Prostrate, erect, or rarely climbing herbs (annual or perennial), subshrubs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, usually with cystoliths (except in following Chinese genera: Acanthus, Blepharis, Nelsonia, Ophiorrhiziphyllon, Staurogyne, and Thunbergia), isophyllous (leaf pairs of equal size at each node) or anisophyllous (leaf pairs of unequal size at each node). Branches decussate, terete to angular in cross-section, nodes often swollen, sometimes spinose with spines derived from reduced leaves, bracts, and/or bracteoles. Stipules absent. Leaves opposite [rarely alternate or whorled]; leaf blade margin entire, sinuate, crenate, dentate, or rarely pinnatifid. Inflorescences terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, panicles, or dense clusters, rarely of solitary flowers; bracts 1 per flower or dichasial cluster, large and brightly colored or minute and green, sometimes becoming spinose; bracteoles present or rarely absent, usually 2 per flower. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, bisexual, zygomorphic to subactinomorphic. Calyx synsepalous (at least basally), usually 4- or 5-lobed, rarely (Thunbergia) reduced to an entire cupular ring or 10-20-lobed. Corolla sympetalous, sometimes resupinate 180º by twisting of corolla tube; tube cylindric or funnelform; limb subactinomorphic (i.e., subequally 5-lobed) or zygomorphic (either 2-lipped with upper lip subentire to 2-lobed and lower lip 3-lobed, or rarely 1-lipped with 3 lobes); lobes ascending or descending cochlear, quincuncial, contorted, or open in bud. Stamens epipetalous, included in or exserted from corolla tube, 2 or 4 and didynamous; filaments distinct, connate in pairs, or monadelphous basally via a sheath (Strobilanthes); anthers with 1 or 2 thecae; thecae parallel to perpendicular, equally inserted to superposed, spherical to linear, base muticous or spurred, usually longitudinally dehiscent; staminodes 0-3, consisting of minute projections or sterile filaments. Disk annular and nectar-producing at base of ovary. Ovary superior, 2-locular, placentation axile, with 2 to many ovules per locule; style filiform, simple; stigma funnel-shaped or 2-lobed (one lobe sometimes suppressed), one or both lobes sometimes recurved or recoiled. Fruit a loculicidal, stipitate or not, 2-valved, explosively dehiscent capsule [rarely drupaceous], 2- to many seeded, apex with or without a beak; septa remaining attached to or separating from inner wall of mature capsule. Seeds usually borne on hooklike retinacula (attached to septa of capsule), or retinacula lacking (Nelsonia, Ophiorrhiziphyllon, Staurogyne, Thunbergia), surface smooth or roughened, pubescent or lacking trichomes, sometimes with hygroscopic trichomes that expand when moistened.
About 220 genera and ca. 4,000 species: pantropical and subtropical, with a few species in temperate regions; 35 genera (one endemic) and 304 species (134 endemic, eight introduced) in China.
Pollen characters have traditionally been important in delimiting genera and higher taxa in the family; they are used sparingly in the key below.
Avicennia Linnaeus, usually placed in either Verbenaceae (and treated as such in Fl. China 17: 49. 1994) or Avicenniaceae, is now included in Acanthaceae on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies (e.g., A. E. Schwarzbach & L. A. McDade, Syst. Bot. 27: 84-98. 2002).
The major economic importance of the family is horticultural. Species of Acanthus, Aphelandra R. Brown, Barleria, Crossandra Salisbury, Eranthemum, Fittonia Coemans, Justicia, Odontonema Nees, Pachystachys Nees, Ruellia, Sanchezia Ruiz & Pavon, Thunbergia, and numerous other genera are widely cultivated as ornamentals. Many species are cultivated in China but not treated in the present account. These include: Aphelandra squarrosa Nees, Barleria lupulina
Shrubs or perennial herbs, erect or decumbent, without cystoliths. Leaves opposite [whorled or in a basal cluster], petiolate; leaf blade margin entire, pinnatifid, or spinously toothed. Inflorescences in terminal [or axillary], uninterrupted spikes; bracts imbricate, ovate, growing in size as plant matures, margin spiny; bracteoles 2 or sometimes absent. Calyx 4-lobed, posterior and anterior lobes larger, lateral pair of lobes smaller. Corolla tube very short, horny; limb of a single (lower) lip (upper lip sometimes rudimentary); lip elongate, obtusely 3-lobed. Stamens 4, paired, inserted at top of corolla tube, exserted; filaments stout, thickened, bony; anthers 1-thecous; theca linear-oblong, usually densely bearded, lacking basal appendages; staminodes absent. Ovary with 2 ovules per locule; style slender; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule not stipitate, ellipsoid, shiny, 4-seeded; retinacula present. Seeds ± compressed.
About 20-25 species: tropical and subtropical regions of Old World; three species in China.
Acanthus mollis Linnaeus is cultivated in Chinese gardens so is not treated here.
" 108881 general 1316958 Acanthaceae "Barleria.Shrubs, subshrubs, or perennial herbs, with cystoliths, usually spiny. Leaves opposite, petiolate. Inflorescences axillary cymes (sometimes secund or reduced to dense clusters), terminal spikes, or flowers solitary; bracts present or absent; bracteoles 2, sometimes becoming spinose. Calyx deeply 4-lobed; outer 2 lobes larger [anterior lobe sometimes 2-cleft]; inner 2 lobes smaller. Corolla funnel-shaped, usually large; limb 5-lobed (usually with upper lip appearing 4-lobed); lobes subequal, quincuncial in bud. Stamens [2 or]4 and didynamous, one pair usually greatly reduced and/or sterile; anthers 2-thecous; thecae ± equal in size, equally inserted, lacking basal appendages; staminodes 1 or 3, sometimes bearing very small anthers. Ovary with 2 ovules per locule; stigma 2-cleft or entire. Capsule substipitate or lacking a distinct basal stalk, subellipsoid to ovoid, 2-4-seeded; retinacula present. Seeds discoid, pubescent with appressed hygroscopic trichomes.
About 80-120 species: tropical regions of Africa and Asia, one species in tropical America; four species (one endemic) in China.
Barleria procumbens Loureiro (Fl. Cochinch. 2: 377. 1790) is not treated here because no material was available for study. Barleria lupulina Lindley is only cultivated in China and not treated here.
" 109581 general 1321261 Acanthaceae "Eranthemum.Shrubs or perennial erect herbs with cystoliths. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade margin entire or crenate. Inflorescences terminal or rarely axillary, spikes, lax, sometimes several forming a panicle; bracts sometimes colored, subleaflike, large; bracteoles small, narrow. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes narrow, subequal. Corolla subsalverform; tube basally cylindric, long, slender, throat sometimes inconspicuous; limb 5-lobed; lobes obovate, subequal, contorted in bud. Stamens 2, inserted below throat; anthers 2-thecous; thecae parallel, muticous; staminodes 2, clavate or filiform. Ovary with 2 ovules per locule; style filiform, glabrous or pubescent; stigma 2-lobed, lobes unequal. Capsule with a solid stalk at base, clavate, 4-seeded; retinacula present. Seeds discoid, compressed, pubescent with hygroscopic trichomes.
About 15 species: tropical and subtropical Asia; two species (one endemic) in China.
The Himalayan species Eranthemum splendens (T. Anderson) Bremekamp & Nannenga-Bremekamp reported from S Yunnan (FRPS 70: 60. 2002) is not treated here because no material has been seen by the authors. Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews is widely cultivated in S and SW China as an ornamental.
" 109947 general 1312455 Acanthaceae "Justicia.Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, cystoliths present. Leaves sessile or petiolate; leaf blade margin usually entire but sometimes sinuate or slightly serrate. Inflorescences dichasia (sometimes reduced to a single flower) in leaf axils or axillary or terminal spikes, racemes, or thyrses, sometimes branched and becoming panicles; bracts variable in shape, sometimes prominent and/or brightly colored; bracteoles 2, similar to or smaller than bracts. Calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed; lobes equal or subequal. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped; limb strongly 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip entire to 2-lobed, internally rugulate (i.e., with a stylar furrow); lobes ascending cochlear in bud. Stamens 2; anthers 2-thecous; thecae equally or unequally inserted, parallel to perpendicular, one or both spurred at base or sometimes lacking basal appendages; staminodes absent. Ovary with 2 ovules per locule; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule with a sterile basal stalk and a fertile head (i.e., ± clavate), 2-4-seeded; retinacula present. Seeds compressed [to spheric].
About 700 species: tropical and temperate regions worldwide; 43 species (26 endemic, three introduced) in China.
Justicia betonica Linnaeus, J. brandegeeana Wasshausen & L. B. Smith, and J. carnea Lindley are only cultivated in China so are not treated here.
" 111170 general 1315729 Acanthaceae "Thunbergia.Vines [or shrubs], lacking cystoliths. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade margin entire to lobed to dentate. Flowers solitary or paired in leaf axils, or in terminal dichasiate thyrses, pedunculate; bracteoles leaflike, paired, enclosing calyx and most or all of corolla tube, distinct or fused along one side, persistent. Calyx much shorter than bracteoles, cupular with 10-20 subulate lobes or reduced to an entire ring. Corolla funnel-shaped, large; tube with short cylindric base then widened; limb ± equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, often didynamous, inserted near base of corolla tube, included; anthers 2-thecous; thecae oblong or ovoid, parallel, spurred or not at base, sometimes bearded. Disk shortly annular or pulvinate. Ovary fleshy; ovules 2 per locule, collateral; style glabrous or pubescent; stigma 2-cleft, entire, or fringed. Capsule basally subglobose, apically prominently beaked, 2-4-seeded; retinacula absent. Seeds compressed to spherical, lacking trichomes.
More than 100 species: Old World tropical regions; six species (one introduced) in China.
Some species of Thunbergia are naturalized in the New World tropics.
Thunbergia erecta (Bentham) T. Anderson and T. laurifolia Lindley, both cultivated in gardens, are not treated here.
Herbs 0.5-1.5 m tall, erect, branched, drying blackish, isophyllous to weakly anisophyllous. Stems glabrous or minutely brown puberulent. Petiole 0.5-7 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 4-20 × 2-9 cm, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially minutely puberulent along veins, abaxially paler green, adaxially dark green, secondary veins 7-9 on each side of midvein, base attenuate, margin serrate, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, bracteate spikes, 1-6 cm, often aggregated to form a leafy branched panicle; peduncle 1-12 cm; bracts leaflike, petiolate, oblanceolate, obovate, or spatulate, 1.2-2.5 cm, basally usually sterile; bracteoles linear-oblanceolate, 2-3 mm, deciduous before bracts. Calyx 0.8-1.5 mm in flower, accrescent to ca. 2.5 cm in fruit, minutely puberulent, 5-lobed almost to base; 4 lobes linear-lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse; 1 lobe oblanceolate and much longer. Corolla blue, 3.5-5 cm, straight to slightly bent, outside glabrous; tube basally cylindric and ca. 3 mm wide for 1-1.5 cm then slightly curved and gradually widened to ca. 1.5 cm at mouth; lobes oblong, ca. 9 × 9 mm, subequal. Stamens 4, included; filaments glabrous, shorter pair ca. 3 mm, longer pair ca. 7 mm; anther thecae oblong, ca. 3 mm; pollen type 4. Ovary oblong, apex puberulent with few gland-tipped trichomes; style ca. 3.2 cm, glabrous. Capsule 1.5-2.2 cm, glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds ovate in outline, ca. 3.5 mm, covered with appressed trichomes; areola small. Fl. Jul-Feb, fr. Dec-Feb. 2n = 16, 32.
Strobilanthes cusia is reported to flower irregularly. The species is perhaps pliestesial.
In at least part of its stated range Strobilanthes cusia may be cultivated rather than native.
This is a medicinal and dye plant and is the source of "Assam indigo."
Shrubs to 4 m tall. Branches thickened, ± 4-angled, lenticellate, pubescent when young but soon glabrescent. Petiole 0.8-3 cm, puberulent; leaf blade ovate to elliptic-ovate, 7-18 × 2-7 cm, abaxially puberulent, adaxially densely tomentose when young but glabrescent except tomentose along veins, secondary veins 9-12 on each side of midvein and meeting near margin, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate and sometimes slightly falcate. Spikes terminal or axillary, ovoid to broadly ovoid, 3-7 cm; peduncle 3-7 cm; bracts imbricate, ovate-oblong, 1-2 × 0.5-1.5 cm, puberulent, 3-7-veined, margin ciliate, apex acute; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 1-1.4 × ca. 0.4 cm, puberulent, 3-5-veined, margin ciliate, apex acute. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes linear-oblong, ca. 10 × 3 mm, margin narrowly scarious and ciliate. Corolla white or pink with purplish or pinkish stripes outside, broadly tubular, 2.5-3 cm, outside pilose; tube basally cylindric and ca. 5 mm wide for ca. 5 mm and then slightly inflated and bent upward; upper lip ovate-oblong, ca. 1.8 cm, erect, shallowly 2-lobed; lower lip oblong-circular, spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe subcircular and ca. 9 × 5 mm, lateral lobes ovate and ca. 8 × 4.5 mm. Stamens exserted; filaments ca. 1.5 cm, declinate, glabrous except basally sericeous; anther thecae ellipsoid, ca. 3.5 mm, equal, superposed, lower one spurred at base. Ovary pubescent especially at tip; style ca. 2.5 cm, recurved, basal part pubescent; stigma simple. Capsule obovoid, 2.5-4 × ca. 0.5 cm. Seeds circular in outline. Fl. Jan-Mar, fr. Jun-Jul. 2n = 34.
Justicia adhatoda is widely cultivated beyond its native range.
This species is used medicinally.
Subshrubs 0.7-1.5 cm tall, much branched. Stems subterete, swollen at nodes, glabrous. Petiole 3-10 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 6-10 × 1-1.5 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 5-8 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to attenuate, margin subsinuate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Spikes terminal or axillary, 3-12 cm, interrupted, usually in a leafy panicle; peduncle 0.5-1.5 cm; bracts triangular, 2-6 × 1-2.5 mm, basal ones longer than calyx then gradually smaller with apicalmost ones shorter than calyx, margin ciliate, apex acute; bracteoles elliptic to linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute. Calyx ca. 5 mm, 5-lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, 3-4 × ca. 0.5 mm, subequal, apex acuminate. Corolla creamy white, 1.2-1.5 cm; tube basally cylindric and ca. 2 mm wide for 8-9 mm; lower lip violet dotted basally, cuneate-obovate, 6-10 mm broad, 3-lobed, lobes oblanceolate and 3-5 × ca. 3.5 mm; upper lip violet blotched, triangular, ca. 7 × 3.5 mm, 2-cleft. Stamens exserted; filaments 3-6 mm, glabrous; anther thecae oblong, ca. 1.2 mm, superposed, lower one spurred at base, upper one muticous. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 1 cm, glabrous; stigma capitate, shortly 2-lobed. Capsule clavate, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. Jan-Apr. 2n = 28, 30.
Justicia gendarussa is native to S and SE Asia but is widely cultivated and naturalized. Its actual native distribution is not certain because it is often not clear whether particular collections are native.
" 140280 general 1315925 Acanthaceae "Thunbergia alata.Vines, herbaceous. Stems ± 4-angled to flattened, bisulcate, pubescent. Petiole 1.5-3 cm, winged, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade sagittate to deltoid ovate, 2-7.5 × 2-6 cm, abaxially hirsute, adaxially sparsely strigose, palmately 5-veined, base hastate to cordate, margin entire or undulate, apex acute. Flowers axillary, solitary; peduncle 2.5-3 cm, sparsely strigose; bracteoles ovate, 1.5-1.8 × 1-1.4 cm, abaxially hirsute, 5-7-veined, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Calyx annular, unequally 10-13-lobed. Corolla orange with dark purple glandular "eye" in throat, 2.5-4.5 cm; tube basally cylindric for 2-4 mm, throat 1-1.5 cm; lobes obovate, apically truncate. Staminal filaments ca. 4 mm, glabrous; anther thecae 3.5-4 mm, unequal, pubescent at margin and base. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 8 mm, glabrous; stigma funnel-shaped, unequally 2-lobed, lower lobe spreading, upper lobe erect. Capsule pubescent, basal part ca. 7 × 10 mm, 2-seeded; beak ca. 1.4 cm, ca. 3 mm wide at base. Seeds reticulate on dorsal surface. Fl. Oct-Mar, fr. Feb-May. 2n = 18.
Thunbergia alata is widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical regions.
" 140760 general 1316899 Acanthaceae "Strobilanthes auriculata.Subshrubs 0.5-2 m tall, much branched, weakly to strongly anisophyllous. Stems 4-angled, sometimes zigzag, glabrous or sparsely hirsute. Leaves sessile; leaf blade narrowly to broadly oblong-elliptic or oblong-oblanceolate, rarely ovate for small leaves, 2-20 × 1.5-6 cm, both surfaces sparsely pilose, abaxially pale green or reddish when young, adaxially green, secondary veins 12-15 on each side of midvein, base attenuate, cuneate, rounded, or auriculate, margin serrate to undulate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, spikes, 3-10 cm, sometimes branched; peduncle 2-4 cm, 4-angled, sulcate, bracteate; sterile bracts ovate, 0.8-2 × ca. 1.5 cm; floral bracts imbricate, broadly ovate to obovate-spatulate, 4-9 mm, often becoming recurved, persistent, densely villous and ciliate, apex usually apiculate but sometimes rounded or emarginate; bracteoles absent. Calyx 6-12 mm, gland-tipped pilose, 5-lobed almost to base; lobes linear, unequal with 2 slightly shorter than others, margin usually ciliate, apex subacute. Corolla pale purple to violet, funnel-shaped, 2.5-3 cm, curved, outside gland-tipped pilose on lobes, inside glabrous; tube basally cylindric and narrow for ca. 4 mm then weakly to strongly bent, abruptly inflated, and widened to ca. 2.5 cm at mouth; limb weakly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip 2-lobed; lobes ca. 3 mm. Stamens 4, included; filaments glabrous, shorter pair ca. 2 mm, longer pair ca. 4 mm; anther thecae oblong, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm; pollen type 3. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 3.2 cm. Capsule narrowly oblong-obovoid, 8-10 × ca. 2 mm, glabrous, 4-seeded, apex apiculate. Seeds ovate-suborbicular in outline, ca. 2 × 1.8 mm, pubescent; areola very small. Fl. Sep-Jan, fr. Jan-Feb.
Strobilanthes auriculata var. dyeriana (Masters) J. R. I. Wood with leaf blade abaxially reddish rather than green is from Myanmar and Vietnam and is grown as a cultivated plant in Guangdong and Yunnan.
Strobilanthes auriculata is one of the few species of Strobilanthes that can be recognized in a sterile state with confidence on account of its sessile, sometimes auriculate, oblong to oblanceolate leaves. It is known to be pliestesial in part of its range.
Shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, much branched, anisophyllous. Stems 4-angled, sulcate, glabrous. Leaves petiolate or apical ones sessile or subsessile; petiole (0-)0.8-5(-8) cm, glabrous; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, smaller pair at least 2/3 size of larger one, 5-19 × 2-8.5 cm, glabrous, densely covered with linear cystoliths, secondary veins 4-7 on each side of midvein, base oblique to rarely slightly oblique and attenuate or on very large leaves subcordate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, panicles, to 30 cm, much branched; rachis angled at ca. 60°, glabrous or rarely pubescent, gland-tipped in fruit; bracts green, broadly obovate, 3-5 × ca. 2 mm, concave, caducous, glabrous, becoming gland-tipped in fruit, margin entire, apex retuse; bracteoles green, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 3-4 × ca. 1 mm, concave, caducous, glabrous, margin entire, apex retuse. Flowers solitary on each node, distant on rachis. Pedicel 1.5-5 mm, glabrous. Calyx 8-10 mm, accrescent to ca. 1.3 cm in fruit, glabrous, sometimes apically gland-tipped pubescent, becoming densely gland-tipped in fruit, 5-lobed almost to base; lobes narrowly elliptic with one longer than others, apex acute to sometimes retuse. Corolla white, lilac, or (in cultivated forms) deep pink with a white tube, 3.5-4 cm, subventricose, outside glabrous, inside glabrous except for trichomes retaining style; tube basally cylindric and ca. 2 mm wide for ca. 1.3 cm then slightly ventricose and gradually widened to 1.4-1.8 cm at mouth; lobes ovate, 4-5 × ca. 6 mm, apex rounded to retuse. Stamens 4, included; filaments glabrous; shorter filament pair ca. 1 mm, equal; longer filament pair 7-9 mm, unequal, erect; anther thecae white, spherical, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., partially recurved; pollen type 3. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous; style ca. 3.8 cm, sparsely pubescent. Capsule green then dark purple, fusiform, 1-1.5 cm, glabrous or with gland-tipped trichomes, 4-seeded. Seeds ovate in outline, ca. 3 × 2 mm, with long trichomes; areola small. Fl. Dec-Jan.
Strobilanthes hamiltoniana is an ornamental plant. It is widely cultivated in tropical countries and in conservatories in temperate climates. The species is sometimes naturalized, occasionally becoming an invasive weed as on the island of Réunion. Cultivated plants and plants of cultivated origin seem always to be glabrous, pink-flowered, and sterile with dispersal being by cuttings or shoots broken off by grazing animals.
"Goldfussia tengyuehensis" (C. Y. Wu, Index Fl. Yunnan. 2: 1675. 1984) belongs here but was not validly published.
Herbs to 0.5 m tall, ascending. Stems 4-angled, pilose. Petiole 3-5 mm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 3-12 × 1-5 cm, glabrous or sparsely pilose especially on veins, adaxially with numerous cystoliths, base truncate to rounded, margin entire or slightly crenulate, apex acuminate. Racemes axillary or terminal, to 16 cm; bracts triangular, ca. 5 mm, pilose; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 mm, pilose. Pedicel 2-3 mm, pilose. Calyx ca. 7 mm; lobes linear-lanceolate, 5-7 × 1-1.2 mm, outside glandular pilose, margin ciliate. Corolla yellow or white, 1.2-3.5 cm, outside gland-tipped pilose, inside glabrous; tube basally cylindric and ca. 3 mm wide for ca. 8 mm then gradually widened to ca. 1 cm; lobes obovate to semicircular, 0.7-1.2 × 0.8-1 cm; middle lobe of lower lip with violet or maroon markings. Stamens included; filaments glabrous, longer pair ca. 5 mm, shorter pair ca. 3 mm; anther thecae ca. 3 × 1 mm. Ovary ellipsoid, ca. 3.5 mm; style ca. 1.8 cm, velutinous; stigma slightly capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule ca. 1.3 × 2 cm, pubescent. Seeds irregularly obovate in outline, 3-5 × 0.5-3 mm, tuberculate-rugose. Fl. Sep-Dec, fr. Dec-Mar. 2n = 26, 52.
Cultivated plants of Asystasia gangetica have corollas that vary from white to cream to lavender to purple.
" 144480 general 1318108 Acanthaceae "Asystasia nemorum.Herbs to 1 m tall, perennial. Stems pilose. Leaf blade narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6-12 × 3-5 cm, abaxially pilose along veins, adaxially glabrous or pilose along veins, secondary veins 6-9 on each side of midvein, base attenuate, margin undulate-crenulate, apex acuminate. Racemes terminal or axillary, 5-9 cm; bracts triangular, 2-3 × ca. 1 mm, pilose with gland-tipped trichomes; bracteoles similar to bracts. Pedicel 1-2 mm. Calyx 5-6 mm, outside pilose with gland-tipped trichomes; lobes lanceolate. Corolla red to purplish red, ca. 2.2 cm, outside pilose with gland-tipped trichomes, inside barbate in throat; lobes ovate, 4-5 × ca. 3.5 mm, unequal. Ovary and style pilose; stigma slightly 2-cleft. Capsule 1.8-2.2 cm. Seeds irregularly obovate in outline, 2-4 × ca. 2.5 mm, tuberculate-rugose. Fl. Aug-Oct, fr. Nov-Feb.
The plants misidentified as Asystasia chelonoides Nees by C. C. Hu (FRPS 70: 215. 2002) belong here.
Asystasia salicifolia can be difficult to distinguish from A. nemorum, and Chinese plants treated as these taxa might be conspecific. Indeed, according to R. Kiew and K. Vollesen (Kew Bull. 52: 965-971. 1997), A. nemorum has a compact inflorescence with flowers clustered toward the apex, a long and slender corolla tube, blue corollas, and is known only from Peninsular Malaysia (where cultivated) and Java (where native). It is possible that the plants treated here as A. nemorum are either not that species or represent cultivated plants of that species (which is used medicinally). Asystasia remains much in need of revisionary studies.
Trees, evergreen, 8-25 m tall; bark gray-brown; branchlets terete, gray-brown or reddish tomentose; winter buds ovoid-globose, scales brown tomentose outside. Petiole 1-2.5 cm, brown tomentose; leaf blade green abaxially, deep green adaxially, obovate, elliptic-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 17-35 × 7-12 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially sparsely hairy or hairy only along veins, adaxially shiny and glabrous, midvein raised on both sides, lateral veins 5-10 pairs, reticulate veins conspicuous, base broadly acute, cuneate, asymmetric, margin entire, apex obtuse, contracting abruptly to a short acumen. Inflorescence axillary; flowers solitary, or 2 or 3 together in cymes 1-2 cm; rachis pubescent. Pedicels 3-5 mm, together with peduncles densely brown tomentose. Staminate flowers deep green; sepals 4 or 5, orbicular, 5-6 mm, outside yellowish tomentose, inside glabrous; petals 4 or 5, suborbicular, outer petals 4-5 mm, inner ones smaller, both sides (excl. scale) glabrous, margin ± fimbriate; scale 3-3.5 mm, apex hairy and fimbriate; stamens many (ca. 25); filaments 4-5 mm, hairy; anthers globose or subcordate, apex ± acute; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers greenish, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; sepals 4, oblong, 6-7 mm, outside densely rusty tomentose, inside glabrous, margin ciliate; petals 8, suborbicular, inner ones smaller, outer ones larger, both sides (excl. scale) glabrous, margin ± fimbriate; scales as for staminate flowers; staminodes 8; ovary ovoid-orbicular, slightly 8-angled, densely pubescent, styles nearly absent, stigmas 4 or 5. Berry subglobose, 4-6 cm in diam., reddish or brownish tomentose interspersed with longer stiffer bristles, stigmas persistent, pericarp cross-section with radially striate layer. Seeds numerous. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jan-Dec.
Li and Feng (in Fu & Jin, China Pl. Red Data Book 1: 308-309. 1992, as Taraktogenos annamensis) gave the conservation status of this species as rare, i.e., not in imminent danger of extinction but with very limited or scattered distribution. The 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.iucnredlist.org, at 19 January 2007, as T. annamensis ) gave the status as vulnerable (VU A1cd). In China the species has suffered catastrophic damage due to clearance for agriculture, and the fruits are often harvested for their medicinal value.
Treatments disagree with respect to petal number in the male flower. Wu (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 226. 1957) recorded 4 or 5 petals, which agrees with material seen for the present treatment. Lescot (Fl. Cambodge Laos Vietnam 11: 10. 1970) recorded (7 or)8 petals.
Trees, rarely shrubs, dioecious, rarely monoecious or polygamous. Leaves alternate; stipules small, usually early caducous; petiole usually present, often thickened at apex; leaf blade leathery, pinnate-veined, margin entire or toothed. Flowers hypogynous, in axillary, ± branched cymes, these sometimes very short or reduced to fascicles or to a solitary flower, or rarely flowers in long racemelike panicles from trunk or older branches; bracts small to minute, sometimes persistent; pedicels articulate. Sepals (3 or)4 or 5(or 7-11), imbricate, free or slightly joined at base, concave, becoming reflexed, caducous. Petals 4 or 5(-14), free or slightly joined at base, each with a thick and usually hairy scale inside at base. Disk and disk glands absent. Staminate flowers: stamens 5 to many (more than 100); filaments free, sometimes very short; anthers oblong to ovate-cordate, longitudinally dehiscent, connective often dilated; pistillode present or absent. Pistillate flowers: staminodes 5 to many, resembling stamens but anthers mostly reduced or absent; ovary superior, 1-loculed, placentas 3-6, each with several ovules; styles 3-6, short, or nearly absent; stigmas flattened, usually reflexed. Fruit baccate, globose, or ovoid, rarely elongate; pericarp thick and hard, or thin and brittle, exocarp fibrous or not, mesocarp light yellow, usually very hard, endocarp soft. Seeds several to many, angular-ovoid, packed in pulp; testa hard, striate; aril membranous; endosperm oily; cotyledons large and broad, leaflike, compressed-flat or folded.
About 40 species: tropical Asia; three species in China.
In Chinese species: flowers to ca. 20 together in fascicles or cymes; stamens 5 to ca. 25; mature fruit globose.
Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warburg (in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 21. 1893; Taraktogenos kurzii King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 59: 123. 1890), described from Myanmar, was recorded as native to S Yunnan by Lai (FRPS 52(1): 9. 1999), although the present authors have seen no material.
According to Fl. Yunnan. (6: 254. 1995), Hydnocarpus alpinus Wight is cultivated in S Yunnan.
Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly or long petiolate, not stipulate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual or plants polygamous or functionally dioecious, usually fascicled, cymose, or paniculate. Sepals (2 or 3 or)5, imbricate, rarely valvate. Petals (4 or)5, sometimes more, imbricate. Stamens 10 to numerous, distinct or adnate to base of petals, hypogynous; anthers 2-celled, versatile, dehiscing by apical pores or longitudinally. Ovary superior, disk absent, locules and carpels 3-5 or more; placentation axile; ovules anatropous with a single integument, 10 or more per locule; styles as many as carpels, distinct or connate (then only one style), generally persistent. Fruit a berry or leathery capsule. Seeds not arillate, with usually large embryos and abundant endosperm.
Three genera and ca. 357 species: Asia and the Americas; three genera (one endemic) and 66 species (52 endemic) in China.
Economically, kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa) is an important fruit, which originated in central China and is especially common along the Yangtze River (well known as yang-tao). Now, it is widely cultivated throughout the world.
For additional information see the paper by X. W. Li, J. Q. Li, and D. D. Soejarto (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 45: 633-660. 2007).
Liang Chou-fen, Chen Yong-chang & Wang Yu-sheng. 1984. Actinidiaceae (excluding Sladenia). In: Feng Kuo-mei, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 195-301, 309-334.
Climbing shrubs, large, deciduous. Branchlets reddish, with paler oblong lenticels, young branchlets white pubescent to brownish long strigose or densely ferruginous hispid-setose; pith whitish to brown, large, lamellate. Petiole 3-6(-10) cm, white pubescent or brownish long strigose to densely ferruginous hispid-setose; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, broadly ovate to broadly obovate or suborbicular, 6-17 × 7-15 cm, papery, abaxially whitish or brownish stellate tomentose, adaxially usually glabrous, occasionally ± puberulent, especially more densely so on midvein and lateral veins, or densely scabrid-hispid throughout, midvein and lateral veins conspicuous abaxially, subconspicuous adaxially, lateral veins 5-8 pairs, furcate above middle, veinlets in parallel cross-bars, conspicuous abaxially, base rounded to truncate to cordatulate, margin setose-serrulate with teeth terminating tips of veinlets, apex truncate to emarginate to abruptly cuspidate or shortly acuminate. Inflorescences cymose, 1-3-flowered, white silky-tomentose or yellowish brown velutinous; peduncles 0.7-1.5 cm; pedicels 0.9-1.5 cm; bracts linear, ca. 1 mm. Flowers orange-yellow. Sepals (3-)5(-7), broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 6-10 mm, both surfaces densely yellowish tomentose. Petals (3-)5(-8), rarely with a second whorl of 2 smaller petals, broadly obovate, 1-2 cm, shortly clawed at base, rounded at apex. Filaments 5-10 mm; anthers yellow, oblong, 1.5-2 mm, sagittate at base or not, apex acute to rounded. Ovary globose, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely golden villous. Fruit subglobose to cylindric to obovoid or ellipsoidal, 4-6 cm, densely tomentose when young, glabrous when mature to densely hispid, with many brownish lenticels; persistent sepals reflexed. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep. 2n = 58*, 116*, 174*.
The producer of kiwifruit, this taxon is widely cultivated in China and elsewhere.
Actinidia chinensis var. lageniformis S. Y. Wang & C. F. Chen (J. Henan Agric. Coll. 4: 82. 1981) and A. chinensis var. nephrocarpa S. Y. Wang & C. F. Chen (loc. cit.), both described from Henan, could not be treated here because no material was seen by the authors.
Young branchlets and petioles brownish strigose, hairs not easily lost. Leaves usually glabrous adaxially, occasionally ± puberulent, especially more densely so on midvein and lateral veins. Fruit subglobose to cylindric or ovoid, 5-6 cm, densely hispid, ± so when mature. 2n = 116*, 174*, 358*.
Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa is the widely cultivated kiwifruit. This taxon was recognized as a species under the name A. deliciosa (Liang & Ferguson, Guihaia 4: 181. 1984) by elevating the status of A. latifolia var. deliciosa. Kiwifruit cultivars grown in commercial orchards outside of China were derived from seeds introduced to New Zealand in 1904 (Ferguson & Bollard in Warrington & Weston, Kiwifruit Sci. Managem. 165-246. 1990).
" 142279 general 1311202 Actinidiaceae "Actinidia indochinensis var. ovatifolia.Leaf blade broadly ovate to orbicular, papery, adaxially sparsely puberulent, base rounded, apex abruptly acuminate.
This variety is cultivated at the Guangxi Institute of Botany. The name was not validly published by Li et al. in 2002 because no type was indicated (Vienna Code, Art. 37.1).
" 142280 general 1311333 Actinidiaceae "Actinidia linguiensis.Climbing shrubs, deciduous, large. Branchlets velutinous, glabrescent, lenticels conspicuous; second-year branches glabrous, lenticels conspicuous; pith brown, laminate. Petiole 4-6 cm, velutinous, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate to orbicular, 8-14 × 4.5-10 cm, papery, abaxially stellate tomentose, glabrescent, adaxially pubescent, soon glabrous, lateral veins 8 pairs, base cordatulate, margin finely serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 1-3-flowered, velutinous; peduncle 0.6-1.4 cm; pedicel
1-1.8 cm. Flowers pink or pinkish yellow. Sepals 4-6, broadly ovate, 5-7 mm, velutinous. Petals 5-7, ovate or narrowly ovate, 1-1.3 cm. Ovary globose, ca. 4 mm, whitish tomentose. Fruit oblong to ovoid, ca. 1.7 cm, tomentose, with persistent sepals. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Oct-Nov.
Introduced from Wantian Village, Lingui Xian in 1991, this species is cultivated in the research orchard of the Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin. The name was not validly published by Li and Wang in 2003 because no type was indicated (Vienna Code, Art. 37.1). "Actinidia wantianensis" (R. G. Li & L. Mo, Guihaia 23: 201. 2003) also belongs here but was not validly published for the same reason.
" 142281 general 1311334 Actinidiaceae "Actinidia longicarpa.Climbing shrubs, deciduous, large. Branchlets velutinous, glabrescent, lenticels subconspicuous; second-year branches glabrous, lenticels subconspicuous; pith white, laminate. Petiole 3.5-6 cm, velutinous, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate to orbicular, 6.2-19 × 5.4-11.5 cm, papery, abaxially stellate tomentose, glabrescent, adaxially glabrous, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, apex shortly caudate or acuminate. Inflorescences 1-7-flowered; peduncle ca. 1.2 cm; pedicel 0.9-2 cm, velutinous. Flowers pink. Sepals 3-6, ovate, ca. 6 mm, velutinous. Petals 5, pink, or upper part white and lower part red, narrowly ovate, 1.4-1.7 cm. Ovary oblong, whitish tomentose. Fruit oblong, 2-4 cm, densely tomentose, with persistent reflexed sepals or not. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Oct.
Introduced from Longsheng or Ziyuan Xian in 1981, this species is cultivated in the research orchard of the Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin. The name was not validly published by Li and Liang in 2003 because no type was indicated (Vienna Code, Art. 37.1). "Actinidia rubrafilmenta" [sic] (R. G. Li & J. W. Li, Guihaia 23: 199. 2003) also belongs here but was not validly published for the same reason.
" 142282 general 1311204 Actinidiaceae "Actinidia persicina.Climbing shrubs, deciduous, large. Branchlets brown velutinous, lenticels conspicuous; second-year branches glabrous, lenticels conspicuous; pith brown, laminate. Petiole 2.5-6 cm, brown velutinous when young, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 9-20 × 5-9.5 cm, papery, abaxially glaucous near margin, stellate tomentose when young, glabrescent, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, adaxially glabrous, base rounded or cordatulate, margin finely serrate, apex acute. Inflorescences 1-3-flowered, brown velutinous; peduncle 3-7 mm; pedicel 0.6-1.3 cm. Flowers pink. Sepals 3-5, ovate, ca. 5 mm. Petals 5, obovate, ca. 9 mm. Ovary ovoid, whitish tomentose. Fruit ovoid or oblong, ca. 2 cm, sparsely velutinous; persistent sepals not reflexed. Fl. Apr, fr. Oct.
Introduced from Rongshui Xian in 1992, this species is cultivated in the research orchard of the Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin. The name was not validly published by Li and Mo in 2003 because no type was indicated (Vienna Code, Art. 37.1). The apparent earlier homonym, "Actinidia persicina" (R. H. Huang & S. M. Wang, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 13(2): 113. 1995) was not validly published because the herbarium in which the type is conserved was not specified (Art. 37.7).
" 142283 general 1311358 Actinidiaceae "Actinidia rongshuiensis.Climbing shrubs, deciduous, large. Branchlets brown velutinous, glabrescent, lenticels subconspicuous; lenticels conspicuous on second-year branches; pith white, laminate. Petiole 2-4.5 cm, velutinous, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, 7-21 × 4-11 cm, papery, abaxially stellate tomentose, glabrescent, lateral veins 8 or 9 pairs, reticulate veins prominent, adaxially slightly puberulent, soon glabrous, base cordatulate, margin finely serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 1-3-flowered, velutinous; peduncle 1-2 mm; pedicel 1.2-1.5 cm. Flowers red. Sepals 3-6, ovate, 6-7 mm. Petals 5 or 6, broadly ovate, 1.1-1.4 cm. Ovary globose, whitish tomentose. Fruit cylindric, ca. 2.3 cm, tomentose; persistent sepals not reflexed. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct-Nov.
Introduced from Rongshui Xian in 1983, this species is cultivated in the research orchard of the Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin. The name was not validly published by Li and Wang in 2003 because no type was indicated (Vienna Code, Art. 37.1).
" 66167 general 1310581 Adoxaceae "Viburnum rafinesquianum var. rafinesquianum. ""Petioles 2–15 (avg 6) mm, often exceeded by the stipules, avg ca a tenth as long as the blade; lvs softly stellate beneath. Dry, especially calcareous woods; Vt. to Man., s. to N.J., O. and Mo. (V. pubescens)""" 110864 general 1310176 Adoxaceae "Sambucus.Shrubs, small trees, or perennial herbs, gynodioecious or hermaphroditic, deciduous, whole plant sometimes with extrafloral nectariferous glands. Branches smooth, striate, or warty, with stout pith. Leaves with or without stipules, imparipinnate, or incompletely bipinnate, rarely laciniate; leaflets serrate or divided, opposite or alternate. Inflorescences terminal, flat or convex corymbs or panicles, pedunculate or sessile. Flowers actinomorphic or sometimes dimorphic, sometimes with glandular nectaries, articulate with pedicel; bracts mostly absent; bracteoles 1 or absent. Calyx tube: limb 3-5-parted; corolla rotate, white, lobes 3-5. Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla; filaments erect, filiform; anthers 2-celled, oblong, cells free, attached at middle. Ovary locules 3-5, ovules 1 per locule; style cushionlike; stigmas 3 or 5. Fruit berrylike, 3-5-seeded; seeds triquetrous or ellipsoid; embryo ca. as long as seed.
About ten species: temperate to subtropical regions and tropical mountains; four species (one endemic) in China.
See Bolli, Diss. Bot. 223: 1-227. 1994; Eriksson and Donoghue, Syst. Bot. 22: 555-573. 1997.
Sambucus nigra Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 1: 269. 1753) is occasionally cultivated in China.
In some species, the vegetative parts of the plant when bruised and the flowers have a fetid odor.
Shrubs or small trees, deciduous or sometimes evergreen. Branchlets glabrous or pubescent with simple, fascicled or stellate hairs, rarely lepidote hairs; winter buds perulate or naked. Leaves usually opposite, rarely ternate, simple, petiolate, entire, dentate, or 3-5-lobed; stipules usually small or absent. Inflorescence terminal or at apices of short branches with 1- or 2-jugate leaves, compound, corymbose- or paniculate-cymose. Flowers small, actinomorphic, but sometimes marginal flowers of inflorescence enlarged, somewhat zygomorphic and sterile, rarely entire inflorescence consisting of such sterile flowers; bracts and bracteoles usually small and caducous. Calyx small, 5-toothed. Corolla white, rarely reddish, pinkish, or greenish, rotate, campanulate, hypocrateriform, or tubular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5; filaments filiform; anthers medifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, introrse. Ovary semi-inferior, 3-loculed, 1 locule fertile with a single ovule, and 2 sterile; styles short; stigmas slightly capitate to 3-lobed. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe with a ± compressed pyrene, red, purplish, black, or rarely yellow when mature.
About 200 species: mostly in temperate and subtropical regions of Asia and South America; 73 species (45 endemic) in China.
We were unable to check the original material of Viburnum nervosum var. hassianum Loesener (Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. 2, 37: 185. 1920; Shandong: Forstamt 114, 596; Krug 236, 561, 305; Zimmermann 531). The loci typici are temples where the plant was cultivated ("Kap Yatau: angepflantz in der Tempelanlagen von Huayenan und Taitschingkung") and are clearly outside the known distribution of V. nervosum; additionally, the provided description is quite vague ("a typo indumento parciore recedens"), while the phenological information provided ("mit länglichen Früchten im Mai") does not match the known phenology of V. nervosum.
Viburnum wrightii Miquel (Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 267. 1866) was recorded in FRPS (72: 88. 1988) as occurring in Anhui and Zhejiang, but we could not satisfactorily identify this species. Material from Anhui (Feng 1046, LBG - sheet no. 00081428) may belong to V. betulifolium, as well as material from Jiangxi (Xiang 8234, LBG - sheet no. 0029514) and that reported in Fl. Zhejiang (6: 150. 1986).
Viburnum chinense Hooker & Arnott (Bot. Beechey Voy. 190. 1833, not V. sinense Zeyher ex Colla, 1824) is a synonym of Premna integrifolia Linnaeus (Lamiaceae), according to FRPS (72: 104. 1988), which is treated in Fl. China (17:26. 1994) as a synonym of P. serratifolia Linnaeus. Viburnum dielsii H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 443. 1911, not Graebner, 1901) is a synonym of Callicarpa rubella Lindley var. rubella (see Fl. China 17: 13. 1994). Viburnum versatile R. H. Miao, W. B. Liao & Q. Y. Sun (Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 38(6): 129. 1999) apparently belongs to the Rubiaceae (Malécot, Hommes & Pl. 49: 22-27. 2004). Actinotinus was based on a mixed gathering comprising an inflorescence of Viburnum inserted on the terminal bud of a leafy shoot of Aesculus chinensis var. wilsonii (Rehder) Turland & N. H. Xia (see Fl. China 12: 3. 2007).
Shrubs, deciduous or semievergreen, to 4 m tall. Bark gray-brownish or gray-whitish. Branchlets of current year densely gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent, glabrescent; branchlets of previous year gray-brownish or gray-whitish, terete, glabrous, with dispersed, small, rounded lenticels. Winter buds naked, densely gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent. Leaves always opposite, not clustered at apices of branchlets; stipules absent; petiole green, robust, 1-1.5 cm, gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent; leaf blade greenish white when young, ovate to elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5-11 × 2-5 cm, papery, abaxially stellate-pubescent, adaxially densely stellate-pubescent at first, later only so on midvein, midvein raised abaxially, lateral veins 5- or 6-jugate, pinnate, arched, branched, anastomosing near margin, raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, veinlets transverse, slightly raised or inconspicuous abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, not lobed, base rounded or sometimes slightly cordate, without glands, margin denticulate, apex obtuse or slightly acute. Flowers appearing after leaves; inflorescence a compound umbel-like cyme, terminal, 8-15 cm in diam.; rays whorled; first node of inflorescence with 5 rays, dense, gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent, totally composed of large sterile flowers, or of fertile flowers yet with 8-18 large sterile radiant flowers; peduncle 1-2 cm; bracts caducous, leaflike, green, linear-lanceolate, stellate-pubescent; bracteoles linear. Flowers on rays of 3rd order, not fragrant, sessile or shortly pedicellate. Sterile flowers: calyx like fertile flowers; corolla white, rotate, 1.5-4 cm in diam., glabrous; lobes orbicular-obovate, apex rounded; stamens and pistils not developed. Fertile flowers: calyx greenish; tube tubular, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous; lobes oblong, small, ca. 2 mm, nearly as long as calyx tube, glabrous, apex obtuse; corolla white, rotate, 10-12 mm in diam., glabrous; tube ca. 1 mm; lobes spreading, orbicular-obovate, ca. 2 mm, longer than tube, apex rounded, margin entire; stamens slightly taller than corolla lobes, inserted near base of corolla tube; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers yellow, subglobose, small; styles slightly exceeding or subequaling calyx lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit initially turning red, maturing black, elliptic, ca. 12 mm, base rounded, apex rounded, glabrous; pyrenes compressed, oblong, 10-12 × 6-8 mm, with 2 shallow dorsal grooves and 3 shallow ventral grooves, apex rounded. Fl. Apr-May, fl. Sep-Oct. 2n = 18*.
Two forms may be recognized as follows. The typical form (f. macrocephalum) has its inflorescence totally composed of large sterile flowers (without anthers) and is known from cultivation only, while f. keteleeri (Carrière) Rehder (Bibl. Cult. Trees, 603. 1949; Viburnum keteleeri Carrière, Rev. Hort. 1863: 269. 1863; V. arborescens Hemsley; V. macrocephalum var. keteleeri (Carrière) G. Nicholson; V. macrocephalum var. indutum Handel-Mazzetti) is the wild-related taxa and has its inflorescence with 8-18 large sterile radiant flowers (without anthers) only at margin and fertile flowers (with stamens) at center. Also commonly cultivated, the latter also occurs in forests, thickets on mountain slopes, at 400-1000 m, in W Anhui, W Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, NW Jiangxi, and Zhejiang.
" 123967 general 1310316 Adoxaceae "Viburnum odoratissimum.Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, to 10(-15) m tall. Bark gray-brownish. Branchlets of current year green or reddish, glabrous or sometimes sparsely yellow-brownish stellate-pubescent; branchlets of previous year gray or gray-brownish, terete, glabrous, with dispersed, small, raised lenticels. Winter buds ovoid-lanceolate, with 2-4 pairs of separate scales; scales glabrous. Leaves always opposite, not clustered at apices of branchlets; stipules absent; petiole green or reddish, robust, 1-2(-3) cm, glabrous or stellate-pubescent; leaf blade green when young, becoming intense green and lustrous adaxially, elliptic to oblong or oblong-obovate to obovate, sometimes suborbicular, 7-20 × (3-)4-9 cm, leathery, abaxially sometimes with sparse, dispersed dark red minute glands, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent on veins, midvein raised and conspicuous abaxially, lateral veins 4-9-jugate, pinnate, arched, branched, anastomosing near margin, conspicuously raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, veinlets transverse, slightly raised abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, not lobed, base broadly cuneate, rarely rounded, without glands, margin irregularly serrate except at base or subentire, apex shortly acute to obtusely acute and mucronate, sometimes obtuse or subrounded. Flowers appearing after leaves; inflorescence paniculate, pyramidal, terminal or at apices of short lateral branchlets with 1-jugate leaves, (3.5-)6-13.5 × (3-)4.5-6 cm; rays opposite, decussate; first node of inflorescence with 2 rays, lax, large, glabrous or stellate-pubescent, without large sterile radiant flowers; peduncles 4-10 cm; bracts caducous, leaflike, greenish, less than 1 cm × 2 mm, lanceolate to ovate, sparsely hairy; bracteoles scalelike. Flowers usually on rays of 2nd and 3rd orders, fragrant, sessile or shortly pedicellate. Calyx green; tube tubular-campanulate, 1.5-4 mm, glabrous; lobes broadly triangular, ca. 1 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse. Corolla white, later yellow-whitish, sometimes reddish, rotate, ca. 7 mm in diam., glabrous; tube ca. 2 mm; lobes reflexed, orbicular-ovate, 2-3 mm, apex rounded, margin entire. Stamens slightly exceeding corolla lobes, inserted at apex of corolla tube; filaments 2.5-3 mm; anthers yellow, oblong, nearly 2 mm. Styles not exceeding calyx lobes; stigmas capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Fruit initially turning red, maturing nigrescent, ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 5-6 mm, base rounded, apex rounded, glabrous; pyrenes compressed, ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 7 × 4 mm, with a deep ventral groove, apex rounded. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 40.
This species is commonly cultivated in China.
" 123968 general 1310319 Adoxaceae "Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki.Petiole reddish; leaf blade lustrous, elliptic-obovate, thickly leathery, lateral veins 5-8-jugate. Inflorescence axes glabrous. Corolla campanulate; tube 3-4 mm. 2n = 40.
This variety is commonly cultivated in China (e.g., Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang).
" 123982 general 1310596 Adoxaceae "Viburnum setigerum.Shrubs, deciduous, to 4 m tall. Bark light brown. Winter buds and leaves black, black-brown, or gray-black when dry. Branchlets of current year grayish yellow, glabrous; branchlets of previous year gray, gray-brown, or purple-brown, terete, glabrous, with dispersed, small, rounded lenticels. Winter buds oblong, usually less than 5 mm, to 1 cm at most, with 2 pairs of separate scales, outer ones 1/3-1/2 as long as inner ones; scales glabrous. Leaves always opposite, not clustered at apices of branchlets; stipules absent; petiole green, slender, 1-1.5(-2.5) cm, sparsely adpressed long hairy or subglabrous; leaf blade green when young, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rarely ovate to elliptic-ovate, 7-12(-15) × 3-5.5 cm, papery, abaxially yellowish adpressed long hairy only on midvein and lateral veins, adaxially long hairy, glabrescent, midvein raised abaxially, lateral veins 6-8-jugate, pinnate, straight, rarely branched, ending in teeth, conspicuously raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, veinlets transverse, slightly raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, not lobed, base rounded, with 1 or 2 circular glands on both sides of midvein near base, margin remotely serrate except at base, apex acuminate. Flowers appearing after leaves; inflorescence a compound umbel-like cyme, often nodding, terminal, 2.5-4(-5) cm in diam.; rays whorled; first node of inflorescence usually with 5 rays, dense, glabrous or sparsely adpressed long hairy, without large sterile radiant flowers; peduncles 1-2.5(-3.5) cm; bracts and bracteoles deciduous, leaflike, green, lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers on rays of 3rd order, not fragrant, shortly pedicellate or sessile. Calyx green; tube tubular, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous; lobes ovate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse. Corolla white, rotate, 4-6 mm in diam., glabrous; tube 1-2 mm; lobes spreading, ovate, ca. 2.5 mm, exceeding tube, apex rounded, margin entire. Stamens subequaling corolla, inserted at base of corolla; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers yellow-whitish, globose, very small, less than 1 mm. Styles not exceeding calyx lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit maturing red, ovoid, 9-11 mm, base rounded, apex rounded, glabrous; pyrenes very compressed, ovoid, 8-10 × 5-7 mm, sometimes much smaller, occasionally ovoid-oblong, only 4-5 mm in diam., slightly impressed on ventral side, apex rounded. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 18*.
Viburnum setigerum f. xanthocarpum Rehder (J. Arnold Arbor. 12: 78. 1931) is a yellow/orange-fruited variant described from cultivated material of Chinese provenance.
" 139420 general 1310804 Adoxaceae "Viburnum odoratissimum var. odoratissimum.Petiole green; leaf blade dull, obovate, papery, lateral veins 4-6-jugate. Inflorescence axes glabrous. Corolla subrotate; tube less than 2.5 mm. 2n = 32.
This variety is commonly cultivated in China.
" 139421 general 1310818 Adoxaceae "Viburnum plicatum var. plicatum.Lateral veins 10-12(-17)-jugate. Inflorescence with 6-8 rays, minutely yellowish brown stellate-pubescent, consisting of totally large sterile radiant flowers. Calyx tube glabrous.
Two forms may be recognized as follows. The typical form (f. plicatum) has its inflorescence composed totally of large sterile radiant flowers and is known from cultivation only, while f. tomentosum Rehder (J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 77. 1945; Viburnum tomentosum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 295. 1784, not Lamarck (1779); V. plicatum f. lanceatum (Rehder) Rehder; V. plicatum var. lanceatum (Rehder) Rehder; V. plicatum f. latifolium Miquel; V. plicatum var. tomentosum Miquel; V. tomentosum var. lanceatum Rehder), the wild-related taxon, has its inflorescence composed of fertile flowers yet with 4-6 large sterile radiant flowers. The latter occurs in mixed forests and thickets at 200-1800 m in Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, NE Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
" 145087 general 1310366 Adoxaceae "Viburnum opulus subsp. opulus.Bark thin, not corky. Inflorescence with 5-10 large sterile radiant flowers or totally composed of large sterile flowers. Anthers yellow-white.
A European horticultural form, Viburnum opulus f. roseum (Linnaeus) Hegi (Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 6(1): 243. 1914; V. opulus var. roseum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 268. 1753; V. opulus var. sterile Candolle), is sometimes cultivated in China. Its bark is thin, not corky, and the inflorescence is totally composed of large sterile flowers lacking stamens.
" 108328 general 32785 Aizoaceae "Aizoaceae.Herbs, annual or perennial, subshrubs, or shrubs, succulent. Stems erect or prostrate. Leaves simple, rarely pinnate, mostly opposite, sometimes alternate, in many species fleshy, margin entire, rarely with teeth; true stipules absent, sometimes a stipule-like sheath present at base of petiole. Inflorescences terminal or seemingly axillary cymes, or solitary flowers. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, perigynous or epigynous. Nectaries separate or in a ring around ovary. Tepals (4 or)5(–8), connate below into a tube. Petals absent or present. Stamens 3 to many, free or connate at base, outermost often as filamentous staminodes; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, syncarpous; carpels 2 to many; ovules 1 to many, on long funicles, mostly campylotropous; placentation axile or parietal, sometimes basal-parietal. Stigmas as many as carpels. Fruit a hygroscopic or circumscissile capsule, more rarely a berry or nut. Seeds with slender embryo curved around perisperm, rarely with an aril; endosperm scanty or absent.
About 135 genera and 1800 species: mainly in arid, subtropical regions, most species in S Africa, some in Australia and W parts of the Americas, some pantropical; three genera and three species in China.
The family is divided into five subfamilies, of which two, Sesuvioideae and Tetragonioideae, are represented by native species in China.
Many members of the subfamilies Mesembryanthemoideae and Ruschioideae are ornamentals and are in cultivation worldwide. Until the early 20th century, these were nearly all included in the genus Mesembryanthemum. Since then, the majority of the members of that genus has been placed in a great number of smaller genera. Five species have been recorded as cultivated in China: Aptenia cordifolia (Linnaeus f.) Schwantes, Carpobrotus edulis (Linnaeus) L. Bolus, Glottiphyllum longum (Haworth) N. E. Brown, Lampranthus spectabilis (Haworth) N. E. Brown, and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Linnaeus. Further species are likely to be introduced into China.
Tetragonia, together with the genus Tetragonocarpus, is sometimes treated as an independent family, the Tetragoniaceae. Sesuvium and Trianthema, together with Cypselea Turpin and Zaleya N. L. Burman, are sometimes treated as a separate family, the Sesuviaceae.
Herbs annual, erect when young, becoming decumbent, 40-60 cm tall. Stems with densely placed bladder cells when young. Petiole 5-30 mm, thick; leaf blade rhomboid-ovate or deltoid-ovate, 0.4-10 × 2.5-8 cm. Pedicel to 2 mm. Flowers 1-3. Perigone tube 2-3 mm; lobes mostly 4, inside bright yellow to yellowish green. Stamens 10-13. Fruit turbinate, ca. 5 mm, 4- or 5-corniculate. Seeds as many as locules. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 16*
This species is used medicinally and is cultivated as a vegetable worldwide.
" 164385 ecology 1350963 Amaranthaceae "Aerva javanica. In arid localities." 67411 general 1356066 Amaranthaceae "Chenopodium standleyanum. ""Erect or arching annual to 1(–2) m; lvs thin, green or sparsely mealy, lanceolate to rarely ovate, to 8 cm, acute, entire or the larger with a few low teeth, acute or cuneate at base; fls single to few in small glomerules, these forming short, interrupted spikes that are often grouped into a loose, slender, sometimes nodding panicle; cal ± white-mealy, scarcely covering the fr; pericarp smooth, papery, fragile, easily separable; seeds horizontal, black, shining, ca 1 mm wide, smooth to faintly striolate, longitudinally striolate over the radicle; 2n=18. Dry, open woods; widespread in e. U.S. and adj. Can., from s. Que. to Fla., and w. to S.D. and Tex. (C. boscianum, misapplied)""" 67414 general 1355166 Amaranthaceae "Chenopodium pratericola. ""Erect annual to 8 dm with ascending branches; lvs erect or ascending, oblong to lanceolate or lance-ovate, entire or the larger ones often few-toothed or subhastate, at least the larger ones 3-nerved from the base, but without any apparent secondary veins, mostly 2–4 cm × 4–15 mm, 3–5 times as long as wide; infl white-mealy, of many small glomerules in short, terminal or subterminal, erect or ascending spikes, forming a slender paniculiform infl; sep 5, carinate when ripe, tending to spread and expose the fr; pericarp loose, freely separable from the seed; seeds horizontal, black and shining, mostly 1.0–1.4 mm wide; 2n=18. In dry, open places in w. and c. U.S., and extending e. in woodlands to the Appalachian region and s. Que. (C. foggii; C. desiccatum var. leptophylloides, misapplied)""" 67498 general 1353992 Amaranthaceae "Atriplex argentea. ""Much-branched herb to 8 dm, silvery-scurfy throughout; lvs lanceolate to ovate or deltoid, 1–3 cm, often as wide, fls axillary and in terminal spikes, the staminate and pistillate mingled or separate; fruiting bracteoles cuneate-rotund, 4–7 mm long and wide, united to beyond the middle, irregularly toothed across the broadly rounded summit, the central part indurate, the tubercles few or none, to 2 mm; radicle superior; 2n=36. Widespread in dry or alkaline soils in w. U.S. and adj. Can., occasionally intr. e. to Mich., Mo., and reputedly O.""" 67609 general 1353515 Amaranthaceae "Amaranthus palmeri. ""Dioecious; erect, 3–10(–20) dm; lvs long- petioled, rhombic-ovate, or rhombic-lanceolate, 3–10 cm; terminal thyrse to 5 dm, 1–1.5 cm thick, the lateral ones shorter or none; bracts mostly 4–6 mm, with heavy, spinosely excurrent midvein; male fls with 5 unequal sep, the outer 3.5–4 mm, acuminate, with conspicuous, long-excurrent midvein, the inner 2.5–3 mm, obtuse or emarginate; female fls with 5 recurved-spatulate sep, the outer 3–4 mm, acute, with the midvein excurrent as a rigid point, the inner 2–2.5 mm, emarginate; fr 1.5–2 mm, circumscissile at the middle; style-branches 2(3); seed 1–1.3 mm, dark reddish-brown; 2n=32, 34. Dry soil; s. Calif. to Okla., Kans., Neb., and La., s. to Mex., and at scattered stations in our range as a weed.""" 67618 general 1353207 Amaranthaceae "Amaranthus arenicola. ""Dioecious; erect, to 2 m; lvs long-petioled, oblong to lanceolate, 2–8 cm; terminal thyrse 1–4 dm, 1 cm thick, nearly continuous, the lateral ones shorter; bracts 1.5–2.5 mm, mostly shorter than the sep, with heavy, not or scarcely excurrent midvein; male fls with 5 subequal sep, these 2–3 mm, obtuse, apiculate, but the dark midvein not excurrent; female fls with 5 recurved-spatulate sep, the outer 2–2.5 mm, the inner 1.5–2 mm, all emarginate or obtuse, but the outer apiculate; fr 1.5 mm, circumscissile at the middle; style-branches usually 2; seed 1– 1.2 mm, round, dark reddish-brown; 2n=32. Dry, commonly sandy places; w. Mo. to N.D., Mont., and Tex., and intr. in disturbed soil at scattered stations e. to the Atlantic. (A. torreyi, misapplied)""" 70052 general 1357079 Amaranthaceae "Froelichia floridana. ""Erect, (3)5–20 dm, canescent or thinly tomentose, the stem stout, tending to be quadrangular; larger lvs mostly 5–12 × 1–2.5 cm; upper internodes progressively longer; spikes terminating elongate peduncles, often branched, eventually to 10 cm, the fls closely set in a 5-ranked spiral, averaging ca 15–20 fls per cm; bractlets rotund, scarious, much shorter than the cal; mature cal soon deciduous, flask-shaped, symmetrical, mostly (4)5–5.5 mm, densely woolly, with 2 lateral entire to dentate or erose wings; seeds 1.6–1.8 mm; 2n=ca 78. Dry, especially open, sandy soil; coastal states from s. Del. and e. Md. to La.; disjunct inland from Ind. and Wis. to s. Ill. and Mo., and from S.D. to Tex. July–Sept. There are 3 vars., 2 in our range. Coastal plain plants, var. floridana, are robust, to 2 m, with the lowest internode of the infl often 1–2 dm; the peduncles are lanate with hairs to 2 mm, and the larger lvs are mostly elliptic-lanceolate and broadest near or below the middle. Plants of the upper Mississippi Valley region, var. campestris (Small) Fernald, average smaller, seldom over 1 m, with the lowest internode of the infl seldom over 1 dm; the peduncles are more closely hairy, with hairs mostly under 0.5 mm, and the larger lvs are more elliptic-oblanceolate, broadest above the middle, and obtuse or rounded at the tip.""" 70053 general 1357077 Amaranthaceae "Froelichia gracilis. ""Slender, erect to nearly prostrate, commonly branched from near the base, 2–7 dm; lvs mostly below the middle of the stem, linear to narrowly lanceolate, the larger ones to ca 8 × 1 cm; spikes 1–3 cm; fls in a 3-rowed spiral, avg 6–10 per cm; mature cal obliquely conic, mostly 3.5–4 mm; seeds 1.2–1.4 mm; otherwise much as in no. 1 [Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq.]; 2n=54. Dry soil; Ind. to Io. and Colo., s. to Ark. and n. Mex.; adventive especially along railroad-tracks e. to s. Ont., Mass., and S.C. July–Sept.""" 70503 general 1358797 Amaranthaceae "Monolepis nuttalliana. ""Winter annual; stems slightly succulent, much branched, spreading or ascending, 1–5 dm; lvs lanceolate to ovate, to 5 cm (petiole included), entire or variously toothed, commonly with a single large salient tooth on each side near the middle, cuneate to the base; fls numerous, much shorter than the lvs; sep green, spatulate or obovate, 1–2 mm. Dry, often alkaline soil; Man. to w. Mo., Tex., and n. Mex., w. to the Pacific, and occasionally adventive eastward.""" 70563 general 1349870 Amaranthaceae "Cycloloma atriplicifolium. ""sinuate-toothed, the lower to 8 cm, the upper progressively reduced; all terminal branchlets floriferous, forming spikes 2–6 cm; fls sessile; mature cal 3–4 mm wide; seeds 1.5 mm; 2n=36. Dry or sandy ground, often as a weed; Man. to Ind., Ark., and Tex., w. to Utah and N.M., and occasionally adventive eastward.""" 108330 general 32797 Amaranthaceae "Amaranthaceae.Herbs, clambering subshrubs, shrubs, or lianas. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, or sterile and reduced, subtended by 1 membranous bract and 2 bracteoles, solitary or aggregated in cymes. Inflorescences elongated or condensed spikes (heads), racemes, or thyrsoid structures of varying complexity. Bracteoles membranous or scarious. Tepals 3-5, membranous, scarious or subleathery, 1-, 3-, 5-, or 7(-23)-veined. Stamens as many as tepals and opposite these, rarely fewer than tepals; filaments free, united into a cup at base or ± entirely into a tube, filament lobes present or absent, pseudostaminodes present or absent; anthers (1- or)2-loculed, dorsifixed, introrsely dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-loculed; ovules 1 to many; style persistent, short and indistinct or long and slender; stigma capitate, penicillate, 2-lobed or forming 2 filiform branches. Fruit a dry utricle or a fleshy capsule, indehiscent, irregularly bursting, or circumscissile. Seeds lenticular, reniform, subglobose, or shortly cylindric, smooth or verruculose.
About 70 genera and 900 species: worldwide; 15 genera (one introduced) and 44 species (three endemic, 14 introduced) in China.
Morphology of the androecium, perianth (tepals), and the inflorescence has traditionally been used to circumscribe genera and tribes. Pseudostaminodia are interstaminal appendages with variously shaped apices. Filament appendages are the lateral appendages of filaments (one on each side). The basic structure of the inflorescence is the cyme (branchlets arising from the bracteole axils, the bracteoles serving as bracts for upper flowers), which can be reduced to one flower with two bracteoles and a bract. Units of dispersal vary considerably (capsules opening with lower part persistent, flower and bracteoles falling together, or cymose partial inflorescences breaking off above bract) and can be characteristic for genera. Several genera possess long trichomes serving dispersal at the base of the tepals.
Digera arvensis Forsskål (Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 65. 1775) has been reported from Anhui. However, we have seen no specimens and are therefore unable to treat it in this account.
Shrubs or trees, glabrous, or cottony in leaf axils. Stem erect, much branched; older branches terete, annual ones green or blue-green, pointed. Leaves opposite, reduced to scales or nearly absent, bases united, apex obtuse or with a short awn. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth segments 5, free, papery or dry membranous, abaxially with a distal, transverse wing in fruit, adaxially concave, base usually arachnoid; wing horizontal, membranous, longitudinally veined. Disk cupular. Stamens 5, inserted on disk; anthers elliptic, without an appendage. Ovary base sunken into disk; style very short; stigmas 2-5. Utricle hemispheric, apically slightly concave; pericarp fleshy, adnate to seed. Seed horizontal; embryo green, spiral; perisperm absent.
About 11 species: from the Mediterranean region to C Asia; two species in China.
" 113472 general 1353908 Amaranthaceae "Iljinia regelii.Plants 20-50 cm tall. Woody branches gray-white, usually fissured annular, smooth, glabrous; annual branches gray-green, slightly ribbed. Leaves 0.5-1.5 cm × 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous, base decurrent, apex obtuse; leaf axil cottony. Bractlets suborbicular, slightly shorter than perianth, abaxially fleshy and convex at center, margin narrowly membranous. Wing of perianth segments horizontal or slightly reflexed, semiorbicular, dry membranous, margin entire or incised. Ovary smooth; stigma adaxially papillate. Pericarp black-brown, somewhat fleshy. Seed ca. 1.75 mm in diam.; testa yellow-brown, membranous. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.
" 113483 general 1350073 Amaranthaceae "Nanophyton erinaceum.Plants to 30 cm tall. Stem twisted, sinuate, gray-brown to black-brown, rough; older branches crowded, with numerous lateral, dwarf, dry branches; annual branches green, usually 5-10 mm. Leaves 1.5-5 mm, abaxially papillate; leaf axil cottony. Bracts and bractlets similar, proximal margin membranous. Perianth segments sublustrous, white-yellow, veinless, 8-12 mm in fruit. Anther appendage slightly whitish. Style light yellow, ca. 1.25 mm; stigmas slightly shorter than style. Utricle yellow-brown, ca. 2.25 mm. Embryo yellow-green. Fl. and fr. Aug-Sep.
This species provides good forage for livestock.
" 135495 general 1359515 Amaranthaceae "Horaninovia ulicina.Plants 20-40 cm tall, densely papillate-hispidulous. Stem much branched, slender; branches opposite, oblique, straight, thin, terete or obscurely ribbed. Leaves opposite, sessile, green, acicular, straight or slightly arcuate, 5-10 mm, base slightly expanded, margin membranous. Inflorescence of axillary, globose, usually numerous-flowered glomerules, pilose; bract 1 and bractlets 2 per flower; bract of same shape as leaves; bractlets yellow-white, stiffly acicular, shorter than leaves, glabrous, base expanded, appearing ovate or suborbicular. Flowers bisexual. Perianth segments 5, oblong-lanceolate, membranous, perianth below wing slightly thickened, distal part incurved and enclosing utricle; wings unequal, dry membranous, margin erose. Filaments not exserted, short; anthers ovoid to cylindric, apex obtuse or acute, without an appendage. Utricle 1-1.5 mm in diam.; pericarp light brown. Embryo yellow-brown. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.
Horaninovia minor Schrenk (in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 11. 1841) has been reported from Xinjiang (Tacheng) by Grubov (Rast. Tsentral. Azii 2: 100. 1966), based on a specimen collected in 1840 by Schrenk “near Chuguchak” and preserved at LE. No specimen has been seen by the present authors. It differs from H. ulicina in having leaves and bracts arcuate curved, perianth wingless, and anthers with a linear appendage.
" 164393 ecology 1353096 Amaranthaceae "Alternanthera repens. A common weed on dry ground." 178889 morphology 32797 Amaranthaceae "Amaranthaceae. ""Sepals 3–5, free or nearly so, imbricate, more or less dry and membranous""" 113434 general 1354972 Amaranthaceae "Beta vulgaris.Herbs annual or biennial. Root stout, tuberlike, and napiform or fusiform, or branched and not tuberlike. Stem erect, ± branched, ribbed, striate. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole stout, abaxially convex, adaxially flattened or slightly concave; leaf blade oblong, 20-30 × 10-15 cm, adaxially crisped, sublustrous, abaxially with strongly protruding veins, base cuneate, truncate, or slightly cordate, margin entire or undulate, apex obtuse. Cauline leaves alternate, smaller than basal ones; leaf blade ovate or lanceolate-oblong, base gradually narrowed into petiole, apex attenuate. Flowers 2- or 3-glomerulate. Perianth united at base; segments linear or narrowly oblong, becoming leathery and incurved in fruit. Utricle basally sunken into perianth, distally subsucculent. Seed red-brown, sublustrous, lenticular, 2-3 mm in diam.; perisperm farinaceous. Fl. May-Sep, fr. Jul.
This species is highly variable, with many subspecies, varieties, and forms described. Four cultivated varieties are here recognized in China.
" 113442 general 1355679 Amaranthaceae "Chenopodium giganteum.Herbs annual, large, to 3 m tall. Stem erect, much branched above, stout, reddish green or reddish purple striate, ribbed, base to 5 cm in diam. Leaf blade abaxially light green, adaxially dark green, rhombic to ovate, to 20 × 16 cm, 1.5-2 × as long as petiole, abaxially farinose or glabrescent, adaxially not farinose, base broadly cuneate, margin irregularly undulate serrate, apex usually obtuse; upper leaf blades gradually becoming smaller, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, reddish or golden yellow vesicular hairy when young, margin serrate or entire. Inflorescence of large, terminal panicles, farinose, usually pendulous in fruit. Flowers bisexual, several per glomerule or solitary. Perianth segments 5, green or dark purple, ovate, margin membranous. Stamens 5. Utricle lenticular; pericarp membranous. Seed horizontal, black or red-black, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., reticulate lineate, rim margin obtuse. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep-Oct.
This plant most probably represents a cultivar, which originated in India, of the Chenopodium album aggregate. Similar cultivated plants of E Asia were described as C. centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai. Other similar plants (probably of different origin) are known as C. amaranticolor, C. purpurascens Jacquin, etc. A new taxonomic revision of cultivated members of the C. album aggregate is badly needed.
The stout stems are used for making walking sticks.
Herbs annual, 50-100 cm tall. Root fusiform. Stem erect, terete, light green or reddish purple, ribbed, slightly pubescent or subglabrous below; branches sparse, oblique. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, complanate, 2-5 cm × 3-7 mm, usually with 3 distinct main veins, glabrous or slightly hairy, base attenuate into petiole, margin sparsely ferruginous ciliate, apex shortly acuminate; upper leaves sessile, smaller, 1-veined. Flowers bisexual or female, usually 1-3 per glomerule in axils of upper leaves and forming sparse, spikelike panicles; rachis beneath flowers sometimes ferruginous pilose. Perianth light green, subglobose; segments subtriangular, glabrous or apex slightly hairy, rarely wholly pubescent; winglike appendages triangular to obovate, sometimes subflabellate, membranous, obscurely veined, margin repand or incised. Filaments filiform. Style very short; stigmas 2, usually brownish purple. Utricle depressed globose; pericarp membranous, free from seed. Seed black-brown, sublustrous, ovoid, 1.5-2 mm; perisperm coherent. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Jul-Oct.
Kochia scoparia is an extremely variable species. Several forms, varieties, and subspecies have been described. Of these taxa, the most widespread in China is probably var. (or subsp.) scoparia, whereas plants with lower branches arcuate, axis of inflorescence distinctly pubescent, and flowers surrounded by a dense tuft of long hairs exceeding the perianth segments have been called var. subvillosa Moquin-Tandon (in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 131. 1849). The nomenclature of this latter variety is extremely confused; in particular, it has been called K. densiflora Turczaninow ex B. D. Jackson (K. scoparia subsp. densiflora (Turczaninow ex B. D. Jackson) M. Velayos & S. Cirujano; K. scoparia var. albovillosa Kitagawa), and the names K. sieversiana (Pallas) C. A. Meyer and K. scoparia var. sieversiana (Pallas) Ulbrich ex Ascherson & Graebner have been misapplied to this entity.
This species also has a horticultural form, f. trichophylla (A. Voss) Stapf ex Schinz & Thellung, which is characterized by plants appearing ovoid or obovoid (“cypresslike”), with crowded branches, and leaves narrower. It is cultivated in the countryside for brooms. In late autumn, the branches and leaves become red or orange and can be used ornamentally.
The young plants are eaten as a vegetable, and the utricles are used medicinally.
Herbs annual. Stem erect. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 2-6 cm wide. Spikes often cristate, convolute, or feathery; some small branches pyramidal-oblong. Bracts lanceolate, with midvein, apex acuminate. Tepals red, purple, yellow, or orange. Utricles ovoid, enveloped in persistent perianth. Seeds compressed-reniform. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 35*, 36*, 54*.
This taxon is usually regarded as a cultivated form of Celosia argentea. There are many ornamental cultivars in China.
" 164395 morphology 1353457 Amaranthaceae "Amaranthus lividus. ""A variable species, occurring as a weed, and also cultivated.""" 164400 morphology 1351906 Amaranthaceae "Amaranthus tricolor. A cultivated spinach." 164403 morphology 1352003 Amaranthaceae "Celosia argentea. Probably introduced and naturalized; often cultivated." 164430 morphology 1351064 Amaranthaceae "Gomphrena globosa. ""A native of S. America, cultivated as an ornamental, also subspontaneous.""" 65751 general 1293436 Amaryllidaceae "Allium textile. ""Bulb ovoid-conic, 1–2 cm with fibrous-reticulate coats; stem 1–2.5 dm; lvs mostly 1 or 2, arising below the middle, 1–2 mm wide, bracts ovate, short-acuminate; bulblets none; pedicels 5–10 mm, or in fr to 20 mm; tep pink or white, lanceolate or lance-oblong, 6–8 mm, acute; filaments shorter than the perianth; fr retuse, 3–4 mm, its valves (and each lobe of the ovary) bearing 2 short erect projections on the back just below the top; 2n=14, 28. Dry plains and prairies; s. and w. Minn. and w. Io. to Alta., Wash., and N.M. May, June. (A. reticulatum)""" 65756 general 1293387 Amaryllidaceae "Allium cernuum. ""Bulb slenderly conic, very gradually tapering into the stem; lvs several, arising near together at the soil-surface, shorter than the stem, 2–4(–8) mm wide; scape 3–6 dm, abruptly declined near the top; umbel nodding (at least in bud), many-fld, without bulblets; pedicels 12–25 mm, becoming rigid; tep white to rose, ovate or elliptic, 4–6 mm, obtuse or subacute; stamens exsert; filaments barely widened at base; fr obovoid, 3-lobed, 4 mm, each valve (and each lobe of the ovary) bearing 2 erect triangular processes near the top; 2n=14. Dry woods, rocky banks, and prairies; N.Y. to Mich., Minn., and B.C., s. to Va., Ky., and Mo., and in the mts. to Ga., Ala., and Ariz. July, Aug. (A. allegheniense; A. oxyphilum Wherry, of shale-barrens, with few, whitish fls, may merit some recognition)""" 108696 general 1297450 Amaryllidaceae "Allium.Herbs perennial, bulbiferous, sometimes with well-developed, thick or thin rhizomes, rarely with stolons or tuberous roots, usually with onionlike, leeklike, or garliclike odor when fresh. Bulb covered with a tunic. Leaves sessile, very rarely narrowed into a petiole, with a closed leaf sheath at base, linear, linear-lanceolate, or lorate to orbicular-ovate, cross section flat, angled, or semiterete to terete, fistulose or solid. Scape terminal or lateral, sheathed or naked. Inflorescence a terminal umbel, sometimes with bulblets, rarely flowerless and with bulblets only, enclosed in a spathelike bract before anthesis. Pedicels with or without basal bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, very rarely degenerating into unisexual (when plants dioecious). Perianth segments free or united into a tube at base. Filaments usually connate at base and adnate to perianth segments, entire or toothed. Ovary with 1 to several ovules per locule; septa often containing nectaries opening by pores at base of ovary. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds black, rhomboidal or spheroidal.
About 660 species: N hemisphere, mainly in Asia, some species in Africa and Central and South America; 138 species (50 endemic, five introduced) in China.
Most species of Allium are edible, and some have long been cultivated in China and elsewhere, e.g., A. cepa A. chinense A. fistulosum A. porrum A. sativum and A. tuberosum.
" 110306 general 1295672 Amaryllidaceae "Narcissus.Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulbs with a membranous tunic. Leaves basal, linear or terete. Flowering stem solid. Inflorescence a several-flowered umbel or sometimes a solitary flower; involucres membranous, basally tubular. Flowers erect or pendulous. Perianth tube cylindric or funnelform, short; lobes 6, erect or recurved, subequal; corona narrowly tubular, corollalike or shallowly cupular. Stamens inserted in perianth tube; anther basifixed. Ovary with many ovules. Style filiform; stigma 3-lobed, small. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds subglobose.
About 60 species: mainly in C Europe and the Mediterranean region; one species in China.
Additional species of Narcissus e.g., N. jonquilla Linnaeus and N. pseudonarcissus Linnaeus, are cultivated as garden plants in China but are not described in this account.
