; sepals spreading, greenish or yellowish suffused with magenta or purple-brown, oblong-oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 10–15 × 1.8–4 mm; petals parallel to column, greenish or yellowish, suffused with magenta or purple-brown, oblong-oblanceolate, 9–13 × 1.8–3.5 mm; lip white with magenta spots, obovate in outline, 9–12 × 7–9 mm, apex 3-lobed, lateral lobes ascending and flanking column, middle lobe broadly expanded, crenate; column 7 × 2 mm. Capsules ellipsoid, strongly ribbed, 15–30 × 7–12 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000243897,phenology,"Flowering late spring.",321717205 wfo-0000243897,elevation,"0–1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000243897,habitat,"Moist, deciduous, upland to swampy forests",321717205 wfo-0000243897,distribution,"Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-4000002681,morphology,"Plants in slender lax tufts, light green distally. Stems 6 cm; rhizoids dense proximally. Stem leaves broadly ovate or obovate; margins entire; apex obtuse to acute and abruptly short-acuminate; costa ending before apex; proximal laminal cells rounded-rectangular; distal cells oblong-hexagonal. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta 1–2 cm, twisted, flexuose. Capsule not cleistocarpous, reddish, black with age, shrunken and widest at mouth when dry, ovate when moist; hypophysis same color as urn, rounded, elongate, not or slightly wider than urn; annulus weakly differentiated; operculum hemispheric, sometimes apiculate; peristome single; exostome teeth 8–12, at first in pairs, then separate, erect or reflexed, rudimentary. Calyptra mitrate or cucullate, conic, not constricted beyond base. Spores 10–15 µm, smooth.",321717205 wfo-4000002681,distribution,"n North America, n Eurasia; subarctic to Arctic regions.",321717205 wfo-0001192066,morphology,"Stems with branches often flagellate. Leaves shrunken when dry, erectopatent when moist, concave, 1–1.5 × 2–3 mm; costa sometimes 2-fid. Perichaetia terminal on axillary branches. Seta hyaline, very slender. Capsule 1.5–2 × 0.5–1 mm including hypophysis; columella included; exostome teeth of 2 layers of cells, short, truncate. Spores yellow-green.",321717205 wfo-0001192066,phenology,"Capsules mature summer.",321717205 wfo-0001192066,elevation,"low to moderate elevations",321717205 wfo-0001192066,habitat,"Dung, animal remains",321717205 wfo-0001192066,distribution,"Greenland; Man., Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), N.W.T., Nunavut, Que.; Alaska; n Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-4000002695,morphology,"Plants perennial; often scrambling. Culms to 3 m, decumbent. Leaves not aromatic; sheaths open; ligules membranous; blades linear, often pseudopetiolate. Inflorescences false panicles, individual inflorescence units with solitary rames; rames to 1 cm, often enclosed by the subtending leaf sheath, with 1 sessile and 2 unequally pedicellate spikelets; disarticulation at the base of the sessile spikelets, sometimes also at the base of the pedicellate spikelets. Sessile spikelets laterally compressed, with a large, bulbous callus; lower glumes coriaceous, without keels or wings, smooth, bidentate; upper glumes unawned; upper lemmas awned or unawned. Pedicels flat, wide, adjacent to each other, appressed but not fused to the rame axes. Pedicellate spikelets usually unequal, unawned, 1 staminate or bisexual and as large as the sessile spikelet, the other sterile and usually smaller, x = 10.",321717205 wfo-4000002695,distribution,"Md.",321717205 wfo-0000848312,morphology,"Culms to 3 m, decumbent and rooting from the lower nodes. Blades 5-25 cm long, 2-10 mm wide, flat, attenuate distally. Inflorescences 3-40 cm; rames to 10 mm long, subtending sheaths 3.5-10 mm, narrowly ovate in side view. Sessile spikelets 2-6 mm; lower glumes narrowly elliptic-lanceolate; upper lemmas unawned or awned; awns 4-12 mm. Pedicellate spikelets broadly lanceolate; larger spikelets 2-5 mm; smaller spikelets 2-4 mm. 2n = 20, 40.",321717205 wfo-0000848312,distribution,"Md.",321717205 wfo-7000000039,morphology,"Plants apparently dioecious stem parasites, achlorophyllous; roots not produced. Stems not sessile, 1-locular anthers connate to distal portion of central column, not produced in pistillate flowers, column expanded at apex, sometimes into knob or disc; pistils in staminate flowers with only stylar column present, in pistillate flowers ovary partially inferior, indistinctly 4- or 5-carpellate, 1-locular; placentation parietal; ovules numerous. Fruits berrylike capsules, ± fleshy. Seeds numerous, minute.",321717205 wfo-7000000039,distribution,"sw United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, sw Asia, Africa, Australia, mostly in tropical areas.",321717205 wfo-4000002708,morphology,"Plants perennial, monoecious [dioecious], prostrate and trailing; stems annual, strigose; roots tuberous; tendrils unbranched or 2–3-branched. Leaves: blade reniform to orbiculate-cordate, unlobed or shallowly palmately 5-lobed [3–5-foliolate], lobes rounded, margins dentate, often undulate-crisped, surfaces eglandular. Inflorescences: staminate flowers (1–)2–5 in racemes [corymbs] from proximal axils; pistillate flowers 5–12 in fascicles in distal axils [solitary]; bracts filiform-subulate or absent. Flowers: hypanthium subcylindric to narrowly funnelform; sepals 5, linear-lanceolate; petals 5, distinct, yellow, oblong-obovate to elliptic-oblanceolate, [ovate or ovate-lanceolate], [1–]16–25(–35) mm, glabrate, corolla broadly funnelform-campanulate to rotate. Staminate flowers: stamens 3; filaments inserted near hypanthium rim, distinct, nearly vestigial; thecae distinct, oblong to suborbiculate, connective narrow; pistillodes absent. Pistillate flowers: ovary 3-locular, ovoid to oblong; ovules ca. 3–35 per locule; style 1, short-columnar to nearly absent; stigmas 3, linear; staminodes absent. Fruits pepos, silvery green to green with darker, raised, broad, longitudinal stripes, subglobose to depressed-globose [ovoid or ellipsoid], smooth or ribbed, indehiscent. Seeds [8–]30–80[–100], ellipsoid-obovoid [ovoid to obovoid or broadly ellipsoid], biconvex [compressed], not arillate, margins a broad, flat, light-colored band, surface smooth. x = 14.",321717205 wfo-4000002708,distribution,"sw United States, Mexico, Central America, South America.",321717205 wfo-0000540811,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001279424,morphology,"Vines fetid; branches to 3 m, harshly strigose; tendrils usually branched from 1–5 cm beyond base. Leaves: petiole 3–7 cm; blade 8–15 cm wide, surfaces moderately to densely white-sericeous abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Inflorescences: staminate flowers in long-pedunculate racemes; pistillate flowers in loose fascicles; peduncle erect, 1–2 cm in flower, 6–9 cm in fruit. Flowers: hypanthium 10–18 mm; sepals erect, not recurving. Pepos 6–10 cm. Seeds light brown, 9–12 mm. 2n = 28.",321717205 wfo-0001279424,phenology,"Flowering May–Sep.",321717205 wfo-0001279424,elevation,"800–1700 m",321717205 wfo-0001279424,habitat,"Roadsides, gravelly stream terraces, interfan alluvium, dunes, flats, rocky slopes, lava beds, grasslands, creosote scrub, Chihuahuan desert scrub of Flourensia-Larrea, mesquite, oak chaparral, oak-juniper woodlands",321717205 wfo-0001279424,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora).",321717205 wfo-0000540972,morphology,"Plants short-lived. Stems 3–6 dm; internodes 1–5 cm; often rooting at nodes. Leaf blades 1–3 × 0.5–5 cm, minutely papillate, appearing smooth. Inflorescences solitary flowers; axillary pedicel 8–15 mm. Flowers: hypanthium 6–7 mm; calyx lobes 2–5 mm; petals 80, reflexed, pink to purple (red in hybrid cultivar “Red Apple”), 3–4 mm; staminodia 50, erect, white, 3 mm. Capsules 13–15 mm. 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000540972,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000540972,habitat,"Disturbed places, coastal bluffs, margins of coastal wetlands, 0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000540972,distribution,"Introduced; Calif., Oreg.; Europe (British Isles); Africa; Australia.",321717205 wfo-4000002782,morphology,"Plants possibly perennial, mycotrophic, not green. Rhizomes present. Roots filiform. Stems sometimes branched. Leaves cauline, white or purplish, scalelike to lanceolate. Inflorescences 2–6-flowered racemose cymes or flowers solitary; floral bracts not imbricate. Flowers erect to nodding, neither ribbed nor winged; perianth persistent and rolled in fruit; annulus absent; stamens 3, proximal to inner perianth lobes, sessile; ovary 1-locular; placentation parietal; pedicel 4–12(–18) mm. Capsules broadly ellipsoid; dehiscence longitudinal by valves, leaving 3 placental ribs.",321717205 wfo-4000002782,distribution,"Tropical North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America.",321717205 wfo-0000340452,morphology,"Stems often purplish, 3–27 cm. Leaves often purplish, 1.5–4 × 0.5–1.5 mm. Inflorescences: floral bracts 2–4 mm. Flowers 8–14 mm; perianth purple or white with purplish longitudinal stripes inside throat and purplish perianth lobes; lobes erect, incurved and converging but not connate; outer lobes ovate to triangular, 1.5–4 mm; inner lobes lanceolate, ± as long as outer. Capsules 3–6 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000340452,phenology,"Flowering late summer–fall.",321717205 wfo-0000340452,elevation,"0–100 m",321717205 wfo-0000340452,habitat,"Bogs, alluvial and upland rich woods",321717205 wfo-0000340452,distribution,"Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America (to Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil).",321717205 wfo-0000541155,morphology,"Stems 30-80 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 5-30 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets to 8-20 mm, glaucous on both sides, not viscid; primary petiolules 17-34 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous. Flowers erect or nodding; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, pink, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, 10-18 × 5-7 mm, apex acute or acuminate; petals: spurs pink, straight, ± parallel, 14-27 mm, stout proximally, slender distally, evenly tapered from base, blades yellow or cream, oblong, 6-10 × 4-6 mm; stamens 11-16 mm. Follicles 18-25 mm; beak 8-12 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541155,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000541155,elevation,"1500-2600 m",321717205 wfo-0000541155,habitat,"Cliff walls and talus slopes, usually on shale",321717205 wfo-0000541155,distribution,"Colo., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000541172,morphology,"Stems 20-80 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, 5-30 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 12-44 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules 10-55 mm (leaflets not crowded), distally pilose or occasionally glabrous. Flowers nodding; sepals divergent from floral axis, blue, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 13-16 × 3-6 mm, apex acuminate or acute; petals: spurs blue, hooked, 5-10 mm, stout, evenly tapered from base, blades white or pale yellow, oblong, 7-10 × 3-6 mm; stamens 7-11 mm. Follicles 15-25 mm; beak 3-4 mm. 2n = 14, 16.",321717205 wfo-0000541172,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541172,elevation,"800-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541172,habitat,"Open woods, meadows, shores, and rock outcrops",321717205 wfo-0000541172,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Mont., S.Dak., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000541249,morphology,"Stems 20-50 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 7-25 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets to 9-19 mm, not viscid, sometimes glaucous adaxially; primary petiolules to 10-95 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or sparsely pilose. Flowers suberect to inclined; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, pale yellow, broadly lanceolate, 9-19 × 4-6 mm, apex obtuse to acuminate; petals: spurs yellow, straight, ± parallel or divergent, 30-40 mm, slender, evenly tapered from base, blades pale yellow, oblong, 7-14 × 5-6 mm; stamens 10-19 mm. Follicles 18-22 mm; beak 15-18 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541249,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jul–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541249,elevation,"1900 m",321717205 wfo-0000541249,habitat,"Rocky places in canyons, mostly along streams",321717205 wfo-0000541249,distribution,"N.Mex., Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000541251,morphology,"Stems 30-120 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 9-45 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 11-55 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules 20-50 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or distally pilose. Flowers erect; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, yellow, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 20-36 × 5-10 mm, apex narrowly acute or acuminate; petals: spurs yellow, straight, ± parallel or divergent, 42-65 mm, slender, evenly tapered from base, blades yellow, oblong, 13-23 × 6-15 mm; stamens 12-25 mm. Follicles 18-30 mm; beak 10-18 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541251,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000541251,elevation,"1000-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541251,habitat,"Damp places in canyons",321717205 wfo-0000541251,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., N.Mex., Tex., Utah; nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000541186,morphology,"Stems 15-80 cm. Basal leaves (1-)2(-3)×-ternately compound, 9-37 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 13-42(-61) mm, not viscid; primary petiolules (10-)20-70 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or occasionally pilose. Flowers erect; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, white, blue, or sometimes pink, elliptic-ovate to lance-ovate, 26-51 × 8-23 mm, apex obtuse to acute or acuminate; petals: spurs white, blue, or sometimes pink, straight, ± parallel or divergent, 28-72 mm, slender, evenly tapered from base, blades white, oblong or spatulate, 13-28 × 5-14 mm; stamens 13-24 mm. Follicles 20-30 mm; beak 8-12 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541186,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., Idaho, Mont., N.Mex., Nev., Utah, Wyo.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000541189,morphology,"Leaves 1-2×-ternately compound. Flowers: sepals pale blue, 26-36 mm; petals: spurs 28-36 mm, blades 13-17 mm; stamens 13-15 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541189,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541189,elevation,"2100-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541189,habitat,"Open rocky slopes",321717205 wfo-0000541189,distribution,"Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000541202,morphology,"Leaves 2×-ternately compound. Flowers: sepals white or pale blue, 26-40 mm; petals: spurs 36-54 mm, blades 19-25 mm; stamens 13-18 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000541202,phenology,"Flowering summer (late Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541202,elevation,"2000-3600 m",321717205 wfo-0000541202,habitat,"Rocky slopes or near streams, in open woodland or herbland",321717205 wfo-0000541202,distribution,"Idaho, Mont., Nev., Utah, Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000541206,morphology,"Leaves 2-3×-ternately compound. Flowers: sepals white, pale blue, or pink, (22-)29-51 mm; petals: spurs 43-72 mm, blades 20-28 mm; stamens 17-24 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541206,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000541206,elevation,"1800-3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000541206,habitat,"Rocky slopes or near streams, in open woodland or herbland",321717205 wfo-0000541206,distribution,"Ariz., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000541273,morphology,"Stems 15-60 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 7-30 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets to 9-26(-32) mm, not viscid, either green adaxially or glaucous on both sides; primary petiolules 15-57 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or pilose, sometimes somewhat viscid. Flowers nodding; sepals divergent from floral axis, red or apex yellow-green, elliptic-ovate to ovate or lanceolate, 7-20 × 3-8 mm, apex obtuse to acuminate; petals: spurs red, straight, ± parallel, 16-32 mm, stout proximally, slender distally, abruptly narrowed near middle, blades yellow or red and yellow, oblong or rounded, 4-12 × 3-8 mm; stamens 14-19 mm. Follicles 15-30 mm; beak 8-12 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541273,phenology,"Flowering spring–fall (May–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000541273,elevation,"2000-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541273,habitat,"Open rocky places",321717205 wfo-0000541273,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000541302,morphology,"Stems 10-60 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, 15-30 cm, usually shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 11-33 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules 17-58 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or pilose. Flowers pendent; sepals erect, red proximally, yellow-green distally, elliptic-ovate, 7-11 × 4-5 mm, apex rounded to acute; petals: spurs