" 126554 general 1297723 Amaryllidaceae "Allium chinense.Bulbs clustered, narrowly ovoid, (0.5--)1--1.5(--2) cm in diam.; tunic white, sometimes tinged with red, membranous, entire. Leaves subequaling scape, 1--3 mm wide, 3--5-angled, fistulose. Scape lateral, 20--40 cm, terete, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2-valved, persistent. Umbel nearly hemispheric, laxly flowered. Pedicels subequal, 2--4 × as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth pale purple to dull purple; segments broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 4--6 × 3--4 mm; inner ones slightly longer than outer. Filaments equal, ca. 1.5 × as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary obovoid-globose, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style exserted. Fl. and fr. Oct--Nov. 2 n = 24*, 32*.
Cultivated as a vegetable in tropical and subtropical China.
" 126613 general 1295801 Amaryllidaceae "Allium tuberosum.Bulbs clustered, cylindric; tunic dull yellow to yellowish brown, reticulate to subreticulate. Leaves linear, shorter than scape, 1.5--8 mm wide, flat, solid, margin smooth. Scape 25--60 cm, terete, usually 2-angled, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel hemispheric to subglobose, laxly many flowered. Pedicels subequal, 2--4 × as long as perianth, bracteolate and several covered with a common bract at base. Perianth white; segments usually with green or yellowish green midvein; outer ones oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4--7(--8) × 1.8--3 mm; inner ones oblong-obovate, 4--7(--8) × 2.1--3.5 mm. Filaments narrowly triangular, equal, 2/3--4/5 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments; inner ones slightly wider than outer at base. Ovary obconical-globose, minutely tuberculate, without concave nectaries at base. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep. 2 n = 16*, 24*, 32*.
Allium tuberosum is generally regarded as a cultivated species with a tetraploid chromosome number (2 n = 32), although a wild population was recently discovered in Shanxi Province with a diploid number (2 n = 16; Yang et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36: 36--46. 1998). This species has leaves solid and perianth segments usually with a green or yellowish green midvein, whereas its close wild relative, A. ramosum, differs in having leaves fistulose and perianth segments with a pale red midvein. One of us (Xu) agrees with Stearn (Herbertia 11: 238. 1946) that the name A. tataricum Linnaeus f. (Suppl. Pl. 196. 1782) should be regarded as a synonym of A. ramosum. On the other hand, Kamelin regards A. tataricum as a synonym of A. tuberosum over which name it would have priority. He bases his opinion on two specimens (LE), labeled as A. tataricum and made from plants cultivated during the 1790s in the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, and on his belief that only A. tuberosum never A. ramosum, has been cultivated. However, Kamelin has observed that these two specimens have fistulose leaves, which suggests that they are A. ramosum, unless this character is not diagnostic for the two species. Xu has not seen the specimens but notes that they could be cultivated A. ramosum because, as noted by Stearn (loc. cit.: 229), A. ramosum was already in cultivation in Europe by 1750. Therefore, A. tataricum is here treated as a synonym of A. ramosum, based on Xu’s opinion. The nomenclature of the two species remains unstable because, although the type of A. tuberosum (B) supports the current application of that name, no type has yet been designated for either A. ramosum or A. tataricum. Further studies are required in order to resolve the classification.
" 126885 general 1295404 Amaryllidaceae "Lycoris aurea.Bulbs ovoid, ca. 5 cm in diam. Leaves appearing in autumn, ensiform, ca. 60 × 1.7--2.5 cm, midvein pale, base and apex gradually tapering. Flowering stem ca. 60 cm. Involucres 2, lanceolate, ca. 3.5 × 0.8 cm. Perianth yellow; tube 1.2--1.5 cm; lobes strongly recurved, abaxially with pale green midvein, oblanceolate, ca. 6 × 0.4--1 cm, margin strongly undulate. Stamens slightly or long exserted, 7--12 cm; filament yellow. Style rose red at apex. Capsule 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds few, black, subglobose, ca. 0.7 cm in diam. Fl. Aug--Sep. 2 n = 12--16.
Lycoris aurea is cultivated as an ornamental in S China.
" 129709 general 1301881 Amaryllidaceae "Allium cepiforme.Bulb ovoid-globose to ovoid; tunic red-brown to yellowish brown, scarious, entire. Leaves deep green, narrower than those of Allium cepa and A. fistulosum, terete, fistulose. Scape usually not developed (plants propagated by bulbs), if developed then fistulose, inflated. Spathe 2- or 3(or 4)-valved. Umbel globose. Pedicels slender, longer than perianth. Perianth white; segments with green midvein, oblong, apex obtuse, sometimes with reflexed point. Filaments subulate, subequal, ca. 2 × as long as perianth segments. 2 n = 16.
Allium cepiforme originated in cultivation, probably as a result of hybridization between A. cepa and A. fistulosum.
" 129723 general 1298694 Amaryllidaceae "Allium omeiense.Roots elongate, thick, fleshy. Bulbs clustered, cylindric, robust, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; tunic fibrous. Leaves band-shaped to linear-oblanceolate, longer than scape, (1.5--)2--3.5 cm wide, midvein distinct. Scape lateral, 30--65 cm, terete, sometimes slightly compressed, covered with leaf sheaths for ca. 1/3 its length, reflexed after anthesis. Spathe deciduous. Umbel hemispheric, usually with leafing bulblets. Pedicels subequal, slightly longer than to 2 × as long as perianth, ebracteolate. Perianth white; segments linear to linear-lanceolate, 9--11 × 0.5--1.1 mm, apex caudate; inner ones slightly shorter than outer, united into a tube ca. 1 mm, midvein pale green. Filaments subulate, equal, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments. Ovary subglobose, smooth; ovules 1(or 2) per locule. Style longer than ovary; stigma punctiform. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct. 2 n = 22*.
Cultivated as vegetable on Emei Shan.
" 129826 general 1299875 Amaryllidaceae "Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum.Herbs perennial, stout. Bulbs narrowly cylindric. Leaves 20--30, dark green, linear-lanceolate, ca. 100 × 7--12 cm, margin undulate, apex acuminate, sharply pointed. Flowering stem erect, nearly as long as leaves. Umbel 10--24-flowered; bracts linear, 3--7 mm; involucres 2, lanceolate, 6--10 cm, membranous. Flowers fragrant; pedicel 0.5--2.5 cm. Perianth salverform; tube greenish white, straight, 7--10 cm × ca. 2 mm; lobes white, linear, 4.5--9 × 0.6--0.9 cm, apex acuminate. Stamens reddish; filament 4--5 cm; anther linear, more than 1.5 cm, apex acuminate. Ovary fusiform, less than 2 cm. Capsule subglobose, 3--5 cm in diam. Seed often 1. Fl. summer.
The Chinese plant is widely cultivated as an ornamental and is used medicinally.
" 130107 general 1300703 Amaryllidaceae "Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis.Bulbs ovoid. Leaves broadly linear, flat, 20--40 × 0.8--1.5 cm, margin entire, apex obtuse. Flowering stems usually equaling leaves. Umbels 4--8-flowered; involucres membranous. Flowers fragrant; pedicels unequal, perianth tube glaucous, ca. 2 cm, slender, nearly 3-angled; lobes widely spreading, white, broadly elliptic to ovate, apex shortly acute; corona pale yellow, shallowly cupular, less than 1/2 as long as perianth, margin not undulate. Stamens ca. 4 mm, not exserted. Fl. Feb--Mar. 2 n = 30*.
Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis is widely cultivated as an ornamental in China. It was reported to be introduced 1300--1400 years ago, and has become naturalized in coastal areas and offshore islands of Fujian and Zhejiang.
" 164069 morphology 1301639 Amaryllidaceae "Eucharis grandiflora. Widely cultivated in our area as an ornamental garden plant" 164470 morphology 1293528 Amaryllidaceae "Zephyranthes citrina. Widely cultivated in our area as an ornamental garden plant" 164472 morphology 1297181 Amaryllidaceae "Zephyranthes grandiflora. Widely cultivated in our area as an ornamental garden plant" 164646 ecology 1290776 Anacardiaceae "Lannea fruticosa. In arid regions." 67965 general 1288652 Anacardiaceae "Rhus typhina. ""Tall shrub or small tree to 10 m; younger branches, petioles, and lf-rachis densely and softly hirsute; lfls 9–29, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 5–12 cm, acuminate, serrate, paler beneath; frs 4–5 mm, somewhat flattened, red, densely covered with slender, tapering hairs 1–2 mm. Dry, open places; N.S. and s. Que. to Minn., s. to W.Va. and O., and irregularly to n. Ga., n. Ala., and Io. June, July. (R. hirta)""" 108332 general 32805 Anacardiaceae "Anacardiaceae.Trees or shrubs, also woody climbers or perennial herbs, resiniferous secretory ducts in bark and foliage, plants turpentine-smelling, blackening when wounded, hermaphroditic, polygamo-dioecious or dioecious. Leaves often clustered distally, alternate, exstipulate, simple, trifoliolate or imparipinnate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary thyrsoids or panicles; floral subtending bracts small, or sometimes large, membranous and fused to pedicel (Dobinea). Flowers small, actinomorphic, 3-5-merous, bisexual to unisexual; receptacle sometimes elongate and barrel-shaped (Mangifera). Perianth usually double (single in Pistacia or lacking in female flowers in Dobinea); sepals fused basally and lobed (bractlike in Pistacia), imbricate or valvate in bud, caducous or persistent. Petals free or adnate basally to extended receptacle, imbricate or valvate, deciduous to persistent. Stamens in 1 or 2 whorls, 1 (Anacardium, Mangifera), several, or all fertile; filaments slender, sometimes connate basally (Anacardium); anthers ovoid or oblong, introrse, dorsi- or basifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, 2-celled with 4 pollen sacs. Disk usually distinct, intrastaminal to extrastaminal, fleshy, crenulate, stipe-shaped or 5-10-notched, round, flattened or subcupular. Ovary superior, sometimes half inferior or inferior (Pegia and Semecarpus), either (a) 1-carpellate and 1-locular, (b) syncarpous and 2-5-locular (rarely more), (c) 4-6-carpellate and apocarpous (Buchanania), or (d) 5-carpellate and incompletely connate (Dracontomelon); stigmas 1-5 (rarely more), ± distinct, each locule with one apotropous ovule, usually with one carpel developing to maturity. Fruit drupaceous or dry and indehiscent (Dobinea), sometimes borne on enlarged fleshy hypocarp formed by pedicel and receptacle (Anacardium and Semecarpus) or fused to membranous accrescent floral subtending bract (Dobinea), composed of 1-5, rarely more, cells, each containing 1 seed; epicarp thin; mesocarp usually fleshy, fibrous and resinous; endocarp crustaceous to bony.
About 77 genera and 600 species: mainly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas, with the center of diversity in the Malesian region; 17 genera (one introduced) and 55 species (18 endemic, two introduced) in China.
Both of the families Pistaciaceae and Podoaceae (with Dobinea) have been included here in the Anacardiaceae based on the molecular studies conducted by Pell (Molecular Systematics of the Cashew Family [Anacardiaceae]. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University. 2004). The two families are separated mainly based on their aberrant reductions in the perianth. The molecular trees clearly show that they are both nested within the Anacardiaceae. In accordance with figs. 3-10 (pp. 66-75) in Pells’s dissertation (loc. cit.) and current taxonomy, we have included Pistacia in the Rhoeae and Dobinea in a tribe of its own, the Dobineeae.
Some species of Dobinea, Pistacia, Rhus, and Toxicodendron reach altitudes above 2000 m in Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan.
Several representatives for the family are economically important, delivering products such as fruits and nuts, timber, lacquers, and tannins. In China, the resinous sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum and T. succedaneum is called Chinese lacquer. Rhus chinensis is the host plant of the aphid Melaphis chinensis that produces the "Chinese gall," which in turn is a rich source of gallic acid. Anacardium occidentale and Mangifera indica are widely cultivated as fruit trees, and Pistacia chinensis yields a natural yellow dye. Several plants have ornamental value, such as Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea, which produces spectacular red leaves in the autumn.
The resinous sap of Anacardiaceae
Trees or shrubs, dioecious. Leaves pari- or imparipinnate, rarely 3-foliolate or simple; leaflets entire. Inflorescence paniculate. Male flowers with reduced 1- or 2-parted perianth, or perianth lacking; stamens 3-5, rarely 7, filaments short, adnate to disk, anthers large, ovoid; pistillode small or absent. Female flowers with reduced 2-5-parted perianth; staminode absent; disk minute or absent; ovary superior, 1-locular and 1-ovulate, style short with 3 spreading stigmas. Drupe red at maturity, pointed; endocarp bony. Seed without endosperm.
About ten species: Mediterranean region to Afghanistan, E to SE Asia, Central and South America; two species (one endemic) in China.
In addition to the native species described below, Pistacia vera Linnaeus is cultivated in Xinjiang for its edible seeds (pistachio nuts).
" 164619 ecology 1289618 Anacardiaceae "Anacardium occidentale. ""Widely cultivated and commonly naturalized in the bush, chiefly in coastal districts.""" 164668 morphology 1288114 Anacardiaceae "Mangifera indica. Widely cultivated but here and there well established in secondary bush." 114641 general 1282748 Annonaceae "Alphonsea hainanensis.Trees to 20 m tall, evergreen, d.b.h. to 30 cm. Bark grayish brown, smooth, 5-6 mm thick; inner bark reddish brown, fragrant. Branchlets appressed ferruginous puberulent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3-5 mm, puberulent or glabrous; leaf blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 4-9 × 2-3.5 cm, thickly papery, glabrous, adaxially shiny and green, secondary veins 7-10 on each side of midvein, slender, and prominent on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or subopposite, 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle subsessile; bracts broadly ovate. Pedicel 5-13 mm, pubescent, bracteolate at base. Sepals reniform, ca. 1 mm, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Outer petals ovate to oblong-ovate, ca. 9 mm, pubescent, apex obtuse; inner petals smaller than outer petals, outside puberulent, inside glabrous or glabrescent. Stamens in 3 whorls; anther locules ovoid, ca. 1 mm; connectives apically acute. Carpels 3-5, densely pubescent; ovules 10-12 per carpel, in 2 series. Fruiting carpels yellowish green, subglobose to obovate, ca. 4 × 3-4 cm, densely tomentose. Seeds flat, semiorbicular. Fl. Oct-Mar, fr. Mar-Aug.
The fruit of Alphonsea hainanensis are edible when ripe. Its wood is hard and used for the construction of carts and agricultural implements, etc.
Alphonsea hainanensis is listed as Endangered (EN A2c) by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2010.3; http://www. iucnredlist.org; accessed on 8 Oct 2010).
Trees to 20 m tall, evergreen, d.b.h. to 40 cm. Bark grayish brown, bast reddish. Branches densely tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 2-3 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-oblong, 6-12 × 2.5-5.6 cm, papery, abaxially villous, adaxially glabrous except for puberulent area along midvein, secondary veins ca. 10 on each side of midvein and slender, reticulate veins conspicuous, base obtuse to rounded, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered. Pedicel 1-2 cm, pubescent, bracteolate. Sepals triangular, ca. 1 × 1 mm. Petals yellowish white; outer petals ca. 11 × 7 mm, outside tomentose, inside glabrescent, apex recurved; inner petals slightly shorter than outer petals. Stamens many; anthers ovoid; connectives apically acute. Carpels 3, tomentose. Monocarps 1 or 2, yellow when ripe, ovoid to ellipsoid, 2-4 × 1.5-2.5 cm, fulvous tomentose. Seeds several per monocarp, grayish brown, orbicular and flat, 1-1.5 cm in diam. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Jun-Aug.
The fruit of Alphonsea mollis are edible when ripe. The wood is used for the construction of carts, agricultural implements, etc.
" 144839 general 1284938 Annonaceae "Miliusa horsfieldii.Trees to 15[-35] m tall, evergreen, d.b.h. to 50 cm. Bark ochre-colored. Branches villous. Petiole ca. 2 mm, villous; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 4-13 × 1.8-4 cm, papery, abaxially villous, adaxially sparsely pubescent but densely so on veins, secondary veins 10-14 on each side of midvein, base rounded and slightly oblique, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, 1-30-flowered. Pedicel 1.5-3 cm, recurved. Sepals broadly triangular, ca. 3(-10) × 1-2 mm. Petals dark red; outer petals lanceolate, ca. 7(-13) × 1-2 mm, reflexed at anthesis; inner petals ovate-lanceolate, 20-26(-40) × 5-10(-15) mm, incurved, with a conspicuous midvein. Stamens ca. 1 mm. Carpels incurved crescent, densely sericeous; ovules 8 per carpel, in 2 series; stigmas ovoid, glabrous. Monocarp stipes 1-1.5 cm; monocarps 5-20, dark red at maturity, globose to subglobose, 1-2 cm in diam., puberulent. Seeds 2-8 per monocarp, reniform, ca. 11 × 5 mm. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug.
The timber from Miliusa horsfieldii is straight, hard, non-splitting, and fine grained and is used for vehicle construction, agricultural implements, machinery, etc. Merrill and Chun (Sunyatsenia 2: 230. 1935) misidentified material of this species as Alphonsea mollis Dunn.
Miliusa horsfieldii is listed as Vulnerable (VU A2c) by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2010.3; http://www.iucnredlist. org; accessed on 6 Oct 2010, as Saccopetalum prolificum).
Trees to 8 m tall, deciduous. Branchlets tomentose, glabrescent. Axillary leaf buds ovoid, brown tomentose, apex obtuse. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade broadly obovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7.5-20 × 3-10 cm, papery, abaxially gray pruinose and brown tomentose, adaxially smooth and glabrous, secondary veins 11-14 on each side of midvein and adaxially flat, base rounded to obtuse, apex rounded. Flowering branches associated with large auriculate leaves. Inflorescences 1-3-flowered. Flowers ca. 3 cm. Sepals ovate, 2-4 mm, outside tomentose, inside glabrous. Petals reddish; outer petals linear-oblong, 1.5-3 cm, tomentose; inner petals absent. Stamens oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. Syncarp green to reddish, conic, ovoid, or spherical, ca. 20 × 15 cm, tuberculate; pulp white or brownish when ripe. Seeds blackish brown, ovoid to obovoid, ca. 1 cm. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 14.
This species is cultivated for the fine fruit, ilama, which are eaten raw.
" 144843 general 1284923 Annonaceae "Mitrephora macclurei.Trees to 10 m tall. Branches densely hairy when young. Petiole 6-8.5 mm, sparsely hairy; leaf blade lanceolate, (8-)10-14 × 3-4.5 cm, leathery, abaxially subglabrous to sparsely hairy, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 7-9 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate, apex acute. Inflorescence rachides unbranched, internodes short. Pedicel 1.2-2 cm; bracteoles 1.5-3.5 × 2-4 mm. Sepals ovate, 3-4 × 3-3.5 mm. Outer petals white turning yellow, elliptic to ovate, 1.8-2.5 × 1.1-2 cm, margin never undulate; inner petals purple, 1.1-1.3 × 0.6-0.9 cm. Stamens 1.5-1.9 mm. Carpels 7 or 8, 2-2.5 mm; ovules 8-10 per carpel. Fruiting pedicel ca. 1.3 cm; monocarp stipes 1.4-1.8 cm; monocarps obovoid, ca. 3.8 × 2.5 cm, sparsely hairy, smooth, with longitudinal ridge. Seeds ca. 1.2 × 1 cm. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Sep-Oct.
Previous workers (e.g., FRPS 30(2): 58. 1979) have confused Mitrephora macclurei with M. teysmannii Scheffer (generally under the synonym M. maingayi J. D. Hooker & Thomson). They are most easily distinguished by the outer petals, which in M. teysmannii are cream-colored with reddish streaks (becoming dark yellow with reddish brown streaks with age) and have undulate margins, whereas in M. macclurei the outer petals are uniformly white (becoming yellow with age) and lack undulate margins. The Chinese material corresponds to M. macclurei. It is cultivated in Guangdong.
" 67291 general 1275345 Apiaceae "Eryngium yuccifolium. ""Coarse, erect perennial to 1 m or more from fascicled roots, usually simple to the infl; lvs linear, much elongate, parallel-veined, entire or remotely spinulose, the lower to 8 dm × 2 cm, the upper gradually reduced; heads round-ovoid, 1–2 cm long and thick; bracts lance-ovate, entire or nearly so, cuspidate, rarely projecting from beneath the head; bractlets similar but smaller; 2n=96. Moist or dry sandy soil, open woods, and prairies; s. U.S., n. to Va., Ind., Minn., and Kans., and occasionally adventive farther north. July, Aug. (E. aquaticum, misapplied)""" 67358 general 1271199 Apiaceae "Daucus pusillus. ""Slender annual, 0.5–6(–9) dm, ± hirsute; ultimate lf-segments linear, to 1 mm wide; invol bracts not scarious-margined, with segments under 1 cm, closely appressed to the infl in fr; fls all white (seldom purplish), the umbellets mostly 5–12-fld; fr 3–5 mm, usually broadest below the middle; 2n=22. Dry, open places, somewhat weedy; widespread in s. U.S., n. to Mo. and N.C., and to be expected in s. Va. May–July.""" 70368 general 1277019 Apiaceae "Taenidia integerrima. ""Plants with a light, pleasant, celery-like odor; stems branched, 4–8 dm; lower lvs long-petioled, commonly thrice compound, the upper once or twice compound and with wholly sheathing petioles; lfls ovate to oblong or elliptic, mostly 1–4 cm, sometimes some of the upper confluent; longer rays 4–9 cm in fr; fr mostly 4–5 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, slightly compressed laterally, not winged, the ribs all low; 2n=22. Dry woods and open, rocky slopes, reputedly sometimes on shale-barrens with the next sp., s. Que. to c. Ga., w. to Minn., e. Kans., Okla., and Tex. Apr.–June.""" 70552 general 1270010 Apiaceae "Angelica venenosa. ""Stout, to 2 m, becoming tomentulose-canescent in the infl; principal lvs long-petioled, 1–2 dm, the upper reduced, with sheathing petioles; lfls oblong to elliptic, varying to lanceolate, 2–4 cm, obtuse, finely serrate; umbels 5–15 cm wide, rays 18–35; pedicels and ovary pubescent; fr oblong-elliptic, 4–7 mm, cordate at base, sparsely pubescent along the wingless dorsal ribs; lateral ribs winged; oil-tubes few; seed adherent to the pericarp; 2n=22. Dry woods and thickets; Mass. to Minn., s. to Fla., Miss., and Ark. July–Aug. (A. villosa Walter, not Lag.)""" 70592 general 1277415 Apiaceae "Spermolepis echinata. ""Hooked s. Low and often spreading, to 4 dm, branched from the base or only above; rays 5–14, ascending or suberect, unequal, to 1.5 cm; pedicels 2–6, to 7 mm, the central umbellets 1-fld, sessile; fr 1.5–2 mm, covered with short uncinate bristles; 2n=16. Dry prairies and barrens, and a weed in waste places; Ariz. and n. Mex. to Okla., La., Mo., and w. Ky., and rarely intr. e. to N.Y. May, June.""" 70593 general 1277418 Apiaceae "Spermolepis inermis. ""Erect, 2–6 dm, commonly branched above the middle only; rays 5–11, strongly ascending, 2–15 mm, very unequal; pedicels 2–6, unequal, to 6 mm or those of the central umbellets sessile; fr 1.5–2 mm, tuberculate; 2n=22. Dry or moist sandy soil; Tex. and n. Mex., e. to Neb. and s. Ill., and occasionally adventive farther e. May, June. (S. patens)""" 108335 general 32830 Apiaceae "Apiaceae.Herbs, annual or perennial, rarely woody at base. Caulescent or acaulescent, stem hollow or solid. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or basal; petiole usually sheathing at base; stipules absent (except in subfam. Hydrocotyloideae); leaf blade compound or sometimes simple, usually much incised or divided, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, or ternate-pinnately decompound. Flowers epigynous, small, bisexual or staminate (unisexual male), regular, in simple or compound umbels; umbellules few to many-flowered; rays often subtended by bracts forming a involucre; umbellules (sometimes called umbellets) usually subtended by bracteoles forming an involucel. Pedicels long, short or obsolete (then forming a capitate umbellule). Calyx tube wholly adnate to the ovary; calyx teeth (sometimes called sepals) small or obsolete, forming a ring around the top of the ovary. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, with one anatropous ovule in each locule. Styles 2, usually swollen at the base forming a stylopodium which often secretes nectar. Fruit dry, of two mericarps united by their faces (commissure), and usually attached to a central axis (carpophore), from which the mericarps separate at maturity; mericarps are variously flattened dorsally, laterally or terete; each mericarp has 5 primary ribs, one down the back (dorsal rib), two on the edges near the commissure (lateral ribs), and two between the dorsal and lateral ribs (intermediate ribs), occasionally with four secondary ribs alternating with the primary, the ribs filiform to broadly winged, thin or corky; vittae (oil-tubes) usually present in the furrow (intervals between the ribs sometimes called the valleculae) and on the commissure face, rarely also in the pericarp, sometimes obscure. Each mericarp 1-seeded, splitting apart at maturity. Seed face (commissural albumen) plane, concave to sulcate.
Between 250 and 440(–455) genera and 3300–3700 species: widely distributed in the temperate zone of both hemispheres, mainly in Eurasia and especially in C Asia; 100 genera (ten endemic) and 614 species (340 endemic) in China.
Although many members of this family have distinctive vegetative and floral features, providing a useful key to identify the many genera in China presents several difficulties. First, the classification of genera and generic groupings has been largely based on the morphology and anatomy of the fruit. Thus, to construct a “good” dichotomous key with equal leads, rather than “chipping off” individual genera using unique characteristics, the use of fruit macro- and microscopic characters is unavoidable. This is even more acute when dealing with large numbers of genera. Another major problem is that several of the large genera are heterogeneous, with diffuse generic boundaries and broad patterns of variation. To try and cope with these difficulties two types of identification tool are presented here. The first is a dichotomous key that emphasizes the traditional fruit characters, and the second is a multi-access key that allows easy comparison of ten characteristics across all genera. The multi-access key is particularly useful for incomplete material, but it is worth stressing that specimens without at least developing fruit are usually very difficult to identify.
The ten genera endemic to China are Chaerophyllopsis, Changium, Chuanminshen, Cyclorhiza, Dickinsia, Harrysmithia, Melanosciadium, Nothosmyrnium, Notopterygium, and Sinolimprichtia.Chinese genera of economic importance include Angelica, Bupleurum, Centella, Changium, Cnidium, Ferula, Glehnia, Heracleum, Hydrocotyle, Ligusticum, Notopterygium, and Peucedanum (medicinal); Anethum, Coriandrum, Cuminum, Foeniculum, and Pimpinella (flavoring); and Apiu
Herbs, annual or biennial, glabrous. Stem erect, terete, branching. Leaves petiolate, sheath narrow; blade ternate-pinnate or pinnatisect, membranous; ultimate segments filiform to lanceolate. Umbels compound, terminal and lateral; bracts numerous, entire or pinnately divided, reflexed in fruit; bracteoles many, entire. Calyx teeth obsolete or inconspicuous, minute. Petals white or yellowish, obcordate or deeply 2-lobed, lobes unequal, base tapering, clawed, apex inflexed, outer petals in outer flowers radiant. Stylopodium low-conic, base slightly undulate; styles slender, more than twice as long as stylopodium, reflexed. Fruit ovoid or ovoid-oblong, slightly compressed laterally, commissure constricted, mericarps pentagonal in cross section, glabrous; ribs 5, acute; vittae 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. Seed face plane. Carpophore entire or 2-cleft to base.
About six species: Mediterranean region; cultivated elsewhere; two species (introduced) in China.
" 108760 general 1269823 Apiaceae "Anethum.Herbs, annual or biennial. Stem erect, terete. Basal leaves petiolate, sheaths scarious-margined; blade 2–3-pinnately dissected; ultimate segments narrowly linear. Inflorescence of loose compound umbels; peduncles much-branched; bracts and bracteoles absent; rays numerous, unequal. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, costa brown, apex very incurved. Stylopodium conic, styles short, erect when young, spreading or recurved after flowering. Fruit ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, conspicuously flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, slightly prominent, lateral ribs narrowly winged, tapering at both ends; vittae 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. Seed face plane. Carpophore 2-cleft to base.
One species: Mediterranean region; cultivated and adventive worldwide, including in China.
" 109272 general 1273872 Apiaceae "Coriandrum.Herbs annual, strongly aromatic, glabrous throughout. Taproot slender. Stem erect, branched above. Leaves petiolate; blade pinnately dissected, membranous; ultimate segments very variable in shape. Umbels compound, lax, terminal or opposite the leaves; bracts absent (rarely 1); rays several, spreading, unequal; bracteoles several, linear. Calyx teeth short, acute, often unequal. Petals white or rose-pink, obovate, apex deeply notched, outer petals enlarged (radiant). Stylopodium conic; styles slender, erect. Fruit globose, not readily separating at maturity; pericarp hard; primary and secondary ribs filiform, evident; vittae absent or solitary, obscure in mature fruits. Seed face concave. Carpophore deeply bifid at apex.
Probably one species: Mediterranean region; cultivated in China.
" 109383 general 1274196 Apiaceae "Daucus.Herbs biennial. Stem solitary erect, branching, retrorsely hispid. Basal leaves petiolate; blade pinnately decompound, ultimate segments small and narrow. Leaves reduced upwards becoming sessile, wholly sheathing, divisions narrow and elongate. Umbels terminal and axillary, loosely compound; bracts numerous, pinnate, rarely entire, usually reflexed; rays numerous, spreading or incurved after anthesis, tightly compact in fruit; bracteoles numerous, toothed or entire; umbellules many-flowered, central flowers usually sterile with enlarged purple petals. Pedicels unequal. Calyx teeth obsolete to conspicuous. Petals white or yellow, obcordate, with an inflexed apex, outer petals in outer flowers of an umbellule enlarged and radiant. Stylopodium conic; styles short. Fruit ellipsoid, dorsally compressed; primary ribs filiform, bristly; secondary ribs winged, wings with glochidiate prickles; vittae 1 in furrows under the secondary ribs, 2 on commissure. Seed face shallowly concave to nearly plane. Carpophore entire or bifid at apex. (Generic description relates to Chinese taxa only.)
About 20 species: N Africa, SW Asia, Europe; cultivated and adventive worldwide in temperate regions; one species in China.
" 109663 general 1275928 Apiaceae "Foeniculum.Herbs, annual or perennial, all parts strongly aromatic (anise-scented). Stem erect, terete, gray-green or lurid-green, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, sheaths membranous-margined; blade pinnately decompound; ultimate segments linear. Umbels compound, terminal and lateral; bracts and bracteoles absent; rays numerous, upwards-spreading, unequal. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, obovate, mid rib conspicuous, apex with narrowly inflexed lobule. Stylopodium conic; styles very short, reflexed. Fruit oblong, terete, glabrous; ribs 5, acute or round-obtuse; vittae 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. Seed face plane or slightly concave. Carpophore 2-cleft to base.
One species: Mediterranean region; cultivated and adventive worldwide, including in China.
" 110353 general 1278654 Apiaceae "Nothosmyrnium.Herbs, perennial. Taproot stout. Basal leaves petiolate, petioles sheathing; blade 1–3-pinnate or ternate-1–2-pinnate. Cauline leaves gradually reduced upwards, 1-pinnate or 3-lobed, smaller, sessile on expanded sheaths. Inflorescence branching; umbels compound, terminal and lateral; bracts and bracteoles present, entire, membranous; rays unequal; umbellules many-flowered; pedicels unequal. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals white, oblong, broadly ovate or subcordate, base cuneate, apex scarcely incurved, outer petals slightly larger (radiant). Stylopodium conic; styles reflexed. Fruit ovoid, slightly dorsally compressed, constricted at the commissure; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform, lateral ribs obscure, surface glabrous or pilose; vittae 1–2 or 3–6 in each furrow, 2 or 4–8 on commissure. Seed face plane or slightly concave. Carpophore 2-cleft to the base.
Two species: China; one species cultivated and adventive in Japan.
" 110540 general 1267318 Apiaceae "Petroselinum.Herbs biennial, rarely annual, glabrous. Root narrowly conic. Stem erect, branching above, base without remnant sheaths. Leaf blades triangular, 2–3-pinnate; ultimate segments ovate to linear, toothed or lobed. Umbels loose compound, terminal and axillary; bracts few or absent; bracteoles several. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals yellow or yellowish-green, obovate, apex emarginate, narrow, inflexed. Stylopodium low-conic; styles short, spreading. Fruit ovoid-oblong, slightly flattened laterally, mericarps subrounded in cross section, commissure constricted, glabrous, shiny; ribs 5, filiform, prominent; vittae 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. Seed face plane. Carpophore 2-cleft to base or to middle.
About two species: native in S and W Europe; cultivated worldwide; one species (introduced) in China.
" 119054 general 1267526 Apiaceae "Angelica dahurica.Plants perennial 1–2.5 m, stout. Root cylindric, brown, 3–5 cm thick, strongly aromatic. Stem purplish green, 2–5(–7–8) cm thick, ribbed, pubescent above. Basal and lower leaves long-petiolate, sheaths oblong-inflated, glabrous; blade triangular-ovate, 30–50 × 25–40 cm, 2–3-ternate-pinnate; leaflets sessile, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 4–10 × 1–4 cm, base slightly decurrent, margin white-cartilaginous and coarse-cuspidate-serrate, apex acute, pubescent along nerves adaxially. Upper leaves reduced, sheaths saccate-inflated, bladeless. Umbels 10–30 cm across; peduncles 5–20 cm, scabrous; bracts absent or 1–2, like uppermost leaves; rays 18–40(–70), short-hairy; bracteoles many, linear-lanceolate, scarious; pedicels many, scabrous. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals white, obovate and notched. Ovary glabrous or pubescent. Fruit suborbicular, 4–7 × 4–6 mm; dorsal ribs prominent, obtusely thick-rounded, much wider than furrows, lateral ribs broad-winged; vittae 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
This species is widely cultivated in N China, where the roots are used as the important traditional Chinese medicine “bai zhi” and as a substitute, known as “dong bei da huo,” for the traditional Chinese medicine “du huo” (see Angelica biserrata). Two cultivars are common: A. dahurica ‘Hangbaizhi’ and A. dahurica ‘Qibaizhi.’
" 119084 general 1268327 Apiaceae "Apium graveolens.Plants 15–150 cm, strongly fragrant. Basal leaves oblong to obovate, 7–18 × 3.5–8 cm, 3-lobed to 3-parted; ultimate segments subrhombic, 1.2–2.5 × 0.8–2.5 cm, crenate or serrate. Upper leaves short-petiolate; blade broad-triangular, usually 3-parted, ultimate segments obovate. Umbels 1.5–4 cm across, usually leaf-opposed; peduncles usually short, 4–15 mm, stout, rarely obsolete; rays 3–8(–16), 0.5–2.5 cm, slender; umbellules 7–25-flowered, 6–9 mm across; pedicels 1–1.5 mm. Fruit 1.3–1.5 × 1–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr–Jul.
This cosmopolitan species is cultivated as a vegetable (celery and celeriac) and is adventive in temperate regions worldwide. It has been cultivated since ancient times and features in the herbal medicinal traditions of many civilizations. All parts of the plant are used in traditional Chinese medicine as the dietary herb “qin” (also known as “han qin” and “qin cai”). There are several cultivated varieties; the culivated Chinese celery is thought to be close or identical to var. secalinum Alefeld.
" 119085 general 1270660 Apiaceae "Archangelica brevicaulis.Plants 40–100 cm. Root brown, cylindric, stout, with annular rings, aromatic. Stem 2–3 cm thick, sometimes shortened, thinly ribbed. Basal and lower petioles 9–20 cm, sheaths oblong or saccate, 3–6 cm wide, hispidulous along nerves; blade broad-ovate, 13–17 × 10–17 cm, 2–3-pinnate; leaflets short-petiolulate, ovate to oblong, 3–7 × 1.5–3 cm, base attenuate, margin obtusely or acutely toothed, pubescent adaxially, densely hispidulous abaxially. Umbels 6–15 cm across; peduncles, rays and pedicels hispidulous; bracts 1–2, narrow-lanceolate, margin ciliate; rays 20–40, 4–7 cm; bracteoles many, linear-lanceolate, longer than pedicels, hispidulous; umbellules 24–25-flowered. Petals oblong. Fruit 6–8 × 3–5 mm; dorsal ribs thick-winged, lateral ribs broadly winged, but narrower than the body; vittae 3–4 in each furrow, 6–7 on commissure. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. n = 11*.
This species has reputed medicinal value and is cultivated in Xin- jiang, where the roots are used as a regional substitute for the traditional Chinese medicine “du huo” (see Angelica biserrata).
" 119162 general 1274006 Apiaceae "Cuminum cyminum.Plants 10–30(–50) cm. Basal petioles 1–2 cm, sheaths lanceolate, margins white and membranous; blade 3–8 × 2–7 cm; ultimate divisions long-filiform, 15–60 × 0.4–0.7 mm. Umbels many, 2–3 cm across; peduncles 3–10 cm; bracts 2–6(–8), linear or linear-lanceolate, 10–50 × 0.5–1.2 mm, unequal, entire or apex 2–3-fid, usually longer than the rays, margins membranous; rays (1–)3–6, 3–20 mm, rather stout, very unequal; bracteoles 3–5, similar to bracts, 4–10 × 0.3–0.6 mm, very unequal, sometimes reflexed; umbellules 3–8-flowered; pedicels 3–6 mm, stout, very unequal. Calyx teeth 0.5–2 mm, longer than the styles. Petals ca. 1.4 × 1 mm. Fruit 5–7 × 1.6–2.8 mm; primary ribs short setulose, secondary ribs densely stellate setulose. Fl. and fr. Feb–Jun(–Sep).
The aromatic fruits (cumin) are used as a flavoring, to aid digestion, and are of reputed medicinal value. This species is widely cultivated in favorable climates outside its presumed native range. It readily escapes and becomes more or less naturalized locally in many areas.
" 119299 general 1266853 Apiaceae "Petroselinum crispum.Plant 30–100 cm. Basal leaves long-petiolate, petioles 3–7 cm, narrowly sheathing at base; blade 5–8 × 4–7 cm; ultimate segments narrowly elliptic or ovate, 4–12 × 1.5–9 mm, 3-parted or deeply toothed, teeth obtuse, white-mucronate, adaxially shiny. Leaves reduced upwards, becoming 3-lobed, segments narrower, lanceolate-linear, entire or 3-lobed. Umbels 3–6(–8) cm across; bracts 1–2 or absent, linear, 2–5 mm, apex acute, thinly coriaceous; rays 10–25(–30), 1–2.5(–5) cm, subequal; bracteoles 6–8, linear or subulate, 1.5–2.5 mm, shorter than flowers; umbellules ca. 20-flowered; pedicels 1.5–4.5 mm. Fruit 2–4 × 1.5–3 mm, gray-brown. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul.
This species is cultivated in many temperate countries worldwide as a culinary herb (parsley) and is often adventive. It has reputed medicinal value.
" 119328 general 1278725 Apiaceae "Peucedanum songpanense.Plants 30–40 cm. Stem purplish, unbranched or 1–2-branched above. Leaf blade pinnate (sometimes with 3 leaflets); ultimate segments ovate to long-ovate, 1.5–4 × 0.5–2 cm. Cauline leaves reduced upwards, petioles sheathing throughout. Umbels terminal and lateral, loosely compound, terminal umbels often 1–2 branched; umbels 4–9 cm across; bracts 1–8, lanceolate, unequal, 5–50 × 1–5 mm, entire, apex 3-lobed or pinnate; rays 8–25, purplish-red, unequal, 2–6 cm; bracteoles linear or lanceolate, unequal, 3–10 × 0.5–1 mm; umbellules 8–20-flowered. Pedicels 3–12 mm, unequal. Calyx teeth absent. Petals white, obovate unequal. Styles short. Fruit oblong, 5–7 × 4–5 mm; vittae 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.
Sparse Betula forests, margins of cultivated areas; 2800–3000 m. N Sichuan (Songpan).
" 119348 general 1265976 Apiaceae "Pimpinella anisum.Plants annual, 10–50 cm, sparsely shortly pubescent throughout, strongly aromatic. Taproot slender. Stem much-branched. Leaves heteromorphic. Basal leaves simple; petioles 2–5 cm; blade reniform or broad-ovate, 1–3 × 1.2–2.8 cm, puberulent along veins, margin serrate. Cauline leaves 1–2-pinnate; ultimate segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6–17 × 2–7 mm, 3-lobed margin serrate or lacerate. Leaves reduced upwards, becoming 3-lobed; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Umbels 1.5–6 cm across; bracts 1(or 2) or absent, linear-lanceolate, 1–2 mm; rays 7–15, 1–4 cm, unequal; bracteoles 1(or 2) or absent, linear, 2–3 mm; umbellules 5–10 mm across, ca. 10-flowered; pedicels 2–6 mm, extending to 10 mm in fruit. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals white, obcordate, abaxially pubescent, apex with incurved lobule. Stylopodium conic; styles ca. 3 × stylopodium, ca. 0.5 × fruit, spreading or reflexed. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 3–5 × 2–2.5 mm, densely appressed setose-hairy; vittae 2–4 in each furrow, 4–8 on commissure, nearly forming a continuous ring around seed. Seed face plane. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 20.
This species is widely cultivated in mild-temperate regions (especially C and SW Asia and C and S Europe) for its aromatic fruit (anise), which is used in perfume and to flavor alcoholic drinks and confectionary. The species has reputed medicinal value in China.
" 140780 general 1267965 Apiaceae "Trachyspermum ammi.Plants annual, 20–50(–90) cm, essentially glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petiole 1–5 cm; blade triangular-ovate in outline, 2–8 × 2–6 cm, 2–3-pinnate/pinnatisect; ultimate segments linear–filiform to 15 × 0.2–0.5 mm. Umbels 2.5–5 cm across; bracts 3–8, linear-subulate, 5–7 mm; rays 6–20, 1–3 cm; bracteoles 5–10, linear, 2–3 mm; umbellules ca. 1 cm across, ca. 20-flowered; pedicels 0.5–4 mm, unequal. Calyx teeth conspicuous, minute, ovate or obsolete. Petals ca. 1.3 × 1.3 mm. Fruit 1.2–2 × 1.2–1.8 mm, densely covered in whitish minute papillae. Fl. & fr. May–Aug.
The fruits are used as a spice for flavoring and for perfume; they have reputed medicinal value (in Xinjiang). The species is extensively cultivated throughout C, S, and SW Asia.
" 141033 general 1278367 Apiaceae "Trachyspermum roxburghianum.Plants annual, 20–100 cm. Leaves petiolate, petioles slender, 1–2 cm; blade ovate in outline, 3–8 × 2–12 cm, 2-pinnate or ternate-pinnate; ultimate segments narrowly oblong, 5–20 × 2–3 mm, base cuneate. Leaves reduced upwards, ultimate segments becoming linear-lanceolate. Umbels 2–4 cm across; peduncles 5–9 cm; bracts and bracteoles few, linear-subulate or ciliate, 3–5 mm; rays 4–12, 1–3 cm, filiform, unequal, hirsutulous or glabrescent; umbellules 12–20-flowered; pedicels 1–5 mm, unequal, hirsutulous. Fruit ovoid, 1.5–3 × 1.5–2 mm, apex contracted forming a very short neck, densely hirsutulous or glabrescent. Fl. and fr. Feb–Jul.
This species cultivated as a spice throughout the Indian subcontinent, SE Asia, and Indonesia.
" 67510 general 1249065 Apocynaceae "Asclepias viridis. ""Decumbent or ascending, 2–6 dm; lvs oblong, lance- oblong, or elliptic, 6–12 cm, rounded or obtuse, abruptly narrowed at base to a 4–10 mm petiole; cor greenish, rotate (the lobes spreading or with ascending tip, not reflexed), 2–3.5 cm wide; hoods violet or purple, 4–6 mm, the horn rudimentary, represented by a small, flat, median plate near the summit of the hood. Prairies, barrens, and dry upland woods; O. to Mo. and Nebr., s. to Fla. and Tex. May–June, sometimes also in late summer. (Asclepiodora v.)""" 67511 general 1251879 Apocynaceae "Asclepias viridiflora. ""Erect to prostrate, 3–8 dm, thinly hairy; lvs lanceolate to linear or broadly oblong, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, scabrous on the margin, thinly hairy beneath; umbels lateral, densely fld, sessile or on peduncles to 2 cm; cor pale green, its lobes 6–8 mm; hoods narrowly elliptic-oblong, 4–5.5 mm long, appressed to the gynostegium, the base adjacent to the cor, the obtuse or subacute summit reaching well beyond the salient angle of the anther-wings or even to the top of the gynostegium; horns none. Dry upland woods, prairies, and barrens, especially in sandy soil; Conn. and s. N.Y. to Mich. and Man., s. to Ga., Ariz., and n. Mex., commoner westward. July, Aug. (Acerates v.)""" 67516 general 1251848 Apocynaceae "Asclepias stenophylla. ""Puberulent to subglabrous; stems 1 or 2 on a carrot-like or tuberous vertical root, 3–10 dm; lvs rather numerous, alternate or scattered or some opposite or subverticillate, linear, 6–15 cm, to 5(–8) mm wide; umbels subsessile in the upper axils, 10–25-fld; cor pale greenish to yellow, its lobes reflexed, 4.5–5.5 mm; hoods pale, 3–4 mm, ca equaling the gynostegium; horn adnate to the hood for most of its length (forming a ventral ridge), only the short tip free between the short terminal lobes of the hood; frs slender, erect, 9–12 cm. Dry prairies and glades; se. Minn.; Great Plains, from se. Mont. to n. Tex., e. to se. S.D., s. Mo., and w. Ark. June–Aug. (Acerates s.)""" 67519 general 1252607 Apocynaceae "Asclepias quadrifolia. ""Slender, usually simple, 2–5 dm, with 1 or 2(3) terminal and subterminal umbels, normally with 3 lf-bearing nodes, the lower and upper each with a pair of small lvs, the middle with a whorl of 4 much larger ones, or the lvs rarely all opposite in 4 pairs; lvs thin, lanceolate or lance-ovate, the larger 6–12 cm, acuminate, cuneate to a conspicuous petiole; peduncles 1–4 cm; cor pink to white; its lobes 4.5–6 mm; hoods 4–5 mm, much exceeding the gynostegium, the lateral margins bearing a prominent, sharp, inflexed tooth near or below the middle; horn flattened, sword-shaped, falcately incurved; fr erect on erect pedicels, very slender, 8–12 cm. Dry upland woods; Vt. to Va. and in the mts. to n. Ga., w. to s. Ont., Ill., s. Io., and Okla., with a minor disjunction e. of the Mississippi R. May, June.""" 67520 general 1252039 Apocynaceae "Asclepias purpurascens. ""Stems stout, erect, to 1 m, puberulent; lvs elliptic to ovate-oblong, 10–15 cm, hairy beneath, broadly cuneate to a petiole 8–25 mm; umbels few or one, terminal and subterminal, many-fld, on peduncles to 5 cm; cor normally purple, its lobes 7–10 mm; hoods pale purple, 5–7 mm, surpassing the gynostegium, without lateral teeth but often somewhat widened near the middle; horns short, flat, incurved; fr downy, without processes. Dry soil; s. N.H. to Va., w. to Wis., Io., Kans., and Okla. June, July.""" 67522 general 1252514 Apocynaceae "Asclepias ovalifolia. ""Slender, 2–6 dm; lvs firm, lance-ovate to oblong or elliptic, 3–6(–10) cm, cuneate to rounded at base, finely hairy beneath; petioles 2–8 mm; umbels solitary and terminal, or 1 or 2 lateral, loosely few-fld; cor greenish-white to greenish-purple, its lobes 5–7 mm; hoods as in no. 7 [Asclepias syriaca L.], even in size; pods merely thinly hairy; 2n=22. Dry prairies; n. Ill. to Wis., Minn., s. Sask., and w. S.D. June, July.""" 69949 general 1252345 Apocynaceae "Asclepias hirtella. ""Stout, 4–10 dm; lvs numerous, linear or lance- linear, 1–2 dm, scabrellate; umbels 2–10, densely fld (fls often 30–100) on peduncles 1–2(–3) cm; pedicels hirsutulous with spreading hairs; cor pale greenish or slightly purplish, its lobes reflexed, 4–6 mm; hoods 2–2.5 mm, the base separated from the cor by a distinct column, appressed to the gynostegium, obtuse at the summit, reaching just above the base of the anther-wings; horns none. Dry sandy soil and prairies; W.Va., O., and Mich. to Wis., n. Io., Kans., Okla., Ark., and sw. Ky. June–Aug. (Acerates h.)""" 121197 general 1243646 Apocynaceae "Anodendron affine.Lianas to 10 m, glabrous except for corolla. Branches pale gray. Petiole 0.5-2 cm; leaf blade deep green adaxially, lighter abaxially, narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate, 3-14 X 1.2-5 cm, papery or somewhat leathery; lateral veins 6-12 pairs, usually wrinkled in dry state. Cymes paniculate, terminal or axillary, 3-26 X 3-13 cm, long pedunculate. Sepals ovate, 2-3 mm. Corolla white or yellowish green, pilose inside, tube 3-4.5 mm; lobes falcate, narrowly oblong, as long as or shorter than tube. Stamens inserted at base of corolla tube; disc cup-shaped, shallowly 5-lobed or entire, attached to ovaries. Follicles narrowly ellipsoid, dilated at base, 8-13 X 1.6-3 cm. Seeds tawny, beaked, ca. 2 cm x 6 mm, coma ca. 6 cm. Fl. Apr-Nov.
" 165535 ecology 1249269 Apocynaceae "Leptadenia pyrotechnica. In dry sandy places." 165560 ecology 1250334 Apocynaceae "Pergularia tomentosa. Of very dry country" 174654 morphology 1250749 Apocynaceae "Tacazzea apiculata. A luxuriant dry forest climber" 108336 general 32834 Apocynaceae "Apocynaceae.Trees, shrubs, or vines, rarely subshrubs or herbs, with latex or rarely watery juice. Leaves simple, opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose, terminal or axillary, with bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic. Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4-lobed, salverform, funnelform, urceolate, or rarely rotate, lobes overlapping to right or left, rarely valvate. Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments short; anthers mostly sagittate, free or connivent into a cone adherent to pistil head, dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded, cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty spur; pollen granular; disc ringlike or cup-shaped, 2-5-lobed, or absent. Ovaries superior, rarely half-inferior, connate or distinct, 1- or 2-locular; ovules (1 or) 2-numerous per locule. Style 1; pistil head capitate, conical, or lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft and not stigmatic. Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Seeds with or without coma; endosperm thick and often horny, scanty, sometimes absent; embryo straight or nearly so, cotyledons often large, radicle terete.
About 155 genera and 2000 species distributed primarily in the tropics and subtropics, poorly represented in the temperate regions. Of the 44 genera and 145 species present in China, one genus and 38 species are endemic, and nearly 95% of the taxa grow in the southern and southwestern portions of the country.
Fruit type is highly diversified in the family, and it is diagnostic of many genera. Genera 1-4 produce 1, 2-celled berries from a flower; genus 5 produces 2, 1-celled berries from a flower; 6 and 7 produce mostly fleshy follicles containing deeply indented seeds with ruminate endosperm; 8 has follicles and winged seeds; 9 produces follicles and seeds with 2 comas; 10-12 have follicles with globose seeds; 13-18 have drupes mostly with fleshy mesocarp; 19 has samaroid fruit; 20 has spiny capsules with seeds winged all around; and 21-44 have free or fused follicles and comose seeds. Double flowers are known only from cultivated forms of Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana divaricata, and Wrightia religiosa.
Plants of the Apocynaceae are often poisonous and are rich in alkaloids or glycosides, especially in the seeds and latex. Some species are valuable sources of medicine, insecticides, fibers, and rubber.
Tsiang Ying & Li Ping-tao. 1977. Apocynaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 63: 1-249.
Shrubs erect or trailing. Leaves whorled, with axillary glands. Flowers large, in terminal or seemingly axillary corymbs. Calyx deeply divided, without basal glands. Corolla yellow, funnelform, narrow part with fringed scales, limb campanulate, lobes overlapping to left. Stamens inserted at narrow part of corolla; filaments very short; anthers narrowly oblong, base rounded, coherent with pistil head; disc cup-shaped, obscurely 5-lobed or entire, fleshy, thick. Ovary 1-loculed, with two parietal placentae; ovules numerous. Style filiform; pistil head thick, with a membranous, reflexed rim, apex conical, shortly 2-lobed. Capsules globose, glabrous, sharply spiny, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, imbricate, compressed, winged or with a membranous margin; radicle short.
Fourteen species: tropical America, two cultivated in China.
" 109031 general 1257882 Apocynaceae "Cameraria.Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, with numerous, parallel secondary veins. Cymes corymbose, axillary, terminal, or at branch forks, 1- to many flowered. Calyx small, without glands; lobes ovate, apex acute. Corolla yellow or white, funnelform or salverform; tube long, cylindric, swollen on 1 side at base or apex, throat not scaly; lobes unequal sided, overlapping to left. Stamens inserted above middle of corolla tube; anthers subsessile, acuminate, free from pistil head, exserted or included, connective extending into a long, bristly appendage. Ovaries 2, distinct; ovules numerous on each placenta. Style short or long, filiform; pistil head conical, 2-partite. Follicles 2, samaroid, reflexed or horizontal, obtuse. Seeds numerous, ovate.
Four species: Caribbean, one species cultivated in China.
" 109078 general 1258239 Apocynaceae "Catharanthus.Herbs erect, perennial and often woody at base, juice watery. Leaves opposite; petiole short, intra- and interpetiolar glands present; leaf blade herbaceous to somewhat leathery, entire. Flowers terminal and axillary, solitary or rarely in 2- or 3-flowered cymes. Sepals small, narrowly oblong, awl-shaped, without glands. Corolla purple, red, pink, or white, salverform; tube glabrous or sparsely puberulent, throat constricted, woolly to velvety; lobes spreading, obliquely obovate, overlapping to left, apex apiculate. Stamens inserted in widened portion of corolla tube; anthers free, oblong, base obtuse; disc of 2 glands. Ovaries 2; ovules numerous. Style filiform; pistil head with a cylindric base and reflexed hyaline frill. Follicles 2, cylindric, apex acute. Seeds black, oblong, testa rugose.
Eight species: seven endemic to Madagascar, one restricted to India and Sri Lanka; one species cultivated in China.
" 109678 general 1259922 Apocynaceae "Funtumia.Trees or shrubs, evergreen, bark and pith with white latex, domatia present. Leaves opposite, margin undulate or revolute. Cymes axillary or terminal, many flowered. Calyx deeply divided, with basal glands inside. Corolla salverform, tube swollen on 1 side at middle; throat much constricted, without scales; lobes overlapping to right. Stamens inserted near middle of corolla tube; anthers sagittate, included, adherent to pistil head, lobe with an empty tail; disc cup-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Ovaries 2, free; ovules numerous, pendulous. Style glabrous; pistil head club-shaped. Follicles 2, divaricate. Seeds with a slender comose beak directed toward base of fruit.
Two species: tropical Africa, one cultivated in China.
" 110153 general 1244669 Apocynaceae "Mandevilla.Lianas usually glabrous, with latex. Leaves opposite; stipules interpetiolar, reduced to many linear segments. Racemes axillary, few flowered. Flowers large. Calyx deeply divided, with many basal glands inside. Corolla funnelform; tube narrow, more than 2 cm, limb campanulate; faucal scales absent; lobes overlapping to right. Stamens inserted and included in widened part of corolla tube; filaments short; anthers oblong, adherent at middle to pistil head, cells obtusely caudate; disc 5-cleft. Ovaries free, glabrous; ovules numerous. Style glabrous; pistil head with a 2-cleft mucro. Follicles long, slender. Seeds narrowly oblong, not beaked, comose.
About 120 species: Central and South America, one species cultivated in China.
" 110363 general 1245684 Apocynaceae "Ochrosia.Trees with latex. Branches stout. Leaves in whorls of 3-5, rarely opposite; lateral veins numerous, subparallel, almost at a right angle to midvein. Cymes subterminal, pedunculate. Calyx deeply divided, usually without glands. Corolla salverform; tube slightly dilated above middle, to 1 cm, throat without scales; lobes overlapping to right. Stamens inserted in widening of corolla tube; anthers free from pistil head, narrowly oblong, rounded at base; disc absent. Ovaries 2, free or basally connate; ovules 2-6, biseriate on each side of a prominent placenta. Style filiform; pistil head shortly 2-cleft at apex. Drupes 1 or 2, smooth; endocarp thick, hard. Seeds 2-4 per locule, flat, not comose; endosperm none; cotyledons large, flat.
About 25 species: Malaysia, W Pacific Islands; three species cultivated in China.
" 110640 general 1246639 Apocynaceae "Plumeria.Trees with copious latex. Branchlets 2-3 cm thick, nearly fleshy. Leaves alternate, long petiolate. Cymes terminal, 2- or 3branched, pedunculate; bracts usually large, deciduous before anthesis. Flowers fragrant, waxy. Calyx small, without glands. Corolla white, yellowish, pink-red, or rose-purple, funnelform; tube narrow, hairy inside, faucal scales absent; lobes overlapping to left. Stamens inserted at or near base of corolla tube; anthers free from pistil head, oblong, rounded at base; disc absent. Ovaries 2, distinct; ovules numerous, multiseriate on each placenta. Style short; pistil head with obtusely 2-cleft apex. Follicles 2. Seeds many, flat proximally, with a membranous wing; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons oblong, radicle short.
Seven species: tropical America, two cultivated in China.
" 111161 general 1248353 Apocynaceae "Thevetia.Trees or much-branched shrubs, evergreen, erect, latex white. Leaves alternate, rather densely together on slender branchlets. Cymes terminal and leaf opposed. Calyx deeply divided, with many basal glands inside. Corolla yellow, funnelform, lobes overlapping to left, throat with 5, narrow, long-hairy scales. Stamens inserted in distal narrow part of corolla tube; filaments very short; anthers narrowly oblong, small, free from pistil head, cells not appendaged proximally; disc absent. Ovary 2-loculed, placenta prominent. Style filiform; pistil head disclike, thick, dilated, apex shortly 2-cleft. Drupes depressed globose; endocarp hard, woody or fleshy. Seeds 2 per locule, wingless, not comose, without endosperm; cotyledons suborbicular, fleshy, radicle short.
Eight species: tropical America, two species cultivated in China.
" 111295 general 1248647 Apocynaceae "Vinca.Herbs with stolons and watery juice. Leaves opposite, entire, short petiolate, intra- and interpetiolar glands present. Flowers solitary or rarely in 2-flowered cymes, axillary. Calyx small, without glands. Corolla violet, funnelform, tube cylindric, hairy or with scales at throat; lobes obliquely obovate, spreading, shorter than tube, overlapping to left. Stamens inserted just below middle of corolla tube. Disc glands 2, ligulate, alternating with ovaries. Ovules 6-many. Style filiform; pistil head ringlike, apex densely hairy. Follicles 2, erect or spreading, cylindric, striate. Seeds glabrous.
About five species: W Asia, Europe; two species cultivated in China.
" 111299 general 1248684 Apocynaceae "Voacanga.Trees or robust erect shrubs, latex present, branches dichotomous. Leaves opposite; petioles or leaf bases of a node often connate into a short ocrea, with a single row of colleters in axils. Cymes terminal, pedunculate. Flowers often fragrant. Calyx campanulate to cylindric, with many basal glands inside. Corolla white or yellow, salverform, large, tube widened at base and at or above middle, shorter or only slightly longer than calyx, throat with a fleshy ring, not scaly, lobes spreading or recurved, overlapping to left. Stamens inserted in distal widening of corolla tube, exserted or included; anthers sessile, sagittate, coherent to pistil head; disc ringlike or of five lobes adnate to ovaries. Ovaries 2, free or fused basally; ovules numerous. Pistil head lampshade-shaped, apex shortly 2-cleft. Follicles 2, pendulous. Seeds numerous, embedded in pulp, not comose.
Twelve species: seven in Africa, five in SE Asia; two species cultivated in China.
" 121185 general 1258127 Apocynaceae "Alstonia macrophylla.Trees to 20 m tall. Bark smooth; branches nearly 4-angled. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4; petiole 1-4 cm; leaf blade narrowly obovate or narrowly elliptic, 10-53 X 4-19 cm, leathery, pubescent abaxially, apex usually acuminate; lateral veins 16-33 pairs, at 60-70° to midvein. Cymes terminal, 3-branched, 5-9 together, pubescent; peduncle 4-6 cm. Pedicel 4-5 mm. Corolla tube slightly longer than lobes, 4.5-6 mm; lobes overlapping to right, ciliate; disc absent. Ovaries distinct, glabrous. Follicles linear, to 61 cm X 2-5 mm. Seeds pubescent, ends with deltoid wings, with long stiff hairs all around. Fl. Oct-Nov. 2n = 22.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 121203 general 1248329 Apocynaceae "Beaumontia grandiflora.Lianas to 20 m. Bark corky; young branches rusty pubescent; branchlets dark brown, pubescent to glabrous. Petiole to 3 cm; leaf blade narrowly obovate or narrowly to broadly elliptic, 6-30 X 3.5-15 cm, sparsely to densely pubescent when young, glabrous when older; lateral veins 8-20 pairs. Cymes 12-25 cm, 3-19-flowered, sparsely to densely pubescent; peduncle 2.5-9 cm; bracts leafy, pale green. Pedicel 2.5-4.5 cm. Sepals pale green, 3-6 mm. Corolla white, creamy, or pale yellow, base pale green; tube funnelform, 6.5-13 cm, glabrous inside; limb ca. 10 cm in diam., attenuate at base, sparsely to densely pubescent outside, glabrous inside; lobes suborbicular to broadly ovate, 1.7-4 cm, apex acuminate. Stamens white; filaments 3.2-6 cm; anthers 1.5-1.7 cm, included; disc ringlike, apex sparsely puberulent. Ovary tomentose. Style 7-9 cm. Follicles usually narrowly ellipsoid, 22-31 X 5-6 cm. Seeds 1.5-2.5 cm, coma 4-7 cm. Fl. spring-summer. 2n = 24.
Cultivated as an ornamental. The young branches are used for making coarse ropes. The roots and leaves are used in the treat-ment of fractures, injury, and backache and leg pain caused by rheumatism.
" 121208 general 1243805 Apocynaceae "Carissa carandas.Shrubs, small trees, or climbers to 5 m tall. Spines simple or forked, to 5 cm. Leaf blade broadly ovate to oblong, 3-7 X 1.5-4 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex short apiculate; lateral veins ca. 8 pairs, ascending, convergent, anastomosing near margin. Cymes terminal, usually 3-flowered; peduncle 1.5-2.5 cm; bracteoles minute. Flowers fragrant. Pedicel about as long as calyx or slightly longer. Sepals 2.5-7 mm, with many basal glands inside. Corolla white or pale rose; tube to 2 cm, puberulent inside; lobes lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, acute, overlapping to right, puberulent, ciliate. Ovules numerous in each locule. Berries reddish purple, ellipsoid, 1.5-2.5 X 1-2 cm. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Jul-Dec. 2n = 22.
Cultivated for its edible fruit, which can be eaten raw, made into jelly, or used for pies.
" 121209 general 1243800 Apocynaceae "Carissa macrocarpa.Shrubs or small trees to 5 m tall. Spines 1- or 2-forked, 2-4 cm, strong. Leaf blade broadly ovate, 2.5-7.5 X 2-5 cm, thick leathery, glabrous, base rounded to obtuse, apex mucronate, lateral veins obscure. Cymes terminal, (1-)3-flowered. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Flowers fragrant. Sepals very narrowly ovate, 3-6 mm. Corolla white or pink, tube 1.1-1.8 cm, pubescent inside; lobes oblong, 0.9-2.4 cm, overlapping to left. Ovules numerous. Berries bright red to violet, ovoid, 2-5 cm, ca. 16-seeded. Fl. Aug. 2n = 66.
Cultivated for its edible fruit.
" 121211 general 1244384 Apocynaceae "Catharanthus roseus.Subshrubs or perennial herbs to 1 m tall, erect or decumbent. Young stems puberulent. Leaves obovate or elliptic, 2.5-9 X 1-3.5 cm, herbaceous, apex minutely apiculate; lateral veins 7-11 pairs. Corolla red to pink or white and then mostly with a pink or less often yellow eye; tube 2.5-3 cm, pilose inside, throat villous; lobes broadly obovate, 1.2-2 cm. Follicles 2-3.8 cm X ca. 3 mm. Fl. spring-autumn. 2n = 16.
Cultivated for medicine. Decoction of all parts is used in the treatment of malaria, skin diseases, Hodgkin's disease, diarrhea, hypertension, and diabetes.
" 121222 general 1243924 Apocynaceae "Kopsia fruticosa.Shrubs evergreen, to 4 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, 10-23 X 2.5-9 cm, apex acute or obtusely caudate; lateral veins 10-15 pairs. Inflorescences few flowered, puberulent; peduncle to 1 cm; bracteoles to 1.5 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 5-7 mm. Sepals ovoid, 1.5-2.5 mm, pubescent, apex obtuse. Corolla pink, tube 3-5 cm, throat pubescent; lobes oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. Disc scales sublinear, as long as or shorter than ovary. Ovary tomentose. Style 3-4 cm. Drupe ellipsoid, usually solitary, 1-seeded, to 2.5 X 2 cm, pubescent. 2n = 36.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 121240 general 1246635 Apocynaceae "Plumeria rubra.Trees to 8 m tall. Bark pale green, smooth, thin. Petiole to 7 cm; leaf blade elliptic to very narrowly so, 14-30 X 6-8 cm, glaucous adaxially, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 30-40 pairs, slightly elevated abaxially. Corolla tinged with pink or purple at least outside, 4-6 cm in diam.; lobes pink, yellow, or white, with a yellow base, 3-4.5 X 1.5-2.5 cm, obliquely spreading. Follicles oblong, 11-25 X 2-3 cm. Fl. Mar-Sep, fr. Jun-Dec. 2n = 36.
Widely cultivated for medicine and as ornamental. The flowers are used for the treatment of dysentery. The small, white-flowered form is more valued medicinally in China than other forms of the species.
" 121246 general 1247247 Apocynaceae "Rauvolfia tetraphylla.Shrubs to 2 m tall, pubescent or tomentose when young, glabrescent with age. Leaves in whorls of 3-5; petiole 2-5 mm; leaf blade ovate, narrowly ovate, or oblong, 1-15 X 0.8-4 cm, membranous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute or obtuse; lateral veins 5-12 pairs. Peduncle 1-4 cm. Corolla white, tube urceolate, 2-3 mm, long hairy inside distal half; lobes ovate or suborbicular. Stamens inserted at corolla throat. Ovaries connate. Drupes subglobose, 5-10 mm in diam., glabrous, connate. Seeds 2. Fl. May, fr. Jun-Aug. 2n = 66.
Cultivated for medicine.
The latex has been reported to be emetic, cathartic, and expectorant and is used for treating dropsy. The fruit juice is used as a substitute for ink.
Lianas woody, to 25 m, latex white. Trunk to 10 cm in diam.; branches dark or purplish brown, densely lenticellate, branchlets glabrous. Petiole 0.5-3.2 mm; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 5-18 2-9 cm, leathery, glabrous; lateral veins 5-11 pairs. Cymes 3-32-flowered, glabrous. Flowers fragrant. Sepals obovate or broadly so, 0.7-1.8 cm. Corolla white, turning yellow at base, reddish or purple above, throat reddish; tube 2.5-4.5 cm, inflated in distal half; lobes orbicular or nearly so, 1.5-3.5 X 1.5-3.2 cm, apex rounded; corona lobes pink, awl-shaped, 0.5-1.5 cm, exserted. Filaments pubescent adaxially, connective glabrous, extending into a tail 6-12 mm. Follicles divergent at 180°, cylindric, 23-41 X 3-4.3 cm. Seeds to 2 cm, beak 1.6-6.2 cm, coma to 5 cm. Fl. Feb. 2n = 18.
Cultivated for medicine. The juice is used as an arrow poison.
" 121258 general 1246784 Apocynaceae "Thevetia ahouai.Shrubs to 3 m tall. Wood with an offensive smell. Leaf blade narrowly obovate, glabrous adaxially, pubescent abaxially, apex obtuse. Sepals ovate, reflexed, glabrous, apex acute. Corolla tube dilated distally, longer than lobes, closed at mouth, marked with 5 deep grooves; lobes oval, oblique or overlapping, with undulate margin; corona scales absent. Stamens inserted at apex of corolla tube, included. Style filiform; pistil head turbinate, apex 2-cleft. Fl. almost throughout the year.
Cultivated for medicine. The sap and seeds are deadly poisonous to domestic animals.
" 121259 general 1248373 Apocynaceae "Thevetia peruviana.Trees to 6 m tall. Bark chocolate-brown, lenticellate; lower branches pendulous, young branches greenish gray. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blades lustrous green adaxially, light green abaxially, very narrowly oblong, 10-15 X 0.5-1.2 cm, somewhat leathery, glabrous, apex acuminate, lateral veins obscure. Pedicel 2.5-5 cm. Flowers fragrant. Sepals green, narrowly triangular, apex acuminate. Corolla 6-7 X 4.5-5.5 cm; tube 4-5 cm, shorter than lobes; corona scales present, connected by a transverse row of long white hairs, lobes obliquely obovate. Drupes compressed triangular-globose, 2.5-4 cm in diam. Seeds light gray, lenticular, ca. 2 X 3.5 cm. Fl. May-Dec. 2n = 20.
Cultivated for medicine. The sap and seeds are deadly poison-ous to domestic animals. The seeds yield oil for industry and soap making. The bark is a powerful antiperiodic and febrifuge. A handsome ornamental.
" 121267 general 1246425 Apocynaceae "Vinca major.Herbs to 1 m tall, flowering stems to 30 cm. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or broadly ovate, 2-9 X 2-6 cm, base truncate or subcordate, margin ciliate with hairs 0.1-1 mm; lateral veins to 5 pairs. Pedicel 3-5 cm. Sepals narrowly triangular, ca. 9 mm, densely ciliate. Corolla bluish purple, tube 1.2-1.5 cm, limb 3-5 cm in diam., lobes obliquely truncate. Anthers short, applanate, apex puberulent. Follicles spreading, ca. 5 cm. Fl. Mar-May. 2n = 92.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 127432 general 1246597 Apocynaceae "Acokanthera oppositifolia.Shrubs to 5 m tall. Branchlets compressed when young, terete with age. Petiole 2-6 mm; leaf blade mostly obovate, occasionally elliptic, 4-10 X 2-7 cm, lateral veins 6-10 pairs. Inflorescences sessile or subsessile, clustered, glabrous or puberulent, usually many flowered; bracts brown or distal ones pinkish, ovate. Sepals ovate to very narrowly ovate. Corolla white to pink, tube 0.8-1.3 cm, glabrous or puberulent outside, hairy inside; lobes broadly ovate, 2-4.5 mm. Berry purplish black, globose, 2.5-3 cm in diam. Seeds semiglobose or semi-ellipsoid, 0.8-1.2 cm. 2n = 22.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 127446 general 1258897 Apocynaceae "Allamanda cathartica.Shrubs trailing, to 4 m, with white latex. Stems glabrous. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3-5; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade obovate, narrowly obovate, or oblong, 6-15 X 4-5 cm, glabrous or villous along veins on abaxial surface, lateral veins flattened. Peduncle short. Flowers 7-14 cm. Corolla yellow; tube 4-8 cm, funnelform, cylindric in proximal half, campanulate in distal half, limb 9-14 cm in diam.; lobes obovate-truncate to orbicular. Capsules subglobose, 3-7 X 3-5 cm, with spines to 1 cm. Seeds compressed, winged or with a membranous margin. Fl. spring-summer. 2n = 18.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 127447 general 1257733 Apocynaceae "Allamanda schottii.Shrubs erect, to 2 m tall, with clear sap. Leaves in whorls of 3-5, subsessile; leaf blade elliptic or narrowly obovate, 5-14 X 2-4 cm, minutely hispid along veins; lateral veins elevated on abaxial surface. Flowers 4-6 cm. Corolla tube rather narrowly funnelform, ca. 3 cm, distinctly swollen at base, limb ca. 4 cm in diam.; lobes pale yellow, ovate or orbicular, ca. 2 cm, obtuse. Capsules globose, ca. 3 cm in diam., long spiny. Seeds ca. 2 X 1.5 cm. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Oct-Dec. 2n = 18.
Cultivated for medicine and as an ornamental.
" 127508 general 1252978 Apocynaceae "Belostemma cordifolium.Shrubs scandent, glabrous throughout. Petiole ca. 3 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 8.5-11 × 7-8 cm, base cordate, apex short acute; lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs. Inflorescences shorter than leaves; peduncle robust, to 3 cm. Pedicel 3-4 cm, purple. Sepals ovate-triangular, margin purple. Corolla rotate, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., yellow or yellowish; tube much shorter than lobes; lobes broadly ovate. Corona lobes with a horned oblong spur. Stamens oblong, anther appendages broadly ovate; pollinia subglobose, subhorizontal. Ovaries ovoid. Stigma head pentagonal, apex rounded.
Belostemma cordifolium was described from material cultivated in England in the early nineteenth century. No material has been seen to match the very clear illustration in the original publication, and it is likely that the species is now extinct.
" 127550 general 1258013 Apocynaceae "Carissa edulis.Plants small trees or climbing in the wild, much branched shrubs to 5 m in cultivation; spines usually simple, straight or recurved, 2.5-5 cm. Leaf blade ovate to obovate or suborbicular, 2-5 X 2-4 cm, leathery, glabrous; lateral veins 3-5 pairs, inconspicuous. Sepals very narrowly oblong, 2-4.5 mm, ciliolate, glabrous outside. Corolla white or tinged with pink, glabrous outside, slightly hairy at mouth and on inner lobe surface, tube 0.9-2 cm; lobes ovate or oblong, 3-9 mm, acute at apex, overlapping to right. Berries purple to red, globose, 7-10 mm in diam. Seeds 2-4. 2n = 22.
Cultivated for its edible fruit.
" 127981 general 1252098 Apocynaceae "Gomphocarpus physocarpus.Shrubs 1-2 m tall, few stemmed. Young stems and inflorescences pubescent. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 5-l0 × 0.6-1.5 cm, adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially hairy along midvein, both ends tapering or acute. Peduncle 2-4.5 cm, short hairy. Pedicel 1.5-2.5 cm. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla white, 1.4-2 cm in diam.; lobes ovate, 8-10 mm, reflexed, margin densely bearded. Corona lobes white, inner margin of hoodlike apex with 2, short, recurved or straight cusps, with a large adaxial nectary. Follicles obliquely ovoid to subglobose, 6-8 × 2.5-5 cm, base oblique, apex rounded, beakless; pericarp with soft bristles or spines, minutely tomentose when young, glabrescent when ripe. Seeds ovate, ca. 5 mm; coma shining white, ca. 5 mm. 2n = 22.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 128498 general 1244698 Apocynaceae "Mandevilla laxa.Branchlets glabrous. Petiole long; leaf blade narrowly cordate, herbaceous, glabrous adaxially, glaucous and bearded at vein axils abaxially, apex acuminate. Racemes long pedunculate, nodding, simple, many flowered. Flowers fragrant. Sepals narrow, 0.7-1.3 cm, acute. Corolla white or pale pink, limb 10-folded inside; lobes oblong, undulate at margin, apiculate. Filaments broad, pubescent, much shorter than glabrous anthers; disc apex obtuse or truncate, glabrous.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 128588 general 1244017 Apocynaceae "Ochrosia coccinea.Trees to 6 m, glabrous. Branchlets subangular, smooth. Leaves opposite or whorled; blade elliptic, 7-20 X 3-5 cm, apex abruptly acuminate. Cymes repeatedly dichasial, ending monochasial, many flowered; peduncle to 3 cm. Pedicel 2-4 mm. Sepals ovate, ca. 2 mm, glabrous, apex rounded. Corolla white, tube ca. 4 mm, as long as lobes. Stamens inserted near mouth of corolla tube. Ovaries distinct, oblong. Drupes 2, bright red, ellipsoid, 2.5-5 X 2-2.5 cm, spreading horizontally. Seeds 2 on each placenta. 2n = 22.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 129357 general 1260524 Apocynaceae "Wrightia religiosa.Shrubs to 3 m tall. Branchlets thin, terete, often with many lateral short branchlets, minutely puberulent. Petiole 2-4 mm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or narrowly oblong, 2.5-7.5 X 1.5-3 cm, pubescent along midvein; lateral veins 5-7 pairs. Cymes often on short, few-leaved branches, short pedunculate, 1-13-flowered. Pedicel 1.5-2 cm, thin, finely hairy. Sepals ovate, ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla white, subrotate; tube 3-4 mm, glabrous; lobes ovate, ca. 7 mm, densely pubescent on both surfaces; corona obsolete. Stamens inserted at mouth of corolla tube. Ovaries free. Follicles linear, free, 12-17 cm. Seeds narrowly fusiform, ca. 8 mm, coma to 3.5 cm. Fl. all year. 2n = 22.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 165152 morphology 1247771 Apocynaceae "Strophanthus hispidus. Sometimes cultivated." 70378 general 1242721 Aquifoliaceae "Ilex glabra. ""Shrub 1–3 m with finely puberulent twigs; lvs coriaceous, evergreen, oblanceolate, 2–5 cm, a fourth to a third as wide, obtuse, cuneate at base, punctate beneath, bearing 1–3 minute appressed teeth on each side near the tip; fls mostly 6–8-merous, the staminate in small, pedicellate clusters, the pistillate mostly solitary; fr black, 4–5 mm, firm, dry, persistent; nutlets smooth on the back. Bogs, swamps, and wet woods on the coastal plain; N.S. to Fla. and La. June, July.""" 132022 general 1234969 Araceae "Alocasia macrorrhizos.Pachycaul herbs, massive, to 4 m, evergreen, latex slightly milky. Stem erect, to ca. 1.5 m, decumbent. Leaves several together, clustered at tips of stems in larger plants; petiole to 1.3 m, sheathing in proximal 1/3-1/2; leaf blade light green on both surfaces, ovate-sagittate, bluntly triangular, up to 120 × 50 cm, ± erect, margin entire to very slightly sinuous; posterior lobes 1/3-1/2 length of anterior, somewhat rotund, often overlapping, naked in sinus in mature plants, weakly peltate in juveniles; primary lateral veins ca. 9 on each side of anterior lobe, axillary glands distinct, secondary venation not forming interprimary collective veins. Inflorescences paired among leaf bases, subtended by membranous cataphylls; peduncle barely exceeding cataphylls at anthesis. Spathe 13-35 cm, constricted ca. 1/6 from base; proximal spathe green, ovoid; limb cowl-like at anthesis, later reflexed, then deliquescent, pale yellow, broadly oblong-lanceolate, 10.5-29 cm. Spadix slightly shorter than spathe, shortly stipitate; female zone conic-cylindric, 1-2 × ca. 1.5 cm; pistil pale green, ca. 3 mm in diam.; stigma yellow, sessile, 3-5-lobed; sterile zone slightly equaling female zone, whitish; synandrodes rhombic-hexagonal, ca. 2.5 mm in diam.; male zone whitish, cylindric, 3-7 × ca. 2 cm; synandria 5-9-merous, rhombic-hexagonal, convex-topped, ca. 2 mm in diam.; appendix yellowish, slightly tapering, at least 1/2 length of spadix. Fruiting spathe green, oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 8 cm. Fruit ripening scarlet, ellipsoid, ca. 12 × 8 mm.