red, straight, ± parallel, 16-23 mm, stout (at least proximally), abruptly narrowed near middle, blades yellow-green, oblong or rounded, 6-8 × 3-4 mm; stamens 8-14 mm. Follicles 13-20 mm; beak 13-15 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541302,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000541302,elevation,"1500-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541302,habitat,"Moist coniferous forests, especially along streams",321717205 wfo-0000541302,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., N.Mex., Utah; n Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000541306,morphology,"Stems 50-100 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 15-35 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 10-48 mm, somewhat viscid; primary petiolules 21-90 mm (leaflets not crowded), glandular-pubescent. Flowers nodding; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, red, lance-ovate, 15-28 × 5-10 mm, apex narrowly acute or acuminate; petals: spurs red, straight, ± parallel, 18-32 mm, stout, abruptly narrowed near middle, mouth yellow, cut obliquely backward from insertion, blade thus absent; stamens 17-30 mm. Follicles 15-25 mm; beak 12-20 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541306,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (May–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541306,elevation,"0-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000541306,habitat,"Damp rocky places",321717205 wfo-0000541306,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000541318,morphology,"Stems 20-70 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, 8-30 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 14-42 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules to 13-67 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or pilose. Flowers nodding; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, yellow or tinged with pink, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong, 12-22 × 4-10 mm, apex obtuse to acute or sometimes acuminate; petals: spurs yellow, tips incurved, 10-18 mm, stout, evenly tapered from base or more abruptly narrowed near middle, blades cream colored, oblong, 7-10 × 4-8 mm; stamens 12-17 mm. Follicles 18-27 mm; beak 8-10 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541318,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541318,elevation,"1300-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541318,habitat,"Moist mountain meadows and alpine slopes",321717205 wfo-0000541318,distribution,"Alta., B.C.; Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000541324,morphology,"Stems (15-)30-100 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, 10-40 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 14-68 mm, not viscid (petioles and petiolules viscid in var. hypolasia); primary petiolules 16-95 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or pilose. Flowers nodding to pendent; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, red, elliptic to lanceolate, 10-26 × 4-9 mm, apex broadly acute to acuminate; petals: spurs red, straight, ± parallel, 13-21 mm, stout, abruptly narrowed near middle, blades yellow, oblong, rounded, or obsolete, 0-6 × 4-6 mm; stamens 12-17 mm. Follicles 15-25(-29) mm; beak 9-12 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541324,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001129634,morphology,"Stems and petioles glabrous or pilose, not viscid. Flowers: sepals 14-26 mm, 0.9-1.3 times as long as spurs; petal blades 3-6(-7) mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0001129634,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0001129634,elevation,"0-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0001129634,habitat,"Mesic woods",321717205 wfo-0001129634,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000541337,morphology,"Stems and petioles densely pilose, somewhat viscid. Flowers: sepals 13-20 mm, 0.7-1 times as long as spurs; petal blades 0-3 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541337,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541337,elevation,"0-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000541337,habitat,"Mesic woods or shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000541337,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000541346,morphology,"Stems and petioles glabrous or sparsely pilose, not viscid. Flowers: sepals 10-20 mm, 0.7-1.1 times as long as spurs; petal blades 0-3 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000541346,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541346,elevation,"0-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541346,habitat,"Mesic woods or shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000541346,distribution,"Calif., Nev., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000541381,morphology,"Stems 50-70 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, 30-40 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 20-40 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules 25-50 mm (leaflets not crowded), pilose. Flowers suberect; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, yellow, ovate, 25-34 × 14-18 mm, apex obtuse; petals: spurs yellow, straight, ± parallel, 40-56 mm, slender, evenly tapered from base, blades yellow, oblong, 19-23 × 13-17 mm; stamens 17-20 mm. Follicles 20-25 mm; beak 20 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541381,phenology,"Flowering spring (Mar–Apr).",321717205 wfo-0000541381,elevation,"1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000541381,habitat,"Dripping cliffs",321717205 wfo-0000541381,distribution,"Tex.",321717205 wfo-0000541396,morphology,"Stems 3.5-12 cm. Basal leaves 1-2×-ternately compound, 2.5-10 cm, not much shorter than stems; leaflets to 3-12 mm, not viscid, glaucous on both sides; primary petiolules 1-10 mm (leaflets very crowded), pilose. Flowers usually erect; sepals divergent from floral axis, blue or purple, oblong-elliptic, 15-22 × 6-10 mm, apex acute to obtuse; petals: spurs blue, straight, ± parallel, 8-15 mm, stout (at least proximally), evenly tapered from base, blades blue, oblong to spatulate, 8-13 × 5-6 mm; stamens 9-14 mm. Follicles 14-22 mm; beak 8-12 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000541396,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000541396,elevation,"1800-3400 m",321717205 wfo-0000541396,habitat,"Rocky places in limestone areas, usually subalpine",321717205 wfo-0000541396,distribution,"Alta.; Mont., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000541416,morphology,"Stems 5-25 cm. Basal leaves 1-2×-ternately compound, 5-25 cm, about as long as stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 9-27 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules 17-35 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous. Flowers nodding; sepals divergent from floral axis, greenish white, linear or lanceolate, 7-15 × 1-4 mm, apex acute to rounded; petals: spurs white, hooked, 5-8 mm, stout, evenly tapered from base, blades cream colored, oblong to elliptic, 5-12 × 3-7 mm; stamens 10-11 mm. Follicles 10-14 mm; beak 3-5 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000541416,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Jul).",321717205 wfo-0000541416,elevation,"2000-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541416,habitat,"Rock crevices",321717205 wfo-0000541416,distribution,"Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000541425,morphology,"Stems 25-90 cm. Basal leaves 3×-ternately compound, 20-45 cm, usually shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 20-40 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules 28-82 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or sometimes pilose. Flowers erect; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, pale yellow, lanceolate, 25-40 × 6-11 mm, apex narrowly acute or acuminate; petals: spurs pale yellow, straight, ± parallel, 72-180 mm, very slender, evenly tapered from base, blades pale yellow, spatulate, 15-30 × 7-11 mm; stamens 20-33 mm. Follicles 24-31 mm; beak 16-26 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541425,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jul–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000541425,elevation,"1370-1520 m",321717205 wfo-0000541425,habitat,"Near streams or in damp rocky places in canyons",321717205 wfo-0000541425,distribution,"Ariz., Tex.; ne Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000541439,morphology,"Stems 30-60 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 10-35 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 13-32 mm, viscid; primary petiolules 21-64 mm (leaflets not crowded), glandular-pubescent or glandular. Flowers erect or nodding; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, white, cream, blue, or pink, oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 × 3-6 mm, apex acuminate to obtuse; petals: spurs white or colored like sepals, straight, ± parallel or divergent, 15-30 mm, slender, evenly tapered from base or occasionally ± abruptly narrowed near middle, blades white or cream, oblong, 6-10 × 3-7 mm; stamens 9-14 mm. Follicles 10-20 mm; beak 8-10 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541439,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000541439,elevation,"1000-2500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541439,habitat,"Seepy rock walls of canyons",321717205 wfo-0000541439,distribution,"Ariz., Colo., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000541506,morphology,"Stems 20-50 cm. Basal leaves 1-2×-ternately compound, 8-25 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 10-25 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules 12-48 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or sometimes pilose. Flowers erect; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, cream to yellow or pink, lance-oblong to ovate, (15-)20-25 × 5-9 mm, apex obtuse to acuminate; petals: spurs cream to yellow or pink, straight, ± parallel or divergent, 25-40 mm, slender, evenly tapered from base, blades cream to yellow, oblong, 8-17 × 5-8 mm; stamens 13-16 mm. Follicles 20-25 mm; beak 10-12 mm. 2n = 14.",321717205 wfo-0000541506,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541506,elevation,"3000-4000 m",321717205 wfo-0000541506,habitat,"Open rocky places, alpine or subalpine",321717205 wfo-0000541506,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000541538,morphology,"Stems 5-30 cm. Basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, 3-12 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets to 5-14 mm, not viscid, glaucous on both sides; primary petiolules 3-15 mm (leaflets densely crowded), glabrous or pilose. Flowers erect; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, blue to white or sometimes reddish purple, ovate-oblong, 13-22 × 4-10 mm, apex obtuse or broadly acute; petals: spurs blue to white or reddish purple, straight, ± parallel, 25-40 mm, slender, evenly tapered from base, blades white, yellow, blue, or reddish purple, oblong or spatulate, 8-14 × 4-7 mm; stamens 11-15 mm. Follicles 10-18 mm; beak 8-11 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541538,phenology,"Flowering summer (Jun–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541538,elevation,"2000-3500 m",321717205 wfo-0000541538,habitat,"Rocky slopes, woodlands, or meadows",321717205 wfo-0000541538,distribution,"Nev., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000541543,morphology,"Stems 40-100 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 9-45 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets to 11-38 mm, sometimes viscid, glaucous on both surfaces; primary petiolules 23-80 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or pilose. Flowers nodding; sepals perpendicular to floral axis, red (or sometimes partly yellow or green), lanceolate to elliptic, 10-20 × 4-8 mm, apex acuminate or acute; petals: spurs red or pink, straight, ± parallel, 12-25(-30) mm, rather stout, usually abruptly narrowed near middle, blades yellow, oblong or rounded, 2-5 × 4-7 mm; stamens 12-16 mm. Follicles 14-25 mm; beak 9-12 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000541543,phenology,"Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000541543,elevation,"1200-2700 m",321717205 wfo-0000541543,habitat,"Moist places in dry woodlands and shrublands",321717205 wfo-0000541543,distribution,"Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-0000506384,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex usually branched, rarely simple, with persistent petiolar remains); glabrous throughout or sparsely to moderately pubescent, trichomes simple and short-stalked, forked, (to 0.5 mm). Stems often several from base (caudex), erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched (few) distally, 0.5–2(–3) dm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent distally. Basal leaves: petiole 0.5–2 cm, (ciliate or glabrous); blade (fleshy), oblanceolate to spatulate, 0.5–2 cm × 2–6 mm, margins entire or dentate, (not ciliate), apex obtuse or acute, surfaces pubescent or glabrous. Cauline leaves [(1–)2–4(–6)] sessile; blade oblong to oblanceolate, 0.7–1.8(–2.5) cm × 2–5 mm, (base not auriculate), margins usually entire, rarely dentate, (apex obtuse or acute, surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate, 5–10(–12) mm, (glabrous). Flowers: sepals 1.7–3 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, usually oblanceolate, rarely spatulate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm; filaments 1.7–3 mm. Fruits (suberect to divaricate), straight, smooth, terete or slightly flattened, (0.8–)1–2(–2.8) cm × 1.5–2.2(–2.5) mm; valves each with obscure midvein; ovules 30–54 per ovary; style 0.4–0.8 mm. Seeds (sometimes sub-biseriate), reddish brown, narrowly oblong, 0.9–1.1 mm, pointed distally; cotyledons incumbent. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000506384,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000506384,elevation,"0-1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000506384,habitat,"Sandy beaches, gravel, flats of streambeds",321717205 wfo-0000506384,distribution,"Greenland; Man., Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.), Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask.",321717205 wfo-0000541763,distribution,"North America, Europe.",321717205 wfo-0001285545,morphology,"Biennials or perennials; (caudex short); glabrous or pubescent, trichomes simple with or stellate or forked ones. Stems often several from base, erect or decumbent, usually branched distally, (0.5–)1.5–6(–8) dm, pubescent basally with simple, 1-forked, or 3-rayed stellate trichomes, sparsely pubescent or glabrous apically. Basal leaves: petiole (0.6–)1.5–3.5(–5) cm; blade oblanceolate, (0.6–)2–6(–9) cm × (3–)10–20(–30) mm, margins pinnatisect or pinnatipartite, with 3–10 lobes on each side, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces sparsely to densely pubescent. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; blade oblanceolate, (0.4–)1.5–5(–6.5) cm × (2–)8–20(–30) mm (gradually smaller distally), margins usually pinnatifid to coarsely toothed, rarely subentire. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, (4–)5–12(–15) mm. Flowers: sepals (1.7–)2–3 mm, lateral pair subsaccate basally, (glabrous or pubescent); petals white or lavender, spatulate or obovate, (5–)6–8(–9) × (2.5–)3–5 mm, (claw to 2 mm, with a tooth on each side); filaments 2.5–4.5 mm. Fruits torulose, flattened, (1.5–)2–4(–4.8) cm × 0.8–1.2 mm; valves each with distinct midvein; style (0.2–)0.5–0.9(–1.3) mm. Seeds light brown, (flattened), ovoid, 0.8–1 mm; cotyledons accumbent. 2n = 16, 32.",321717205 wfo-0001285545,phenology,"Flowering Jul.",321717205 wfo-0001285545,elevation,"0 m",321717205 wfo-0001285545,habitat,"Above fjords",321717205 wfo-0001285545,distribution,"Greenland; Europe.",321717205 wfo-0000541792,morphology,"Biennials or perennials; (caudex branched or not, sometimes root crown present); glabrous or pubescent, trichomes simple, with stellate, forked, and rayed ones. Stems simple or few to several from base, erect or decumbent, usually branched distally, 0.5–5 dm, pubescent basally, trichomes mixed simple, 1-forked, and (fewer) stellate ones, rarely 3-rayed, glabrous or pubescent apically. Basal leaves: petiole 0.5–6 cm; blade oblanceolate or ovate, 0.5–8.5 cm × 2–18 mm, margins entire, dentate, or lyrate-pinnatifid (when lobed, terminal lobes larger than lateral), apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; blade oblanceolate, 0.4–4.2 cm × 1–8(–10) mm (smaller distally), margins usually entire, repand, or obscurely toothed, rarely lobed. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, 2–15 mm. Flowers: sepals 2–4.