It is not clear where, if anywhere, Alocasia macrorrhizos occurs wild. It has evidently been prehistorically distributed widely in tropical Asia as a subsistence crop and is now pantropical by introduction as an ornamental.
" 132053 general 1232610 Araceae "Amorphophallus konjac.Tuber brown, slightly glossy, depressed globose, to ca. 20 cm high, to ca. 30 cm in diam., seasonally producing numerous long rhizomatous offsets with swollen apical part, these to ca. 50 × 3 cm. Leaf solitary; petiole background color dirty whitish pinkish or dirty cream-colored, often nearly entirely covered by large, elongate, dark green confluent spots and smaller white dots, or with numerous small, blackish green spots, very variable, to ca. 100 × 8 cm, glabrous or with scattered punctiform warts at base; leaf blade highly dissected, to ca. 200 cm in diam., rachises narrowly winged; leaflets dull green adaxially, elliptic, 3-10 × 2-6 cm, acuminate. Inflorescence long pedunculate (rarely short); peduncle colored as petiole, to ca. 110 × 5 cm. Spathe outside base dirty pale brownish with blackish green spots, or dirty pale whitish grayish with a few scattered blackish green dots, near margin flushed with purple; inside base maroon with or without a paler whitish purplish zone above, elliptic-lanceolate to broadly ovate-triangular, 10-60 × 10-55 cm, base and limb ± separated by a shallow constriction, margin ± strongly sinuous, apex acute; base within densely verrucate, verrucae tiny, punctiform; limb erect, outside uniformly dark purplish brown, or with scattered blackish green spots, inside uniformly dark brown, glossy, undulate and/or longitudinally folded, basal margin spreading. Spadix during female anthesis producing a strong smell of rotting meat and producing small, clear, slightly viscous droplets, sessile, 15-110 cm; female zone cylindric or narrowly conic, 2-11 cm, 1-4 cm in diam. at base and to ca. 6 cm in diam. at apex, flowers congested or distant; ovary whitish or pale pinkish, apex purplish, depressed globose, oval or suborbicular in cross section, 2-2.5 mm high, 2-4 mm in diam., 2- or 3-loculed; style purplish, 1-5 mm, ± slender, 0.7-1 mm in diam., often distinctly branched at apex; stigma dirty yellowish brown, depressed, strongly undulate, often sunk between enlarged style branches, 2- or 3(or 4)-lobed, oval or triangular in cross section, ca. 0.5 mm high, 1.5-2 mm in diam., verruculose-scabrous; transitional zone between female and male zones occasionally with partly staminodal male flowers and/or pistillodial female flowers or flowers showing all intermediate stages; male zone cylindric, slightly fusiform, or slightly obconic, 2-12 × 1-6 cm, flowers congested; male flowers consisting of 3-5 stamens; stamens 2-2.5 mm; filaments pale orangish yellow or whitish, 0.5-1 mm, basally or entirely connate or slightly diverging at apex; anthers dirty whitish grayish, or ± cream-colored, truncate or subtruncate, 1-1.5 × 0.8-2 mm, rectangular in cross section; connective purplish, turning grayish at anthesis, slightly raised; pores apical, oval or reniform; appendix narrowly fusiform-conic, often laterally compressed and with irregular, shallow longitudinal furrows, 10-85 × 1.5-6 cm, acute, dark purplish brown or paler, densely rugulose, base often with several diamond-shaped, flattened staminodes. Fl. Apr.
The species occurs wild in Yunnan; other occurrences are regarded as plants escaped from cultivation. It is an important crop plant, also cultivated in Japan.
" 132054 general 1232580 Araceae "Amorphophallus paeoniifolius.Tuber dark brown, depressed globose, ca. 20 cm high, to ca. 30 cm in diam., weighing up to ca. 15 kg; root scars prominent, annulate; offsets produced every season, thick and rhizomatous, to ca. 10 × 4 cm. Leaves 1 or 2; petiole background pale to dark green or blackish green, usually with large and small pale blotches and numerous tiny dark dots, large blotches often confluent, especially near base, petiole to ca. 2 m × 20 cm, shallowly corrugate to strongly echinate-verrucate; leaf blade highly dissected, to ca. 3 m in diam.; rachises narrowly or broadly winged almost to base; leaflets abaxially mid-green or pale green, adaxially mid-green, orbicular, oval, ovate, obovate, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 3-35 × 2-12 cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescence shortly pedunculate; peduncle 3-20 × 1-8 cm, usually paler and more glabrous than petioles. Spathe campanulate, broader than long, 10-45 × 15-60 cm, base and limb often separated by a shallow constriction; limb spreading, background ranging from pale green to dark brown, usually with both large and small, orbicular paler spots, base inside proximal part deep maroon, distal part dirty whitish or very pale pinkish, limb outside as base but with more prominent maroon flushes, especially near margin, limb inside usually glossy dark maroon, strongly undulate, base outside very variable, base within densely verrucate, verrucae variable, mostly conic, fleshy. Spadix giving off a stench of rotting meat, sessile, shorter or longer than spathe, 7-70 cm; female zone cylindric, 3-25 × 1-12 cm, flowers congested or slightly distant; ovary entirely pale green or largely maroon with a whitish base, depressed, orbicular in cross section, 1.5-2.5 mm high, 3-5 mm in diam., 2- or 3-loculed; style maroon, 3-15 mm, slender, 1-1.5 mm in diam.; stigma pale or deep yellow, oval or triangular in cross section, large, 3-5 mm high, 4-7 mm in diam., often strongly laterally compressed, then cordate in longitudinal section, verruculose, shallowly or deeply 2- or 3-lobed, lobes rounded or conic, sometimes with a strong groove on outward side; male zone cylindric or strongly obconic, 2.5-15 cm, 1-10 cm in diam. at base, 1-20 cm in diam. at apex, flowers congested; male flowers consisting of 4-6 stamens; stamens 4-6 mm; filaments ca. 0.5 mm, connate; anthers off-white, cylindric, 3.5-5.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, subtruncate; pollen psilate; appendix very variable, glossy dark maroon, rarely pinkish or yellow, inflated, globose, depressed globose, ovoid, or triangular-conic (pyramidal), 1.5-30 cm, 1.2-30 cm in diam. (slightly above base), minutely granulate, glabrous or with various folds and/or irregular shallow depressions, base often with flattened, staminodal structures, apex obtuse or ± acute. Infructescence long pedunculate; peduncle stretching strongly after fertilization, 20-100 cm, becoming uniformly tan, with very numerous narrow, transverse cracks; fruiting zone cylindric, 10-50 × 3-8 cm. Berries closely set or slightly distant, ripening from green through yellow to bright red, elongate, 1.5-2 cm × 8-10 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct-Nov.
This taxon is extensively cultivated as a tuber crop, serving as an important food for humans and as animal feed.
" 143974 general 1240087 Araceae "Amorphophallus albus.Tuber brown, subglobose, 5-6 cm high, 7-10 cm in diam., seasonally producing long rhizomatous offsets, these to 23 × 1.5 cm. Leaf solitary; petiole pale green with grayish green, irregular, elongate or rounded spots, and whitish dots, 40-70 × 1.5-2 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ca. 80 cm in diam., rachises winged; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, 2-12 × 1-3 cm, acuminate. Inflorescence solitary, long pedunculate; peduncle 16-30 × 1-2 cm. Spathe cymbiform, narrowly ovate, 12-22 × 6-10 cm, acute; proximal margin of limb recurved, outside base green to pale green, inside creamy white; outside limb pale green, spotted with dark green and near margin with numerous indistinct white punctiform dots, inside creamy white with a faint pale green flush, base within densely verruculose. Spadix producing a heavy gaseous smell during female anthesis, sessile, bright pale green, turning yellowish during male anthesis, slightly curved, shorter than spathe, ca. 13.5 cm; female zone cylindric, ca. 1 × 1.2-1.3 cm, flowers congested; ovary bright green, depressed, angulate in cross section, ca. 1.5 mm high, 2.5-3 mm in diam., 2-loculed, but 1 locule reduced and sterile; style strongly oriented parallel to spadix axis, bright green, distally pale to yellowish green, 2-2.5 × ca. 1 mm; stigma lateral, slightly arching, whitish disciform, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., ca. 0.8 mm thick, entire, strongly scabrous; sterile zone between male and female zone swollen, slightly conic, 1-2.5 × 1-1.8 cm; staminodes congested; staminodes consisting of sterile entire flowers, off-white, slightly hemispheric, irregular, largest ca. 12 × 7 mm, with shallow irregular depressions, or with a few irregular grooves; male zone narrowly conic, apex slightly expanded, ca. 4 × 0.8 cm, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. at base, flowers congested; male flowers consisting of 3 or 4(or 5) stamens; stamens ca. 2 mm; filaments entirely fused, off-white, ca. 1.3 mm; anthers ca. 0.7 × 2 mm, truncate; thecae off-white, opening with apical rounded pores; connective dirty pale yellowish, flat, raised after anthesis; appendix narrowly conic, ca. 6 × 1.6 cm, finely rugulose, apex obtuse. Berries orange-red when mature, ovoid.
This species is used as a crop plant and is cultivated in Yunnan.
" 143980 general 1238693 Araceae "Amorphophallus xiei.Tuber dark brown outside, pink inside, depressed globose, 7-8 cm high, ca. 16 cm in diam., root scars not swollen, without offset development. Leaf solitary; petiole pink at base, green to deep green apically, sometimes with some inconspicuous, paler, rhombic, linear, or irregular spots with a dark center or with scattered very small, dark green dots, 60-80 cm, glabrous; leaf blade 60-120 cm in diam.; leaflets pale abaxially, green adaxially, elliptic, to ca. 23 × 8 cm, apex acuminate; main branching points in leaf blade with an epiphyllar bulbil, these brown, depressed globose to subglobose, to 3 cm in diam. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle colored as petiole, to 18 × 1.3-1.5 cm. Spathe almost erect, outside very pale whitish pinkish with scattered punctiform dark brown dots, with purple base, and margin sometimes reddish, inside dark pink, campanulate, ca. 18 × 10 cm, base minutely verruculose. Spadix sessile, longer than spathe, 23-24 cm; flowers unisexual, naked; female zone cylindric, 4-4.5 × 1.5-2 cm, flowers congested; ovary pink to reddish pink, obconic, ca. 3 mm high, ca. 2 mm in diam., 1-loculed; style almost absent; stigma nearly sessile, yellow, strongly depressed, disciform, ca. 0.5 mm high, ca. 3 mm in diam., wider than ovary, slightly 5- or 6-lobed to irregularly 8-lobed; male zone cylindric or slightly obconic, 6.5-7 × 2.6-3.7 cm; male flower consisting of 4 or 5 stamens; stamens almost entirely free, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers off-white with a pinkish apex, truncate, ca. 1 mm; pores apical, slightly elongate; appendix off-white or pale pink, fusiform-conic, laterally compressed in larger individuals, ca. 11 × 5 cm, smooth. Fruit red when mature, ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm × 5 mm. Fl. Apr, fr. May-Nov.
This species is cultivated as a food crop in the valleys of the Nanwan and Husa rivers of the Irrawaddy system.
The species status of Amorphophallus xiei is doubted by one of us (Hetterscheid). It differs only in color from A. bulbifer Blume (N, NE, and S India), an otherwise variable species forming a close relationship with A. muelleri Blume (NE India, N Thailand southward to the lesser Sunda islands of Indonesia). Both species also produce the same epiphyllar bulbils unique in Amorphophallus. Molecular analysis indicates that A. xiei is most closely related to A. bulbifer, if not just a somaclonal variant of it (both A. bulbifer and A. muelleri are apomicts with 2n = 39) taken up for cultivation and possibly escaped to non-agricultural terrain.
Herbs, perennial, of diverse habit including climbers, floating aquatics, helophytes, pachycaul shrubs, and geophytes. Underground stems absent, or present and then rhizomatous or tuberous; aerial stems variously produced or not, often evergreen; bulbils for vegetative reproduction sometimes produced, e.g., on leaf or on special shoots. Leaves alternate or apparently basal, usually petiolate with sheathing bases, often subtended by prophylls and/or cataphylls; leaf blade various, e.g., linear, simple (base often cordate to sagittate), sometimes peltate or variously compound (e.g., pinnate, radiate, pedate, or decompound), or still more complex and "dracontioid" (elaborate forms of sagittate, hastate, or trisect leaves in which anterior and posterior divisions are highly dissected and subdivided). Inflorescences (sometimes precocious) subtended by membranous prophylls and/or cataphylls, consisting of a spadix subtended by a spathe. Spathe commonly with tubelike base (margins fused or not) persistent or with deciduous blade. Spadix bearing bisexual or unisexual flowers, in latter case plants paradioecious or monoecious (spadix female proximally and male distally), very rarely with morphologically bisexual but functionally unisexual flowers. Bisexual flowers: tepals 0, 4, or 6; stamens 4-6(-22), filaments free, anthers with 2 thecae; ovary usually 3-loculed or more loculed or 1-loculed (pseudomonomerous). Unisexual flowers almost always naked [rare exceptions (only 3 genera, these all from Africa, including cultivated Zamioculcas with tepalate flowers)]: male represented by 1-6 (usually 2-4) free stamens or 2-12 (rarely up to 32) stamens connate into a synandrium overtopped by a common synconnective, anthers often subsessile, usually dehiscing apically by pores or slits (straight or horseshoe-shaped); female flowers consisting of a single ovary (sometimes associated with a sterile staminode), commonly 1-loculed (sometimes with 3 or 4 locules), ovules 1 to many per locule, placentation parietal, axile, basal, or apical. Pollen grains aperturate or inaperturate, exine of various ornamentation. Most genera (Aroideae s.l.) with inaperturate pollen grains without sporopollenin. Sterile (neuter) flowers derived from male or female flowers sometimes present at apex or base of female and/or male zones of spadix. Spadix sometimes with a sterile, terminal appendix. Fruit usually a head of 1- to several-seeded indehiscent separate berries, or dehiscent via shedding stylar plate (Monstereae excluding Amydrium) or syncarpous and apically dehiscent (Cryptocoryne) or syncarpous and indehiscent (Syngonium, cultivated), commonly red, green, white, or yellow, rarely blue.
About 110 genera and more than 3,500 species: all parts of the world except polar regions and the driest deserts, chiefly in tropical and subtropical regions; 26 genera and 181 species (72 endemic) in China.
There is an abundance of Araceae in the S and SW provinces of China. The NE and NW regions are poorer. About 50% of Araceae species in China are medicinal plants; for example, Arisaema heterophyllum, Pinellia pedatisecta, and P. ternata have been used since ancient times. Tubers of Amorphophallus and Colocasia are used for food or in industry for starch. Pistia is very valuable as feed for pigs and sometimes is cultivated as an ornamental plant in aquatic gardens.
The following genera are not native to China but are cultivated there: Aglaonema Schott, Anthurium Schott, Caladium Ventenat, Dieffenbachia Schott, Monstera Adanson, Philodendron Schott, Spathiphyllum Schott, Syngonium Schott, Zamioculcas Schott, and Zantedeschia Sprengel.
Li Hen. 1979. Araceae (excluding Acorus). In: Wu Cheng yih & Li Hen, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(2): 1-242.
Herbs, evergreen, sometimes robust. Stem epigeal, erect to decumbent and mostly unbranched or creeping and often branched, internodes green, becoming brown with age, smooth, often rooting at nodes when decumbent. Leaves several, forming an apical crown; petiole shorter than leaf blade, sheath usually long; leaf blade often with striking, silvery and pale green variegated patterns, ovate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, rarely broadly ovate or sublinear, base often unequal, attenuate to rounded, rarely cordate; primary lateral veins pinnate, often weakly differentiated, running into marginal vein, higher order venation parallel-pinnate. Inflorescences 1-9 per each floral sympodium; peduncle shorter or longer than petioles, sometimes deflexed in fruit. Spathe caducous, persistent, or marcescent, erect, green to whitish, boat-shaped to convolute, not differentiated into tube and blade, ovate to ± globose, slightly to strongly decurrent, often apiculate. Spadix cylindric to clavate, shorter or longer than spathe, stipe long to almost absent; female zone rather few flowered, either separated by staminodes or contiguous with, and much shorter than, male zone; male zone fertile to apex, rarely with staminodes basally. Flowers unisexual, naked. Female flowers: ovary subglobose, 1-loculed; ovule 1, anatropous, broadly ovoid; funicle very short; placenta basal; stylar region short, thick; stigma broad, disciform, concave centrally. Male flowers: stamens free, not forming clear floral groups; filaments usually distinct, connective thickened; thecae opposite, obovoid, short, dehiscing by apical pore or reniform transverse slit. Fruit an ellipsoid berry, outer layer fleshy green but turning yellow, rarely white and finally red. Seed solitary, ellipsoid, almost as large as berry; testa thin, ± smooth; integument inconspicuous; embryo large; endosperm absent.
Twenty-one species: tropical and subtropical Asia; two species in China.
Aglaonema ovatum Engler (Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 21. 1898) is abundant in N Laos next to the Chinese border and so is expected to be found eventually in SW China.
Many species are widely cultivated in gardens as evergreen ornamental plants.
Herbs, terrestrial, small to massive. Stem subterranean, tuberous, rarely a chain of tubers or a true rhizome; rhizome ± creeping. Leaves usually solitary, rarely paired or more; petiole terete, rarely angulate, shallowly grooved, or partly rugulose, rarely entirely verrucate or hairy; leaf blade decompound, divided into 3 main segments; main segments equally long or anterior shorter than posterior ones (blade ± subpedate); rachises naked, narrowly or broadly winged and often carrying supernumerary leaflets on proximal parts; bulbils sometimes developing on leaves, either epiphyllar, intercalary (developing inside rachis), or half-epiphyllar (base developing in rachis, apex exposed beyond rachis). Inflorescence 1, rarely 2 or 3 (synflorescence) or more per season (then developing from different buds on stem), epigeal, rarely partly buried, solitary or simultaneous with or directly preceding leaf development, rarely emerging after leaf development. Spathe base convolute, rarely open or connate, not or clearly separated from limb by a constriction, outside variously colored, variously shaped, often cymbiform or campanulate, rarely funnel-shaped; limb erect, spreading, oblique, or arching. Spadix sessile or shortly stipitate; female zone contiguous with male zone or separated from it by a sterile zone; flowers sometimes surrounded by staminodes; female flowers consisting of 1 pistil; ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, 1-4-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule, basifixed, or rarely axillary ca. halfway up ovary; style present or (nearly) absent, clearly separated from ovary or less so, sometimes with apical projections ("branches") extending beyond stigma; sterile zone (when present) covered with staminodes, rarely partly or entirely naked; male zone cylindric, fusiform, conic, or obconic; male flowers consisting of (1-)3-6(-8) stamens; stamens depressed or elongate; filaments present or nearly absent, separated or partly or entirely fused within a flower or rarely fused between adjacent flowers; anthers bithecal; thecae 2-celled (with 2 pollen sacs), rarely 1-celled; pores apical, rarely lateral or subterminal; pollen inaperturate, globose or elliptic, exine rarely absent, psilate, striate, verrucate, echinate, areolate, porate, fossulate, reticulate, or scabrous; appendix rarely absent, contiguous with male zone or separated by a constriction or a short stipe, sometimes with large longitudinal folds or ± irregular deep cracks. Berries crowded or distant, ripening red, rarely blue, globose, ovoid, or narrowly elliptic, smooth or rarely verrucate, 1-4-seeded. Seeds usually with a distinct raphe; endosperm absent.
About 200 species: paleotropical, W to E Africa, S and SE to E Asia, N Australia, Pacific islands; 16 species (seven endemic) in China.
Amorphophallus stipitatus Engler (Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 457. 1923) was described based on cultivated material in the Berlin Botanical Garden, originally from Guangdong. The holotype (Mell. s.n., B) has been destroyed, and Engler’s protologue does not give enough clues as to the identity of the species to which the name refers. It is no doubt a member of the A. yunnanensis alliance, but the differences between species recognized in this group are too subtle to leave room for any guessing about the identity of A. stipitatus. So as not to confuse matters, this name is here treated as of uncertain application.
The status of Amorphophallus zengianus C. Long & H. Li (Novon 10: 125. 2000), described from S Yunnan (Jinping), is uncertain. H. Li notes that the morphology of the inflorescence might be misleading because it was damaged while in the bud stage. She considers it to be conspecific with A. yunnanensis, based on morphological similarity of the petiole and leaf blade. On the other hand, Hetterscheid considers A. zengianus to represent a less-than-optimal specimen of A. krausei, based on photographs pro
Lianas, large to very large. Stems robust, woody, branched and rooting. Leaves long petiolate; petiole with pulvinus at junction with leaf blade, somewhat sheathing at base; leaf blade large, entire, pinnatifid, or pinnatisect, with perforations along midrib or not. Inflorescences terminal or sometimes displaced, solitary; peduncle robust. Spathe caducous, cymbiform, ovate, acute or acuminate. Spadix sessile. Flowers bisexual, sometimes with female ones at spadix base and these sterile, lacking perigone. Stamens 4(-6); filaments linear, flat; anthers much shorter than filaments; thecae ellipsoidal, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary polygonal-cylindric, apex truncate, 1-loculed; ovules 2-4, inserted at base of parietal placenta, sometimes 6-8, distichous on parietal placentae, anatropous, with short funicle; stigma sessile, linear-oblong, longitudinal. Fruit small. Seeds reniform, usually striate.
About 20 species: tropical Asia, Australia, Pacific islands; one species in China.
Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunting is cultivated in gardens.
" 126432 general 1233495 Araceae "Colocasia esculenta.Rhizome vertical to horizontal, tuberous, 3-5 cm or more (up to 15 cm) in diam. Stolons long or absent. Leaves 2 or 3 or more; petiole green, 25-80 cm, sheathing for 1/3-2/3 length; leaf blade adaxially matte waxy-glaucous and water-shedding (water sometimes forming "mercury droplets"), oblong-ovate to suborbicular, 13-45 × 10-35 cm, base shallowly cordate (sinus 1-4 cm), apex broadly and shortly cuspidate. Peduncle usually solitary, 16-26 cm. Spathe tube green, 3.5-5 × 1.2-1.5 cm; limb open proximally, cream-colored to golden yellow, lanceolate or elliptic, 10-19 × 2-5 cm, apex acuminate. Spadix: female zone conic, 3-3.5 × ca. 1.2 cm; ovary 1-3 mm in diam.; stigma subsessile, narrower than apex of ovary; sterile zone narrowly cylindric, 3-3.3 cm; sterile flowers (pistils) seen from above elongate, ca. 0.5 mm in diam.; male zone cylindric, 4-6.5 cm × ca. 7 mm; appendix narrowly conic, 15-45 × ca. 2 mm. Berry green, ca. 4 mm. Seeds few; synandria ca. 1 mm high, ca. 0.8 mm in diam. Fl. Feb-Apr (Yunnan), or Aug-Sep (Qin Ling area). 2n = 26, 28, 30, 36, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 58, 84, 116.
This very variable species is widely cultivated throughout the tropics, and many wild or naturalized clones are found in S Asia, Malesia, and the Pacific islands. The spathes, spadices, and spadix appendixes vary considerably, although the floral organs have not been observed in many cultivated clones. This wide variation is attributable to cultivation selections, escapes, naturalizations, and re-domestications. It seems best, therefore, to treat Colocasia esculenta as a single species rather than formally recognize infraspecific taxa or segregate species (see Hay, Sandakania 7: 31-48. 1996).
The rhizomes, petioles, and inflorescences are used as a vegetable. The rhizomes are used medicinally for treating swellings, abscesses, snake and insect bites, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
Morphological characters are the same as those of the genus. Plants aquatic, floating. Roots many, pendulous in water, feathery. Leaves in rosettes, 1.3-10 × 1.5-6 cm. Spathe white, 5-12 mm. Fl. May-Nov.
The plants are cultivated for animal feed and are used to treat swelling and urinary tract infections.
" 143996 general 1235827 Araceae "Arisaema victoriae.Rhizome oblique or horizontal, light brown outside, violaceous in section, cylindric, 3-6 × 2-3 cm. Cataphylls 3 or 4, grayish brown with purplish and black spots, longest one 10-15 cm, apex mucronate. Leaves 2; petiole green, marked with purple, to 30 cm, proximal 15-25 cm forming pseudostem; leaf blade 3-foliolate, paler and evidently veined abaxially, shiny green adaxially; central leaflet elliptic, 9.5-10 × 3.2-3.5 cm, aristate at apex, with a tip 8-11 mm; lateral ones slightly smaller. Peduncle erect, overtopping leaves. Spathe green tinged except for white center, ca. 12 cm, with proximal margins incurved or ± overlapping to form a cylindric tube to 6 × 2.7 cm, scarcely or slightly auriculate at throat; limb subovate-lanceolate, ca. 8 × 4 cm, apex aristate and recurved. Male spadix subsessile, ca. 16 cm; fertile zone green, subterete, gradually attenuate distally, ca. 4 cm, loosely flowered; male flowers stipitate, usually diandrous; stipe 0.2-0.9 mm; thecae ellipsoid, 0.4-0.7 mm; appendix extending beyond throat of spathe tube, recurved, greenish, horsetail-shaped, ca. 12 cm, with many filiform subulate neuter flowers; proximal neuter flowers scattered, 3-4 mm; distal ones numerous and crowded, 2.5-5.5 cm. Female spadix unknown. Fl. Jun.
One of us (Murata) recognizes Arisaema hippocaudatum S. C. Chen & H. Li (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 24: 607. 2002) as a rare Chinese species known only from the type and A. victoriae as endemic to Vietnam. In A. victoriae, the main axis of the spadix appendix is distinct and much longer than the branches (neuter flowers) as in A. lihengianum, whereas in A. hippocaudatum, the main axis is not clear and (if still present) is of a similar size and shape to the branches in its distal part. On the other hand, one of us (Li) believes that the two entities are conspecific, based on observations of cultivated plants.
" 165268 morphology 1233495 Araceae "Colocasia esculenta. Cultivated extensively in our area for the tuber (coco-yam) and frequently naturalized" 68450 general 1227727 Araliaceae "Aralia hispida. ""Perennial to 1.5 m from a stout rhizome, sometimes overwintering 1–5 dm above the ground, sharply bristly near the base; lvs few, on petioles usually shorter than the blade, bipinnate; lfls oblong to ovate or lanceolate, to 10 cm, acute or short-acuminate, sharply serrate; umbels several in a loose, open, terminal infl; styles connate half-length; fr globose, nearly black; 2n=24. Dry woods, especially in sandy or sterile soil; Nf. and Que. to Hudson Bay and Minn., s. to N.J., W.Va., and n. Ind. June, July.""" 119022 general 1227648 Araliaceae "Trevesia palmata.Trees, evergreen, to 8 m tall. Trunk to ca. 15 cm d.b.h.; branches prickly, farinose stellate pubescent. Leaves simple; petiole often prickly, 30-70(-90) cm; stipules united into a 2-lobed sheath; blade large, 60-90 cm wide, leathery, both surfaces glabrous or with scattered stellate hairs, lateral veins distinct on both surfaces, deeply 5-9-lobed; lobes narrowly ovate-lanceolate, margin serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence a panicle of umbels, ca. 45 cm, densely farinose stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent; peduncles 4-17 cm; umbels 4-5 cm in diam., 25-45-flowered; pedicels 1.5-2 cm. Calyx rim 1-2 mm, farinose stellate pubescent. Stamens 7-12. Ovary 7-12-carpellate. Fruit subglobose to compressed-globose, 1-1.8 cm in diam., smooth or ribbed; styles united, conic, 2-4 mm, stout, persistent. Fl. Oct, fr. May-Jul.
This species is used medicinally and as an ornamental.
Two varieties (Trevesia palmata var. palmata and var. costata, the latter from S Yunnan) have sometimes been distinguished on the basis of minor differences in fruit shape and the presence or absence of ribs on dry fruit, but they do not appear to be worthy of recognition.
Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, andromonoecious, unarmed. Leaves simple, palmately lobed, serrate; stipules united with petiole, sheathing at base. Inflorescence a terminal panicle of umbels; bracts large, membranous, caducous. Pedicels not articulate below ovary. Calyx rim obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 5- or 10-carpellate; styles 5 or 10, free. Fruit a subglobose drupe. Seed ± compressed laterally, endosperm smooth.
Two or three species: one or two native to Japan, one widely cultivated, one endemic to China (Taiwan).
" 110661 general 1228966 Araliaceae "Polyscias.Shrubs or trees, evergreen, hermaphroditic, andromonoecious or dioecious, unarmed, often glabrous, some with sharply aromatic herbage. Leaves 1-5-pinnately compound, margins entire to crenate or serrate; stipules sometimes intrapetiolar and adnate to inside of petiole or absent. Inflorescence a terminal panicle of umbels, heads or spikes, sometimes with a terminal umbel of bisexual flowers and 1 to several lateral umbels of male flowers. Pedicel articulate below ovary. Calyx undulate or with 4 or 5(-8 or more) small lobes. Petals 4 or 5(-8 or more), valvate. Stamens as many as petals. Ovary 4 or 5(-8 or more) carpellate; styles free or rarely connate at base. Fruit a drupe, terete or laterally flattened. Seeds compressed, endosperm smooth.
About 150 species: paleotropical; five species (all introduced and cultivated) in S China.
" 119020 general 1228061 Araliaceae "Sinopanax formosanus.Trees, evergreen, to 12 m tall. Branches, petioles, adaxial leaf surfaces, and inflorescences densely minutely stellate pubescent. Leaf blade broadly orbicular, ca. 20 × 23 cm, entire or with 3-5 broad lobes, base broadly cuneate to truncate or cordate, margin irregularly dentate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal panicle; primary axis 15-20 cm; secondary axes to ca. 15 cm; heads 6-7 mm in diam., 8-12- flowered. Fruit ca. 4 × 5 mm in diam. Fl. Sep, fr. Mar, May-Oct, Dec.
This species is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.
" 119021 general 1227791 Araliaceae "Tetrapanax papyrifer.Shrubs or small trees, to 3.5 m tall, densely ferruginous or pale brown stellate tomentose. Trunk to 9 cm in diam.; pith homogeneous, white, large. Petiole terete, to 50 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate-oblong, 50-75 cm wide, papery or subleathery, abaxially densely ferruginous or stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrous, 7-12-lobed, base obtuse to cordate, margin entire to coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, peduncles 1-1.5 cm; umbels 1-2 cm in diam., many flowered. Flowers yellowish white. Calyx ca. 1 mm, densely stellate tomentose. Corolla petals 4(or 5), ca. 2 mm, densely stellate tomentose. Stamens 4(or 5); filaments ca. 3 mm. Fruit dark purple at maturity, globose, ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. Oct-Dec, fr. Jan-Feb. 2n = 48*.
This species is widely cultivated in China for the traditional medicine "tong cao" and as an ornamental elsewhere in the tropics. The stem pith cut into sections is used as a paper ("rice paper").
Frodin and Govaerts (World Checklist Bibliogr. Araliaceae, 400. 2004 ["2003"]) indicated that Tetrapanax papyrifer is probably native to Taiwan and introduced in S China.
Trees to 70 m tall; trunk to more than 1 m d.b.h.; bark gray-brown or dark gray, rough, transversely split; crown tower-shaped when young, becoming flat topped with age; lateral branchlets dense, drooping, almost pinnately arranged. Leaves dimorphic: leaves of young trees and lateral branchlets loosely arranged, needlelike, falcate, subulate, or triangular, slightly curved, somewhat tetragonal or ridged (not obviously so abaxially), 0.7-1.7 cm × ca. 2.5 mm wide at base, stomatal lines weakly evident on abaxial surface, apex acute or acuminate; leaves on mature trees and cone-bearing branchlets densely arranged, overlapping, stretching upward, gray-green abaxially, glaucous, ovate to triangular, 6-10 mm, ca. 4 mm wide at base, ridged or not, midvein obvious or not, distal part of leaf tapering or slightly rounded, apex acute or obtuse. Pollen cones terminal, solitary, ovoid or ellipsoid. Seed cones ovoid or ellipsoid, 6-10 × 4.5-7.5 cm; bracts narrowly obovate, sharply ridged, with thin, lateral wing, apex caudate, thickened, acute, obviously reflexed; seed scales thin at apex. Seeds ellipsoid, with a membranous, lateral wing.
The illustration in FRPS (pl. 7) includes a branchlet (f. 1) of what may be another species cultivated in China, possibly Araucaria columnaris (J. R. Forster) Hooker, which is native to S New Caledonia and nearby islands. Indeed, this species has been recorded from extreme SE Xizang as a cultivated ornamental, but no voucher specimen has been seen by the authors.
" 173714 ecology 1223428 Arecaceae "Borassus aethiopum. In dry savanna." 173727 ecology 1218488 Arecaceae "Hyphaene thebaica. Of hot dry localities" 173734 ecology 1220351 Arecaceae "Phoenix dactylifera. ""Is not uncommon in the hotter dry parts of the region, being planted for ornament as much as for food.""" 126351 general 1220346 Arecaceae "Cocos nucifera.Stems to 20 m tall, 30 cm or more in diam. Pinnae to 100 per side of rachis, regularly arranged and stiffly spreading in same plane. Inflorescences borne among leaves. Fruits greenish to reddish brown, ovoid to irregularly globose, to 30 × 20 cm.
The coconut is an important commercial crop, producing coconut oil, coir, and toddy. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried endosperm (known as copra) and has been used in the manufacture of soap and margarine. Coir is obtained from the fibrous mesocarp and is used to weave mats and rugs. Toddy is sugar-containing sap, which is tapped from unopened inflorescences and often fermented into an alcoholic drink. Apart from these major uses, the coconut has a host of minor uses, especially as an ornamental plant. In Hainan, coconut milk from unripe fruits is sold both fresh and tinned.
" 108342 general 32846 Arecaceae "Arecaceae.Stems solitary or clustered, short and subterranean, erect, or climbing. Leaves pinnate, palmate, or costapalmate, spirally or rarely distichously arranged, sometimes spiny; sheaths usually open, sometimes closed and forming crownshafts, in climbing plants usually with knees and sometimes with flagella; petioles short or absent to elongate, smooth, spiny, in palmate leaves with a hastula at apex, rarely hastula absent; rachis short to elongate, absent in palmate leaves, sometimes extended into a whiplike climbing organ (cirrus); pinnae in pinnate leaves either regularly or irregularly arranged along rachis, spreading in 1 or several planes, variously shaped, mostly reduplicate, rarely induplicate, sometimes jagged or lobed at apices, rarely gray abaxially; segments in palmate leaves variously arranged, single or multi-fold, split to varying degrees, mostly induplicate, rarely reduplicate. Plants monoecious, sometimes dioecious, iteroparous (pleonanthic) or less often semelparous (hapaxanthic). Inflorescences borne among or below leaves, solitary or rarely multiple at each node; peduncle bearing a prophyll and usually 1 or more peduncular bracts; rachis bearing prominent or much-reduced rachis bracts; rachillae 1 to many, bearing flowers in various arrangements, often solitary, paired, in threes (triads) or more; flowers usually with 3 sepals, 3 petals, 6 stamens, and 3 carpels. Fruits variously shaped and colored, sometimes covered with overlapping scales; endosperm ruminate or homogeneous; germination remote or adjacent; eophylls undivided, bifid, pinnate, or palmate.
About 183 genera and ca. 2,450 species: tropical and subtropical areas in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific; 18 genera (two introduced) and 77 species (27 endemic, four introduced, including Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Cocos nucifera, and Phoenix dactylifera) in China.
A very wide range of palm species is grown as ornamentals in botanical gardens, including those in the humid, tropical parts of China. A few are more widely grown in China and are listed at the end of this account.
See Henderson (Palms S. Asia. 2009).
Pei Shengji, Chen Sanyang & Tong Shaoquan. 1991. Palmae. In: Pei Shengji & Chen Sanyang, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(1): 1-172.
Cultivated taxa
Archontophoenix H. Wendland & Drude (???? jia bin lang shu). One species is cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, and Yunnan: A. alexandrae (F. Mueller) H. Wendland & Drude (Linnaea 39: 212. 1875; Ptychosperma alexandrae F. Mueller, Fragm. 5(33): 47. 1865; ??? jia bin lang), native to Australia.
Borassus Linnaeus (??? tang zong shu). One species is cultivated in S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna): B. flabellifer Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 2: 1187. 1753; ?? tang zong), native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Butia (Beccari) Beccari (????? bu di ye zi shu). One species is cultivated as an ornamental: B. capitata (Martius) Beccari (Agric. Colon. 10: 507. 1916; Cocos capitata Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 114. 1826; ???? bu di ye zi), native to Brazil and Uruguay.
Corypha Linnaeus (???? bei ye zong shu). One species is cultivated in S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna): C. umbraculifera Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 2: 1187. 1753; ??? bei ye zong), native to India and Sri Lanka.
Dypsis Noronha ex Martius (???? san wei kui shu). One species is cultivated in S China: D. lutescens (H. Wendland) Beentje & J. Dransfield (Palms Madagascar, 212. 1995; Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendland, Bot. Zeitung 36: 117. 1878; ??? san wei kui), native to Madagascar.
Elaeis Jacquin (??? you zong shu). One species is cultivated in Hainan, Taiwan, and Yunnan: E. guineensis Jacquin (Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 280. 1763; ?? you zo
Stems solitary or clustered, tall to short or subterranean, ringed with conspicuous leaf scars. Leaves 4-12, pinnate or occasionally undivided; leaf sheaths closed, forming a distinct, green or yellowish crownshaft, rarely sheaths open and not forming crownshafts; rachis sometimes strongly recurved, mostly spreading horizontally; pinnae usually regularly arranged, spreading in same plane, those at apex joined with only short splits at apices, giving compound pinnae with lobed apices. Inflorescences branched to 3 orders, borne below crownshaft; prophyll present, peduncular bract absent; flowers unisexual, borne in triads of a central large female flower and 2 lateral much smaller male flowers, usually triads only at bases of rachillae, above male flowers only. Fruits usually bright red, small to moderate, ellipsoid to globose or spindle-shaped, commonly beaked, 1-seeded; endosperm ruminate; germination adjacent; eophylls bifid.
About 48 species: from Sri Lanka and NE India through SE Asia to as far east as New Guinea and the Solomon Islands; one species (introduced) in China.
Areca triandra Roxburgh ex Buchanan-Hamilton (三药槟榔 san yao bin lang) is cultivated in Guangdong, Taiwan, and Yunnan. It differs from Areca catechu by the smaller, clustered stems, to 4 m high, and is native to India, Peninsular Malaysia, and Indochina.
" 109226 general 1225144 Arecaceae "Cocos.Stems large, solitary, gray, often leaning. Leaves 25-30, pinnate; leaf sheaths open, fibrous; pinnae linear, 1-veined, numerous, regularly arranged along rachis, spreading in same plane. Inflorescences branched to 1 order, borne among leaves, covered by a prophyll and woody, persistent peduncular bract; flowers unisexual, borne in triads at bases of rachillae, male only toward apices. Fruit large, 1-seeded; germination adjacent; eophylls undivided.
One species: widely introduced and cultivated throughout tropical areas of the world, especially along sandy coasts.
" 110566 general 1220860 Arecaceae "Phoenix.Stems solitary or clustered, short and subterranean to large and aerial, usually rough with very close nodes, often covered with persistent leaf bases. Leaves 8-50, pinnate; leaf sheaths open; pinnae induplicate, regularly or irregularly arranged and then spreading in different planes, at base of leaf modified into short, stout, sharp spines (acanthophylls). Plants dioecious. Inflorescences usually branched to 1 order, borne among leaves; peduncle bearing a prophyll, other bracts much reduced; rachillae often borne in groups or spirals along inflorescence rachis; flowers small, simple, unisexual; male flowers with 6(-9) stamens. Fruits variously colored black or brown, obovoid, oblong, or ellipsoid, usually 1-seeded; mesocarp fleshy, thick and sweet tasting in date palm but thin and bitter in other species; endosperm homogeneous, rarely ruminate; germination remote; eophylls undivided.
Fourteen species: from the Canary Islands across Africa, the Mediterranean, and SW Asia to just reaching the Philippines; three species (one introduced) in China.
In addition to species no. 1 below, Phoenix canariensis Chabaud (Prov. Agric. Hort. Ill. 19: 293. 1882; 加拿利海枣 jia na li hai zao) is cultivated in China. It is native to the Canary Islands.
Records of Phoenix sylvestris (Linnaeus) Roxburgh from China (e.g., FRPS 13(1): 8. 1991) were presumably based on misidentifications.
Stems solitary, erect, to 20 m tall, 10-20 cm in diam., gray with conspicuous nodes. Leaf sheaths closed and forming green, slightly swollen crownshafts to 1 m; petioles no more than 5 cm; rachis recurved, to 2 m; pinnae 20-30 per side of rachis, regularly and closely arranged, stiffly erect; middle pinnae 30-60 cm, 3-7 cm wide at mid-point. Inflorescences infrafoliar, branched to 3 orders, erect; rachillae many, flexuose, yellowish green, to 25 cm; male flowers solitary, alternate and distichous on rachillae; stamens 6; female flowers at bases of rachillae only, larger than male flowers. Fruits yellow, orange, or red, ovoid, to 8 × 6 cm.
Areca catechu is an important cultivated species. The sliced seed (betel nut) is chewed as a mild narcotic. The plant also has great ornamental value and many other minor uses.
" 126358 general 1220918 Arecaceae "Phoenix roebelenii.Stems clustered (solitary in cultivated plants), 1-3 m tall, to 10 cm in diam., straight or twisted, rough with persistent, diamond-shaped leaf bases. Leaves to 2 m; sheath and petiole to 50 cm; rachis 1-2 m; acanthophylls ca. 12 per side of rachis; pinnae 25-50 per side of rachis, linear, regularly arranged and spreading in same plane, with persistent scales on abaxial surface of midrib; middle pinnae 20-40 × ca. 1.5 cm. Male inflorescences pendulous, 30-60 cm, with to 20 rachillae, these 7-20 cm; female inflorescences erect, to 35 cm, with to 50 rachillae. Fruits orange-brown or purple-brown, obovoid, to 1.8 × 0.7 cm; endosperm homogeneous.
This species is widely planted as an ornamental.
" 126368 general 1223200 Arecaceae "Trachycarpus fortunei.Stem solitary, to 12 m tall, to 15 cm in diam. Leaf sheath fibers persistent, forming an ocrea more than 25 cm; petioles to 60 m, margins with very fine teeth; blades semicircular in outline, to 1.2 m wide, green on abaxial surface, divided to ca. 3/4 their length into 40-50 stiff segments, transverse veinlets barely visible; middle segments to 3 cm wide. Inflorescences 0.7-0.9 m, erect; male inflorescences branched to 4 orders; rachillae 1-3 cm; female inflorescences branched to 3 orders; rachillae 3-15 cm. Fruits black with a waxy bloom, kidney-shaped, to 0.9 × 1.4 cm.
Fibers are collected from the leaf bases and made into coats and other items (brooms, brushes, doormats); wax is collected from the fruits; and a hemostatic drug is extracted from the seeds. This species is widely cultivated as an ornamental, especially in cooler climates.
" 173720 ecology 1220359 Arecaceae "Elaeis guineensis. ""Is cultivated and occurs spontaneously in much of the forest zone from Senegal to Cameroun, being particularly abundant near habitations, in land which has been tilled, and in river valleys.""" 173743 morphology 1221783 Arecaceae "Raphia hookeri. ""Over its wide range it shows some variation in characters, particularly in size and shape of fruit; in E. Nigeria, where it is abundant and sometimes cultivated, several forms are distinguished.""" 67532 general 1217135 Aristolochiaceae "Aristolochia serpentaria. ""Stems erect from a rhizome, to 6 dm, thinly hairy; lvs ovate to oblong or nearly linear, acuminate, truncate to sagittate or cordate at base, 6–12 cm; lower lvs reduced to scales; fls solitary on slender, scaly peduncles from the lowest nodes; perianth S- shaped, enlarged at base and summit, 1–2 cm, the spreading limb madder-purple, unequally or indistinctly 3-lobed; 2n=28. Moist or dry upland woods; Conn. and s. N.Y. to s. Mich., Ill. and Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.""" 70394 general 1218157 Aristolochiaceae "Hexastylis arifolia. ""Lvs mostly triangular in outline, 5–15(–20) cm long and about as wide, mostly broadest below the summit of the petiole, with comparatively wide and shallow sinuses, or varying even in the same colony to cordate-ovate; cal urceolate, the tube 1.2–2.8 cm, constricted above, the erect to spreading lobes 2–8 mm, about as wide at base as long; style-extension bifid to the stigma; 2n=26. Moist or dry woods; s. Va. to se. Ky., s. to n. Fla., Ala., and se. La. Apr., May. Var. arifolia, the s. and e. phase of the species, in our area restricted to se. Va., has ± spreading cal-lobes 3–8 mm long and wide. Var. ruthii (Ashe) H. L. Blomq., the nw. phase of the species, in our range restricted to sw. Va. and se. Ky., has erect or slightly spreading cal-lobes 2–5 mm long and wide.""" 70395 general 1218159 Aristolochiaceae "Hexastylis virginica. ""Rhizome short and freely branched; lvs cordate-orbicular, 5–10 cm, commonly broadest above the summit of the petiole, the basal lobes broadly rounded, the sinuses broad to narrow or even closed; cal-tube 0.7–1.5 cm, cylindric to slightly constricted above or slightly flaring, the lobes erect to spreading 3–10 mm, 5–9 mm wide at base; ovary superior to half inferior; style- extension merely notched at the tip; 2n=26. Moist or dry woods; s. Md. to W.Va. and e. Ky., s. to se. Va., Ga., and Ala. Apr., May. (H. contracta; H. heterophylla; H. memmingeri; H. naniflora)""" 108343 general 32849 Aristolochiaceae "Aristolochiaceae.Herbs, shrubs, rarely lianas, subshrubs, or trees; root, stems, and leaves with oil cells. Leaves alternate; stipules absent; petiole usually present and well defined; leaf blade simple, usually pinnately veined, sometimes palmately 3-5-veined, margin usually entire, rarely 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, cymes, or corymbs, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic or actinomorphic. Perianth usually with 1 petaloid whorl (in Saruma with 2 whorls: outer one sepaloid, inner one petaloid), mostly connate into distinct tube, cylindric to campanulate or subglobose; limb rotate, urceolate, cylindric, or ligulate, 1-3-lobed; lobes valvate. Stamens 6-12 (in China), in 1 or 2 series; filaments adnate to ovary (in Asarum) or style column (in Thottea) with anthers free, or filaments and anthers fully adnate to style column to form gynostemium (in Aristolochia); anthers 2-loculed, dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary inferior to superior, 6-loculed (in Thottea 4-loculed); carpels connate only at base or fully fused; ovules numerous, anatropous, usually in 1 or 2 series; placentation parietal. Styles free or connate, column 3- or 6-lobed (in Thottea 5-20-lobed). Fruit a fleshy or dry capsule, rarely siliquiform or follicular. Seeds many; testa somewhat hard or crustaceous; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo minute.
About eight genera and 450–600 species: primarily in tropical and subtropical regions; four genera (one endemic) and 86 species (69 endemic) in China.
" 108828 general 1216848 Aristolochiaceae "Aristolochia.Shrubs or herbs, rarely subshrubs or lianas, usually twining or climbing, rarely erect. Roots often tuberous. Stems woody or herbaceous. Leaves alternate, veins pinnate or palmately 3-7 from base, margin entire or 3-7-lobed. Flowers axillary, sometimes produced from old woody stems, solitary, fasciculate, or arranged in inflorescences. Perianth uniseriate, zygomorphic (in China). Calyx lobes fused; tube often enlarged at or near base to form a utricle, apically cylindric or funnel-shaped, rectilinear or curved; limb ligulate, discoid, or subpeltate; lobes 1-3 (less commonly to 6-dentate). Stamens 6 in 1 series, fully adnate to the style column to form gynostemium; filaments absent; anthers extrorse. Ovary inferior, 6-loculed, 6-angled; carpels fully connate; gynostemium 3- or 6-lobed. Fruit dry capsules, 6-valved, dehiscing from the apex (acropetally) or from the base (basipetally) [or rarely indehiscent]. Seeds flat or plano-convex, with or without wing, with fleshy funicle, persistent on seed as a membranous elaiosome.
About 400 species: widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the Old World, also in Australia; 45 species (33 endemic) in China.
Aristolochia jingiangensis H. Zhang & C. K. Hsieh (Acta Acad. Medic. Sichuan 15: 12. 1984) and A. faucimaculata H. Zhang & C. K. Hsien (loc. cit.: 13. 1984) are known to us by name only. Aristolochia blinii H. Léveillé, A. mairei H. Léveillé, A. viridiflora H. Léveillé, and A. viridiflora var. occlusa H. Léveillé are all Ceropegia mairei (H. Léveillé) H. Huber (Asclepiadaceae).
Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) believes that species 1–29 should be transferred to the genus Isotrema.
Aristolochia macrocarpa C. Y. Wu & S. K. Wu ex D. D. Tao, Fl. Xizang. 1: 585. 1983 was missed in FOC vol. 5. Although it is a latter homonym, the name has been picked up and used in other regional floras, so future research will need to determine its placement.
Plants perennial or monocarpic. Stems very short or indistinct. Leaves in a basal rosette, large, stout, leathery-fleshy or somewhat woody, containing many fibers, margin usually spiny, rarely entire, apex tipped with a spine. Flowering stems branched or simple, tall, stout. Inflorescence terminal, a spike or panicle, mostly very large. Perianth tube short; lobes narrow, subequal. Stamens inserted at throat or in tube of perianth; filament filiform, usually longer than perianth; anther versatile. Ovary with many ovules. Style slender; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, oblong, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, black, thin, flattened.
About 200 species: arid and semiarid regions of the W hemisphere; two species (introduced) in China.
Additional species of Agave, e.g., A. angustifolia Haworth and A. cantala Roxburgh, are cultivated as garden plants in China but are not described in this account.
" 67136 general 1207348 Asparagaceae "Agave virginica. ""Lvs in a basal rosette, lanceolate or oblanceolate, to 4 dm × 5 cm, acuminate, entire or denticulate; scape 1–2 m, bracteate, bearing a loose slender spike 2–5 dm; perianth erect or nearly so, greenish-white, tubular, 2–3 cm, the erect, narrow, triangular lobes half as long as the tube; fr subglobose. Dry sterile soil; N.C. to s. O. and s. Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex. June, July. (Manfreda v.; M. tigrina)""" 67142 general 1210786 Asparagaceae "Yucca glauca. ""Caudex very short, sometimes prostrate; lvs widely radiating, stiff, linear, to 8 dm, rarely over 1 cm wide, fibrous along the white margin, gradually tapering to a short slender spine; infl racemose or with a few short branches, rising to 1–2 m, its base not or scarcely elevated above the lvs; tep ovate to lanceolate, 4–5 cm, usually acute; fr prismatic, 5–7 cm; seeds 8–10 mm. Dry prairies and plains; w. Io. and Mo. to Mont., Wyo., Ariz., and Tex. June (Y. arkansana)""" 67143 general 1210946 Asparagaceae "Yucca filamentosa. ""Caudex short, to 3 or 4 dm; lvs numerous, stiff, linear- elliptic to linear-spatulate, to 8 dm, 2–7 cm wide, fibrous along the margins, abruptly prolonged into a short stout spine, ± scabrous; infl paniculate, many-fld, rising to 1–3 m, its base elevated well above the lvs; tep 5–7 × 2–3 cm, rounded above, short-acuminate; style nearly 1 cm; stigmas slender; fr thick- cylindric, 2–4 cm; seeds 6 mm. Sand-dunes and dry sandy soil, especially near the coast; Md. to Fla. and La.; often escaped from cult. farther n. June–Sept. (Y. concava; Y. smalliana)""" 171083 morphology 1210616 Asparagaceae "Albuca nigritana. Single inflorescence about 21/2 ft. high arising from the leafless bulb (or with young leaves) during the dry season" 171103 ecology 1212438 Asparagaceae "Anthericum caulescens. In dry rocky ground." 171126 morphology 1212660 Asparagaceae "Anthericum nubicum. Flowering in the dry season in savanna grassland." 171257 morphology 1209572 Asparagaceae "Eriospermum abyssinicum. Tuber giving rise to an inflorescence about 1 ft. high towards the end of the dry season" 171273 morphology 1210582 Asparagaceae "Urginea altissima. Inflorescence 11/2-7 ft. high appearing without leaves during the dry season from a large bulb" 171185 ecology 1213361 Asparagaceae "Chlorophytum bequaertii. On rock outcrops in savanna." 109164 general 1205542 Asparagaceae "Chlorophytum.Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome often short, inconspicuous, sometimes thick, elongate. Roots usually ± thick or slightly fleshy. Leaves basal, subdistichous or fasciculate, sessile or petiolate, usually linear to elliptic-lanceolate, conduplicate, base sheathing. Scape axillary, proximally with bractlike cauline leaves. Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle; bracts small. Flowers bisexual; pedicel articulate. Perianth usually white; tepals 6, free, 3--7-veined, persistent or marcescent. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments filiform, usually slightly widened near middle; anthers nearly basifixed, introrse. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 1 to several per locule. Style slender; stigma small. Fruit a capsule, acutely 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds black coated, flattened.
Between 100 and 150 species: mainly in tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Australia, also in South America; four species (one endemic) in China.
In addition to the following species, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunberg) Jacques, native to S Africa, is cultivated in China as an ornamental.
" 126706 general 1205652 Asparagaceae "Hosta plantaginea.Plants green, glabrous. Rhizome 1.5--2 cm thick, stout. Petiole 20--40 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, -orbicular, or ovate, 14--25 × 8--16 cm, glabrous, veins in 6--10 pairs, base cordate, margin slightly undulate, apex abruptly acute. Scape 40--80 cm. Raceme several to more than 10-flowered; bracts 2 subtending each flower, outer one ovate or lanceolate, 2.5--7 × 1--1.5 cm, inner one very small. Flowers solitary or sometimes in clusters of 2 or 3, fragrant; pedicel ca. 1 cm. Perianth white, funnelform, 10--13 cm. Stamens slightly shorter than or subequaling perianth; filaments adnate to perianth tube near base. Capsule cylindric, ca. 6 × 1 cm, 3-angled. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct. 2 n = 60*.
Widely cultivated as an ornamental.
" 126806 general 1204586 Asparagaceae "Rohdea japonica.Rhizome suberect, 1.5--2.5 cm thick. Leaves 3--8(--12), dark green, lanceolate-oblong, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, gradually narrowed to both ends, 15--50 × 2.5--7 cm, thickly papery, apex acute to subacuminate. Scape 2.5--4(--10) cm, stout. Spike suboblong, 3--4 × 1.2--1.7 cm, densely many flowered; bracts ovate, 2.5--6 × 2--4 mm. Perianth pale yellow, 4--5 × ca. 6 mm; lobes small, thick. Anthers ovate, 1.3--1.5 mm. Berries red at maturity, globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Sep--Oct. 2 n = 14, 36, 38, ca. 72*.
Widely cultivated as an ornamental.
" 129774 general 1205259 Asparagaceae "Aspidistra acetabuliformis.Rhizome subterete, 4--7 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; petiole 9--11 cm; leaf blade spotted with yellowish white, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, ca. 25 × 4--5 cm. Scape 1--2.7 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 8-lobed apically; tube purple adaxially, white abaxially, 9--10 mm × 1.2--1.4 cm; lobes recurved, purple, deltoid, ca. 5 × 5 mm, adaxially with 2 or 3 fleshy, papillose keels. Stamens 8, inserted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 2.6 mm. Pistil ca. 4 mm; stigma large, ca. 7 mm in diam., with 3 or 4 fleshy, globose projections at center adaxially, 8-lobed at margin. Fl. Oct.
Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, without precise locality.
" 129776 general 1205263 Asparagaceae "Aspidistra austrosinensis.Rhizome subterete, 5--8 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; petiole 45--55 cm, stiff; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 40--45 × ca. 5.5 cm, margin denticulate. Scape 1--4 cm; bracts 4 or 5, white, speckled with purple. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube pale yellow, 7--8 mm × 1--1.2 cm; lobes slightly recurved, purple, subdeltoid, 8--10 × 6--7 mm. Stamens 6, inserted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ovate, 3.5--4 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; stigma large, ca. 5 mm in diam., obviously exceeding anthers, undulate at margin. Fl. Oct.
Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, without precise locality.
" 129781 general 1205269 Asparagaceae "Aspidistra cyathiflora.Rhizome subterete, 6--11 mm thick. Leaves solitary or 2- or 3-tufted; petiole 2--14 cm; leaf blade linear-oblanceolate, 25--45 × 1.8--3.5 cm. Scape 0.8--2 cm; bracts 3--5. Flower solitary. Perianth pale yellow-green, spotted with purple abaxially, subcupular, 6-lobed apically; tube purple adaxially except for white base, ca. 7 × 13 mm; lobes erect, pale yellow adaxially, deltoid, 5--7 × 5--6 mm, smooth. Stamens usually 6, inserted at base of perianth tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers broadly ovate, 2--3 mm. Pistil ca. 5 mm; stigma purple or with yellow center, peltate, orbicular, 5--8 mm in diam., with 3 white grooves, 3(or 4)-lobed at margin. Fl. Dec.
Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, without precise locality.
" 129785 general 1205274 Asparagaceae "Aspidistra fasciaria.Rhizome creeping, terete, covered with scales. Leaves solitary, spaced; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate or lorate-lanceolate, 50--60 × 2.5--4.5 cm, leathery, base gradually narrowed, margin entire, apex acuminate. Scape 1.8--2.5 cm; bracts 4--6. Flower solitary, erect. Perianth yellow-green, speckled with purple, campanulate, 15--16 × 15--25 mm, fleshy, 6--8(--10)-lobed apically; tube 7--8 × 12--15 mm; lobes dark purple, deltoid-ovate, 7--8 × 3--4 mm, with 4 keels adaxially, papillose. Stamens 6--8(--10), inserted at base of perianth tube; anthers broadly ovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm. Pistil ca. 5 mm; style short, not articulate; stigma peltate, enlarged, ca. 1.3 cm in diam., convex and purple-red adaxially, 6--8(--10)-lobed at margin, lobes suborbicular at apex. Fl. Jun.
Aspidistra fasciaria was described from a plant cultivated at the Guilin Botanical Garden, Yanshan, NE Guangxi, but no details of a wild origin were cited.
" 129793 general 1205291 Asparagaceae "Aspidistra longiloba.Rhizome subterete, ca. 1.5 cm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole purple-brown, 45--75 cm, rigid; leaf blade oblanceolate, 50--70 × 10--15 cm. Scape 5--11 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary, erect. Perianth purple, deeply 12(--14)-lobed apically; tube 3.5--3.7 × 3.5--4 cm, villous; lobes slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, 7--7.5 × 1--1.2 cm, basally expanded inward forming oblong, papillose appendages ca.13 × 6 mm. Stamens 12(--14), inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 6 mm. Pistil ca. 9 mm; style articulate; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, to 2.2 cm in diam., 12(--14)-lobed at margin. Fl. May--Jun. 2 n = 38*.
Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, without precise locality.
" 129861 general 1214151 Asparagaceae "Dracaena hokouensis.Plants shrubby, to 5 m tall. Stem simple; internodes often longer than wide. Leaves spaced along distal part of stem, distinctly petiolate; petiole 4--8 cm, base neither enlarged nor covering internode; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or broadly oblanceolate, 25--40 × 6--7 cm, midvein distinct. Inflorescence terminal, branched, 30--60 cm; rachis glabrous. Flowers in clusters of 2--4; pedicel 8--10 mm, articulate at middle. Perianth white, 1.8--2 cm; tube ca. 8 mm; lobes 1--1.2 cm. Filaments filiform; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style filiform, much longer than ovary. Berry orange, globose, 1.5--2 cm in diam., 3-furrowed. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Sep--Nov.
Dracaena hokouensis was compared in the protologue with D. helferiana Wallich ex Kurz, described from Myanmar, and is also similar to D. spicata Roxburgh, described from cultivated plants originating from Chittagong, Bangladesh, except that the latter species has subsessile flowers.
" 178244 morphology 1204796 Asparagaceae "Asparagus. ""Besides the above indigenous species, A.sprengeri Regel, from Natal, and A. plumosus Bak., from E. Africa, are cultivated as ornamental plants.""" 132320 general 1203172 Aspleniaceae "Asplenium nidus.Plants 1-1.2 m tall. Rhizome erect, thick and short, woody, apex scaly; scales dark to purplish brown, narrowly triangular to linear-subulate, margin ciliate to fimbriate. Fronds caespitose; stipe pale brown, up to 5 cm, woody, when dry semiterete abaxially, base densely scaly; lamina lanceolate, 90-120 × (8-) 9-15 cm, gradually decurrent on stipe, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Midrib raised and semiterete on upper adaxial side but flat abaxially, subglabrous, grayish to pale brown; veinlets simple or forked, parallel and connected at their apex to marginal vein. Fronds papery or thinly leathery, when dry grayish green, glabrous. Sori linear, 3-5 cm, on acroscopic side of veinlets, running from near their base up to 1/2 of their length; basal part of lamina usually sterile; indusia brownish, linear, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores with lophate (costate to cristate) perispore. Plants sexual tetraploid: 2n = 144.
Asplenium nidus is accepted here in a broad sense and constitutes a species complex (e.g., Murakami et al. in M. Kato, Biol. Biodivers. 53-66. 1999; Yatabe et al., Amer. J. Bot. 88: 1517-1522. 2001). The variability of its frond and perispore morphology (e.g., Wei & Dong, Nordic J. Bot. 30: 90-103. 2012), as well as other phenetic characters, is not well studied in relation to its molecular diversity.
Asplenium setoi N. Murakami & Serizawa, recently described from Japan, might be present at low elevations in China (Taiwan); typical specimens can be distinguished from A. nidus by their keeled to boat-shaped midrib. Another species regularly confused with both A. setoi and A. nidus is the often cultivated A. australasicum (J. Smith) Hooker, a South Pacific taxon.
Based on their particular venation pattern, taxa resembling Asplenium nidus have been recognized as a separate section (A. sect. Thamnopteris Hooker & Baker), a subgenus (A. subg. Thamnopteris C. Presl), or as a genus of its own (Neottopteris J. Smith; syn. Thamnopteris (C. Presl) C. Presl). Plants are often epiphytes with large simple fronds growing in a close spiral and forming the typical bird?s nest. Veins departing from the midrib (rachis) fork anadromously, run almost parallel and straight to the margin where they connect to a common submarginal vein. However, recent molecular studies do not support the separation of this group as a separate genus. The clade consists of 15-30 species, and modern research shows that more taxa may await description. A critical revision of the group is urgently needed. Members occur mainly in rain forests of tropical Asia and the Pacific. A few taxa are widely cultivated as house plants and sold as "bird?s-nest fern." Many plants in commerce belong to A. australasicum, which can be distinguished from true A. nidus by its abaxially dark brown carinate midrib.
Plants 10-30 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, scaly; scales narrowly triangular, 3.5(-5) × ca. 0.5 mm, with opaque dark brown to black central stripe and paler narrow clathrate borders, entire. Fronds caespitose; stipe shiny castaneous or dark red-brown to black, 2-8 cm, base scaly, upward subglabrous, abaxially semiterete but adaxially sulcate, with brown, membranous and subentire narrow wings, texture papery, stipe and rachis usually not very long persistent after shedding of pinnae; lamina linear, 10-25 × 0.9-1.6 cm, base slightly reduced, 1-pinnate, apex acute and 2-5 mm wide; pinnae 20-30 pairs, usually at right angles to rachis, sessile, middle pinnae oblong to rectangular, 4-6(-12) × 2-4(-5) mm, base asymmetrical, truncate, acroscopic side occasionally auriculate, margin crenate, apex obtuse; lower pinnae gradually reduced, flabellate or triangular. Veins pinnate, costa obscure, veins oblique, simple or up to 2-forked, basal acroscopic vein usually 2-forked. Fronds papery, green or brown when dry, stomatal guard cells 41-48 µm; rachis castaneous, shiny, subglabrous, abaxially terete, adaxially grooved and with a relatively high lateral brown membranous wing. Sori 4-8 per pinna, oval to linear, 1-3.5 mm, usually on acroscopic vein; indusium white or brown after drying, oval to linear, membranous, free margin repand to entire, opening toward costa, persistent. Spores with lophate (costate) perispore, average exospore length 32-37 µm. Plants sexual tetraploid: 2n = 144.
Tetraploid Asplenium quadrivalens has a broader ecological amplitude, i.e., it is not limited to non-calcareous substrates and has a wider range than A. trichomanes.
"Asplenium lovisii" (Rothmaler, Wiss. Z. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Univ. Greifswald, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 14(1/2): 77. 1965) belongs here but was not validly published because no type was indicated (Melbourne Code, Art. 40.1); its "type" was a cultivated plant and not a specimen as required by Art. 8.4. If the proposal to conserve the name A. trichomanes with a conserved type, based on a diploid plant according to its traditional ("2x") use and in compliance with Art. 57.1, is not accepted then the name for the current tetraploid species will have to change to A. trichomanes.
Asplenium ×heufleri Reichardt (the tetraploid sterile hybrid between A. quadrivalens and A. septentrionale) was recently found in Xinjiang. The authors have not seen any specimens of A. ×alternifolium Wulfen (the triploid sterile hybrid between A. trichomanes and A. septentrionale).
Plants summer-green. Rhizomes shortly creeping, ascending, densely clothed with brownish, narrowly lanceolate scales at apex and stipe bases. Fronds caespitose; fertile fronds (25-)30-75(-120) cm; stipe blackish brown at base, upward stramineous, 10-35(-50) cm, base (1.5-)2-3(-5) mm in diam., with sparse small scales; scales pale brown, lanceolate, entire; lamina 2- or 3-pinnate, ovate-oblong, (15-)23-30(-70) × (11-) 15-25(-50) cm at middle, broadly rounded at base, abruptly narrowed at apex; pinnae under abruptly narrowed apex 5-7(-14) pairs, alternate, ascending, with stalk (3-15 mm), slightly curved upward; basal pair slightly longer and larger, oblong-lanceolate, (5-)7-15(-25) × (2-)2.5-6(-12) cm at middle, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, apex abruptly narrowed, long acuminate, somewhat caudate; middle pinnae lanceolate, pinnate to 2-pinnate; pinnules (8-)12-15 pairs, alternate, ascending or spreading, shortly stalked or subsessile, usually broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes lanceolate, 1-4(-6) × 1-2 cm, inequilateral at base, acroscopic side subtruncate, auriculate, parallel to costae, basiscopic side cuneate, dentate or pinnatipartite almost cut to wings of costules, apex acuminate; segments 8-10 pairs, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, deeply serrate at margin, acute at apex. Veins visible abaxially, pinnate in segments, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, oblique, simple. Lamina herbaceous or thinly papery when dried, pale green or yellow-green, glabrate on both surfaces; rachis and costae on abaxial surface pale purplish red, with sparse brownish linear small scales. Sori oblong, hooked, J-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped, 4-12 pairs per ultimate segment; indusia similar to sori in shape, brown, membranous, somewhat erose at margin, persistent or partly caducous. Perispore surface with prominent low folds. 2n = 80.
Athyrium niponicum f. cristato-flabellatum (Makino) Namegata & Kurata (Enum. Jap. Pterid. 279, 338. 1961; A. niponicum var. cristato-flabellatum Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 1: 6. 1916; A. niponicum monstr. cristato-flabellatum Nakaike; 鸡冠蹄盖蕨 ji guan ti gai jue) is a malformed plant, with the pinnae or segments narrowed to flattened cristate apices. It is cultivated in Shandong (Qingdao).
" 109914 general 1196470 Balsaminaceae "Impatiens.Morphological characters are the same as those of the family, except: lateral petals always united in pairs into lateral, united petals; fruit a fleshy, explosive capsule; seeds often dispersed elastically from valves when ripe.
More than 900 species: tropical and subtropical mountains of the E hemisphere, some species in temperate Asia, Europe, and North America; 227 species (187 endemic, two introduced) in China; three additional species (all endemic) of uncertain placement.
Impatiens balsamina (species no. 2) is widely cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Recently, I. walleriana J. D. Hooker (species no. 4) has become commonly cultivated, and I. usambarensis Grey-Wilson, native to Tanzania, has been introduced.
Taxonomically, Impatiens is a very difficult group. The stem is usually fleshy and succulent, making collected specimens difficult to dry and conserve. The texture of the sepals and petals is very delicate, extremely thin and hyaline. In dried specimens, all of the flower parts are often plicate and coalesced. Although it is difficult to separate and reconstruct the flower parts, determining the shapes and sizes of the sepals and petals, and apices of the anthers (i.e., obtuse or acute), is necessary for identification. To identify and describe every species exactly, we removed flowers from specimens, immersed them in water, and dissected them under a microscope to observe their flower and anther characters clearly. This process is not only time-consuming but also uncertain of success.
The following species were described from China but could not be treated here because no material was seen by the authors: Impatiens huangyanensis X. F. Jin & B. Y. Ding (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 40: 167. 2002), described from Zhejiang; also the following species all described from Yunnan: I. armeniaca S. H. Huang (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 25: 271. 2003), I. austroyunnanensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 276), I. daguanensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 273), I. deqinensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 263), I. lancisepala S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 277), I. laojunshanensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 268), I. latipetala S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 278), I. longirostris S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 261), I. malipoensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 269), I. multiramea S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 280), I. pianmaensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 267), I. salwinensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 263), I. suijiangensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 274), I. sunii S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 273), I. wenshanensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 267), I. xishuangbannaensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 271. 2003 ["bannaensis," corrected by S. H. Huang et al., Acta Bot. Yunnan. 26: 574. 2004]), I. yongshanensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 274), I. yui S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 266), and I. zixishanensis S. H. Huang (loc. cit.: 276).
Plants annual, 30-60(-100) cm tall, glabrous. Stem erect, purple-tinged, robust, succulent, simple or branched, long naked in lower part. Leaves alternate, crowded apically; petiole 3-5 cm, stout; leaf blade greenish abaxially, dark green adaxially, ovate, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, 8-13 × 5-7 cm, with 2 globose basal glands, glabrous, lateral veins 9-12 pairs, base cuneate or acuminate, margin serrulate or crenulate, teeth mucronulate, apex acute. Peduncles absent. Pedicels 4-5 cm, without bracts, elongate after anthesis. Flowers solitary in upper leaf axils, white, pink, or purple, inside orange spotted, 2.5-3 cm. Lateral sepals 2, green, obliquely orbicular, 0.8-1.5 cm, thick, many veined, midvein conspicuous, apex mucronulate. Lower sepal navicular or funnelform, ca. 1.2 cm deep, abruptly constricted into an incurved spur shorter than limb; mouth vertical, ca. 1.5 cm wide. Upper petal orbicular, 1-1.5 cm wide, apex deeply retuse, abaxial midvein thickened; lateral united petals clawed, 2-lobed; basal lobes falcate-flabellate; distal lobes oblong, connate into 2-lobed lamella; auricle inconspicuous. Filaments linear, flattened; anthers obtuse. Ovary fusiform. Capsule not seen. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
This species has been recently cultivated in the Guangxi Botanic Garden.
" 108348 general 32874 Basellaceae "Basellaceae.Vines herbaceous or herbs twining, usually fleshy, glabrous. Leaves simple, alternate, usually petiolate, margin entire. Inflorescences of spikes, racemes, or panicles; bracts 3, caducous; bracteoles 2, persistent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, small. Perianth segments 5, white or reddish, distinct or connate at base, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens 5, opposite to petals; filaments inserted on perianth. Ovary superior, 1-loculed; ovule 1, basal, campylotropous. Pistil united from 3 carpels. Style simple with 3 stigmas or 3 free styles. Fruit a utricle, dry or fleshy, often surrounded by persistent bracteoles and perianth. Seed globular; testa membranous; endosperm copious; embryo spirally twisted or semicircular to horseshoe-shaped.
Four genera and 25 species: tropics and subtropics, mostly in the Americas; two genera (introduced) and three species in China.
" 132689 general 1195094 Basellaceae "Basella alba.Herbs annual. Stems green or red, to 10 m, fleshy, glabrous. Petiole 1-3 cm; leaf blade ovate or rotund, 3-9 × 2-8 cm, base shallowly cordate or rotund, margin entire, apex acuminate. Spikes 3-15(-20) cm. Bracteoles oblong. Perianth red-dish or purplish, ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm, base pale, margin entire, apex blunt. Filaments white; anthers yellowish. Utricle red to dark red or black, 5-6 mm in diam., containing violet juice. Fl. May-Sep, fr. Jul-Oct.
Sometimes regarded as native, this species has long been cultivated as a vegetable and an ornamental. The juice is harmless and used as a food coloring. The plants are used medicinally.
" 165653 morphology 1195094 Basellaceae "Basella alba. ""A climber, cultivated in vegetable gardens; sometimes subspontaneous.""" 108349 general 32876 Begoniaceae "Begoniaceae.Perennial succulent herbs, very rarely subshrubs. Stem erect, frequently rhizomatous, or plants tuberous and either acaulescent or shortly stemmed, rarely lianoid or climbing with adventitious roots, or stoloniferous. Leaves simple, rarely palmately compound, alternate or all basal, petiolate, stipules usually deciduous; blade often oblique and asymmetric, rarely symmetric, margin irregularly serrate and divided, occasionally entire, venation usually palmate. Flowers unisexual, plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, (1 or)2-4 to several, rarely numerous in dichotomous cyme, sometimes in panicles, with pedicel and bracts. Staminate flower: tepals 2 or 4 and decussate, usually outer ones larger, inner ones smaller; stamens usually numerous; filaments free or connate at base; anthers 2-celled, apical or lateral. Pistillate flower: tepals 2-5(-10), usually free, rarely connate at base; ovary nodding, pendulous, or ascending, 1-3-, rarely 4-8-loculed; placentae axile or parietal; styles 2 or 3(or more), free or fused at base, forked once or more; stigma turgid, spirally twisted-tortuous or U-shaped, capitate or reniform and setose-papillose. Capsule dry, sometimes berrylike, unequally or subequally 3-winged, rarely wingless and 3- or 4-horned; seeds very numerous, minute, oblong, testa pale brown, reticulate.
Two or three genera and more than 1400 species: widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world; one genus and 173 species (141 endemic) in China.
Ku Tsuechih. 1999. Begoniaceae. In: Ku Tsuechih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 52(1): 126-269.
" 108894 general 1191863 Begoniaceae "Begonia.Perennial succulent herbs, rarely subshrubs. Stem erect, frequently rhizomatous, or plants tuberous and either acaulescent or shortly stemmed, rarely lianoid or climbing with adventitious roots, or stoloniferous. Leaves simple, rarely palmately compound, alternate or all basal; blade often oblique and asymmetric, rarely symmetric, margin often irregularly serrate and divided, occasionally entire, venation usually palmate; petiole long, weak; stipules membranous, usually deciduous. Flowers unisexual, plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, (1 or)2-4 to several, rarely numerous, in dichotomous cymes, sometimes in panicle, with pedicels and bracts. Staminate flower: tepals 2 or 4 and decussate, usually outer ones larger, inner ones smaller; stamens usually numerous; filaments free or connate at base; anthers 2-celled, apical or lateral; connectives extended at apex, sometimes apiculate. Pistillate flower: tepals 2-5(-10); pistil composed of 2-5(-7) carpels; ovary inferior, 1-3(-7)-loculed; placentae axile or parietal; styles 2 or 3(or more), free or fused at base, forked once or more; stigma turgid, spirally twisted-tortuous or U-shaped, capitate or reniform, setose-papillose. Capsule dry, sometimes berrylike, unequally or subequally 3-winged, rarely wingless and 3- or 4-horned; seeds very numerous, pale brown, oblong, minute, testa reticulate.
More than 1400 species: widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with ca. 150 species in Africa, more than 600 species in Central and South America, and more than 600 species in Asia; 173 species (141 endemic) in China.
Begonia species in China are mostly distributed S of the Chang Jiang, particularly concentrated in SE Yunnan and SW Guangxi, with only a few extending into N China.
The authors learned of two additional, recently described species as this volume was going to press. Begonia guaniana H. Ma & H. Z. Li (Ann. Bot. Fenn. 43: 466. 2006) was described from NE Yunnan (Yanjin), where it grows on moist cliffs under bamboo forest at ca. 500 m. Its chromosome number is 2n = 24*. It resembles B. labordei, especially in its tuberous, stemless habit. Begonia coelocentroides Y. M. Shui & Z. D. Wei (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 45: 86. 2007) was described from W Yunnan (Yingjiang), where it grows on cliffs often in forests or near streams at ca. 1300 m, flowering in August and fruiting in October. It resembles B. oreodoxa in having parietal placentae at the upper part of the ovary, differing mainly in the female flowers with 5 tepals and the largest wing of the capsule being 20-22 mm and ligulate.
The records of Begonia balansana Gagnepain from Guangxi and Yunnan in FRPS (52(1): 212. 1999) are possibly errors and require confirmation. The second author has seen no specimens from China that would substantiate these records. This species is believed to be endemic to N Vietnam. See also Tebbitt (Edinburgh J. Bot. 60: 1-9. 2003).
It can be difficult to key out the sections of Begonia, because sectional distinctions rely heavily on the placentation structure, which is either unavailable on specimens or difficult to analyse (many Begonia specimens are poorly prepared). Information on sections to which Begonia species belong may be desirable to specialists, although it should be noted that there are disagreements about the placement of some species. Please refer to Y. M. Shui, C.-I Peng & C. Y. Wu, Synopsis of the Chinese species of Begonia (Begoniaceae), with a reappraisal of the sectional delimitation (Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 43: 313-327. 2002).
In China, all species are perennial herbs (rarely subshrubs). All species with basal tubers are described as deciduous, although living material is not available for all tuberous species. The aerial parts of the plants wilt in winter or in the dry season. Most species are monoecious with cymose, dichasial inflorescences. The i
Herbs, rhizomatous. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5-2.3 cm in diam. Leaves all basal; stipules triangular, manifestly keeled; petiole 10-30 cm, hirsute-villous; blade abaxially pale green, adaxially with broad blackish brown (red abaxially) bands along main veins, obliquely broadly ovate to suborbicular, 10-25 × 9-20 cm, abaxially sparsely villous or hispid on veins, adaxially with many hairy tipped pustules, sparsely long setose or hirsute, basally 5-7-veined, base deeply cordate, margin densely denticulate, apex acuminate or shortly caudate. Inflorescences axillary; peduncle 10-54 cm, sparsely glandular pilose; pedicel 5-14 mm; bracts and bracteoles ovate or oblong to lanceolate, 3-5 × 2-3 mm, membranous, margin glandular ciliate, apex acute, caducous; flowers 20-100 in a dichasial cyme. Staminate flower: tepals 4, outer 2 broadly ovate or suborbicular, 5-11 × 6-12 mm, inner 2 oblong, 5-8 × 2-4.5 mm, apex obtuse; androecium actinomorphic; stamens 40-55; anthers obovoid, apex truncate or subemarginate. Pistillate flower: tepals 3, outer 2 broadly ovate, oblong-obovate or suborbicular, (6-)8-12 × (4-)7-13 mm, abaxially glandular hispid, apex rounded, inner 1 oblong or obovate, 5-7.5 × 2-4.5 mm, apex obtuse; ovary oblong, red glandular hispid, placentae parietal; styles 3. Capsule nodding, oblong to ellipsoid, 9-13 × 5-6 mm, reddish, glandular hispid, unequally 3-winged, largest wing obliquely lunate or ligulate, 4-9 mm. Fl. Mar-Sep, fr. Jun-Sep.