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally, (glabrous or densely pubescent); petals white or purplish, spatulate or obovate, 4–10 × 1.5–4 mm, (claw to 2 mm, toothless); filaments 2–4 mm. Fruits torulose, flattened, (1.5–)2–4.5 cm × 0.8–1.8 mm; valves each with distinct midvein; ovules 24–46 per ovary; style 0–1 mm. Seeds light brown, (flattened), oblong, 0.8–1.4 mm; cotyledons accumbent.",321717205 wfo-0000541792,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Conn., D.C., Del., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.C., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Va., Vt., W.Va., Wash., Wis.; n Europe, n, e Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000541793,morphology,"Biennials or perennials; caudex unbranched or with a root crown, often slender. Basal leaves: (petiole often glabrous); blade margins lyrate or lyrate-pinnatifid, terminal lobes distinct, (surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Petals (4–)5–5.5(–6) mm. Fruits 1.2–1.5(–1.8) mm wide; style 0–0.5 mm. 2n = 16, 32.",321717205 wfo-0000541793,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000541793,elevation,"50-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000541793,habitat,"Gravelly slopes, forests, gravel bars, high-elevation scree and talus, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000541793,distribution,"Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Wash.; ne Asia.",321717205 wfo-0001243535,morphology,"Biennials or perennials; caudex unbranched or with a root crown, often slender. Basal leaves: (petiole often hirsute); blade margins lyrate or lyrate-pinnatifid, terminal lobes distinct, (surfaces pubescent). Petals 6–8 mm. Fruits 0.8–1 mm wide; style 0.5–1 mm. 2n = 16, 32.",321717205 wfo-0001243535,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0001243535,elevation,"0-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0001243535,habitat,"Cliffs, ledges, thickets, stream and river banks, woods, limestone crevices and bluffs, sandstone hills and outcrops, serpentine rocks and barrens, shale, talus, sand dunes",321717205 wfo-0001243535,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Sask.; Alaska, Conn., Del., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.",321717205 wfo-0000541795,morphology,"Perennials; caudex well-developed, often branched, somewhat thickened. Basal leaves: blade margins entire or toothed, without distinct terminal lobes. Petals 4–6 mm. Fruits 1.2–1.8 mm wide; style 0–0.5 mm. 2n = 16, 32.",321717205 wfo-0000541795,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000541795,elevation,"0 m",321717205 wfo-0000541795,habitat,"Sand dunes, sand bars, tussocks, gravel, tundra, volcanic ash, stream terraces",321717205 wfo-0000541795,distribution,"Yukon; Alaska; n Europe; n, e Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000541849,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex simple or branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); sparsely to moderately pubescent, trichomes sub-setiform, bulbous-based, simple, (to 1.5 mm), often mixed with fewer, forked, stalked ones. Stems simple or few from base (caudex), erect, unbranched, (0.6–)1.5–3.5(–4.5) dm, (sparsely to densely hirsute basally or throughout). Basal leaves: petiole 0.3–1.5 cm, (ciliate); blade oblanceolate to obovate, (0.5–)1–3(–4) cm × (2–)3–6(–10) mm, margins entire, repand, or obtusely dentate, (ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces pubescent, trichomes usually simple, sometimes mixed with fewer forked ones, rarely subglabrate. Cauline leaves 3–6 (or 7); blade oblong, 0.4–1(–1.5) cm × (1–)2–4 mm, base not auriculate, margins entire or repand, apex obtuse. Racemes simple, (dense). Fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect, 8–12(–15) mm, (subglabrate or sparsely pubescent). Flowers: sepals (purple), oblong, 4–8 × 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals purple, spatulate, (9–)10–18(–20) × (2.5–)3.5–6(–8) mm, apex obtuse; filaments 4–9 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5–2 mm. Fruits ascending to suberect, not torulose, sometimes slightly curved, 3.5–6.5 cm × 1.5–2 mm; valves each with prominent midvein extending full length; ovules 24–36 per ovary; style (0.7–)1–2 mm. Seeds narrowly winged nearly throughout except wider distally, oblong, 1.5–2.3 × 1–1.3 mm; wing 0.1–0.3 mm wide. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000541849,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May(-Jun).",321717205 wfo-0000541849,elevation,"200-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000541849,habitat,"Serpentine slopes, rocky hillsides",321717205 wfo-0000541849,distribution,"Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000541966,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex simple or branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); sparsely to moderately pubescent, trichomes simple, forked-stalked, or rarely cruciform or 3-rayed, stalked, stellate. Stems simple or few from base (caudex), erect, unbranched or branched (few) distally, 0.6–2.5(–3) dm, (usually pubescent throughout, rarely subglabrate). Basal leaves: petiole 0.5–3(–6) cm, (ciliate); blade oblanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, (1.5–)2.1–3.5(–6) cm × (5–)8–20(–25) mm, margins entire or dentate, (ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces pubescent or glabrous, trichomes simple and forked, sometimes mixed with 3- or 4-rayed stellate ones. Cauline leaves (2 or) 3–6 (or 7); blade oblong or ovate, 1–2(–4) cm × (2–)4–10(–15) mm, base not auriculate, margins entire or dentate, (ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces pubescent as basal leaves. Racemes simple, (dense). Fruiting pedicels ascending to erect, (3–)5–10(–15) mm. Flowers: sepals (purple), oblong, 5–7 × 1.5–2 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals purple, spatulate or broadly so, (12–)14–18 × 4–7 mm, apex obtuse or rounded; filaments 6–8 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 1.2–1.5 mm. Fruits erect or nearly so, slightly torulose, 2–4 cm × 2–3 mm; valves each with prominent midvein extending full length or rarely to middle; ovules 20–28 per ovary; style 0.2–1(–1.5) mm. Seeds narrowly winged throughout, orbicular or suborbicular, 2–2.5 mm in diam.; wing 0.2–0.4 mm wide (wider distally). 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000541966,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Apr.",321717205 wfo-0000541966,elevation,"50-200 m",321717205 wfo-0000541966,habitat,"Rocky hillsides and bluffs, grassy hillsides, slopes",321717205 wfo-0000541966,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000542030,morphology,"Perennials; (stoloniferous, with vegetative rosettes, loosely cespitose to somewhat pulvinate); sparsely to moderately pubescent, trichomes stalked, cruciform, stellate, mixed with simple and forked-stalked ones. Stems several to many from base, erect, ascending to decumbent, branched (several), 1.5–3.5(–5) dm. Basal leaves: petiole 0–1 cm; blade spatulate, oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate, 2–5.5(–8) cm × 9–18(–25) mm, margins dentate to denticulate, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces usually pubescent, rarely subglabrate, trichomes stellate with some rays branched. Cauline leaves 4–8; blade oblong or ovate, 1–5 cm × 5–20 mm, base subcordate or auriculate, margins usually dentate, rarely subentire, apex acute or obtuse. Racemes simple, (lax). Fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate, 7–17(–20) mm. Flowers: sepals oblong, 4.5–8 × 1–2 mm, lateral pair conspicuously saccate basally; petals white, spatulate to obovate, 10–19 × 4–8 mm, apex obtuse; filaments 4–7 mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1.2 mm. Fruits ascending to spreading, torulose, (3–)4–7 cm × 1–2 mm; valves each with midvein absent or obscure, along proximal 1/2; ovules 40–60 per ovary; style 0.5–1 mm. Seeds narrowly winged throughout, ovate, 1–1.4 × 0.9–1.1 mm; wing 0.1–0.2 mm wide. 2n = 16.",321717205 wfo-0000542030,phenology,"Flowering Jun–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000542030,habitat,"Rare garden escape",321717205 wfo-0000542030,distribution,"Introduced; B.C., N.B., Ont., Que., Yukon; Mich., N.Y.; sw Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000542098,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex usually simple, rarely branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); sparsely to densely pubescent basally, trichomes short-stalked, cruciform or 3-rayed, stellate, (to 0.4 mm in diam.). Stems simple or few from caudex, erect, unbranched or rarely branched (few) distally, (1–)1.5–4(–5) dm, (glabrous throughout or sparsely pubescent proximally). Basal leaves: petiole 0.5–2.5(–3) cm; blade oblanceolate to obovate, (0.6–)1–3.5(–4.5) cm × (3–)5–15(–20) mm, margins entire or dentate, (not ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces uniformly pubescent, trichomes short-stalked, stellate. Cauline leaves 3 or 4(–6); blade linear, oblong or oblanceolate, 1–3(–4) cm × (1.5–)3–7(–10) mm, base cuneate, not auriculate, margins usually entire, rarely few-toothed, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent at least along margin. Racemes simple. Fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate, (5–)8–20 mm, (glabrous). Flowers: sepals (greenish), oblong, 2.5–4 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 7–9 × 2.5–3.5 mm, apex rounded; filaments 2.5–4 mm; anthers oblong, 0.8–1 mm; (gynophore to 0.5 mm). Fruits divaricate, slightly torulose, sometimes slightly curved, slightly flattened, (1.3–)1.7–3.5(–4) cm × 1–1.5 mm; valves each with obscure midvein extending to middle; ovules 14–28 per ovary; style 0.5–1.3 mm. Seeds not winged, oblong, 1–1.2 × 0.5–0.6 mm. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000542098,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000542098,elevation,"400-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000542098,habitat,"Open woods, rocky bluffs, steep banks, canyon margins",321717205 wfo-0000542098,distribution,"Idaho, Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000542182,morphology,"Biennials or perennials; (caudex branched); usually densely hirsute (at least basally), trichomes simple or stalked, forked, sometimes glabrescent with mostly simple ones. Stems simple or several from base (rosette), erect, often branched distally, 2–7(–10) dm, (hirsute basally, trichomes simple and minutely stalked, forked, rarely almost exclusively glabrous). Basal leaves: petiole 0.7–3 cm, (ciliate or not); blade broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, 1.2–10 cm × 7–30 mm, margins entire or dentate, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous, trichomes simple, forked and stalked, stellate. Cauline leaves (2–)4–12(–18), (well-spaced or, rarely, overlapping); blade ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 1.5–6.5(–10) cm × 5–30 mm, base auriculate, margins dentate or entire, apex acute or obtuse, surfaces sparsely hirsute or glabrous. Racemes simple or branched. Fruiting pedicels erect to erect-ascending, 3.5–10(–15) mm, (glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Flowers: sepals oblong, 3.5–5 × 1.2–2 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals white, rarely pink, linear-oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, (5.5–) 6.5–9(–10) × 1.5–3 mm, apex obtuse; filaments 3.5–6 mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1 mm. Fruits erect to erect-ascending, (often appressed to rachis), torulose, 3.5–6.5 cm × 1.2–1.8(–2) mm; valves each with prominent midvein extending full length or to middle; ovules 54–80 per ovary; style (0.1–)0.3–1 mm. Seeds usually narrowly winged throughout or only distally, rarely not winged, oblong or suborbicular, 1–1.8 × 0.9–1.3 mm; wing to 0.2 mm wide distally. 2n = 32, 64.",321717205 wfo-0000542182,phenology,"Flowering (Apr-)May–Jul.",321717205 wfo-0000542182,elevation,"0-2800 m",321717205 wfo-0000542182,habitat,"Rocky slopes, crevices, and ledges, meadows, moist banks and grounds, granitic soil, wooded slopes",321717205 wfo-0000542182,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000542221,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex simple or branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); glabrous or sparsely pubescent, trichomes simple or short-stalked, forked (0.3–1 mm), these rarely mixed with fewer, unequal 3-rayed ones. Stems simple or few from base (caudex), erect, usually unbranched, rarely branched (few) distally, (0.7–)1–3.8(–4.5) dm, (glabrous throughout or sparsely pubescent basally to distally). Basal leaves: petiole (0.4–)1–3(–4.5) cm, (glabrous or sparsely ciliate); blades oblanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, (0.7–)1.2–3 cm × 5–17(–22) mm, margins entire or dentate, (often ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent, trichomes short-stalked, forked and simple. Cauline leaves (2 or) 3–5 (or 6); blade linear, oblong, obovate, or oblanceolate, 0.7–3(–4) cm × 3–8 mm, base cuneate, not auriculate, margins usually entire, rarely few-toothed, apex obtuse, surfaces usually glabrous, rarely margins ciliate. Racemes simple, (dense or lax). Fruiting pedicels suberect, ascending, or divaricate, (2–)4–17(–22) mm, (glabrous). Flowers: sepals (greenish), oblong, 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm, (usually glabrous, rarely with few trichomes subapically), lateral pair saccate basally; petals white, spatulate, 7–11 × 2.5–4 mm, apex rounded; filaments 3.5–5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.8–1 mm. Fruits ascending to suberect, (not appressed to rachis), slightly torulose, sometimes slightly curved, strongly flattened, (2–)2.5–4(–4.6) cm × 1.7–2.2 mm; valves each with prominent midvein extending full length; ovules 14–26 per ovary; style 0.5–1.2(–1.6) mm, (slender). Seeds winged distally, oblong to broadly ovate, (1.5–)1.8–2.5(–3) × 1–1.3 mm; wing (0.2–)0.4–0.8(–1) mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000542221,phenology,"Flowering May–Jul(-Aug).",321717205 wfo-0000542221,elevation,"(50-)1000-2100 m",321717205 wfo-0000542221,habitat,"Open slopes, alpine meadows, cliffs, ridge crests",321717205 wfo-0000542221,distribution,"Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000542229,morphology,"Biennials; sparsely to moderately hirsute (at least basally), trichomes simple, mixed with fewer, short-stalked, forked ones, subsessile cruciform or 3-rayed stellate trichomes commonly on abaxial blade surfaces, sometimes plants glabrous distally. Stems simple or few from base (rosette), erect, unbranched or branched (few) distally, 3–7 dm, (hirsute basally, glabrous distally). Basal leaves: petiole 0.5–2 cm, (ciliate or not); blade spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 1.5–6 cm × 5–15 mm, margins dentate, apex obtuse or acute, abaxial surface moderately to sparsely pubescent, trichomes subsessile stellate, adaxial surface subglabrate or sparsely stellate. Cauline leaves 7–26; blade oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 1.5–7 cm × 3–18 mm, base auriculate to subamplexicaul, margins dentate or entire, apex acute or obtuse, pubescent as basal leaves except distalmost leaves often glabrous. Racemes often simple. Fruiting pedicels erect to erect-ascending, 7–16 mm, (glabrous). Flowers: sepals oblong, 2.5–4.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair subsaccate basally; petals white, narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate, 6–9 × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse; filaments 3–4.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.8–1 mm. Fruits erect to erect-ascending, (often subappressed to rachis), smooth, 4–7 cm × 0.7–0.8 mm; valves each with midvein extending full length or to middle; ovules 38–44 per ovary; style 0.7–1.8 mm. Seeds narrowly winged throughout, oblong, 0.9–1.9 × 0.5–0.7 mm; wing to 0.1 mm wide distally.",321717205 wfo-0000542229,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Apr.",321717205 wfo-0000542229,elevation,"0-200 m",321717205 wfo-0000542229,habitat,"Stream banks, roadsides",321717205 wfo-0000542229,distribution,"Ala., Ga.",321717205 wfo-0000542482,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex simple or branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent, trichomes simple, (to 0.5 mm), not bulbous-based. Stems simple or few from base (caudex), erect, unbranched, (0.6–)1.5–3(–4) dm, (glabrous). Basal leaves: petiole 0.3–1.5 cm; blade oblanceolate to obovate, (0.5–)1–3(–4) cm × (2–)3–6(–10) mm, margins entire, repand, or obtusely dentate, apex obtuse, surfaces sometimes with individual trichomes terminating some or all leaf teeth. Cauline leaves (2 or) 3–5 (or 6); blade oblong, 0.3–1(–1.2) cm × 1–3 mm, base not auriculate, margins entire or repand, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous. Racemes simple, (dense). Fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect, 3–10(–13) mm. Flowers: sepals (purple), oblong, 4–8 × 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals purple, spatulate, 8–16 × 2–5 mm, apex obtuse; filaments 4–8 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5–2 mm. Fruits ascending to suberect, not torulose, sometimes slightly curved, 2–4 cm × 1.5–2 mm; valves each with prominent midvein extending full length; ovules 20–34 per ovary; style 0.3–1.5 mm. Seeds narrowly winged distally or, rarely, not winged, oblong, 1.5–2.2 × 1–1.3 mm, wing 0.1–0.2 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000542482,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000542482,elevation,"200-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000542482,habitat,"Serpentine scrap and slopes, red serpentinized soil",321717205 wfo-0000542482,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000542523,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex usually simple, rarely branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); sparsely to densely pubescent, trichomes short-stalked, cruci-form, or 3-rayed stellate, (0.3–0.5 mm). Stems simple or few from base (caudex), erect, usually unbranched, rarely branched (few) distally, 2.2–5.5(–6.7) dm, (usually pubescent throughout, rarely subglabrate distally, trichomes stellate). Basal leaves: petiole 1–4(–5) cm, (rarely minutely ciliate near base); blade oblanceolate to obovate, (0.8–)2–4.5(–6) cm × (4–)10–20(–25) mm, margins entire, repand, or dentate, (not ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces pubescent, trichomes short-stalked, stellate. Cauline leaves (2–)4–6(–9); blade oblong or ovate, 1–3.5(–4.5) cm × (3–)6–10(–20) mm, base not auriculate, margins entire, repand, or dentate, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces pubescent, trichomes short-stalked, stellate. Racemes simple, (dense). Fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate, 7–18(–25) mm. Flowers: sepals (purple), oblong, (4–)5–6.5(–8) × 1.5–2 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals purple, spatulate, (10–)12–16(–20) × 4–6(–7) mm, apex rounded; filaments (4–)5–8 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 1.3–2 mm. Fruits suberect to divaricate, sometimes slightly curved, slightly torulose, (2.8–)3.5–6 cm × 1.5–2 mm; valves each with prominent midvein extending to middle or full length; ovules 20–34 per ovary; style 0.5–1(–1.5) mm. Seeds winged distally, oblong, 1.7–2.2 × 0.9–1.2 mm; wing 0.2–0.5 mm wide. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000542523,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Apr(-May).",321717205 wfo-0000542523,elevation,"150-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000542523,habitat,"Moist shaded banks, slopes, rocky canyon walls, talus, basaltic bluffs",321717205 wfo-0000542523,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000542575,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex simple or branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, trichomes simple, sometimes subsetiform, (0.3–2 mm), these rarely mixed with fewer, short-stalked, forked ones. Stems simple or few to numerous from base (caudex), erect or ascending, unbranched, 0.5–2.5(–3.6) dm, (glabrous throughout or pubescent along proximal 1/2, trichomes simple). Basal leaves: petiole 0.3–2(–3.5) cm, (glabrous or ciliate); blade narrowly oblanceolate, spatulate, to obovate, 0.4–2(–3) cm × 3–10(–15) mm, margins entire, (ciliate or not), apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, trichomes simple, rarely mixed with forked ones. Cauline leaves (1 or) 2–5(–7); blade linear, oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate, 0.5–2.2(–3) cm × 2–8(–12) mm, base not auriculate, margins entire, (sometimes ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous or, rarely, sparsely pubescent. Racemes simple, (dense or lax). Fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate, (2–)5–20(–30) mm, (glabrous). Flowers: sepals (greenish) oblong, 2.5–3.5 × 1.2–1.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally, (glabrous); petals white, oblanceolate to spatulate, (5–)6–8 × 2–4 mm, apex rounded; filaments 2.5–4 mm; anthers oblong, 0.6–1 mm. Fruits ascending to suberect, (not appressed to rachis), slightly torulose, sometimes slightly curved, (0.7–)1–2.5(–2.8) cm × 0.8–1.2(–1.5) mm; valves each with distinct midvein extending full length; ovules 10–24 per ovary; style 0.5–1.2(–2) mm, (slender). Seeds not winged, broadly ovate, 0.6–1.2(–1.5) × 0.5–1 mm. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000542575,phenology,"Flowering Apr–Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000542575,elevation,"500-3200 m",321717205 wfo-0000542575,habitat,"Alpine and subalpine meadows and slopes, open woods, steep slopes and cliffs, mossy mats, dry or moist slopes and hillsides, ridge crests",321717205 wfo-0000542575,distribution,"Alta., B.C.; Idaho, Mont., Utah, Wash., Wyo.",321717205 wfo-0000542585,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains); moderately pubescent, trichomes simple or short-stalked, forked, (to 0.6 mm). Stems simple or few from base (caudex), erect, unbranched, 0.7–1.1 dm, (pubescent throughout, trichomes short-stalked, forked). Basal leaves: petiole 0.3–0.6 cm, (sparsely ciliate); blades oblanceolate to obovate, 0.4–1cm × 2–7 mm, margins entire or repand, (ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces sparsely pubescent, trichomes simple and forked. Cauline leaves 4–6; blade oblong, 0.6–0.8 cm × 2–3 mm, base not auriculate, margins entire, (ciliate), apex obtuse. Racemes simple, (dense). Fruiting pedicels erect, (subappressed to rachis), 5–6.5 mm, (glabrous). Flowers: sepals (greenish), ovate, 1.5 × 0.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally, (glabrous); petals white, oblanceolate, 3.5–4 × 1 mm, apex rounded. Fruits erect, (appressed to rachis), slightly torulose, 2–2.3 cm × 1 mm; valves each with distinct midvein extending full length; ovules 28–34 per ovary; style 0.2–0.3 mm, (stout). Seeds winged distally, oblong, ca. 1 × 0.5 mm; wing ca. 0.1 mm wide.",321717205 wfo-0000542585,phenology,"Flowering Aug.",321717205 wfo-0000542585,elevation,"ca. 1400 m",321717205 wfo-0000542585,habitat,"Talus slopes near glacier",321717205 wfo-0000542585,distribution,"Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000542588,morphology,"Perennials; (caudex simple or branched, with some persistent petiolar remains); sparsely to moderately pubescent, trichomes bulbous-based, simple and long-stalked, forked, (to 2 mm), these often mixed with fewer 3-rayed, stalked stellate ones. Stems simple or few from base (caudex), erect, unbranched distally, (0.6–)1.7–4.5(–5) dm, (usually pubescent throughout, rarely subglabrate, coarsely hirsute, trichomes simple, mixed with forked ones). Basal leaves: petiole 0.5–2(–3) cm, (ciliate); blade oblanceolate to obovate, (1–)2–5(–9) cm × (5–)8–18(–22) mm, margins entire or repand to dentate, (ciliate), apex obtuse, surfaces pubescent or glabrous, trichomes simple and forked, sometimes mixed with 3-rayed stellate ones. Cauline leaves 3–6 (or 7); blade oblong, 1–3(–6) cm × 2–7(–15) mm, base not auriculate, margins entire or dentate, (ciliate or not), apex obtuse, surfaces pubescent as basal leaves or glabrous. Racemes simple, (dense). Fruiting pedicels ascending to erect, 5–10 mm, (pubescent or glabrous). Flowers: sepals (purple), oblong, (5–)6–8 × 1.5–2 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals purple or pink, spatulate, (10–)12–15(–16) × (3–)4–5 mm, apex obtuse; filaments (4–)5–8 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 1.2–1.8 mm. Fruits erect or nearly so, slightly torulose, (3–)4.5–6 cm × 1.5–2 mm; valves each with prominent midvein; ovules 24–30 per ovary; style 0.5–1 mm. Seeds narrowly winged distally or not winged, oblong, 1.8–2.2 × ca. 1 mm; wing ca. 0.1 mm wide. 2n = 32.",321717205 wfo-0000542588,phenology,"Flowering Apr–May.",321717205 wfo-0000542588,elevation,"500-1000(-1400) m",321717205 wfo-0000542588,habitat,"Moist granitic soil, rocky hillsides, chaparrals, steep banks",321717205 wfo-0000542588,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000542617,morphology,"Biennials or, rarely, perennials; (short-lived, with caudex); usually densely hirsute (at least basally), trichomes simple (to 1 mm), sometimes mixed with stalked, forked ones. Stems simple or several from base (rosette), erect, often branched distally, (1.8–)2.5–4.5(–5.5) dm, (hirsute at least basally). Basal leaves: petiole (0.7–)2–5 cm; blade usually ovate to oblanceolate, rarely cordate, (0.8–)1.5–3 cm × 5–17 mm, margins dentate or serrate, surfaces sparsely to densely pubescent, trichomes simple or forked. Cauline leaves (5–)8–20(–27), (overlapping or not); blade ovate to oblong or lanceolate, (2–)3–7.5(–9) cm × (10–)13–25(–35) mm, base amplexicaul, margins usually dentate or serrate, sometimes entire, surfaces hirsute. Racemes branched. Fruiting pedicels ascending to divaricate-ascending, (7–)10–20(–24) mm, (glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Flowers: sepals oblong, 2.5–4.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white, spatulate, (5–)6–9 × 2–3.5 mm, apex obtuse; filaments 3–5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.8–1.2 mm. Fruits divaricate to erect-ascending, (not appressed to rachis), torulose, 2.2–4.6 cm × 0.8–1.2mm; valves each with prominent midvein extending to middle or full length; ovules 16–28 per ovary; style 0.5–2 mm, (slender). Seeds narrowly winged distally, oblong, 1–1.6 × 0.6–0.8 mm; wing 0.05–0.1 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000542617,phenology,"Flowering Apr–May.",321717205 wfo-0000542617,elevation,"0-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000542617,habitat,"Rocky wooded slopes, shady stream banks, limestone ledges and bluffs",321717205 wfo-0000542617,distribution,"D.C., Ind., Ky., Md., N.C., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Va., W.Va.",321717205 wfo-0000542724,morphology,"Biennials or perennials; (caudex branched); usually densely hirsute (at least basally), rarely glabrescent, trichomes simple mixed with stalked or sessile, forked ones. Stems simple or several from base (rosette), erect, often branched distally, 1–8 dm, (pilose with trichomes appressed, malpighiaceous, or minutely stalked, forked, or hirsute basally with trichomes simple and minutely stalked, forked, sometimes almost exclusively pubescent with forked submalpighiaceous trichomes). Basal leaves: petiole 0.5–2 cm, (ciliate or not); blade spatulate, oblanceolate, or oblong, (0.8–)1.5–8 cm × (5–)10–25 mm, margins entire, repand, or dentate, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces sparsely to densely pubescent, trichomes sessile or stalked, simple or forked, and/or stellate. Cauline leaves (7–)10–45(–61), (overlapping or not); blade ovate to oblong or lanceolate, rarely linear, (1–)1.5–6(–8) cm × (1–)3–20(–25) mm, base subcordate or auriculate (auricles obtuse or subacute), margins dentate or entire, apex acute or obtuse, surfaces hirsute or adaxially glabrescent. Racemes often simple. Fruiting pedicels erect to erect-ascending, (2–)3–8(–12) mm (glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Flowers: sepals oblong, 2.5–4 × 0.5–1.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, linear-oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, 3.5–5(–5.5) × 1–2(–2.5) mm, apex obtuse; filaments 2.5–4 mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1 mm. Fruits erect to erect-ascending, (often appressed to rachis), torulose, (3.5–)4–6(–6.5) cm × 0.8–1(–1.2) mm; valves each with obscure or somewhat prominent midvein extending to the middle; ovules (54–)60–86 per ovary; style (0.2–)0.5–1(–1.3) mm, (slender). Seeds narrowly winged throughout, oblong or suborbicular, (0.8–)1–1.5(–1.7) × 0.8–1.3 mm; wing to 0.2 mm wide distally.",321717205 wfo-0000542724,distribution,"Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., N.W.T., Nfld. and Labr., Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., N.Dak., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., Nebr., Nev., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., S.Dak., Tenn., Utah, Va., Vt., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000542725,morphology,"Stems pilose, trichomes appressed, malpighiaceous, or minutely stalked, forked, plants rarely glabrescent. Basal leaves: blade surfaces pubescent, trichomes sessile, forked, and/or stellate. Fruits (4–)4.5–6(–6.5) cm; style 0.5–1.3 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000542725,phenology,"Flowering Mar–Jun.",321717205 wfo-0000542725,elevation,"0-300 m",321717205 wfo-0000542725,habitat,"Ravines, pastures, cliffs, calcareous talus, dolomite glades, rich woods, bluffs, rocky ledges",321717205 wfo-0000542725,distribution,"Ont.; Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Mo., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Va.",321717205 wfo-7000000042,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, wetland or terrestrial, occasionally emergent or floating, [often epiphytic or climbing], usually with milky or watery latex, rarely colored. Rhizomes, corms, or stolons present; rhizomes vertical or horizontal, creeping at or near surface, sometimes branched; corms underground, starchy; stolons at or near surface. Stems absent [sometimes aboveground or aerial]. Cataphylls usually present. Leaves rarely solitary, alternate or clustered; petiole rarely absent, with sheathing base; blade simple or compound [occasionally perforate], elliptic to obovate or spatulate, occasionally sagittate-cordate, larger than 1.5 cm; venation parallel or pinnate- or palmate-netted. Inflorescences spadices, each with 3–900 usually tightly grouped, sessile flowers, subtended by spathe; spathe rarely absent, persistent (sometimes only proximally) or deciduous, variously colored; spadix cylindric or ovoid, various parts occasionally naked or with sterile flowers. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, staminate and pistillate usually on same plants or functionally on different plants, staminate flowers distal to pistillate when unisexual; perianth absent or present; stamens 2–12, distinct or connate in synandria; ovaryies 1, 1–3(–many)-locular, sessile or embedded in spadix; styles 1; stigmas hemispheric, capitate, or discoid [sometimes strongly lobed]. Fruits berries, distinct or connate at maturity. Seeds 1–40(–many) per berry.",321717205 wfo-7000000042,distribution,"Nearly worldwide, primarily tropical regions.",321717205 wfo-0000543103,morphology,"Trees, 3–8[–10] m; bark light gray to reddish gray, checkered with squarish to rectangular segments or plates, 1–4 × 1–2.5 cm, retained on bole and major limbs; twigs 3+ years old with brick-red outer bark exfoliating in flakes or, sometimes, in slender strips. Leaves larger on sterile shoots with longer internodes; petiole (often red), (1–)1.7–3.2(–4.2) cm, base slightly decurrent, glabrous; blade slightly lighter green abaxially, olive-green and glossy adaxially, ovate, (2.5–)3–7.5(–9) × (1–)1.8–3(–4) cm, base usually tapered-acute, rarely slightly rounded [broader and more nearly ovate-lanceolate], apex usually acute, sometimes slightly acuminate, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences often congested; axes densely hairy, hairs sometimes glandular. Pedicels accrescent, obliquely erect or slightly pendulous, 2.4–5 mm (to 16 mm in fruit), densely hairy, hairs sometimes glandular; bract clasping base, reddish, scalelike, 1.4–2 mm. Flowers: calyx pale green, lobes 1.1–1.5 mm (mostly hidden beneath corolla), apex obtuse or rounded; corolla 5–5.6 mm; anthers 1.3–1.5 mm, spurs 1/2–2/3 times length of thecae, (finely tuberculate); ovary with (2–)3–5+ ovules per locule. Berries blackish red, 6.5–9 mm diam. Seeds ca. 2 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000543103,phenology,"Flowering May–Jun(-Aug); fruiting Aug–Oct.",321717205 wfo-0000543103,elevation,"1500-2400 m",321717205 wfo-0000543103,habitat,"Riverine forests and oak parklands along seasonally moist waterways",321717205 wfo-0000543103,distribution,"Ariz., N.Mex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas).",321717205 wfo-0000543147,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, 4–10(–20) m; bark dark red, smooth, until mid season when outer bark exfoliates, inner bark green, soon weathering to dark red; following exfoliation on younger wood, bark retained on oldest portions of main axis and on abaxial sides of larger lateral axes, area of retained bark gradually increasing as tree ages, becoming roughened dark gray. Leaves larger on sterile shoots with longer internodes; petiole 2–4.5 cm, base slightly decurrent, glabrous, sometimes with hairs adaxially; blade glaucous-green abaxially, olive-green adaxially (leaves of previous season turning yellow and red in June and July before they fall), elliptic, 6.5–13 × 3.5–6(–8) cm, base usually rounded, sometimes slightly cordate, rarely tapered, apex usually rounded or acute, rarely with short cusp, surfaces glabrescent (sparingly hairy on newly emerging leaves). Inflorescences (often compound), congested or not; axes hairy ± throughout, hairs not glandular. Pedicels accrescent, initially pendulous, becoming stiffly erect, 3–5(–6.2) mm, (to 6–8 mm in fruit), sometimes sparsely glandular-hairy; bract clasping base, rust-colored, scalelike, 2–3.5 mm. Flowers: calyx creamy tan at anthesis, lobes 1–2.1 mm, apex blunt; corolla 4.9–5.8 mm; anthers 1–1.2 mm, spurs usually slightly exceeding length of thecae; ovary with 2–5 ovules per locule. Berries red or orange-red, 13–20 mm diam. Seeds 2–2.5 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000543147,phenology,"Flowering Mar–May(-Jun); fruiting (Jun-)Jul–Sep (-Oct) (fruit sometimes held on the trees into early part of following year).",321717205 wfo-0000543147,elevation,"0-1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000543147,habitat,"Open forests, rocky slopes, ravines, foothills, and shores",321717205 wfo-0000543147,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-7000000045,morphology,"Plants small to minute, perennial or ephemeral, sometimes with a persistent pale gray, green or red-brown thallose protonemal cushion attached to rhizoids. Stems simple or branched, erect or sometimes prostrate, sterile innovations usually produced from axils of distal stem leaves or perichaetial leaves, becoming prostrate, stoloniferous and persistent, giving rise to new shoots. Leaves of distal portions of stem and perichaetia erect to spreading; base somewhat clasping; costa in cross section with undifferentiated incrassate cells, or sometimes thin-walled larger cells above and below central incrassate cells; laminal areolation uniform to somewhat differentiated, cells elongate, mostly rectangular to rhomboidal, alar cells often differentiated, somewhat hyaline, limbidium of differentiated cells absent. Specialized asexual reproduction rarely present as filiform uniseriate rhizoidal tubers. Sexual condition monoicous. Seta none. Capsule terminal or lateral, sessile, globose, 200–1000 µm, apiculatus