Begonia masoniana var. maculata S. K. Chen et al. (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 8: 222. 1986) was described from a cultivated plant in Kunming, Yunnan. However, it is from Vietnam and does not occur wild in China. It has subsequently been raised to species rank under the name B. variegata Y. M. Shui & W. H. Chen (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 27: 372. 2005), based on the same type.
" 142039 general 1192274 Begoniaceae "Begonia auritistipula.Herbs vinelike. Rhizomes long creeping, zigzag, 30-50 cm, 3-5 mm in diam., sparsely hirsute-villous; internodes 3-5 cm. Leaves all basal; stipules broadly ovate, 9-11 mm, base obliquely auriculate, margin entire; petiole 9-12 cm, sparsely reflexed hirsute; blade ovate, 10-18 × 4-7 cm, papery, rugose, abaxially hirsute-pilose on veins, adaxially setulose, base obliquely deeply cordate, margin serrulate and ciliate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences axillary, flowers 8-13 in 2-4 times branched dichasial cyme; peduncle 5-9 cm, glabrous; bracts oblong or broadly obovate, 1.2-1.4 × 0.9-1.1 cm, glabrous, margin ciliate, apex rounded. Staminate flowers: pedicel ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous; tepals 4, outer 2 pink, with red veins, suborbicular, 1-1.2 cm in diam., abaxially sparsely hirsute, inner 2 white or pinkish, elliptic, 9-10 × 3-3.5 mm, glabrous; androecium zygomorphic; stamens numerous; filaments nearly free, 0.8-1 mm; anthers obovoid, ca. 1.3 × 0.7 mm, apex emarginate. Pistillate flowers: tepals 3, outer 2 with pink veins, suborbicular, 0.8-1 cm in diam., abaxially strigose-hirsute; ovary 5-6 × 4-4.5 mm, sparsely strigose-hirsute, 1-loculed with parietal placentation; styles 3, free, 1.8-2.3 mm; wings 3, unequal, apex truncate or rounded. Capsule unknown. Fl. May-Nov.
The type was made from plants in cultivation at the Kunming Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Yunnan.
" 108902 general 1189930 Berberidaceae "Berberis.Shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Branches glabrous or tomentose, spinose or not; spines simple or usually 3-5-fid. Leaves on short shoots, simple, alternate, usually petiolate. Inflorescences solitary or fascicled flowers, racemes, umbels, or panicles. Flowers 3-merous; bracteoles usually 3, caducous, scalelike. Sepals 6, rarely 3 or 9, yellow. Petals 6, yellow, bases nectariferous. Stamens opposite petals; anthers dehiscing by valves; pollen grains subspheroidal, exine reticulate. Ovary symmetrically club-shaped; ovules 1-12, rarely to 15, subbasal; styles very short. Fruit a berry, usually red, dark red, or black, globose, ellipsoid, oblong, ovoid, or obovoid. Seeds 1-10, tan to red-brown or black; aril absent. 2n = 14.
About 500 species: north temperate regions, a few in the S Hemisphere; 215 species (197 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Many species of the genus are grown as ornamental shrubs and used for medicinal purposes.
Editors’ note. This treatment of Berberis was written solely by the Chinese author, Ying Junsheng. The non-Chinese co-author of the genus was to be Julian Harber (Mytholmroyd, West Yorkshire, U.K.), and the Berberidaceae were to be included in Flora of China Volume 7 (2008), but two months before that volume was sent to the printer, Ying rejected Harber’s revision, with the result that the Berberidaceae were postponed until the present volume. The treatment provided here is an edited version of the English manuscript provided by Ying and is essentially a translation of his earlier treatment in FRPS (29: 54-214. 2001). It has been edited only to follow the Flora of China format, to correct the usage of English, and to correct nomenclatural errors, including errors of bibliographic citation. The taxonomy and data provided in the descriptions and distributions have not been changed. The editors observe that 49 names based on Chinese material have apparently been overlooked or disregarded in this treatment. They are provided as an appendix at the end of the genus. Harber is currently preparing a thorough revision of Chinese Berberis, expanded from the joint treatment that was intended to appear in the Flora of China; it will include all taxa known to occur in China, will account for all names based on Chinese material, and will be published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Herbs, perennial, deciduous or evergreen. Rhizome sympodial, short or horizontally creeping, stout. Stems solitary or caespitose, glabrous, squamate at base. Leaves basal or cauline, simple or compound; petioles of basal leaves longer than those of cauline; leaflets ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or suborbicular, basally cordate, lateral lobes asymmetric, with outer basal lobe longer than inner, usually spiny on margin, apex acute or acuminate. Flowering stem leafless or with 1-4 leaves, opposite or rarely alternate. Inflorescence simple or compound, with terminal raceme or panicle, few or many flowered, glabrous or glandular. Flowers dimerous. Sepals 8 in 2 whorls; inner sepals petaloid. Petals 4, flat, or saccate and prolonged outward into nectariferous pouches or spurs shorter or longer than sepals. Stamens 4, opposite petals; filaments glabrous; anthers dehiscing by 2 oblong valves, curling upward; pollen grains elliptic, smooth, with 3 longitudinal furrows. Ovary with parietal placentation; ovules 6-15; style slender; stigma slightly dilated. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds with conspicuous fleshy aril. 2n = 12.
About 50 species: China, India (W Himalaya), Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East), S Europe, and N Africa; 41 species (40 endemic) in China; eight additional species (seven endemic) are insufficiently known.
See Stearn, The Genus Epimedium and Other Herbaceous Berberidaceae [hereafter Gen. Epimedium]. 2002.
Epimedium cavaleriei H. Léveillé (Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan, 18. 1916) is a synonym of Stauntonia cavalerieana Gagnepain (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 47. 1908) in the Lardizabalaceae (see Fl. China 6: 452. 2001).
Also see post-FOC publication: Zhang, Y. J. et al. 2011. A taxonomic revision of unifoliate Chinese Epimedium L. (Berberidaceae). Kew Bull. 66: 253-262.
Shrubs or small trees, 0.5-4(-8) m tall. Leaves abaxially sometimes yellowish green, adaxially dull grayish green, narrowly obovate to oblong, 27-51 × 10-20 cm, with 4-10 pairs of leaflets, lowest pair 0.5-2.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially very or slightly glaucous, venation indistinct on both surfaces; rachis 2-4 mm in diam.; internodes 3-10 cm, decreasing in length apically; leaflets increasing in length but decreasing in width from base to apex, thick, rigid, lowest pair ovate, 1.2-3.5 × 1-2 cm, with 1 or 2 teeth, those above suborbicular to ovate or oblong, 2-10.5 × 2-6 cm, base rounded, oblique, sometimes cordate, margin with 2-6 teeth on each side, apex cuspidate; terminal leaflet much larger, 7-13 × 3.5-10 cm, petiolule 1-6 cm or leaflets appearing sessile because of a basal lobe. Inflorescence erect, 3-9-fascicled racemes, 7-26 cm; bracts at base of inflorescence ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-4 × 0.7-1.2 cm. Pedicel 4-6 mm; floral bracts broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 × 2-3 mm, apically obtuse. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, 2.3-2.5 × 1.5-2.5 mm; median sepals elliptic, 5-6 × 3.5-4 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, 6.5-7 × 4-4.5 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, 6-7 × 3-4 mm, base with distinct glands, apex slightly emarginate, with rounded lobes. Stamens 3.2-4.5 mm; anther connective 1.1-1.3 mm, rounded to truncate. Ovary oblong-ovoid, ca. 3.2 mm; ovules 3 or 4; style short. Berry dark purple, pruinose, ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1-1.2 cm; persistent style nearly absent. Fl. Sep-Jun of following year, fr. Mar-May. 2n = 28*.
This species is cultivated in Japan, Mexico, the warmer parts of Europe and the United States, and is naturalized in the SE United States.
" 114581 general 1191483 Berberidaceae "Mahonia breviracema.Shrubs, ca. 1 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially green, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 14-16 × 6-8 cm; leaflets 3 or 4 pairs, lowest pair ca. 4 cm above base of petiole; rachis 1-2 mm in diam.; internodes 2.5-3 cm, ca. equidistant, abaxial veins raised, adaxial veins impressed; leaflets elliptic to subrhombic, 3-6.6 × 1.2-3 cm, slightly decreasing in size from base to apex, leathery, base cuneate, margin with 2-4 teeth on each side, apex acute to acuminate; terminal leaflet larger than others, 5.5-6.5 × 2.5-3 cm, sessile. Inflorescence 5-8-fascicled racemes, 3-8 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm × 3-6 mm. Pedicel 2-2.5 mm; floral bracts ovate, 1-1.2 × 0.6-0.8 mm. Outer sepals ovate, 1.6-1.8 × 1-1.1 mm; median sepals obovate-oblong, 3.7-3.8 × 1.7-1.8 mm; inner sepals obovate, ca. 4 × 2.1 mm. Petals elliptic, 3.5-3.6 × 1.3-1.4 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 2.1 mm; anther connective prolonged, rounded. Ovary ca. 1.7 mm; ovules 2; style 0.3-0.5 mm. Berry unknown. Fl. Oct-Nov, fr. unknown.
Mahonia breviracema is cultivated in Yan Shan Botanical Garden, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, from where the type specimen (S. K. Lee 200582, IBK) was collected. Mahonia monodens, described from Guangxi (Tiandeng) and Guizhou, is tentatively included in synonymy, but we have not been able to compare the limited number of specimens available to determine the appropriateness of this placement.
" 114587 general 1189798 Berberidaceae "Mahonia fortunei.Shrubs, 0.5-2(-4) m tall. Leaves abaxially pale yellowish green, occasionally slightly glaucous, adaxially dull to deep green, obovate to obovate-elliptic, 10-28 × 8-18 cm; leaflets 2-5 pairs, lowest pair similar to others, 2-9 cm above base of petiole, abaxial veins branched, raised, adaxial veins indistinct; rachis 1-2 mm in diam.; internodes 1.5-4 cm, slightly decreasing in length apically; leaflets sessile or subsessile, narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 4.5-14 × 0.9-2.5 cm, base cuneate, margin with 5-10 spinose teeth on each side, apex acute. Inflorescence 4-10-fascicled racemes, 3-7 cm; bracts of inflorescence lanceolate to triangular-ovate, 5-20 × 3-5 mm. Pedicel 2-2.5 mm; floral bracts ovate, 1.5-2.5 × 1-1.2 mm, apically acute. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate to triangular-ovate, 1.5-3 × ca. 1.5 mm; median sepals oblong-elliptic, 3.8-5 × 2-3 mm; inner sepals oblong-elliptic, 4-5.5 × 2.1-2.5 mm. Petals yellow, oblong, 3.5-4 × 1.5-2 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate, lobes acute. Stamens 2-2.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovary 1.1-2 mm; ovules 2; style absent. Berry purplish blue, pruinose, globose, 4-6 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Sep-Nov. 2n = 28*.
This species is widely cultivated in China and also cultivated in Indonesia, Japan, and the United States.
Dippel (Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 109. 1893) included the name "Mahonia fortunei Hort." in synonymy but within the treatment of this plant as Berberis, not Mahonia.
Shrubs, ca. 1 m tall. Leaves abaxially pale green, adaxially deep green, oblong, 15-27 × 5-10 cm, with 4-6 pairs of sessile leaflets, lowest pair ca. 0.5 cm above base of petiole, abaxially not pruinose, with branched raised venation; rachis 2-3 mm in diam.; internodes 2-4 cm, decreasing in length upward; leaflets ovate, lowest 1.8-2.7 × 1.2-2 cm, becoming larger upward, 3.5-7 × 2-4 cm, base oblique and ± cordate, margin with 2-4 teeth on proximal side, 3-7 teeth on distal margin, apex acute; terminal leaflet larger, ± cordate at base, petiolule 1-2 cm. Inflorescence 5-10-fascicled drooping racemes, 5-10 cm; bracts of inflorescence ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.8-1.5 cm × 4-7 mm, apically acuminate. Pedicel 6-7 mm; floral bracts ovate, 3.5-4 × 2-2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Sepals yellow; outer sepals ovate, 2.5-2.7 × 2.2-2.3 mm, apically obtuse; median sepals broadly obovate, 3.3-3.5 × 2.8-2.9 mm; inner sepals obovate-oblong, 6-6.4 × 3.4-3.5 mm. Petals elliptic, 5.5-6 × 2.5-2.6 mm, base with distinct glands, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 3.3 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovary ca. 3.4 mm; ovules 4-7. Berry dark purple, ± pruinose, ovoid, ca. 8 × 4 mm; style persistent and short, or not persistent. Fl. Dec-Apr, fr. Apr-Aug. 2n = 28*.
This species is cultivated extensively in Japan and sporadically in the warmer parts of Europe and the United States.
" 129659 general 1191078 Berberidaceae "Berberis thunbergii.Shrubs, deciduous, compact, usually ca. 1 m tall. Branches angulate, dark red, not verruculose; shoots reddish green, glabrous; spines simple, occasionally 3-fid, 5-15 mm; internodes 1-1.5 cm. Petiole 2-8 mm; leaf blade abaxially grayish green, adaxially green, obovate, spatulate, or rhombic-ovate, 1-2 × 0.5-1.2 cm, thinly papery, abaxially with slightly raised midvein, both surfaces glabrous, with indistinct reticulate veins, base attenuate, cuneate, margin entire, apex mucronate or obtuse. Inflorescence an umbel with subfascicled flowers, (1 or)2-5-flowered, 1-2 cm. Pedicels 5-10 mm, glabrous; bractlets reddish, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm. Sepals in 2 whorls; outer sepals reddish, ovate-elliptic, 4-4.5 × 2.5-3 mm, apex obtuse; inner sepals broadly elliptic, 5-5.5 × 3.3-3.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals oblong-obovate, 5.5-6 × 3-4 mm, base clawed, with approximate glands, apex obtusely emarginate. Stamens 3-3.5 mm; anther connective not prolonged, truncate. Ovules 1 or 2, sessile. Berry shiny, red, ellipsoid, ca. 8 × 4 mm, style not persistent; seeds 1 or 2, brown. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
This is one of the most widely cultivated species of Berberis.
" 144495 general 1190096 Berberidaceae "Berberis beaniana.Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5-2.5 m tall. Branches grayish yellow, sulcate, sparsely verruculose, glabrous; shoots green; spines 3-fid, pale yellow, 1-2.5 cm. Petiole 1-3 mm; leaf blade abaxially gray, adaxially shiny, deep green, narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2-5 × 0.6-1.3 cm, papery, abaxially pruinose, finely papillose, midvein obviously raised, adaxially with impressed midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous, base cuneate, margin slightly revolute, 5-10-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence a panicle, loosely 10-20 flowered, 2-4 cm, broad, glabrous; bracts ca. 1.5 mm. Pedicels 6-15 mm. Sepals in 3 whorls; outer sepals yellow, without discoloration, oblong-ovate, 2-3 × 1-1.3 mm; median sepals oblong-ovate, 4-5 × 2.3-3.3 mm, apex subobtuse; inner sepals obovate, 6-6.5 × 3.5-4.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 5 × 3-3.5 mm, base cuneate with separate oblong glands, apex subentire or slightly emarginate. Stamens 3-3.5 mm; anther connective slightly prolonged, rounded. Ovules 3 or 4, sessile. Berry dark red, ovoid-oblong, 9-10 × 5-6 mm, densely mauve pruinose, style not persistent. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct-Nov.
This species is known only from the type gathering (at A and OXF), a cultivated plant grown at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from seed (E. H. Wilson Veitch Exped. no. 1930) collected in 1904 from an unspecified location in W Sichuan.
" 144543 general 1190626 Berberidaceae "Berberis kerriana.Shrubs, evergreen, ca. 2 m tall. Stems pale yellow, terete, glabrous; branches deep red, becoming red-brown, and soon yellow-brown; shoots reddish; internodes 1-2 cm; spines discolorous, pale yellow, 2-3.5 cm, slender. Leaves adaxially slightly shiny, oblanceolate, 2.5-4.5 × 0.7-1.3 cm, slightly stiffly leathery, abaxially white pruinose, with veins more distinct, adaxially veins branched, scarcely subreticulate, base attenuate, margin entire, sometimes toward apex 3-5-spinose-serrate on each side, apex acute. Inflorescence a panicle, 6-12-flowered, 3-5 cm; bracts ca. 1 mm. Pedicels 7-14 mm. Ovules 2 or 3. Berry black, oblong, 9-10 × 5-6 mm, excluding a very short but distinct style, gray pruinose. Fl. May, fr. Oct.
This species is known only from the type (at BM), a cultivated plant that once grew at the Royal Horticultural Society’s garden in Wisley, Surrey, United Kingdom, reputedly from Kerr 39, collected in some unspecified part of China in 1935.
" 144641 general 1191332 Berberidaceae "Epimedium latisepalum.Herbs, ca. 30 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, slender. Leaves basal and cauline, trifoliolate; petiole to 10 cm; leaflets adaxially deep green, narrowly ovate, 6-9 × 2.5-4 cm, leathery, abaxially glaucous, with short erect scattered hairs, adaxially glabrous, base deeply cordate with lobes acute or rounded and touching or slightly overlapping, those of lateral leaflets unequal, margin spinulose-subserrulate, apex shortly acuminate or acute. Flowering stem with 2 trifoliolate opposite leaves. Inflorescence simple, racemose, loose, few flowered (ca. 8-flowered), ca. 20 cm. Pedicel 2.5-5 cm, glabrous. Flowers pendulous, large, 4-5 cm in diam. Outer sepals caducous, green, oblong, 3-5 mm, margin emarginate or repand; inner sepals spreading horizontally, white, elliptic, ca. 16 × 8-9 mm, apically shortly acuminate. Petals white but slightly yellowish or purplish tinged at base, much longer than inner sepals; spur slightly curved, horn-shaped, elongated, ca. 2.5 cm, basally expanded into lamina ca. 7 mm. Stamens included, ca. 4 mm; anthers yellow, ca. 2.5 mm, valved, apex blunt. Pistil ca. 7 mm; style ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. unknown.
Epimedium latisepalum was described from plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, but originally from Sichuan.
" 66759 general 1188681 Betulaceae "Corylus americana. ""Shrub 1–3 m, the young twigs and petioles ± pubescent (hairs red when young) and normally with stout, stipitate glands; lvs broadly ovate to obovate, finely doubly serrate, broadly rounded to cordate at base, paler and ± pubescent beneath; staminate catkins on short woody peduncles or branchlets; mature involucre pubescent but not bristly, 1.5–3 cm, the broad, laciniate bracts commonly separate above the nut, at least on one side; nut compressed, 1–1.5 cm, usually wider than long; 2n=22. Dry or moist woods and thickets; Me. to Sask., s. to Ga., La., and Okla.""" 68248 general 1187848 Betulaceae "Betula papyrifera. ""Usually a small to middle-sized tree, occasionally to 30 m, often slightly leaning rather than strictly erect; bark white or nearly so, with horizontal (often semilunate) black marks about the branches, easily separable into thin layers, the peeled plates showing salmon-pink on the inside; lvs ovate, 5–10 cm, acuminate, sharply serrate or doubly serrate, cuneate to rounded at base, glabrous above, very sparsely pubescent beneath, usually only along the veins or in the vein-axils; fruiting catkins 3–5 cm; scales 3.9–6.2 mm, two-thirds to fully as wide, the lateral lobes broadly falcate-obovate, divergent, the middle lobe tapering; frs oblate, deeply retuse, broadly winged, 1.8–3.4 ×2.7–5 mm, the body 0.9–1.5 mm wide; mostly polyploid, often 2n=70. Seral in moist or dry soil after fire or other disturbance; Lab. to Alas., s. to N.J., W.Va., n. Ind., and ne. Io. Becoming very dwarf at and above timberline in the White Mts. of N.H. and perhaps elsewhere. Most of our plants are var. papyrifera, as described above. The well marked but wholly confluent var. cordifolia is separately described.""" 69723 general 1187767 Betulaceae "Ostrya virginiana. ""Tree to 20 m; twigs and petioles at first pilose and sometimes glandular, later glabrescent; lvs narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, short-acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate; fruiting catkins short-cylindric, 3–5 cm, each inflated sac flattened-ovoid 1–3 cm, bristly at base; nutlet 5 mm; 2n=16. Moist or dry woods and banks; N.S. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 112960 general 1188040 Betulaceae "Betula dahurica.Trees to 20 m tall; bark black-brown, fissured. Branches red-brown or dark brown, shiny, glabrous; branchlets red-brown, villous, with dense, resinous glands. Petiole 0.5-1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, rhombic-ovate, or elliptic, 4-8 × 3.5-5 cm, abaxially densely resinous glandular along veins, bearded in axils of lateral veins, adaxially glabrous, base subrounded, broadly cuneate, or cuneate, margin irregularly and acutely doubly serrate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 6-8 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence erect or pendulous, oblong-cylindric, 2-2.5 × ca. 1 cm; peduncle 5-12 mm; bracts 5-6 mm, ciliate, 3-lobed, middle lobe oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes spreading or recurved, ovate or broadly ovate, ca. as long as middle lobe. Nutlet broadly elliptic, glabrous, with membranous wings ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Aug. 2n = 56.
The wood is hard and dense, and is used in house construction and for making agricultural tools and furniture.
" 112974 general 1187821 Betulaceae "Betula luminifera.Trees to 25 m tall; bark dark brown, smooth. Branchlets yellow-brown, densely yellow pubescent, sparsely resinous glandular, glabrescent. Petiole 1-2 cm, densely villous and resinous punctate; leaf blade oblong, broadly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, rarely elliptic or ovate, 4.5-10 × 2.5-6 cm, abaxially densely resinous punctate, bearded in axils of lateral veins, adaxially densely pubescent when young, base rounded, subcordate, or broadly cuneate, margin irregularly and doubly setiform serrate, apex mucronate or caudate; lateral veins 12-14 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence 1(-2), pendulous, narrowly cylindric, 3-9 cm × 6-10 mm; peduncle 1-2 mm, densely pubescent and resinous punctate; bracts 2-3 mm, sparsely pubescent and ciliolate, spongy at base, 3-lobed, middle lobe oblong or lanceolate, lateral lobes ± reduced, 1/4-1/3 as long as middle lobe. Nutlet obovate, ca. 2 mm, sparsely pubescent, with membranous wings 1-2 × as wide as nutlet. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jun-Aug.
The wood is hard, close grained, and fine textured, and is used for construction and making agricultural tools and furniture.
" 112978 general 1187833 Betulaceae "Betula platyphylla.Trees to 30 m tall; bark grayish white, exfoliating in sheets. Branches not pendulous, dark gray or dark brown, glabrous; branchlets brown, sparsely resinous glandular. Petiole slender, 1-2.5 cm; leaf blade triangular, ovate-triangular, rhombic-triangular, rhombic-ovate, or broadly ovate, 3-9 × 2-7.5 cm, abaxially densely resinous punctate, glabrous, bearded in axils of lateral veins, adaxially sparsely pubescent and resinous glandular when young, base truncate, broadly cuneate, or cuneate and subcordate, margin doubly or simply serrate, or incised-serrate, apex acute, acuminate, or caudate-acuminate; lateral veins 5-7(-9) on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence pendulous, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 2-5 × 0.6-1.4 cm; peduncle slender, 1-2.5 cm; bracts 5-7 mm, densely pubescent and ciliate, 3-lobed, middle lobe triangular-ovate, lateral lobes erect or spreading to recurved, ovate or suborbicular, slightly shorter to longer than middle lobe. Nutlet narrowly oblong, oblong, or ovate, 1.5-2 × 1-1.5 mm, sparsely pubescent, with membranous wings slightly longer than and about as wide as nutlet. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 28.
This species has been divided into varieties or separate species (B. japonica, B. mandshurica, and B. szechuanica); however, the morphological characters are not distinct; therefore, the entities are all treated here as B. platyphylla. A. K. Skvortsov considers B. platyphylla to be synonymous with B. pendula.
A very important timber tree. The wood is soft and light, close grained, and fine to coarse textured; it is used for making agricultural tools, wooden ware, and tobacco boxes, and rarelyfor house construction. The white, papery bark is made into canoes and fancy articles, food baskets, and is also used as a substitute for tiles; the inner bark contains much resin.
Trees to 18 m tall; bark gray or black-gray, scaly fissured. Branchlets brown or yellow-brown, glabrous or sparsely villous when young and glabrescent or densely pubescent and villous. Petiole 1.5-2 cm, glabrescent or sparsely villous to densely pubescent or tomentose; leaf blade ovate, ovate-oblong, or obovate-oblong, 8-15 × 4-5 cm, abaxially sparsely to densely villous along midvein and lateral veins or densely pubescent and tomentose, adaxially sparsely villous or glabrescent, base unequally cordate, margin irregularly and doubly setiform serrate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate; lateral veins 15-20 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence 5-12 × 4-4.5 cm; peduncle 3-4 cm, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent; bracts densely overlapping, broadly ovate-oblong, 1.5-2.5 × 1-1.3 cm, glabrous except abaxially bearded at base, outer margin remotely serrate and inflexed, inner margin remotely serrate distally, with oblong basal lobe enclosing nutlet; veins 5, reticulate veins faint. Nutlet oblong, 4-6 × ca. 2 mm, glabrous, faintly ribbed. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug. 2n = 16.
The wood is used for making agricultural tools and furniture.
" 113011 general 1188605 Betulaceae "Carpinus turczaninowii.Trees 10-15 m tall; bark dark gray. Branchlets gray-brown, slender, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 4-10 mm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate-rhombic, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 × 1.3-4 cm, abaxially sparsely villous along veins, bearded in axils of lateral veins, adaxially glabrous or sparsely villous along midvein, base subrounded or broadly cuneate, rarely subcordate or cuneate, margin regularly or irregularly doubly serrate, rarely simply serrate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 8-12 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence 3-6 cm; bracts semiovate, semioblong, or broadly semiovate, 6-20 × 4-10 mm, sparsely pubescent, outer margin irregularly incised-dentate, sometimes lobulate, without basal lobe, inner margin entire or remotely minutely dentate, with ovate, inflexed basal lobe 2-3 mm, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; veins 5, reticulate veins prominent. Nutlet broadly ovoid, ca. 3 × 2 mm, glabrous except sparsely villous at apex, resinous glandular, prominently ribbed. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
The wood is very hard, dense, close grained, and fine textured, and is used for making agricultural tools and furniture.
" 113026 general 1187802 Betulaceae "Ostryopsis davidiana.Shrubs to 3 m tall. Branches gray, glabrous; branchlets brown, striate, densely pubescent. Petiole 3-12 mm, densely pubescent; leaf blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, rarely broadly ovate or broadly obovate, 2-6.5 × 1.5-5 cm, subleathery, abaxially bearded in axils of lateral veins, densely white pubescent, with yellow or brown resinous glands, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base cordate, obliquely cordate, or subrounded, margin doubly serrate and usually incised above middle, apex acuminate or acute; lateral veins 7-9 on each side of midvein. Male inflorescence 1; bracts pubescent. Female inflorescence terminal, racemose-capitulate; peduncle to 2.5 cm, slender, densely pubescent, sparsely hirsute; bracts forming a tubular sheath, 1-1.5 cm, leathery, densely pubescent, striate, lobed at apex. Nutlet brown, ovoid or subglobose, 4-6 × 4-5 mm, shiny, sparsely pubescent, ribbed. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug.
Commonly planted for erosion control; the branches are used for making agricultural tools.
" 127450 general 1188729 Betulaceae "Alnus hirsuta.Trees to 20 m tall; bark gray-brown, smooth. Branchlets dark gray, angular, densely gray pubescent when young, glabrescent. Buds stipitate, with 2 scales, sparsely pubescent. Petiole 1.5-5.5 cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade suborbicular, rarely broadly ovate, 4-9 × 2.5-9 cm, abaxially light green or glaucescent, densely or sparsely brown hispidulous, rarely subglabrous, sometimes bearded in axils of lateral veins, adaxially dark green, sparsely villous, base rounded or broadly cuneate, rarely cuneate or subcordate, margin undulate-serrate, apex rounded, rarely acute; lateral veins 5-10 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences 2-8 in a raceme, subglobose or oblong, 1-2 cm; peduncle 2-3 mm; bracts 3-4 mm, woody, base cuneate, apex rounded, 5-lobed. Nutlet broadly ovate, ca. 3 mm, with papery wings ca. 1/4 as wide as nutlet. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Aug.
The wood is hard and dense, and is used for making agricultural tools and furniture.
" 108579 general 32882 Biebersteiniaceae "Biebersteiniaceae.Perennial herbs with woody, occasionally tuberous rhizomes. Stems erect or plants nearly stemless, suffruticose. Indumentum of simple or stipitate glandular capitate trichomes. Leaves cauline or all nearly basal, alternate, stipulate; leaf blade 1-3-pinnatisect. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, actinomorphic, 2-bracteolate in paniculate, spicate, or pseudocapitate inflorescences. Sepals free, persistent, occasionally accrescent in fruit. Petals free, alternating with 5 extrastaminal nectary glands, yellow to reddish yellow, rarely white, often denticulate at apex. Stamens 10; filaments connate at base; anthers tetrasporangiate, introrse. Gynoecium of 5 carpels; ovary superior, deeply lobed with 5 free gynobasic stylodia connected above into a capitate stigma; ovules pendulous, anacampylotropous, unitegmic, crassinucellate. Fruit a schizocarp, consisting of 5 indehiscent 1-seeded dry mericarps. Seeds large with rounded raphe; embryo slightly curved, with scanty endosperm.
One genus and four species: montane, semiarid, or occasionally forested regions from Greece to central China; two species (one endemic) in China.
Biebersteinia had traditionally been placed in the Geraniaceae, but there is now ample, mainly molecular, evidence that it comprises a separate family in the Sapindales. Muellner et al. (Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 233-252. 2007) also traced the ancestral origin of this family to China.
Xu Langran & Huang Chengchiu. 1998. Biebersteinia. In: Xu Langran & Huang Chengchiu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(1): 86-89.
Trees, shrubs, or vines, climbers rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate, or whorled, simple or pinnately compound, rarely palmately compound, without stipules, climbers usually with tendrils modified sometimes into hooks or suckers. Inflorescences cymose, paniculate, or racemose, terminal or axillary, rarely flowers borne on old stems; bracts and bractlets present, sometimes deciduous. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, usually large. Calyx campanulate or tubular, truncate, 2-5-dentate, or glandular subulate-dentate. Corolla campanulate or funnelform, usually bilabiate; lobes 5, imbricate or valvate. Fertile stamens 4 (didynamous) and staminode 1, or 2 and staminodes 3, rarely all 5 stamens fertile. Disc fleshy. Ovary superior, 2-locular, rarely 1- or 4-locular; placentation axile or parietal; ovules numerous. Style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally or septicidally, rarely fruit fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, usually winged or with tufts of hairs at both ends; endosperm absent.
About 116-120 genera and 650-750 species: mostly in tropical and subtropical regions; 12 genera and 35 species (21 endemic) in China.
Plants of the Bignoniaceae usually produce large flowers, and many species are widely cultivated in China as ornamentals. These include Arrabidaea magnifica Sprague ex Steenis, Campsis radicans (Linnaeus) Seemann, Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Engelmann, Clytostoma callistegioides (Chamisso) Bureau & Schumann, Crescentia alata Kunth, C. cujete Linnaeus, Jacaranda cuspidifolia Martius, J. mimosifolia D. Don, Kigelia africana (Lamarck) Bentham, Macfadyena unguis-cati (Linnaeus) A. H. Gentry, Pandorea jasminoides (Linnaeus) Schumann, Parmetiera cerifera Seemann, Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague, Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawler) Miers, Spathodea campanulata Beauvois, Stenolobium stans (Linnaeus) Seemann, Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacquin) G. Nicholson, T. rosea (Bertoloni) de Candolle, and Tecomaria capensis (Thunberg) Spach.
Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) Schumann has recently been reported from Hainan (Yaichou, Wanning, Wenchan) and maritime Guangdong (see A Checklist of Flowering Plants of Isl. and Reefs of Hainan and Guangdong Province, 1994), but we have not examined Chinese material of the species.
Tao Deding & Yin Wenqing. 1990. Bignoniaceae. In: Wang Wentsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 1-62.
Stems woody. Leaf rachis 4-13 cm; leaflets 7-9; petiolules 5(-10) mm; blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-6(-9) X 1.5-3(-5) cm, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin serrate, apex caudate-acuminate; lateral veins 6 or 7 on each side ofmidrib. Inflorescences short paniculate, terminal; peduncle 15-20 cm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 cm, divided halfway; lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla red adaxially, orange-red abaxially, ca. 5 cm; lobes semirounded. Stamens inserted at base of corolla tube; filaments linear, 2-2.5 cm; anthers divergent, yellow. Style linear, ca. 3 cm; stigma compressed, 2-lobed. Capsule apex obtuse. Fl. May-Aug. 2n = 36, 38, 40.
The plants are cultivated as ornamentals, and the flowers are used medicinally for promoting diuresis.
" 140311 general 1184059 Bignoniaceae "Incarvillea zhongdianensis.* ca. 3200 m. Yunnan (Zhongdian).
Widely cultivated as an ornamental by botanical gardens worldwide.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
Shrubs or small trees. Young branches and leaves with peltate scales. Leaves alternate; stipules small, sheathing bud, fugacious; petiole swollen at base and apex; leaf blade simple, palmately veined. Inflorescence a terminal panicle. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic. Sepals 5, free, imbricate, with basal, abaxial glands, fugacious. Petals 5, imbricate, large and conspicuous. Stamens many, free or slightly united at base; anthers oblong, with 2 inverted, U-shaped thecae, dehiscing by short, apical slits on bend. Ovary superior, 1-loculed; ovules many on 2 parietal placentas; style slender; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, loculicidally 2-valved, usually spiny. Seeds many; testa red, slightly fleshy; embryo large; cotyledons broad, incurved at apex; endosperm copious.
One genus and five species: native to tropical America; one species widely cultivated in tropical regions, including China.
Molecular data suggest that the genus Diegodendron Capuron, endemic to Madagascar, is related to Bixa and could be included within the Bixaceae.
Zhang Pengyun & Zhang Yaojia. 1990. Bixaceae. In: Li Hsiwen, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 50(2): 180.
Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, 2-5(-10) m tall. Branches brown, densely red-brown glandular hairy. Petiole erect, 2.5-5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade abaxially pale green, with resinlike gland dots, adaxially deep green, cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate, (5-)10-25 × (3.3-)5-13(-16.5) cm, palmately 5-veined, glabrous, base rounded or subtruncate, sometimes slightly cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Panicles robust, often flat-topped, 5-10 cm, densely red-brown scaly and glandular hairy; bracts caducous, leaving scalelike scars. Flowers 4-5 cm in diam.; pedicel 4-12 mm. Sepals obovate, 8-10 × ca. 7 mm, densely red-brown scaly, with glands at base. Petals bright pink, mauve, or white with pale red veins, obovate, (1-)1.5-3 × 0.8-2 cm. Stamens many; anthers yellow, apically dehiscent. Capsule subglobose or ovoid, slightly laterally compressed, (1.4-)2-4.5 cm, usually densely purple-brown spiny, rarely smooth; spines 1-2 cm. Seeds numerous, red-brown, obovoid-angular, 4-5 mm.
Bixa orellana is cultivated for the red, oil-soluble pigment, bixin, which is contained in the seed coat. It is used commercially as a food colorant and as a fabric dye. A paste prepared from the seeds is used as a skin paint (a common name is "lipstick tree") and as a condiment. Other parts of the plant are widely used in tropical America for a variety of medicinal purposes.
" 66185 general 1179769 Boraginaceae "Lithospermum latifolium. ""Erect perennial, 4–8 dm, simple or branched above, the main internodes commonly 3–6 cm; lvs subsessile, lanceolate to lance-ovate, usually 2–4 cm wide, acuminate, with 2 or 3 prominent lateral veins on each side; fls solitary in the upper axils, becoming distant, ochroleucous, 5–7 mm, nearly as wide; cal-lobes nearly as long as the cor; nutlets ovoid, white, shining, 3.5–5 mm, smooth or sparsely pitted; 2n=28. Dry woods and thickets; N.Y. to Minn., s. to W.Va., Tenn., and Mo. May, June.""" 66186 general 1179768 Boraginaceae "Lithospermum incisum. ""Strigose perennial from a woody taproot, 0.5–4 dm; lvs wholly cauline, the lowest often reduced, the others linear-oblong to narrowly lanceolate or linear, rather numerous, 2–6 cm × 2–6 mm; well developed fls crowded in the uppermost axils, short-pedicellate; cor bright yellow, salverform, the tube 1.5–3.5(–4) cm, the limb 1–1.5(–2) cm wide, with erose or almost fimbriate lobes, these fls long-styled and mostly sterile; cleistogamous, highly fertile, short-styled fls commonly developed later farther down the stem, the plant becoming slenderly much-branched; nutlets ivory-white, shining, sparsely pitted; 2n=24, 36. Dry plains and barrens; s. Ont. to Man. and Wis., w. to B.C., Utah, s. Nev., and n. Mex. Apr., May. (L. angustifolium; L. linearifolium)""" 66187 general 1179470 Boraginaceae "Onosmodium molle. ""Several-stemmed perennial from a woody root, 3–12 dm, hairy throughout; lower lvs reduced and deciduous, the others rather numerous and uniform, sessile, lanceolate or rather narrowly ovate; cor 8–16 mm, the dull white or greenish white lobes acute, 11/2–2 times as long as wide. Open, moderately dry places; N.Y. and s. Ont. to Va., Tenn., and La., w. to Alta. and N.M. June, July. Three vars. in our range.""" 70069 general 1170341 Boraginaceae "Heliotropium tenellum. ""Erect, freely branched annual 1–4 dm, white-strigose throughout; lvs linear, 1.5–3 cm × 1–3 mm; fls solitary at the end of numerous short branches; cal-lobes foliaceous, strigose, very unequal, the longest nearly equaling the cor; fr depressed- globose, 2 mm long, 3 mm thick, splitting into 4 1-seeded nutlets, finely hairy outside. Dry soil, upland woods, prairies and barrens; w. Io. and Kans. to Ala. and Tex. June–Aug. (Lithococca t.)""" 70477 general 1179465 Boraginaceae "Lithospermum canescens. ""Stems from a stout taproot, often several (to ca 5), 1–4 dm at anthesis, usually simple; lvs lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 2–6 cm (or the lowest reduced), usually less than 25 below the infl, softly and densely canescent-strigose, obtuse; infl of 1–3 densely fld, terminal or subterminal, leafy-bracted cymes; fls heterostylic; cal-lobes linear, flat,3–6 mm at anthesis, 6–8 mm at maturity, densely villous; cor orange to light golden-yellow, the tube 7–10 mm, the limb 1–1.5 cm wide; nutlets ochroleucous, smooth and shining; 2n=14. Prairies and dry, open woods; sw. Ont. to Sask., s. to Tenn. and Tex., and in the mts. from Pa. to Ga. and Ala. Apr., May. The Appalachian plants tend to have more spreading pubescence than those from farther west.""" 70480 general 1179623 Boraginaceae "Onosmodium virginianum. ""Stem 3–6 dm, strigose; lvs often oblanceolate and distinctly narrowed to the base; bracteal lvs and cal hispid-strigose with ascending hairs; cor yellow, 7–10 mm, its lobes 3 mm, narrowly triangular, acuminate; nutlets dull white, ± pitted, 2.5 mm. Dry woods and barrens; se. Mass. to e. N.Y., s. to Va. and Fla., thence w. to La. June, July.""" 108355 general 32891 Boraginaceae "Boraginaceae.Herbs perennial, biennial, or annual, less often lianas, shrubs, or trees, usually bristly or scabrous-pubescent. Leaves simple, exstipulate, alternate, rarely opposite, entire or serrate at margin. Inflorescences often double scorpioid cymes, rarely solitary; bracts present or absent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic. Calyx usually 5-parted or lobed, mostly persistent. Corolla tubular, campanulate, rotate, funnelform, or salverform; tube appendages 5, rarely more, mostly trapeziform, rarely absent, sometimes a ring of hairs present; limb usually 5-parted; lobes overlapping, rarely twisted in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube or rarely at throat, included or rarely exserted; anthers introrse, 2-loculed, usually dorsifixed at base, less often medifixed, dehiscence longitudinal. Nectaries at base of corolla tube or on disc below ovary. Ovary superior, 2-carpellate; locules 2 and each with 2 ovules, or 4 and each with 1 ovule; ovules nearly atropous, semianatropous, or anatropous. Style terminal or gynobasic, branched or not. Gynobase flat, fastigiate, or subulate. Fruit 1-4-seeded drupes or nutlets (mericarps); nutlets mostly dry, often ornamented with wings, prickles and/or glochids (stiff bristles with barbed or anchorlike tips). Seeds vertical or oblique, coat membranous; embryo straight, less often curved; cotyledons flat, fleshy.
About 156 genera and 2500 species: temperate and tropical regions, centered in the Mediterranean region; 47 genera and 294 species in China, of which four genera and 156 species are endemic.
Anchusa italica Retzius, A. officinalis Linnaeus, and Borago officinalis Linnaeus are cultivated. Borago officinalis is uncommon and not naturalized, and because its seeds contain quality oil, it is probably more commonly grown than previously.
Wang Wen-tsai, Liu Yu-lan, Zhu Ge-ling, Lian Yong-shan, Wang Jing-quan & Wang Qing-rui in Kung Xian-wu & Wang Wen-tsai, eds. 1989. Boraginaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 64(2): 1-253.
Herbs annual. Leaves alternate, margin lobed; secondary veins ending in sinuses. Inflorescences generally extra-axillary on leafy twigs or in forks of branches, sometimes glomerate. Flowers sessile or on short pedicels, 4-merous. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla throat glabrous, naked or with 4 scaly appendages; lobes spreading, overlapping in bud. Ovary ovoid, somewhat 4-lobed, 2-loculed and with 2 ovules per locule, or falsely 4-loculed and with 1 ovule per locule; ovules anatropous. Styles 2, terminal, divided or united to middle; stigmas 2, usually divided. Fruit fleshy or dry, fastigiate or semiglobose, endocarp bony, divided into 4 1-seeded achenelike mericarps; mericarps ± united ventrally or joined to a central extension of receptacle. Seeds with little or no endosperm or not; embryo straight or curved.
For a discussion on the generic limits of Coldenia, see Richardson (Rhodora 79: 476. 1977).
One species: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, North America, South America.
Herbs annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs, pubescent or strigose, rarely scabrous. Leaves alternate, less often opposite, sessile or petiolate. Cymes terminal, rarely axillary, unilateral, scorpioid, bracteate or not. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or light bluish purple, less often yellow, cylindric or funnelform, strigose outside, glabrous and rarely appressed pubescent inside; throat frequently pubescent; limb 5-parted; lobes orbicular, sometimes linear, margin with folds or undulate. Filaments extremely short; anthers included. Ovary completely or incompletely divided into 4 lobes; ovules 4. Style terminal; stigma conical or ringlike. Fruit nutletlike dry drupes, without evident mesocarp at maturity, endocarp bony, dividing into 4 1-seeded or 2 2-seeded mericarps. Seeds straight or curved, usually with a thin endosperm.
About 250 species: tropical and temperate regions; ten species in China.
Heliotropium ovalifolium Forsskål var. depressum (Chamisso) Merrill is not included here because no material was available for study.
Stems gray or black-gray, glabrous. Petiole 0.5-4 mm; leaf blade oblong or oblanceolate, 0.5-2.5 cm × 2-10 mm, ± leathery, strigose, base rounded, cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse, mucronate. Corolla 6-7 × 6-7 mm. Fruit yellow- to brownish red, ca. 4 mm in diam., nearly dry.
" 165774 ecology 1176589 Boraginaceae "Heliotropium bacciferum. Common in dry regions." 111106 general 1172962 Boraginaceae "Symphytum.Herbs perennial. Roots thickened, hispid or strigose. Stem leaves sometimes decurrent. Cymes terminal, becoming paniculate, bracteate. Calyx 5-parted to middle or below; lobes unequal, slightly elongated in fruit. Corolla light purple-red, rarely yellow, tubular-campanulate; throat appendages 5, lanceolate, with papillate glands; limb 5-lobed; lobes triangular to semiorbicular, margin dentate, apex sometimes revolute. Stamens inserted at throat, not exserted; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 4-parted. Style filiform, usually exserted; stigma capitate. Gynobase flat. Nutlets ovoid, sometimes suboblique, usually granular-tuberculate, reticulate-wrinkled, rarely smooth; attachment scar at base, cupular, finely dentate at margin.
About 20 species: Asia, Europe, cultivated worldwide; one species in China.
" 67324 general 1149123 Brassicaceae "Draba ramosissima. ""Mat-forming perennial with a branching caudex; basal lvs oblanceolate, 1–5 cm, tapering to a long slender base; cauline lvs scattered, lanceolate to oblanceolate, both types sharply acute and with a few sharp, slender, divergent teeth; flowering stems 1–4 dm, thinly hairy, often branched above to form an eventually open and rather diffuse infl; pet white, 6–7 mm; mature pedicels thinly stellate, rather widely ascending, to 15 mm; frs elliptic to narrowly oblong, 4–10 mm, often twisted, thinly stellate; persistent style 1.5–3 mm; 2n=16. Dry mt. woods; Md. and Va. to W.Va., e. Ky., N.C., and Tenn. Apr., May.""" 67326 general 1148573 Brassicaceae "Draba nemorosa. ""Annual or winter-annual to 3 dm; basal lvs lance-ovate to oval, elliptic, or obovate, 1–2.5 cm; cauline lvs similar, few to several, all below the middle of the stem, often dentate, pubescent with simple and branched hairs; pet yellow, turning white in age, 2 mm; mature raceme loose and elongate, to 2 dm, glabrous, with widely spreading or ascending glabrous pedicels to 3 cm; frs ascending to erect, glabrous or hirsutulous, linear-oblong, 5–10 mm; 2n=16. Dry soil, prairies, and hillsides; widespread in Eurasia and much of w. N. Amer., extending e. to Lake Superior and locally in Mich. and sw. Que. (D. lutea)""" 67328 general 1156321 Brassicaceae "Draba cuneifolia. ""Annual or winter-annual, 1–2.5 dm, simple or branched at the base; basal lvs oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, 1–3 cm, coarsely dentate, rough-hairy; cauline lvs few and only near the base; pet white, to 4 mm, or none; mature racemes 5–10 cm, the axis and divaricate pedicels pubescent; pedicels half as long to equaling the fr; frs widely spreading, narrowly elliptic, 6–11 mm, blunt, minutely strigulose; 2n=32. Dry woods and barrens; Ill., Ky., and Mo., w. and s. to Calif. and n. Mex.; Fla. May.""" 67330 general 1148571 Brassicaceae "Draba brachycarpa. ""Annual or winter-annual to 2 dm, usually much-branched; basal lvs few and evanescent, elliptic to obovate; cauline lvs narrower, the uppermost nearly linear; racemes all elongate at maturity, 2–6 cm; pedicels ascending, glabrous to minutely stellate, usually 2–3 mm; pet white or yellow, to 3 mm, or none; frs oblong-elliptic, 2.5–4 × 0.8–1.4 mm, glabrous; 2n=16, 24. Dry woods and fields; Va. to Ind. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. Mar.–May.""" 67463 general 1153368 Brassicaceae "Cardamine parviflora. ""Annual or biennial with glabrous, mostly solitary stems 1–3 dm; terminal lfl of basal lvs oblong to broadly cuneate-obovate; cauline lvs commonly 2–4 cm, with 3–6 pairs of segments, the terminal segment linear to cuneate-oblong, entire or toothed, the lateral not much smaller, linear to linear-spatulate or narrowly oblong, usually 1–3 mm wide and entire, not decurrent; fls and fr much like no. 13 [Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl.], but the stylar beak not over 1 mm; 2n=16. Usually in dry soil; Que. and Nf. to Minn., s. to Ga. and Ark.; also in the Old World. The Amer. pls are var. arenicola (Britton) O. E. Schulz.""" 67555 general 1150385 Brassicaceae "Arabis missouriensis. ""Biennial, 2–5 dm, glabrous to sparsely hairy; basal lvs persistent, dentate to pinnatifid; cauline lvs numerous (averaging 25 below the first fl), erect, lanceolate to linear, the lower commonly with a few sharp teeth, the upper mostly entire; pet creamy-white, 6–8 mm, nearly or fully twice as long as the sep; mature racemes lax and elongate, with ascending pedicels 5–10 mm; frs at first erect, becoming widely divergent and commonly arcuate, 5–9 cm × 1.2–2 mm, flat, the valves 1-nerved to or beyond the middle; seeds in 1 row, quadrate-oblong, 1.5–2 mm, conspicuously winged. Moist or dry, rocky or sandy woods and hills; Me. to N.Y. and N.J.; Ind., Wis., and Mich. to Mo., Ark. and Okla. May–July. (A. viridis)""" 67556 general 1149739 Brassicaceae "Arabis lyrata. ""Erect or ascending biennial or perennial, 1–4 dm, branched from the usually hirsute base; basal lvs spatulate, 2–4 cm, entire to pinnately lobed; cauline lvs linear to narrowly spatulate, narrowed to the base, the lowest sometimes with a few short teeth or lobes; pet 3–8 mm; mature pedicels widely ascending, 6–15 mm, the fr continuing about the same direction as the pedicel, 2–4.5 cm × 1 mm, the valves 1-nerved to beyond the middle; seeds oblong to elliptic, wingless, 1 mm; 2n=16, 32. Dry woods and fields, especially in sandy soil; Vt. to Alas., s. to Va., Ky., and Mo., and in the mts. to Ga.; also in e. Asia. May–July.""" 67557 general 1150303 Brassicaceae "Arabis holboellii. ""Biennial or short-lived perennial 2–9 dm, densely pubescent with dendritically branched hairs, those of the stem appressed; basal lvs oblanceolate, 2–5 cm, the cauline lance-linear to oblong, 1–4 cm, usually erect, auriculate, mostly revolute-margined; pet pink to white, 7–10 mm; mature pedicels abruptly deflexed at base, 6–15 mm; frs pendent, 3–8 cm × 1–2 mm, the valves 1-nerved below the middle; seeds in 1 row, suborbicular, 1 mm; 2n=14, 21, 28, 35, 42. Dry rocky or gravelly soil; Greenl. to Alas., s. to Que., n. Mich., Colo., and Calif. June, July. Our plants, as here described, are var. retrofracta (Graham) Rydb., a chiefly cordilleran phase that also occurs in n. Mich.""" 68049 general 1145507 Brassicaceae "Lepidium virginicum. ""Erect annual or biennial 1–5 dm; basal lvs oblanceolate, sharply toothed to pinnatifid or even bipinnatifid; upper lvs smaller, oblanceolate to linear, dentate to entire, acute, narrowed to the base; racemes numerous, to 1 dm; pet equaling to twice as long as the sep; stamens 2; fr broadly elliptic to orbicular, widest at or below the middle, 2.5–4 × 2–3.5 mm, narrowly winged across the tip; style included in the notch; 2n=32. Dry or moist soil, fields, gardens, roadsides, and waste places; Nf. to Fla., w. to the Pacific states. Our plants, with accumbent cotyledons, are var. virginicum.""" 68066 general 1145557 Brassicaceae "Lepidium densiflorum. ""Thinly short-hairy annual or biennial, 2–5 dm; basal lvs 4–7 cm, coarsely dentate to pinnately lobed; cauline lvs shorter, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, mostly entire, sharply acute; mature racemes erect, 5–10 cm, with 9–15 frs per cm; pet none, or shorter than the sep, linear to narrowly spatulate; stamens 2; fr 2–3.3 mm, nearly or fully as wide, obovate-obcordate, generally broadest a little above the middle, narrowly winged above; stigma included in the notch; cotyledons incumbent; 2n=32. Dry or moist soil, waste grounds, roadsides, and pastures; throughout our range and w. to the Rocky Mts. May, June. (L. apetalum, misapplied; L. neglectum)""" 69298 general 1162991 Brassicaceae "Leavenworthia. ""Sep obtuse, erect to spreading; pet white to anthocyanic or yellow, narrowly spatulate-obovate to lingulate, retuse to truncate; ovary cylindric, with a short, stout, scarcely differentiated style and capitate stigma; frs typically linear to oblong and compressed parallel to the septum, but varying to terete or subglobose; valves reticulately veined, the midnerve evident only near the base; seeds in a single row, flattened, evidently winged to virtually wingless; racemes arising from the base of the pl, either reduced to a single long-pedicellate fl (seemingly on a scape), or with a short rachis scarcely surpassing the basal lvs and bearing a few long pedicels; small, glabrous winter-annuals of thin, vernally wet, summer-dry soil in calcareous cedar-glades, and now also in disturbed habitats, as along roadsides, blooming in early spring, the earliest lvs simple, the others lyrate-pinnatifid. 7, c. and sc. U.S.A.""" 69940 general 1150202 Brassicaceae "Arabis glabra. ""Biennial or short-lived perennial 3–15 dm; stem commonly hirsute below with mostly simple (sometimes bifurcate) hairs, glabrous and glaucous above; lower lvs commonly with Y-shaped hairs; cauline lvs overlapping below, more remote above, all lanceolate or lance-oblong, auriculate-clasping, usually glabrous and glaucous; pet 3–6 mm; style 1–1.5 mm; mature pedicels erect, 7–16 mm; frs erect, subterete, 5–9 cm × 0.8–1.3 mm, the valves with prominent midnerve reaching nearly or quite to the tip; seeds in 2 rows in each locule, angular, very narrowly winged; 2n=12. Usually in dry soil; circumboreal, in Amer. s. to N.C., Ark., Kans., N.M., and Calif. May, June.""" 70021 general 1155808 Brassicaceae "Descurainia pinnata. ""Erect, 2–7 dm; lvs oblong to oblanceolate, the lower the larger, bipinnate, or pinnate with deeply pinnatifid segments, the upper progressively reduced and less dissected; fls 2–4 mm wide; mature racemes elongate, to 3 dm, with widely divergent pedicels 5–20 mm; frs narrowly clavate, 5–13 × 1–2 mm; seeds in 2 rows in each locule, at least near the middle; 2n=14, 28, 42. Dry, open or sparsely wooded places; throughout most of N. Amer. Two vars. in our range. Var. pinnata, occurring chiefly on the coastal plain from se. Va. to Tex., has canescent, nonglandular herbage (sometimes glandular in the infl), and spreading or ascending frs 5–10 (avg 1) mm. (Sisymbrium canescens) Var. brachycarpa (Richardson) Fernald, a chiefly northern plant extending s. to N. Engl., W.Va., Tenn., and Tex., has glandular (sometimes also hairy) herbage (incl. the infl) and ascending to erect frs 6–13 (avg 9) mm. (Sophia p.; S. incisa; S. intermedia; S. millefolia)""" 70031 general 1150642 Brassicaceae "Draba reptans. ""Simple or basally branched annual or winter-annual 5–20 cm; basal lvs oblanceolate to spatulate or obovate, 1–3 cm, blunt, entire, pubescent with mostly simple hairs above, stellate beneath; cauline lvs few and near the base of the stem; pet white, to 5 mm, or none; racemes at maturity congested, the glabrous axis 5–20 mm, rarely more; pedicels glabrous, ascending, mostly a third to half as long as the fr; fr ascending or erect, 1–2 cm, glabrous or strigulose; 2n=16, 30, 32. Dry, sterile or sandy soil; Mass. and R.I. to s. Ont., Minn., and Wash., s. to N.C., Ga., and Calif. Apr., May. Our pls are var. reptans. (D. caroliniana; D. micrantha)""" 70047 general 1154634 Brassicaceae "Erysimum inconspicuum. ""Erect, often simple perennial 3–8 dm; lvs mostly erect or ascending, linear to oblanceolate, entire or obscurely and remotely sinuate-dentate, the cauline rarely over 5 mm wide; pubescence of the upper lf-surface of mixed 2-pronged and some 3-pronged hairs; sep densely stellate, 5–7 mm; pet pale yellow, 6–10 mm; anthers (1.5–)2–2.5 mm; mature racemes elongate, the stout, ascending pedicels 3–9 mm; frs erect or nearly so, 1.5–4 cm; 2n=54. Dry soil of prairies, plains, and upland woods; Alas. to Nev., e. to Man., Minn., and n. Mich., and occasionally adventive eastward. May–Aug. (E. parviflorum; Cheirinia inconspicua; C. syrticola)""" 109500 general 1148474 Brassicaceae "Draba.Herbs perennial, rarely annual, biennial (or subshrubs with woody stems). Trichomes simple, forked, stellate, malpighiaceous, or dendritic, stalked or sessile, often more than 1 kind present. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes prostrate, leafy or leafless and plants scapose. Basal leaves petiolate, often rosulate, simple, entire or toothed, rarely lobed. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, cuneate or auriculate at base, entire or dentate, sometimes absent. Racemes bracteate or ebracteate, elongated or not in fruit. Fruiting pedicels slender, erect, ascending, or divaricate. Sepals ovate, oblong, or elliptic, base of lateral pair not saccate or subsaccate, margin usually membranous. Petals yellow, white, pink, purple, orange (or rarely red); blade obovate, spatulate, oblong, oblanceolate, orbicular, or linear, apex obtuse, rounded, or rarely emarginate; claw obscurely to strongly differentiated from blade. Stamens 6, tetradynamous; filaments dilated or not at base; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands 1, 2, or 4, distinct or confluent and subtending bases of all stamens; median glands present or absent; lateral glands toothlike, semiannular, or annular. Ovules 4 to numerous per ovary. Fruit dehiscent, silicles or rarely siliques, ovate, elliptic, oblong, orbicular, ovoid, globose, lanceolate, or linear, latiseptate or terete, sometimes spirally twisted; valves distinctly or obscurely veined, glabrous or pubescent; replum rounded; septum complete, membranous, translucent; style distinct or obsolete, glabrous; stigma capitate, entire or slightly 2-lobed. Seeds biseriate, wingless (or rarely winged), oblong, ovate, or orbicular, flattened; seed coat minutely reticulate, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.
About 350 species: primarily in the N hemisphere, especially arctic, subarctic, alpine, and subalpine regions, with about 70 species in South America; 48 species (16 endemic) in China.
Draba is the largest and most taxonomically difficult genus in the Brassicaceae. More than 950 binomials and nearly a fourth as many infraspecific taxa have been proposed. Numerous taxa are based on trivial characters, especially the presence vs. absence of trichomes on the fruit valves. Otto Eugene Schulz (Pflanzenr. 89(IV. 105): 1-396. 1927), hereafter Schulz (without a reference), was the last person to monograph Draba on worldwide basis. Although he accorded varietal names to forms with glabrous and pubescent fruits, this variation often occurs within the same population (see discussion under D. oreades). By contrast, petal color is taxonomically important and should be recorded in the field rather than from dried specimens because white petals sometimes dry yellow or vice versa. Another taxonomically important character is the number of ovules/seeds per ovary/fruit. This is easily obtained by counting the seeds and aborted ovules in the fruit.
The records from China of Draba fladnizensis Wulfen (e.g., FRPS, p. 160; Fl. Qinghai. 1: 443. 1997; Fl. Xinjiang. 2(2): 117. 1995) and D. hirta Linnaeus (e.g., FRPS, p. 164; Fl. Xinjiang. 2(2): 127. 1995) cannot be confirmed, and it is likely that these records are based on 19th Century accounts that represent misidentifications of plants of several species, including D. altaica, D. lanceolata, D. lasiophylla, D. mongolica, and D. oreades.
Draba affghanica Boissier was recorded from Gansu by Pohle (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 32: 128. 1925), but the present authors have seen no Chinese material of that species.
According to FRPS (p. 168), Fl. Qinghai. (1: 449. 1997), and Fl. Xinjiang. (2(2): 125. 1995), Draba borealis de Candolle was said to occur in Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Xinjiang. However, the present authors have seen no material from these provinces. The distribution of D. borealis in Asia is restricted to Russia (only the coastal Far East, not Siberia) and
Herbs annual, 2-10 cm tall. Trichomes short-stalked and subdendritic or forked, subsessile and submalpighiaceous-stellate on leaves, stems, pedicels and fruit, rarely simple along leaf margin. Basal leaves rosulate, smaller than and somewhat similar to cauline ones, dry by flowering time. Cauline leaves few to many, often densely grouped below inflorescence; petiole 3-10(-25) mm, ciliate with simple subsetose trichomes; leaf blade spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-12 × 2-7 mm, base attenuate, margin dentate or pinnatifid and with 1-4, oblong or linear lateral lobes 1-5 × 0.5-1 mm on each side, apex obtuse. Racemes 8- to many flowered, ebracteate or sometimes lowermost pedicels with adnate bracts, not elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate, straight, 1-3.5 cm. Sepals oblong, 2-3.5 × 1-1.5 mm, spreading, sparsely pubescent, persistent. Petals yellow, broadly obovate or spatulate, 3-5.5 × 1.5-4 mm, persistent, apex emarginate or rounded; claw 1-2 mm. Filaments 2-3 mm, persistent; median pairs with oblong or obovate wing 0.5-0.9 mm wide, unexpanded portion of filament to 0.6 mm; lateral pair entire or winged; anthers reniform, 0.3-0.5 mm. Nectar glands ovate, to 0.2 mm. Ovules 12-28 per ovary. Fruit narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm, terete; valves torulose, densely covered with submalpighiaceous trichomes; septum complete; style 0.5-2 mm; stigma ca. as wide as style, entire. Seeds oblong, 1-1.4 × 0.5-0.6 mm; cotyledons accumbent. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Aug.
The above new record from Xizang is based on Gould 2381 (K), Gould 2132 (K), and King s.n. (BM, K).
" 130406 general 1166298 Brassicaceae "Lepidostemon rosularis.Herbs annual, 1-4 cm tall. Trichomes short-stalked and subdendritic or forked, simple ones to 1 mm on petioles and fruit. Basal leaves rosulate, smaller than cauline ones, entire, dry by flowering time. Cauline leaves several to many, often densely grouped below inflorescence; petiole 5-14 mm, ciliate with simple trichomes; leaf blade spatulate, oblanceolate, or ovate, 3-10 × 2-6 mm, sparsely pubescent, base cuneate, margin with 1-4 teeth on each side, apex obtuse. Racemes 10- to many flowered, ebracteate or rarely lowermost pedicels with adnate bracts, not elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate, straight, 0.5-2 cm. Sepals oblong, 2-3.5 × 1-1.5 mm, spreading, pubescent, persistent. Petals white, broadly obovate, 3-5 × 2-3 mm, persistent, apex rounded; claw 1-2 mm. Filaments 2-2.5 mm, persistent; median pairs narrowly lanceolate, winged, 0.4-0.5 mm wide; lateral pair slender, wingless; anthers reniform, 0.4-0.5 mm. Ovules 12-16 per ovary. Fruit oblong-linear, 1-2 cm × 2.5-3 mm, flattened; valves with obscure midvein and prominent marginal veins, somewhat indurated at margin and connate at base, dechiscing basipetally, not torulose, pilose with forked and/or simple trichomes; septum complete; style 0.5-1.5 mm; stigma subentire or 2-lobed. Seeds ovate, 1.2-1.6 × 0.8-1 mm; cotyledons accumbent. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Aug.
" 108966 general 1151704 Brassicaceae "Brassica.Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, rarely subshrubs or shrubs, often glaucous. Trichomes absent or simple. Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, leafy or rarely leafless. Basal leaves petiolate, rosulate or not, simple, entire, dentate, lyrate-pinnatifid, or pinnatisect. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, base cuneate, attenuate, auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaul, margin entire, dentate, or lobed. Racemes ebracteate, elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels ascending, divaricate, or reflexed. Sepals ovate or oblong, erect, ascending, or rarely spreading, base of lateral pair saccate or not. Petals yellow, rarely white or pink; blade obovate, spatulate, or rarely oblanceolate, apex obtuse or emarginate; claw distinct, subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens 6, tetradynamous; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands 4, median and lateral, rarely 2 and lateral. Ovules 4-50 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or rarely oblong, terete, 4-angled, or latiseptate, sessile or shortly stipitate, segmented; valvular segment dehiscent, 4-46-seeded, longer than terminal segment, smooth or torulose, valves with a prominent midvein and obscure lateral veins; terminal segment seedless or 1(-3)-seeded; replum rounded; septum complete, translucent or opaque, veinless or with a distinct midvein; style obsolete or distinct; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate or rarely biseriate, wingless, globose or rarely oblong, plump or rarely slightly flattened; seed coat reticulate, mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons conduplicate.
About 40 species: primarily in the Mediterranean region, especially SW Europe and NW Africa; six species in China.
Brassica includes the most important vegetables and oilseed plants of the Brassicaceae, and China is the center where human selection has created numerous cultivars, more so than elsewhere in the world. Most of these were described by Liberty H. Bailey as species based primarily on minor differences in leaf morphology. In fact, Bailey (Gent. Herb. 1: 53-108. 1922; 2: 211-267. 1930; 4: 319-330. 1940) recognized 25 crop species of Brassica (including two presently assigned to Sinapis and ten as "new"), of which 23 species names clearly belong to only six species (nos. 1-5 of the present account, plus B. carinata A. Braun). Critical study of all of Bailey's types by one of the present authors (Al-Shehbaz), along with comprehensive cytological, crossing, and molecular studies conducted by numerous researchers over the past several decades, reveal that all of Bailey's "species and infraspecific taxa" clearly belong to four species: B. juncea (2n = 36), B. napus (2n = 38), B. oleracea (2n = 18), and B. rapa (2n = 20).
Cultivated forms (or taxa) with the same chromosome number are indistinguishable in fruit, seed, and flower characters, and they interbreed freely and produce fully fertile offspring. Furthermore, such forms often lose their identity outside of cultivation and become basically indistinguishable from the weedy forms of the species to which they belong. Because the Chinese Brassica are maintained only in cultivation as distinct crops and have well-established Chinese names, they have been recognized in most of Chinese floras as distinct species. However, they are best treated as varieties, just as the numerous and morphologically far more diversified forms of B. oleracea are recognized worldwide (see below). As many as 18 species of Brassica have been recognized in China, but the easternmost native range of the genus hardly reaches C Asia. On the basis of the enormous array of cultivated infraspecific taxa of B. juncea and B. rapa in China, it is evident that these two species have been domesticated there for thousands of years.
Herbs annual, (20-)40-120(-160) cm tall. Stems erect, branched above, sparsely to densely hirsute near base, glabrous or subglabrous above. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole 1-10(-15) cm; leaf blade broadly oblanceolate, oblong or lanceolate in outline, pinnatisect, pinnatifid, or runcinate, (2-)5-20(-35) × (1-)2-8(-10) cm; lateral lobes (3 or)4-6(-8) on each side of midvein, smaller than terminal one, oblong or lanceolate, entire, dentate, or lobed. Uppermost cauline leaves with narrowly linear to filiform lobes. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or rarely ascending, stout, nearly as thick as fruit, (4-)6-10(-13) mm. Sepals oblong, cucullate, ascending or spreading, 4-6 × 1-2 mm. Petals yellow, spatulate, (5-)6-8(-10) × 2.5-4 mm; claw subequaling sepals. Filaments yellowish, erect, 2-6 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2.2 mm. Ovules 90-120 per ovary. Fruit narrowly linear, stout, terete, (4.5-)6-9(-12) cm × 1-2 mm, usually straight; valves glabrous, smooth; style subclavate, 0.5-2 mm; stigma prominently 2-lobed; septum slightly thickened. Seeds oblong, 0.8-1 × 0.5-0.6 mm, inserted in depressions of septum. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. May-Aug. 2n = 14.
The above first record from Xizang is based on Chaffanjon 406 (P).
This species is a noxious weed and is usually a host to several viruses of crop plants.
Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, rarely subshrubs or shrubs. Trichomes sessile, medifixed, appressed, malpighiaceous or 3-5(-8)-rayed stellate. Stems simple or branched basally and/or apically. Basal leaves petiolate, rosulate, simple, entire or dentate, rarely pinnatifid or pinnatisect. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, cuneate or attenuate at base, rarely auriculate, entire or dentate. Racemes ebracteate or basally bracteate, rarely bracteate throughout, corymbose, elongated or not in fruit. Fruiting pedicels slender or thickened and nearly as wide as fruit, erect, ascending, divaricate, or reflexed. Sepals oblong or linear, erect, pubescent, base of lateral pair saccate or not. Petals yellow or orange, rarely white, pink, purple, or violet; blade suborbicular, obovate, spatulate, or oblong, apex rounded or emarginate; claw differentiated from blade, subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens 6, erect, tetradynamous; anthers oblong or linear. Nectar glands 1, 2, or 4, distinct or confluent and subtending bases of all stamens; median glands present or absent. Ovules 15-100 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques or rarely silicles, linear or rarely oblong, terete, 4-angled, latiseptate, or angustiseptate, sessile or rarely shortly stipitate; valves with an obscure to prominent midvein, pubescent on outside, rarely also on inside, keeled or not, smooth or torulose; replum rounded; septum complete, membranous, translucent or opaque, veinless; style obsolete or short, rarely half as long as or subequaling fruit, often pubescent; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate or rarely biseriate, winged, margined, or wingless, oblong, plump or flattened; seed coat minutely reticulate, mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent.
About 150 species: N hemisphere, primarily in Asia and Europe, with 14 species in Central and North America and eight species in N Africa and Macaronesia; 17 species (five endemic) in China.
Erysimum cheiri (Linnaeus) Crantz (as Cheiranthus cheiri Linnaeus in FRPS) is a widely cultivated ornamental plant, but it is not known if it has become naturalized in China or elsewhere in Asia.
" 110172 general 1146011 Brassicaceae "Matthiola.Herbs annual or perennial. Trichomes eglandular, stalked or sessile, stellate or dendritic, rarely forked or simple, sometimes mixed with glandular, multicellular, multiseriate ones. Basal leaves petiolate, rosulate or not, simple, entire, dentate, or pinnatisect. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile and not auriculate, entire, dentate, or pinnatisect. Racemes ebracteate, elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels erect or divaricate. Sepals oblong or linear, connivent, erect, base of lateral pair strongly saccate. Petals yellowish green, white, pink, purple, or brown, much longer than sepals, clawed; blade broadly obovate, spatulate, oblong, or linear, flat or involute, crisped or not, apex obtuse or emarginate. Stamens 6, strongly tetradynamous; filaments not dilated at base; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands lateral, 4, when 1 on each side of lateral stamen, or 2, when semiannular and intrastaminal; median glands absent. Ovules (5-)15-60 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear, terete or latiseptate, sessile; valves with a prominent midvein, often torulose; replum rounded; septum complete, often opaque, veinless; style obsolete or up to 3 mm; stigma conical, 2-lobed, lobes prominent, connivent, free or connate, decurrent, unappendaged or with 2 or 3 hornlike appendages. Seeds uniseriate, narrowly winged or wingless, oblong, ovate, or orbicular, flattened; seed coat minutely reticulate, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.
About 50 species: E and N Africa, Asia, Europe; one species in China.
Matthiola incana (Linnaeus) R. Brown is widely cultivated as an ornamental in China, but it is not known to have become naturalized.
" 115196 general 1146380 Brassicaceae "Armoracia rusticana.Herbs with fusiform or cylindric, fleshy or woody roots. Stems 50-120(-200) cm tall. Basal leaves few; petiole to 60 cm, broadly expanded at base; leaf blade broadly oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, (10-)20-45(-60) × (3-)5-12(-17) cm, coarsely crenate or rarely pinnatifid. Lower and middle cauline leaves shortly petiolate, pinnatifid or pinnatisect, with oblong to linear-oblong lobes, smaller than basal leaves; upper cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, linear to linear-lanceolate, base cuneate or attenuate, margin serrate, crenate, or rarely entire. Fruiting pedicels ascending, slender, 0.8-2 cm. Sepals ovate, 2-4 mm. Petals obovate or oblanceolate, 5-7(-8) mm; claw to 1.5 mm. Filaments 1-2.5 mm; anthers ovate, 0.5-0.8 mm. Ovules 8-12 per ovary. Mature fruit rarely produced, ovate, oblong, or suborbicular, 4-6 mm, few seeded; style obsolete or to 0.5 mm; stigma capitate, well developed. Seeds not seen. Fl. May-Jul. 2n = 32.
This species has been widely cultivated for some 2000 years for its fleshy roots, which are grated to produce the pungent horseradish sauce. The plant is also a weed that is very difficult to eradicate.
" 115206 general 1151759 Brassicaceae "Brassica napus.Herbs annual or biennial, 30-150 cm tall, glabrous or basally sparsely hirsute, often glaucous, with or without fleshy taproots. Stems erect, branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves long petiolate; petiole to 15 cm; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, 5-25(-40) × 2-7(-10) cm, pinnately lobed or lyrate, sometimes undivided; terminal lobes ovate, dentate, repand, or entire; lateral lobes 1-6 on each side of midvein, much smaller than terminal one, entire, repand, or dentate, sometimes absent. Upper cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, to 8 × 3.5 cm, base amplexicaul, auriculate, margin entire or repand. Fruiting pedicels straight, divaricate, (1-)1.2-2.3(-3) cm. Sepals oblong, (5-)6-10 × 1.5-2.5 mm, ascending or rarely suberect. Petals bright or pale yellow, (0.9-)1-1.6(-1.8) cm × (5-)6-9(-10) mm, broadly obovate, apex rounded; claw 5-9 mm. Filaments (5-)7-10 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm. Fruit linear, (3.5-)5-9.5(-11) cm × (2.5-)3.5-5 mm, terete or slightly 4-angled, sessile, divaricate or ascending; valvular segment (3-)4-8.5(-9.5) cm, 12-20(-30)-seeded per locule; valves with a prominent midvein, slightly torulose or smooth; terminal segment conical, (0.5-)0.9-1.6 cm, seedless or 1-seeded; style often obsolete. Seeds dark brown or blackish, globose, (1.2-)1.5-2.5(-3) mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 38*.
Native to Europe but not known in the wild, it perhaps evolved in the 16th Century as an allotetraploid derived from Brassica oleracea and B. rapa.
Brassica napus is one of the most important sources of seed vegetable oil. The seed oil is also used in the manufacture of lubricants, grease, lacquers, varnishes, soap, resins, nylon, plastics, insect repellents, stabilizers, and pharmaceuticals. The green parts and fleshy roots are eaten as vegetables. Two varieties are recognized, and both are cultivated in China.
Herbs annual, 0.3-2(-3.1) m tall, sparsely hirsute at least basally. Stems erect, branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves with petioles to 10 cm; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, 6-30 × 1-10 cm, lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnatisect; terminal lobe ovate, dentate; lateral lobes 1-3 on each side of midvein, much smaller than terminal lobe, dentate. Upper cauline leaves petiolate, lanceolate or linear-oblong, to 5 × 1.5 cm, base cuneate, margin entire or rarely dentate. Fruiting pedicels straight, slender, erect or ascending, subappressed to rachis, (2-)3-5(-6) mm. Sepals oblong, 4-6(-7) cm × 1-1.5 mm, spreading or ascending. Petals yellow, (5-)7.5-11(-13) × (2.5-)3-4.5(-5.5) mm, ovate, apex rounded; claw 3-6 mm. Filaments 3.5-5 mm; anthers oblong, 1-1.5 mm. Fruit linear or narrowly oblong-elliptic, (0.5-)1-2.5(-2.7) cm × (1.5-)2-3(-4) mm, 4-angled, sessile, subappressed to rachis; valvular segment (0.4-)0.8-2(-2.5) cm, 2-5(-8)-seeded per locule; valves with a prominent midvein, slightly torulose; terminal segment stylelike, sometimes narrowly conical, (1-)2-5(-6) mm, seedless. Seeds dark brown, gray, or blackish, globose, 1.2-2 mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 16*.
The above first record from Xizang is based on Thomson s.n., 14 Aug 1847 (K).
On the basis of recent molecular studies and critical reevaluation of morphology, it appears that Brassica nigra should be retained in Sinapis, as was originally described by Linnaeus.
Brassica nigra is a cosmopolitan weed. It is cultivated in the West primarily for the use of seeds in seasoning and pickling, but it was used extensively in the manufacturing of table mustard before it was replaced by B. juncea.
Herbs biennial or perennial, rarely annual, (0.3-)0.6-1.5(-3) m tall, glabrous, glaucous. Stems erect or decumbent, branched at or above middle, sometimes fleshy at base. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves long petiolate, sometimes strongly overlapping and forming a head; petiole to 30 cm; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, to 40 × 15 cm, margin entire, repand, or dentate, sometimes pinnatifid or pinnatisect and with a large terminal lobe and smaller, 1-13, oblong or ovate lateral lobes on each side of midvein. Upper cauline leaves sessile or subsessile in some cultivated forms, oblanceolate, ovate, or oblong, to 10 × 4 cm, base amplexicaul, auriculate, or rarely cuneate, margin entire, repand, or rarely dentate. Racemes sometimes fleshy and condensed into a head. Fruiting pedicels usually straight, ascending or divaricate, (0.8-)1.4-2.5(-4) cm. Sepals oblong, 0.8-1.5 cm × 1.5-2.7 mm, erect. Petals creamy yellow or rarely white, (1.5-)1.8-2.5(-3) × (0.6-)0.8-1.2 cm, ovate or elliptic, apex rounded; claw 0.7-1.5 cm. Filaments 0.8-1.2 cm; anthers oblong, 2.5-4 mm. Fruit linear, (2.5-)4-8(-10) cm × (2.5-)3-4(-5) mm, terete, sessile or on a gynophore to 3 mm, divaricate or ascending; valvular segment (2-)3-7.5(-9) cm, 10-20-seeded per locule, valves with a prominent midvein; terminal segment conical, (3-)4-10 mm, seedless or 1(or 2)-seeded; style obsolete. Seeds dark brown or blackish, globose, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 18*.
Wild populations of var. oleracea are known only from the coastal cliffs of W Europe. Of the 15 varieties and 16 forms recognized by Helm (Kulturpflanze 11: 92-210. 1963), seven varieties are cultivated in China, the most commonly grown of which are vars. botrytis, capitata, gongylodes, and italica. The other varieties are less commonly grown.
" 115213 general 1147111 Brassicaceae "Brassica rapa.Herbs annual or biennial, 30-120(-190) cm tall, glabrous or sparsely pubescent basally, rarely glaucous, sometimes with fleshy taproots. Stems erect, simple or branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves petiolate, not rosulate or obscurely to strongly rosulate and forming a compact, oblong head; petiole (1-)2-10(-17) cm, slender or thickened and fleshy, sometimes strongly winged; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, (5-)10-40(-60) × 3-10(-20) cm, margin entire, repand, dentate, or sinuate, sometimes pinnatifid or pinnatisect and with a large terminal lobe and smaller, 1-6, oblong or ovate lateral lobes on each side of midvein. Upper cauline leaves sessile, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 2-8(-12) × 0.8-3 cm, base amplexicaul, deeply cordate, or auriculate, margin entire or repand. Fruiting pedicels, straight, ascending or divaricate, (0.5-)1-2.5(-3) cm. Sepals oblong, (3-)4-6.5(-8) × 1.5-2 mm, ascending. Petals bright yellow, rarely pale or whitish yellow, 7-10(-13) × (2.5-)3-6(-7) mm, obovate, apex rounded. Filaments 4-6(-7) mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2 mm. Fruit linear, (2-)3-8(-11) cm × 2-4(-5) mm, terete, sessile, divaricate or ascending; valvular segment (1.3-)2-5(-7.5) cm, 8-15-seeded per locule, valves with a prominent midvein; terminal segment conical, (0.3-)1-2.5(-3.5) cm, seedless or rarely 1-seeded; style obsolete. Seeds dark or reddish brown, globose, 1-1.8 mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 20*.
Both Brassica campestris and B. rapa were simultaneously described by Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 2: 666. 1753). Johann Metzger (Systematische Beschreibung der kultivirten Kohlarten. 68 pp. Heidelberg. 1833), who was the first to unite the two species, adopted B. rapa for the combined species, and therefore this name has priority (St. Louis Code, Art. 11.5). Except for being an annual with nonfleshy taproots, B. campestris is absolutely indistinguishable from the biennial B. rapa with fleshy taproots. In fact, plants of B. rapa that escape from cultivation fail to produce fleshy roots. Therefore, B. campestris deserves no higher than a varietal rank of B. rapa, and it is here reduced to synonymy under var. oleifera.
Forms with 3- or 4-valved fruit have been recognized as Brassica trilocularis Roxburgh and B. quadrivalvis J. D. Hooker & Thomson, respectively. They were treated by Jafri (Fl. W. Pakistan 55: 24. 1973) as subspecies of B. napus, but both have 2n = 20, and therefore they should be recognized as a variety of B. rapa. Of the six varieties recognized in B. rapa, the following four are grown and naturalized in China.
Herbs biennial, (30-)40-100(-150) cm tall. Stems branched above, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, or hirsute, often paniculately branched. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole 0.5-5.5 cm; leaf blade oblong or oblanceolate, (2.5-)5-15(-20) × (0.5-)1.5-3.5(-5) cm, base attenuate, margin entire, repand, or dentate, apex obtuse. Middle cauline leaves sessile; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate, rarely linear-oblong, (1.5-)3-7(-12) × (0.2-)0.8-2.5(-3.5) cm, base sagittate or auriculate and with acute or obtuse auricles, margin entire, apex acute. Fruiting pedicels slender, considerably thickened and subclavate at apex, 5-10 mm. Sepals oblong, 1.5-2.8 × 1-1.5 mm, glabrous. Petals yellow, oblanceolate, 2.5-4 × 0.9-1.5 mm, base attenuate, apex obtuse. Filaments 1-2.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.5-0.7 mm. Fruit black or dark brown when mature, oblong-oblanceolate, elliptic-obovate, or rarely oblong, (0.9-)1.1-2(-2.7) cm × 3-6(-10) mm, often broader above middle, glabrous or pubescent, winged all around, base cuneate, margin sometimes slightly constricted, apex subacute, rounded, or rarely subemarginate; locule 3-6(-10) mm, with a distinct midvein and inconspicuous lateral veins; apical wing 3.5-5(-7) mm wide. Seeds light brown, narrowly oblong, 2.3-3.5(-4.5) × 0.8-1 mm. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 14, 28*.
The above first record of Isatis tinctoria from Xizang is based on Falconer s.n. (K). Isatis tinctoria is a European and probably Asian species very polymorphic in fruit shape, shape and size of auricles of cauline leaves, and the amount of indumentum. It has been cultivated since ancient times as a source of a dark blue dye (woad) obtained by fermenting the leaves and lower portions of the plant. Glabrous forms with oblong fruit and poorly developed or obtuse leaf auricles have been recognized as I. indigotica. By contrast, glabrous or hairy forms with cuneiform or oblong-triangular fruit and well-developed, often acute leaf auricles are called I. tinctoria. However, every conceivable morphological intermediate between the two forms occurs in China, as well as elsewhere in Asia, Europe, and North America, where they are introduced and naturalized.
The roots and leaves are used for medicinal purposes and a source of dye, and the seed oil is used in industry.
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic, 10-70(-200) cm tall, glabrous throughout or sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes. Stems decumbent or prostrate, erect in emergent plants, branched above, rooting at proximal nodes. Leaves all cauline, pinnately compound, 3-9(-13)-foliolate; petiole auriculate at base; terminal leaflet suborbicular or oblong, 1-4 cm, base obtuse, cuneate, or subcordate, margin entire or repand, apex obtuse; lateral leaflets smaller, usually sessile. Fruiting pedicels slender, divaricate or recurved, 5-12(-20) mm. Sepals oblong, 2-3.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate. Petals white or pink, spatulate or obovate, 2.8-4.5(-6) × 1.5-25 mm, apex rounded; claw ca. 1 mm. Filaments white, 2-3.5 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 0.6 mm. Fruit cylindric, 1-1.5(-2) cm × (1.8-)2-2.5(-3) mm; valves with an obscure midvein; style 0.5-1(-1.5) mm. Seeds biseriate, ovoid, 1-1.3 × 0.7-1 mm, reddish brown, coarsely reticulate, with 25-50(-60) areolae on each side. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 32*.
Cultivated as a vegetable and used medicinally.
" 115373 general 1147041 Brassicaceae "Raphanus sativus.Herbs annual or biennial, 10-130 cm tall, glabrous, scabrous, or hispid. Roots fleshy, white, pink, red, or black, linear, fusiform, oblong, or globose, 1-100 × 0.5-45 cm, sometimes slender and not fleshy. Stems simple or branched. Basal leaves with petioles 1-30 cm; leaf blade oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate in outline, 2-60 × 1-20 cm, lyrate or pinnatisect, sometimes undivided, margin dentate, apex obtuse or acute; lateral lobes 1-12 on each side of midvein, sometimes absent, oblong or ovate, to 10 × 5 cm. Uppermost cauline leaves subsessile, often undivided, dentate. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, straight, 0.5-4 cm. Sepals narrowly oblong, 5.5-10 × 1-2 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Petals purple, pink, or sometimes white, often with darker veins, broadly obovate, 1.2-2.2 cm × 3-8 mm, apex obtuse or emarginate; claw to 1.4 cm. Filaments slender, 5-12 mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm, sagittate at base. Fruit fusiform or lanceolate, sometimes ovoid or cylindric; seedless valvular segment 1-3.5 mm; seed-bearing distal segment (1-)3-15(-25) × (0.5-)0.7-1.3(-1.5) cm, corky, rounded at base, conical at apex, smooth or rarely slightly constricted between seeds, not ribbed; style 1-4 cm; stigma entire. Seeds globose or ovoid, 2.5-4 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. depending on cultivation time. 2n = 18*.
Long cultivated in E Asia primarily as a vegetable and medicinal plant. A very variable species with regard to fleshy root color, shape, and size, plant height, degree of division and size of leaves, flower color, and fruit shape and size. Numerous infraspecific taxa have been recognized, and their taxonomy is controversial and highly confused. The interested reader should consult Pistrick (Kulturpflanze 35: 225-321. 1987). Perhaps the most interesting cultivar, which is grown primarily in China and Japan, is var. longipinnatus L. H. Bailey, with roots to 50 kg in weight and to 1 m in length and enormous rosettes to 2 m in diam.
" 130252 general 1152345 Brassicaceae "Brassica rapa var. oleifera.Plants annual or rarely biennial. Taproot not fleshy, cylindric. Basal leaves rarely up to 10, not rosulate or obscurely rosulate; petiole slender, neither fleshy nor winged; leaf blade subentire, sinuately lobed, pinnatifid, or incised with irregularly serrate lobes. Fl. Mar-May, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 20*.
Widely cultivated in Asia as a source of seed oil, but also grown in China as a medicinal plant and vegetable for its purple shoots. Plants of this variety are weedy throughout much of the world and are better known as Brassica campestris.
Purplish forms of this subspecies with shallowly lobed or unlobed basal leaves are cultivated in China as a vegetable. They were originally described as Brassica campestris var. purpuraria L. H. Bailey and later as B. purpuraria (L. H. Bailey) L. H. Bailey. If a formal recognition were needed, then the name would be B. rapa var. purpuraria (L. H. Bailey) Kitamura (Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 19: 78. 1950).
Another leafy form, originally described from Sichuan and later cultivated in Jiangsu and many other provinces, is Brassica juncea var. celerifolia M. Tsen & S. H. Lee (Hort. Sin. 2: 28. 1942). It was correctly excluded from B. juncea because it has 2n = 20, but was raised to the rank of species, as B. celerifolia (M. Tsen & S. H. Lee) Y. C. Lan & T. Y. Cheo (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29: 74. 1991). It has deeply incised leaf blades.
Plants annual. Taproots slender, cylindric, rarely to 1.5 cm in diam. Basal leaves with a slender, nonfleshy petiole; midvein not flattened; leaf blade 4-30 cm, margin highly variable. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 36*.
Cultivated for seed oil and medicine and as a vegetable and condiment. It is a naturalized weed on all continents except Antarctica.
" 130450 general 1148878 Brassicaceae "Eutrema wasabi.Herbs 20-60(-75) cm tall, glabrous or sparsely pilose on upper parts; rhizomes fleshy, to 3 cm in diam. Stems erect or decumbent, simple. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole (6-)10-20(-26) cm, dilated at base; leaf blade cordate or reniform, (2.5-)6-15(-20) × (3-)6-18(-22) cm, base cordate, margin dentate, denticulate, shallowly crenate, repand, or subentire, with distinct apiculate callosities terminating ultimate veins, apex rounded or obtuse. Middle cauline leaves with petioles 1-5(-8) cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-cordate, 1.5-4(-6) × 2-4(-6) cm, palmately veined, base and margin as in basal leaves, apex acute. Infructescence lax raceme, bracteate throughout or basally. Fruiting pedicels ascending or divaricate, slender, 1-3.5(-5) cm. Sepals oblong, 3-4 × 2-2.5 mm, caducous. Petals white, oblong-spatulate, 6-8(-9) × 2-3 mm. Filaments white, 3.5-5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.6-0.8 mm. Ovules 6-8 per ovary. Fruit linear, 1-2 cm × 1.5-2 mm, terete, torulose; valves with an obscure midvein; gynophore (1-)2-5 mm; septum usually complete; style 2-3 mm. Seeds oblong, plump, 2-3 × 1-1.5 mm. Fl. Mar-May, fr. May-Jun.
This species is cultivated for its edible rhizomes, which are the source of the pungent condiment wasabi.
" 172429 ecology 1145682 Brassicaceae "Lepidium sativum. Commonly cultivated in regions away from the coast; naturalized in some places." 165801 ecology 1141489 Bromeliaceae "Pitcairnia feliciana. In crevices on rock out-crops." 165818 ecology 1131923 Burmanniaceae "Burmannia liberica. In moist places on sandy soil or rock outcrops." 165835 ecology 1130190 Burseraceae "Commiphora africana. In dry savannah woodland." 133220 general 1130905 Burseraceae "Canarium tonkinense.Trees, ca. 15 m tall. Branchlets light gray when dry, puberulent, lenticellate. Leaves stipulate; rachis sparsely pubescent, lenticellate; leaflets 5(-7) pairs; blades ovate or oblong, 13-20 × 6-8 cm, adaxially glabrous except sparsely shortly pubescent on midrib, abaxially minutely verrucose, rigidly papery or leathery, base rounded, oblique, margin entire, apex with acumen ca. 15 mm; lateral veins 13-15 pairs, abaxially prominent, shortly pubescent. Inflorescences extra-axillary, 2-3 cm from axil, 20-30 cm, puberulent, unknown in female plants; male inflorescences with 3-4 cm peduncle, lower branches 5-6 cm, cymose, cymelets with 3 or 4 flowers. Male flowers 5-6 mm; calyx ca. 2 mm, shallowly 2- or 3-lobed, abaxially shortly hairy. Petals ca. 5 mm, abaxially very sparsely puberulent. Stamens glabrous; filaments connate for nearly all of length; anthers oblong-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm; disk annular, fleshy, margin sinuate, center excavate. Ovary absent. Infructescences ca. 30 cm, nearly glabrous; persistent calyx disk-shaped, ca. 7 mm in diam. Drupe reddish brown when dry, ellipsoid with obtuse ends, ca. 32 × 20 mm, exocarp thin, with conspicuous midrib; cross section of pyrene rounded triangular. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug.
Li (FRPS 43(3): 29. 1997) expressed doubt as to whether this species is wild or cultivated in China.
" 108361 general 32914 Buxaceae "Buxaceae.Shrubs, small trees, rarely subshrubs or perennial herbs, evergreen, monoecious or rarely dioecious. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate, margin entire or dentate, venation pinnate or triplinerved. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemose or densely spicate, bracteate. Flowers small, regular, unisexual. Male flowers: tepals 4-6 or rarely absent; stamens 4, 6-8, or numerous; central pistillode present or lacking. Female flowers: tepals 5 or 6 or several; carpels 2 or 3; ovary superior, 2- or 3-locular; styles 2 or 3, free, persistent; stigma broadly recurved; interstylar nectaries present or lacking; ovules 2 per locule, pendent, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellar; micropyle formed by inner integument or by both integuments. Fruit a loculicidal dry capsule or a fleshy berry. Seeds black, shining; endosperm fleshy; embryo erect; cotyledons thin or plump.
Four or five genera and ca. 70 species: Africa, America, Asia, Europe; three genera and 28 species (21 endemic) in China.
Based on recent molecular data, the South American genus Styloceras Kunth ex A. Jussieu is included within the Buxaceae, and the African Notobuxus Oliver is included within Buxus.
Cheng Mien. 1980. Buxaceae. In: Cheng Mien & Ming Tien lu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 45(1): 16-60.
Shrubs or small trees, 0.15-6 m tall, evergreen, monoecious. Young branches tetragonous. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, leathery or thinly leathery, often shining, margin entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemose, spicate, or converted into capitate cluster, bracteate; female flower solitary, apical, male flowers several, basal. Flowers small, unisexual. Male flowers: tepals 4; stamens 4; central pistillode present. Female flowers: tepals 5 or 6; carpels 3; ovary 3-locular; styles 3, free; stigma often decurrent; interstylar nectaries or nectariferous tissue present; ovules 2 per locule, pendent, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellar; micropyle formed by inner integument, rudimentary aril. Fruit a dry capsule, globose or ovoid, usually glabrous, loculicidal, splitting into 3 valves; styles persistent. Seeds 2 per locule, oblong; testa black, shining; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons oblong.
About 100 species: Africa, America, Asia, Europe; 17 species (15 endemic) in China.
The following taxa have been described or recorded from Taiwan but are not treated here because we were unable to examine any material:
Buxus liukiuensis (Makino) Makino (Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 179. 1902; B. sempervirens Linnaeus var. liukiuensis Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 9: 279. 1895; B. microphylla Siebold & Zuccarini var. liukiuensis (Makino) S. S. Ying). This taxon was recorded from Taiwan by Yang and Lu (Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 3: 666-668. 1993), who erroneously treated it as endemic (the type is from Ishigaki-jima, Ryukyu Islands, Japan) and included in its synonymy B. liukiuensis var. longipedicellata Hatusima (J. Dept. Agric. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 6: 293. 1942), which was described from "Syusyu Nanto" (Shuishe, Nantou), Taiwan.
Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zuccarini var. tarokoensis S. Y. Lu & Yuen P. Yang (Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 3: 668. 1993). This taxon was described from an elevation of 1800 m in the Taroko gorge, Hualian, Taiwan.
Fleshy perennials, shrubs, trees or vines, terrestrial or epiphytic. Stems jointed, terete, globose, flattened, or fluted, mostly leafless and variously spiny. Leaves alternate, flat or subulate to terete, vestigial, or entirely absent; spines, glochids (easily detached, small, bristlelike spines), and flowers always arising from cushionlike, axillary areoles (modified short shoots). Flowers solitary, sessile, rarely clustered and stalked (in Pereskia), bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic or occasionally zygomorphic. Receptacle tube (hypanthium or perianth tube) absent or short to elongate, naked or invested with leaflike bracts, scales, areoles, and hairs, bristles, or spines; perianth segments usually numerous, in a sepaloid to petaloid series. Stamens numerous, variously inserted in throat and tube; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary (pericarpel) inferior, rarely superior, 1-loculed, with 3 to many parietal (rarely basal) placentas; ovules usually numerous; style 1; stigmas 2 to numerous, papillate, rarely 2-fid. Fruit juicy or dry, naked, scaly, hairy, bristly, or spiny, indehiscent or dehiscent, when juicy then pulp derived from often deliquescent funicles (except in Pereskia). Seeds usually numerous, often arillate or strophiolate; embryo curved or rarely straight; endosperm present or absent; cotyledons reduced or vestigial, rarely leaflike.
About 110 genera and more than 1000 species: temperate and tropical America; Rhipsalis baccifera (J. S. Mueller) Stearn native in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Comoros, Mascarenes, and Sri Lanka; some species of other genera now extensively naturalized in the Old World through human agency; more than 60 genera and 600 species cultivated as ornamentals or hedges in China, of which four genera and seven species more or less naturalized.
Li Zhenyu. 1999. Cactaceae. In: Ku Tsuechih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 52(1): 272-285.
Cacti are poorly collected and recorded, particularly anywhere they are naturalized.
Shrubs or small trees. Stems fleshy, usually many branched, terete, club-shaped, subglobose, laterally compressed; areoles with glochids and usually 1 to many spines. Leaves conic to terete, usually small, caducous. Flowers solitary, lateral or subterminal, rarely terminal, sessile. Receptacle obovoid, truncate and depressed at apex. Perianth rotate, spreading, or erect, inserted at rim of receptacle tube; segments numerous, outer ones sepaloid, inner ones petaloid. Stamens inserted in perianth throat, sensitive (except in O. cochenillifera). Ovary (pericarpel) inferior; placentas parietal. Fruit fleshy or dry, globose or ovoid, umbilicate, with areoles, glochids, and sometimes spines. Seeds encased in a white, hard, rarely hairy aril.
About 90 species: Americas; at least 30 species cultivated in China, of which four naturalized in southern and southwestern areas.
" 109572 general 1121437 Cactaceae "Epiphyllum.Plants mostly epiphytic. Old stems woody at base, often terete; branches usually flattened and leaflike, or 3-winged, with stout midrib, margins crenate, coarsely serrate, or lacerate, sometimes horny. Areoles seated between crenations of stem margins, woolly when young, setose in juvenile growth. Leaves and spines absent. Flowers nocturnal, borne in lateral areoles, solitary, sessile, funnelform or salverform, usually large. Receptacle tube elongate, with scattered scales. Perianth spreading to rotate; segments usually linear-lanceolate. Petaloids white; outer ones often recurved, sometimes cream or pinkish. Stamens numerous; filaments inserted in receptacle tube and perianth throat; anthers exserted. Placentas parietal; style elongate; stigmas numerous, exserted, linear. Fruit green, red, or purplish, globose to cylindric, usually fleshy, with low ridges bearing scales, usually splitting along one side when ripe. Seeds numerous, ovate-reniform; testa glossy black, minutely wrinkled or spotted.
About 13 species: tropical America; four species cultivated in China as ornamentals, of which one species occasionally escaped from cultivation in tropical areas.
" 109888 general 1122607 Cactaceae "Hylocereus.Plants climbing, scrambling, or epiphytic. Stems branched, usually 3-winged or -angled, margins often horny, often producing numerous aerial roots. Areoles spaced far apart in notches along wings or angles. Spines short or rarely absent. Leaves absent. Flowers usually nocturnal, white or rarely red, funnelform, large. Receptacle tube usually elongate, stout, with broad, leaflike scales. Stamens numerous, inserted in receptacle tube and perianth throat, shorter than perianth. Placentas parietal; stigmas numerous, sometimes 2-fid or flabellate. Fruit globose, ellipsoid, or ovoid, large, fleshy, spineless, with broad scales. Seeds numerous, ovate-reniform; testa glossy black, smooth or minutely spotted.
About 15 species: from Mexico and the West Indies to South America; four species cultivated in China, of which one species naturalized in southern areas.
" 110525 general 1114743 Cactaceae "Pereskia.Shrubs or climbers, or trees to 20 m tall. Branches terete, slightly fleshy when young; areoles with spines; glochids absent. Leaves somewhat fleshy, sessile or petiolate, broad, flat, pinnately veined, estipulate. Flowers solitary, or in fasciculate, subcorymbose, racemose or paniculate inflorescences, stalked or sessile. Receptacle not produced into a tube beyond ovary, with numerous, ± leafy, often persistent scales. Perianth multiseriate; segments free, spreading or rotate, white to red, magenta or orange. Stamens numerous, inserted at base of perianth. Ovary (pericarpel) superior to inferior; placentas basal or parietal. Fruit globose, pear-shaped, or obovoid, fleshy, with or without scattered, leaflike scales. Seeds 2 to numerous; testa glossy black, brittle.
Seventeen species: tropical and subtropical America; five species cultivated as ornamentals in China, of which one species escaped from cultivation.
" 140121 general 1118016 Cactaceae "Hylocereus undatus.Plants clambering or sprawling. Stems deep green, 3-15 m. Joints 20-50 × 3-8(-12) cm, winged or angled, margins of wings or angles coarsely crenate, horny. Areoles 3-6 cm apart, 2-5 mm in diam. Spines 1-3(-6) per areole, spreading in various directions, gray-brown, conic to subulate, 2-5(-10) mm. Flowers 25-30 × 15-34 cm. Receptacle tube funnelform. Sepaloids with greenish midrib and mostly white margin, lanceolate-linear to linear, 10-15 × 1-1.5 cm, margin entire, apex acuminate, reflexed. Petaloids erect to spreading, white, narrowly oblanceolate, margin entire or erose. Filaments cream, 5-7.5 cm; anthers linear, ca. 4.5 mm. Style cream, 14-20 cm, stout; stigmas 20-24, exserted, 2-2.3 mm, slender. Fruit red, globose to ellipsoid, 7-12.5 × 6-12 cm, with numerous triangular scales, umbilicus small; pulp white. Seeds obovate, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Fl. July-Dec.
This species was first introduced to China in 1645. It is usually cultivated as a hedge, or for its edible fruit. The flower is often eaten in a vegetable soup in S Guangdong.
" 108364 general 32926 Calycanthaceae "Calycanthaceae.Shrubs or small trees, deciduous or evergreen. Branchlets dichotomous, quadrangular to subterete, with oil cells; buds covered with scales or naked and hidden [or not hidden] by base of petiole. Stipules absent. Leaves opposite, simple, petiolate; leaf blade pinnately veined, margin entire or subentire. Flowers bisexual, axillary or terminal on branchlets, usually solitary, radially symmetric, usually fragrant, generally appearing before leaves for deciduous taxa, undifferentiated into calyx and corolla but sometimes tepals of more than one form. Pedicel short. Tepals 15-27[-30], yellow, yellowish white, or white flushed pink [or brownish red], spirally arranged on outer surface of a cup-shaped or urceolate receptacle, shape variable, outer usually bractlike, inner petaloid. Stamens numerous, spirally inserted on apical surface of receptacle, in 2 series, outer series fertile, inner series aborted; fertile stamens spirally arranged; filaments short and free; anthers 2-locular, incumbent against connective, extrorse, dehiscing lengthwise by slits; connective exserted, apex apiculate; staminodes linear, linear-lanceolate, or oblong, pubescent or puberulous. Carpels few to numerous, distinct, spirally arranged on basal inner surfaces of hollow cuplike receptacle, 1-loculed; ovules 2 per carpel but usually 1 abortive, anatropous; styles filamentous and extended. Pseudocarp polygynaecial, fleshy when young but becoming dry and sometimes woody, composed of achenes contained within an expanded torus, apex with appendages from persistent staminodes. Achenes 1-seeded; endosperm little or absent; embryo large; cotyledons convolute, foliose.
Two genera and nine species: E Asia and North America; two genera (one endemic) and seven species (all endemic) in China.
Sometimes the monotypic genus Idiospermum Blake, endemic to Queensland, Australia, is included in Calycanthaceae (see S. L. Zhou et al., Molec. Phylogenetic. Evol. 39: 1-15. 2006).
Li Ping-t’ao. 1979. Calycanthaceae. In: Tsiang Ying & Li Ping-t’ao, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(2): 1-10.
Shrubs, deciduous, aromatic. Branchlets dichotomous; buds naked, hidden [or not hidden] by base of petiole. Leaf blade membranous. Flowers terminal on branchlets, solitary, not aromatic, distinctly pedicellate. Tepals numerous, distinctly dimorphic [or not]. Stamens numerous; filaments short; staminodes few. Carpels numerous, with silky hairs. Pseudocarp campanulate, base with an attenuate long stalk, apex constricted. Achenes oblong.
Three species: China, North America; one species (endemic) in China.
The North American taxa Calycanthus floridus Linnaeus var. floridus, C. floridus var. glaucus (Willdenow) Torrey & A. Gray (C. floridus var. laevigatus (Willdenow) Torrey & A. Gray), and C. occidentalis Hooker & Arnott are sometimes cultivated as garden plants in China.
" 114638 general 1110789 Calycanthaceae "Chimonanthus praecox.Shrubs or small trees, 3-13 m tall, deciduous or sometimes with persistent leaves. Branchlets grayish brown, quadrangular when young but becoming subterete, glabrous or slightly puberulent, lenticellate; buds usually axillary on branches of previous year; bud scales subcircular, imbricate, outside pubescent. Petiole 0.3-1.8 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, broadly elliptic, ovate-elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or sometimes oblong-lanceolate, 5-29 × 2-12 cm, papery to subleathery, abaxially glabrous except for occasional scattered trichomes on veins, adaxially roughly scabrous, secondary veins 4-6 on each side of midvein, base cuneate to rounded, apex acute, acuminate, or sometimes caudate. Flowers on branches of previous year, solitary or paired, appearing generally before leaves, 1.5-4 cm in diam., sweetly fragrant. Pedicel 2-8 mm. Tepals 15-21, yellow but inner ones usually with purplish red pigment, 0.5-2 × 0.5-1.5 cm; outer tepals orbicular to obovate, puberulent, apex truncate or rounded; median tepals elliptic to oblong-elliptic, glabrous or sometimes margin ciliate, apex rounded to acute; inner tepals orbicular to oblong, glabrous or sometimes margin ciliate, base distinctly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 5-8, 2.5-4 mm; filaments broad, longer, equal, or rarely shorter than anthers, basally pubescent or glabrous; anthers glabrous; connective puberulous or glabrous, apex acute; staminodes 2-15, subulate to linear-lanceolate, 2-3 mm, pubescent. Carpels 5-15, hirtellous at base; style ca. 3 × as long as ovary, pubescent at base. Pseudocarp urceolate, ovoid-ellipsoid, or obovoid-ellipsoid, 2-6 × 1-2.5 cm, subwoody, apex constricted, apical appendages 9 or 10, tapered lanceolate, with trichomes. Achenes 3-11, brown, ellipsoid to reniform, 15-16.5 × 5-5.6 mm, pubescent at base. Fl. Oct-Mar, fr. Apr-Nov. 2n = 22*.
This species is cultivated throughout most of China as well as in other temperate areas of the world as a decorative plant, particularly for its sweetly fragrant flowers. The leaves, roots, flowers, and seeds are used medicinally.
Because of its extensive and long cultivation in China, some of the reported distribution is uncertain as to it actually being native.
Plants annual, prostrate. Stems longitudinally 3-winged. Leaves alternate. Flowers 1-3 on extremely short branches, sessile or shortly pedicellate. Calyx epigynous, 5-lobed, lobes dentate. Corolla epigynous, tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, free from corolla and free from each other; filaments slightly dilated and sparsely ciliate at base. Ovary inferior, 3-locular; stigma 3-fid; lobes linear, recurved. Fruit dry, irregularly dehiscent or irregularly poricidal in lower part. Seeds ellipsoid, not angular, shallowly reticulate.
Two species: Bhutan, China; two species (one endemic) in China.
These species have been included in Heterocodon Nuttall, but their flowers are on short branches, not solitary and opposite to leaves on main stems; and their seeds are terete and reticulate, not angular and smooth.
" 136202 general 1099478 Campanulaceae "Lobelia fangiana.Herbs, perennial, up to 1.5 m tall, simple. Stems erect, terete, sparsely to densely puberulent toward apex. Leaves sessile; blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, narrowly oblong, or lanceolate, 5.5-16 × 1.2-3 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, margin glandular-serrulate or -crenulate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary in axils of little-reduced or unreduced leaves, and uppermost 10-25 often aggregated into a terminal raceme; pedicels 12-38 mm, densely puberulent. Hypanthium obconic or campanulate, 3-5(-7) mm, puberulent on veins or sometimes glabrous; calyx lobes erect, narrowly triangular or triangular, 3-7 mm, glabrous, margin entire or with 1-3 teeth per side. Corolla red-purple or greenish with lip purple spotted, 18-23 mm, both sides sparsely pubescent; dorsal lobes linear or linear-triangular; ventral lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Filament tube glabrous, ca. 2 × as long as anther tube; anther tube gray, 5-6 mm, glabrous; ventral anthers barbate at apex with white hairs ca. 1 mm or smaller. Berry dry, globose or obovoid, 7-17 mm. Seeds amber-colored, dull, broadly ellipsoid, 0.6-0.7 × 0.3-0.4 mm, subterete. Fl. and fr. Aug-Sep.
" 110627 general 1099918 Campanulaceae "Platycodon.Herbs, perennial. Taproot thickened, carrotlike. Stems erect. Leaves cauline, 3- or 4-verticillate, opposite, or alternate, sessile or shortly petiolate. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, pedicellate. Calyx lobes 5, shorter than hypanthium. Corolla bowl-shaped; lobes 5, shorter than or equaling tube. Stamens 5, free; filaments dilated into a triangular base, dilated part ciliate; anthers longer than filaments. Disk absent. Ovary semi-inferior, 5-locular, locules opposite calyx lobes; stigma 5-fid. Capsule 5-loculicidal at apex, valves with septa, opposite to calyx lobes. Seeds numerous, black or dark brown, large, terete, ellipsoid or oblong, longitudinally keeled.
One species: E Asia; widely cultivated elsewhere.
" 124221 general 1107161 Campanulaceae "Codonopsis convolvulacea.Roots tuberous, ovoid-globose or ovoid, 2.5-5 × 1-1.5 cm. Stems twining, usually with a few branches, up to more than 1 m, glabrous. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, evenly distributed along stems; petiole absent or to 22 mm; blade linear-lanceolate to ovate or deltoid, 2-10 × 0.4-3.5 cm, base cuneate, rounded, truncate, or cordate, margin entire, subentire, sinuous-crenate, or serrate, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 2-12 cm, glabrous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to top, obconical, 3-7 × 4-10 mm, glabrous, 10-ribbed; lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 4-11 × 1-5 mm, glabrous, margin entire, apex acuminate or acute; sinus between lobes narrow, pointed or slightly obtuse. Corolla pale blue or blue-purple, rotate, 5-fid to near base; lobes elliptic, 1-3.5 × 0.6-1.2 cm, apex acute. Filaments slightly dilated and ciliate at base, 1-3 mm; anthers 4-5 mm. Superior part of capsule broadly conical, valves ca. 4 mm; inferior part obconical, 10-16 × ca. 8 mm. Seeds numerous, brown-yellow, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, wingless. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.
Two of us (Lammers and Klein) do not agree with the broad treatment of Codonopsis convolvulacea adopted here, i.e., with C. forrestii, C. grey-wilsonii, and C. vinciflora treated as subspecies of C. convolvulacea, with C. limprichtii, C. efilamentosa, and C. mairei included in the synonymy of C. convolvulacea subsp. forrestii, and with C. limprichtii var. pinifolia included in the synonymy of C. graminifolia. Instead, based on our analysis of herbarium material including types, we recognize seven morphologically discrete entities. The nature of the differences distinguishing them suggests each is reproductively isolated from the others and so we treat them as species: C. convolvulacea (including C. forrestii var. heterophylla), C. efilamentosa, C. forrestii (including C. forrestii var. hirsuta), C. grey-wilsonii, C. limprichtii (including C. graminifolia and C. limprichtii var. pinifolia), C. mairei (including C. retroserrata), and C. vinciflora. We also recognize an eighth species, C. macrophylla Lammers & L. L. Klein, known only in cultivation but believed to be from Xizang. See Lammers and Klein (Bot. Stud. (Taipei) 51: 553-561. 2010). However, one of us (Hong) notes that the taxonomy of this complex has been extremely controversial in the past, with several different classifications having been proposed. Based on critical examination of all available specimens in BM, E, K, KUN, and PE and recent field observations in S and SE Xizang and NW Yunnan, the C. convolvulacea complex is found to be extremely variable, particularly in the length of the petioles and in the shape, texture, and margin of the leaf blades. Some characters, e.g., shape of leaf blade, are merely a polymorphism within populations, and the characters distinguishing C. convolvulacea, C. forrestii, C. grey-wilsonii, and C. vinciflora are variable within geographic regions but are not distinct.
" 166220 ecology 1101355 Campanulaceae "Cephalostigma perrottetii. A weed of cultivation and in sandy places." 166234 ecology 1101373 Campanulaceae "Wahlenbergia riparia. ""In cultivated, moist ground and beside rivers in savanna.""" 113132 general 1097040 Cannabaceae "Humulus lupulus.Plants perennial. Petiole usually shorter than leaf blade; leaf blade 3-5(-7)-lobed, sometimes simple, 4-11 × 4-8 cm, abaxially glabrous or with scattered soft pubescence but without rigid spinulose hairs on veins, adaxially with few or no cystolith hairs marginally when young, base cordate, margin coarsely serrate, apex acute. Female flowers 2 per bract at least in middle of inflorescence; bracts imbricated into a globose spike. Infructescences globose, 3-4 cm in diam.; bracts ovoid, 1.5-2 cm, dry, membranous, apex acute. Achenes flat, included in bracts. Fl. autumn.
A number of different varieties is usually recognized (Small, Syst. Bot. 3: 37–76. 1978), with the populations in China represented by at least both H. lupulus var. lupulus, a predominantly European to C and SW Asian variety, and var. cordifolius (Miquel) Maximowicz, a predominantly Japanese variety. In addition, the populations in S Gansu and N Sichuan may possibly be another, distinct variety. Further study is needed to sort out the pattern of varietal occurrence in China, which is complicated by the introduction and escape of cultivated var. lupulus for commercial production of hops for beer.
This species is cultivated throughout China, especially in E Shandong (Qingdao) and Xinjiang. The flowers and infructescences are important ingredients for beer making. The female flowers and bracts are used medicinally.
Herbs, annual or perennial, erect or twining, dioecious or sometimes monoecious, often with cystoliths (a hard calcium carbonate structure at base of a hair). Stems furrowed or winged. Stipules free. Leaves alternate or opposite, palmately lobed or compound, sometimes simple. Male inflorescences a bracteate cymose panicle. Male flowers: pedicellate; sepals 5, free; petals absent; stamens 5, opposite sepals; filaments short; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscent by longitudinal slits. Female inflorescences a bracteate spicate cyme much reduced in Cannabis, pendent or erect. Female flowers: sessile; calyx appressed to ovary, membranous; petals absent; ovary 1-loculed; ovule solitary, pendulous from locule apex; style 2-parted, branches filiform. Fruit an achene, covered by persistent calyx; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved or spirally involute.
Two genera and four species: N Africa, Asia, Europe, North America; two genera and four species (one endemic) in China.
Because all the Chinese species in this family are cultivated and are often found naturalized in disturbed habitats, it is difficult to know the true wild distributions.
Cannabaceae has sometimes been included in Moraceae or Urticaceae but is now usually recognized as a distinct family. The subfamily Celtidoideae of Ulmaceae could possibly be included within Cannabaceae (see the discussion after the Ulmaceae family description).
Herbs, annual, erect, dioecious or sometimes monoecious. Stems furrowed. Leaves alternate or opposite basally on stem, palmately compound, basally with 5-11 leaflets, apically with 1-3 leaflets; leaflet margin serrate. Male inflorescences axillary or terminal, a lax panicle. Male flowers: sepals imbricate; filaments straight in bud; rudimentary pistil small. Female inflorescences axillary, in a rosette. Female flowers: bracteoles leaflike; calyx rudimentary, membranous, appressed to ovary; styles 2, linear, caducous. Achene solitary, surrounded by persistent calyx, enclosed by bracts; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved; cotyledon fleshy.
One or two species: originally from Asia, but now widely cultivated elsewhere; one species in China.
" 113109 general 1097218 Cannabaceae "Cannabis sativa.Plants 1-3 m tall. Branchlets densely white pubescent. Stipules linear. Leaves alternate; petiole 2-7 cm; leaf blade abaxially whitish green, strigose, and with scattered brownish resinous dots, adaxially dark green and with cystolith hairs; leaflets usually lanceolate to linear, (3-)7-15 × (0.2-)0.5-1.5(-2) cm with longest in middle, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Male inflorescences ca. 25 cm. Male flowers: yellowish green, nodding; pedicel 2-4 mm, thin; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm, membranous, with sparse prostrate hairs; petals absent; filament 0.5-1 mm; anthers oblong. Female inflorescences crowded in apical leaf axils among leaflike bracts and bracteoles. Female flowers: green, sessile; calyx sparsely pubescent; ovary globose, ± enclosed by appressed calyx, surrounded closely by bract and bracteoles. Persistent bracts yellow. Achene flattened ovoid, 2-5 mm; pericarp crustaceous, finely reticulate. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul.
Cannabis sativa is probably originally native to Central Asia, but its long cultivation makes it difficult to know its exact original distribution. This long cultivation and human selection for different desirable characteristics has resulted in considerable variation, but separation of it into either several species or the recognition of several varieties is probably not justified beyond the level of cultivated forms. Cannabis ruderalis Janischewsky, from Russia, is considered by some to be a distinct species from C. sativa.
The long, strong fibers are used in the paper-making industry and for weaving cloth, the seeds are a source of oil, the leaves, flowers, and fruit are used medicinally, and the female inflorescences (particularly the glandular leafy bracts and bracteoles) are used as a drug.
Rhizome developed, much branched. Stems stout, to 2.5 m. Leaf sheath green or purple; petiole short; leaf blade adaxially green, abaxially and at margin green or purple, ovate-oblong to oblong, 30--60 × 10--20 cm. Inflorescence a raceme of cincinni. Bracts light purple, ovate, ca. 8 mm. Flowers 1 or 2 per cincinnus. Sepals pale purplish green, lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla tube apricot yellow, ca. 1.5 cm; lobes erect, red to apricot yellow with purplish apex, lanceolate, ca. 4 cm. Staminodes 2(or 3), erect, red with apricot yellow base, oblanceolate, 4--5.5 cm × 7--10 mm, 1 with apex emarginate; labellum red, sometimes with yellow spots, lanceolate, ca. 4.5 cm, margin revolute, apex emarginate; fertile stamen with filament reddish apricot yellow, lanceolate, ca. 4.2 cm; anther ca. 9 mm. Ovary green, globose, ca. 6 mm in diam., warty. Style red to apricot yellow, narrow, ca. 6 cm, base adnate to staminode column. Capsule broadly ovoid, 1.2--1.8 cm. Fr. Sep--Oct. 2 n = 18.
Cultivated for its starch and as an ornamental.
" 109046 general 1095010 Capparaceae "Capparis.Shrubs, small trees, or vines, evergreen, erect, climbing, or sometimes prostrate. New branches often with branched or simple trichomes, glabrescent or sometimes with persistent trichomes; branchlet base sometimes with subulate scales (cataphylls). Stipular spines straight or curved, sometimes absent. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged or distichous [or secund], simple, petiolate or sometimes subsessile; leaf blade herbaceous to leathery, margin entire. Inflorescences superaxillary, axillary, or terminal, racemes, corymbs, umbels, or panicles, sometimes reduced to a single flower but usually 2-10-flowered; bract usually present at base of pedicels but often caducous. Sepals 4, in 2 whorls; sepals of outer whorl often thick, often inwardly concave or becoming navicular, covering other flower parts, sometimes basal one becoming saccate; sepals of inner whorl often thin, ± equal. Petals 4, imbricate, often 2 pairs roughly similar; anterior pair of petals distinct, clawless or sometimes clawed; posterior pair of petals with lateral margins adhering, base asymmetric, margin revolute or rarely inner lateral margin involute from base to near middle, base fully covering disk; petals sometimes all 4 ± equal, distinct. Stamens 7-120. Gynophore ± as long as filaments, scarcely lengthening in fruit but often becoming thicker, sclerified; ovary 1-loculed; placentae 2-6(-8); ovules few to many; style short or obsolete; stigma sessile. Fruit baccate, globose or ellipsoid, often with different color when mature or dry, usually not dehiscent. Seeds 1 to numerous per fruit, reniform to nearly polygonal; embryo bent.
Between 250 and 400 species: mostly in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide but some in temperate regions; 37 species (ten endemic) in China.
" 109301 general 1096367 Capparaceae "Crateva.Trees or sometimes shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, glabrous throughout. Twigs terete or angular, with lenticels, with pith or hollow. Stipules triangular, small, caducous. Leaves alternate, palmately compound; petiole long, distal portion near rachis often with glands; leaflets 3, disarticulating from petiole; petiolules short, thin when young, becoming thick in maturity; lateral leaflet blades with asymmetric base. Inflorescences at tip of new branches, corymbose racemes; rachis either with arrested growth after anthesis or growing through a leafy twig, often with obvious scars after pedicels fall; bract at base of pedicels, caducous. Flowers bisexual or unisexual by failure of one sex to develop. Pedicel long. Receptacle disklike, inner surface concave, with nectary, with sepal and petals on margin. Sepals 4, greenish, equal, obviously smaller than petals, deciduous. Petals 4, white, cream-colored, or yellow, equal, clawed, blade ovate to rhomboid with 4-6 secondary veins on each side of midvein. Stamens (8-)12-50; filaments basally connate to form a 1-4 mm androgynophore. Gynophore 2-8 cm but degenerated in staminate flower; ovary 1-locular, placentae 2, ovules many; style short or absent; stigma inconspicuous, knob-shaped. Fruit a berry, globose or ellipsoid, drooping; pericarp drying to gray, red, purple, or brown, leathery, firm, apically smooth or papillate; fruiting pedicel, receptacle, and gynophore woody and thickened. Seeds 25-50 per berry, embedded in creamy fetid or pungent mesocarp; seed coat smooth; cotyledons convolute, one longer and curved around other; radicle conical, short.
About eight species: worldwide in tropics and subtropics extending north to S Japan in Asia and south to N Argentina in America; five species in China.
Jacobs (Blumea 12: 206. 1964) treated Crateva falcata (Loureiro) Candolle (Prodr. 1: 243. 1824; Capparis falcata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 331. 1790) as a doubtful species, as did FRPS (32: 490. 1999). Jacobs considered that the name applied to either C. formosensis or C. trifoliata. The fact that it was cultivated ("Habitat prope Cantonem Sinarum, inculta") suggests C. religiosa. However, Loureiro’s mention of falcate leaflets and red fruit would seem to preclude this. Jacobs could not locate a type. If a type could be found and clearly identified as either C. formosensis or C. trifoliata, then the name C. falcata would have priority in both cases. In the absence of a type and clear application of the name, it seems best to follow Jacobs and FRPS in treating C. falcata as a name of uncertain application.
" 65607 general 1094834 Caprifoliaceae "Triosteum. ""Cor tubular-campanulate, gibbous at the base, unequally 5-lobed; sep 5, linear, elongate; stamens 5, the linear anthers included, on very short filaments; ovary 4-locular, one locule empty, the others with each a single ovule; style slender; stigma ± capitate; fr a yellow, red or greenish dry drupe with 3 oblong stones, crowned by the persistent sep; coarse, erect, hairy perennial herbs with large lvs connate or united by a ridge around the stem, and greenish-yellow to dull red fls solitary or in small clusters in the axils. 10, N. Amer. and e. Asia.""" 65611 general 1091391 Caprifoliaceae "Valerianella. ""Cal minute or obsolete; cor funnelform, narrowly campanulate, or tubular, the 5 lobes subequal; stamens 3; stamens and style exsert; fr dry, 3- locular, the one locule fertile and 1-seeded, the other 2 empty; dichotomously forked, annual or biennial herbs with simple, mostly sessile lvs, the lower often connate; fls in cymose glomerules ending the branches. Our spp. much alike in aspect and habitat. 60, N. Hemisphere.""" 66171 general 1094826 Caprifoliaceae "Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. ""Branching shrub to 1.5 m, the slender purplish stems hairy above; lvs oval or ovate, 2–4 cm, obtuse or rounded at both ends, hairy beneath; fls in dense clusters from the uppermost axils, sessile or nearly so; cor 2–4 mm, the lobes half as long as the tube; anthers and villous style included; fr red, persistent, 5–7 mm; 2n=18. Dry or rocky soil and margins of woods; Conn. to N.C. and La., w. to Mich. and Colo. June–Aug. (S. symphoricarpos)""" 66172 general 1094825 Caprifoliaceae "Symphoricarpos occidentalis. ""Shrub to 1 m, colonial by roots, the younger parts finely hairy; lvs ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.5–8 cm, often coarsely crenate; fls sessile in short dense spikes terminal and in the upper axils; cor 5–8 mm, the lobes somewhat arcuate-spreading, about equaling the tube; anthers 1.5–2 mm, shorter than the filaments; style 4–7 mm, long-hairy near the middle, seldom glabrous; fr 6–9 mm, white; 2n=36. Dry prairies and moist low ground; Mich. to nw. Mo., w. to B.C. and Colo. June–Aug.""" 67343 general 1093287 Caprifoliaceae "Diervilla lonicera. ""Shrub to 12 dm; twigs terete; petioles 3–10 mm; lvs oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 8–15 cm, acuminate, serrulate, ciliate-margined, sometimes also hairy beneath; peduncles 3–7-fld; cal-lobes 4–5 mm; cor 12–20 mm, yellow, turning reddish, hairy within; fr slender, beaked, 8–15 mm, tardily dehiscent; 2n=36. Dry or rocky soil; Nf. to Sask., s. to N.C., Tenn., Ind. and Io. June, July. (D. diervilla)""" 68068 general 1090441 Caprifoliaceae "Linnaea borealis. ""Stems trailing and creeping, emitting numerous short, suberect, leafy branches to 10 cm, these with a slender terminal peduncle to 10 cm; lvs firm, short-petioled, broadly oval to obovate, 1–2 cm; fls nodding; cor pink to white, 10–15 mm, shallowly 5-lobed, flaring from near the top of the cal, hairy inside; 2n=32. Moist or dry woods and cold bogs; circumpolar, s. in Amer. to N.J., W.Va., n. Ind., Minn., and Calif. June–Aug. Our plants are var. longiflora Torr. (L. americana)""" 69313 general 1090442 Caprifoliaceae "Linnaea. ""Cor funnelform to campanulate, regular or nearly so, 5-lobed; cal 5-lobed; stamens 4, paired, included, inserted near the base of the cor-tube; ovary 3-locular, two locules each with several abortive ovules, the third with a single functional ovule; style slender, exserted; stigma capitate; fr small, dry, indehiscent, unequally 3-locular, 1-seeded; trailing, barely woody evergreen with erect, few-lvd branches bearing a terminal 2-fld peduncle. Monospecific.""" 69852 general 1090780 Caprifoliaceae "Symphoricarpos albus. ""Shrub to 1 m, the younger parts finely hairy or glabrous; lvs ovate or oval, usually hairy beneath, mostly 2–3 cm; fls in pairs on short pedicels or in few-fld, interrupted spikes; cor 5–8 mm, ventricose, the lobes equaling or merely half as long as the tube; anthers 1–1.5 mm, nearly or fully as long as the filaments; style glabrous, 2–3 mm; fr 6–10 mm, white; 2n=36, 54. Our native plants, as here described, are var. albus. The var. laevigatus (Fernald) S. F. Blake, of the Pacific slope, mostly 1–2 m, with the fr mostly 1–1.5 cm, and with the lvs usually glabrous beneath, often escapes from cult. Dry or rocky soil; Que. to s. Alas., s. to Va., Mich., Minn., and Calif. May–July. (S. racemosus)""" 123918 general 1094895 Caprifoliaceae "Triosteum sinuatum.Herbs, perennial, to 90 cm tall, unbranched, densely hirsute and glandular hairy. Leaf blade orbicular-ovate or oblong, ca. 14 × 7 cm, lower third abruptly narrowed, sparsely to densely hirsute, ciliate and glandular on veins and margin, base amplexicaul to perfoliate, margin entire to sinuous or shallowly lobed, apex acuminate. Inflorescence of 2 or 3 6-flowered whorls, at apex of stem. Sepals lanceolate, 6-10 mm, subequaling ovary, outside densely glandular hairy. Corolla ca. 1 cm; lobes purple-brown with paler flecks; tube yellow-green with a shallow spur at base; spur pointing outward, not reaching apex of ovary. Stamens: 2 longer, other 3 subequal in length; anthers narrowly elliptic. Style filiform; stigmas exserted. Drupe sessile, greenish, dry, pyriform with persistent calyx, 1-1.5 cm in diam., densely glandular hairy. Pyrenes 3, with 5 or 6 prominent ribs. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 18.
" 108597 general 1092603 Caprifoliaceae "Abelia.Shrubs, deciduous or semi-evergreen. Winter buds exposed, ovoid-orbicular, small, with several pairs of scales. Leaves opposite, rarely 3- or 4-whorled, shortly petiolate with an interpetiolar line, estipulate. Leaf margin entire to dentate or crenate-serrate. Flowers axillary, paniculate, single or paired (flowers opening consecutively); paired flowers with 6 bracts (Abelia chinensis), single flowers with 4 bracts (A. uniflora and A. forrestii) at base of ovaries; bracts small and not accrescent. Sepals 2-5, spreading, narrowly oblong, elliptic, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, funnelform or bilabiate, white, yellow, pink, or red. Corolla tube gibbous ventrally at base containing a nectary of dense glandular hairs (nectaria trichomalia). Stamens didynamous, adnate to corolla tube, included or exserted; anthers introrse. Ovary narrowly oblong, 3-locular, 2 locules with 2 series of sterile ovules, 1 locule with a single fertile ovule; style filiform; stigmas capitate, white and papillose. Fruit an oblong, leathery achene, crowned with persistent sepals. Seed subterete, testa membranous; endosperm fleshy.
Five species (including one cultivated hybrid): China, Japan; five species (three endemic, one cultivated hybrid) in China.
Species Complex3-4. Abelia uniflora species complexShrubs deciduous, to 4 m tall. Branches pubescent, occasionally glabrous. Leaves highly variable in shape and size, ovate, orbicular, or lanceolate, 1-8 × 0.5-3.5 cm, abaxially densely white pubescent at base of midvein and lateral veins, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base cuneate, margin subentire or remotely serrate, apex obtuse to acuminate. Flowers single and axillary, sometimes slightly paniculate. Calyx of 2 oblong to elliptic sepals, 10-15 mm, ca. 1/3 as long as corolla tube. Corolla white to purplish pink, bilabiate, 25-50 mm, gibbous at base of tube, 5-lobed, outside pubescent, inside villous on lip; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, bearded and with reticulate orange markings. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments partially adnate to corolla tube. Ovary pubescent, with 4 ovate to lanceolate bracts at base; style ca. as long as corolla tube; stigmas capitate. Achene 6-15 mm, pubescent, crowned with 2 persistent and slightly enlarged sepals. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Oct.
● Thickets, forests; 200-2000 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.This species shows variation in leaf and sepal shape, ovary length, and corolla size. In the past, many species have been recognized as separate. A specimen collected in Guizhou (Simmons et al. 288) has been identified to show introgression from Abelia chinensis. This phenomenon, as well as possible polyploidy, renders the infraspecific classification of A. uniflora very unreliable.
" 110087 general 1090625 Caprifoliaceae "Lonicera.Shrubs erect or dwarf, rarely small trees, sometimes climbers, deciduous or evergreen. Branches hollow or solid with white or brown pith; winter buds with 1 to several pairs of scales, rounded or acutely 4-angular, inner scales sometimes accrescent and reflexed. Accessory buds sometimes present, occasionally terminal buds reduced and substituted by 2 lateral buds. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, margin entire, rarely dentate or divided; leaves usually estipulate, occasionally with interpetiolar stipules or a swollen interpetiolar line; sometimes 1 or 2 pairs of leaves below inflorescence connate and forming involucral bracts. Inflorescence thyrsoid, terminal or axillary, cymes opposite and usually reduced to paired flowers, rarely 1-, sometimes 3-flowered. Inflorescence occasionally pedunculate; cymes sessile, sometimes forming a capitulum, or cymes pedunculate with a pair of bracts and 2 pairs of bracteoles; bracts usually small, sometimes leaflike; bracteoles usually free, sometimes ± fused and cupular occasionally enclosing ovaries, sometimes absent. Paired flowers with free or partially to completely fused ovaries. Calyx 5-lobed, rarely 4-lobed, sometimes truncate, base occasionally with a collarlike emergence. Corolla white, yellow, reddish, or purple-red, often changing color after anthesis, campanulate, funnelform, regularly or subregularly 5(or 4)-lobed, or bilabiate and upper lip 4-lobed; tube long or short, often shallowly to deeply gibbous on ventral side toward base, rarely spurred. Nectary of compact sessile glandular hairs on ventral side toward base of corolla tube, occasionally in 5 regular lines, rarely swollen at base of style. Stamens 5; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2 or 3(-5)-locular; style slender, hairy or glabrous; stigmas capitate. Fruit a berry, red, blue-black, black, green, or white sometimes pruinose, bracteoles occasionally accrescent in fruit and enclosing paired berries. Seeds 1 to numerous, smooth, pitted or granular, with rounded embryo.
About 180 species: N Africa, Asia, Europe, North America; 57 species (23 endemic) in China.
See Rehder, Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 14: 27-232, t. 1-20. 1903.
The identities of Lonicera confusa var. glabrocalyx Miau & X. J. Liu (Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 28(4): 78. 1989), L. fengkaiensis Miau & X. J. Liu (Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 28(4): 78. 1989), L. stenantha Pojarkova var. angustifolia C. Y. Yang & J. H. Fan (J. Aug. 1st Agric. Coll. 18(2): 7. 1995), and L. subrotundata C. Y. Yang & J. H. Fan (J. Aug. 1st Agric. Coll. 18(2): 8. 1995) cannot be determined because of the unavailability of the type specimens for examination or the original publications. One North American species, L. sempervirens Linnaeus, is occasionally cultivated.
Shrubs, deciduous, to 1-4 m tall. Branches with solid pith. Winter buds with 2-4 pairs of scales. Petiole 1-5 mm; leaf blade obovate to lanceolate, 0.5-8.5 × 0.2-2.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous or pubescent, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences axillary, paired flowers; peduncle usually nodding, 0-3 cm, slender, glabrous, rarely pubescent; bracts narrow, sometimes leaflike, usually exceeding or rarely shorter than ovaries; bracteoles sometimes present, separate or fused, minute to 1/4 as long as ovaries, often ciliate. Neighboring 2 ovaries fused completely or at least to middle, elliptic or oblong, ca. 2 mm, glabrous or occasionally pubescent. Calyx cupular, to 2 mm, truncate or with ovate to triangular lobes, glabrous to pubescent, sometimes ciliate. Corolla white, yellow, or pink, sometimes tinged purple, tubular-funnelform, 8-13 mm; tube glabrous, occasionally with sparse stiff hairs, nectary swollen or gibbous on ventral side at base of corolla tube, sometimes forming a spur shorter than ovaries; lobes suberect, or
" 123845 general 1092613 Caprifoliaceae "Abelia chinensis.Shrubs, deciduous to semi-evergreen, to 2 m tall, highly branched. Young branches slender and pubescent. Leaves opposite, sometimes in whorls of 3; leaf blade ovate, 2-5 × 1-3.5 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent, densely white villous at base of midvein and lateral veins, base rounded or cordate, margin remotely crenate-serrate, apex acute to long acuminate. Inflorescence a large terminal panicle of paired flowers (flowers opening consecutively). Flowers fragrant, with 6 oblong or lanceolate bracts at base of paired ovaries. Calyx of 5 sepals, elliptic, 5-6 mm, turning red at fruiting stage. Corolla 5-lobed, white to pink, funnelform, 10-12 mm, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, outside pubescent and gibbous at base of tube. Stamens and style long exserted; filaments slender, equal in length, inserted at base of corolla tube. Ovary cylindric, slightly compressed, pubescent, longitudinally striate; stigmas capitate. Achene crowned with persistent and slightly enlarged sepals. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Oct-Nov. 2n = 32.
This species is commonly cultivated in China.
" 123850 general 1093745 Caprifoliaceae "Kolkwitzia amabilis.Shrubs, erect, to 3 m tall. Branchlets hirsute, becoming glabrous. Petiole 1-2 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 3-8 × 1.5-2.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely pubescent, densely spreading pubescent and ciliate on veins and margin, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin entire, rarely shallowly dentate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate; flowers single or paired (flowers opening consecutively) in same inflorescence; peduncle 10-15 mm; bracts lanceolate, tightly adnate to base of ovary. Sepals 5, lanceolate, to 5 mm, pubescent. Corolla whitish, tinged pink, 15-25 mm, outside pubescent, base very narrow, abruptly enlarged above middle; lower lip 3-lobed, bearded, with orange reticulate markings; upper lip 2-lobed. Ovary bottle-shaped with a long neck; style pubescent; stigmas capitate, inserted. Achenes embedded in spongy, woody, and bristly bracts, apex elongated, crowned with persistent, non-accrescent sepals. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 32*.
This species is rare in the wild but widely cultivated.
" 123895 general 1090876 Caprifoliaceae "Lonicera ruprechtiana.Shrubs, deciduous, to 3 m tall. Winter buds with several pairs of ovate and acute scales; inner scales often accrescent. Branches with pith becoming brown and later hollow. Branches and petioles tomentose-pubescent to sparsely pubescent, minutely yellow-brown glandular hairy, or subglabrous; petiole 3-8 mm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-8 × 0.7-2.5 cm, abaxially densely strigose to villous or sparsely pubescent, adaxially sparsely pubescent or subglabrous, base rounded to cuneate, margin sometimes dentate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences axillary paired flowers; peduncle 10-16 mm, sparsely pubescent to tomentose and minutely glandular hairy; bracts linear, 1-8 mm, pubescent and glandular ciliate; bracteoles free in 2 pairs, orbicular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 1 mm. Neighboring 2 ovaries free. Calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm. Corolla bilabiate, white, later yellow, 12-16 mm, outside glabrous; tube short, 4-5 mm, inside densely pubescent, deeply gibbous toward base; upper lip 4-lobed; 2 lateral lobes of upper lip usually lobed 1/2-3/4 and slightly spreading, middle lobes shallowly lobed; lower lip recurved. Stamens and style exserted from corolla tube; style pubescent throughout; stigmas capitate, large. Berries yellow, orange-red, or red, globose, 5-7 mm in diam.; seeds brown, ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, with minute concave dots. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug. 2n = 18.
Lonicera ruprechtiana var. calvescens Rehder (Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1912: 194. 1913) was described from a cultivated specimen at the Arnold Arboretum, grown from seed collected near Vladivostock.
" 144462 general 1092627 Caprifoliaceae "Abelia × grandiflora.Shrubs, semi-evergreen, 1-1.5 m tall. Branches pubescent. Leaves sometimes whorled on vigorous shoots (3- or 4-whorled). Leaves adaxially glossy green, sometimes coppery tinged, ovate, to 4.5 cm, glabrous or with tuft of hairs on veins abaxially, base cuneate, margin remotely serrate with unequal teeth, apex acute. Flowers single and axillary, paniculate; peduncle 2-4 mm; flower with 4 bracts at base of ovary. Calyx with sepals varying from 2-5, reddish, often partly united, lanceolate, apex acute. Corolla white, sometimes tinged with pink, funnelform to slightly bilabiate, gibbous at base, ca. 20 mm, slightly fragrant, hirsute bearded with long hairs on lower lip. Stamens nearly as long as corolla tube; filaments partially adnate to corolla, generally inserted but sometimes slightly protruding, glabrous. Ovary 2-8 mm, slender, minutely pilose; style slightly exserted, 17-18 mm, glabrous; stigmas capitate. Achene 8-10 mm, slender, sparsely pilose or glabrous, with persistent sepals at apex. Fl. Jun-Oct, fr. Sep-Nov.
Abelia ×grandiflora is a cultivated hybrid between A. uniflora and A. chinensis. It is commonly cultivated in the Americas, Africa, and Europe but less so in China.
" 108371 general 32940 Caricaceae "Caricaceae.Trees small, palmlike, or shrubs, rarely vines, often prickly, monoecious, dioecious, andromonoecious, gynomonoecious, or polygamomonoecious. Stem stout, unbranched, rarely branched, with a terminal cluster of leaves, with flowing, latexlike exudate. Leaves alternate, long petiolate, usually estipulate, large; stipules when present, spiny; leaf blade palmate or palmatifid, rarely entire or pinnatifid. Inflorescences axillary; male flowers aggregated in cymose panicles; female flowers usually solitary or aggregated in corymbose cymes, large. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes small, connate basally. Corolla 5-lobed; tube long in male flowers, short in female flowers. Stamens 5 or 10, 1- or 2-whorled, inserted in throat of corolla tube; filaments free, connate basally; anthers introrse, tetrasporangiate, dehiscing via longitudinal slits. Gynoecium in male flowers vestigial, or absent; in female flowers syncarpous, synovarious to synstylovarious; ovary superior, 1- or 5-loculed, placentation when 1-loculed parietal (placentas ± deeply intruded) or laminar-dispersed, when 5-loculed axile; ovules numerous, anatropous, bitegmic; styles 1 or 5, free to partly joined, apical; stigmas 5, papillate, dry. Fruit large, fleshy, indehiscent berry. Seeds numerous, surrounded by mucilage; endosperm oily; embryo well differentiated; cotyledons 2, broad, flat. n = 9.
Six genera and 34 species: Central and South America, one genus of two species (Cylicomorpha Urban) in tropical Africa, one genus (Carica) widely introduced and cultivated in tropical areas of the world, including China.
Chen Peishan. 1999. Caricaceae. In: Ku Tsuechih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 52(1): 121-122.
" 109056 general 1089840 Caricaceae "Carica.Trees small, or shrubs. Leaves subpeltate; leaf blade palmatifid, rarely entire. Flowers unisexual or bisexual. Male flowers: corolla lobes oblong or linear, valvate or contorted; stamens 10, filaments short; sterile ovary subulate. Female flowers: corolla lobes linear-oblong; stamens absent; ovary estipitate, 1-loculed; ovules several to numerous, placentation parietal; stigmas 5, inflated or linear. Fruit large, succulent. Seeds numerous, ovoid or slightly compressed, arillate; embryo compressed; cotyledons long elliptic.
One species: of cultivated origin in Central America, unknown in the wild; widely introduced and cultivated in tropical areas of the world, including China.
" 108372 general 32941 Carlemanniaceae "Carlemanniaceae.Perennial herbs, shrubs, or subshrubs, often somewhat fleshy; stems with interpetiolar line. Leaves opposite, petiolate, simple, estipulate, ± asymmetric, dentate or crenate-serrate. Flowers bisexual, slightly zygomorphic, in terminal or axillary cymes or corymbs, sometimes heterostylous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary, 4- or 5-lobed; lobes ± unequal. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed; lobes imbricate or induplicate-valvate. Stamens 2, inserted at middle of corolla tube; filaments short; anthers linear-oblong, opening laterally by slits, connivent around style. Disk well developed, conical or cylindrical. Ovary inferior, 2-loculed, each locule with ovules many (30-100) in axile to basal placentation. Fruit a 2-loculed, dry or fleshy capsule, 2- or 5-valvate; calyx lobes persistent. Seeds many (30-100), ovoid, smooth, with endosperm ± fleshy.
Two genera and five species: tropical Asia; two genera and three species in China.
Although previously treated in FRPS within the Rubiaceae, the Carlemanniaceae is treated separately here (see APG, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 531-553. 1998; M. Thiv in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 7: 57-59. 2004). It has also been included by various authors in the Caprifoliaceae.
Herein, the term "calyx tube" refers to the ovary plus the tubular free portion of the calyx limb, but not including the calyx lobes when these are present.
Lo Hsienshui. 1999. Carlemannia and Silvianthus. In: Lo Hsienshui, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 71(1): 175-179.
Herbs perennial. Leaf margin crenate-serrate. Inflorescence corymbose, lax, terminal, long pedunculate. Flowers 4-merous, minute. Calyx tube subglobose; lobes spreading, small. Corolla narrowly funnelform; lobes imbricate. Anthers linear-oblong; pollen grains 5- or 6-colpate. Ovary with placentas ascending from inner base of each locule; style prolonged; stigma clavate or fusiform, 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved dry capsule.
Three species: China, E Himalaya, NE India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, N Thailand, Vietnam; one species in China.
" 66161 general 1348253 Caryophyllaceae "Stipulicida setacea. ""Mostly 1–2 dm, with 1–many wiry stems from the base; basal lvs 0.5–2 cm long overall, with long, slender petiole and short, abruptly expanded blade 1.5–4 mm wide; rosette beset with slender, chaffy scales amongst the lvs; nodal scale-lvs 1–2 mm, commonly with a few fringing bristles toward the base; sep 1–1.5 mm, barely surpassed by the fr. Sandhills and dry sandy pine woods on the coastal plain; se. Va. to Fla. and La. Apr.–Aug. Ours is the widespread var. setacea. (S. filiformis)""" 67822 general 1336581 Caryophyllaceae "Silene drummondii. ""Perennial, 2–5 dm, retrorse-puberulent, becoming glandular and often hirsute in the infl; lvs mostly basal, the lanceolate or elliptic to oblanceolate blade 3–10 cm × 5–12 mm, petiolate; cauline lvs remote, 2–4 pairs, much reduced, usually linear; fls white or pinkish, perfect, 1–several in a loose, narrow infl; cal narrowly tubular, 1–1.5 cm in fl, enlarged but not inflated in fr, 10- nerved, glandular; pet included in the cal or the blade shortly exserted, the claw flaring upwards and usually broader than the blade, often auriculate, the blade 1–3 mm, retuse or shallowly lobed, the appendages less than 0.5 mm; styles (4)5; fr unilocular, opening by (4)5 teeth; 2n=24, 48. Dry hillsides and plains; B.C. to Ariz., e. to Sask., N.D., S.D., Neb., and Clay Co., Minn. June–Aug. (Lychnis d.)""" 69851 general 1338849 Caryophyllaceae "Sagina decumbens. ""Slender, branching annual, ascending or decumbent, 3–10(–15) cm, often with short sterile axillary shoots; fls terminating the slender branches, commonly some also on slender, axillary glabrous pedicels 10–15 mm; sep 5(4), 1.5–2 mm, often purple-tipped or -margined; pet to ca as long as the sep, or wanting; stamens as many as the sep, or to twice as many; fr 2–3 mm, ellipsoid, evidently surpassing the erect-appressed sep; seeds light brown, 0.25–0.3 mm, flattened, obliquely triangular, sulcate along the 2 dorsal angles, very minutely glandular-tuberculate or essentially smooth; 2n=36. Wet places or dry, sandy soil; Mass. to Ill., s. to Fla. and Tex. Mar.– May. The apetalous form has been called var. smithii (A. Gray) S. Watson. S. occidentalis S. Watson, of Wash., Oreg., and Calif. is scarcely different from S. decumbens.""" 70499 general 1348853 Caryophyllaceae "Paronychia fastigiata. ""Annual with forked, erect or diffusely spreading, puberulent stems 5–25 cm; lvs of the primary branches narrowly lance-elliptic to oblanceolate, 5–20 mm, acute to obtuse, frequently white-punctate; foliar bracts extending through the repeatedly forking cymes; cal 2–3 mm, glabrous or scantily puberulent; sep lance-linear, 1–3-nerved, very often corrugated, the tip of the hooded apex abruptly apiculate or short-awned; styles united below; fr glabrous, included or barely exserted. Dry woods or openings; Mass. to Wis. and e. Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. July–Sept. Var. fastigiata, with the range of the sp., is erect to low and diffuse, usually reddish or brownish at maturity, the lvs 1–2 cm, usually serrulate, the stipular bracts lanceolate, equaling or shorter than the cal, the style much shorter than the ovary. Var. paleacea Fernald, occurring more or less throughout the range of the sp., differs in its usually greenish color and in its lance-attenuate stipular bracts equaling or mostly surpassing the cal. Var. nuttallii (Small) Fernald, apparently local in se. Pa., differs from var. fastigiata in having sep with a stout white awn 0.2 mm. Var. pumila (A. W. Wood) Fernald, occurring from Pa. and O. to Ga. and Ala., mainly on shale-barrens, is low, diffusely and usually horizontally branched, the lvs 7–12 mm and entire, the stipules lance-ovate, ciliolate, the style as long as the ovary. (Anychiastrum montanum)""" 131571 general 1347425 Caryophyllaceae "Stellaria gyangtseensis.Herbs green, branched, glabrous. Stems 5--15(--30) cm tall, slender, angular, branched; branchlets with numerous leaves, terete, apically slightly pubescent. Leaves sessile, blackish when dried, narrowly linear, usually sickle-shaped, declinate, 0.5--1.1(--2.5) cm × 1--2.5 mm, apex acuminate; nodes puberulent. Flowers in dichotomous cymes; bracts usually purplish, lanceolate, dry membranous. Pedicel 0.5--1.5 cm. Sepals purplish, lanceolate, 5--6 × 1--1.5 mm, 1(--3)-veined, base broad, margin narrowly dry-membranous, apex acuminate or acute. Petals subequaling or slightly longer than sepals, 2-cleft. Stamens conspicuously perigynous, shorter than petals. Ovary obovoid-globose; styles 3, linear, ca. 3 mm. Seeds brown, orbicular-reniform, papillose.
" 131582 general 1348349 Caryophyllaceae "Stellaria monosperma.Herbs perennial. Stems yellow, quadrangular, 50--80 (--120) cm tall, stout, shiny, pubescent with 1 or 2 rows of glandular hairs above. Leaves short or long petiolate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 4--11(--23) × 1.2--2.5(--6) cm, broadest from middle to base, base nearly rounded, semiclasping, adaxially pubescent or glabrous, midvein raised, pale yellow, margin crisp, apex long acuminate. Flowers numerous, in paniculate cymes, bisexual or unisexual; bisexual flowers large, female flowers small; bracts lanceolate. Pedicel 2--9 mm, slender, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, gray-green, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (3--)5--6(--8) × 1--2 mm, sparsely glandular pubescent, margin narrowed, dry, membranous, apex acuminate or rarely obtuse. Petals 5, 1/2--1 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft to middle; lobes sometimes sickle-shaped, apex acute. Stamens 5 or 10; filaments 5--6 mm; anthers yellow, ca. 0.3 mm in diam. Ovary ca. 2 mm, 1-loculed; ovules 3; styles 3, linear, ca. 4 mm. Seed 1 maturing per carpel, brown, globose, ca. 3 mm, somewhat rugulose or granular. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct. 2n = 36, 44, 52.
" 131591 general 1347802 Caryophyllaceae "Stellaria ovatifolia.Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, basally purplish, apically yellow-green, 1--2 m, slightly shiny, branched, pubescent with 2 lines of recurved hairs, somewhat densely pubescent above. Proximal and middle leaves usually broadly ovate or elliptic; distal leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, (2--)3--10 × (1--)1.5--2.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein conspicuous, base nearly rounded, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers numerous in dichotomous, nearly subglobose cymes; distal bracts narrow, membranous, others herbaceous, usually shorter than pedicel, densely ciliate, subglabrous on both surfaces. Pedicel 3--5 mm after anthesis, densely pubescent. Sepals yellow-green, oblong to long ovate, 3--4(--6) × 1--1.5 mm, basal margin pubescent, pubescent outside, subglabrous inside, 3-veined, lateral veins conjoined at apex, base nearly rounded, margin dry, membranous, apex obtuse. Petals minute, ca.1 mm, ca. 1/3 as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes nearly linear, forked, base entire or undulate-crenate. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2 mm, base broad, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals, glabrous; anthers pale yellow. Ovary globose or compressed globose, 1-loculed, ca. 1 mm, base narrowed, apex umbonate; ovules 3 or 4; styles 2 or 3, longer than ovary, apex curved. Capsule globose, shorter than persistent sepals, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., 4- or 6-valved. Seed 1, reniform-globose, densely papillate, papillate cells much branched, rotate. Fl. Jul, fr. Nov.
" 131592 general 1347763 Caryophyllaceae "Stellaria oxycoccoides.Stem pale brownish red, diffuse, slender, branched only at base, pubescent with retrorse hairs. Leaves sessile, green, linear-lanceolate, minute, glabrous, apex acute. Flowers in terminal racemes; bracts white, dry, membranous. Sepals purplish or green, long acuminate, margin white, cartilaginous. Petals slightly shorter than sepals, 2-cleft to base. Styles 4.
" 131606 general 1348142 Caryophyllaceae "Stellaria strongylosepala.Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, nearly erect, quadrangular, ca. 20 cm tall, ca. 2 mm in diam., dry after anthesis, basally branched, with short branchlets and axillary leaf clusters; proximal leaves and inflorescences white papillate with stiff hairs. Leaves crowded below, distant above; leaf blade green, lanceolate-linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 1.2 mm, somewhat thick, margin erose, midvein slightly raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, apex acute. Flowers 5--16 in dichotomous cymes; branches nearly forked, sparse; bracts herbaceous, distal ones ca. 2 mm. Pedicel 0.5--1.5 cm, slender. Sepals 5, white, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm wide, glabrous or papillate-pubescent, veins 3 and dichotomously branched, margin broadly membranous, apex rounded, green; calyx ca. 9 mm in diam. Petals ca. 2/3 as long as sepals, 2-cleft to middle; lobes oblong. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals, inserted on carnose, semiorbicular, separated disc lobes; anthers pale yellow, nearly rectangular. Ovules few; styles 4. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct.
" 108373 general 32943 Caryophyllaceae "Caryophyllaceae.Herbs annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs or shrubs. Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate, simple, entire, usually connate at base; stipules scarious, bristly, or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes, capitula, pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual, occasionally cleistogamous. Sepals (4 or)5, free, imbricate, or connate into a tube, leaflike or scarious, persistent, sometimes bracteate below calyx. Petals (4 or)5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2--)5--10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2--5, united into a compound ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2--5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free, central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous, campylotropous. Styles (1 or)2--5, sometimes united at base. Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous, scarious, or papery, dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 × as many as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform, ovoid, or rarely dorsiventrally compressed, abaxially grooved, blunt, or sharply pointed, rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular, striate or tuberculate, rarely smooth or spongy; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but eccentric; perisperm mealy.
Between 75 and 80 genera and ca. 2000 species: widespread but mainly of temperate or warm-temperate occurrence in the N hemisphere, with principal centers of distribution in the Mediterranean region and W Asia to W China and the Himalayas, fewer species in Africa S of the Sahara, America, and Oceania; 30 genera (two endemic) and 390 species (193 endemic) in China.
Arenaria, Silene, and Stellaria contain over half the species in the family in China. They are mostly concentrated in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau, and are especially rich from the Hengduan Mountains to the Himalayas.The main uses of this family are medicinal and ornamental. Dianthus superbus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata, and Vaccaria hispanica are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Some species of Arenaria, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Psammosilene, and Silene are used as medicinal herbs among the people or are habitually used in local Chinese medicine. Many species of Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene are grown as ornamentals. Atocion armeria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ( Silene armeria Linnaeus), native to Russia and Europe, is also cultivated in China. It differs from Silene in having a corymbose inflorescence and obscure calyx veins.Wu Cheng-yih, Ke Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Tang Chang-lin & Lu De-quan. 1996. Caryophyllaceae. In: Tang Chang-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 47–449.
" 109421 general 1341049 Caryophyllaceae "Dianthus.Herbs perennial, rarely annual. Roots sometimes woody. Stems mostly caespitose, terete or angular, articulated, dilated at nodes. Leaves opposite, usually glaucescent, linear or lanceolate, veins parallel, base slightly connate, margin scabrid. Flowers solitary, several in a loose cyme, or numerous and clustered into capitula, subtended by 1--4 pairs of appressed bracts. Calyx cylindric, apically 5-toothed, veins 7, 9, or 11, without scarious commissures. Petals 5, purple, red, pink, or white; claw long; limb dentate or lacerate, rarely entire. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Gynophore long. Styles 2. Capsule cylindric, suboblong, or rarely ovoid, dehiscing by 4 teeth or valves. Seeds dorsiventrally compressed, orbicular or discoid, flat or concave; embryo erect; albumen eccentric.
About 600 species: widespread in N temperate regions, mostly in Asia and Europe and especially in the Mediterranean region, a few species in Africa and America; 16 species (two endemic) in China.
Dianthus harrissii K. H. Rechinger (Pl. Syst. Evol. 142: 240. 1983), described from N Pakistan (Chitral), was recorded by Rechinger (Fl. Iran. 163: 143. 1988) from W Xizang and Kashmir. The specimens cited by Rechinger have not been seen by the present authors, and the species is therefore not described here.
The following species have not yet been recorded for China but might be expected to occur in SW Xinjiang and/or W Xizang: Dianthus angulatus Royle (Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 79. 1835), from Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan, including the W Himalayas; D. cachemiricus Edgeworth (in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874), from E Afghanistan, Kashmir, and N Pakistan; and D. crinitus Smith (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 2: 300. 1794), from C and SW Asia, as far E as Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan.
Dianthus foliosus Turczaninow (Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 184. 1832) was described from territory probably now within China (“Habitat in saxosis Mongoliae chinensis”), and D. seisuimontanus Masamune (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 31: 343. 1941) was described from Taiwan (“Mt. Seisui,” ca. 2000 m). However, the types have not been seen by the present authors and their identities could not be ascertained.
Several species are cultivated in China for their attractive flowers, including Dianthus barbatus, D. caryophyllus Linnaeus (including D. arbuscula Lindley), D. chinensis, and D. japonicus Thunberg.
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems usually caespitose, erect or diffuse, glabrous or glandular pubescent, sometimes glabrescent or base woody. Leaves opposite, linear, lanceolate, ovate, oblong, spatulate, or sometimes subulate or subfleshy. Flowers numerous, bisexual, small, borne in dichasial cymes, corymbs, or panicles, sometimes aggregated into capitula; bracts usually scarious, rarely leaflike. Calyx green or purple veined, white membranous between veins, campanulate or funnelform, rarely cylindric, glabrous or puberulous, veins broad, apex 5-toothed. Petals 5, white or pink, sometimes purple veined, oblong or obovate, longer than calyx, base usually cuneate, apex entire, truncate, or retuse. Stamens 10. Ovary globose or ovoid, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 2(or 3). Gynophore absent. Capsule globose, ovoid, or oblong, 4-valved. Seeds subreniform, compressed, tuberculate; hilum lateral; embryo annular; radicle prominent.