absent, cleistocarpous. Calyptra ephemeral, falling away as capsule matures, occasionally present as a thin membrane at apex. Spores 50–320 µm in longest diameter, rarely much larger, 4–176 per capsule.",321717205 wfo-7000000045,distribution,"Worldwide except Antarctica, in subtropical to warm-temperate regions.",321717205 wfo-4000002898,morphology,"Plants mostly green. Stems terete, 1–20 mm. Leaves of distal portions of stems and of perichaetia ovate, ovate-lanceolate, linear-lanceolate to triangular, often reduced and distant in proximal portion of stem, flat or somewhat concave, apex acute to acuminate, sometimes incurved or rarely secund, margins plane, recurved or rarely incurved, distal margins smooth to finely serrulate; costa weak and not reaching apex or sometimes absent, to more often strong, single, percurrent to excurrent in a hairpoint; laminal areolation uniform to somewhat differentiated, cells mostly rectangular to rhomboidal, sometimes irregular in median and distal portions, rectangular and rhomboidal cells mixed with short subquadrate cells, alar cells similar to adjacent cells or differentiated, hyaline, wide-rectangular to quadrate. Sexual condition autoicous, paroicous or synoicous, antheridia often naked in axils of distal stem leaves or outer perichaetial leaves, sometimes enclosed in short shoots with small leaves (bracts). Perichaetial leaves often larger and more variable in shape than stem leaves, sometimes broadly ovate to elliptic. Capsule immersed in perichaetial leaves, brown or golden at maturity. Spores spherical to polyhedral, pale yellow to yellow-brown, golden, orange or red-orange, smooth to finely papillose.",321717205 wfo-4000002898,distribution,"Worldwide except Antarctica, in subtropical to warm-temperate regions.",321717205 wfo-0001192146,morphology,"Plants 2–20 mm, perennial, gregarious or in dense short turfs, green or yellow-green. Stems simple to branched by several sterile innovations to 15 mm, becoming prostrate with age. Stem leaves erect to erect-spreading, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate or triangular, acuminate to subulate, 0.5–2.5 mm; costa strong, percurrent to short-excurrent, sometimes long-excurrent in long subulate tip; laminal margins plane, smooth or finely serrulate distally; median laminal cells rhomboidal to linear-rhomboidal, 5–15:1, 45–160 × 8–14 µm, becoming somewhat shorter distally, proximal cells rectangular, 3–8:1, 45–90 × 9–18 µm, cells in alar region short-rectangular to quadrate, 1–2:1, in 2–3 rows extending from 3–10 cells distally from base along margin; leaves of innovations similar to stem leaves but smaller, gradually reduced proximally. Perichaetial leaves erect, concave, sometimes flexuose, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to strongly subulate, laminal cells similar to stem leaves except proximal and alar cells long-rectangular, 6–10:1, 90–140 × 14–20 µm, distinctly hyaline, at least in alar region. Specialized asexual reproduction occasional, of filiform uniseriate rhizoidal tubers. Sexual condition paroicous; antheridia typically naked or occasionally 1–2 small bracts present. Capsule terminal, sometimes appearing lateral due to rapid innovation growth, 300–800 µm. Spores typically 16 (8–36) per capsule, rounded to polyhedral, 120–260 µm, smooth or finely papillose, pale yellow to golden.",321717205 wfo-0001192146,phenology,"Capsules mature late fall to early spring (Nov–Mar).",321717205 wfo-0001192146,elevation,"0-700 m",321717205 wfo-0001192146,habitat,"Common on moist to wet soil, mud and sand around temporary pools, along ditches and roadsides, and in fields, occasional on sandstone and limestone outcrops",321717205 wfo-0001192146,distribution,"Ala., Calif., Fla., Ga., Kans., La., Miss., Mo., N.C., Ohio, S.C., Tenn., Tex.; Mexico; Europe; n Africa; Atlantic Islands.",321717205 wfo-0001192156,morphology,"Plants 2–10 mm, perennial, in dense turfs, yellow-green. Stems simple or usually branched by several sterile innovations, becoming prostrate with age. Stem leaves erect to erect-spreading, lanceolate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1–2.5 mm; costa percurrent or short-excurrent, sometimes somewhat subulate; laminal margins recurved, smooth or finely serrulate distally; median and distal laminal cells irregular in shape, mixed quadrate, trapezoidal, short-rectangular, short- to long-rhomboidal, 14–75 × 8–13 µm, proximal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, similar to median and distal cells; leaves of innovations similar to stem leaves, not much reduced proximally. Perichaetial leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate to subulate, sometimes flexuose to secund, same size as stem leaves; costae short to long excurrent, hairpoint pellucid, sometimes finely spinose; laminal margins recurved, smooth to finely serrulate; distal and median laminal cells similar to stem leaves, proximal laminal cells lax, wider, rectangular, 2–4:1, 35–115 × 12–25 µm, sometimes somewhat hyaline. Specialized asexual gemmae absent. Sexual condition autoicous; antheridia terminating axillary leaf buds. Capsule terminal, 425–750 µm. Spores typically 28(4–60) per capsule, angular to irregularly polyhedral, 120–230 µm, smooth or finely granulose, yellow to orange-red.",321717205 wfo-0001192156,phenology,"Capsules mature early spring (Mar), more rarely in autumn or winter (Oct–Dec).",321717205 wfo-0001192156,elevation,"0-250 m",321717205 wfo-0001192156,habitat,"Uncommon on moist to dry soil along roadsides, in fields, rarely on rock",321717205 wfo-0001192156,distribution,"Ill., Md., Okla., N.C., S.C., Tex., Va.; Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0001192164,morphology,"Plants 3–10 mm, perennial, in dense short turfs, pale-green to yellow-green. Stems branched by several innovations from axils of stem leaves or outer perichaetial leaves, often becoming prostrate with age. Stem leaves erect-spreading, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 0.7–1.5 mm, becoming reduced proximally; costa percurrent to slightly excurrent; laminal margins smooth, weakly recurved; median and distal laminal cells rhomboidal to hexagonal, 3–4:1, 35–70 × 12–18 µm, proximal cells rectangular, 2–4:1, 40–70 × 18–24 µm, short-rectangular to quadrate in alar region in 2–6 rows extending 7–15 cells along proximal laminal margin; leaves of innovations similar to distal stem leaves except being smaller, gradually reduced proximally. Perichaetial leaves larger, 1.5–3 mm, elongate-triangular, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate; costa percurrent to short-excurrent; laminal margins smooth, weakly recurved distally; median and distal laminal cells uniformly rhomboid to hexagonal, 3–7:1, 35–130 × 15–28 µm, proximal cells rectangular, 4–6:1, 70–140 × 15–28 µm, sometimes hyaline in alar region but cells not strongly differentiated. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous, antheridia terminating axillary leaf buds. Capsule terminal, 450-700 µm. Spores typically 20(8–36) per capsule, triangular to rounded-polyhedral, 140–250 µm, smooth to granulose, yellow.",321717205 wfo-0001192164,phenology,"Capsules mature early spring (Mar) or rarely late fall (Nov).",321717205 wfo-0001192164,elevation,"0-200 m",321717205 wfo-0001192164,habitat,"Uncommon to rare on moist open sandy or loamy soil, along roadsides and in grassy often disturbed areas",321717205 wfo-0001192164,distribution,"Fla., Ga., Tex.; Mexico; South America.",321717205 wfo-0001146760,morphology,"Plants minute, 1–3(–5) mm, ephemeral, solitary or gregarious, yellow-green to pale green. Stems mostly simple or sometimes with 2–4 short fertile branches from distal stem leaves, sterile innovations absent. Stem leaves similar to perichaetial leaves but usually smaller, reduced proximally to bracts, erect-spreading or loosely spreading, triangular to linear-lanceolate, acute or broadly obtuse; costa weak, not reaching apex or occasionally absent; laminal margins plane, smooth; median and distal laminal cells of distal stem leaves rectangular, 3:1, 35–45 × 15–20 µm, slightly broader and laxer proximally but not conspicuously different. Perichaetial leaves erect-spreading or loosely spreading, triangular to linear-lanceolate, acute or broadly obtuse; costa weak, not reaching apex or occasionally absent; laminal margins plane, smooth; median and distal laminal cells elongate-rectangular to rhomboidal, 3–5:1, 50–130 × 13–24 µm, distally somewhat smaller, proximal cells rectangular, wider than median and distal cells. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition synoicous, antheridia and archegonia intermixed. Capsule terminal, 350–650 µm. Spores typically 32(16–48) per capsule, 115–175 µm, smooth or papillose, pale green to yellow or yellow-brown.",321717205 wfo-0001146760,phenology,"Capsules mature fall to spring (Sep–Apr).",321717205 wfo-0001146760,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0001146760,habitat,"Uncommon on moist open sandy or loamy soil, along roadsides and in grassy often disturbed areas, or crevices and pockets in rock",321717205 wfo-0001146760,distribution,"Fla., Ga., La.",321717205 wfo-0001192195,morphology,"Plants 3–10 mm, perennial, solitary or in dense mats, green or yellow-green. Stems simple to more often branched, varying from short to tall and somewhat flexuose, sterile innovations to 10 mm, becoming prostrate with age. Stem leaves small and distant on short plants to longer, erect-spreading on taller plants, ovate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate to subulate, 0.5-1.5 mm; costa percurrent to short excurrent; laminal margins plane, smooth or finely serrulate distally; median laminal cells rhomboidal, 3–5:1, 50–90 × 14–25 µm, becoming somewhat shorter distally, proximal cells rectangular, similar to median cells, cells in alar region short-rectangular to quadrate, 1–2:1, in 2–3 rows extending from 3–10 cells distally from base along margin; leaves of innovations similar to stem leaves but smaller, gradually reduced abaxially. Perichaetial leaves variable in shape, erect-spreading to spreading, somewhat concave, sometimes flexuose, ovate to obovate, acute to short-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate and long-acuminate, 1–3 mm; costa percurrent to short-excurrent; laminal margins smooth, mostly recurved in longer leaves; median laminal cells rhomboidal to prosenchymatous, 3–5:1, 55–130 × 15–35 µm, somewhat shorter distally, proximal cells lax, rectangular, 4–6:1, 70–200 × 22–32 µm, hyaline in the alar region. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition paroicous; antheridia typically naked or rarely 1–2 small bracts present. Capsule terminal, sometimes appearing lateral due to rapid innovation growth, 450–800 µm. Spores typically 24(4–48) per capsule, rounded to polyhedral, 125–225 µm, smooth, pale yellow to yellow-orange.",321717205 wfo-0001192195,phenology,"Capsules mature late fall to early spring (Oct–Mar).",321717205 wfo-0001192195,elevation,"0-200 m",321717205 wfo-0001192195,habitat,"Common to uncommon on dry to moist sand, soil, in clearings, along roadsides, creek banks, open forests, pastures, often on soil of limestone and sandstone outcrops",321717205 wfo-0001192195,distribution,"Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex.; Mexico; Europe; n Africa; Atlantic Islands.",321717205 wfo-4000002915,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous. Culms 10-150 cm, erect, glabrous. Sheaths usually closed for up to 1/5 their length; auricles absent; ligules membranous, obtuse, erose or lacerate; blades usually flat, glabrous, scabrous. Inflorescences terminal panicles, loose and open to narrow and contracted; branches 0.5-27 cm, scabridulous. Spikelets 3-6.5 mm, pedicellate, laterally compressed, usually with 1 floret, rarely with 2; rachillas hairy or scabrous, sometimes prolonged beyond the base of the single floret or terminating in a well-formed or vestigial floret; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the floret(s). Glumes usually shorter than the lemmas, upper glumes sometimes equaling the lemma(s), ovate to lanceolate, glabrous, sometimes scabridulous, 1-3-veined, acute to obtuse, unawned; calluses weakly developed, glabrous; lemmas scabrous or puberulent, 3-5-veined, lateral veins sometimes obscure, not reaching the apices, apices obtuse to acute, sometimes mucronate, unawned; paleas about as long as the lemmas, folded along 1 prominent vein, the second vein faint; lodicules 2, glabrous; anthers 3; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses 1.7-3 mm, shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity; hila 1/4-1/3 the length of the caryopses. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000002915,distribution,"Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Man.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Yukon;Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000848400,morphology,"Rhizomes elongate or compact, 1.5-3 mm thick, with 8-35 mm scales, glabrous. Culms 10-150 cm tall, 1.2-7 mm thick. Ligules 2-7(15) mm; blades 1-36 cm long, 1.5-15 mm wide. Panicles 2.5-35(44) cm long, 0.7-10 (14+) cm wide, narrow and stiffly erect to spreading and diffuse; branches 0.5-14+ cm, with 3-140 spikelets. Spikelets 3-6.5 mm. Lower glumes 1.8-4.5 mm; upper glumes 2.3-5.5 mm; lemmas 2.4-6.5 mm; anthers 1.3-4 mm.",321717205 wfo-0000848400,distribution,"Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Man.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Yukon;Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000848403,morphology,"Culms (24)50-150 cm; uppermost nodes usually towards the middle of the culm. Uppermost sheaths shorter than the blades; blades 4-36 cm long, 2.4-15 mm wide. Panicles (4)10-35(44) cm long, 0.7-10(14+) cm wide; longest branches (1.4)3-27 cm, with (5)50-140 spikelets per branch; secondary branches usually spreading. Spikelets 3-5.2 mm. Glumes unequal; lower glumes 2.3-3.6 mm, 1(2)-veined; upper glumes 3-4.8 mm, shorter than to longer than the lemmas, 3-veined; lemmas 2.4-4.8 mm; anthers 1.3-3.5 mm. 2n = 28, 42.",321717205 wfo-0001096367,morphology,"Culms (10)15-50(95) cm; uppermost nodes usually in the lowest 1/3 of the culm. Uppermost sheaths usually longer than the blades; blades 1-16 cm long, 1.5-9 mm wide. Panicles 2.5-10(17) cm long, 0.7-3 cm wide; longest branches 0.5-4(6.5) cm, with 3-15(40) spikelets per branch; secondary branches usually appressed, spreading in warmer habitats. Spikelets (3)4-6.5 mm. Glumes subequal; lower glumes 1.8-4.5 mm, 1(3)-veined; upper glumes 2.3-5.5 mm, usually about 1 mm shorter than the lemmas, (1)3-veined; lemmas 3-6.5 mm; anthers 1.8-4 mm. 2n = 56.",321717205 wfo-4000002916,morphology,"Perennials, (2.5–)5–40 cm (taller in fruit, rhizomatous). Stems 1 (per rosette), ascending, usually simple, sometimes branched distally, glabrous or ± woolly (hairs basifixed). Leaves (not marcescent) basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile (distal); blades (± fleshy) fan-shaped, cuneate, or spatulate to narrowly lanceolate (distally), usually pinnati-palmately lobed (lobes 3–7), ultimate margins coarsely crenate, dentate (at apices of lobes), or entire (distally), faces ± woolly, glabrescent. Heads radiate, borne singly or in 2s or 3s. Involucres patelliform to hemispheric, 13–29 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, (22–)25–34(–44) in 3(–4) series, distinct, lanceolate to oblong, unequal, margins and apices (hyaline and colorless or brownish) scarious. Receptacles dome-shaped (glabrous), epaleate. Ray florets (9–)14–25(–30), pistillate, fertile; corollas white, laminae lance-elliptic or elliptic to oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Disc florets 140–360+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes broadly cylindric, throats campanulate, lobes 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae cylindro-obconic, ribs 5–8(–10), faces glabrous, usually gland-dotted (pericarps without myxogenic cells or resin sacs; embryo sac development monosporic); pappi 0. x = 9.",321717205 wfo-4000002916,distribution,"n North America; n Eurasia (Russia), ne Asia (Pacific coast).",321717205 wfo-0000138412,morphology,"Perennials, forming tufts of 1–10+ rosettes; rhizomes at or below ground, fleshy, tough, branched; taproots (young plants) 3–6(–10) mm diam. Stems glabrous or sparsely woolly proximally to ± densely white-woolly near heads. Leaves sometimes glaucous; petioles 0–95 mm; bases cuneate to truncate, sheathing to clasping (distal), margins revolute, teeth obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronulate, faces glabrous or sparsely woolly, glabrescent; basal and proximal cauline blades ± fan-shaped to cuneate or spatulate, 6–50 × 4–35 mm, lobes usually 3–7, apices blunt; distal blades linear, 4–35 × 1–28(–40) mm, bases attenuate, margins crenate, dentate, or entire, apices acute or obtuse; faces ± woolly, glabrescent. Peduncles usually bracteate, bracts 0–4, linear-lanceolate to linear, 6–19 mm. Ray laminae 8–12 mm. Disc corollas: tubes greenish yellow, (1.1–)1.4–2 mm, throats and lobes yellow turning brownish, throats 0.7–1 mm, sometimes very sparsely glandular, lobes (0.25–)0.4–0.6 mm. Cypselae 1.5–2.5 mm. 2n = 18 (72?).",321717205 wfo-0000138412,distribution,"B.C., Man., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Yukon; Alaska; Coastal Alaska and low-arctic Canada, arctic Eurasia, ne Asia (s to Japan).",321717205 wfo-0000030940,morphology,"Plants 10–40 cm (more in fruit). Stems sometimes branched. Leaves basal and cauline (cauline to beyond midstem, regularly distributed); basal and proximal: petioles 15–95 mm, blades fan-shaped to cuneate or spatulate, 15–50 × 4–35 mm, 3–5(–7)-lobed; cauline: petioles 0–55 mm, blades 6–35 × 4–28 mm. Heads 1–2(–3), 19–29 mm diam. (flattened, excluding rays). Peduncular bracts 9–19 × 1–2 mm. Ray laminae (15–)17–25(–31) × (3.2–)3.4–5.5(–8.2) mm, veins (5–)8–10(–12).",321717205 wfo-0000030940,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000030940,elevation,"0–10 m",321717205 wfo-0000030940,habitat,"Open, coastal, wet, brackish habitats on clay, sand, gravel or rocks, upper tidal marshes, brackish coastal meadows, coastal herbaceous or heath tundras, sloughs, coastal rocks, flood plains and bars at mouths of streams",321717205 wfo-0000030940,distribution,"B.C.; Alaska; ne Asia (Japan, Russian East Coast).",321717205 wfo-0000113017,morphology,"Plants (2.5–)5–20(–26) cm (more in fruit). Stems not branched. Leaves mostly basal (cauline to midstem at most); basal and proximal: petioles 4–50 mm, blades cuneate to spatulate, 6–30 × 4–16 mm, mostly 0–3-lobed; cauline: petioles 0 or 10–25 mm, blades 4–23 × 1–8 mm. Heads 1(–2), 13–20 mm diam. (flattened, excluding rays). Peduncular bracts 6–12 × 1 mm. Ray laminae (7–)9–18(–21) × (1.5–)1.8–4.3 mm, veins 4–5(–12). 