About 150 species: mainly in temperate Asia and Europe, fewer species in NE Africa (Egypt), Australia, and North America; 17 species (four endemic) in China.
Gypsophila elegans Marschall von Bieberstein, native to SW Asia and SE Europe, is cultivated in China as an ornamental.
" 110106 general 1347847 Caryophyllaceae "Lychnis.Herbs biennial or perennial. Stems erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acute. Inflorescence a dichasium or flower solitary. Calyx tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped or narrowly campanulate, usually not inflated, 10-veined, with 5 teeth. Petals 5, long clawed, limb white, pink, or red, entire, bifid, 4-fid, or laciniate; coronal scales present. Androgynophore ± conspicuous, glabrous. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 5, opposite calyx teeth, their bases persistent in fruit. Capsule septicidally dehiscing with 5 teeth. Seeds numerous, reniform, minute, ± tuberculate.
About 25 species: temperate Africa, Asia, and Europe; six species in China.
Lychnis coronaria (Linnaeus) Desrousseaux is cultivated in China for its attractive flowers.
Recently, Greuter (in Taxon 44: 543–581. 1995) placed Lychnis into the synonymy of Silene . However, Oxelman et al. (in Nordic J. Bot. 20: 513–518. 2001) showed that it is possible to retain Lychnis and several other genera (e.g., Atocion ) as separate from Silene in a taxonomy that is consistent with both the ability to diagnose taxa and solid, molecular-phylogenetic hypotheses. Some species, traditionally included in Lychnis, belong in Silene .
Herbs annual (or perennial). Stems erect or ascending. Leaves linear or linear-subulate; stipules absent. Inflorescence a cymose panicle, (rarely capitate); bracts subtending calyx in 1--4 pairs or rarely absent. Flowers small. Calyx campanulate, 5(or 15)-veined, scarious between veins, 5-toothed. Petals 5, white (or reddish), (with or) without claw; limb entire (or emarginate). Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 2. Capsule oblong or ovoid, dehiscing by 4 teeth or valves. Seeds numerous, dorsiventrally compressed, ridged-winged, tuberculate or smooth; embryo straight.
About 30 species: Mediterranean region to C Asia; one species in China.
Petrorhagia saxifraga (Linnaeus) Link var. saxifraga is cultivated in China. It is a perennial, with four bracts immediately subtending the calyx, and reddish or white petals.
" 110963 general 1338680 Caryophyllaceae "Silene.Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, rarely plants suffrutescent. Stems erect, ascending, or creeping. Leaves subulate, linear or lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; male-sterile flowers frequent in otherwise hermaphroditic plants. Male-sterile flowers often have markedly shorter androgynophores and petal limbs than hermaphroditic flowers. Inflorescence a monochasium, dichasium, thyrse or flower solitary. Calyx tubular, funnel-shaped, campanulate, or ovoid, usually 10-veined, with 5 teeth with ciliate membranous margin; the form of this margin usually varies between teeth in a single calyx. Petals 5, each with a sometimes auriculate claw; limb entire, bifid, 4-fid, or laciniate, variously colored; coronal scales present. Androgynophore ± conspicuous. Stamens 10. Ovary usually with 3 or 5 basal septa; ovules numerous; styles 3 or 5. The protrusion of stamens and styles from calyx mouth are correlated in perfect flowers. Fruit usually a capsule dehiscing with 6 or 10, rarely 5, teeth. Seeds reniform, minute, ± tuberculate, sometimes with abaxial spinose processes or a marginal wing.
About 600 species: mainly in N temperate regions, but also in Africa and South America; 110 species (67 endemic) in China.
Two species are cultivated in China for their attractive flowers, including Silene pendula Linnaeus and S. gallica Linnaeus.
The phylogenetic relationships within Silene are currently under investigation, clearly showing deficiencies in recent subgeneric classifications. Therefore, we refrain from using any formal ranks between genus and species. However, 59 of the 110 species of Silene in China can be attributed to one of three informal groups that approximately correspond to Silene sect. Cucubaloideae Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker, S. sect. Odontopetalae Schischkin ex Chowdhuri, and S. sect. Physolychnis (Bentham) Bocquet. As circumscribed here, the “Cucubaloideae” group is probably monophyletic (characterized by ± creeping habit and fleshy, fasciculate root tubers). However, the character used (carpel number) to distinguish the “Odontopetalae” and “Physolychnis” groups almost certainly results in a paraphyletic “Odontopetalae” group. Moreover, it is probable that the transformation between three and five carpels has occurred more than once in these groups. Nevertheless, we believe that keying out these informal groups separately will aid in identifying species in China.
Much taxonomic research is still needed at the species level, and we have tried to highlight the most obvious, serious problems. We found it impossible to infer the identity of the taxon pertaining to Melandrium chailaricum A. I. Baranov & Skvortsov (Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 158. 1966).
Herbs perennial, 30--50 cm tall, glabrous. Stems laxly caespitose, erect, distally branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3--5 cm × 2--4 mm, midvein prominent, base slightly narrowed, margin entire or denticulate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary or several in cymes; pedicel 1--3 cm; bracts 4, ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, margin membranous, ciliate, apex long acuminate. Calyx cylindric, 1.5--2.5 cm × 0.4--5 mm, striate; teeth lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin ciliate, apex sharply pointed. Petals 1.6--1.8 cm; limb bright red, purple-red, pink, or white, obovate-triangular, 1.3--1.5 cm, throat spotted and laxly bearded, apex irregularly toothed. Stamens exserted; anthers blue. Ovary suboblong. Styles linear. Capsule cylindric, surrounded by calyx, apex 4-toothed. Seeds black, compressed globose. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jul--Sep. 2n = 30*.
Dianthus chinensis is a very variable species represented in China by both cultivated and wild plants. In FRPS, the species was divided into eight varieties (treated in synonymy here), all of them occurring as wild plants and var. chinensis also including the cultivated material. No key to the varieties was provided, and the features given in the diagnoses were not always parallel, making it almost impossible to identify any given plant to variety. Moreover, the plants cultivated as ornamentals comprise numerous cultivars. Further research is needed on the species in China and surrounding countries before a satisfactory infraspecific classification can be presented. In the present account, therefore, Dianthus chinensis is treated in the broadest sense.
The species is used medicinally.
Herbs perennial, 60--100 cm tall. Roots brownish or brown-gray, thick, woody. Stems several, arising from root crown, dichotomously or trichotomously spreading branched, usually purple-red when mature. Leaves oblong, 4--8 × 0.5--1.5 cm, thick, subfleshy, 3--5-veined, midvein prominent, base connate into a short sheath, apex apiculate. Corymbose cymes terminal or axillary, dense, glabrous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, membranous, margin ciliate, apex caudate-acuminate. Pedicel 2--5 mm, glabrous or pubescent. Calyx campanulate or funnelform, 2--3 mm; lobes ovate-triangular, veins green, margin white, membranous, ciliate, apex acute. Petals pink, obovate-oblong, ca. 2 × as long as calyx, apex truncate or retuse. Stamens longer than petals. Ovary obovoid. Styles exserted, long linear. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds brown-gray, compressed subreniform, 1.2--1.5 mm, with striate protuberances; raphe mucronate tuberculate. Fl. Jun--Sep, fr. Aug--Oct.
The roots are used medicinally and the species is cultivated as an ornamental.
" 129479 general 1336502 Caryophyllaceae "Lychnis chalcedonica.Herbs perennial, 50--100 cm tall, hispid with multicellular eglandular hairs. Stems simple or rarely branched; sterile, dwarf, axillary shoots from short rhizomes present. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5--12 × 2--5 cm, both surfaces sparsely pilose. Inflorescence a terminal, dense, corymblike, 10--50-flowered dichasium. Pedicel much shorter than calyx, slender; bracts lanceolate, small, herbaceous. Flowers 1.5--2 cm in diam. Calyx tubular or tubular-clavate, 1.2--1.5(--1.7) × ca. 3 mm, pilose at veins; teeth triangular-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Petal limb orange-red, broadly obovate, 7--9 mm, bifid to 1/3; lobes obovate, each with a subulate lateral tooth; claw oblanceolate, base ciliate; coronal scales linear, apex acute. Stamens slightly exserted. Androgynophore 4--6 mm. Capsule ovoid, 8--10 mm. Seeds dark red-brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1 mm, sharply pointed tuberculate. Fl. summer--autumn, fr. autumn. 2n = 24, 48.
This species is also cultivated in Chinese gardens.
" 131251 general 1338571 Caryophyllaceae "Gypsophila paniculata.Herbs perennial, 30--80 cm tall. Roots stout. Stems solitary, rarely sparingly caespitose, erect, diffusely many branched, glabrous or proximally glandular pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2--5 cm × 2.5--7 mm, glabrous, midvein prominent, apex acuminate. Thyrse profusely forked, numerous flowered; bracts triangular, apex acute. Flowers small; pedicel slender, 2--6 mm, glabrous. Calyx prominently purple veined, broadly campanulate, 1.5--2 mm; lobes ovate, margin scarious, apex obtuse. Petals pale reddish or white, spatulate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, apex truncate or obtuse. Filaments linear, flat, subequaling petals; anthers globose. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm. Styles slender. Capsule globose, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds brown-red, globose, ca. 1 mm, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Aug--Sep.
The species is used medicinally and cultivated as an ornamental.
" 131434 general 1348052 Caryophyllaceae "Silene grandiflora.Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, 40--50 cm, branched, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 3--6 cm × 4--15 mm, both surfaces slightly coarse, sparsely villous at veins, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, base suborbicular or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate. Dichasial cymes lax and broad; flowers erect, to 2.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 4--7 cm, slender, pubescent; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, villous. Calyx pale green or red, tubular-clavate, ca. 20 × 4 mm, umbilicate at base, sparsely pubescent, veins not prominent; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 5--8 mm, glabrous. Petals red, 2--2.5 cm; claws narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous, auriculate; limbs obcordate, shallowly bifid, lobes suborbicular; coronal scales orbicular. Stamens exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule ovoid-globose, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform. Fl. Jul--Aug.
This species is similar to Silene cardiopetala, but has narrower leaves and stiffer hairs on the calyx.
Silene grandiflora var. xerobatica W. W. Smith (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 224. 1920) has a creeping habit, more crowded, linear leaves, shorter internodes in the inflorescence, fewer flowers, and shorter pedicels. It is perhaps best regarded as a separate species.
Silene grandiflora is cultivated as an ornamental.
Trees. Leaves (5 or)6-17 per whorl. Infructescence ("cone") bracteoles never greatly thickened, without an abaxial protuberance. Samara body pale yellow-brown or grayish, dull, glabrous.
Seventeen species: nearly throughout range of family; three species (all introduced) in China.
The species hybridize freely when cultivated together; hybrids between Casuarina equisetifolia and C. glauca, and between C. cunninghamiana and C. glauca are known fromGuangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan.
Casuarina junghuhniana Miquel (C. montana Junghuhn ex Miquel) has been reported as being occasionally cultivated but no specimens have been seen that confirm this.
Trees dioecious, to 25(-35) m tall, often with suckers from roots. Trunk straight, to ca. 40 cm d.b.h.; crown pyramidal; bark finely fissured and scaly, gray, adaxially pale red. Ultimate branchlets spreading to slightly pendulous, dark green, grayish green, or glaucous-green when dry, 15-38 cm × 0.5-0.7 mm; articles 4-5 mm. Leaves erect, 8(-10) per whorl, narrowly lanceolate. Male spikes 1.2-2(-4) cm. Cones ellipsoid or subglobose, 7-12 mm, truncate at both ends; apex of bracteoles acute. Samaras 3-5 mm including wing. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 18*.
Only subsp. cunninghamiana is cultivated in China. Used for timber.
" 112538 general 1089570 Casuarinaceae "Casuarina equisetifolia.Trees monoecious, to 35 m tall, not suckering from roots. Trunk straight, to 70 cm d.b.h.; crown conical; bark scaly, adaxially red-brown on old trees. Ultimate branchlets usually pendu-
lous, grayish green, 10-27 cm × 0.8-0.9 mm; articles (2.5-)4-9 mm. Leaves erect and appressed to branchlets, (6 or)7(or 8) per whorl, lanceolate or triangular, 1-3 mm. Male inflorescences1-4 cm. Cones ellipsoid, 1.2-2.5 cm, grayish green or yellowish brown tomentose when young, glabrous at maturity, base and apex truncate to obtuse; apex of bracteoles slightly obtuseor acute. Samaras 5-8 mm including wing. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 18, 20*.
Only subsp. equisetifolia is cultivated in China. Used for timber and medicine, also for erosion control on coastal sands.
" 117634 general 1088779 Celastraceae "Tripterygium wilfordii.Deciduous subshrubs, or scandent and scrambling, or sometimes semiwoody vines, 2-6(-10) m; branching distally, slender or scrambling, minutely pubescent when young or in open sunlight, becoming glabrous when old or in shade, slightly angled, verrucose or not. Petiole 1-2 cm; stipules linear, cadu cous; leaf blade usually ovate or rounded-ovate, sometimes oblong or elliptic-ovate, (4.6-)8.6-12.5(-18.4) × (3.1-)5.7- 8.9(-12.3) cm, papery, herbaceous (in shade or low light) to leathery (in direct sunlight or very dry conditions), glabrous or sparsely scurfy tomentose with reddish brown hairs, abaxially ± farinose, base broadly cuneate, or rounded to cordate, margin entire or less often crenulate, apex short to long acuminate or acute, tip often blunt. Thyrses large, composed of several to dozens of thyrselets, (4.5-)12.5-23.6(-38) × (2.3-)4.7-9.3(-15) cm; flowers 1 normal and 1 an unfertilized male. Flowers whitish, greenish, or yellow-green, small, 4-6 × 4-6 mm; calyx 5-lobed, hemispheric, ca. 1 mm; petals 5, oblong to subovate, slightly narrowed to base, 2-2.5 mm, apex rounded. Stamens 5, inserted at margin of cup-shaped and compressed disk. Disk bright green, fleshy, ca. 2 mm in diam. Ovary superior, 3-edged, combined with disk at base, incompletely 3-locular, with 3 prominent ca. 1 mm lobes, short style at apex; stigma capitate, bright purple. Samara usually green or greenish brown when mature, sometimes pink or pinkish purple, (1-)1.3-1.9(-2.3) × (0.7-)1.2-1.5(-1.9) cm. Seed compressed, 3-angled, ca. 5 × 1.3-3 mm. Fl. May-Oct, fr. Aug-Nov.
" 109077 general 1086466 Celastraceae "Catha.Shrubs, glabrous. Leaves opposite on mature branches and alternate on juvenile branches, obtusely serrate. Inflorescences axillary, cymose. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous. Disk thin, cupuliform, weakly 5-lobed, intrastaminal; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, introrse. Ovary 3-locular; ovules erect, 2 per locule. Capsule cylindric, bony, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1-3, with membranous, basal wing.
One species: E Africa, cultivated in N Africa, Arabian peninsula, and tropical Asia.
The leaves contain cathinone, a natural amphetamine, and are commonly chewed for the pharmaceutical effects.
" 117603 general 1086549 Celastraceae "Euonymus alatus.Deciduous shrubs, 1-4 m tall; young branches usually with 2 or 4 winglike corks, wings up to 5 mm wide, 1-2 mm thick, twigs 4-angled, green or brown when dry. Petiole sessile or very short, 2-4 mm; leaf blade thinly leathery to papery, obovate or obovate-elliptic, sometimes ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 4.5-10 × 2-4 cm, base cuneate or attenuate, margin crenulate to serrulate, apex acute, acuminate, or even caudate; lateral veins 5-7 pairs, curving forward and disappearing before reaching margin. Peduncle slender and short, 1-2 cm, typically 1 dichotomous branch with 3 flowers, rarely 2 branches with more flowers; pedicel slender, 5-7 mm. Flowers 4-merous, ca. 9 mm in diam.; sepals suborbicular; petals green, light yellow, or greenish yellow, ovate, base attenuate. Capsule reddish brown when fresh, dark brown or gray when dry, 4-lobed, 1-1.3 cm in diam., only 1-3 lobes developing, lobes ovoid. Aril bright red. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Jul-Nov.
This species is widespread, not only as a common shrub in the distribution area but also as a cultivated ornamental in the Old and New Worlds. The leaves change from pinkish to reddish and even purple in late autumn. The distribution reports from Guangxi and Yunnan have not been confirmed.
" 117609 general 1086361 Celastraceae "Euonymus fortunei.Evergreen subshrubs, ascending or procumbent on ground or rock, trees sometimes dwarfed, to 10 m tall; branches and twigs rounded, sometimes striate, usually brown or green-brown. Leaves densely arranged on branches; petiole 2-9 mm, sometimes sessile; leaf blade variously ovate or ovate-elliptic, 2-5.5 × 2-3.5 cm, glabrous, base nearly truncate, at times ± cuneate, margin crenulate to serrate, apex obtuse to acute; lateral veins 4-6 pairs, invisible. Peduncle usually with few flowers; pedicel usually less than ca. 5 mm. Flowers 4-merous, ca. 5 mm in diam.; sepals semirotund; petals nearly orbicular, greenish or whitish. Capsule brown to red-brown, 5-6 mm in diam. Aril red. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Sep-Dec.
This is the most common and widespread species in the genus. It is also the most complex and polymorphic species in E, S, and SE Asia, and can be confused with Euonymus japonicus, E. theifolius, or E. vagans. Numerous taxa have been named within the E. fortunei complex but many of these refer to cultivated plants and are best treated as cultivars.
Cao and Ma (Taxon 55: 233. 2006) proposed the name Elaeodendron fortunei Turczaninow (1863) for conservation against the senior taxonomic synonym Euonymus hederaceus Champion ex Bentham (Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 333. 1851). Conservation as proposed was subsequently recommended by the Committee for Vascular Plants (Brummitt, Taxon 56: 1291. 2007).
Evergreen shrubs or small trees, erect, to 3 m tall, sometimes dwarfed; branches gray-green to gray-brown, terete, glabrous, sturdy, twigs green to light green, glabrous, not evidently striate, especially when fresh. Petiole 3-10 mm; leaf blade leathery or thickly leathery, ovate, obovate, orbicular-ovate, or long ovate, (3-)5-10(-12) × (2-)3-5(-5.5) cm, base orbicular or semiorbicular, margin crenulate distally, nearly entire proximally, apex orbicular or semiorbicular; lateral veins 6-8 pairs, slightly visible or unclear, especially when dry. Cymes usually axillary, sometimes terminal, many branched with many flowers; peduncle up to 8 cm, sub-branches 2-4 cm; pedicel 4-7 mm. Flowers 4-merous, 5-6 mm in diam.; sepals nearly orbicular; petals green or yellowish green, sometimes cream, nearly orbicular. Capsule globose or subglobose, brown or yellow-brown to red-brown, 6-9(-12) mm in diam., 4-lobed. Seeds 2 per locule, dark brown, globose; aril orange-red. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Aug-Jan.
This species is a native of Japan, and it is from here that the cultivated form was introduced to the world. Euonymus japonicus, especially in the cultivated condition, is very similar to E. fortunei. The native species differs by having an erect habit vs. climbing or procumbent in E. fortunei. Ding Hou used the name E. japonicus (Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 6: 252. 1963) to represent the taxa in S and SE Asia; however, it is E. fortunei that is native to this region, while E. japonicus is only cultivated in the area.
" 134835 general 1087200 Celastraceae "Euonymus maackii.Deciduous shrubs to trees, 3-10 m tall, to 15 cm d.b.h.; branches and twigs terete, sturdy, green to light green. Petiole 1-2.5 mm; leaf blade thinly leathery or thickly papyraceous, ovate, orbicular-ovate, elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 6-10.5 × 2-4 cm, base subattenuate, margin crenulate, apex acute or acuminate, sometimes caudate, both surfaces smooth; lateral veins 6-8 pairs, curving forward, webbing and disappearing before reaching margin. Peduncle 2-3.5 cm, 1-3 × dichotomously branched, several flowered; pedicel 5-7 mm. Flowers 4-merous, 8-9 mm in diam.; sepals ovate; petals white, lanceolate or long ovate, apex acuminate or obtuse. Capsule rhombic, with 4 angles and deep grooves, base attenuate, brown or yellow-brown to red-brown, ca. 8 × 9 mm. Seeds subglobose, dark brown, partially covered by orange aril. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
This is one of the most common species in the genus. Its growth is quite variable under both cultivated and wild conditions.
" 142594 general 1086850 Celastraceae "Gymnosporia variabilis.Shrubs, to 5 m tall; twigs spiny, glabrous; terminal thorns sturdy, axillary ones slightly tenuous. Petiole 3-6 mm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-12 × 1-4 cm (or varying sizes), papery, base cuneate, margin crenate, apex acute or obtuse; veins and veinlets tenuous. Cymes axillary, 1-3 × dichotomous; peduncle 0.3-1.3 cm; bracteoles ca. 1 mm. Flowers light yellow, 5-6 mm in diam.; sepals ovate; petals oblong, slightly longer than stamens. Disk slightly rounded and thick. Ovary confluent with disk for ca. 1/3 of length; styles short; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule subobovoid, red or purple, 1.2-1.5 mm, 3-valved. Seeds subellipsoid, ca. 7 × 4-5 mm, brown, shiny, basally covered by light yellow shallowly cupulate aril. Fl. Jun-Oct, fr. Jul-Dec.
Maytenus arborea H. Shao (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 20: 127. 2000 ["arboreus"]) was described from cultivated material in the Nanning Arboretum in Guangxi. Its affinity to Gymnosporia variabilis needs further study.
" 127653 general 1083851 Chloranthaceae "Chloranthus erectus.Subshrubs to 2 m tall. Stems terete, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 5-13 mm; leaf blade broadly elliptic or obovate to long obovate or oblanceolate, 10-20 × 4-8 cm, rigidly papery, glandular, glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate, apex gradually narrowed to caudate; lateral veins 5-9 pairs. Spikes terminal, dichotomously or racemosely branched, rearranged in panicles, long pedunculate; bracts triangular or ovate. Flowers white, small. Stamens 3; connectives confluent and ovoid, not elongate, apical part 3-lobed; central lobe larger, with a 2-loculed anther; lateral lobes smaller, with a 1-loculed anther each; thecae at central or apical parts of connective. Ovary ovoid. Fruit green when young, white at maturity, obovoid, ca. 5 mm. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Sep.
The authors have followed B. Verdcourt (Kew Bull. 40: 217. 1985), who rejected the name Chloranthus elatior R. Brown ex Sims as a nomen nudum, and C. elatior Link as too poorly known to be usable; the latter was based on a sterile cultivated plant and the type was destroyed in Berlin.
" 66148 general 1082299 Cistaceae "Lechea mucronata. ""Stems 2–8 dm, spreading-villous; lvs villous beneath on the margins and midvein, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, often some of them whorled, those of the basal shoots ovate-elliptic, to 15 mm, the cauline ones lanceolate to oblanceolate or elliptic, 1–3 cm; fls densely aggregated on short lateral branches; inner sep very concave, smooth except for the broadly linear, roughened, sometimes sparsely hairy keel; outer sep rough, sometimes pilose, about equaling the inner; fr subglobose, about equaling the cal. Fields and open woods in dry or sandy soil; N.H. to Mich., Ill., Mo., and Okla., s. to Fla. and Tex. (L. villosa)""" 66149 general 1082389 Cistaceae "Lechea tenuifolia. ""Stems 1–3 dm, with a few erect or ascending hairs; lvs of basal shoots linear, crowded, 3–6 mm; cauline lvs linear or filiform, to 2 cm, usually under 1(–1.5) mm wide and at least 10 times as long as wide, sparsely hairy only beneath, soon deciduous; panicle occupying half the plant or more, its numerous branches often racemiform and secund; inner sep concave, with a conspicuous midvein but not keeled, hairy over mostof or all the surface; outer sep linear, usually distinctly exceeding the inner; fr broadly ovoid to subglobose, usually slightly shorter than and enclosed by the cal. Dry soil, upland woods, and barrens; s. Me. to S.C., chiefly near the coast; Minn. to Ind., s. and sw. to Miss. and Tex. A more robust and more hairy form, chiefly to the w. and sw. of our range, but also in nw. Ill., has been segregated as var. occidentalis Hodgdon.""" 66150 general 1082388 Cistaceae "Lechea racemulosa. ""Stems 2–4 dm, thinly appressed-hairy, lvs usually glabrous above, pilose on the margins and on the midrib beneath, those of the basal shoots oblong or elliptic, 4–6 mm, a third as wide, often whorled, the cauline ones narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5–8 times as long as wide; panicle usually occupying half the plant, with numerous ascending branches, the fls in short, racemiform clusters on pedicels 1–3 (avg 2 or more) mm at maturity; outer sep from distinctly shorter than to about as long as the inner; fruiting cal with a differentiated basal part, as indicated in the key; seeds 1–3. Dry soil; se. N.Y. to O. and s. Ind., s. to Ga. and Ala.; also nw. Ind. and s. Mo.""" 66151 general 1082387 Cistaceae "Lechea pulchella. ""Stems 2–8 dm, thinly appressed-hairy; lvs of basal shoots whorled or scattered, narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, 4–8 mm, sparsely hairy beneath on the midrib and margin; cauline lvs similar but larger, to 2 cm; panicle occupying half the plant, the primary branches diverging at 45–60°, the ultimate branches with fls in crowded or racemiform clusters; pedicels usually shorter than the cal; outer sep short; fr subglobose or broadly ellipsoid, often distinctly surpassing the obovoid, basally acute cal; seeds 1–3(4) flattened-ovoid, smooth, dark brown. Dry soil; Mass. to s. Ont. and nw. Ind., s. to Del., n. Va., and O., and along the coastal plain to Fla. and La. (L. leggettii)""" 66152 general 1082290 Cistaceae "Lechea minor. ""Stems 2–5 dm, with erect or strongly ascending hairs; lvs sparsely pilose beneath on margins and midvein, those of the basal shoots commonly opposite or whorled, elliptic-ovate, 3–6 mm, the cauline lanceolate to narrowly oblong, mostly avg not more than 5 times as long as wide, short-petiolate, often whorled; fls in loose, irregular clusters or short racemes; inner sep rounded on the back, with very narrow midrib, scarcely keeled, ± pubescent over the surface; outer sep green, similarly hairy, equaling or usually exceeding the inner; fr subglobose to ellipsoid, about equaling or slightly surpassing the cal, the top exposed. Dry soil, usually in sunny places; Mass. and Vt. to s. Ont. and n. Ind., s. to Fla. and La.""" 66154 general 1082249 Cistaceae "Helianthemum bicknellii. ""Stems ± clustered on a loosely branched caudex, mostly 2–5 dm, at first anthesis simple or nearly so and with a terminal infl of (2–)6–10(–18) open, petaliferous fls, later with numerous erect or appressed branches and branchlets bearing axillary glomerules of cleistogamous fls, but these later branches not much if at all overtopping the main axis; lvs linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic, cuneate at base, stellate-pubescent (more densely so beneath), without longer hairs, those of the main axis 2–3 cm, the others smaller; cal of open fls 5–7 mm, stellate-pubescent, without longer hairs, the outer sep nearly as long as the inner; pet 8–12 mm; outer sep of cleistogamous fls with an evident, linear free tip 0.5–1+ mm, fr of open fls 3.5–5 mm, with 12–26 seeds, of cleistogamous fls 1.5–2 mm, with 1–2(3) seeds; seeds indistinctly reticulate. Dry, usually sandy soil; Me. to Minn. and s. Man., s. to n. Ga., Ark., and Colo. June–July, 2–3 weeks later than no. 1 [Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.]. (H. majus and Crocanthemum majus, misapplied; C. bicknellii)""" 68058 general 1080911 Cistaceae "Lechea intermedia. ""Stem 2–6 dm, thinly appressed-hairy; lvs of basal shoots oblong- lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 3–7 mm, sparsely pilose on the midrib and margin beneath, or glabrous; cauline lvs linear-oblong, with a few hairs on the midrib beneath, or glabrous; panicle occupying a third or half the plant, narrowly cylindric, the lateral branches seldom over 5 cm; pedicels equaling or surpassing the sep; cal subglobose, with obtuse to abruptly rounded base; outer sep short; fr subglobose to slightly ovoid or obovoid, barely exceeding the sep; seeds 4–6, shaped like a section of an orange, pale brown, partly and irregularly invested with a gray membrane. Dry, sterile or sandy soil; Cape Breton I. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Pa., O., Ill., and in the mts. to Va.; also Nebr., N.D., and Sask. (L. juniperina)""" 69029 general 1082377 Cistaceae "Helianthemum propinquum. ""Stems scattered on a creeping rhizome, 1–3 dm; lvs linear-spatulate to oblong-linear, attenuate at base, those of the main axis 1–3 cm; petaliferous fls in a terminal cymose cluster of 2–6, later often surpassed by the lateral branches; outer sep evidently shorter than the inner, the free tip of those of the cleistogamous fls reduced to a mere knob 0.2–0.5 mm; frs of open fls with 12–15 seeds; otherwise much as in n. 3. Dry, sandy soil; Mass. and se. N.H. to Md., and disjunct in the mts. of N.C. and Tenn. Blooming earlier than no. 3, and later than no. 1 [Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.].""" 70068 general 1081823 Cistaceae "Helianthemum canadense. ""Stems ± clustered and ± erect, at first anthesis simple or nearly so and mostly 1.5–3 dm, with a single (2) terminal open fl, later much-branched, to 3–6 dm, with strongly ascending branches and branchlets overtopping the main axis and bearing small terminal and axillary glomerules of small, cleistogamous fls; lvs of the main stem mostly 2–3(–4) cm × 5–8 mm, elliptic-oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, the lower side densely stellate-tomentose, the upper greener, its shining surface visible through the sparse covering of mixed stellate and longer (1 mm) simple hairs, but these lvs deciduous, and those of the branches smaller and with fewer or no long hairs; cal of open fls 6–9 mm, with evident long, simple hairs as well as smaller stellate ones, the outer sep well developed, more than half as long as the inner; pet 8–15 mm; cal of cleistogamous fls merely stellate, the outer sep largely adnate to the inner, with a tiny free point; fr of open fls 6–7 mm, with 30–45 seeds, of cleistogamous fls 2–3 mm, with 5–10 seeds; seeds papillate; 2n=20. Dry, sandy soil or upland woods; Me. and N.S. to Minn., s. to Ga., Tenn., and Mo. Late May–June. (Crocanthemum c.; H. majus)""" 70506 general 1082375 Cistaceae "Helianthemum dumosum. ""Resembling no. 1, but lower, often only 1 dm at first anthesis, becoming diffusely branched and to 3(–4) dm, with widely spreading branches and branchlets, the central axis often obscured; upper lf-surface more densely stellate than in no. 1 [Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.] (but less densely so than the lower surface) and often with fewer or no long hairs; some fls transitional between the early, open ones and the later, cleistogamous ones, which are typically solitary or paired at the tips and forks of the branches; fr of open fls 4–7 mm, with 16–50 seeds, of cleistogamous ones 3–4.5 mm, with 8–14 seeds. Dry, sandy soil and barrens; Mass. to L.I., blooming earlier than the other spp.""" 141237 general 1080647 Cleomaceae "Gynandropsis gynandra.Herbs, annual, (0.2-)0.9-1.5 m tall. Stems simple or sparsely branched, glabrate to glandular pubescent. Petiole 3.5-4.5(-8) cm, glandular pubescent; leaflets 3 or 5; leaflet blades oblanceolate to rhombic, 2.5-4.5 × 1.2-2.5 cm, both surfaces glabrate to glandular pubescent, margin serrulate-denticulate, apex acute. Inflorescences 5-20 cm but 10-40 cm in fruit, 5-12-flowered; bracts 1-2.5 cm, 3-foliolate, petiolate. Pedicel purple, 0.8-1.5 cm, glabrous. Sepals green, lanceolate, 3.5-5 × 0.8-1.2 mm, persistent, glandular pubescent, base cuneate, margin entire. Petals purple to white, oblong to ovate, 7-14 × 3-4 mm, clawed. Stamens purple, 0.8-3 cm; filaments adnate to gynophore for 1/3-1/2 their length, diverging at anthesis; anthers green, 1-2 mm. Pistil 6-10 mm; style 1-1.2 mm. Fruit gynophore 1-1.4 cm, scars from filaments visible for 1/3-1/2 its length; capsule 4.5-9.5 cm × 3-4 mm, glandular pubescent. Seeds 10-20 per capsule, reddish brown to black, subspherical, 1.4-1.6 × 1-1.2 mm, rugose to tuberculate. Fl. (Apr-)May-Jul(-Oct), fr. Jun-Dec. 2n = 34, 60.
This species is often grown as an ornamental and cultivated as a potherb (see Waithaka & Chweya, Gynandropsis gynandra, a tropical leafy vegetable: its cultivation and utilization. F. A. O. Pl. Prod. Protect. Pap. 107. 1991; Chweya & Mnzava, Cat’s Whiskers: Cleome gynandra L. F. A. O. Pl. Prod. Protect. Pap. 1997). It is also used medicinally. The fresh plant has a peculiar odor that suggests burning Cannabis. The C4 photosynthetic pathway is reported from Gynandropsis gynandra (see Imbamba & Tieszen, Physiol. Pl. (Copenhagen) 39: 311-316. 1977).
" 142954 general 1080073 Cleomaceae "Tarenaya hassleriana.Herbs, annual, (0.5-)1-1.5 m tall. Stems branched, glandular pubescent. Stipular spines 1-3 mm. Petiole 2.5-7.5 cm, glandular pubescent, with scattered 1-3 mm spines; leaflets 5 or 7; leaflet blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 2-6(-12) × 1-3 cm, abaxially glandular pubescent, adaxially glandular, margin serrulate-denticulate, apex acute. Inflorescences 5-30 cm but 10-80 cm in fruit, pedunculate; bracts ovate, 1-2.5 cm. Pedicel 2-4.5 cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals green, equal, distinct, linear-lanceolate, 5-7 × 0.8-1.3 mm, reflexed after anthesis, persistent, glandular pubescent, margin entire, apex acuminate. Petals pink to purple but infrequently white or fading to white by second day, oblong to ovate, 2-3(-4.5) × 0.8-1.2 cm, clawed. Stamens purple, 3-5 cm; anthers green, 9-10 mm. Pistil 6-10 mm; style ca. 0.1 mm. Fruit gynophore 4.5-8 cm; capsule (2.5-)4-8 cm × 2.5-4 mm, in straight alignment with gynophore and pedicel, glabrous. Seeds 10-20 per capsule, dark brown to black, triangular to subspherical, 1.9-2.1 × 1.9-2.1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. (Apr-)May-Dec, fr. Jun-Dec. 2n = 20.
In cultivation and in various floras (including FRPS 32: 534: 1999), this species has been treated under the name Cleome spinosa Jacquin; however, Jacquin’s name and type apply to a different species, Tarenaya spinosa (Jacquin) Rafinesque.
" 108384 general 32972 Clusiaceae "Clusiaceae.Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbs containing resin or oil in schizogenous spaces or canals and sometimes black or red glands containing hypericin or pseudohypericin. Leaves simple, entire or rarely gland-fringed, opposite or sometimes whorled, nearly always estipulate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, regular, hypogynous, solitary or in cymes or thyrses; bracteoles often inserted just beneath calyx and then not always easily distinguishable from sepals. Sepals (2-)4 or 5(or 6), imbricate or decussate or rarely wholly united in bud, inner ones sometimes petaloid. Petals [3 or]4 or 5[or 6], free, imbricate or contorted in bud. Stamens many to rarely few (9), in [3 or]4 or 5 bundles (fascicles) that are free and antipetalous or variously connate, with filaments variously united or apparently free and then sometimes sterile (staminodes); anther dehiscence longitudinal. Staminode bundles (fasciclodes) 3-5, free and antisepalous or variously connate or absent. Ovary superior, with 2-5(-12) connate carpels, 1-12-loculed, with axile to parietal or basal placentation; ovules 1 to many on each placenta, erect to pendulous; styles 1-5[-12], free or ± united or absent; stigmas 1-12, punctiform to peltate or, when sessile, radiate, surface papillate or smooth. Fruit a septicidal or septifragal, rarely loculicidal, capsule, berry, or drupe; seeds 1 to many, without or almost without endosperm [sometimes arillate].
About 40 genera and 1200 species: mainly in tropical regions, except Hypericum and Triadenum, which are both mainly temperate in distribution; eight genera (one endemic) and 95 species (48 endemic, one introduced) in China.
The Clusiaceae are here treated sensu lato. Some authors treat Hypericaceae (genera nos. 1-4 in this treatment: Hypericum, Lianthus, Triadenum, and Cratoxylum) separately from Clusiaceae sensu stricto (genera nos. 5-8: Mesua, Calophyllum, Mammea, and Garcinia).
The Clusiaceae are a rather economically important family. Many species, such as Mesua ferrea and Garcinia paucinervis, have hard wood. Numerous species in Calophyllum, Clusia Linnaeus, and Garcinia produce valuable commercial resin or gum. Gamboge is produced from Garcinia morella Desrousseaux and other species. Garcinia mangostana and Mammea americana Linnaeus produce well-known edible fruits. Other species, such as Calophyllum inophyllum and Garcinia indica Choisy, have oily seeds. Hypericum is important in horticulture and medicine.
Garcinia schefferi Pierre and Pentadesma butyracea Sabine are cultivated only to a minor degree in China and are therefore not treated here.
Li Xiwen & Li Yan-hui. 1990. Guttiferae. In: Li Hsiwen [Xiwen], ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 50(2): 1-112.
Trees, shrubs, or woody lianas, evergreen or deciduous, rarely subherbaceous. Indumentum of simple hairs, glandular hairs, or multicellular hairs secreting calcium oxalate and forming scales or present beneath cuticle and making leaf blade surface verruculose and sometimes translucent dotted. Leaves opposite, subopposite, whorled, spiraled, or alternate, usually petiolate, estipulate; petiole sometimes persistent and thornlike; leaf blade simple, margin entire or subentire, sometimes toothed, glands often present between crenations of proximal margin and at base or on petiole. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, or extra-axillary, spikes, branched spikes, racemes, panicles, or sometimes capitula, bracteate. Flowers usually regular, rarely slightly zygomorphic, usually bisexual, sometimes bisexual and male flowers present in same inflorescence. Receptacle surrounding and adnate to ovary and extended into a short or long calyx tube dilated distally (together termed "calyx tube" in this treatment); lobes 4 or 5(-8), valvate in bud, persistent or deciduous, sometimes almost absent. Petals 4 or 5, inserted near mouth of calyx tube, imbricate or valvate in bud, conspicuous or not, or absent. Stamens usually 2 × as many as calyx lobes in 2 series, inserted inside distal part of calyx tube, included in or exserted from calyx tube; filaments incurved in bud; anthers dorsifixed, usually versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk usually present, intrastaminal, hairy or glabrous. Ovary inferior, 1-loculed; ovules 2(-6), pendulous, anatropous, usually only 1 developing; style 1, simple, usually free from distal part of calyx tube, subulate to filiform; stigma capitate or inconspicuous. Fruit a pseudocarp, very variable in shape and size, fleshy or dry, 1-seeded, usually indehiscent, often longitudinally 2-5-winged, -ridged, or -angled; endocarp not or at least partly sclerenchymatous. Cotyledons convolute, folded, or twisted. Endosperm absent.
About 20 genera and ca. 500 species: widespread in tropics and subtropics; six genera and 20 species (one endemic) in China.
Tan et al. (J. Plant. Res. 115: 475-481. 2002) inferred a phylogeny of the Chinese genera from nuclear, plastid, and spacer sequences based on 16 species in 19 samples. The mangrove genera Lumnitzera and Laguncularia Gaertner were placed as sister taxa in a clade sister to the other genera in China plus Conocarpus Linnaeus. The latter group comprised two clades: one with Conocarpus sister to an unresolved grouping of Terminalia and Anogeissus; the other with Getonia sister to Quisqualis and Combretum.
In this treatment, measurements of calyx tube length include the stipe (if any), the part surrounding the ovary, the tube above the ovary, and the lobes. Measurements of fruit include any ridges or wings.
Hsu Ting-zhi. 1984. Combretaceae. In: Chen Cheih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(1): 1-28.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, subopposite, or alternate; leaf blade ± elliptic. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, pedunculate, globose capitula. Calyx tube proximally ridged or winged, narrowly tubular in middle part, distally cupular; lobes 5, deltoid. Petals absent. Stamens 10. Fruit dry, ridged or winged, apically with middle part of calyx tube persistent and beaklike.
About ten species: tropical Africa, tropical Asia; one species in China.
In addition to the species described below, Anogeissus leiocarpa Guillemin & Perrottet, from tropical Africa, has been recorded as cultivated in Guangdong (Guangzhou).
" 109251 general 1074885 Combretaceae "Combretum.Lianas woody, or shrubs when lacking climbing support, rarely non-climbing shrubs, trees, or subherbaceous. Leaves opposite, whorled, or rarely alternate; petiole sometimes persistent and thornlike; leaf blade variable in shape, generally elliptic or oblong-elliptic to broadly ovate, hairy or glabrous, often conspicuously scaly, often with domatia. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, or extra-axillary, simple or branched spikes, racemes, or panicles. Calyx tube usually shorter than 2 cm, proximally ellipsoid or fusiform, slightly contracted above ovary, distally narrowly funnelform to saucer-shaped; lobes 4 or 5, rarely more, deltoid to subulate, sometimes almost absent. Petals 4 or 5, white, yellow, orange, red, or purple, small and inconspicuous or showy and exceeding calyx lobes. Stamens usually 8 or 10, usually exserted from calyx tube. Style not adnate to inside of calyx tube (in Chinese species). Fruit often shortly stipitate, dry, rarely fleshy, longitudinally 4- or 5-winged, -ridged, or -angled, broadly winged in Chinese species with wings equal, papery, transversely striate; endocarp not sclerenchymatous.
About 250 species: mostly in tropical and S Africa, also in tropics of America and Asia, and Madagascar; eight species (one endemic) in China.
Cacoucia chinensis A. Jussieu ex Candolle (Prodr. 3: 22. 1828) was said to have originated in China. The application of this name is unclear. The fruit was described as 5-angled.
Combretum chinense Roxburgh ex G. Don (Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 432. 1827) was said by its author to have originated from China. It was treated by Exell (in Steenis, Fl. Males., ser. 1, 4: 540. 1954), who apparently did not see the type, as a name of uncertain application. Nanakorn (Thai Forest Bull. 16: 171-175. 1986) designated Roxburgh s.n. in Herb. Lambert (G) as the lectotype and, having examined that specimen, accepted the name C. chinense for a species distributed from India to Indochina and Indonesia (but not in China) and similar morphologically to C. yunnanense (C. griffithii var. yunnanense in the present treatment).
Lianas woody. Leaves opposite or subopposite; leaf blade elliptic or lanceolate to ovate. Inflorescences axillary, simple or branched spikes crowded toward branchlet apex and forming a large, often dense, bracteate panicle. Calyx tube proximally ellipsoid, 5-ridged, distally campanulate; lobes 5, triangular-lanceolate at anthesis, persistent and much enlarged in fruit. Petals absent. Stamens 10. Fruit narrowly ovoid, dry, longitudinally 5-ridged; persistent calyx lobes spreading, winglike, elliptic to oblanceolate or narrowly so.
One species: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.
The correct name for this genus is Getonia, not Calycopteris as given in FRPS (53(1): 3. 1984). Lamarck (Tabl. Encycl. 1: t. 357. 1793) published a plate captioned "Calycopteris" comprising an illustration with analysis. Under Art. 42.1 of the Vienna Code a name of a genus and its single species may be simultaneously validly published with a descriptio generico-specifica, in place of which, before 1908, an illustration with analysis is acceptable (Art. 42.3 and 42.4). However, Art. 42 does not apply to the publication of a genus name alone, so Lamarck did not validly publish any names. The text corresponding to the plate was published later (Poiret, Tabl. Encycl. 2: 485. 1819), but, before that, Poiret (Encycl., Suppl. 2: 41. 1811) published a description of the genus and recombined Getonia floribunda Roxburgh (1798) as its only species, C. floribunda. In citing G. floribunda, Poiret included the type of the then unispecific Getonia, so that Calycopteris was nomenclaturally superfluous when published and is therefore illegitimate (Art. 52.1).
" 110103 general 1074300 Combretaceae "Lumnitzera.Trees small or shrubs, evergreen. Leaves spiraled, densely crowded at apices of branchlets; leaf blade spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, gradually narrowed into a short petiole, somewhat fleshy, glossy and glabrous when mature; lateral veins inconspicuous or obscure. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, short, several-flowered spikes or racemes. Calyx tube cylindric or cylindric-ellipsoid, not differentiated into proximal and distal parts, bearing 2 deltoid bracteoles minutely glandular pilose at margin; lobes 5, persistent, deltoid or broadly triangular, margin minutely glandular pilose. Petals 5, red or white, rarely pink [or yellow]. Stamens 5-10. Style persistent. Fruit fusiform or ellipsoid, obtusely angled, dry, ± woody, nearly smooth or longitudinally wrinkled, apex bearing persistent calyx lobes and style.
Two species: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), S Korea, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; E Africa (including Madagascar), N Australia, Pacific islands; two species in China.
The species of this genus are trees of mangrove forests, banks of tidal creeks, and borders of coastal fishponds.
" 110768 general 1075920 Combretaceae "Quisqualis.Lianas woody. Leaves opposite or subopposite; petiole persistent and thornlike; leaf blade ± elliptic, glabrous or hairy. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, simple or sometimes compound spikes. Calyx tube (1.7-)5-9 cm, ± uniformly narrowly tubular except funnelform at apex, deciduous above ovary, hairy or subglabrous; lobes 5, deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, small, apex sometimes cuspidate. Petals 5, white or red, larger (often much more so) than calyx lobes. Stamens 10, not or scarcely exserted from calyx tube. Style partly adnate to inside of calyx tube (in Chinese species). Fruit fusiform to subglobose or ovoid, longitudinally 5-ridged or -winged, dry, leathery.
About 17 species: tropical Africa, tropical Asia; two species in China.
Jongkind (Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 12: 275-280. 1991) proposed uniting Quisqualis with Combretum on the grounds that the two genera cannot be separated morphologically in a consistent manner. Tan et al. (loc. cit., see note under family heading) found Quisqualis and Combretum to be monophyletic sister taxa, but noted that their sampling (two species of each genus in five samples) was insufficient to examine problems of generic circumscription.
" 111136 general 1074488 Combretaceae "Terminalia.Trees, often very large and buttressed, rarely shrubs. Branches often in tiers. Leaves spiraled, alternate, subopposite, or opposite, often crowded into pseudowhorls at apices of branchlets; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, obovate, or orbicular, hairy or glabrous, often minutely verruculose and translucent dotted (from calcium oxalate crystals), often with domatia, often with 2 or more glands at or above leaf blade base or on petiole. Inflorescences axillary or terminal spikes or racemes, sometimes panicles, with bisexual flowers toward base of inflorescence and male flowers toward apex. Calyx tube proximally broadly cylindric to ellipsoid or ovoid, distally cupular or sometimes scarcely developed; lobes 4 or 5, deltoid or ovate. Petals absent. Stamens 8 or 10. Fruit variable in size and shape, often fleshy and drupelike, sometimes dry and leathery or corky, often longitudinally 2-5-winged, or -ridged, sometimes weakly so; endocarp usually at least partly sclerenchymatous.
About 150 species: tropics of Africa, America, and Asia, extending to S Africa, Australia, and Pacific islands; six species in China.
The following species have been recorded as cultivated in China. Two species have fruit with 5 broad wings: Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth (T. tomentosa (Roxburgh) Wight & Arnott; Pentaptera tomentosa Roxburgh), from India to Vietnam, has been recorded from Guangdong (Guangzhou); T. arjuna (Roxburgh ex Candolle) Wight & Arnott (P. arjuna Roxburgh ex Candolle), from India, has been recorded from Fujian (Xiamen), Guangdong (Dinghu Shan, Guangzhou, Hong Kong), and Guangxi. These two species may be distinguished by their fruit: T. alata has fruit ovoid, ca. 3 cm, with wings not or scarcely extending beyond the apex, whereas T. arjuna has fruit obovoid, ca. 5 cm, with wings obviously extending beyond the apex. Terminalia muelleri Bentham (Myrobalanus muelleri (Bentham) Kuntze), from Australia, is similar to T. catappa but with fruit only ca. 1.6 cm; it has been recorded from Guangdong (Guangzhou). In addition, T. mantaly H. Perrier, from Madagascar, with small, cuneate-oblanceolate leaves 5-7 cm and short spikes 4-5 cm, has been recorded as a street tree in Taiwan (Taizhong).
" 139146 general 1076251 Combretaceae "Terminalia franchetii var. franchetii.Trees or shrubs 1.5-10 m tall. Leaf blade 5-6.5(-11) × 2.5-4.5(-6.5) cm, abaxially densely yellow or brown appressed sericeous, glabrescent, glabrous except hairy on veins and margin, or if sparsely hairy then not appressed sericeous, adaxially tomentose to ± glabrous. Spikes 4-10(-12) cm. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. May-Dec.
As circumscribed here, Terminalia franchetii var. franchetii displays considerable variation in the size of the leaf blades and the density and distribution of their indumentum. For example, plants from S Yunnan with larger, less hairy leaf blades have been called T. franchetii var. membranifolia, and plants from the Jinsha Jiang in SW Sichuan and NW Yunnan with glabrous to sparsely hairy leaf blades have been called T. franchetii var. glabra. Plants from Dukou in S Sichuan with hairy leaves at the large end of the size range were named T. dukouensis, and plants from N Thailand with hairy leaf blades and shortly stalked flowers and fruit were named T. franchetii var. tomentosa. However, apart from the minor detail of stalked flowers and fruit in the entity from Thailand, there seem to be no clear-cut discontinuities between typical T. franchetii and these variants, so they are not recognized as distinct taxa here. On the other hand, plants named T. intricata from the dry valley region where Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan meet appear to represent a distinct, xerophytic, local variant of T. franchetii and are accordingly recognized here at varietal rank.
" 166149 morphology 1074425 Combretaceae "Combretum aculeatum. Scandent shrub of dry regions" 118713 general 1075441 Combretaceae "Quisqualis indica.Lianas to 8 m tall. Branchlets brownish yellow pubescent. Petiole 5-9 mm, without an inflated joint near base, densely brown pilose when young; leaf blade mostly oblong-elliptic or elliptic, 5-18 × 2.5-7 cm, abaxially sometimes brown pilose, adaxially glabrous except slightly brown pilose on midvein, finely white verruculose, rarely tomentose on both surfaces, base obtuse, apex acuminate to shortly caudate; lateral veins in 7 or 8 pairs. Inflorescences lax; bracts deciduous, filiform-linear to ovate, 3-12 mm, brown pilose. Flowers fragrant. Calyx tube 5-9 cm, yellow pilose; lobes deltoid, 2-3 mm, apex acute or shortly acuminate but not cuspidate. Petals opening white, later turning yellowish abaxially and reddish adaxially, obovate to oblanceolate, 10-24 × 4-10 mm, apex rounded to obtuse. Fruit red when young, greenish black or brown when ripe, fusiform or narrowly ovoid, sharply 5-ridged, 2.7-4 × 1.2-2.3 cm, glabrous, apex mucronate. Fl. Mar-Nov, fr. Jun-Nov.
This species is cultivated in China as an ornamental. The seeds are used medicinally to kill intestinal parasites.
Quisqualis indica is variable in its indumentum and in the shape and size of its bracts. Most Chinese specimens with bracts still attached have linear-lanceolate to filiform-linear bracts. In this respect, these plants correspond with Q. indica var. villosa , as defined by Lecompte (in Aubréville, Fl. Cambodge Laos Vietnam 10: 22-31. 1969), who described var. indica as having ovate to lanceolate bracts. In FRPS (53(1): 17. 1984), var. villosa was said to have ovate leaf blades, tomentose on both surfaces (vs. elliptic or ovate, abaxially sometimes brown pilose, and adaxially glabrous in var. indica).
Four specimens from Guangdong (Deqing, Guangzhou, Nanhai, and Xingning), at least three of which are from cultivated plants, have a shorter calyx tube, 3-5 cm, and smaller petals, 8-9 × 3-4.5 mm, than is normal for Quisqualis indica. It is possible that these belong to Q. indica var. pierrei (Gagnepain) O. Lecompte (Q. pierrei Gagnepain), described from S Vietnam, which differs from var. indica in having smaller flowers of about these dimensions and, strikingly, in having fruit with 5 broad, papery wings 1-1.5 cm wide. However, because the specimens lack fruit, this determination is only tentative.
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, often forming colonies, simple, glabrous. Leaves alternate, sometimes seemingly spirally arranged, sessile; leaf sheath sometimes pilose at mouth; leaf blade dark green adaxially, purple abaxially, oblong-lanceolate, 20--40 × 3--6 cm, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, base narrowed and semiclasping, apex acuminate. Flowers in axillary, pedunculate, simple or forked, many-flowered umbels subtended by 2 large, conduplicate, ovate bracts to 3 cm. Petals white, ovate, 5--8 mm, apex abruptly acute. Seeds rugose.
Widely cultivated as an ornamental in S China. The flower is used medicinally for the treatment of dysentery, enterorrhagia, and hemoptysis.
" 129644 general 1074218 Commelinaceae "Tradescantia zebrina.Herbs perennial. Stems prostrate or decumbent, often forming dense mats or colonies, branched, rooting at nodes, glabrous or pilose. Leaves alternate, sessile; leaf sheath 8--12 × 5--8 mm, thin, membranous, long-ciliate at mouth, otherwise glabrous or sparsely villous; leaf blade with 2 longitudinal, silver stripes adaxially, purple abaxially, ovate, 3--10 × 1.5--3.2 cm, somewhat fleshy, glabrous or sparsely pilose on both surfaces, base rounded, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers in clusters subtended by 2 large, leaflike, narrow, ciliate bracts. Sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm. Petals rose pink, ovate, ca. 6 mm, apex obtuse. Seeds rugulose.
Commonly cultivated in S China for its attractive flowers. The leaf is applied to reduce swellings.
" 166590 ecology 1072551 Commelinaceae "Commelina imberbis. ""In cultivated ground, probably introduced.""" 166728 morphology 1071941 Commelinaceae "Aneilema pomeridianum. ""Flowers mauve to bluish-purple, open from about 1 p.m. until dusk: in grassland or woodland, sometimes in cultivated ground.""" 166765 ecology 1072535 Commelinaceae "Commelina forsskalii. ""Grassland, open waste and cultivated ground, roadsides, sand-dunes, etc.""" 166818 ecology 1072943 Commelinaceae "Cyanotis lanata. ""Often in seasonally wet places on and near rocks, also sometimes in cultivated around, usually at low elevations (4, 500 ft. or less).""" 166982 morphology 72048 Compositae "Anisopappus dalzielii. Yellow ray-arid disk-florets in few heads" 167020 ecology 99590 Compositae "Blainvillea gayana. A weed of open ground in semi-arid regions." 167456 ecology 72569 Compositae "Porphyrostemma chevalieri. A weed of sandy soil in arid districts." 65716 general 38178 Compositae "Parthenium. ""Heads radiate, the rays few, short and rather inconspicuous, white or yellowish, pistillate and fertile, the expanded part rarely wanting and the heads thus disciform; invol of 2–4 series of broad, ± imbricate, dry and scarcely herbaceous bracts, the inner subtending the rays; receptacle small, convex or conic, chaffy; disk-fls staminate, with undivided style; ray-achenes flattened parallel to the invol bracts, their subtending bracts joined at base to the 2 or 3 adjacent receptacular bracts, thus partly enclosing the achene, the whole commonly falling as a unit; pappus of 2 or 3 short or elongate awns or scales, or nearly obsolete; bitter, aromatic herbs (ours) or shrubs with alternate, entire to pinnatifid lvs and rather small hemispheric heads. 16, New World.""" 65837 general 34114 Compositae "Matricaria. ""Heads radiate or discoid, the rays white, pistillate and usually fertile; invol bracts dry, 2–3-seriate, not much imbricate, with ± scarious or hyaline margins; receptacle naked, hemispheric to more often conic or elongate; disk-cors yellow, 4–5-toothed; style-branches flattened, truncate, penicillate; achenes glabrous or roughened, generally nerved on the margins and ventrally, nerveless dorsally; pappus a short crown or none; herbs with alternate, pinnatifid or pinnately dissected lvs and small or middle-sized heads terminating the branches or in a corymbiform infl. 40, N. Hemisphere and S. Afr.""" 66008 general 38011 Compositae "Chrysanthemum. ""Heads radiate or seldom discoid, the rays pistillate and fertile, white or sometimes yellow or anthocyanic; invol bracts ± imbricate in 2–4 series, dry, at least the margins and tips scarious or hyaline, the midrib sometimes greenish; receptacle flat or convex, naked; disk-fls tubular and perfect, the cor with (4)5 lobes; style-branches flattened, truncate, penicillate; achenes subterete or angular, 5–10-ribbed, or those of the rays with 2–3 wing-angles; pappus a short crown, or none; herbs or seldom shrubs with alternate, entire or toothed to occasionally pinnatifid lvs and hemispheric or depressed- hemispheric heads. 100, N. Hemisphere, espec. Old World.""" 66024 general 34165 Compositae "Centaurea. ""Heads discoid, the fls sometimes all tubular and perfect, or more often the marginal ones neutral, with enlarged, irregular, falsely radiate cor; invol bracts imbricate in several series, dry, sometimes spine-tipped, more often some of them with enlarged, scarious or hyaline, erose or lacerate or pectinate terminal appendage, seldom all merely rounded above and entire; receptacle nearly flat, densely bristly; cors anthocyanic to yellow or white, with slender tube, short throat, and long narrow lobes; anthers with a narrow, firm, apical appendage, evidently (though often shortly) tailed at base; styles with a thickened, often hairy ring and an abrupt change of texture at the base of the papillate branches; achenes obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, seldom evidently nerved; pappus of several series of graduated bristles or narrow scales, often much reduced, or wanting; herbs with alternate or all basal, entire to pinnatifid lvs. 500+, mostly Old World.""" 66070 general 34519 Compositae "Artemisia. ""Heads disciform or discoid, the outer fls in our spp. pistillate and fertile, the central ones perfect or sometimes sterile; invol bracts dry, imbricate, at least the inner scarious or with scarious margins; receptacle flat to convex or hemispheric, naked or beset with long hairs; style-branches flattened, truncate, penicillate; achenes ellipsoid or obovoid to nearly prismatic, scarcely compressed, usually glabrous; pappus none; herbs or shrubs, usually aromatic, with alternate, entire to dissected lvs and few to numerous small, ovoid to campanulate or hemispheric heads in a spiciform, racemiform, or paniculiform infl. 100+, N. Hemisphere and S. Amer.""" 66082 general 34281 Compositae "Anthemis. ""Heads radiate or rarely discoid, the rays elongate, white or yellow, pistillate or neutral; invol bracts subequal or more often imbricate in several series, dry, the margins ± scarious or hyaline; receptacle convex or conic or hemispheric, chaffy at least toward the middle; disk-fls numerous, perfect, the tube usually cylindric at base, occasionally flattened; style-branches flattened, truncate, penicillate; achenes terete or 4–5- angled, or occasionally ± compressed but not callous-margined; pappus a short crown, or more often none; herbs, usually aromatic, with alternate, incised-dentate to pinnately dissected lvs and medium-sized to rather large heads terminating the branches. 60, Old World.Besides the spp. treated below, A. mixta L. (annual; rays pistillate, white with yellow base) and A. nobilis L. (perennial; rays pistillate, white, receptacular bracts blunt) have been found as waifs in our range.""" 66086 general 34774 Compositae "Anaphalis. ""Dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, the pistillate heads sometimes with a few central staminate fls; heads disciform or discoid; invol bracts imbricate, almost wholly dry and scarious; receptacle naked, flat or convex; pistillate fls with tubular-filiform cor and bifid style; staminate fls with coarser, tubular cor and generally undivided style; anthers caudate; pappus of distinct capillary bristles, neither clavellate nor conspicuously barbellate; white-woolly perennials with alternate entire lvs. 25+, N. Temp., mostly e. Asia.""" 66106 general 39971 Compositae "Achillea. ""Heads radiate, the rays 3–13, pistillate and fertile (rarely neutral), white, sometimes pink or yellow, short and broad; invol bracts imbricate in several series, dry, with scarious or hyaline margins and often greenish midrib; receptacle conic or convex, chaffy; disk-fls mostly 10–75, perfect and fertile; style-branches flattened, truncate, penicillate; achenes compressed parallel to the invol bracts, callous-margined, glabrous; pappus none; perennial herbs with alternate, subentire to pinnately dissected lvs and several or many relatively small heads in a ± corymbiform infl. 75, N. Hemisphere, mainly Old World.In addition to the following spp. [A. ptarmica; A. sibirica; & A. millefolium], A. tomentosa L., 2–4 dm, with bright yellow fls, casually escapes from cult.""" 68349 general 34479 Compositae "Artemisia dracunculus. ""Fibrous-rooted perennial 5–15 dm, the stems clustered on short, coarse rhizomes or a branching caudex; herbage glabrous or occasionally villous-puberulent; lvs narrowly linear to lance-linear, 3–8 cm × 1–6 mm, mostly entire, but occasionally some 2–5-cleft, the lower generally deciduous before flowering; infl paniculiform, usually open and ample; invol glabrous or nearly so, 2–3 mm; disk-fls sterile; achenes ellipsoid, nerveless; 2n=18. Dry open places; Ill. to Man. and Tex., s. to Yukon, B.C., and n. Mex.; also in Eurasia. July–Sept. (A. cernua; A. dracunculoides; A. glauca)""" 68351 general 95055 Compositae "Kuhnia eupatorioides. ""Plants 3–13 dm, densely puberulent to subglabrous; stems numerous; lvs narrowly lanceolate to broadly rhombic-lanceolate, the main ones 2.5–10 cm × 0.5–4 cm, gland-dotted beneath, entire or toothed, sessile or the lower short-petiolate; heads mostly in small corymbiform clusters terminating the branches; invol 7–14 mm, the inner bracts mostly linear or oblong, the outer subulate-deltoid to lanceolate, with slender attenuate tip; fls creamy-white; pappus-bristles 20; 2n=18. Dry open places, especially in sandy soil; N.J. to O., N.D., and Mont., s. to Fla. and Ariz. Aug.–Oct. (Brickellia e.) Three vars. in our range.""" 68354 general 123047 Compositae "Senecio jacobaea. ""Biennial or short-lived perennial 2–10 dm, ± fibrous- rooted to evidently taprooted, simple to the infl, thinly floccose-tomentose at first, generally glabrous or nearly so by anthesis, except often in the infl; lvs equably distributed, mostly 2–3 times pinnatifid with ± pointed segments or teeth, 4–20 × 2–6 cm, the lower petiolate and often deciduous, sometimes less dissected than the others, the upper becoming sessile; heads ± numerous in a short broad infl; disk 7–10 mm wide; invol 4 mm, its bracts ca 13, over 1 mm wide, generally dark-tipped; rays 4–8 mm; achenes minutely hairy; 2n=40, 80. Native of Europe, now established as a weed in dry soil and waste places in parts of n. U.S. and adj. Can., in our range chiefly from N.J. to se. Can. July–Oct.""" 68603 general 66498 Compositae "Helianthus atrorubens. ""Fibrous-rooted perennial from a very short, stout rhizome or crown; stems mostly solitary, 0.5–2 m, usually conspicuously spreading-hairy, at least below; lvs nearly all opposite, 3–8 pairs below the infl, commonly hairy on both sides, especially on the main veins beneath, lance-ovate to sometimes broadly ovate, mostly (1.3–)1.7–2.5(–3) times as long as wide, abruptly contracted to the petiole, the largest ones near the base, these commonly 6–20(–25) cm, toothed; petioles tending to be conspicuously wing-flared upward, often conspicuously spreading-hairy, the lower generally 1/3 to fully as long as the blade; heads several on long, naked peduncles in a corymbiform infl; disk red-purple, 1–1.5(–2) cm wide; invol bracts evidently imbricate, broad, firm, appressed, mostly oblong or elliptic, rounded to acutish, sometimes with an abrupt, very short acumination, 2.5–4(–5) mm wide, ciliolate, otherwise glabrous or nearly so; rays 10–15, 1–3 cm; pappus without accessory scales; 2n=34. Dry, open woods; basically Appalachian and Atlantic, from Va. and e. Ky. to c. Ga. and Ala., w. to w. Tenn. and se. La. July–Oct.""" 68604 general 37589 Compositae "Coreopsis major. ""Much like no. 5 [ Coreopsis tripteris L.], but smaller, 5–10 dm, vigorously rhizomatous but the stems commonly tufted, the herbage often short-hairy; lvs sessile, the lfls averaging a little shorter, 3–8 cm; outer invol bracts longer and often leafier, sometimes equaling the inner; 2n=26, 78, 104. Mostly in dry, open woods; s. Pa. and O. s. to Fla. and Tex. July–Sept. Most of our plants belong to the widespread var. major, with lfls 1–3 cm wide. The var. rigida (Nutt.) Boynton, with firmer lfls mostly 5–10 mm wide, often in more exposed or less favorable sites, occurs from Va. to S.C. and Ga., but not to the exclusion of var. major; it has 2n=104 and may reflect alloploid introgression from C. delphinifolia Lam., which is itself thought to be an alloploid of nos. 6 [Coreopsis major Walter] and 7 [Coreopsis verticillata L.].""" 68629 general 169618 Compositae "Solidago hispida. ""Plants 1–10 dm from a branched caudex, generally spreading- hirsute throughout, sometimes sparsely or scarcely so in northern plants (these called var. arnoglossa Fernald) or the hairs occasionally mostly appressed; lvs basally disposed, the larger ones broadly oblanceolate to obovate or elliptic, toothed or entire, 8–20 × 1.5–6 cm; infl elongate and narrow, generally ± leafy-bracteate below, not at all secund, some of the lower branches sometimes elongate and stiffly ascending; invol 4–6 mm, its bracts obtuse or rounded, appearing narrower than in S. erecta, tending to be rather yellowish, the green tip often ill-defined; rays 7–14, usually deep yellow; achenes glabrous;2n=18. Dry woods and open, often rocky places; Nf. to Minn. and S.D., s. to Ga. and Ark.""" 68631 general 167674 Compositae "Aster laevis. ""Plants 3–10 dm from a short, stout rhizome or branched caudex, sometimes with short, slender, creeping red rhizomes as well; herbage glabrous except occasionally for some puberulent lines in the infl, commonly ± glaucous; lvs mainly cauline, thick and firm, highly variable in size and shape, but the larger ones more than 1 cm (often more than 2.5 cm) wide and often less than 5 times as long as wide, entire or sometimes toothed, sessile and ± strongly auriculate-clasping, the lower tapering to a winged petiole and scarcely clasping, those of the infl reduced and often bract-like, broadest at the clasping or subclasping base; heads several or many in an open infl; invol 5–9 mm, its firm, appressed, acute bracts conspicuously imbricate in several series, with short, diamond-shaped green tip mostly 1–2 mm; rays 15–30, blue or purple, 8–15 mm; achenes glabrous or nearly so; pappus usually reddish; 2n=48. Open, usually dry places; Me. to B.C., s. to Ga., Ark., and N.M. Most of our plants are var. laevis, as described above. The western var. geyeri A. Gray, with the invol bracts fewer-seriate, narrower, and more sharply pointed, their green tips more elongate, extends into our range from Minn. to Mo. (A. geyeri; A. laeviformis)""" 68632 general 65846 Compositae "Solidago fistulosa. ""Stems 7–15 dm from long creeping rhizomes, stout, conspicuously spreading-hirsute, at least above the middle; lvs chiefly cauline, numerous, crowded, strongly hirsute on the midrib beneath, and often less densely so across the surface, less hairy or more often glabrous above, sessile, broad-based and somewhat clasping, lance-ovate to elliptic-oblong, obscurely serrulate or subentire, the larger ones 3.5–12 × 1–3.5 cm; infl paniculiform, usually dense, with recurved-secund branches; invol glabrous, 3.5–5 mm, its bracts thin and slender; rays 7–12, small; disk fls 4–7; achenes short-hairy; 2n=18. Wet or dry places, often in pinelands; N.J. to Fla. and La., mainly on the coastal plain.""" 68634 general 160633 Compositae "Aster undulatus. ""Plants with a branched caudex or short rhizomes; stem 3-12 dm, densely pubescent with short, spreading hairs, varying to subglabrous below the infl; lvs entire or toothed, scabrous to glabrous above, usually shortly and rather loosely hairy beneath, at least the lower ones cordate or subcordate at base and petioled, lance-ovate to ovate, 3.5-14 × 1.5-7 cm, those above extremely variable in size and shape, but always at least some of them either sessile and cordate-clasping or with the petiole enlarged and auriculate-clasping at base; infl open, paniculiform, the branches and mostly well developed peduncles ± spreading and bracteate; invol 4-7 mm, usually minutely puberulent, its bracts imbricate, sharply acute or acuminate, sometimes very slender, more often a little wider as in no. 32 [Aster drummondii Lindl.], often minutely purple-tipped; rays 10-20, blue or lilac; achenes minutely hairy, at least above; 2n=?18, 32, ?36. Mostly in dry, open woods and clearings; Me. to Fla., w. to O., se. Ind., e. Tenn. and c. Miss., and se. La. (A. claviger; A. corrigiatus; A. gracilescens; A. loriformis; A. sylvestris; A. triangularis; A. truellius)""" 68643 general 66494 Compositae "Antennaria microphylla. ""Mat-forming, stoloniferous, 5–40 cm; herbage closely and persistently gray-tomentose, or some of the lvs rarely finally glabrate above; basal lvs oblanceolate or spatulate, 8–30 × 2–7 mm; heads several in a subcapitate or rather loose cyme; pistillate invols 4–7 mm, the scarious part of the bracts deep pink to bright white or dull whitish, generally appearing striate at 20×; dry pistillate cors 2.5–4.5 mm; sexual or apomictic; 2n=28, 56. Dry, open places, meadows, and open woods; chiefly in the w. cordillera, e. to w. Minn., w. Ont., and n. Mich. May–Aug. (A. rosea) The name A. microphylla may eventually have to give way to the older A. chilensis Remy, from Chilean Patagonia.""" 68644 general 159271 Compositae "Hieracium caespitosum. ""Plants with a short or more often elongate rhizome and commonly with short, stout stolons; stems 1–several, 2.5–9 dm, long-setose, becoming stellate- tomentose and blackish-glandular-hispid above, naked or with only 1 or 2(3) reduced lvs; basal lvs oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 5–25 cm (petiole included) × 1–3 cm, mostly 5–12 times as long as wide, long-setose on both sides, sometimes sparsely so above, commonly slightly stellate beneath; heads mostly 5–30 in a compact, corymbiform infl; invol 6–8 mm, hispid with blackish, gland-tipped hairs, commonly also sparsely long-setose and slightly stellate; fls bright yellow; achenes 1.5–2 mm, truncate; 2n=18, 27, 36, 45. A weed in fields, pastures, and along roadsides, occasionally in dry woods; native of Europe, now widespread in se. Can. and ne. U.S., s. to N.C., n. Ga., and Tenn. May–Sept. (H. pratense)""" 68645 general 36266 Compositae "Antennaria parvifolia. ""Similar to no. 1 [Antennaria microphylla Rydb.], but commonly appearing stouter, with larger, mostly closely aggregated heads, and on the avg with larger, relatively broader lvs; plants seldom over 15 cm; basal lvs spatulate or oblanceolate, 1–3.5 cm × 2.5–10 mm; pistillate invols 7–11 mm, the bracts usually blunt, the scarious part bright white or less often dull white, seldom pink; dry pistillate cors 5–8 mm; sexual or apomictic; 2n=56, 84, 112, ca 140. Dry, open places; w. Minn. to Man., B.C., and Ariz. May–July. (A. aprica)""" 68646 general 70791 Compositae "Aster concolor. ""Plants with a short caudex or crown, often with creeping rhizomes as well; stems slender, 3-10 dm, simple or sparingly branched, thinly sericeous or sometimes merely strigose, rarely spreading-villous, glabrate below; lvs sericeous, sometimes glabrate in age, entire, the lower soon deciduous, the others sessile and broad-based but not strongly clasping, lanceolate or oblong to broadly elliptic, to 5 × 1.5 cm; infl narrow and racemiform, or occasionally with racemiform branches, the peduncles minutely bracteate; invol 5-9 mm, densely and finely sericeous, its bracts narrower and more imbricate than in no. 25 [Aster sericeus Vent.]; rays 8-16, blue (pink), 7-12 mm; achenes densely sericeous, the pubescence obscuring the nerves; 2n=8, 16. Dry sandy places, often among pines; coastal states from Mass. to Fla. and La., and up the Mississippi embayment to sw. Tenn.; less commonly inland in the mts. of Ky. and Tenn.""" 68647 general 95191 Compositae "Solidago rigida. ""Plants 2.5–15 dm from a stout branched caudex; herbage densely pubescent with short spreading hairs, varying to subglabrous; lvs basally disposed, firm, slightly toothed or entire, the larger ones with elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or broadly lanceolate to broadly ovate, rounded to acutish blade 6–25× 2–10 cm, often exceeded by the long petiole; middle cauline lvs sessile or nearly so, 2–6 times as long as wide; infl dense, corymbiform, 5–25 cm wide; heads relatively large, the disk 5–10 mm wide; invol 5–9 mm, glabrous or puberulent, its bracts firm, broadly rounded, conspicuously striate; rays 7–14, 3–5 mm; disk-fls 17–35; achenes turgid or angular, 10–20-nerved; 2n=18, 36. Prairies and other dry, open places, especially in sandy soil; R.I., Conn., w. Mass., and N.Y. to Ga., w. to Alta. and N.M., more common westward. (Oligoneuron r.) Three vars.""" 68648 general 84591 Compositae "Solidago juncea. ""Plants 3–12 dm from a stout, branched caudex or short rhizome, commonly with ± deep-seated creeping rhizomes as well, essentially glabrous, or sometimes ± short-hirsute on the lvs or in the infl; lvs basally disposed, the larger ones 15–40 × 2–7.5 cm, with rather narrowly elliptic-acuminate, ± serrate blade tapering to the long petiole; infl dense, mostly about as broad as long, with recurved-secund branches; invol 3–5 mm; rays 7–12, minute; disk fls 9–14; receptacle with some slender, chaffy, phyllary-like bracts near the margin internal to the rays; achenes short-hairy; 2n=18. Dry, open places and open woods, especially in sandy soil; N.S. and N.B. to Minn., s. to Va., Tenn., ne. Miss., Mo., and in the mts. to n. Ga. and n. Ala.""" 68653 general 165341 Compositae "Solidago pinetorum. ""Plants 4–11 dm from a branched caudex, slender, glabrous throughout, or some of the lvs ± ciliate-margined; lvs basally disposed, the lower linear-oblanceolate, serrate or subentire, ± strongly triple-nerved; upper lvs spreading or reflexed, and bearing axillary fascicles of small lvs; infl paniculiform, with recurved-secund branches, commonly as broad as long; invol 3–4 mm, its bracts obtuse or rounded, with evident midrib; rays 3–7; disk-fls 5–9; achenes glabrous, or slightly hairy distally; 2n=18. Open places and dry woods, especially in sandy soil; coastal plain and piedmont from s. Va. to S.C.""" 68656 general 53324 Compositae "Solidago missouriensis. ""Plants (3–)5–10 dm from creeping rhizomes, sometimes with a caudex as well, glabrous throughout; lvs firm, strongly triple-nerved (at least the middle and lower), entire or some (especially the lower) serrate, the lowest ones oblanceolate and conspicuously serrate but mostly soon deciduous, the others slightly to strongly reduced upward, lance-elliptic to broadly linear, tapering to a sessile or obscurely petiolar base, often with axillary fascicles of much reduced lvs; infl paniculiform, with ± strongly recurved-secund branches, mostly short and broad; invol 3–5 mm, its bracts firm, broadly rounded to occasionally acutish; rays 7–13; disk-fls 8–13; receptacle commonly with some bracts near the margin as in no. 25 [Solidago juncea Aiton]; achenes glabrous or sparsely hairy; 2n=18, 36. Prairies and other dry, open or sparsely wooded places; widespread in w. U.S., entering our range from Minn. to Mo., and locally e. to nw. Ind. and s. Ont. Our plants, as here described, are var. fasciculata Holz. (S. glaberrima; S. moritura)""" 68658 general 109502 Compositae "Parthenium auriculatum. ""Similar to no. 1 [Parthenium integrifolium L.], but the stem and to a lesser extent the lvs coarsely spreading-hairy; cauline lvs ± auriculate-clasping. Dry woods and old fields; mts. and piedmont from n. Va. and adj. W.Va. to N.C. and Tenn. May–July.""" 68661 general 78570 Compositae "Parthenium integrifolium. ""Perennial 3–10 dm from a tuberous-thickened, usually short root; stem simple or branched above, strigose-puberulent above, often glabrous below; lvs large and sometimes few, crenate-serrate, or sublyrate at base, scabrous to subglabrous, the basal long- petiolate, with lance-elliptic to broadly ovate blade 7–20 × 4–10 cm, the cauline progressively shorter- petiolate and generally reduced, the upper often sessile and clasping, but less conspicuously so than in the next 2 spp.; heads numerous in a flat-topped infl, the disk 4–7 mm wide; rays scarcely 2 mm; achenes obovate, black, 3 mm; 2n=72. Prairies and dry woods; Va. to se. Minn., s. to Ga. and Ark., and adventive in Mass. June–Sept.""" 68669 general 161435 Compositae "Hieracium longipilum. ""Plant with a short stout caudex or crown; stem 6–20 dm, densely long-hairy below, the hairs mostly 1 cm or more, sometimes 2 cm, becoming glabrous or nearly so above; lvs pubescent like the stem, or the hairs shorter; basal and lower cauline lvs rather numerous, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 9–30 × 1.5–4.5 cm, crowded, the lowest ones often deciduous, the others progressively reduced upwards, the upper half of the stem commonly naked or merely bracteate; infl elongate, cylindric, the branches and peduncles stellate, long-stipitate-glandular and sometimes sparsely setose; invol 7–10 mm, stellate-puberulent and hispid with blackish, mostly gland-tipped hairs; fls 40–90; achenes 3–4.5 mm, narrowed above. Dry prairies, open woods, and fields, especially in sandy soil; Mich. and Ind. to Minn., Kans., and Okla. July, Aug.""" 68671 general 161068 Compositae "Senecio canus. ""Several-stemmed perennial 1–4 dm from a ± branched caudex, often with an evident short taproot; herbage ± strongly white-tomentose, often less so in age, the upper surfaces of the lvs sometimes glabrate; basal and lowermost cauline lvs ± tufted, from narrowly oblanceolate to broadly elliptic or subovate, the blade mostly 1–4 or 5 cm × 4–30(–45) mm, entire to irregularly subpinnately lobed, borne on a short or elongate petiole; middle and upper lvs few, strongly and progressively reduced, becoming bract-like; heads several; invol 4–8 mm; rays mostly 6–13 mm; achenes glabrous; 2n=46, 92, 138. Dry, open often rocky places; widespread in the w. cordillera, and e. to Minn. May–July.""" 68674 general 160402 Compositae "Aster oolentangiensis. ""Plants with a branched caudex or short rhizome; stems 2–15 dm, scabrous-puberulent to occasionally subglabrous; lvs basally disposed, thick and firm, entire or occasionally shallowly serrate, scabrous-hispid above, the hairs on the lower surface softer, and usually longer and looser; basal and usually also some of the lowest cauline lvs long-petiolate, cordate (usually shallowly so) or subcordate, lanceolate or ovate in outline, 4–13 × 1.2–6 cm, some of the basal ones sometimes smaller and with more tapering base, those above ± abruptly smaller, narrower, and less petiolate, and generally not at all cordate, the upper sessile and lanceolate or linear; infl open-paniculiform, copiously and narrowly bracteate; invol 4.5–8 mm, its bracts well imbricate, obtusish to sharply acute, with a diamond-shaped green tip shorter than the chartaceous base, glabrous except for the often ciliolate margins; rays 10–25, blue (pink), 5–12 mm; achenes glabrous or nearly so; 2n=32. Prairies and dry open woods; w. N.Y. and s. Ont. to Minn. and S.D., s. to w. Tenn., nw. Miss., La., and e. Tex. (A. azureus; A. poaceus)""" 68680 general 97949 Compositae "Coreopsis verticillata. ""Rhizomatous perennial 3–9 dm, often hispidulous at the nodes, otherwise glabrous; lvs sessile, 3–6 cm, ternately parted to the base, at least the central segment pinnatifid or again ternate, the ultimate segments linear-filiform, 0.3–1 mm wide; heads on very slender and rather short peduncles, the disk 5–10 mm wide, dark reddish-purple; outer invol bracts oblong or linear-oblong, 3–7 mm; rays yellow, ca 8, 1–2.5 cm; receptacular bracts linear-clavate, acutish; disk- cors 5-toothed; style-appendages cuspidately acute; achenes 3–5 mm, narrowly winged; pappus obsolete; 2n=26, 52, 78. Dry, open woods; Md. and DC. to S.C., mainly on the coastal plain, but also inland to theFolded Appalachians; escaped elsewhere. June–Aug.""" 68682 general 52646 Compositae "Hieracium traillii. ""Similar to no. 14 [Hieracium venosum L.], but more hairy; lvs long-setose over the surface beneath and often sparsely so above, not purple-veined; peduncles avg stouter, densely stellate-tomentose as well as copiously provided with spreading, blackish, gland-tipped hairs; heads avg larger, the invol to 12 mm, conspicuously hairy, with long, eglandular setae, shorter, blackish, gland- tipped hairs, and also some small, stellate hairs. Dry, open woods, often on shale-barrens; mts. of s. Pa. to Va. and W.Va. May–Aug. (H. greenii Porter & Britton, a preoccupied name)""" 68683 general 111770 Compositae "Elephantopus carolinianus. ""Stems 3–10 dm, densely hirsute below, usually divaricately branched above and with numerous glomerules; lvs or most of them cauline, broadly elliptic to obovate, 9–25 × 3–10 cm, crenate, pilose beneath; glomerules 10–15 mm; bracts triangular-ovate, often longer than the glomerules; invol 8–10 mm, its bracts acuminate, resinous, thinly strigose; pappus- bristles gradually dilated into a narrowly triangular base; 2n=22. Dry woods; N.J. to O., Ill., and Kans., s. to Fla., Tex., and W.I. Aug., Sept.""" 68686 general 117649 Compositae "Aster solidagineus. ""Essentially glabrous, 2–6 dm from a short stout caudex; lvs entire, linear or narrowly oblong (or the lower oblong-oblanceolate), 2–8 cm × 2–12 mm, more than 5 times as long as wide, sessile, or the lower petiolate (but only slightly if at all larger than the others); infl flat-topped, the heads tending to be in small glomerules; invol cylindric, 4–7 mm, its bracts well imbricate, broad and firm, the outer shortly green-tipped, the inner chartaceous and erose- margined; rays 3–6, white, 5–10 mm; disk-fls 5–10, 4–5.5 mm (dry), white or ochroleucous; achenes ± densely sericeous; pappus white, some of the bristles obscurely clavellate above; 2n=18. Dry woods and open ground; Mass. to Ga., w. to W.Va., s. Ind., w. Ky., and La. (Sericocarpus linifolius)""" 68692 general 53770 Compositae "Artemisia frigida. ""Mat-forming perennial 1–4 dm, from a stout caudex or woody crown, somewhat shrubby at base; lvs small and numerous, clustered at base and well distributed along the stem, sericeous-tomentose, the blade 5–12 mm, twice or thrice ternately divided into linear or linear-filiform divisions 1 mm wide or less, commonly with a pair of simple or trifid stipule-like divisions at the base; infl paniculiform, or racemiform in depauperate plants; invol 2–3 mm; receptacle with numerous long hairs; achenes narrowed to the base, truncate above, obscurely if at all nerved; 2n=18. Prairies and dry open places; sw. Wis., Io. and Kans. to Ariz., Alaska, and Siberia, and occasionally intr. eastward. July–Sept.""" 68694 general 84647 Compositae "Eupatorium cuneifolium. ""Stems 3–10 dm, ± clustered on a crown or caudex, commonly branched at or near the ground-level, copiously provided with short, mostly loosely spreading hairs; lvs opposite, or the upper alternate, tending to be broadest above the middle, oblanceolate to obovate or nearly elliptic, tapering to the base, few-toothed or entire, triplinerved,2–5 cm × 5–18 mm, glandular-punctate, often less hairy than the stem, the axillary shoots of the middle and lower ones commonly elongating into slender, mostly sterile branches with reduced lvs; invol 4–7 mm, coarsely villous-puberulent and atomiferous-glandular, its bracts imbricate, broadly rounded to acute, the inner inconspicuously scarious-margined; fls 5; cor white, 3–5 mm; 2n=20, 30, 40. Pine and oak woods, mostly in dry, sandy soil or in sand-hills; se. Va. to c. Fla. and w. to Miss. Aug., Sept. Triploids with oblanceolate lvs ca 5 mm wide may reflect hybridization with E. hyssopifolium. E. tortifolium Chapm. and E. linearifolium Walter (as used by Fernald) may be such hybrids.""" 68701 general 108626 Compositae "Aster linariifolius. ""Plants with a short caudex, rarely with creeping rhizomes as well; stems several, wiry, 1–5(–7) dm, finely puberulent, becoming tomentose-puberulent upward; lvs numerous and similar, firm, linear or nearly so, entire, minutely scaberulous, scabrous-ciliate on the margins, nerveless except for the prominent midrib, 1.2–4 cm × 1.2–4 mm, the lowest ones soon deciduous; heads solitary, or more often several in a mostly corymbiform infl; invol 6–9 mm, its bracts strongly imbricate, firm, keeled, greenish upward but scarcely herbaceous, finely scaberulous like the lvs, acute to broadly rounded, the inner ± fringed-ciliate upward and usually purple-margined; rays 10–20, violet (white), broad and showy, 7–12 mm; disk yellow or anthocyanic; achenes copiously long-hairy; pappus double, the inner bristles elongate, firm, and tawny, the outer ca 1 mm or less; 2n=18. Dry ground and open woods, especially in sandy soil; Me. and Que. to n. Fla., w. to Wis., Mo., Ark., and Tex. (Ionactis l.)""" 68721 general 136727 Compositae "Aster dumosus. ""Plants with creeping rhizomes or sometimes a short rhizome or caudex, the stems 3–10 dm, glabrous or puberulent upward; lvs linear to lance-linear or linear-elliptic, sessile, entire or nearly so, ± scabrous above, glabrous beneath, all or nearly all cauline, the main ones 3–11 cm × 3–10 mm, those of the branches much reduced; infl open, usually ample, often diffuse, the branches with numerous spreading or ascending, oblong or spatulate bracts; heads ± numerous, conspicuously long-pedunculate, the peduncles bracteate like the branches of the infl, generally at lest some of them 2 cm or more (even to 15 cm); invol 4–6(–7) mm, glabrous, its bracts strongly imbricate, with short broad green tip, tending to be obtuse, often some of them dilated upward; rays 13–30, pale lavender or bluish to sometimes white, 5–9 mm; lobes of the disk-cors comprising 20–35% of the limb; 2n=16, 32. Dry or moist, often sandy places; s. Me. to Fla., w. to Mich., Ark., and La., most commonly on or near the coastal plain. (A. coridifolius)""" 68725 general 55330 Compositae "Solidago arguta. ""Stems 5–15 dm from a stout, branched caudex, glabrous except for the somewhat puberulent infl; lvs basally disposed, glabrous, or slightly scaberulous above, toothed to subentire, the larger ones 10–30 × 3–12 cm, the broadly elliptic or ovate blade rather abruptly contracted to the long petiole; infl paniculiform, with recurved-secund branches, sometimes elongate and narrow, more often broad and open, with long, divergent branches; invol 3–7 mm, its bracts acute or obtuse; rays 2–8; disk-fls 8–20; 2n=18, 36. Woods, forest-openings, and dry meadows; Me. to Fla., w. to Ky., Mo., and La. Three vars. in our range:""" 68732 general 52489 Compositae "Eupatorium rotundifolium. ""Stems 3–15 dm, mostly 1–2 from a short rhizome or crown; herbage pubescent throughout with spreading, usually short and soft hairs, commonly atomiferous-glandular as well; lvs opposite, or the upper seldom alternate, sessile or subsessile, ovate (mostly broadly so) to subrotund, evenly toothed except in var. cordigerum, broad-based and distinctly trinerved or triplinerved, 2–12 × 1–6 cm; invol 4.5–6.5 mm, its bracts imbricate, sharply acute to obtuse, evidently villous-puberulent and often also atomiferous-glandular; fls 5 (to 7 in var. ovatum), white; 2n=20, 30, 40. Woods, in dry or seldom wet soil; Me. to Fla., w. to s. O., e. Ky., Tenn., Okla., and Tex. July–Sept. Sp. here considered to consist of 3 vars.""" 68736 general 51447 Compositae "Eupatorium aromaticum. ""Resembling no. 9 [Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn.], and not always sharply distinct, avg smaller, seldom over 8 dm, and with shorter, firmer, more generally distributed pubescence; lvs relatively thick and firm, obtuse or acute, crenate or crenate-serrate, 3–7(–10) × 2–5 cm, more than 4 times as long as the short petiole; invol bracts obtuse or rounded to acute; fls mostly 10–19 per head, the cor-lobes commonly villous externally, at least near the tip; 2n=34. Dry woods, especially in sandy soil; Mass. to Fla., w. to s. O., Ky., Tenn., and e. La. Aug.–Oct.""" 68742 general 84801 Compositae "Solidago mollis. ""Plants rhizomatous, 1–6 dm; herbage densely spreading- hirtellous throughout, or the stem glabrous below; lvs chiefly cauline, numerous and crowded, triple- nerved, elliptic and sessile (or the lower cauline oblanceolate and obscurely petiolate), rounded to acute at the tip, the larger ones 3–10 cm × 8–40 mm, the middle ones 2.5–4 times as long as wide; infl dense, paniculiform or occasionally compactly thyrsoid, the lower branches often ± recurved-secund; invol 3.5–6 mm, glabrous, its bracts imbricate, rounded to acutish, firm, the broader ones 0.8–1.3 mm wide; rays 6–9, 3–5 mm, relatively broad; disk-fls 3–8; achenes short-hairy; 2n=36, 54. Plains, dry hills, and dry, open woods; w. Minn. and Io. to Man. and Okla., w. to Mont. and Colo.""" 68750 general 44540 Compositae "Arnica cordifolia. ""Rhizomatous perennial 1.5–4.5 dm, hairy or glandular or both; basal and lowest cauline lvs conspicuously petiolate, with strongly cordate base, to 11 × 8 cm, generally dentate; cauline lvs reduced upwards, becoming sessile; heads 1–3, the disk 1.5–2.5 cm wide; invol 12–20 mm; rays 10–15, 2–3 cm; pappus white, strongly barbellate; 2n=(38), 57, 76 (95), the polyploids apomictic. Dry woods; Keweenaw penins., Mich.; widespread in the w. cordillera. June, July. (A. whitneyi)""" 68753 general 126883 Compositae "Artemisia pontica. ""Rhizomatous perennial 4–10 dm, generally suffrutescent, simple or nearly so; lvs 1–3 cm, white-tomentose on both sides, more thinly so and sometimes eventually glabrate above, twice or thrice pinnatifid with short divergent segments scarcely 1 mm wide, ordinarily with a pair of stipule-like lobes or auricles at base; infl relatively narrow, elongate; invol 2–3 mm; achenes as in no. 1 [Artemisia abrotanum L.]; 2n=18. Dry open places; native of Europe, escaped and sparingly established in ne. U.S. and adj. Can. Aug., Sept.""" 68764 general 38552 Compositae "Verbesina helianthoides. ""Hirsute perennial, 5–12 dm, the stem winged, leafy throughout; lvs alternate, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, serrate, 6–15 × 2–6 cm, sessile or broadly short-petiolate; heads few, mostly 1–10, the disk 9–16 mm wide in fl; invol bracts erect but rather loose; receptacle shortly conic; rays 8–15, pistillate or neutral, yellow, 1–3 cm; achenes winged or wingless, often a little spreading, but not reflexed; 2n=34. Prairies and dry woods; O. to Ga., w. to Io., Kans., and Tex. June–Oct. (Phaethusa h.; Pterophyton h.)""" 68765 general 77426 Compositae "Vernonia baldwinii. ""Stems 6–15 dm, thinly pubescent to commonly tomentose; lvs lance-ovate to ovate, 7–17 × 2–6 cm, acute or shortly acuminate, sharply serrate, puberulent above, tomentose beneath, with long, crooked hairs; infl 1–2 dm wide, flattened or irregular; heads mostly very numerous; fls 17–34; invol 5–8 mm, its principal bracts lanceolate or lance-ovate, acuminate, arachnoid- ciliate, densely resinous toward the tip on both sides of the prominent (often keeled) midvein; pappus rather light brown or brownish-purple; 2n=34. Dry prairies, plains, and upland woods. The Ozarkian var. baldwinii, occurring from w. Ill. to Mo., Ark., and e. Okla., has mostly 23–34 fls; the tips of the invol bracts are recurved, those of the inner pubescent on the inner surface. The var. interior (Small) Schubert, mainly on the Great Plains from s. Io. and Nebr. to e. Colo. and s. Tex., often weedy, has mostly 17–27 fls; the tips of the invol bracts are merely loosely spreading, not pubescent within. (V. interior)""" 68771 general 82892 Compositae "Cirsium repandum. ""Deep-rooted perennial, 2–6 dm, the herbage loosely and rather copiously arachnoid when young, subglabrate or merely hirsute in age; lvs crowded (internodes commonly less than 1 cm), narrow, sessile, 6–15 × 1–2.5 cm, densely spiny-margined, coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed, and often finely toothed as well; heads (solitary) several, terminating short branches from near the summit, only shortly or scarcely pedunculate, purple; invol 2.5–4 cm, the middle and outer bracts with short, mostly erect spine-tip, the glutinous dorsal ridge poorly developed or wanting; inner bracts looser and merely attenuate; achenes 3.5–4 mm; 2n=30. Dry, sandy soil, especially in sand-hills and pine-barrens; se. Va. to Ga. June–Sept.""" 68776 general 38709 Compositae "Cacalia atriplicifolia. ""Much like no. 2 [Cacalia muehlenbergii (Sch. Bip.) Fernald], and hybridizing with it; stem glaucous, terete or slightly striate; lvs pale and glaucous beneath, averaging smaller, proportionately longer, and more pointed (the lower triangular-ovate), with fewer and larger teeth, or merely shallowly lobed, the sinuses smooth; 2n=50-56. Woods and moist or rather dry open places; N.J. and Pa. to s. Minn., s. to Ga., w. Fla., and Okla. (Mesadenia a.)""" 68777 general 68862 Compositae "Silphium compositum. ""Much like no. 8 [Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq.], but with smaller and often more numerous heads, the disk 0.8–1.5 cm wide, the invol 6–11 mm, the rays 5–10, 1–2 cm; lvs often wider than long, variously merely toothed to deeply pinnatifid or palmatifid and again lobed or cleft; 2n=14. Dry, often sandy places, esp. in pine woods; Va. to Fla., w. to Tenn. and Ala. June–Sept. (S. lapsuum; S. orae; S. reniforme; S. venosum)""" 68785 general 58118 Compositae "Aster pilosus. ""Stems 1–15 dm from a stout caudex; basal and lower cauline lvs soon deciduous, or the basal persistent, oblanceolate, and petiolate, those above sessile or nearly so, entire or slightly toothed, linear to lance-elliptic, seldom over 10 × 1(–2) cm, the upper and rameal ones numerous and reduced, often subulate; heads in an often diffuse infl, sometimes secund on the branches, their copiously subulate-bracteate to nearly naked peduncles 3–40 mm; invol broadly urn-shaped, constricted above the middle, then flaring, glabrous, 3.5–8 mm, its bracts imbricate or subequal, with loose, subulate, marginally inrolled green tip; heads mostly 40–100-fld, the rays 16–35, 5–10 mm; 2n mostly = 32, 48. Open, rather dry places, often in sandy soil; common and widespread from Me. and N.S. to Ga. and nw. Fla., w. to se. Minn., Neb., Kans., and La. Three vars.""" 68787 general 110273 Compositae "Chrysopsis graminifolia var. latifolia. ""Peduncles and invol silky, not glandular, or the invol glandular above; invol 8–12 mm; rays mostly ca 13, 7–12 mm; disk-fls 30–50, the dry cors 6.5–9 mm; 2n=36. Nearly the range of the sp. (Heterotheca g.; Pityopsis g.)""" 68792 general 108842 Compositae "Aster paternus. ""Stems 1.5–6 dm from a branched caudex, generally scabrous-puberulent in the infl; lvs ciliate-margined and sometimes hairy over the surface as well, at least some of them evidently toothed, the basal and lower cauline ones generally enlarged and persistent, broadly oblanceolate to obovate, elliptic, or even subrotund, petiolate, the blade 1.5–10 × 1–4.5 cm; cauline lvs becoming sessile upward, otherwise scarcely to strongly reduced; infl corymbiform, flat- topped, the heads commonly in small glomerules; invol glabrous, narrow, 5–9 mm, its bracts well imbricate, broad, with short spreading green tip, or the inner wholly chartaceous; rays 4–8, white (pink), 4–8 mm; disk-fls 9–20, 4–5.5 mm (dry), white or ochroleucous, or seldom lavender; achenes densely sericeous, the upper hairs simulating an outer pappus; pappus-bristles usually reddish, obscurely clavellate above; 2n=18. Dry woods; Me. and Vt. to Ga., w. to s. O., W.Va., e. Ky., e. Tenn., and e. Ala. (Sericocarpus asteroides)""" 68793 general 41041 Compositae "Solidago canadensis. ""Perennial, mostly with long, creeping rhizomes (rhizome short in var. gilvocanescens), 2.5–20 dm, the stem ± puberulent at least above the middle; lvs chiefly cauline, numerous, triple-nerved, lance-linear to lance-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, sessile, tapering to both ends, the larger ones 3–15 cm × 5–22 mm, puberulent at least on the midrib and main veins beneath; infl mostly paniculiform, with strongly recurved-secund branches (varying to thyrsoid and not secund in var. salebrosa); invol 2–4(–5) mm, its bracts imbricate, thin and slender, acute or acuminate, yellowish, without a well defined green tip; rays 10–17 (or fewer in var. hargeri), 1–3 mm; disk-fls 2–8 (to 13 in var. salebrosa); achenes short-hairy; 2n=18, 36, 54. Moist or dry open places and thin woods; throughout most of the U.S. and s. Can. Five vars. in our range:""" 68794 general 107802 Compositae "Solidago tortifolia. ""Stems 3–13 dm from long creeping rhizomes, uniformly puberulent above the middle; lvs chiefly cauline, very numerous, sessile, linear to lance- linear or narrowly oblong, the larger ones 2.5–7 cm × 2–7(–10) mm, glabrous or ± scabrous on one or both surfaces, not prominently veined (but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved), usually at least some of the lower ones remotely serrulate; infl paniculiform, with recurved-secund branches; invol 2.5–3.5 mm, yellowish; rays 2–6, small; disk-fls 2–6; achenes short-hairy; 2n=18. Dry, usually sandy soil, often in pinelands; coastal plain from Va. to Fla. and Tex.""" 68795 general 53166 Compositae "Cirsium nuttallii. ""Coarse biennial (1–)1.5–3.5 m, branching and many- headed when well developed, the heads commonly solitary at the ends of long, slender, subnaked branches; stem glabrous or with crisp spreading hairs; lvs arachnoid-tomentose beneath when young, generally eventually glabrate, smooth or somewhat crisp-hairy on the upper surface, thin, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes generally again toothed or cleft; larger (lower) lvs to 6 × 1.5 dm, but often soon deciduous; invol 1.5–2.5 cm, the middle and outer bracts with a glutinous dorsal ridge and tipped with a weak, abruptly spreading spine mostly 1–2(–3) mm, the inner bracts innocuous and merely attenuate, often crisped but not expanded; fls pink or lavender (often very pale) to white; achenes 3–4 mm; 2n=24, 28. Wet or dry, usually sandy soil, often in thickets; se. Va.; S.C. to Fla. and La. June–Aug.""" 68797 general 67008 Compositae "Eupatorium album. ""Stems mostly solitary from a crown or very short, stout rhizome, 4–10 dm, conspicuously spreading-villous at least below (except often in var. vaseyi), often merely villous-puberulent above; lvs opposite, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, lance-elliptic, or elliptic-oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so, 4–13 × 1–4 cm, the larger ones seldom less than 1.5 cm wide except sometimes in var. subvenosum, glandular-punctate, evidently hairy to sometimes subglabrous; infl dense, corymbiform, ± flat- topped; invol 8–11 mm, often with dark sessile glands, otherwise generally glabrous or only slightly hairy, its bracts imbricate, conspicuously white-scarious upward (especially the inner), all narrow and long-acuminate, or the inner with broader, more rounded, mucronate tip; fls 5, the cor white, 4–5.5 mm; 2n=20, 30, 40. Dry, open woods, especially in sandy pinelands; coastal states from s. Conn. to c. Fla. and w. to Miss., also inland in the mt. regions to s. O. and e. Ky. and Tenn., and in Ark. The sp. consists of a widespread, common diploid phase and two more sporadic or local polyploid phases that reflect hybridization with other spp.:""" 68801 general 85627 Compositae "Liatris squarrulosa. ""Similar to no. 1 [Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd.] and evidently hybridizing with it, but avg more robust, to 15 dm, and often more evidently hairy; heads 6–60, often more than 20, commonly in a spiciform infl with the heads turned away from the axis, or the peduncles sometimes more elongate and ascending-spreading, to 5 cm; invol glabrous or often evidently short-hairy, the middle and outer bracts commonly notably loose or squarrose above the middle; fls (11–)14–24(–28) per head. Dry woods and open places, especially in rocky or sandy soil; s. W.Va. and s. O. to s. Mo., s. to Fla. and La. July– Sept. (L. earlei; L. ruthii; L. scabra–the more hairy phase; L. tracyi)""" 68804 general 43188 Compositae "Liatris cylindracea. ""Glabrous or rarely short-hairy, 2–6 dm; lvs ± numerous, firm, linear or nearly so, the lowest small and subsheathing, the next longer, 10–25 cm × 2–12 mm, the rest reduced upward; heads few or even solitary, stiffly pedunculate or sessile; invol 11–20 mm, broadly cylindric or cylindric-campanulate, its bracts firm, appressed or a little loose, generally broadly rounded and shortly mucronate, occasionally more tapering or without the mucro; fls 10–35 per head, the cor-lobes coarsely hairy within; pappus evidently plumose; 2n=20. Dry, open places; w. N.Y. and s. Ont. to s. O., n. Ind., Mich., and Minn., s. to Mo. and irregularly to Tenn. and Ala. July–Sept.""" 68809 general 48396 Compositae "Coreopsis lanceolata. ""Clustered perennial 2–6 dm from a short caudex, glabrous or spreading-villous; stems leafy below, elongate and naked above; lvs spatulate to linear or lance-linear, simple or with 1 or 2 pairs of small lateral lobes, the lower long-petiolate, mostly 5–20 cm overall and 0.5–2 cm wide; the others reduced and sessile or nearly so; heads few or solitary on long, naked peduncles, the disk yellow, 1–2 cm wide; outer bracts 8–10, lanceolate to oblong-ovate, ± scarious-margined, 5–10 mm; inner bracts longer and broader; rays 1.5–3 cm; receptacular bracts flat and chaffy below, caudate-attenuate above; disk-fls 5-toothed; style appendages cuspidately acute; achenes 2–3(–4) mm, orbicular or broader, with thin, flat wings; pappus of 2 short, chaffy teeth; 2n=24, 26, 48. Dry, often sandy places; Mich. and the n. shore of Lake Superior to Fla. and N.M.; cult. and often escaped. Apr.–June. (C. crassifolia; C. heterogyna)""" 68814 general 90565 Compositae "Hieracium venosum. ""Stems 1–few from a short, praemorse rhizome, 2–8 dm, glabrous or very nearly so, naked or with 1–3(–6) reduced lvs; basal lvs elliptic to ovate or broadly oblanceolate, 3–16 cm (short petiole included) × 0.8–5 cm, 1.7–5 times as long as wide, often densely long-setose along the margins and toward the base, otherwise sparsely so or subglabrous, the midrib and main veins generally reddish-purple above in life, the whole undersurface sometimes reddish-purple; infl open, corymbiform, the peduncles elongate, usually slender, and often rather flexuous; invol 7–10 mm, glabrous or sometimes evidently stipitate-glandular, obscurely or not at all stellate, the peduncles likewise; fls 15–40 per head; achenes 2.2–4 mm, truncate or more often distinctly narrowed near the summit; 2n=18. Mostly in dry, open woods; N.Y. to Va. and n. Ga., w. to Mich., Ky., Tenn., and Ala.; c. Fla. May–July. H. ×scribneri Small is a hybrid with no. 15, and H. ×marianum Willd. is thought to be a hybrid with no. 16 [Hieracium gronovii L.] or 18 [Hieracium scabrum Michx].""" 68815 general 90287 Compositae "Helianthus divaricatus. ""Fibrous-rooted perennial from long rhizomes; stems 0.5–1.5 m, glabrous below the infl, often glaucous; lvs all opposite, sessile or rarely on a short petiole to 5 mm, scabrous above, loosely hirsute or hispidulous (at least on the main veins) beneath, narrowly lanceolate to broadly lance- ovate, 5–18 × 1–5(–8) cm, broadest near the truncate or broadly rounded base, tapering to the slender, acuminate tip, shallowly toothed or subentire, trinerved near the base; heads 1–several at the tips of stiff cymose branches; disk yellow, 1–1.5 cm wide; invol bracts lance-acuminate or -attenuate, ciliolate, rather loose, often with reflexed tip; rays 8–15, 1.5–3 cm; 2n=34. Abundant in dry woods and other open places; widespread in e. U.S. and adj. Can., from Mass. and N.H. to Wis., s. to Fla., La., and e. Okla. July–Sept.""" 68817 general 36054 Compositae "Ambrosia polystachya. ""Resembling no. 4 [Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.], but a colonial perennial from creeping roots; lvs thicker, short-petiolate or subsessile, usually only once pinnatifid, averaging narrower in outline; fruiting invol merely tuberculate above, sometimes obscurely so; 2n=36, 72, 108, 144. Waste places, usually in dry or sandy soil; Mich. and Ill. to La., w. to the Rocky Mts., and casually intr. eastward. (July) Aug.–Oct. (A. coronopifolia)""" 68822 general 89554 Compositae "Aster sericeus. ""Stems clustered on a short branched caudex, brittle, wiry, 3–7 dm, ± branched upwards, thinly sericeous, or glabrate below; lvs sericeous, entire, the basal oblanceolate and petiolate, but these and the ones on the lower half of the stem soon deciduous, the others sessile but only slightly or not at all clasping, lanceolate or lance-ovate to oblong or elliptic, to 4 × 1 cm; heads several or many in a widely branched corymbiform or paniculiform infl, often clustered toward the branch-tips; invol sericeous, 6–10 mm, its broad, acute bracts several-seriate but seldom much imbricate, their leafy tips often loose or spreading, the larger ones mostly 1.5–3 mm wide; rays 15–25, deep violet to rose-purple (white), 8–15 mm; achenes glabrous, closely 8–12-nerved; 2n=10. Dry prairies and other open places; Mich. to S.D., s. to Mo. and Tex., and irregularly e. in Tenn.""" 68828 general 87919 Compositae "Aster concinnus. ""Much like no. 9 [Aster laevis L.] and perhaps only varietally distinct, but with narrower, often less evidently glaucous lvs, the principal ones only slightly or not at all clasping, often petiolate, seldom more than 2.5 cm wide and seldom less than 5 times as long as wide (petiole included in the length); infl avg more diffusely branched, with more numerous and smaller bracts, the heads mostly long-pedunculate; 2n=48. Dry woods and open places; s. Appalachian region from s. Pa. to Ga. and Ala.""" 68837 general 53900 Compositae "Helianthus salicifolius. ""Perennial with coarse roots and long stout rhizomes; stems 1.5–3 m, glabrous, sometimes glaucous; lvs numerous, commonly alternate except near the base, subglabrous or sparsely hairy, linear or nearly so, long-acuminate, to 20+ cm, seldom over 5(–10) mm wide, about the same color on both sides; disk red-purple (yellow), 1–2 cm wide; invol bracts loose, all subulate or lance-subulate, caudate, usually some of the inner exceeding the disk, glabrous or slightly hairy, often ciliolate; rays 10–20, 1.5–3 cm; 2n=34. Prairies and dry places, especially on calcareous substrate; Mo. to Kans. and Tex., and intr. into O. and n. Ill. Aug.–Oct. (H. orgyalis)""" 68844 general 83339 Compositae "Hieracium scabrum. ""Stems mostly solitary from a short, simple caudex or crown, 2–15 dm, setose at least near the base with spreading hairs seldom as much as 5 mm, becoming stellate and long-stipitate-glandular upward, densely so in the infl; lvs setose on both sides, more densely so on the petiole and along the midrib beneath; basal and often also the lowermost cauline lvs ordinarily deciduous, the lower lvs broadly oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–20 cm (including the usually short petiole) × 1–4.5 cm, the others progressivelyreduced upward, soon becoming sessile, so that the upper part of the stem does not appear to be very leafy; infl open-corymbiform (especially in smaller plants) to more often elongate and cylindric; invol 6–9 mm, hispid with blackish, mostly gland-tipped hairs, especially toward the also stellate-hairy base; fls 40–100; achenes 2–3 mm, truncate, only very obscurely if at all narrowed upward; 2n=18. Open ground and dry woods; especially in sandy soil; N.S. and Que. to Minn., s. to Va., Ky., Mo., and in the mts. to n. Ga. July–Sept.""" 68849 general 37758 Compositae "Eupatorium hyssopifolium. ""Stems solitary (seldom several) from a short crown, strigose or scabrous-puberulent, especially above; lvs verticillate in 3’s or 4’s, or sometimes merely opposite, or even alternate above, narrow, mostly 6–40 times as long as wide, sessile or tapering to a slender base, spreading or ascending, glandular-punctate, otherwise glabrous or slightly hairy chiefly on the main veins beneath, the principal ones subtending conspicuous axillary fascicles of reduced lvs; invol 4–7 mm, its bracts imbricate, broadly rounded to acute, the inner narrowly scarious-margined; fls 5, the cor white, 3.5–4 mm; 2n=20, 30, 40. Fields and other open places, especially in dry, sandy soil; coastal states from Mass. to n. Fla. and w. to La., and sometimes inland to O., Ky., and Tenn. Aug.–Oct. Two well marked vars.:""" 68856 general 45816 Compositae "Solidago bicolor. ""Much like no. 8 [Solidago hispida Muhl.], but with white or whitish rays; invol 3–5 mm, its bracts whitish or light straw-colored except for the generally well defined light green tip; 2n=18. Dry woods and open, often rocky places; N.S. and Que. to Wis., s. to Ga. and La. Hybridizes with nos. 8 [Solidago hispida Muhl.] and 10 [Solidago erecta Pursh].""" 68871 general 55640 Compositae "Aster ericoides. ""Plants 3–10 dm, hairy (the hairs appressed or spreading), colonial by long creeping rhizomes, the stems arising singly; lvs numerous, linear, sessile, to 6 cm × 7 mm, the lower and often also the middle ones soon deciduous, those of the branches reduced and divaricate; heads numerous, small, commonly somewhat secund on the divergent or recurved branches; invol 3–5 mm, its bracts ± strongly imbricate, the outer obtuse or acutish, spinulose-mucronate, and ± squarrose, some of or all the bracts coarsely ciliolate-margined, and usually also short-hairy on the back; rays 8–20, white (blue or pink), 3–6 mm; disk-fls 4–15(–20); achenes sericeous-strigose; 2n=10, 20, 30. Dry, open places; s. Me. to se. Man., s. to Del., n. Va., Tenn., s. Ill., Ark., Tex., n. Mex., and se. Ariz. The closely allied, more northwestern sp. A. pansus (S. F. Blake) Cronquist, with the stems clustered on a caudex or very short rhizome, may be sought in nw. Minn.""" 68872 general 72126 Compositae "Liatris pycnostachya. ""Strict, 5–15 dm, ± hirsute in the infl (including the axis) or throughout, seldom glabrous; lvs numerous, linear or nearly so, the lower ones 10–50 cm × 3–13 mm, the others reduced upward; heads sessile, crowded in an elongate, densely spiciform infl; invol subcylindric or narrowly turbinate, 8–11 mm, its bracts tapering to an acuminate, conspicuously squarrose tip, or the inner ones sometimes blunter and loosely erect; fls 5–7(–12) per head, the cor 7–9 mm including the 2–2.5 mm lobes, glabrous or very nearly so within; pappus barbellate; 2n=20, 40. Moist or dry prairies and open woods; Ind. and Ky. to Minn., N.D., Tex., and Miss., and intr. e. to N.J. and w. N.Y. July–Sept.""" 68879 general 69926 Compositae "Aster turbinellus. ""Stems 4–12 dm from a branched caudex, glabrous or ± spreading- hirsute; lvs chiefly cauline, entire, firm, glabrous except for the scabrous-ciliolate margins and sometimes some coarse hairs on the midrib beneath, broadly linear to oblong or lance-elliptic, sessile or subpetiolate, not clasping, 6–10 cm × 8–20 mm, the upper more reduced, those of the often long and wiry branches becoming bract-like; heads usually ± numerous, turbinate, conspicuously long-pedunculate, the peduncles beset with minute, mostly appressed bracts; invol glabrous, 7–12 mm, its bracts obtuse or rounded, multiseriate, the outer narrow and small, passing into those of the peduncles, the inner much broader, shortly green-tipped; rays 15–20, violet, 8–12 mm; achenes strigillose and minutely punctate; pappus tawny-rufescent; 2n=96–100. Mostly in dry, open places and open woods; c. Ill. to La. and e. Kans.""" 68881 general 62951 Compositae "Helianthus occidentalis. ""Rhizomatous and often stoloniferous perennial 0.5-1.5 m; lvs basally disposed, the lower ones much the largest, with ovate to lance-elliptic or lanceolate, entire or subentire blade 6-15 × 2-8 cm, 1.5-5 times as long as wide, sharply set off from the long petiole, the others ± reduced and distant; disk yellow, 1-1.5 cm wide; invol bracts ciliolate, ± imbricate, lanceolate or lance-ovate, (1.5)2-3 mm wide, at least the inner with loose, slender tip; rays 10-15, (1-)1.5-3 cm; 2n=34. Dry, often sandy soil; Md. and DC. to Minn., s. to Ga., w. Fla., and Tex. Aug.-Oct. Appalachian plants, from DC., Md., and W.Va. to n. Ga., form the var. dowellianus Torr. & A. Gray (H. dowellianus), with glabrous or closely strigose lvs that are often not so quickly reduced upwards as in var. occidentalis; the basal and lowermost cauline lvs are often deciduous, and some of the lower cauline ones (but well above the base) are often fairly well developed. More western plants in our range, with scabrous to hirsute, more consistently basally disposed lvs, belong to var. occidentalis.""" 68882 general 48319 Compositae "Bidens bipinnata. ""Glabrous or minutely hairy annual 3–17 dm; lvs 4–20 cm including the 2–5 cm petiole, mostly 2–3 times pinnately dissected, the ultimate segments tending to be rounded; heads narrow, disciform, the disk only 4–6 mm wide at anthesis, the short, ochroleucous rays not surpassing the disk; outer invol bracts 7–10, linear, ± acute, not evidently expanded upwards, shorter than the inner; achenes linear, tetragonal, narrowed above, often sparsely hairy, 10–13 mm, or some of the outer shorter; pappus of (2)3 or 4 yellowish awns; 2n=24, 72. Moist to fairly dry, disturbed habitats; Mass. to Fla., w. to Neb., Calif., and Mex., e. Asia. July–Oct.""" 68883 general 56171 Compositae "Gnaphalium helleri. ""Similar to no. 5 [Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.], less common, avg a little smaller; stem glandular- hairy, becoming woolly in the infl; lvs woolly beneath, ± glandular-hairy above, the hairs shorter and sparser than those of the stem. Dry, commonly sandy soil, often in woods; Me. to Ga., w. to Ind., Ark., and Tex. Aug.–Oct.""" 68899 general 68254 Compositae "Solidago odora. ""Stems 6–16 dm from a short, stout caudex, rough-puberulent in the infl and in lines decurrent from at least the upper lf-bases; lvs chiefly cauline, sessile, entire, glabrous except for the scabrous margins, finely translucent-punctate, anise-scented when bruised (rarely inodorous), not prominently veined, the main ones 4–11 × 0.5–1.5(–2) cm, 5–15 times as long as wide; infl paniculiform, with recurved-secund branches; invol 3.5–5 mm, its bracts slender, acute, yellowish; rays 3–5(6), fairly showy; disk-fls 3–5; achenes short-hairy or subglabrous; 2n=18. Dry, open woods, especially in sandy soil; Mass., N.H., and Vt. to s. O. and s. Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex. Ours is var. odora.""" 68907 general 52253 Compositae "Euthamia gymnospermoides. ""Glabrous except for the slightly scabrous lf-margins, 4–10 dm; lvs densely and strongly glandular punctate, obscurely to sometimes evidently 3-nerved, without any additional lateral nerves, linear, 4–10 cm × 1.5–4(–6) mm; heads sessile in small glomerules or somewhat pedunculate, mostly 14–20-fld, the short rays 10–14, the disk-fls 4–6; invol (4.5–)5–6.5 mm, narrow, ± strongly glutinous, its bracts obtuse or the inner acute; 2n=36. Open, often sandy, moist to rather dry places; s. Minn. and w. Ill. to Mo., Colo., and Tex. (Solidago g.)""" 68911 general 35362 Compositae "Gaillardia pulchella. ""Glandular-villous annual or sometimes short-lived perennial, 1–6 dm, simple to more often freely branched and with several or many heads, often decumbent at base, the littoral forms commonly somewhat succulent; disk 1–2.5 cm wide; rays purple or the tip yellow, mostly 1–2 cm; setae of the receptacle about equaling or only slightly exceeding the achenes; otherwise much like no. 1 [Gaillardia aristata Pursh]; 2n=34, 68. Dry, often sandy places, sometimes on sea-beaches; Mo. and s. Neb. to Colo., N.M., and n. Mex., and along the coast from Tex. to Fla. and se. Va. May–Sept. (G. drummondii; G. picta Sweet, the littoral phase, perhaps properly to be treated as a distinct var.)""" 68913 general 63423 Compositae "Liatris aspera. ""Short-hairy, or glabrous throughout, 4–15 dm; lowest lvs 5–40 × 1–4.5 cm, long-petiolate; cauline lvs 25–90 below the infl; heads (10–) ± numerous in an elongate-spiciform infl, or the peduncles occasionally more elongate and to 5 cm; invol 8–15 mm, campanulate or subhemispheric, glabrous, its bracts loosely spreading or squarrose, tending to be bullate, often purplish upward, with conspicuous, lacerate, often crisped, scarious margins that are sometimes folded under; fls 14–35 per head; cor hairy toward the base within; pappus barbellate; 2n=20. Dry, open places and thin woods, especially in sandy soil; N.D. to Okla. and Tex., e. to Mich. and Miss., and occasionally to s. Ont., O., w. Va. and n. Fla. Aug.–Oct.""" 68914 general 62855 Compositae "Echinacea pallida. ""Stems clustered on a strong taproot, usually simple; herbage coarsely spreading-hirsute; lvs entire or nearly so, basally disposed, elongate and narrow, the blade to 20 × 4 cm, mostly 5–20 times as long as wide (or the basal a little wider), tapering to the petiole; disk 1.5–3 cm wide; rays pink, varying to purple or white; 2n=22, 44. Dry, open places, especially on the prairies and plains; e. Mont. to Tex., e. to Wis., Ill., Ark., and La., and irregularly, mainly as an intr., to Mich., N.Y., N.C., and Ga. Var. pallida, the more eastern segment of the sp., the principal phase in our range, is mostly tetraploid and robust, 4–10 dm, with drooping rays mostly 4–8 cm, and typically with white pollen. (E. simulata McGregor, of se. Mo., ne. Ark., s. Ill., and w. Ky., diploid with yellow pollen, otherwise as var. pallida, should perhaps be recognized as another var.) Var. angustifolia (DC.) Cronquist, the more western segment of the sp., is diploid and smaller, mostly 1–5 dm, with spreading to drooping rays 2–4 cm, and yellow pollen. (E. angustifolia) An eastern outlier of var. angustifolia, in the cedar glades of c. Tenn., has been called E. tennesseensis (Beadle) Small.""" 68915 general 34961 Compositae "Liatris punctata. ""Rootstock (unlike all our other spp.) ± elongate and pointed at the base, like a short, fleshy-thickened taproot, or seldom horizontal and resembling a thickened rhizome, producing scattered aerial stems; lvs numerous, punctate, glabrous except for the often coarsely ciliate margins, linear or linear-oblanceolate, the lowest smaller than those just above and often deciduous; heads several or many in a spiciform infl, sessile or nearly so; invol subcylindric, 10–18 mm, its bracts punctate, mostly sharply- mucronate-acuminate, commonly some of them ± ciliate-margined; fls mostly 4–6 per head, the cor- lobes glabrous, the tube hairy toward the base within; pappus evidently plumose; 2n=20. Dry, open places, often in sandy soil; sw. Mich. to Man., Alta., Ark., N.M., and n. Mex. Aug.–Oct. Highly variable, and perhaps taxonomically divisible. (L. angustifolia; L. densispicata) Our common phase is var. nebraskana Gaiser, to 8 dm, with scarcely ciliate lvs mostly 2–3 mm wide. The chiefly more western var. punctata is 1–4 dm, with more ciliate lvs to 7 mm wide.""" 68921 general 59595 Compositae "Aster oblongifolius. ""Plants rhizomatous, sometimes also with a short caudex; stem 1–10 dm, rigid, brittle, usually ± branched, glandular upward, commonly also ± hairy or scabrous; lvs firm, entire, sessile and obscurely to evidently auriculate-clasping, narrowly to broadly oblong or lance- oblong, to 8 × 2 cm, scabrous or short-hirsute, or sometimes glabrous except the margins, the lower soon deciduous, those of the branches numerous and reduced, becoming mere spreading bracts; heads several or many, terminating the branches; invol densely glandular, 5–8 mm, its bracts in several series but not much imbricate, firm, with chartaceous base and long, green, loose or spreading, acute or acuminate tip; rays 15–40, blue or purple (rose), 1–1.5 cm; achenes strigose or finely sericeous; 2n=10, 20. Dry, usually open places; Pa. and DC., s. in the mts. to N.C. and n. Ala., w. to N.D., Wyo., and N.M. (A. kumlienii)""" 68924 general 58455 Compositae "Helianthus hirsutus. ""Fibrous-rooted perennial from long rhizomes; stems 0.6–2 m, spreading-hairy; lvs all or mostly opposite, generally ascending on a short petiole 5–15(–20) mm, hirsute on both sides or scabrous above, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, 7–16 × (1.5–)2–6 cm, serrate to entire, triplinerved at the abruptly contracted to often broadly rounded or subcordate base; heads 1–several on short, stout peduncles; disk yellow, (1.2–)1.5–2(–2.5) cm wide; invol bracts conspicuously ciliate and often also hairy on the back, slender, long-pointed, often with loose or reflexed tip; rays 10–15, 1.5–3.5 cm; 2n=68. Dry, wooded or open places; Pa. to Minn., s. to n. Fla. and Tex. July–Oct. (H. chartaceus)""" 68926 general 56651 Compositae "Senecio tomentosus. ""Perennial 2–7 dm from a short caudex, sometimes also stoloniferous, persistently floccose-tomentose until flowering time or later, generally very densely so at the base, the upper lf-surfaces sometimes soon glabrate; basal lf-blades chiefly lance-ovate to elliptic or ovate and abruptly contracted to the petiole, to 20 × 5 cm, crenate or subentire; cauline lvs conspicuously reduced upwards, becoming sessile, entire or crenate, scarcely pinnatifid; heads several or rather many, the disk 7–12 mm wide; invol 4–6 mm; achenes hispidulous; 2n=46. Dry open places and pine woods, especially in sandy soil; s. N.J. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly on or near the coastal plain. Apr.–June.""" 68933 general 53929 Compositae "Solidago nemoralis. ""Plants 1–10 dm from a branched caudex; herbage densely and finely puberulent with minute, loosely spreading hairs; lvs basally disposed, weakly or scarcely triple- nerved, the larger ones oblanceolate or a bit wider, 5–25 × 0.8–4 cm, ± toothed; infl paniculiform, sometimes long, narrow, and merely nodding at the tip, varying to more ample and sometimes with long divergent, recurved-secund branches; invol bracts imbricate, glabrous except for the ciliolate margins; rays 5–9, short; disk-fls 3–6; achenes short-hairy; 2n=18, 36. Dry woods and open places, especially in sandy soil; N.S. to Fla., w. to Alta. and Tex. Three vars.""" 68938 general 52448 Compositae "Aster anomalus. ""Plants with a short, stout rhizome or branched caudex; stem 2–10 dm, pubescent with short, spreading, often coarse hairs, or merely scabrous; lvs thick and firm, scabrous-hirsute above, more loosely and softly hairy beneath, entire or nearly so, petiolate, the basal and lower cauline ovate or lanceolate, deeply cordate, 4–9 × 2–5.5 cm, the middle and upper gradually or abruptly reduced; infl open, paniculiform, with numerous narrow bracts, the bracteate peduncles often very long, invol 6–10 mm, short-hairy (subglabrous), the elongate, narrow, well imbricate bracts with reflexed green tip; rays 20–45, bright blue, 7–15 mm; achenes glabrous; 2n=16, ?18. Dry woods, usually associated with limestone; Ozark region from s. Ill. to e. Kans., Okla., and Ark.""" 68946 general 49321 Compositae "Solidago radula. ""Plants 4–12 dm from a caudex, at least sometimes with creeping rhizomes as well; stem scabrous to shortly and loosely hirsute; lvs chiefly cauline, numerous, firm, elliptic or lance-elliptic to rather narrowly elliptic-obovate, subsessile, obscurely to evidently toothed or the upper entire, ± evidently trinerved, subglabrous, or more commonly scabrous-hirsute (seldom more softly spreading-hairy), mostly 2–5 times as long as wide, the larger ones 3–8 × 1–3 cm; infl paniculiform, with densely fld, ± recurved-secund branches, or occasionally simple and nodding; invol glabrous, 3.5–5.5 mm, its bracts relatively broad and firm, acutish to more often obtuse or broadly rounded; rays 4–7,2–3.5 mm; disk-fls 4–6; achenes short-hairy; 2n=18. Open, rocky places and dry woods, especially in calcareous soil; Mo. and s. Ill. and w. Ky. to Okla., La., and Tex.; N.C.; Ga.""" 68953 general 48191 Compositae "Solidago shortii. ""Stems 6–13 dm from a short, stout rhizome, scabrous-puberulent at least above the middle; lvs chiefly cauline, numerous, firm, glabrous, triple- nerved, remotely serrulate, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate or sharply acute, tapering to the subsessile or obscurely petiolate base, the larger ones 7–10 × 1–1.5 cm; infl paniculiform, with recurved- secund branches; invol 4–5 mm, its bracts firm, acute or obtusish; rays 5–8, 2–3 mm; disk-fls 5–9; achenes short-hairy; 2n=36. Dry, open places at Blue Licks, in Fleming, Nicholas and Robertson counties, Ky., and formerly on Rock Island, at the falls of the Ohio, near Louisville.""" 68956 general 45616 Compositae "Prenanthes aspera. ""Stem strict, 5–17 dm, rough-hairy or scabrous at least above; lvs scabrous or coarsely hirsute on the lower and often also the upper side, toothed or entire, the lower ones well developed and somewhat obovate, tapering to the petiole, but soon deciduous, the others sessile or nearly so and often clasping, oblong to elliptic or lanceolate, gradually reduced upward, the larger ones 4–11 × 1–5 cm; infl narrow and elongate, thyrsoid-racemiform, the heads crowded, loosely ascending to suberect; invol 12–17 mm, coarsely and usually densely long-hairy, rather pale, with (6–)8(–10) principal bracts, fls (8–)11–14(–19), ochroleucous; pappus stramineous. Dry prairies; O. to Minn., S.D., Okla., and La. Aug., Sept.""" 68960 general 43455 Compositae "Aster gracilis. ""Plants with a thickened, hard, corm-like base, sometimes rhizomatous as well, the several puberulent or hirtellous or occasionally subglabrous stems 1.5–5 dm, lvs thick and firm, obscurely veined except for the evident midrib and sometimes a single pair of narrowly divergent laterals, entire or nearly so, not evidently sheathing below, the basal with elliptic blade 2–6 cm × 8–20 mm, shorter than the petiole, often deciduous, the cauline narrower and most of them sessile, 1.5–9 cm × 2.5–14 mm, 4–12(–15) times as long as wide; heads several or rather many in a short and broad, usually sparsely bracteate, corymbiform infl, narrow, the invol narrowly obconic or turbinate, 7–12 mm, its relatively broad, firm bracts glabrous or obscurely puberulent, imbricate, the outer shortly green-tipped, the inner scarcely so or merely purple margined, commonly some of or all them shortly squarrose; rays 8–14, blue-violet to rose-purple, often rather pale, 5–8 mm; achenes thinly strigillose or glabrate; 2n=18. Dry, sandy places, often among pines; coastal plain from N.J. to Ga.""" 68963 general 43064 Compositae "Liatris turgida. ""Relatively small, mostly 2–8 dm, glabrous or somewhat hirsute; lvs relatively few, weakly or scarcely punctate, the lowest ones oblanceolate, 7–30 × 0.7–2 cm, usually irregularly ciliate-margined toward the base; heads mostly 5–40, closely ascending in a ± spiciform infl, subsessile or on peduncles to 1(–3) cm; invol turbinate, 7–12 mm, its bracts appressed, broadly rounded, scarious-margined, ciliate, not strongly punctate, generally purplish above; fls mostly 8–15(–20), often ca 13; cor hairy toward the base within; pappus barbellate; 2n=20. Dry, rocky woods; mts. of Va., W.Va. and N.C. to n. Ga. and ne. Ala. Aug., Sept.""" 68968 general 40550 Compositae "Hymenopappus scabiosaeus. ""Taprooted biennial 3–7 dm, floccose-tomentose and partly glabrate, becoming more villous-puberulent above; lvs pinnatifid or the larger bipinnatifid, the lower 8–25 cm including the short petiole, 3–12 cm wide, or occasionally narrower and entire, the middle and upper generally smaller, often scattered and progressively reduced, at least some always pinnatifid; heads in an open-corymbiform infl, the disk 7–12 mm wide at anthesis; invol 7–10 mm; lobes of the disk- cor ca as long as the throat; pappus-scales hyaline, 1 mm or less; 2n=34. Prairies and dry, open woods; Tex. to s. Neb., e. irregularly to n. Ind., S.C., and Fla. May. (H. carolinensis) Ours is var. scabiosaeus.""" 68972 general 35998 Compositae "Artemisia ludoviciana. ""Rhizomatous perennial 3–10 dm, simple to the infl, the stem ± white-tomentose at least above; lvs lanceolate or lance-elliptic, 3–10 cm, entire or irregularly toothed to coarsely few-lobed or deeply parted, the undivided portion to 1(–1.5) cm wide, persistently white- tomentose on both sides or becoming glabrous above; invol 2.5–3.5 mm; disk-cors 1.9–2.8 mm; 2n=18, 36. July–Oct. Prairies, dry ground, and waste places. A widespread, variable sp. of w. U.S. and n. Mex., native e. as far as Ill., and occasionally intr. eastward. Most of our plants are var. ludoviciana, with entire to coarsely few-lobed lvs and a mostly compact and elongate infl. (A. gnaphalodes, the form with the lvs persistently tomentose above; A. herriotii; A. pabularis) Var. mexicana (Willd.) Fernald, with many of the lvs deeply parted and with a strong tendency toward a more diffuse, often leafy infl, is chiefly southwestern, occasionally reaching our range as an introduction. (A. mexicana) Other vars. occur westward.""" 68973 general 37043 Compositae "Boltonia diffusa. ""Mostly 5–15 dm; lvs mostly linear or nearly so, the larger ones mostly 3–11 cm and to 0.5 or 1(–2) cm wide, but the lower lvs commonly deciduous, so that the lvs in well grown flowering plants are rarely more than 0.5(–1) cm wide; infl diffusely branched, merely subulate-bracteate, the bracts commonly less than 1 cm; invol bracts narrow, acute or acuminate, evidently imbricate; rays white or lilac, mostly 5–8 mm; disk mostly 3–6 mm wide; achenes evidently wing- margined; pappus-awns less than 1 mm, or sometimes obsolete; 2n=18, 36. Moist or wet to sometimes rather dry places; se. U.S., n. to N.C., Ky., s. Ill., and Mo., and w. to Okla. and e. Tex. July–Oct.""" 68974 general 37168 Compositae "Tetragonotheca helianthoides. ""Plants 3–8 dm, viscid-villous, especially the stem; lvs large and thin, to 20 × 10 cm, ovate to elliptic or rhombic, narrowed to a sometimes petioliform, often clasping base, coarsely toothed; invol bracts broadly ovate, 2–3 cm, ciliate, otherwise subglabrous; rays 6–10, 1.5–3 cm, often 1 cm wide; achenes subterete; pappus none; 2n=34. Dry, open woods, often in sandy soil; s. Va. to Fla. and Ala., and inland to e. Tenn. May–June, sometimes again in autumn.""" 68975 general 36899 Compositae "Grindelia lanceolata. ""Short-lived, monocarpic perennial sometimes sparsely hairy below, 3–15(–20) dm; lvs scarcely punctate, sharply serrate or serrulate with bristle-tipped teeth (seldom entire), acute to acuminate, the middle ones linear or lance-oblong, 4–11 cm × (2–)4–28 mm; disk 1–2 cm wide; invol bracts only slightly resinous, loose, not markedly imbricate; rays 15–30, 10–16 mm; achenes 4–6 mm; pappus-awns mostly 2, entire; 2n=12. Dry, open places, often on limestone; c. Tenn., s. Ind., and s. Ill. to Kans., Tex., and N.M. June–Sept. Ours is var. lanceolata.""" 68977 general 35301 Compositae "Helianthus mollis. ""Perennial from stout rhizomes, usually colonial, 0.5–1(–1.2) m, densely and softly hairy throughout; lvs sessile, subcordate, ascending, broadly lanceolate to broadly ovate or oblong, 6–15 × 2–8 cm, 1.4–3(–4) times as long as wide, serrulate or entire; uppermost lvs sometimes alternate; heads few or solitary; disk yellow, 2–3 cm wide; invol bracts slightly imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, often finally glandular as well as densely white-hairy, the upper part loose or spreading; rays mostly 16–35, 1.5–3.5 cm; 2n=34. Prairies and other dry places; chiefly Ozarkian and midwestern, from O. to Wis., s. Io., and e. Kans. s. to Ga. and Tex., and occasionally intr. e. to the Atlantic. July–Sept. A probable hybrid with H. giganteus has been named H. doronicoides Lam.""" 68978 general 34015 Compositae "Solidago erecta. ""Plants 3–12 dm from a branched caudex, essentially glabrous below the puberulent infl; lvs basally disposed, the larger ones broadly oblanceolate to obovate or elliptic, 7–30 × 1.5–5 cm, the middle cauline ones commonly 0.5–2 cm wide; infl elongate and narrow, often interrupted below, not at all secund, sometimes with a few long, straight or arching, cylindrical branches like the main axis; invol 3.5–6.5 mm; rays 5–9, averaging less deeply yellow than in S. hispida; disk-fls 6–10; achenes glabrous, seldom less than 2.5 mm long; 2n=18. Dry woods; coastal Mass.; N.J. to s. O. and Ind., s. to Ga. and Miss. Very distinct from S. hispida where their ranges overlap.""" 69537 general 34827 Compositae "Heterotheca subaxillaris. ""Taprooted, weedy annual or biennial 2–25 dm, erect or in some habitats low and spreading, glandular, especially above, and spreading- hairy; lvs ovate or oblong, dentate or subentire, the lower ones petiolate (some with a stipule-like basal expansion of the petiole), deciduous, the middle and upper sessile and clasping; invol 6–8 mm, its bracts finely glandular, and usually slightly hairy at the tip; 2n=18. Dry, often sandy places; Del. to Fla., w. to Kans. and Mex., and adventive n. to L.I. July–Sept.""" 69538 general 34523 Compositae "Cirsium carolinianum. ""Slender, fibrous-rooted biennial 5–15(–18) dm; stem glabrous or arachnoid, sometimes more evidently tomentose when young; lvs closely white-tomentose beneath, glabrous or hirsute on the upper surface, from merely spinose-ciliate and up to ca 2.5 cm wide to evidently pinnatifid and to 5 cm wide, the basal ones to 3 dm, the cauline relatively few, mostly 10–25, 8–15 cm and (except when lobed) seldom more than 1.5 cm wide, narrow-based, reduced upward; heads (1–) several, on long, naked peduncles terminating the branches; invol 1.5–2 cm, its middle and outer bracts with a glutinous dorsal ridge and a slender, suberect or spreading spine 1.5–4 mm, theinner merely attenuate and commonly crisped; fls pink-purple; achenes 3–4 mm; 2n=20. Open woods and dry, sandy soil; s. O. to the mts. of N.C., Ga., and Ala., w. to Mo. and Tex. May, June. (C. flaccidum)""" 69539 general 39077 Compositae "Microseris cuspidata. ""Scapose perennial 5–35 cm; lvs crowded, narrow, 7–30 cm × 3–20 mm, long-acuminate, entire, the margins villous-ciliolate and often crisped; invol 17–25 mm, its bracts subequal or slightly imbricate; achenes 8 mm, strongly striate throughout, tapering slightly to the truncate beakless apex; pappus of numerous mixed capillary bristles and very slender, gradually attenuate scales; 2n=18. Prairies and other dry open places, often in gravelly soil; Ill. and Wis. to Mont., Colo., and Okla. Apr.–June. (Agoseris c.; Nothocalais c.)""" 69549 general 50158 Compositae "Heliopsis helianthoides. ""Robust, fibrous-rooted perennial 5–15 dm; lvs ovate or lance- ovate, often subtruncate at base, serrate, 5–15 × 2.5–8 cm, on petioles 5–35 mm; heads naked-pedunculate, the disk 1–2.5 cm wide; rays 8–16, rather pale yellow, 1.5–4 cm; achenes essentially glabrous; 2n=28. Rich to dry woods, prairies, and waste places; Que. to B.C., s. to Ga. and N.M. July–Oct. Var. helianthoides, with glabrous, often glaucous stem and rather thin lvs smooth on both sides or merely slightly scabrous above, occurs from N.Y. to Mich. and Ill., and s. to Ga. and Miss. Var. scabra (Dunal) Fernald, with firmer lvs scabrous on both sides, the stem often scabrous as well, occurs in the Great Plains and prairie region, and e. across the n. part of our range to the Atlantic. (H. scabra)""" 69555 general 57270 Compositae "Chrysopsis graminifolia. ""Fibrous-rooted perennial 3–9 dm, often with slender, stoloniform rhizomes, ± silvery-silky with appressed hairs, at least below; lvs basally disposed, the larger ones elongate, parallel-veined, grass-like, to 35 × 2(–3.5) cm, the others numerous and progressively reduced; heads several or many, terminating the branches, turbinate or campanulate; achenes linear. Sandy, usually dry places; Del. to s. O., s. to Fla., Bahama Isl., Tex., and Guat. Aug., Sept. Two well marked vars. with us:""" 69559 general 45061 Compositae "Antennaria plantaginifolia. ""Plants 1–4 dm, stoloniferous, the stolons sparsely leafy or merely bracteate; basal lvs and those at the ends of the stolons densely and persistently tomentose beneath, only sparsely so (and eventually glabrate) above, or the upper side glabrous (or somewhat glandular) from the first, tending to persist throughout the winter, large, 3- or 5-nerved, evidently petiolate, the blade ovate to elliptic or obovate, mucronate, the larger ones 2–6 × 1.5–5 cm; cauline lvs reduced, mostly linear or oblanceolate; heads several in a generally subcapitate cyme; pistillate invols 5–10 mm, the bracts white-tipped (often pinkish toward the base), striate; staminate invols avg smaller, with broader and more conspicuous white tips to the bracts; styles often crimson; variously sexual or apomictic, diploid or polyploid. Open woods and dry ground; N.S. and N.B. to N.D. and e. Mont., s. to Ga., La., and Tex. Apr.–June. Three vars. all widespread.""" 69560 general 35026 Compositae "Dyssodia papposa. ""Much branched, malodorous annual 1–4 dm, puberulent or subglabrous; lvs 2–4 cm, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, the ultimate segments linear or filiform; heads numerous, campanulate, the disk 4–10 mm wide; invol 6–8 mm, the outer bracts linear, subherbaceous, 2/3 as long as the broader and more chartaceous inner, which are weakly joined at base; rays few, inconspicuous, erect, orange-yellow, 1–2 mm; receptacle pitted, slightly convex; style-branches truncate; pappus scales ca 20, deeply divided into 5–10 bristles; 2n=26. Dry open places, often weedy; w. U.S. to s. Mex. and intr. e. to N.H. and Tenn. July–Oct. (Boebera p.)""" 69574 general 43529 Compositae "Gutierrezia sarothrae. ""Subshrub 1–6 dm, branched below; lvs ± linear, to 3 cm × 2 mm; heads numerous, narrow, obconic; invol 3–4 mm; rays 3–8, 2–3 mm; pappus of the disk-fls of several short but evident scales, that of the rays similar but the scales shorter and broader; 2n=8. Dry soil in open places, especially where overgrazed; Man. and w. Minn. to Kans. and Okla., w. to Wash. and Mex. July–Sept.""" 69576 general 86031 Compositae "Erechtites hieracifolia. ""Fibrous-rooted annual weed 0.1–2.5 m, glabrous or sometimes ± spreading-hairy throughout; lvs to 20 × 8 cm, sharply serrate with callous-tipped teeth, sometimes also irregularly lobed, the lower oblanceolate to obovate, tapering to a short petiolar base, the middle and upper more elliptic, lanceolate, or oblong, and, especially in robust specimens, often auriculate-clasping; heads in a flat-topped or elongate infl, or solitary in depauperate plants, turbinate-cylindric; invol 1–1.5 cm; pappus copious, bright white, eventually deciduous; 2n=40. Various habitats, including dry woods, marshes, and waste places; Nf. to Fla., w. to Nebr. and Tex., and intr. elsewhere. Aug., Sept. Most of our plants are var. hieraciifolia, with the denuded receptacle of old heads 5–8 mm wide, and the achenes 2–3 mm, with mostly 10–12 ribs. The var. megalocarpa (Fernald) Cronquist, a well marked ecotype of saline coastal marshes from Mass. to N.J., is somewhat fleshy, with slightly larger heads that are more conspicuously swollen at base (the denuded receptacle 9–12 mm wide), and with larger achenes, these 4–5 mm, 16–20-ribbed.""" 69582 general 90810 Compositae "Chrysopsis falcata. ""Cespitose, fibrous-rooted perennial 1–3.5 dm, branched above; stem white-woolly with usually loose hairs, or glabrate in age; lvs crowded, linear, ± arcuate, glabrous or glabrate, parallel-veined, often folded, to 10 cm × 5 mm, or the lowermost oblanceolate and a little wider, but no longer than the others; heads several, terminating the branches, campanulate; invol 5–8 mm, slightly white-hairy; achenes linear-fusiform; 2n=18. Dry sandy soil, mostly near the coast; Mass. to N.J. July–Sept.""" 69583 general 49311 Compositae "Amphiachyris dracunculoides. ""Annual, 3–8 dm, simple below, bushy- branched above; lvs numerous, linear, finely glandular-punctate, to 6 cm × 3 mm; heads numerous, campanulate or hemispheric; invol 3–6 mm; rays 6–10, 3–5 mm; achenes multinerved, villous-puberulent; 2n=8, 10. Dry soil on plains and prairies; Mo. and Kans. to Tex. and N.M.; Tenn.; Ala.; intr. in Ky. July– Oct. (Gutierrezia d.)""" 69585 general 41595 Compositae "Liatris scariosa. ""Glabrous or hairy, 3–8(–10) dm; lowermost lvs mostly 10–35 cm, long-petiolate, with elliptic to linear-elliptic or broadly oblanceolate blade; heads seldom more than 20(–35), subsessile or more often ascending on arcuate or sometimes spreading peduncles to 5 cm; invol ± hemispheric, 9–17 mm, its bracts appressed to more often loose or sometimes distally squarrose, broadly rounded, often anthocyanic distally, the middle ones only narrowly or not at all scarious-margined, often ciliolate but not erose-lacerate, the innermost ones sometimes more obviously scarious and erose; fls (21–)25–80 per head; cor-tube ± hairy toward the base (or near the middle) within; pappus strongly barbellate; 2n=20. Prairies, open woods, and other dry, open places; Me. to Mich., s. to Pa., Mo., Ark., and in the mts. to n. Ga. Aug., Sept. Three vars.""" 69593 general 108896 Compositae "Liatris squarrosa. ""Glabrous or hairy, 3–8 dm; lvs linear or a little broader, firm, those near the base 6–25 cm × 4–13 mm, often partly sheathing, or the very lowest often smaller and deciduous; heads mostly few or even solitary, on stiff, erect peduncles or sessile; invol 12–25(–30) mm, its bracts firm, with loose or squarrose, acuminate tip; fls 20–45 per head, or up to 60 in the terminal head; inner surface of the cor-lobes coarsely hairy; pappus evidently plumose; 2n=20. Dry, open places; Del. to S.D., s. to Fla. and Tex. July–Aug. Three vars. in our range.""" 69609 general 35232 Compositae "Ratibida columnifera. ""Taprooted, with clustered stems 3-12 dm, strigose or partly hirsute, generally leafy to above the middle; lvs pinnatifid or partly bipinnatifid, the ultimate segments linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so, relatively few and often very unequal, generally many of or all them 1.5 cm or more; heads (1-)several or many, naked-pedunculate, the disk columnar, 1.5-4.5 cm, 2-4.5 times as long as thick; rays yellow or (f. pulcherrima (DC.) Fernald) partly or wholly brown- purple, 1-3.5 cm, spreading or reflexed; style-appendages very short and blunt; achenes with the inner margin fringed-ciliate to nearly smooth, usually slightly winged; pappus an evident awn-tooth on the inner angle of the achene, and often also a shorter one on the other angle; 2n=26, 27, 28, 34-38. Prairies and other dry, open places; Minn. to Mo. and La., w. to Mont., Tex., and n. Mex., and occasionally intr. e. June-Aug. Taprooted, with clustered stems 3-12 dm, strigose or partly hirsute, generally leafy to above the middle; lvs pinnatifid or partly bipinnatifid, the ultimate segments linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so, relatively few and often very unequal, generally many of or all them 1.5 cm or more; heads (1-)several or many, naked-pedunculate, the disk columnar, 1.5-4.5 cm, 2-4.5 times as long as thick; rays yellow or (f. pulcherrima (DC.) Fernald) partly or wholly brown- purple, 1-3.5 cm, spreading or reflexed; style-appendages very short and blunt; achenes with the inner margin fringed-ciliate to nearly smooth, usually slightly winged; pappus an evident awn-tooth on the inner angle of the achene, and often also a shorter one on the other angle; 2n=26, 27, 28, 34-38. Prairies and other dry, open places; Minn. to Mo. and La., w. to Mont., Tex., and n. Mex., and occasionally intr. e. June-Aug.""" 69614 general 38330 Compositae "Anaphalis margaritacea. ""Rhizomatous, 3–9 dm, leafy, loosely white-woolly, or the pubescence rusty in age; lvs numerous, all cauline, lanceolate or linear, to 12 × 2 cm, sessile, commonly less pubescent above than beneath, or glabrous above, the margins often revolute; heads 1 cm wide or less, numerous and crowded in a short, broad infl; invol 5–7 mm, its bracts pearly-white; achenes papillate; 2n=26. Various habitats, chiefly dry and open; n. N. Amer. and e. Asia, s. to Va., W.Va., Neb., and Calif. July, Aug. Highly variable.""" 69618 general 149374 Compositae "Haplopappus spinulosus. ""Several-stemmed perennial 2–6 dm, thinly tomentose at least when young, sometimes later subglabrate; lvs 1.5–6 cm × 2–10 mm, pinnatifid, with narrow lobes and narrow rachis less than 3 mm wide; achenes hairy, the nerves obscure; pappus persistent; 2n=16 + 2 B. Dry plains and foothills; Minn. to Alta. and Mex. July–Sept. Our plants are var. spinulosus. (Sideranthus s.)""" 69626 general 64628 Compositae "Ratibida pinnata. ""Fibrous-rooted from a stout, woody rhizome or sometimes a short caudex, 4–12 dm, ± hirsute, or the stem strigose above; lower lvs long-petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile; lf-segments lanceolate, acute, coarsely toothed or entire; heads usually several, naked-pedunculate; disk ellipsoid-globular, 1–2 cm, 1–1.6 times as long as thick, much shorter than the rays, these pale yellow, (2.5–)3–6 cm, spreading or often reflexed; style-appendages elongate, acuminate; achenes smooth; pappus none; 2n=28. Prairies, old fields, and dry woods, often on limestone; s. Ont. to Minn. and S.D., s. to Tenn., Ga., w. Fla., La., and Okla., and adventive e. to Vt. and Mass. June–Aug.""" 69629 general 164183 Compositae "Aster lateriflorus. ""Stems 3–12 dm from a branched caudex or short stout rhizome, ± curly-villous to glabrous; lvs scabrous or glabrous above, apparently glabrous beneath except for the usually villous or puberulent midrib; basal and lower cauline lvs soon deciduous, or the basal sometimes persistent, petiolate, and with obovate to elliptic or subrotund blade to 8 × 4 cm, those above sessile or nearly so, broadly linear to more often lanceolate, lance-elliptic, or subrhombic, tending to taper from the middle to both ends, entire or serrate, the main ones 5–15 × 0.5–3 cm, those of the branches often abruptly reduced; heads ± numerous in a widely branched or occasionally more simple infl, commonly subracemiform on the branches; invol glabrous, 4–5.5 mm, its bracts imbricate in few series, obtuse or acute, with evident, fairly broad green tip, often suffused with purple upward; rays 9–14, white or slightly purplish, 4–6.5 mm; disk-cors goblet-shaped, the recurved lobes comprising 50–75% of the limb; 2n=16, 32, 48, 64. Various habitats, most commonly in open woods, dry open places, and on beaches; Magdalen I. to Fla., w. to Minn., e. S.D., e. Kans., and Tex. (A. agrostifolius; A. hirsuticaulis)""" 69643 general 40003 Compositae "Pyrrhopappus carolinianus. ""Caulescent annual or biennial 2–10 dm, commonly minutely hirtellous-puberulent under the heads, otherwise generally glabrous or nearly so; lvs entire to pinnatisect, the basal sometimes much the largest and persistent, to 25 × 6 cm, sometimes deciduous and scarcely larger than the well developed cauline ones; heads several or occasionally solitary; invol 1–2 cm at anthesis; body of the achene 4–5 mm, the filiform, subapically very fragile beak longer, often twice as long; 2n=12. Fields, dry woods, bottomlands, and waste places; Del. and Md. to Ill. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. June–Sept. (Sitilias c.)""" 70518 general 34330 Compositae "Lygodesmia juncea. ""Glabrous colonial perennial from deep- seated creeping roots; stem 1.5–6 dm, grooved-striate, much branched; lvs all alternate, linear, to 4 cm × 3 mm, the upper reduced to subulate scales; heads terminating the branches; invol 10–16 mm, with 4–8 (chiefly 5) principal bracts; fls (4)5(–10), the ligule pink (white), spreading, mostly 10–12 × 4 mm; achenes columnar, several-nerved; 2n=18. Prairies and other dry, open places, often in sandy soil; Minn. to Ark., w. to Man., B.C., and Ariz. June–Sept.""" 124572 general 158417 Compositae "Blumea adenophora.Herbs, slender, 20-40 cm tall. Stems branched from base, terete, pubescent with white hairs and stipitate glands. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 2-4 × 0.5-1 cm, pubescent on both surfaces with stipitate hairs, clavate glands, and short whitish hairs, base tapering, margin distantly serrate with 2-4 teeth, apex apiculate. Capitula axillary and terminal, in short, dense, racemose panicles, subsessile to shortly pedunculate, 4-6 mm in diam. Involucre campanulate or columnar; phyllaries in 3 or 4 series, linear, purple red adaxially, outer ones ca. 3 mm, abaxially densely pubescent, apex shortly acute, middle and inner ones dry membranous, 6-7 mm, abaxially densely pubescent. Receptacle 2-3 mm in diam., alveolate, slightly pilose. Corollas yellow; marginal florets numerous, corolla tubular, 3-4 mm, limbs 2- or 3-dentate, glabrous; central florets 4-5 mm, with 5 ovate, acute, papillate and densely pubescent lobes. Achenes brown, oblong, puberulent, 10-ribbed. Pappus white, 3-4 mm. Fl. Apr-May.
" 124586 general 90952 Compositae "Blumea sagittata.Herbs. Stems 60-150 cm tall, usually not branched, terete, densely pale brown pilose. Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate up to 5 mm, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely elliptic, 6-20 × 2.5-7 cm, abaxially densely pilose, adaxially scabrid with prominent hairs, base sagittate with 2 distinct acute auricles, margin distantly and minutely dentate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Capitula in a large, terminal, bracteate panicle. Involucre campanulate, ca. 10 mm; phyllaries in 5 series, outer ones lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially pubescent and glandular, median linear, 3-5 mm, pubescent and glandular adaxially, inner linear, ca. 7 mm, dry membranous, glabrous. Receptacle 2-3 mm in diam., alveolate, fimbrillate. Corollas yellow, tubular; marginal florets filiform, ca. 5 mm, subequally 5-lobed; central florets 5-6 mm, with 5 ovate, acute lobes. Anther tails longer than thickened portion of filament. Achenes spindly, ca. 1.2 mm, pubescent, 10-ribbed. Pappus light yellow or whitish yellow, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Aug-Dec.
" 124588 general 77630 Compositae "Blumea sessiliflora.Herbs. Stems branched or simple, terete, 0.8-2 m tall, glabrate at base, tomentose above. Leaves sessile, 4-16 × 1.4-6 cm, oblanceolate, lower leaves usually lyrately lobed, upper leaves entire, all velutinous-pilose on both surfaces. Capitula 3-5, in spiciform panicle, sessile or sometimes pedunculate, 5-6 mm; peduncles when present up to 10 mm. Involucre columnar or campanulate, 4-6 × 1.5-6.5 mm, herbaceous; phyllaries in ca. 5 series, outer and middle ones lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 mm, abaxially densely pubescent, margin dry membranous, inner linear, 4-6 mm, dry membranous, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, apex acuminate. Receptacle 1.5-3 mm in diam., slightly convex, alveolate, glabrous. Corollas yellow, tubular; marginal florets numerous, corolla filiform, 3.5-4 mm, limbs 3-dentate, glabrous; central florets few, corolla tubular, 4-5 mm, with 5 triangular, papillate and pubescent lobes. Achenes brown, puberulent, ca. 1 mm, 8-10-ribbed. Pappus white, 4-5 mm. Fl. Jun-Oct.
" 124786 general 173376 Compositae "Inula sericophylla.Herbs, perennial. Stems 30-60 cm tall, usually simple, white lanate above, sparsely leafy. Radical leaves persistent at anthesis, ovate, elliptic, or oblong-oblanceolate, 4-7 × 1.5-2 cm, abaxially densely sericeous, adaxially pubescent or glabrescent, base decurrent to petiole, margin serrulate, apex obtuse or rounded; lower leaves nearly similar to radical leaves in shape, or spatulate or oblong, smaller; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, base semiamplexicaul, apex acute. Capitula solitary on top of stems and branches, ca. 3 mm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, ca. 10 mm, white lanate outside; phyllaries in numerous series, subequal, outer ones linear-lanceolate, herbaceous or basally leathery, apex acute, inner linear-lanceolate, dry membranous, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Ray florets yellow; lamina linear, ca. 15 × 1.5 mm. Disk florets yellow; corolla ca. 4 mm. Achenes 10-striped, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous, apex truncate. Pappus white, later light brown, of ca. 20 bristles, ca. 4 mm. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jun-Jul.