2n = 18.",321717205 wfo-0000113017,phenology,"Flowering summer.",321717205 wfo-0000113017,elevation,"0–10 m",321717205 wfo-0000113017,habitat,"Open, coastal, wet, brackish habitats on clay, sand, gravel, or rocks, beaches near tideline, coastal dunes, beach meadows, carex salt marshes, estuarine marshes and flood plains, coastal tundra",321717205 wfo-0000113017,distribution,"Man., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Yukon; Alaska; arctic Russia.",321717205 wfo-0000080260,morphology,"Plants to 50–300 cm. Basal leaves: petioles hollow (sometimes only at base), 15–50 cm, thinly to densely cobwebby; blades 30–60 × 15–35 cm, coarsely dentate to subentire (rarely deeply dissected), abaxially ± thinly gray-tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely short-hairy. Heads in racemiform or paniculiform clusters, sessile to pedunculate. Peduncles 0–9.5 cm. Involucres 15–40 mm diam. Phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, glabrous to densely cobwebby, inner often purplish tinged, margins often minutely serrate with fine teeth, puberulent with glandular and or eglandular hairs. Florets 30+; corollas purple, pink, or white, 7.5–12 mm, glabrous or limb glandular-puberulent. Cypselae dark brown or with darker spots, 5–8 mm; pappus bristles 1–3.5 mm. 2n = 32 (Germany), 36 (as A. nemorosum).",321717205 wfo-0000080260,phenology,"Flowering summer–early fall (Jul–Sep).",321717205 wfo-0000080260,elevation,"0–2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000080260,habitat,"Waste places, roadsides, fields, forest clearings",321717205 wfo-0000080260,distribution,"Introduced; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-0000130944,morphology,"Plants to 250 cm. Basal leaves: petioles hollow or solid, 10–15 cm, glandular-hairy; blades 30–40 × 16–28 cm, coarsely dentate to subentire, abaxially white-tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely short-hairy. Heads usually in corymbiform clusters, long-pedunculate. Peduncles 1.5–12 cm. Involucres 15–25 mm diam., densely cobwebby (rarely glabrate). Phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, inner usually purplish, margins with minute spreading or reflexed glandular hairs. Florets 30+; corollas rose-purple, (occasionally white), 9–13 mm, limb minutely glandular. Cypselae light brown, 5–8 mm; pappus bristles 1–3 mm. 2n = 36.",321717205 wfo-0000130944,phenology,"Flowering summer–early fall (Jul–Oct).",321717205 wfo-0000130944,elevation,"0–1600 m",321717205 wfo-0000130944,habitat,"Waste places, roadsides, fields, forest clearings",321717205 wfo-0000130944,distribution,"Introduced; Alta., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Colo., Conn., Maine, Mass., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.Dak., Ohio, S.Dak., Vt.; Eurasia.",321717205 wfo-4000002927,morphology,"Herbs, perennial, evergreen, cespitose, scapose or very short-caulescent and subscapose, from taproots. Stems (caudices) when present leafy, erect, branching, covered with marcescent leaf bases. Leaves all or mostly basal and rosulate, petiolate; blade cuneate to fan-shaped, 1×-lobed distally, glaucous, long-pilose, hairs flexuous, barbed; margins entire; lobes acute, long-bristled. Inflorescences terminal, cymiform, simple or branching; bracts present; buds nodding. Flowers: sepals 2 or 3, distinct; petals persistent, 4 or 6; stamens many; pistil 3-6-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; style 1 and short, or absent; stigmas 1 per carpel, connate, capitate, cordately 2-lobed. Capsules erect, 3-6-valved, dehiscing from apex leaving persistent placental ribs unseparated at apex, valve tips recurving. Seeds several to many, dark brown, shining, ovoid, 1.5-3 mm, aril present. x = 12.",321717205 wfo-4000002927,distribution,"North America (Mojave Desert).",321717205 wfo-0000543420,morphology,"Plants subscapose, to 6 dm. Leaves 3-20 cm; blade shallowly to deeply 3-7-lobed distally, 5 cm wide distally, copiously long-pilose, sometimes also minutely hirsute. Inflorescences 3-20-flowered, branching, glabrous throughout or long-pilose proximally; buds glabrous. Flowers: sepals glabrous; petals caducous, 6, deep yellow, 2.5-4 cm; filaments not dilated distally; style absent. Capsules persistent, obconic, 1-2.5 cm, dehiscing not more than 1/4 length. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0000543420,phenology,"Flowering mid spring; fruiting early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000543420,elevation,"500-1000 m",321717205 wfo-0000543420,habitat,"Barren shales that are heavily gypsiferous or otherwise chemically unusual (borate-bearing, lithium-bearing), creosote bush zone",321717205 wfo-0000543420,distribution,"Ariz., Nev., Utah.",321717205 wfo-0001090286,morphology,"Plants subscapose, to 2.5 dm. Leaves 1-8 cm; blade shallowly to deeply 3-5-lobed distally, to 1.6 cm wide distally, minutely hirsute, sparsely long-pilose. Inflorescences 2-7-flowered, branching, glabrous or nearly so; buds glabrous. Flowers: sepals glabrous; petals marcescent, 4, white, 1.2-2.5 cm; filaments somewhat dilated distally; style 1 mm. Capsules ovoid, 0.8-1.5 cm, dehiscing 1/3-1/2 length, deciduous soon after. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0001090286,phenology,"Flowering late spring; fruiting mid summer.",321717205 wfo-0001090286,elevation,"700-1100 m",321717205 wfo-0001090286,habitat,"Barren, heavily gypsiferous shales, creosote bush zone",321717205 wfo-0001090286,distribution,"Utah.",321717205 wfo-0000543422,morphology,"Plants scapose, to 4 dm. Leaves 4-12 cm; blade nearly unlobed to shallowly 3-7-lobed distally, to 3.5 cm wide distally, copiously long-pilose. Inflorescences 1(-6)-flowered, simple, glabrous; buds long-pilose. Flowers: sepals copiously long-pilose; petals caducous, 6, white, 2.5-4 cm; filaments dilated distally; style 1-1.5 mm. Capsules persistent, oblanceoloid, 2.5-4 cm, dehiscing not more than 1/4 length. 2n = 24.",321717205 wfo-0000543422,phenology,"Flowering mid spring; fruiting early summer.",321717205 wfo-0000543422,elevation,"600-1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000543422,habitat,"Barren, calcareous, scree slopes and weakly gypsiferous shales interbedded with marine limestones, creosote bush and blackbrush zones",321717205 wfo-0000543422,distribution,"Calif., Nev.",321717205 wfo-4000002928,morphology,"Plants perennial; rhizomatous, sometimes producing aquatic leaves when submerged. Culms (5)10-100 cm, erect, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Sheaths of aquatic leaves closed to near the apices, translucent, pale pinkish brown; collars inconspicuous; ligules acute; blades pinkish brown. Sheaths of aerial leaves usually closed for over 1/2 their length, sometimes open to the base, opaque, green to olive-green, glabrous; collars conspicuous as a zone of contrasting color; auricles absent; ligules membranous, truncate, lacerate; blades usually flat, glabrous, upper blades conspicuously longer than the lower blades. Inflorescences open panicles; branches stiff and ascending to pendulous, glabrous, some branches longer than 1 cm. Spikelets pedicellate, somewhat laterally compressed, with (1)2-7(9) florets; rachillas prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret, glabrous; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets. Glumes subequal, broadly lanceolate to ovate, membranous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, 1-3(5)-veined, acute to obtuse, unawned; calluses short, blunt, shortly pubescent to almost glabrous; lemmas ovate, glabrous, membranous to subcoriaceous, with 3(5) obscure veins, lateral veins usually not reaching the lemma apices, apices entire or somewhat erose, obtuse, unawned or rarely the central vein extended as a short mucro to about 0.2 mm; paleas subequal to the lemmas; lodicules 2, free, glabrous, toothed or entire; anthers 3; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, falling free; hila broadly ovate, 1/6 – 1/5 the length of the caryopses. x = 7.",321717205 wfo-4000002928,distribution,"B.C.;Greenland;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Man.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Yukon;Alaska",321717205 wfo-0000848426,morphology,"Culms (5)10-80(100) cm. Ligules (1)2-6(8) mm; blades 2-23 cm long, 1-5(10) mm wide. Panicles 3-20 cm long, (1.5)3-11 cm wide. Spikelets 2.5-7(8) mm. Glumes 1.5-4(5) mm; lower glumes exceeded by the lowest floret; upper glumes shorter than to longer than the lowest floret; lemmas 2.5-4 mm; paleas (1)1.8-4 mm; anthers 1.2-3 mm. Caryopses 1.5-2.2 mm. 2n = 42, 63.",321717205 wfo-0000848426,distribution,"B.C.;Greenland;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);Man.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;Que.;Yukon;Alaska",321717205 wfo-4000002932,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, either burled and resprouting after fire or not burled and killed by fire; bark usually promptly exfoliating, reddish, (thin), or, sometimes, persistent, gray, rough, shredded (A. morroensis, A. nissenana, A. nummularia, A. osoensis, A. pajaroensis, A. rudis, A. tomentosa). Stems prostrate to erect, glabrous or hairy, sometimes glandular. Leaves (usually spreading, sometimes erect, sometimes overlapping when petiole is short), usually isofacial, sometimes bifacial in stomatal distribution (stomata present only on abaxial surface) and usually in color or pubescence (A. andersonii, A. crustacea, A. edmundsii, A. insularis, A. morroensis, A. nummularia, A. pajaroensis, A. pumila, A. sensitiva, A. tomentosa, A. uva-ursi); petiole absent or present; blade ovate to elliptic, coriaceous, margins entire (serrulate in A. pacifica, rarely so in young plants or resprouts, sometimes ciliate), usually plane, rarely revolute, surfaces (smooth to papillate or scabrous), hairy or glabrous. Inflorescences racemes or panicles (panicle branches racemelike), 5–20(–50)-flowered, (partially developing with new stem growth and dormant (immature inflorescences) for 6–9 months, usually pendent, can be erect whenimmature, pendent in flower; bracts persistent, (deciduous after flowering in A. pringlei), tan or light brown, scalelike, sometimes keeled, deltate or ovate, (tips often marcescent), or hue as in leaves, leaflike, narrowly lanceolate and flat, buds usually clustered, bracts imbricate, sometimes buds spread apart on axis, bracts not imbricate); bracteoles absent. Flowers bisexual; sepals persistent, 5 (4 in A. nummularia, A. sensitiva), distinct, ovate to deltate; petals 5 (4 in A. nummularia, A. sensitiva), connate nearly their entire lengths, white to pink, corolla conic to urceolate; stamens (8–)10, included; filaments dilated, (usually hairy at base); anthers (dark red), with 2 (recurved), dorsal awns, dehiscent by terminal pores; ovary 2–10-locular; stigma capitate. Drupes red, reddish brown, or brown, globose or depressed-globose, (exocarp coriaceous, rarely thin), smooth, (mesocarp usually dry, mealy, rarely absent, endocarp multiple-seeded); pyrenes 1–10, connate or not. Seeds 1–10, distinct or connate along radial faces of stony endocarp into 2s or 3s, sometimes connate into single sphere, (triangular-ovoid). x = 13.",321717205 wfo-4000002932,distribution,"North America, Mexico, Central America, Europe, Asia.",321717205 wfo-0000543433,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, (arborescent), 2–5 m; burl absent; twigs densely short-hairy with long, white, gland-tipped hairs. Leaves bifacial in stomatal distribution; petiole to 4 mm; blade bright green, dull, oblong, 4–7 × 1.5–2.5 cm, base auriculate-clasping, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, glabrous. Inflorescences panicles, 4–6-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading, axis 2–3 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely short-hairy with long, white, gland-tipped hairs; bracts not appressed, leaflike, lanceolate, 8–15 mm, apex acute, surfaces short-hairy with long, gland-tipped hairs. Pedicels 6–8 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic; ovary finely glandular-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 6–8 mm diam., finely glandular-hairy, (viscid). Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543433,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543433,elevation,"300-900 m",321717205 wfo-0000543433,habitat,"Chaparral, edges of open forests",321717205 wfo-0000543433,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543450,morphology,"Shrubs, erect, 1–4.5 m; burl absent; twigs densely white-hairy with long, white hairs. Leaves: petiole to 2 mm; blade whitish gray, dull, oblong-ovate to orbiculate-ovate, 1.5–4.5 × 1.5–3 cm, base distinctly lobed, auriculate-clasping, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, gray-canescent, glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 3–5-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (branches crowded, ± obscured by bracts), axis 1–1.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely white-hairy with long, white hairs; bracts somewhat appressed, leaflike, ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 5–15 mm, apex acute, surfaces canescent. Pedicels 4–10 mm, tomentose. Flowers: corolla white to pink, conic; ovary densely white-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 5–10 mm diam., short white-hairy, glabrescent. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543450,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543450,elevation,"300-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000543450,habitat,"Chaparral, open, closed-cone conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0000543450,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543454,morphology,"Shrubs, erect, 1–3 m; burl absent; twigs densely glandular-hairy, puberulent, or finely tomentose with sessile glands. Leaves: petiole 3–8 mm; blade dark green, not glaucous, dull, oblong-ovate to orbiculate-ovate, 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 cm, base usually cuneate, sometimes truncate to rounded, margins entire, plane, surfaces papillate, glandular-hispidulous. Inflorescences panicles, 2–5-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading, axis 1–2 cm, 1+ mm diam., finely glandular-hairy, puberulent, or finely tomentose; bracts not fully appressed, scalelike, deltate to awl-like, 2–4 mm, apex acute, surfaces finely glandular-hairy, puberulent, or finely tomentose. Pedicels 3–5 mm, glabrous. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary glabrous. Fruits depressed-globose, 8–10 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543454,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0001233143,morphology,"Twigs glandular-hairy. Petioles 3–6 mm, papillate, scabrous, glandular-hairy. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis 1–1.5 cm, rachis glandular-hairy; branches ± stout; bracts glandular-hairy. 2n = 52.",321717205 wfo-0001233143,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0001233143,elevation,"200-300 m",321717205 wfo-0001233143,habitat,"Closed-cone conifer chaparral on serpentine soil",321717205 wfo-0001233143,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543466,morphology,"Shrubs, erect, 0.3–3 m; burl absent; twigs densely short soft-hairy to white-tomentose. Leaves: petiole 3–10 mm; blade whitish gray, dull, orbiculate-ovate, ovate, or elliptic, 2–5 × 1–3 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, gray-canescent, glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 1–3-branched, immature inflorescence pendent, (branches crowded, bell-shaped, ± obscured by bracts), axis 1–2 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely short soft-hairy to white-tomentose; bracts not appressed, (spreading), leaflike, wide-lanceolate, 6–20 mm, apex acute, surfaces canescent. Pedicels 5–9 mm, hairy, sometimes glandular. Flowers: corolla white to pink, conic to urceolate; ovary densely white-hairy, sometimes glandular. Fruits depressed-globose, 5–10 mm diam., sparsely hairy or glabrous, sometimes sparsely glandular. Stones distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543466,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0001047821,morphology,"Twigs densely short soft-hairy, eglandular. Immature inflorescence axes densely hairy, eglandular. Pedicels densely hairy, eglandular. Fruits densely hairy, glabrescent, eglandular. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0001047821,phenology,"Flowering early winter–late spring.",321717205 wfo-0001047821,elevation,"400-1700 m",321717205 wfo-0001047821,habitat,"Chaparral, open forests",321717205 wfo-0001047821,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000543472,morphology,"Twigs softly white-hairy and glandular-hairy. Immature inflorescence axes glandular-hairy. Pedicels glandular-hairy. Fruits glandular-hairy.",321717205 wfo-0000543472,phenology,"Flowering early winter–late spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543472,elevation,"400-1700 m",321717205 wfo-0000543472,habitat,"Chaparral, open forests",321717205 wfo-0000543472,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543474,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, 2–5 m; burl absent; twigs densely glandular-hairy with long, white hairs. Leaves: petiole 2–6 mm; blade green-glaucescent, dull, lanceolate-ovate to elliptic, 2–5 × 1.5–3 cm, base truncate to ± slightly lobed, margins entire or ± serrate, plane, surfaces papillate, scabridulous, glandular-hispid. Inflorescences panicles, 4–10-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches ± spreading, axis 2–3 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely glandular-hairy with long, white hairs; bracts not appressed, (overlapping on distal 1/2, green), leaflike, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 6–10(–15) mm, apex acute, surfaces sparsely glandular-hairy. Pedicels 2–5 mm, densely white-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary densely white-hairy, sparsely glandular-hairy. Fruits globose, 8–15 mm diam., sparsely hairy. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543474,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543474,elevation,"0-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000543474,habitat,"Chaparral, open woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000543474,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543480,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, 2–5 m; burl absent; twigs densely short-hairy, usually with long, white hairs, often glandular. Leaves: petiole 4–10 mm; blade dark green, dull, lanceolate-ovate to narrowly oblong-ovate, 4–6 × 2–3 cm, base cuneate to ± rounded, margins entire, plane, surfaces ± papillate, finely scabrous, finely hairy, sparsely glandular-hairy. Inflorescences panicles, 3–8-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches ± spreading, axis 1.5–2.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely short-hairy, usually with long, white hairs, sometimes glandular; bracts not appressed, (green), leaflike, oblong-lanceolate, 10–18 mm, apex acuminate, surfaces finely glandular-hairy. Pedicels 2–4 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary densely white-hairy, sometimes sparsely glandular. Fruits depressed-globose, 8–11 mm diam., sparsely hairy. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543480,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543480,elevation,"0-1000(-1400) m",321717205 wfo-0000543480,habitat,"Chaparral, gaps and margins of conifer forests along coast, sometimes extending inland, open areas around rock outcrops",321717205 wfo-0000543480,distribution,"B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.",321717205 wfo-0000543487,morphology,"Shrubs, erect, prostrate, or mound-forming, 0.1–2 m; burl absent; twigs densely short-hairy with long, white, glandular hairs. Leaves (overlapping); petiole 4–10 mm; blade light green, dull, ovate to elliptic, 4–6 × 2–3 cm, base cuneate to ± rounded, margins entire, cupped, surfaces ± papillate, finely scabrous, glandular-puberulent, ± glandular-hairy proximally. Inflorescences panicles, 3–5-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading, axis 1.5–2 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely short-hairy with long, white, glandular hairs; bracts not appressed, (crowded), (± densely overlapping near tips), (green), leaflike, ovate to oblanceolate, 8–18 mm, apex acute, surfaces finely glandular-hairy. Pedicels 3–5 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary densely white-hairy, sparsely glandular. Fruits depressed-globose, 8–11 mm diam., sparsely hairy. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543487,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543487,elevation,"0-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000543487,habitat,"Island chaparral, open, closed-cone conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0000543487,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543492,morphology,"Shrubs, erect, 1–3 m; burl present; twigs sparsely to densely short-hairy, sometimes glandular or long-hairy. Leaves bifacial in stomatal distribution; petiole 2–5 mm; blade dull light green abaxially, shiny dark green adaxially, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2–5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, base truncate to ± lobed, margins entire (sometimes toothed), sometimes cupped or ± revolute, abaxial surface smooth, glabrous or sparsely or finely tomentose, adaxial surface smooth, ± glabrous (sometimes densely tomentose). Inflorescences panicles, 2–8-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, rarely ascending, branches spreading, axis 1–2.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely to densely short-hairy, sometimes glandular, or long-hairy eglandular; bracts not appressed, proximal leaflike, distal often scalelike, from scalelike and awl-like to broadly leaflike and deltate to lanceolate, 3–8 mm, apex acute, surfaces glabrous or hairy. Pedicels 2–5 mm, glabrous or short-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary white-hairy or glabrous. Fruits depressed-globose, 6–10 mm diam., glabrous or sparsely hairy. Stones distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543492,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000506393,morphology,"Twigs densely short-hairy and with longer, white hairs. Leaf blade surfaces densely short-hairy abaxially (and sometimes adaxially). Immature inflorescence axes glabrous or hairy, sometimes glandular (not densely glandular-hairy). Ovaries densely hairy.",321717205 wfo-0000506393,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000506393,elevation,"300-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000506393,habitat,"Maritime chaparral and open conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0000506393,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000506394,morphology,"Twigs short-hairy (without longer hairs). Leaf blade surfaces glabrous abaxially. Immature inflorescence axes glabrous or hairy, sometimes glandular (not densely glandular-hairy). Ovaries glabrous.",321717205 wfo-0000506394,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000506394,elevation,"100-200 m",321717205 wfo-0000506394,habitat,"Maritime chaparral and closed-cone conifer forests on siliceous shales",321717205 wfo-0000506394,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000506395,morphology,"Twigs short-hairy (without longer hairs). Leaf blade surfaces tomentose abaxially. Immature inflorescence axes glabrous or hairy, sometimes glandular (not densely glandular-hairy). Ovaries densely hairy.",321717205 wfo-0000506395,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000506395,elevation,"100-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000506395,habitat,"Maritime chaparral on volcanic soils",321717205 wfo-0000506395,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000506396,morphology,"Twigs short-hairy (without longer hairs). Leaf blade surfaces glabrous abaxially. Immature inflorescence axes glabrous or hairy, sometimes glandular (not densely glandular-hairy). Ovaries densely hairy.",321717205 wfo-0000506396,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000506396,elevation,"0-200 m",321717205 wfo-0000506396,habitat,"Maritime chaparral and coastal bluffs, historic stable dunes",321717205 wfo-0000506396,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000506398,morphology,"Twigs sparsely short-hairy and densely glandular-hairy. Leaf blade surfaces ± finely tomentose, densely glandular-hairy, ± papillate abaxially. Immature inflorescence axes densely glandular-hairy. Ovaries white-hairy, sparsely glandular.",321717205 wfo-0000506398,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000506398,elevation,"100-600 m",321717205 wfo-0000506398,habitat,"Island chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000506398,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543496,morphology,"Shrubs, prostrate or mat- or mound-forming, 0.1–1 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely short-hairy to sparsely hairy. Leaves: petiole to 2 mm; blade bright green, shiny, oblong-ovate, 1.5–3 × 1–2.5 cm, base auriculate-clasping, margins entire or toothed, plane, (hairy-ciliate proximally), surfaces smooth, finely tomentose, glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 1–3-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (branches crowded, bell-shaped, concealed by bracts), axis 0.5–1.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely short-hairy and hairy; bracts appressed, leaflike, lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 5–15 mm, apex acute, surfaces hairy. Pedicels 4–5 mm, sparsely hairy. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary densely white-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 8–10 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543496,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543496,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000543496,habitat,"Maritime chaparral, grasslands on alluvial and fluvial soils",321717205 wfo-0000543496,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543499,morphology,"Shrubs, erect or mound-forming, ca. 1 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely short-hairy. Leaves: petiole 4–5 mm; blade bright green, lustrous, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, 1–2.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, sparsely puberulent. Inflorescences panicles, 3–5-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (compact), branches ± spreading, axis 1–1.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely short-hairy; bracts not appressed, scalelike, deltate to awl-like, 1.5–3 mm (longer than buds), apex acute, surfaces glabrous. Pedicels 4–5 mm, glabrous. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary glabrous. Fruits subglobose, 5–6 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543499,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543499,elevation,"100 m",321717205 wfo-0000543499,habitat,"Acidic marine sands",321717205 wfo-0000543499,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543503,morphology,"Shrubs, prostrate or mound-forming, 0.2–1.5 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely short-hairy. Leaves bifacial in stomatal distribution; petiole 2–3 mm; blade dark green, lustrous, orbiculate to orbiculate-ovate, 1–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, base truncate to ± lobed, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, sparsely puberulent. Inflorescences panicles, 2–5-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (branches crowded), axis 0.5–1 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely short-hairy; bracts not appressed, scalelike, deltate to awl-like, 3–5 mm, apex acute, surfaces sparsely hairy or glabrous. Pedicels 3–4 mm, sparsely hairy or glabrous. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary sparsely hairy or glabrous. Fruits subglobose, 6–8 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543503,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543503,elevation,"0-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000543503,habitat,"Steep, rocky slopes and bluffs near ocean",321717205 wfo-0000543503,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543508,morphology,"Shrubs, prostrate or mat-forming, 0.2–1.5 m; burl absent; twigs gray-hairy. Leaves: petiole 3–5 mm, (eglandular); blade bright green, shiny, oblanceolate, 1.5–2 × 0.5–1 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, ± puberulent, glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 1–3-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (branches compact), axis 0.5–1 cm, 1+ mm diam., gray-hairy; bracts appressed, scalelike (basalmost leaflike), awl-shaped, (concave when fresh), 3–4 mm, apex acute, surfaces glabrous. Pedicels 2–6 mm, glabrous. Flowers: corolla white to pink, urceolate; ovary canescent. Fruits globose, 6–8 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543508,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543508,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000543508,habitat,"Maritime chaparral, serpentine soils",321717205 wfo-0000543508,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543509,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, 1–5 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely short-hairy with sessile glands among hairs. Leaves: petiole 1–4 mm; blade gray-glaucous, dull, ovate, 1.5–3.5 × 1.1–2.4 cm, base distinctly lobed, auriculate-clasping, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, canescent, glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 1–4-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading, axis 1–3 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely short-hairy with sessile glands among hairs; bracts not appressed, (spreading), scalelike (lowermost leaflike), deltate, 3–5 mm, (fleshy), apex mucronate, surfaces hairy. Pedicels 8–10 mm, hairy or glabrous. Flowers: corolla white to pink, conic to urceolate; ovary glabrous, (not viscid). Fruits globose, 10–15 mm diam., glabrous, (not viscid). Stones connate into single sphere. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543509,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543509,elevation,"300-700 m",321717205 wfo-0000543509,habitat,"Chaparral on decomposing granites",321717205 wfo-0000543509,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543512,morphology,"Shrubs, erect or mound-forming, 1–3 m; burl present; twigs tomentose to short-hairy, with eglandular hairs or with long, clear, pink or dark, glandular hairs. Leaves: petiole 5–10 mm; blade bright green, slightly glaucous to strongly gray-glaucous, shiny or dull, elliptic to ovate, 2–4.5 × 1–2.5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, sometimes ± lobed or truncate, margins entire or toothed, plane, surfaces papillate, scabrous or smooth, glabrous or glandular-puberulent to -hairy, puberulent, or finely tomentose, sometimes glabrescent; (abaxial surface sometimes with more stomata than adaxial surface). Inflorescences panicles, 3–6-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (branches crowded, not concealed by bracts), axis 1–3 cm, 1+ mm diam., short-hairy to hairy, with or without glandular hairs; bracts not appressed, variable, from scalelike and awl-like to leaflike and deltate, lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate (at least at base), 3–10 mm, apex acute, surfaces hairy or finely glandular-hairy. Pedicels 3–10 mm, sparsely hairy to finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white to pink, conic to urceolate; ovary densely white-hairy, sometimes glandular. Fruits slightly (or markedly) depressed-globose, 6–10 mm diam., glabrous or finely glandular-hairy, (viscid). Stones usually mostly distinct, sometimes connate.",321717205 wfo-0000543512,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.; nw Mexico.",321717205 wfo-0000543514,morphology,"Twigs sparsely short-hairy, not glandular-hairy. Leaf blades strongly white-glaucous, base rounded, sometimes ± lobed to truncate, surfaces smooth, glabrous. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis densely white-hairy; bracts densely white-hairy. Pedicels densely white-hairy. Ovaries densely white-hairy. Fruits slightly depressed-globose. Stones distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543514,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543514,elevation,"50-2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000543514,habitat,"Interior chaparral chiefly on granitic rocks",321717205 wfo-0000543514,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000543522,morphology,"Twigs sparsely short-hairy, not glandular-hairy. Leaf blades dark green, margins often reddish, base cuneate to rounded, surfaces smooth, glabrous. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis densely white-hairy; bracts densely white-hairy. Pedicels densely white-hairy. Ovaries densely white-hairy. Fruits markedly flattened depressed-globose. Stones usually distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543522,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543522,elevation,"10-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000543522,habitat,"Maritime chaparral and closed-cone conifer forests on sandstone coastal bluffs",321717205 wfo-0000543522,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000508405,morphology,"Twigs sparsely short-hairy, not glandular-hairy. Leaf blades green or gray-green, base cuneate to rounded, surfaces smooth, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis densely white-hairy; bracts densely white-hairy. Pedicels densely white-hairy. Ovaries densely white-hairy. Fruits slightly flattened depressed-globose. Stones usually distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000508405,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000508405,elevation,"300-1900 m",321717205 wfo-0000508405,habitat,"Pure and mixed chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000508405,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000508406,morphology,"Twigs sparsely short-hairy, not glandular-hairy. Leaf blades dark green to moderately gray-green, base cuneate to rounded, surfaces smooth, sparsely puberulent, glabrescent. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis densely white-hairy; bracts densely white-hairy. Pedicels densely white-hairy. Ovaries densely white-hairy. Fruits slightly depressed-globose. Stones mostly connate into single, sometimes weakly connate sphere.",321717205 wfo-0000508406,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000508406,elevation,"1300-1500 m",321717205 wfo-0000508406,habitat,"Chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000508406,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0001047620,morphology,"Twigs glandular-hairy, sometimes short-hairy proximally. Leaf blades green to gray-green, base cuneate to rounded, surfaces papillate, scabrous, or smooth, glandular-puberulent or sparsely puberulent. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis densely white-hairy and usually glandular-hairy; bracts densely white-hairy and usually glandular-hairy. Pedicels densely white-hairy and usually glandular-hairy. Ovaries densely white-hairy and usually glandular-hairy. Fruits slightly depressed-globose. Stones distinct. 2n = 52.",321717205 wfo-0001047620,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0001047620,elevation,"300-1900 m",321717205 wfo-0001047620,habitat,"Chaparral, often on steep, rocky slopes",321717205 wfo-0001047620,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000543527,morphology,"Twigs densely to sparsely short-hairy, not glandular-hairy. Leaf blades green to gray-green, base cuneate to rounded, surfaces papillate, scabrous, glandular-hairy, or smooth, sparsely puberulent. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis sparsely to densely glandular-hairy; bracts sparsely to densely glandular-hairy. Pedicels sparsely hairy. Ovaries densely white-hairy, sometimes glandular. Fruits slightly depressed-globose. Stones distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543527,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543527,elevation,"500- 1800 m",321717205 wfo-0000543527,habitat,"Chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000543527,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543530,morphology,"Twigs short-hairy and with longer, white hairs, not glandular-hairy. Leaf blades bright green, shiny, base cuneate to rounded, surfaces smooth, glabrous. Inflorescences: immature inflorescence axis densely white-hairy; bracts densely white-hairy. Pedicels densely white-hairy. Ovaries densely white-hairy. Fruits slightly depressed-globose. Stones distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543530,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543530,elevation,"600-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000543530,habitat,"interior chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000543530,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543536,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, mound-forming, 1–8 m; burl absent; twigs usually glabrous, sometimes short-hairy or glandular-hairy. Leaves: petiole 7–15 mm; blade white-glaucous, dull, oblong-ovate to ± orbiculate, 2.5–5 × 2–4 cm, base rounded, truncate, or slightly lobed, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, glabrous. Inflorescences panicles, 4–8-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading, axis 2–3 cm, 1+ mm diam., usually glabrous, sometimes short-hairy or glandular-hairy; bracts not appressed, (spreading), scalelike, deltate, 3–6 mm, (fleshy), apex mucronate, surfaces glabrous; (buds exposed). Pedicels 8–10 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary densely glandular-viscid. Fruits globose, 12–15 mm diam., glabrous, (viscid). Stones connate into single sphere. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543536,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543536,elevation,"300-2200 m",321717205 wfo-0000543536,habitat,"Rocky slopes, chaparral, woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000543536,distribution,"Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).",321717205 wfo-0000543545,morphology,"Shrubs, erect, 1–2 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely to densely soft-hairy with some glandular hairs. Leaves: petiole to 4 mm; blade glaucous, dull, oblong to oblong-ovate, 2–5 × 1–3 cm, base distinctly lobed, auriculate-clasping, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, gray-canescent, glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 2–4-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading, curved, (obscured by bracts), axis 1.5–2.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely to densely soft-hairy with glandular hairs; bracts not appressed, leaflike, oblong-lanceolate, 5–15 mm, apex acute, surfaces canescent. Pedicels 5–8 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary densely long white-hairy, hairs often gland-tipped. Fruits depressed-globose, 7–14 mm diam., glandular-hairy, (viscid). Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543545,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543545,elevation,"500- 700 m",321717205 wfo-0000543545,habitat,"Chaparral, closed-cone conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0000543545,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543549,morphology,"Shrubs, erect or mound-forming, 1–3 m; burl absent; twigs finely glandular-hairy. Leaves: petiole 3–6 mm; blade dark green, dull, elliptic to oblanceolate, 1–3 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane, surfaces scabrous, papillate, finely glandular-hairy. Inflorescences panicles, 3–6-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading or ascending to erect, axis 1–2 cm, to 1 mm diam., finely glandular-hairy; bracts tightly appressed, scalelike, awl-like, 2–4 mm (equaling buds), apex acuminate, surfaces finely glandular-hairy; (buds scattered along inflorescence axis, round, appearing as “beads”). Pedicels 3–5 mm, glabrous. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary glabrous. Fruits subglobose, 5–7 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543549,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543549,elevation,"100-1100 m",321717205 wfo-0000543549,habitat,"Serpentine chaparral and open forests on sandstone",321717205 wfo-0000543549,distribution,"Calif., Oreg.",321717205 wfo-0000543551,morphology,"Shrubs, prostrate or erect, mat- or mound-forming, 0.1–1.5 m; burl absent; bark on older stems persistent, reddish, smooth; twigs sparsely short-hairy. Leaves: petiole 1–8 mm; blade bright green, shiny, narrow-elliptic (rhombic) or lanceolate-elliptic to widely elliptic, 0.8–3 × 0.4–1.5 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, ± puberulent, glabrescent. Inflorescences racemes, simple or 1-branched; immature inflorescence pendent (crook-necked), axis 0.3–1 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely short-hairy; bracts not appressed, (weakly spreading), (congested), (dark green), scalelike, deltate, (globose, cuplike), 2–5 mm, apex acute, surfaces glabrous. Pedicels 2–6 mm, glabrous. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary glabrous. Fruits globose, 3–6 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543551,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543553,morphology,"Plants prostrate, sparsely mat-forming, 0.1–0.2 m. Leaves: petiole 1–3 mm; blade narrow-elliptic (diamond-shaped), 0.8–1.2 × 0.4–0.7 cm.",321717205 wfo-0000543553,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543553,elevation,"0-100 m",321717205 wfo-0000543553,habitat,"Coastal prairies",321717205 wfo-0000543553,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0001047607,morphology,"Plants erect or mound-forming, 0.5–1.5 m. Leaves: petiole 4–8 mm; blade ± elliptic, 2–3 × 1–1.5 cm.",321717205 wfo-0001047607,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0001047607,elevation,"0-200 m",321717205 wfo-0001047607,habitat,"Maritime chaparral and closed-cone conifer forests on stable dunes and sandstone uplands",321717205 wfo-0001047607,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543556,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, 2–8 m; burl absent; twigs densely fine-hairy, with long, white, gland-tipped hairs. Leaves: petiole 3–6 mm; blade glaucous, dull, oblong to ovate, 4–6 × 2–3 cm, base lobed, auriculate, (not clasping), margins entire, plane, surfaces papillate, scabrous, glandular-hairy, ± glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 4–6-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (concealed by bracts), axis 1.5–2.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely fine-hairy with long, white, gland-tipped hairs; bracts not appressed, leaflike, lanceolate, 8–20 mm, apex acuminate, surfaces glandular-hairy. Pedicels 8–15 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary finely glandular-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 6–10 mm diam., glandular-hairy, (viscid). Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543556,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543556,elevation,"900-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000543556,habitat,"Chaparral, open conifer forests",321717205 wfo-0000543556,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543558,morphology,"Shrubs, prostrate or mat- or mound-forming, 0.1–1 m; burl absent; twigs densely fine-hairy with long, gland-tipped hairs. Leaves: petiole to 2 mm; blade light green, dull, orbiculate to orbiculate-ovate, 2.5–4 × 2–3 cm, base auriculate-clasping, margins entire, plane, surfaces papillate, ± scabrous, sparsely glandular-hairy. Inflorescences panicles, 3–5-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (branches densely clustered, ± sessile), axis 0.5–1 cm, 1+ mm diam., densely fine-hairy with long, gland-tipped hairs; bracts appressed, leaflike, ovate, 5–10 mm, apex acute, surfaces glandular-hairy. Pedicels 3–5 mm, densely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary densely glandular-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 6–7 mm diam., glandular-hairy, (± viscid). Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543558,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543558,elevation,"100-200 m",321717205 wfo-0000543558,habitat,"Maritime chaparral on sandstone outcroppings",321717205 wfo-0000543558,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543562,morphology,"Shrubs, erect, (arborescent), 2–5 m; burl absent; (lower stems reddish with glaucous patches); twigs glabrous, sometimes sparsely short-hairy or sparsely glandular-hairy. Leaves bifacial in stomatal distribution; petiole 4–8 mm; blade bright green, lustrous, oblong-elliptic, 2.5–4.5 × 1–3 cm, base rounded, margins entire, ± cupped, surfaces smooth, glabrous. Inflorescences panicles, 5–10-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading, ascending, or erect, axis 2–3 cm, 1+ mm diam., glabrous, sometimes sparsely short-hairy or sparsely glandular-hairy, (buds ± spread apart); bracts not appressed, scalelike, deltate, 1.5–3 mm, apex acute, surfaces finely glandular-hairy. Pedicels 6–9 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary glabrous or sparsely glandular-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 8–15 mm diam., sparsely hairy or glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543562,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543562,elevation,"200-400 m",321717205 wfo-0000543562,habitat,"Island chaparral and woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000543562,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543568,morphology,"Shrubs, prostrate or mat-forming, 0.1–0.5 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely glandular-hairy. Leaves: petiole 4–7 mm, (glandular-hairy); blade glaucous, dull, obovate to oblanceolate or widely elliptic, 1–3.5 × 0.5–2.5 cm, base cuneate or obtuse, margins entire, plane, surfaces papillate, ± scabrous, midvein sparsely, finely glandular-hairy. Inflorescences racemes, simple or 1-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (globose), axis 0.5–1 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely glandular-hairy; bracts not appressed, scalelike, awl-like, 2–5 mm, apex acute, surfaces glandular-hairy. Pedicels 3–6 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, urceolate; ovary glandular-hairy. Fruits globose, 6–7 mm diam., glabrous. Stones connate into single sphere. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543568,phenology,"Flowering late spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543568,elevation,"1600-2000 m",321717205 wfo-0000543568,habitat,"Open, subalpine forests on soils derived from gabbro",321717205 wfo-0000543568,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543577,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, 2–3 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely short-hairy. Leaves: petiole to 2 mm; blade glaucous, dull, ovate to ± orbiculate, 2–4 × 1.5–2.5 cm, base distinctly lobed, auriculate-clasping, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, appressed gray-canescent to finely tomen-tose, glabrescent. Inflorescences racemes, simple or 1-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, (branches crowded, concealed by bracts), axis 0.5–1 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely short-hairy; bracts not appressed, leaflike, linear-lanceolate, 5–10 mm, apex acuminate, surfaces canescent. Pedicels 5–10 mm, glabrous. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary glabrous. Fruits depressed-globose, 6–12 mm diam., glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543577,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543577,elevation,"300-500 m",321717205 wfo-0000543577,habitat,"Chaparral",321717205 wfo-0000543577,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543579,morphology,"Shrubs, erect or mound-forming, 1–3 m; burl absent; twigs sparsely short-hairy, viscid glandular-hairy. Leaves: petiole 5–10 mm; blade glaucous, dull, orbiculate to ovate, 2–3 × 1.5–2.5 cm, base rounded, truncate, or ± lobed, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth, gray-canescent or densely white-tomentose, glabrescent. Inflorescences panicles, 2–5-branched; immature inflorescence pendent, branches spreading or ascending, axis 1–2 cm, 1+ mm diam., sparsely short-hairy, viscid glandular-hairy; bracts appressed, scalelike, linear-lanceolate, 3–5 mm, apex acute, surfaces canescent. Pedicels 6–9 mm, finely glandular-hairy. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary densely white-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 7–9 mm diam., hairy or glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 26.",321717205 wfo-0000543579,phenology,"Flowering winter–late spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543579,elevation,"200-1200 m",321717205 wfo-0000543579,habitat,"Chaparral, open forests",321717205 wfo-0000543579,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543580,morphology,"Shrubs or trees, erect, 2–8 m; burl absent or prominent, globose; twigs glabrous, sparsely short-hairy, or glandular-hairy. Leaves: petiole 6–12 mm; blade bright green or glaucous, shiny or dull, widely ovate or oblong-ovate to obovate, 2–5 × 1–3.5 cm, base rounded to ± cuneate, margins entire, plane, surfaces smooth or scabrous, puberulent or veins finely hairy. Inflorescences panicles, 3–7-branched; immature inflorescence ± abruptly deflexed, branches spreading, axis 1.5–4.5 cm, 1+ mm diam., glabrous, sparsely short-hairy, or sparsely glandular-hairy, not viscid; bracts not fully appressed, scalelike, deltate, 2–4 mm, apex mucronate or acuminate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy to finely glandular-hairy. Pedicels 3–8 mm, glabrous. Flowers: corolla white, conic to urceolate; ovary glabrous or minutely stipitate glandular-hairy. Fruits depressed-globose, 8–12 mm diam., hairy or glabrous, stipitate-glandular or smooth. Stones distinct, sometimes connate.",321717205 wfo-0000543580,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543585,morphology,"Plants killed by fire; burl absent; twigs glabrous or sparsely short-hairy. Leaf blades dull green, not glaucous. Inflorescences: axis 1 mm diam. Ovaries glandular-hairy. Fruits glandular-hairy. Stones often connate into single sphere, sometimes distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543585,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543585,elevation,"600-1400 m",321717205 wfo-0000543585,habitat,"Chaparral, upper foothill woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000543585,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0000543586,morphology,"Plants killed by fire; burl absent; twigs glabrous or sparsely short-hairy. Leaf blades shiny green. Inflorescences: axis (few-branched), 1+ mm diam.; (branches to 15 mm in immature phase) Ovaries glabrous. Fruits glabrous. Stones distinct.",321717205 wfo-0000543586,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring.",321717205 wfo-0000543586,elevation,"500-1100 m",321717205 wfo-0000543586,habitat,"Chaparral, foothill woodlands",321717205 wfo-0000543586,distribution,"Calif.",321717205 wfo-0001047609,morphology,"Plants killed by fire; burl absent; twigs glabrous or sparsely short-hairy. Leaf blades dull to shiny green, not glaucous. Inflorescences: axis (many-branched), 1 mm diam.; (branches usually 15–25 mm in immature phase). Ovaries glabrous. Fruits glabrous. Stones distinct. 2n = 52.",321717205 wfo-0001047609,phenology,"Flowering winter–early spring."