" 124809 general 38670 Compositae "Leontopodium dedekensii.Herbs, perennial. Rhizome short and stout, with several to numerous stems. Stems 10-45 cm tall, not branched or rarely slightly branched, entire plant densely grayish arachnoid pubescent, equally and densely leafy. Leaves: lower ones usually larger than upper ones; blade linear-lanceolate, 10-40 × 1.3-6.5 mm, both surfaces densely grayish arachnoid pubescent, base cordate, sagittate, or truncate, apex obtuse. Capitula 5-30, heterogamous or dioecious, closely aggregated, 4-5 mm in diam.; bracteal leaves 14-20, 5-30 × 2-4 mm, forming a star of 2-5 cm in diam., densely whitish to yellowish arachnoid pubescent. Involucre 3-4 mm; phyllaries 3-seriate, spatulate-oblong, 3-4 mm, apex acute or rounded, glabrous, dry membranous. Corolla ca. 3 mm. Achenes papillose. Pappus white, 3-4 mm, serrulate. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
" 124935 general 104652 Compositae "Pulicaria chrysantha.Subshrubs. Rhizome stout, with several caespitose stems and dense pubescent shoots. Stems 30-50 cm tall, branched, densely leafy, pubescent; axillary buds densely white pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 15-55 × 3-12 mm, abaxially grayish pubescent and glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base rounded or slightly cordate, margin serrulate, apex acute or obtuse. Capitula terminal on stems or branches, solitary, 15-35 mm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, 10-13 × ca. 15 mm; phyllaries in 5 or 6 series, outer ones shorter, oblanceolate or lingulate, leathery below, herbaceous above, usually reflexed, abaxially glandular and pubescent, inner linear-lanceolate, dry membranous, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Ray florets in 1 series; lamina oblong-linear, yellow, ca. 10 mm, apex 3-dentate. Disk florets: corolla slenderly tubular, ca. 8 mm, glandular outside; lobes deep yellow, lanceolate, apex acute; anthers apex acuminate, base caudate. Achenes cylindric, ca. 2.7 mm, striped, densely pubescent, apex truncate. Pappus white, later slightly yellowish, in 2 series; inner ones of serrulate bristles; outer ones of 5-8 chaffs, ca. 0.3 mm. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep.
" 145578 general 89421 Compositae "Helichrysum kashgaricum.Herbs, perennial. Rhizome with flowering stems and sterile stems. Stems 10-15 cm tall; entire plant white lanate, denser on peduncles. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 1-3 cm × 2-5 mm, base gradually narrowed, semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Capitula in terminal corymbs. Involucre 1.5-1.8 cm in diam.; phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-8 × ca. 2 mm; outer ones white, dry membranous, base dark brown, apex acuminate; inner ones lanceolate, subleathery, nearly black outside, margin white, membranous. Female florets few, narrowly funnelform, ca. 1.5 mm, limbs 5-lobed. Bisexual florets light brown, funnelform above, columnar below, ca. 4 mm, limbs 5-lobed. Pappus ca. 4 mm. Fl. Aug.
" 167162 ecology 41013 Compositae "Dicoma tomentosa. In dry fields." 167188 ecology 82882 Compositae "Echinops spinosissimus. A weed of waste ground in dry open country." 124768 general 35217 Compositae "Helianthus annuus.Annuals, 100-300 cm. Stems erect, usually hispid. Leaves mostly cauline, mostly alternate; petiole 2-20 cm; blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 10-40 × 5-40 cm, abaxially usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted, base cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margin serrate. Capitula 1-9; peduncles 2-20 cm; involucres hemispheric or broader, 15-40(-200) mm in diam.; phyllaries 20-30(-100), ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 13-25 × (3-)5-8 mm, abaxially usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted, margin usually ciliate, apex abruptly narrowed, long acuminate; paleae 9-11 mm, 3-toothed, middle teeth long acuminate, glabrous or hispid. Ray florets (13-)17-30(-100+); lamina 25-50 mm. Disk florets 150-1000; corollas 5-8 mm, throats bulbous at bases, lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark. Achenes (3-)4-5(-15) mm, glabrate; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales 2-3.5 mm plus 0-4 obtuse scales 0.5-1 mm. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 34.
Helianthus annuus is a major agronomic crop, introduced nearly worldwide.
" 124769 general 105896 Compositae "Helianthus tuberosus.Herbs, perennial, 50-200 cm, rhizomatous, producing tubers late in growing season. Stems erect, scabrid-hispid to hirsute, sometimes glaucous. Leaves mostly cauline, opposite or alternate proximally, usually alternate distally; petiole 2-8 cm, often ± winged; blade lanceolate to ovate, 10-23 × 7-15 cm, 3-veined from near base, abaxially puberulent or hirsutulous to tomentulose and gland-dotted or ± scabrid, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margin entire or serrate. Capitula 3-15; peduncles 1-15 cm; involucres hemispheric, 10-25 × 8-12 mm; phyllaries often dark green, drying nearly black, 22-35, subequal, lanceolate, 8.5-15 × 2-4 mm, abaxially hispidulous or puberulent, gland-dotted, base appressed, margin ciliate, apex ± spreading, sometimes reflexed in fruit, acuminate; paleae 8-9 mm, 3-toothed, apices hairy. Ray florets 10-20; lamina 25-40 mm. Disk florets 60+; corollas 6-7 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark brown or black, appendages dark or yellowish. Achenes 5-7 mm, glabrous or apically hairy; pappus of 2 aristate scales 1.9-3 mm plus 0-1 deltate scales 0.5-0.8 mm. Fl. Aug-Sep. 2n = 102.
Helianthus tuberosus is a vegetable crop and widely naturalized.
" 140817 general 78761 Compositae "Smallanthus sonchifolius.Herbs, perennial, 1-3 m tall. Stems cylindric and hollow; underground part irregularly branched, often producing spindle-shaped tubers 100-200 mm and 30-80 mm in diam. Lower leaves broadly ovate and hastate or subhastate, connate and auriculate at base; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, without lobes and hastate base; upper and lower surfaces densely pubescent. Synflorescence terminal, composed of 1-5 branches, each one with 3 capitula; peduncles densely pilose; phyllaries 5, 1-seriate, ovate. Corollas yellow to bright orange; ray florets female, 2- or 3-toothed, depending on clone, lamina ca. 12 × 7 mm; disk florets male, ca. 7 mm. Immature achenes purple, turning dark brown or black at maturity. Fl. Jun-Sep.
Known as Yacón in South America, this species is an ancient crop of the Andes with tuberous roots that can be eaten raw or cooked.
" 167126 ecology 125508 Compositae "Crassocephalum guineense. In grassy places on rock-outcrops." 68927 general 56351 Compositae "Lactuca serriola. ""Leafy-stemmed annual or biennial, 3–15 dm, the stem often prickly below, otherwise glabrous; lvs prickly on the midrib beneath, and more finely prickly-toothed on the margins, otherwise generally glabrous, pinnately lobed or lobeless, commonly twisted at base to stand vertically, sagittate-clasping, oblong or oblong-lanceolate in outline, the upper much reduced; heads numerous in a long, often diffuse infl, with (13–)18–24(–27) light yellow fls, drying blue; invol 10–15 mm in fr; achenes gray or yellowish-gray, the body compressed, 3–4 mm, a third as wide, prominently several-nerved on each face, spinulose or hispidulous above at least marginally, the slender beak about equaling the body, rarely twice as long; 2n=18. A weed in fields and waste places; native of Europe, now naturalized throughout most of the U.S. July–Sept. The common form with lobeless lvs, called var. integrata Gren. & Gordon, may reflect introgression from L. sativa L., cultivated lettuce, with which L. serriola hybridizes freely. (L. scariola)""" 124358 general 35220 Compositae "Arctium lappa.Herbs to 2 m tall, biennial. Stem purplish, erect, stout, apically branched, sparsely cobwebby; branches ascending. Leaves abaxially grayish white or pale green and thinly felted, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, and yellow gland-dotted. Basal leaves with petiole ca. 32 cm; leaf blade broadly heart-shaped, ca. 30 × 21 cm, margin entire and repand to mucronulate denticulate. Cauline leaves similar to basal leaves or ovate; uppermost cauline leaves ovate to shallowly cordate, smaller. Capitula few to many, ± corymbose. Involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diam., glabrous except for minute glandular hairs. Phyllaries all with a hooked apex; outer phyllaries triangular to lanceolate-subulate, ca. 15 × 1 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to linear-subulate, ca. 15 × 1.5-3 mm. Corolla purplish red, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 8 mm. Achene pale brown variegated with dark brown or concolorous, narrowly sometimes obliquely obovoid, 5-7 mm, multistriate. Pappus bristles to 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 18, 34, 36.
Arctium lappa is cultivated almost throughout China. The achenes and roots are used medicinally.
" 124393 general 34479 Compositae "Artemisia dracunculus.Subshrubs, (20-)40-150(-200) cm tall, with branched, woody rhizome; all parts densely to sparsely puberulent or tomentose, sparser with age, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves sessile or subsessile; basal leaf blades entire or 2- or 3-lobed at tip. Middle stem leaves linear-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or linear, (1.5-)3-7(-10) × (0.1-)0.2-0.6(-1) cm, entire or with apex 3-partite or -cleft, or with 1(or 2) small lateral lobes. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts linear or lanceolate, 5-30 × 1-2 mm. Synflorescence a broad to racemelike leafy panicle; branches ascending to erect, sometimes appressed, to 10 cm. Capitula remote to approximate, nodding; peduncles curved, to 5 mm. Involucre subglobose, ovoid, or hemispheric, 2-5 mm in diam.; phyllaries glabrescent, scarious margin broad, outer phyllaries oblong or lanceolate, inner orbicular-oblong. Marginal female florets 6-10[-15]; corolla 0.5-1 mm, glandular, 2-fid. Disk florets 4-14, male; corolla campanulate, 2-2.5, 5-lobed. Achenes obovoid or obovoid-ellipsoid. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 18, 36, 54, 72, 90.
Artemisia dracunculus is cultivated as a culinary herb in Europe and used as a source of winter fodder for sheep in Xizang.
" 124525 general 69100 Compositae "Aster indamellus.Herbs, perennial, 11-50 cm tall, from woody caudices, rhizomatous. Stems erect or ascending, simple, reddish strigillose, minutely stipitate glandular. Leaves cauline, gradually increased in size upward; lowest leaves withered by anthesis, sessile, oblanceolate, scabridulous, minutely stipitate glandular, (sometimes glabrous), margin entire or 1-7-serrulate to coarsely serrate, scabridulous-ciliate, midvein slightly prominent adaxially, apex acute, mucronulate; middle to upper leaves oblanceolate, 1.6-4(-6) × 0.4-1.7(-2) cm, base attenuate to cuneate; synflorescence leaves oblanceolate, 1.4-1.6 × 0.2-0.4 cm. Capitula 1-20 in terminal, corymbiform to paniculate-corymbiform synflorescences, rarely solitary; peduncles 30-70 mm, strigillose; bracts oblanceolate, entire, upper bracts closely subtending capitula. Involucres campanulate, 5-7 mm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, subequal, base hardened, margin erose, ciliate, green in distal 1/3, conspicuous midvein slightly translucent; outer phyllaries narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 5-6 × 1.5-2.5 mm, midvein sparsely to moderately strigillose, proximally minutely stipitate glandular, both surfaces densely so upward, leaflike distally, margin narrowly scarious, apex sometimes spreading, acute, ciliate; middle phyllaries oblong, 5-6 × 1.3-1.8 mm, abaxially proximally sparsely and distally densely minutely stipitate glandular, leaflike in distal 1/4 to only tip, margin ± broadly scarious, apex obtuse, mucronate, distal margin and apex purplish; inner phyllaries linear-oblong, 6-7 × 0.8-1 mm, scarious, apex sometimes purplish. Ray florets 25-30, blue, mauve, or pink, tube sparsely strigillose, lamina 13-16 × 1-2 mm, eglandular; disk florets yellow, 4.5-5 mm, tube apex and limb base sparsely strigillose, sparsely minutely stipitate glandular, limb campanulate, 2.5-3 mm, lobes erect, tip spreading, triangular to narrowly triangular, 1.2-1.5 mm, sparsely strigillose, eglandular. Achenes obovoid, ± compressed, 3-3.5 mm, sparsely to moderately strigillose, sparsely minutely stipitate glandular apically, 2-ribbed. Pappus 3-seriate, dirty white, of slender, barbellate bristles; outer bristles 0.3-1.1 mm; inner bristles 3-3.5 mm, tapering; innermost bristles 4.5-5 mm, tapering. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.
Aster indamellus is closely related to A. amellus Linnaeus but differs in having outer phyllaries leaflike, distinctly veined, acute at apex, with broader tips, and by often being glandular. Native to the area from Europe to W Siberia, A. amellus is sometimes cultivated in China.
" 124545 general 39807 Compositae "Aster souliei.Herbs, perennial, 2-45 cm tall, sometimes caespitose; rhizomes robust, woody. Stems solitary, erect, simple, finely striate, sparsely to moderately pilose. Leaves basal and cauline, glabrate to sparsely pilosulose (more so toward apex), margin entire, sometimes remotely serrulate, eciliate to ± densely ciliate, midvein abaxially prominent, pilose; basal leaves present at anthesis, broadly winged petiolate, petiole base subclasping; blade spatulate or obovate to oblanceolate, 0.7-5 × 0.3-1.9 cm, base attenuate, apex obtuse to acute; cauline leaves abruptly reduced, narrowly lanceolate, 1-5 × 0.2-0.8 cm, base clasping, apex acute. Capitula terminal, solitary, 3-4(-6) cm in diam. Involucres hemispheric, 6-8 mm; phyllaries 3-seriate, subequal, appressed or sometimes squarrose, oblong, 6-11 × 1.5-2 mm, abaxially sparsely to densely pilosulose distally or glabrous, base ± hardened, leaflike above, margin scarious, sometimes purplish distally, densely pilose-ciliate or eciliate, midvein glabrous or pilose, apex obtuse to slightly acute. Ray florets 25-55, blue-purple to violet, tube glabrous, lamina 12-25 × 2-3 mm, glabrous, eglandular; disk florets yellow, 3-5 mm, limb funnelform, 2-3 mm, proximally sparsely puberulent, lobes spreading, narrowly triangular, 1-2 mm. Achenes obovoid, ± compressed, 2.5-3 × ca. 1.5 mm, densely strigillose. Pappus (2 or)3-seriate, of few purplish- to reddish brown or brown, sometimes straw-colored bristles; bristles barbellate; outermost bristles few, slender, 0.1-0.3 mm; outer bristles 1-1.2 mm; inner bristles 1-2 mm. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = 18*.
Aster souliei is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental.
This species is variable in size, leaf shape, involucre, and indumentum. The varieties may represent extremes in a continuum of variation.
Herbs, perennial, 14-47 cm tall, sometimes caespitose; rhizome slender, procumbent or ascending, often with stolons bearing rosettes. Stems erect, simple, somewhat slender, sparsely strigose or strigillose, villous or villosulous, sometimes sparsely minutely stipitate glandular. Leaves basal and cauline; cauline leaves gradually or sometimes abruptly reduced upward, both surfaces scabridulous or hirsute, margin ciliate, 3-veined, veins conspicuous; basal leaves winged petiolate, petiole base subclasping; blade spatulate or obovate to oblanceolate, 0.5-5 × 0.3-2 cm, base attenuate, margin entire or remotely serrulate in upper half, apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes acute; lower cauline leaves sessile, oblong to linear-lanceolate, base subclasping; middle and upper cauline leaves 1-5 × 0.1-0.7 cm, apex acute. Capitula terminal, solitary (rarely 2), 3-5(-6.5) cm in diam. Involucres hemispheric, 5-7 mm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, subequal, appressed or often squarrose, oblong-linear, 5-8 × 0.8-1.5 mm, abaxially villosulous, hardened below, leaflike above, apex acute. Ray florets 30-70, blue or lavender to purplish, tube sparsely hairy, lamina 15-20 × 1-2 mm, glabrous, eglandular; disk florets orange, 3.5-4.5 mm, limb funnelform, 2.5-3 mm, proximally hairy, lobes spreading to reflexed, narrowly triangular, 1-1.5 mm, abaxially sparsely hairy. Achenes broadly obovoid, ca. 2 mm, densely strigillose, 2-ribbbed (ribs sparsely strigillose, densely so apically). Pappus 4-seriate, purple-brown to brown, of few bristles; outermost bristles slender, 0.2-0.7 mm; outer bristles slender, 0.7-1 mm; inner bristles 1.2-1.6 mm, acute; innermost bristles 1.5-2 mm, slightly to distinctly clavate. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 18*.
Aster tongolensis is frequently cultivated as an ornamental.
" 124561 general 51724 Compositae "Atractylodes lancea.Herbs (15-)30-100 cm tall. Rhizome thick, horizontal or ascending. Stems solitary or tufted, unbranched or apically few branched, ± glabrous. Leaves ± rigidly papery, green, concolorous, glabrous or abaxially sparsely cobwebby. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle cauline leaves petiolate but lower ones sometimes subsessile; petiole 0.5-8 cm; leaf blade 8-12 × 5-8 cm, undivided or divided almost to base into 3-5(-9) pinnately arranged segments; segments undivided or sometimes near base with few small spiny lobes, ± narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or obovate, 3-9 × 2-6 cm, base cuneate, apex shortly acuminate to rounded. Upper cauline leaves similar but smaller. Outer bracts few, leaflike; inner bracts numerous, homomorphic, reduced to pectinately arranged pinnate spines, exceeding but not completely hiding involucre. Involucre campanulate, 1-1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries numerous, imbricate, margin cobwebby, apex rounded to obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate, 3-6 × 1-3 mm; middle phyllaries gradually longer; innermost phyllaries elliptic to linear, 11-12 × 2-4 mm. Corolla white or yellowish, 0.9-1.2 cm. Achene obovoid, ca. 5 mm, hairs white. Pappus brown to dirty white, 7-9 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
Atractylodes lancea is widely cultivated throughout China. The rhizomes are used medicinally.
" 124562 general 49524 Compositae "Bellis perennis.Herbs, perennial or annual, scapose, 10-25 cm tall; scape sparsely villosulous, strigose, sparsely, minutely stipitate glandular distally (near capitulum). Leaves basal, rosulate, petiole long, winged, blade spatulate, 2-6 × 0.9-2.8 cm, base attenuate, margin serrate to crenate, apex obtuse, sometimes retuse, mucronulate. Capitula terminal, solitary. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, 5-6 mm; phyllaries 2-seriate, subequal, oblanceolate, leaflike, surfaces sparsely villous, margin narrowly scarious, sparsely ciliate, midvein thin, translucent, apex obtuse, scarious, ciliate. Ray florets white or pinkish, lamina ca. 10 × 1 mm; disk florets yellow, ca. 2 mm, limb campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely hairy proximally, lobes erect, triangular, ca. 0.5 mm, eglandular. Achenes strigillose. Pappus absent.
An ornamental, this species is widely cultivated in gardens and parks.
" 124595 general 71172 Compositae "Callistephus chinensis.Herbs, 20-100 cm tall. Stems erect, single, simple or sparingly branched, branches ascending, sometimes reddish, sparsely to moderately villous, sometimes sparsely to moderately minutely stipitate glandular. Leaves: lower withered by anthesis or persistent, gradually reduced distally; lower petiolate (to 1.2 cm), blade spatulate, ca. 0.9 cm; mid narrowly winged petiolate (2-4 cm, margin villosulous), blade ovate to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2.5-6.5 × 2-4 cm, strigillose, abaxially sparsely pilosulose, midvein sparsely villosulous, adaxially glabrous, eglandular, base cuneate or attenuate-rounded, margin irregularly, coarsely serrate, teeth mucronulate, sometimes entire (distalmost), apex acuminate, mucronulate. Involucre 10-15+ mm; phyllaries subequal, oblanceolate, apex obtuse, outer series 10-30 × 2-6 mm, glabrous, midvein ciliate proximally, margin white ciliate, apex mucronulate, inner series 10-30 × 2-6 mm, glabrous, eglandular, scarious, multiveined, veins translucent, proximally prominent, margin hyaline, erose, purple-tinged, apex erose. Ray florets 16-40+, lamina red, pink, blue, purple, violet, lilac, or white, 15-35 × 2-8 mm, tube sparsely strigillose, sparsely, minutely stipitate glandular apically; disk florets yellow, 4.5-5 mm, tube and limb base sparsely strigillose, limb 3.6-4 mm, lobes spreading, narrowly triangular, 1.2-1.3 mm, sparsely minutely stipitate glandular. Achenes mottled purple, grayish with age, 3-3.5 mm. Pappus: outer scales, reddish, ca. 0.1 mm, inner bristles white, ca. 4 mm, acute, innermost bristles 4.5-4.8 mm, weakly clavate. Fl. and fr. May-Oct.
An ornamental plant, this species is widely cultivated worldwide.
" 124608 general 67617 Compositae "Carthamus tinctorius.Herbs (20-)50-100(-150) cm tall, annual. Stem erect, apically branched; stem and branches white or whitish, smooth, glabrous. Leaves rigid, leathery, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, simple, 7-15 × 2.5-6 cm, base attenuate and semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed or entire, apex acute; teeth very rarely pinnatipartite, apically with 1-1.5 mm spinules. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a ca. 3 mm spine. Capitula few to many, in a corymbose synflorescence, rarely 1. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in ca. 5 rows; outer phyllaries leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 × ca. 1 cm, spiny; middle phyllaries 6-20 × 4-7 mm, constricted between pale parallel-veined basal part and leaflike apical part with green reticulate veins; inner phyllaries oblanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate, ca. 22 × 5 mm, rigidly scarious, apex attenuate. Corolla red to orange, ca. 2.8 cm. Achene ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 5.5 mm, 4-angled. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. 2n = 24*.
The seeds of Carthamus tinctorius yield edible oil, and the florets are used medicinally or for extracting a red pigment used as dye. Because of its long cultivation, the precise origin is uncertain although it is probably SW Asia.
" 124610 general 34337 Compositae "Cichorium intybus.Herbs 40-110 cm tall, perennial, with a strong taproot. Stem usually solitary, erect; branches spreading-ascending, subglabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, obovate to oblanceolate, 15-34 × 2-4 cm, attenuate into a petiole-like basal portion, undivided to usually runcinately pinnatipartite, sparsely covered with long multicellular hairs, base attenuate, margin dentate; lateral lobes 3-6 pairs, triangular; terminal lobe distinctly larger than lateral ones, apex rounded to acute. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but smaller and less divided, gradually reduced toward stem apex, base clasping, apex acute. Synflorescence of main axis and larger branches spiciform-paniculiform. Capitula axillary and terminal, solitary or in clusters of a few, sessile or on a several cm long, thick, and apically slightly inflated peduncle, with usually 15-20 florets. Involucre cylindric, 0.9-1.4 cm. Phyllaries abaxially sparsely with glandular or simple hairs, apex ± acute; outer phyllaries lanceolate, longest > 1/2 as long as to approaching inner ones in length, spreading-erect, margin ciliate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Florets blue or exceptionally pink or bluish white. Achene brown, subcylindric to obovoid, 2-3 mm, stout, rugulose, apex truncate. Pappus (0.1-)0.2-0.3 mm. Fl. May-Oct. 2n = 18.
Escaped as a ruderal weed in many parts of the world, this species was formerly cultivated as a medicinal plant but more recently is grown as an ornamental and coffee substitute.
A second species, Cichorium pumilum Jacquin (as C. glandulosum Boissier & A. Huet) was reported for Xinjiang (Y. P. Gu & Y. S. Chen, Fl. Tsinling. 1(5): 391. 1985; C. H. An, Fl. Xinjiang. 5: 386. 1999). The presence of this Mediterranean-SW Asian species is highly unlikely, and, as also concluded by Tzvelev (Rast. Tsentral. Azii 14b: 14. 2008), the description ("pappus scales ca. 0.1 mm") refers to populations within the range of variation of C. intybus (including C. glaucum Hoffmannsegg & Link; see also A. M. Kiers, Gorteria, Suppl. 5. 2000).
Herbs 30-160 cm tall, perennial, dioecious. Roots far creeping, bearing adventitious shoots. Stems erect, branched above, unwinged. Leaf surface smooth. Capitula often numerous, terminal, corymbose. Involucre ± narrowly ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diam. Phyllaries imbricate, in 5-7 rows, lacking wings and scarious appendage; outer and middle phyllaries triangular to ovate, 3-8 × 1.2-2.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate to broadly linear, 9-20 × 1-3 mm, apex acute to acuminate and scarious. Corolla reddish purple or rarely white; female florets 1.6-2.4 cm, tube 1.3-1.8 cm; male florets 1.5-1.8 cm, tube 0.9-1.2 cm. Achene yellowish, 3-4.5 mm. Pappus bristles dirty white, 2.5-3.5 cm.
Cirsium arvense is one of the world’s most noxious weeds of cultivated land. Its strong potential for vegetative multiplication from long trailing roots or root fragments results in morphologically uniform clonal stands, which at times have led to the recognition of some of the variants as distinct species.
" 124880 general 52554 Compositae "Ligularia przewalskii.Stem erect, 30-130 cm tall, slender, 3-4 mm in diam. at base, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 50 cm, glabrous, base sheathed; leaf blade ovate, 4.5-10 × 8-18 cm, glabrous or rarely shortly pilose on both surfaces, palmately veined, 4-7-palmatisect; lobes 3-7-divided, middle lobes duplicately 3-divided; segments marginally laciniate-dentate. Middle to distal stem leaves fewer, small, palmately divided, often with enlarged sheaths. Synflorescence racemose, 30-48(-60) cm; leaflike bracts linear-subulate; peduncles 3-4 mm, slender, glabrous. Capitula numerous (40-100); supplementary bracts often absent. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 7-11 × 2-3 mm, outside glabrous; phyllaries (3 or)4-6(or 7), in 2 rows, linear-oblong, ca. 2 mm wide, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded, brown ciliate. Ray florets 2 or 3, yellow; lamina linear-oblong, to 17 × 2-3 mm, transparent, apex obtuse; tube 6-7 mm. Tubular florets usually 3, extending from involucre, 1-1.2 cm; tube as long as limb. Achenes brown, fusiform, 5-7 mm, attenuate at apex. Pappus purplish brown, ca. 4 mm, shorter than tube of tubular corolla. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct. 2n = 58*.
Ligularia przewalskii is cultivated in Europe.
" 129401 general 42229 Compositae "Chrysanthemum indicum.Herbs, perennial, 0.25-1 m tall, with long or short procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect or diffuse, branched, sparsely pilose. Lower leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade ovate, long ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 3-7(-10) × 2-4(-7) cm, both surfaces pale green or olive, sparsely pubescent or less densely so abaxially, pinnatifid, pinnatilobed, or inconspicuously divided, base truncate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate. Synflorescence a lax terminal flat-topped cyme. Capitula many or few. Phyllaries in 5 rows, scarious margin broad, white or brown, apex obtuse or rounded, outer ones ovate or ovate-triangular, 2.5-3 mm, middle ones ovate, 6-8 mm, inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm. Ray floret lamina yellow, 1-1.3 cm, apex entire or 3-denticulate. Achenes 1.5-1.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 18, 35-38, 36*, 40, 54.
Chrysanthemum indicum is one of the main parents of the florists’ chrysanthemum, "C. grandiflorum" (see note under genus). The natural distribution within China is not clear because of confusion with cultivated plants in the "C. grandiflorum" complex.
" 131786 general 49980 Compositae "Tanacetum cinerariifolium.Herbs, perennial; stems 17-60 cm tall, solitary or fascicled, unbranched or branched from base, pubescent with appressed T-shaped or furcate hairs. Basal leaves: petiole 10-20 cm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 1.5-4 × 1-2 cm, both surfaces silvery grayish, appressed pubescent with T-shaped and furcate hairs, 2-pinnatisect; primary segments 3-5-paired; ultimate segments linear or oblong-ovate, margin entire or few dentate. Lower and middle leaves similar, large, shortly petiolate. Capitula apically solitary or 3-10 in apical lax corymb. Involucre cup-shaped, 1.2-1.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially pubescent especially in outer ones, outer ones lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, middle and inner ones lanceolate to broadly linear, 5-6 mm, margin narrowly white scarious. Ray florets white; lamina 1.2-1.5 cm, apex truncate or emarginate. Achenes 2.5-3.5 mm. Corona 0.8-1.5 mm, margin shallowly lobed. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. 2n = 18*, 24, 27, 29, 31, 34, 36.
Tanacetum cinerariifolium is widely cultivated, mainly in tropical upland regions, as a source of pyrethrins, which are extracted from the dried capitula and used as insecticides. Pyrethroids are important insecticides obtained by the chemical modification of pyrethrins.
" 133460 general 39276 Compositae "Centaurea benedicta.Herbs 5-50 cm tall, annual. Stem erect, usually divaricately branched; stem and branches densely setiferous. Leaves setiferous pubescent with multicellular hairs, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, prominently reticulate-veined especially on abaxial side, margin spinose to spinosely toothed. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblong, ca. 30 × 8 cm, runcinate to pinnatifid, often withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, decreasing in size upward, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite, base attenuate; lobes triangular, narrowly elliptic-triangular, or narrowly elliptic. Upper stem leaves sessile, base amplexicaul and shortly decurrent onto stem. Uppermost leaves exceeding capitula. Capitula few to several, rarely 1, solitary at end of stem and branches, concealed by subtending leaves. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries imbricate, in 4 or 5 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 10 × 5 mm, leaflike, apex acute and tipped with a 3-6 mm spine; middle phyllaries elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate, ca. 15 × 3-6 mm, apex with a rigid pectinately divided spine; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 20 × 2.5 mm. Sterile florets filiform. Corolla pale yellow. Achene cylindric, ca. 8 mm, conspicuously many ribbed, glabrous, apex with a denticulate rim. Outer pappus elements in 1 row, ca. 1 cm, rigid, scabridulous; inner pappus elements much shorter, ciliate to inconspicuously arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Jun-Jul. 2n = 22.
Centaurea benedicta is native to N Africa, C and SW Asia, and Europe but has become naturalized in other areas.
This species is cultivated in Chinese gardens. The whole plant is used medicinally.
Herbs 20-35 cm tall, robust. Petiole purplish, narrow; leaf blade pale green, oblanceolate to broadly oblanceolate, 9-15 × 3-4.5 cm, sparsely to densely arachnoid, margin shallowly lobed and remotely dentate to deeply lobed; lateral lobes 3-6, triangular to linear-triangular, patent, often with recurved distal part or recurved; interlobes short, lobulate; terminal lobe broad, apex subobtuse to acute and sometimes with a distinct terminal lobule. Scapes brownish green, overtopping leaves, apically yellowish arachnoid. Capitulum 5-6 cm wide. Involucre 1.5-2 cm wide, base broadly rounded. Outer phyllaries (12-)15-24, pale green at base, suffused reddish, and getting darker then blackish toward apex, ± imbricate or not so, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, outermost ones 9-13 × 4-8 mm and ca. 4/5 as long as inner ones, appressed, border white and 0.4-1.5 mm, margin sparsely ciliate, apex blunt and corniculate; inner phyllaries 1.6-1.8 cm but to 2.3 cm in fruit. Ligules yellow; outer ligules outside faintly striped purplish; inner ligules with pinkish apical teeth; floret tube sparsely puberulent. Stigmas blackish green to green. Anthers polliniferous; pollen grains slightly irregular in size, almost regular. Achene dark grayish brown, 4.5-5.1 × 1.1-1.7 mm; body ridged, densely spinulose above, spinulose on ridges throughout, ± abruptly narrowing into a 0.8-1 mm subconic or subcylindric cone; beak 8-11 mm. Pappus yellowish, 8-11 mm. Fl. summer. Sexual.
Taraxacum calanthodium may occur in E Xizang, but material was not seen by the present authors. Reports from Shaanxi (FRPS 80(2): 38. 1999; Higher Pl. China 11: 776. 2005) are incorrect.
The three names, Taraxacum calanthodium, T. canitiosum, and T. connectens, all described by Dahlstedt from Sichuan, belong to a taxon characterized by great variation. Only in cultivation was sexuality proven for all the morphotypes (in spite of inconspicuous size variation of pollen grains). Taraxacum grypodon may also belong to this taxon but it is kept separate as it has patent outer phyllaries. Ploidy level of the whole complex remains unknown (both diploids and sexual tetraploids are possible).
Herbs to 15 cm tall. Petiole purplish, narrowly winged to narrow; leaf blade grayish pale green, narrowly oblanceolate, 10-13 × 1.5-2.5 cm, sparsely arachnoid but later glabrescent, pinnatisect; lateral lobes 4 or 5, ± narrowly triangular to triangular, subpatent to ± recurved, distal margin straight to ± concave and entire or minutely dentate; interlobes 5-10 mm, margin usually remotely dentate; terminal lobe triangular to triangular-sagittate, 1.2-2 × 1.2-1.5 cm, apex ± acute. Scapes brownish green, ± overtopping leaves, sparsely arachnoid at base but densely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre 7-8 mm wide, base rounded to ± truncate. Outer phyllaries 13-16, pale green with a paler border, ± not imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, outermost ones 5-7 × 2-3 mm and 1/2-2/3 as long as inner ones, ± subappressed, border 0.2-0.5 mm, margin glabrous to sparsely ciliate, flat to corniculate below apex; inner phyllaries 1.1-1.3 cm, apically minutely corniculate. Ligules yellow; outer ligules flat, outside striped brownish purple; inner ligules with purple or dirty yellow teeth; floret tube outside pubescent. Stigmas dirty yellow to pale greenish. Anthers polliniferous; pollen grains irregular in size. Achene grayish straw-colored brown, 3.8-4 × 0.8-0.9 mm; body ± smooth below, apically spinulose with thin long acute spinules, ± gradually narrowing into a cylindric 0.8-1 mm cone; beak ca. 8 mm. Pappus pure white, 5-6 mm. Fl. spring. Agamosperm.
Taraxacum puberulum is based on a single wild specimen and a few cultivated plants. The taxon has many features of T. sect. Ceratoidea (achene characters, outer phyllary color, shape, and posture), but in other attributes it approaches T. sect. Qaisera.
" 139955 general 52411 Compositae "Acmella oleracea.Herbs, annual. Stems decumbent to usually erect, not rooting at nodes, green to red, glabrous. Petiole 2-6.4 cm, glabrous to very sparsely pilose, narrowly winged; leaf blade broadly ovate to deltate, 5-10 × 4-8 cm, usually glabrous on both surfaces, base truncate to shortly attenuate, margin dentate, apex shortly acuminate to usually acute. Capitula discoid, 10.5-23.5 × 11-17 mm; peduncles 3.5-12.5 cm, glabrous to very sparsely pilose; phyllaries 15-18, 3-seriate, herbaceous, entire to sinuate, sparsely ciliate, those of outer series 5 or 6, 5.8-7.3 × 2.1-2.8 mm, usually narrowly ovate to lanceolate or sometimes ovate, acute; receptacle 8.3-21.5 × 3.5-8.5 mm. Florets 400-600; corollas 2.7-3.3 mm, yellow, 5-lobed; tube 0.5-0.7 × 0.2-0.4 mm; lobes 0.3-0.6 × 0.2-0.4 mm; stamens 1.4-1.7 mm. Achenes 2-2.5 × 0.9-1.1 mm, moderately to densely ciliate with straight-tipped hairs; pappus of 2 subequal bristles, longer one 0.5-1.5 mm, shorter one 0.3-1.3 mm. Fl. Apr-Jul. 2n = 52, 60, 78.
Acmella oleracea is cultivated for medicinal, insecticidal, and horticultural purposes.
" 140293 general 127934 Compositae "Vernonia elliptica.Scandent shrubs. Stems striate, all parts gray sericeous, hairs T-shaped. Petiole curved, ca. 2 mm; leaf blade elliptic-oblong, 2-6.5(-10) × 1-4(-6) cm, abaxially densely sericeous, adaxially sericeous on main veins, glabrous to thinly hairy between, lateral veins ca. 7-paired, base cuneate to rounded, margins entire, apex subacute. Synflorescences terminal and subterminal, panicles elongated, thyrselike. Capitula clustered at tips of branches. Involucre tubular, 3-4 × 1.5-2.5 mm; phyllaries ca. 4-seriate, tinged purple at tip, outer suborbicular, adpressed sericeous, apex rounded, inner oblong-elliptic. Florets 5; corolla pale pink, 5-6 mm, sparsely glandular, lobes ca. 2 mm. Achenes pale brown, cylindric-clavate, 1.8-2.2 mm, 5-angled, densely and minutely glandular. Pappus tawny-white; inner setae 4-5.5 mm, scabrid.
This species is cultivated in Hong Kong.
" 145227 general 63281 Compositae "Saussurea larionowii.Herbs 10-40(-60) cm tall, perennial. Caudex fibrous, branched, with several sterile and flowering leaf rosettes. Stems solitary or several, erect, simple or branched, slightly winged. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 2-3(-5) cm; leaf blade narrowly ovate, ovate-oblong, or narrowly ovate-elliptic, 5-10 × (0.4-)1.5-4.5 cm, undivided, pinnately cleft, or pinnately lobed, abaxially grayish white and arachnoid tomentose, adaxially green, scabrous, and spinulose-strigose, margin sinuate or dentate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller upward on stem, base decurrent. Capitula in a densely congested corymbiform synflorescence, erect, shortly pedunculate, with 10-13 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 4-9 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, apically reddish, arachnoid, glabrescent, with a conspicuous midvein, apex acuminate and with a straight or weakly curved cusp; outer phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries narrowly ovate-oblong. Receptacle bristles subulate, to 8 mm. Corolla rose-pink, 1.4-1.5 cm, sometimes sparsely glandular, tube 7-8 mm, limb 7-8 mm. Achene ca. 3 mm, glabrous, apex with a short crown. Pappus white or basally pale brown; outer bristles 2-4 mm; inner bristles 1.1-1.2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.
Saussurea larionowii may be conspecific with the insufficiently known S. alberti, which has been described from a cultivated plant. Further studies in the field are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of these species.
" 167191 ecology 35215 Compositae "Elephantopus mollis. ""In open grassy places in woodlands, savanna, fringing forest, and sometimes cultivated land.""" 167483 ecology 106637 Compositae "Senecio perrottetii. Along sandy riverbanks and as a weed of cultivation in northerly districts." 167685 ecology 64135 Compositae "Vicoa leptoclada. A weed of cultivated ground and open places mostly outside the high-forest areas." 66123 general 1069152 Convolvulaceae "Evolvulus nuttallianus. ""Erect or ascending, 1–2 dm, densely hairy, lvs crowded, ascending, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 1–2 cm; fls solitary in the axils, sessile or on pedicels shorter than the narrowly lanceolate, villous sep; cor blue, broadly funnelform, 1 cm wide, its margin nearly entire; pedicels deflexed in fr; fr ovoid, 1–2-seeded. Dry prairies and barrens; N.D. to Mont., s. to Mo., Tenn., Tex., and Ariz. May, June. (E. argenteus Pursh, not R. Br.; E. pilosus)""" 70512 general 1067833 Convolvulaceae "Calystegia spithamaea. ""Stems erect, at least to and including the flowering part, the remainder often elongating and eventually declined; lvs short-petioled, oblong to obovate- oblong, 3–8 cm, acute to rounded, at base rounded to truncate or cordate, always ± hairy; peduncles few, 2–8 cm, produced 5–20 cm above the base of the plant; bracts oblong or ovate, seldom cordulate at base; cor white or pink, 4–7 cm; 2n=22. Dry, rocky or sandy soil, fields, and open woods; Que. and Me. to Minn., s. to Va. and Mo., and in the mts. to Ga.; May–July. (Convolvulus catesbeianus; C. purshianus; C. spithamaeus) The more strongly hairy forms, with usually cordate-based lvs, occur chiefly in the s. Appalachian region and may merit varietal recognition. (Convolvulus spithamaeus var. pubescens)""" 70513 general 1067749 Convolvulaceae "Ipomoea pandurata. ""Perennial from a large, deep-seated, tuber-like root; stems trailing or twining, to 5 m, glabrous or nearly so; lvs glabrous or more often hairy beneath, ovate, entire, acuminate, deeply cordate at base, 5–15 cm, rarely obscurely lobed or angled; peduncles stout, stiff, usually exceeding the subtending petioles, bearing 1–7 fls in a terminal cluster; sep ovate or oblong, 13–20 mm at anthesis, obtuse to broadly rounded, glabrous; cor white with red-purple center, 5–8 cm; ovary bilocular; 2n=30. Dry woods and thickets; Conn. to s. Ont., Mich., and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. June–Sept.""" 70514 general 1068091 Convolvulaceae "Stylisma humistrata. ""Stems elongate, mostly prostrate, commonly 1–2.5 m, villous to subglabrous; petioles mostly 2–5 mm; lf-blades oblong to elliptic, 3–6 × (0.5–)1–2(–3.5) cm, obtuse and mucronate, rounded below to an often shallowly cordate base; peduncles twice as long as the subtending lvs, bearing at the summit 2–several subulate bracts 1–2 mm and 1–several pedicellate fls; sep lance-ovate to elliptic, glabrous or nearly so outside, 6–9 mm; cor 15–33 mm; style cleft to about half-length, the branches usually more than 3 mm; 2n=28. Dry pine-barrens, chiefly on the coastal plain; e. Va. to n. Fla., w. to Ark. and e. Tex. July, Aug. (Breweria h.)""" 109329 general 1066111 Convolvulaceae "Cuscuta.Herbs parasitic, yellow or reddish, glabrous. Stems twining, filiform, obtaining nourishment from hosts by haustoria. Leaves reduced to minute scales. Flowers sessile or short pedicellate, mostly in globular, spicate, racemose, or cymose clusters, 4- or 5-merous; bracts minute or absent. Calyx gamosepalous, ± deeply lobed, or sepals free. Corolla white, pinkish, or cream colored, urceolate, tubular, globose or campanulate, inside with fimbriate or crenulate, membranous, infrastaminal scales at base of tube. Stamens as many as corolla lobes, inserted on corolla above scales, alternating with corolla lobes. Pollen smooth. Ovary 2-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Styles 1 or 2; stigmas 2, subglobose or elongated, sometimes united. Capsule ovoid or globose, dry or sometimes fleshy, circumscissile or opening irregularly. Seeds 1-4, glabrous; embryo acotyledonous, filiform spiral-curved.
About 170 species: mainly in North and South America, several in Asia and Europe; 11 species in China.
Cuscuta is placed by some in a separate family, Cuscutaceae Dumortier.
The following article appeared after publication of the treatment, and may be useful for better understanding floral variations: Liao, G.-I., C.-S. Kuoh & M.-Y. Chen. 2005. Morphological observation on floral variations of the genus Cuscuta in Taiwan. Taiwania 50: 123–130. 2005.
Herbs annual, with ellipsoid, fusiform, or elongated subterranean tubers; sap milky; axial parts glabrous or pilose. Stems prostrate or ascending, rarely twining, green or purplish, much branched, rooting at nodes. Petiole 2.5-20 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to circular, 4-13 X 3-13 cm, margin entire or palmately 3-5(-7)-lobed, herbaceous; lobes broadly ovate to linear-lanceolate, sparsely pilose or glabrous. Inflorescences 1- or 3-7-flowered; peduncle 2-10.5 cm, stout, angular; bracts early deciduous, lanceolate, 2-4 mm. Pedicel 2-10 mm. Sepals oblong or elliptic, ± unequal, glabrous or pilose abaxially, margin ciliate, apex acute, mucronulate, outer 2 sepals 7-10 mm, inner 3 sepals 8-11 mm. Corolla pink, white, pale purple to purple, with a darker center, campanulate to funnelform, 3-4 cm, glabrous. Stamens included. Pistil included; ovary pubescent or glabrous. Capsule rarely produced, ovoid or depressed globose. Seeds glabrous. 2n = 84, 90*.
Ipomoea batatas is a productive and adaptable crop. Its tubers are an important source of food, starch, and raw material for producing alcohol. The stems and leaves can be used as livestock forage. In ancient Chinese texts, the name now used for "sweet potato" refers to Dioscorea alata Linnaeus, and not this species.
" 121483 general 1068011 Convolvulaceae "Ipomoea pes-caprae.Herbs perennial, glabrous, with a thick tap root. Stems 5-30 m, prostrate, sometimes twining, rooting at nodes. Petiole 2-10 cm; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, circular, reniform or ± quadrate to oblong, 3.5-9 X 3-10 cm, rather thick, 2-glandular abaxially, base broadly cuneate, truncate, or shallowly cordate, margin entire, apex emarginate or deeply 2-lobed, mucronulate. Inflorescences 1- to several flowered; peduncle stout, 4-14 cm; bracts early deciduous, broadly deltate, 3-3.5 mm. Pedicel 2-2.5 cm. Sepals unequal, ± leathery, glabrous, apex obtuse, mucronulate; outer 2 ovate to elliptic, 5-8 mm, wider; inner 3 nearly circular and concave, 7-11 mm. Corolla purple or reddish purple, with a darker center, funnelform, 4-5 cm. Stamens included. Pistil included; ovary glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ± globular, 1.1-1.7 cm, glabrous, leathery. Seeds black, trigonous-globose, 7-8 mm, densely brownish tomentose. 2n = 30*.
According to Xing et al. (Guihaia 14: 151-156. 1994), Ipomoea pes-caprae occurs on the South China Sea Islands (Nanhai Zhudao), but no material was available for this account.
Although van Ooststroom (Blumea 3: 532-539. 1940) recognized two subspecies based on the depth of apical lobing of the leaf blades, none is accepted here. The change in growingconditions can produce variation in leaf lobing on the same plant.
Useful as a medicinal plant (for treating colds, arthritis, and back pain), forage crop, and as a sand binder in coastal areas.
Shrubs, scandent or lianas. Stems woody. Leaves petiolate, entire, sometimes silvery sericeous abaxially. Inflorescences axillary, rarely terminal, in cymes, or loose or compact capitula, few to many flowered; bracts persistent or early deciduous, small or large. Sepals persistent, herbaceous or ± leathery, pubescent abaxially, glabrous and often red adaxially, ± enlarged and reflexed in fruit. Corolla purple, red, pink, or white, campanulate, funnelform, or tubular; limb subentire to deeply 5-lobed, with 5 distinct, mostly pubescent midpetaline bands. Stamens inserted near base of corolla, included or exserted; filaments filiform, base dilated, often pubescent or glandular; pollen globular, pantoporate, finely spiny. Disc ringlike or cupular, margin entire or shallowly 5-lobed. Ovary 2- or 4-loculed, 4-ovuled, pubescent or glabrous. Style 1, filiform, included or exserted; stigma capitate, 2-lobed or 2-globular. Berry red, purplish, orange, or yellowish, globose or ellipsoid, fleshy, mealy, or leathery. Seeds 4 or fewer, rarely pilose at hilum.
About 90 species: mainly tropical Asia, with one species in Australia (Queensland); 22 species in China.
No monograph of Argyreia exists, and the mainland Asian species have not been studied for a contemporary flora or regional revision. A comparison of the Chinese material with those from regions to the south reveals that a profusion of names has developed for what appears to be a significantly smaller number of taxa. It was not possible to sort out the nomenclature for the species involved due to the lack of access to type material and the exceedingly complex literature dealing with Argyreia. Therefore, a conservative approach is taken, and nearly all of the taxa described from China are maintained, and possible conspecific taxa are pointed out. The flowers of Argyreia marlipoensis are unknown. It has not been possible to place the species in a key that relies heavily on floral characters. One cultivated species, A. nervosa, isincluded in the key but not treated further.
Herbs or shrubs, often twining, sometimes prostrate, erect, or floating. Leaves petiolate, entire, lobed, or divided. Inflorescences mostly axillary, cymose, 1- to many flowered, rarely paniculate; bracts various. Flowers small to large. Sepals persistent, equal to unequal, ± enlarged in fruit. Corolla variously colored, rarely yellow, funnelform, campanulate, or salverform; limb 5-lobed to entire, midpetaline bands well defined. Stamens included or exserted; filaments filiform, usually unequal, dilated and pubescent basally; anthers ovate or linear, longitudinally dehiscent, not twisted; pollen globular, pantoporate, finely spiny. Disc ringlike. Ovary 2-4-loculed, 4- or 6-ovuled. Style 1, filiform, included or exserted; stigma capitate, or 2- or 3-globulose. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4- or 6-valved. Seeds 4(-6) or fewer, glabrous or pubescent.
Approximately 500 species: widely distributed in tropical to warm temperate regions, especially of North and South America; 29 species in China.
The following are cultivated in China and may escape from gardens in the south: Ipomoea quamoclit Linnaeus (= Quamoclit pennata (Desrousseaux) Bojer), I. hederifolia Linnaeus (widely misidentified as Quamoclit coccinea (Linnaeus) Moench or I. coccinea Linnaeus), I. Sloteri (House) van Ooststroom ( = Quamoclit sloteri House), and I. tricolor Cavanilles. These have been included in the key to species and given no further treatment. Ipomoea fulvicoma Hance was originally described from Hong Kong, but no material of the species was available for study. Ipomoea lancunosa Linnaeus was reported from Zhejiang by Chiu et al. (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16: 231-234. 1994), but its occurrence has not been verified by us, and the species has not been included here.
The generic concept for Ipomoea in this flora differs from that followed in the Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. in that Pharbitis, Calonyction, Quamoclit, and Mina are recognized as infrageneric taxa, following D. F. Austin (Taxon 28: 359-361. 1979; emended, 29: 501-502. 1980) and most other twentieth century floras. In any case, cultivated species including those referable to Quamoclit and Mina that were treated in the Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. account are mostly omitted in the Flora of China.
Herbs annual, terrestrial and repent or floating; axial parts glabrous. Stems terete, thick, hollow, rooting at nodes. Petiole 3-14 cm, glabrous; leaf blade variable, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate, 3.5-17 X 0.9-8.5 cm, glabrous or rarely pilose, base cordate, sagittate or hastate, occasionally truncate, margin entire or undulate, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescences 1-3(-5)-flowered; peduncle 1.5-9 cm, base pubescent; bracts squamiform, 1.5-2 mm. Pedicel 1.5-5 cm. Sepals subequal, glabrous; outer 2 ovate-oblong, 7-8 mm, margin whitish, thin, apex obtuse, mucronulate; inner 3 ovate-elliptic, ca. 8 mm. Corolla white, pink, or lilac, with a darker center, funnelform, 3.5-5 cm, glabrous. Stamens unequal, included. Pistil included; ovary conical, glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid to globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., woody, tardily dehiscent or ?indehiscent. Seeds densely grayish pubescent, sometimes glabrous. 2n = 30*.
Commonly cultivated as a pot herb, Ipomoea aquatica is adapted to a warm, moist climate and cannot survive frost. Several races are recognized (without formal taxonomic designation) based on growing conditions (terrestrial vs. aquatic) and plant and flower color (greenish plants with white flowers vs. purplish tinged plants with lilac flowers). The plants have minor medicinal uses and also are used for forage.
" 127545 general 1066346 Convolvulaceae "Calystegia pubescens.Stems trailing or usually climbing, to several meters tall, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Petiole 1--6 cm; leaf blade narrowly triangular to oblong, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, ± parallel sided at middle, weakly to strongly lobed at base but lobes not more than 1/3 length of midvein. Peduncles not exceeding leaf, glabrous or pubescent toward base; bracteoles 1.5--2.1(--2.4) X 0.8--1.4 cm, usually glabrous and obtuse. Corolla pink or rarely white, 4.2--6.7 cm. Stamens 2.4--3.2 cm; anthers 4.5--6 mm. Fl. Aug. 2n = 22.
The name Calystegia pubescens was given to a double-flowered form cultivated in Britain that is now naturalized in Europe and North America, which was originally collected near Shanghai. Normalflowered plants from this area were referred by Liou and Ling (Fl. Ill. Nord Chine p. 27. 1931) as C. japonica Choisy, but C. pubescens is the earlier name. In North America, Calystegia pubescens is commonly introduced and has often been misidentified as C. hederacea Wallich.
Plants intermediate between Calystegia pubescens and C. hederacea, from Japan, where they probably are sympatric, have been named as Convolvulus japonicus Thunberg ( =Calystegia sepium var. japonica (Thunberg) Makino, non Calystegia japonica Choisy). Their status is in doubt.
Herbs annual, twining; axial parts often tuberculate, glabrous or nearly so; sap milky. Stems 2-10 m. Petiole 4-12 cm; leaf blade cordate, 7-18 X 6.5-15 cm, base cordate, margin entire, apex acute or caudate-acuminate. Inflorescences 1- to few flowered; peduncle 3-6 cm; bracts oblong, ca. 8 mm, scarious. Pedicel 1-2 cm, thicker apically, much thickened in fruit. Flowers nocturnal. Sepals oblong to ovate, ± equal, fleshy, glabrous, distinctly enlarged in fruit and eventually reflexed; outer 2 sepals 6-8 mm, apex attenuate into a thick, suberect awn ca. 4 mm; inner 3 sepals 7-8 mm, apex obtuse or emarginate, awn shorter. Corolla pale purple, salverform, 5-7.5 cm; tube 3-6 cm, flaring apically; limb funnelform to rotate, 3-5 cm in diam., shallowly 5-lobed. Stamens slightly exserted or not; filaments inserted in apical part of corolla tube, base sparsely short pubescent; anthers large, base cordate. Pistil slightly exserted or not; ovary glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 1.8-2 cm, mucronate. Seeds black, trigonous, 9-10 mm, glabrous. 2n = 30.
Gunn (Brittonia 24: 150-168. 1972) discussed the nomenclature of Ipomoea turbinata, which was treated in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. as Calonyction muricatum, presented evidence refuting the generic status for Calonyction, and recognized the latter as a section of Ipomoea.
Gunn reported that the young seeds, fruits, and thickened pedicels of Ipomoea turbinata are eaten as a vegetable in China and Sri Lanka, and the species is cultivated in India for itsedible pedicels or as an ornamental for its nocturnal flowers. In China, the leaves are used in treating stomachaches and the seeds for treating trauma.
Climbers; indumentum grayish to dull yellow. Stems puberulent, glabrescent. Petiole 2.6-10.8 cm; leaf blade cordate-circular, 7.5-16.5 X 5.3-15 cm, smooth to rugulose, abaxially silvery villous. Panicle crowded; bracts cordate. Pedicel 2-4 mm, elongating in fruit. Flowers (4-)5-6(-7) mm. Sepals lanceolate-linear, flat or concave, equal, 1-2 mm, tomentose-villous abaxially. Fruiting calyx tan, reddish, or pale brown, loosely clasping; outer 3 sepals elliptic-oblong to narrowly ovate, 1.6-2.2(-2.4) cm X 7-9 mm, puberulent, margin free. Corolla white to cream, narrowly funnelform; limb (3-)5-7 mm in diam., 5-lobed. Stamens included, ± equal; filaments glabrous. Disc absent or ringlike. Ovary glabrous. Style obsolete; stigma subsessile. Fruit tan to brownish with darker lines, globose-ellipsoid, 5-6(-7) X 4-5 mm, pubescent, apiculate. Seeds dark brown, globose-ellipsoid, 4-6 X 3-5 mm, glabrous. Fl. Oct-Dec, fr. Mar-Apr. 2n = 26.
Widely though sparingly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, including Yunnan. A single seemingly indigenous collection from the Chinese side of the border between Xizang and Arunachal Pradesh, NE India, has been seen.
" 167831 ecology 1066731 Convolvulaceae "Cuscuta campestris. Very common in some parts of tropical Africa and a serious pest on cultivated plants." 167837 ecology 1067088 Convolvulaceae "Ipomoea alba. ""Wild in secondary vegetation, but often cultivated for ornament.""" 167868 morphology 1066853 Convolvulaceae "Ipomoea intrapilosa. ""Is cultivated at Ibadan, S. Nigeria""" 167887 morphology 1068017 Convolvulaceae "Ipomoea quamoclit. ""A glabrous twiner, cultivated like the last (Ipomoea muricata).""" 66763 general 1062984 Cornaceae "Cornus rugosa. ""Shrub 1–4 m, commonly more tree-like in form than no. 3 [Cornus sericea L.], often with a single main stem from the base; twigs glabrous or nearly so, light or yellowish-green, often shaded or mottled with red; pith white; lvs ovate to rotund, mostly 7–12 cm, abruptly acuminate, broadly cuneate or usually rounded at base, minutely scaberulous-strigose above, softly and loosely white-hairy to merely strigose beneath with hairs 0.5–1 mm; lateral veins 6–8 on a side; infl flat or slightly convex; fr light blue, 6 mm; 2n=22. Moist or dry, sandy or rocky soil, typically in better-drained sites than no. 3; Que. to n. Ont. and Man., s. to N.J., Pa., n. O., n. Ind. and Io., and in the mts. to Va. May–July. (C. circinata; Svida r.)""" 118690 general 1063229 Cornaceae "Camptotheca acuminata.Trees deciduous, to 20 m high; bark light gray, deeply furrowed; young branchlets purplish, villous, old branchlets glabrous. Petiole 1.5-3 cm; leaf blade abaxially greenish and lucid, oblong-ovate, oblong-elliptic, or orbicular, 12-28 × 6-12 cm, papery, slightly pubescent, lateral veins (4-)8-11(-15) pairs, base subrounded, margin entire, apex acute. Head terminal or axillary, often 2-9-flowered, 1.5-2 in diam.; bracts 3, triangular, 2.5-3 mm, both surfaces pubescent. Calyx cup-shaped, shallowly 5-lobed. Petals 5, light green, ca. 2 mm. Disk conspic- uous. Stamens 10, outer 5 longer than petals, glabrous. Style ca. 4 mm, glabrous; stigmas 2. Fruit thinly winged, gray-brown, 2.5-3.5 cm × 5-7 mm, smooth and lucid when dry. Seed 1; cotyledons lanceolate, 2-4 × ca. 1 cm, pinniveined, with 6-8 lateral veins on each side. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Sep. 2n = 44*.
This species is commonly cultivated mainly along roadsides.
" 133686 general 1062830 Cornaceae "Cornus alba.Shrubs deciduous, spreading, to 3 m tall. Bark purplish red; young branches terete, pubescent with short whitish trichomes, later glabrous, glaucous; old branches reddish, with scattered grayish white rounded lenticels; leaf scars semicircular, conspicuous. Leaf blade abaxially glaucous green, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5–8.5 × 1.8–5.5 cm, papery, veins (4 or)5(or 6), pubescent with short white appressed trichomes, axils of veins sometimes with a cluster of long brown trichomes, small veins conspicuous, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin entire or slightly revolute, apex acute. Corymbose cymes dense, ca. 3 cm wide, pubescent with soft white trichomes. Pedicel 2–6.5 mm, slender. Flowers white or yellowish white, 6–8.2 mm in diam. Calyx lobes sharply triangular, 0.1–0.2 mm, shorter than disk. Petals 3–3.8 × 1.1–1.8 mm. Stamens longer than petals; anthers yellowish. Style cylindrical, 2.1–2.5 mm; stigma disciform, broader than style. Fruit creamy white or bluish white at maturity, oblong-globose, laterally slightly compressed, ca. 8 mm, 5.5–6 mm in diam.; stones ± diamond-shaped, laterally compressed, ca. 5 × 3 mm, 3-ribbed on each side. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.
The seeds contain 30% oil, which is used industrially. Cornus alba is commonly cultivated as an ornamental.
" 66115 general 1061211 Crassulaceae "Sedum telephioides. ""Rather coarse-rooted perennial from a stout caudex, the stems tufted, 2–6 dm, simple to the infl; lvs alternate or opposite, ± elliptic, narrowed to the base, flat, 3–8 × 1.5–3.5 cm, entire or often coarsely few-toothed, sometimes glaucous, not much reduced upwards; infl broadly rounded, much-branched, not secund, 4–10 cm wide, the branchlets narrowly winged; fls mostly 5-merous; sep ca 2.5 mm; pet white to light pink, 4.5–6 mm; nectaries white or pale yellow, ca 1.4 times as long as wide; ovaries white, pale green, or pink; frs short-stipitate, erect with divergent beaks; 2n=24, seldom 48. Dry, rocky places in the mts. from s. Pa. to N.C.; disjunct in s. Ind. and Ill. and w. Ky., and rarely escaped elsewhere. Aug.–Oct.""" 69454 general 1056330 Crassulaceae "Sedum. ""Fls mostly 4–5(–9)-merous; pet distinct or united only at the very base; stamens usually twice as many as the pet, the antepetalous ones usually adnate at base to the pet; carpels distinct or nearly so, tapering to the short, stout subulate style; fr follicular; seeds numerous; succulent herbs or half-shrubs with thick or terete, alternate, opposite, or whorled lvs and small to middle-sized, yellow or white to anthocyanic fls. In addition to the following native and intr. spp., a number of spp. are cultivated and may escape locally. 300, mainly N. Temp.""" 108393 general 32991 Crassulaceae "Crassulaceae.Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. Stems mostly fleshy. Leaves alternate, opposite, or verticillate, usually simple; stipules absent; leaf blade entire or slightly incised, rarely lobed or imparipinnate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, cymose, corymbiform, spiculate, racemose, paniculate, or sometimes reduced to a solitary flower. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual in Rhodiola (when plants dioecious or rarely gynodioecious), actinomorphic, (3 or)4-6(-30)-merous. Sepals almost free or basally connate, persistent. Petals free or connate. Stamens as many as petals in 1 series or 2 × as many in 2 series. Nectar scales at or near base of carpels. Follicles sometimes fewer than sepals, free or basally connate, erect or spreading, membranous or leathery, 1- to many seeded. Seeds small; endosperm scanty or not developed.
About 35 genera and over 1500 species: Africa, America, Asia, Europe; 13 genera (two endemic, one introduced) and 233 species (129 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Some species of Crassulaceae are cultivated as ornamentals and/or used medicinally.
Fu Shu-hsia & Fu Kun-tsun. 1984. Crassulaceae. In: Fu Shu-hsia & Fu Kun-tsun, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 34(1): 31-220.
Herbs 40-150 cm tall, glabrous. Stems usually branched. Leaf blade pinnately compound with 3-5 leaflets, 10-30 cm; petiolules 2-4 cm; leaflet blades oblong to elliptic, 6-8 × 3-5 cm, margin crenate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, paniculate, 10-40 cm, many flowered. Flowers pendulous. Calyx tubular, 2-4 cm. Corolla reddish to purple, to 5 cm, base sparsely ciliate; lobes ovate-lanceolate. Stamens inserted basally on corolla. Nectar scales oblong. Follicles included in calyx and corolla tube. Seeds striate. Fl. Jan-Mar.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental and is used medicinally.
" 130469 general 1061659 Crassulaceae "Kalanchoe ceratophylla.Herbs perennial, 20-100 cm tall. Leaves at middle of stem pinnately lobed; petiole 2.5-4 cm; leaf blade 8-15 cm; leaflets linear to linear-lanceolate, margin shallowly serrate. Inflorescences paniculiform cymose, 10-30 cm; bracts linear. Sepals lanceolate, 4-10 mm, apex acute. Corolla yellow; tube ca. 1.5 cm, basally dilated; lobes 5-6 mm. Nectar scales linear, ca. 3 mm. Carpels lanceolate, 5-6 mm. Styles 2-4 mm. Fl. Mar.
The record of Kalanchoe laciniata (Linnaeus) de Candolle in FRPS is based on misidentified plants of K. ceratophylla. True K. laciniata differs in having leaves irregularly and more shallowly lobed (vs. regularly and deeply lobed, almost to pinnately compound).
This species is cultivated as an ornamental and the whole plant is used medicinally.
Herbs, climbing, annual or perennial. Stem and branches scabrous, robust. Tendrils 2- or 3-fid, rarely simple. Leaves orbicular or triangular-ovate, deeply 3-5-partite; segments lobulate or dissected. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary, rarely fasciculate. Male flowers: calyx tube broadly campanulate, 5-lobed; corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, deeply 5-partite; segments ovate-oblong; stamens 3, inserted on base of calyx tube; filaments free, short; anthers free or slightly coherent, one 1-celled, others 2-celled; anther cells linear, sigmoid-flexuous; connective dilated, not produced; rudimentary ovary glandlike. Female flowers: calyx and corolla as in male flowers; staminodes 3, setiform or ligulate; ovary ovoid, with 3 placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal; style short, columnar; stigmas 3, thick, reniform, nearly 3-lobed. Fruit globose or oblong, fleshy or dry, indehiscent, many seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed, smooth, marginate or emarginate.
Four species: tropical and S Africa, SW Asia, E Mediterranean region; one species (introduced) in China.
" 109530 general 1053340 Cucurbitaceae "Edgaria.Herbs, climbing. Stem and branches slender. Tendrils 2-fid. Petiole slender; leaf blade ovate-cordate, membranous, pubescent at first, ultimately glabrescent, scabrous, margin irregularly dentate. Plants dioecious. Male flowers in raceme or rarely solitary; calyx tube elongate, narrowly funnelform; segments 5, linear; corolla yellow, subrotate, 5-partite; segments obovate, entire; stamens 3, included, inserted on calyx tube; filaments free, short; anthers connate, one 1-celled, others 2-celled; anther cells straight; connective narrow; pistillode subulate. Female flowers solitary; calyx and corolla as in male flowers; staminodes absent; ovary narrowly ovoid, 3-locular, 1 or 2 ovules in each locule; ovules ± horizontal; style filiform, elongate; stigmas 3, oblong, apex 2-lobed. Fruit broadly fusiform, distinctly 3-angled, ribbed, dry, deeply 3-valved. Seeds subquadrate, compressed, slightly corrugate.
One species: Bhutan, SW China, N India, Nepal.
" 108899 general 1052173 Cucurbitaceae "Benincasa.Herbs, creeping, annual, all parts densely hispid. Leaves palmately 5-lobed; petiole eglandular. Tendrils 2- or 3-fid. Plants usually monoecious; flowers solitary. Male flowers: calyx tube broadly campanulate; segments reflexed, almost leaflike, dentate; corolla rotate, usually 5-lobed; segments obovate, entire; stamens 3, free, inserted on corolla tube; filaments short; anthers one 1-celled, two 2-celled; anther cells very sigmoid-flexuous; connective margined; pistillode glandlike. Female flowers: calyx and corolla as in male flowers; staminodes 3; ovary ovoid; ovules numerous, horizontal; style inserted on disk; stigmas 3, expanded, 2-lobed. Fruit large, oblong, baccate, terete, hispid, glaucous, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, ovoid-oblong, compressed, margin tumid.
One species: cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including China.
" 109323 general 1052982 Cucurbitaceae "Cucurbita.Herbs, climbing or prostrate, annual. Stem and branches robust. Tendrils 2- to many fid. Leaf blade lobed, base cordate. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary, yellow. Male flowers: calyx tube campanulate, rarely elongate; segments 5, lanceolate or leaflike at apex; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 3; filaments free; anthers connected into a head, one 1-celled, two 2-celled; anther cells linear, reflexed; connective not produced; pistillode absent. Female peduncle short; calyx and corolla as in male flowers; staminodes 3, broadly triangular; ovary oblong or globose, with 3-5-placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal; style short; stigmas 3-5-lobed or bifurcate. Fruit large, fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, compressed, smooth.
About 15 species: warm regions of the Americas, also cultivated in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions; three species (all introduced) in China.
" 110263 general 1050650 Cucurbitaceae "Momordica.Herbs, annual or perennial, scandent or creeping. Tendrils unbranched or 2-fid. Petiole usually glandular; leaf blade suborbicular or ovate-cordate, palmately 3-7-lobed, rarely undivided, entire or dentate. Plants dioecious or monoecious. Male flowers solitary or in a raceme; pedicel often with a large bract; bract orbicular-reniform; calyx tube short, campanulate or cupular; segments ovate, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate; corolla yellow or white, rotate or broadly campanulate, 5-lobed; segments obovate, oblong, or ovate-oblong; stamens (2 or)3(or 5); filaments short, free; anthers coherent at first, one 1-celled, other 2-celled; anther cells reflexed, straight, or curved; connective not produced; rudimentary ovary glandular or absent. Female flowers: ovary oblong or fusiform; style elongate; stigmas 3, undivided or 2-lobed; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit ovoid, oblong, elliptic, or fusiform, undivided or 3-valved, usually verrucose or spinescent. Seeds few or numerous, ovate or oblong, smooth or reticulate.
Forty-five species: most in tropical Africa, some cultivated in tropical regions; three species (one introduced) in China.
" 134024 general 1052892 Cucurbitaceae "Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis.Ovary and young fruit sericeous with short appressed hairs; fruit in cultivated forms mostly not fragrant and not sweet.
The fruit is used as a vegetable (菜瓜 cai gua).
The forms cultivated in China belong to the ‘Conomon’ cultivar group (Cucumis conomon Thunberg, Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 3: 208. 1780; C. melo var. conomon (Thunberg) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 16. 1902).
Ovary and young fruit pilose or lanate, with spreading hairs; fruit in cultivated forms fragrant and sweet.
The fruit is used as a refreshing dessert in summer; the plants are used medicinally.
" 167986 ecology 1050614 Cucurbitaceae "Luffa aegyptiaca. ""Cultivated, and commonly naturalized.""" 168000 morphology 1050689 Cucurbitaceae "Momordica angustisepala. Stem used as a sponge; sometimes cultivated" 168031 morphology 1051436 Cucurbitaceae "Telfairia occidentalis. Often cultivated." 65797 general 1047449 Cupressaceae "Juniperus communis. ""Lvs in whorls of 3, jointed at the base, crowded, linear, loose or spreading, pungent, 6–18 mm, with a median white stripe above; cones axillary, bluish or black, 6–13 mm thick, mostly 3-seeded. Circumboreal, s. in Amer. to Pa., Wis., Minn., the Rocky Mt. states, and irregularly to S.C. and s. Ind. Nearly all of our plants belong to the var. depressa Pursh, the common Amer. phase of the sp.; decumbent but not prostrate, forming flat-topped circular patches mostly 0.5–2 m tall and several m wide; lvs spreading or ascending, mostly straight, (6)10–18 mm, the white stripe narrower than each margin; mostly in dry, rocky, or otherwise poor soil; occasional more arborescentspecimens, with a ± definite central axis, have been mistaken for the arborescent Eurasian var. communis, which has the white stripe on the lvs at least as broad as each margin. The high-northern, circumboreal var. montana Aiton reaches only the ne. margin of our range, as on the coast of N.S. and the coast and mts. of n. Me.; it is prostrate or nearly so and trailing, with oblong, abruptly short-pointed, incurved and imbricate lvs 6–10 mm, these with a broad white stripe, evidently wider than each margin (var. alpina; var. saxatilis, misapplied; J. sibirica; J. nana).""" 65800 general 1047455 Cupressaceae "Juniperus virginiana. ""Shrub or tree with a dense crown, to 20 m; juvenile lvs subulate, pungent, 5–7 mm, spreading or ascending; lvs of adult branches scale-like, appressed, ovate or lance-ovate, 2–4 mm, obtuse or subacute, convex on the back; cones terminal on short, straight peduncles, subglobose, blue-glaucous, 5–7 mm thick; seeds 1 or 2, pitted toward the base. In a variety of soils, esp. in dry, calcareous sites; s. Me. and s. Que. to N.D., s. to Ga., nw. Fla., and Tex. Two weakly distinguished vars.: Var. virginiana, occurring from Va. to s. Mo. and southward, has a relatively broad, ovoid crown with widely spreading branches, and the seeds are strongly pitted. Var. crebra Fernald, the more northern phase, has a narrowly spire-shaped crown with distinctly ascending branches, and the seeds are only obscurely pitted.""" 112500 general 1047944 Cupressaceae "Thujopsis dolabrata.Trees to 15 m tall; bark thin, gray or reddish brown, peel-
ing off in long strips; crown pyramidal; branches ascending; branchlets 4-6 mm in diam. Leaves lustrous; facial leaves appressed, broadly obovate; lateral leaves ascending, deep greenadaxially, ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 × 1.5-2.2 mm, with a white stomatal band abaxially, apex obtuse, slightly incurved. Seed cones 1-1.6 cm. Seeds ellipsoid, 4-5 × 3-3.5 mm; wing thick.
Cultivated for ornament. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native to Japan].
" 127690 general 1044585 Cycadaceae "Cycas debaoensis.Trunk almost subterranean, to 40(-70) × 25(-40) cm above ground, sometimes clumped; bark brown-gray, scaly toward apex of trunk, subsmooth toward base. Leaves (3-)5-11(-15), 3-pinnate, ovate in outline, ± openly "V"-shaped in cross section at 110-150° between leaflets, 1.3-2.7 × 0.5-1.5 m; petiole obovate-orbicular in cross section, 0.6-1.3 m × 1.5-3 cm, tomentose when young, later glabrescent except at base, spiny except at base; spines 20-55 along adaxial part of each side, 1-4.5 cm apart, conical, 3-4 mm; primary leaflets in 6-14 pairs, 3-12 cm apart, middle leaflets subopposite, longest, 40-70 × 20-27 cm, "V"-shaped in cross section at 70-90° between secondary leaflets, basal and apical leaflets alternate, gradually smaller toward base and apex of leaf blade, 17-50 × 10-23 cm; secondary leaflets in 3-5 pairs, ovate to obtriangular, dichotomously 2- or 3-forked, 12-25 × 4-15 cm, with petiolule 0.5-2 cm; segments (ultimate leaflets) 3-5, green and shiny above, light green below, linear, 10-22(-28) × 0.8-1.5 cm, thickly papery, glabrous, midvein raised on both surfaces, base decurrent, margin flat or somewhat undulate, apex long attenuate or long acuminate. Cataphylls triangular, 6-8 × 2.5-3 cm, densely brown tomentose, apex acuminate, somewhat soft. Pollen cones ovoid and brown tomentose initially, fusiform-cylindric and glabrescent at maturity, 13-25 × 4-9 cm; microsporophylls narrowly cuneate, 3-3.5 × 1.2-1.6 cm, apical sterile part semiorbicular, slightly revolute, apex broadly rounded with short, upcurved mucro. Megasporophylls 30-50, laxly grouped, 15-20 cm, yellow-brown tomentose, forming an oblate group 18-25 cm in diam.; stalk 9-12 cm; sterile blade green, subcordate or subflabellate, 6-9 × 5-10 cm, glabrescent, deeply divided into 39-51 filiform lobes 3-6 cm, terminal lobe 4-5 cm; ovules 2 or 3 on each side of stalk, glabrous. Seeds 3 or 4, green to yellowish and brown, subglobose or obovoid-globose, slightly compressed, 3-3.5 × 2.5-3 cm, apex mucronate; sclerotesta finely verrucose. Pollination Mar-Apr, seed maturity Nov.
This recently described species is most similar to Cycas multipinnata in its 3-pinnate leaf structure, but differs in its more numerous and much shorter leaves, with segments longattenuate or long acuminate at the apex; its megasporophylls, with subcordate or subflabellate, wider sterile blades divided into 39-51 filiform lobes; and its dry and sunny habitat.Unfortunately, this cycad is one of the most endangered in China, restricted to a very small area (ca. 20 ha) in a village, and will become extinct in the wild within the next ten yearsunless conservation measures are implemented.
" 108397 general 33002 Cycadaceae "Cycadaceae.Trees or shrubs evergreen, dioecious, mostly palmlike; trunk columnar, sometimes dichotomously branched at apex, rarely ovoid-bulbous and subterranean, clothed with bases of fallen leaves; bark often thickened and roughened. Leaves borne at apex of trunk, 1(-3)-pinnately compound, spirally arranged; new leaves erect (or somewhat inflexed and appearing coiled in C. multipinnata group), with circinnate leaflets; petiole with spines representing (reduced basal leaflets), rarely unarmed, base swollen and hairy; leaflets numerous, alternate to subopposite, dichotomously branched in a few species, midvein present, margin usually entire. Cataphylls prominent, alternate with leaves, hairy, apex often rigid and pungent. Pollen cones borne at apex of trunk, cylindric or fusiform; microsporophylls numerous, scalelike, spirally and tightly arranged along axis of cone, with numerous microsporangia in groups abaxially; pollen tubes producing 2 motile sperm cells. Megasporophylls several to numerous, somewhat leaflike, alternating with flushes of leaves, arranged in a loose, "conelike" crown surrounding apex of trunk, each with a linear fertile stalk and an apical, pinnatifid or subentire sterile blade; ovules (1 or)2-5 on each side of stalk. Seeds drupelike, somewhat compressed; seed coat 3-layered, consisting of colored sarcotesta, woody sclerotesta, and membranous endotesta. Cotyledons 2, united at base. Germination hypogeal, cryptocotylar. 2n = 22*.
One genus and ca. 60 species: E Africa (including Madagascar), E and S Asia, N Australia, Pacific Islands; 16 species (eight endemic) in China.
Ornamental species include Cycas revoluta, which is widely cultivated worldwide. Other species (e.g., C. circinalis Linnaeus, C. media R. Brown, C. pectinata, C. rumphii Miquel, C. taitungensis, and C. thouarsii R. Brown) have excellent ornamental qualities. The stem starch, "sago" (not to be confused with the true sago as obtained from palms of the genus Metroxylon Rottboøll), is edible and is used in packing brewers’ yeast after the removal of cycasins which are highly toxic and carcinogenic. A paste of Cycas seeds and coconut oil is used for the treatment of skin complaints, wounds, ulcers, sores, and boils.
Fu Shu-hsia, Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Cycadaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 4-17.
Trunk cylindric, often dichotomously branched toward apex and gradually thickened toward base, up to 16 m × 60 (-90) cm, apex not tomentose; bark gray or white-gray, smooth toward base of trunk. Leaves 40-80(-100), 1-pinnate, 0.7-1.2 (-1.5) m × 20-30(-40) cm; petiole compressed orbicular in cross section, 10-35 cm, with 6-15 spines along each side above middle part; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, flat or occasionally slightly "V"-shaped in cross section, pale brown tomentose when young; leaflets in 50-100 pairs, longitudinally inserted at 50-60° to rachis, straight to falcate, 9-20 cm × 5-7 mm, thickly, leathery, midvein flat adaxially, sulcate when dry, raised abaxially, base decurrent, margin slightly recurved, apex acute, pungent. Cataphylls triangular, 3.5-4.5 × 1.5-2 cm, brown tomentose, apex soft. Pollen cones fusiform, 30-45 × 10-15 cm; microsporophylls cuneate, 3.5-5 × 1.2-2.5 cm, densely pale brown tomentose, apex thickened, with an upcurved point 3-4 cm. Megasporophylls more than 30, tightly grouped, 13-18 cm, densely yellowish brown silky hairy; stalk 4-7 cm; sterile blade deltoid-ovate or suborbicular, 7-9 × 6-10 cm, margin pectinate, with 29-37 lobes 2.5-3.5 cm, terminal lobe subulate, 3-4.5 cm; ovules 1(-3) on each side of distal part of stalk, glabrous. Seeds 2(-4), orange, becoming dark brown, often obovoid, compressed, 4.5-6 × 4-4.7 cm; sclerotesta smooth, sarcotesta with a mixed, thick, fleshy, fibrous layer. Pollination Jun-Jul, seed maturity Feb-Mar.
A vulnerable species in China. Cultivated as an ornamental in S Yunnan and elsewhere in SE Asia. Chinese plants have been misidentified as C. rumphii Miquel (e.g., in FRPS), which occurs only in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
" 112354 general 1044610 Cycadaceae "Cycas revoluta.Trunk to 3(-8) m × 45(-95) cm, base and sometimes distal part with numerous adventitious lateral branches or bulbils, apex tomentose; bark gray-black, scaly. Leaves 40-100 or more, 1-pinnate, 0.7-1.4(-1.8) m × 20-25(-28) cm; petiole subtetragonal in cross section, 10-20 cm, with 6-18 spines along each side; leaf blade oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate, strongly "V"-shaped in cross section, recurved, brown tomentose when young; leaflets in 60-150 pairs, horizontally inserted at ca. 45° above rachis, not glaucous when mature, straight to subfalcate, 10-20 cm × 4-7 mm, leathery, sparsely pubescent abaxially, base decurrent, margin strongly recurved, apex acuminate, pungent. Cataphylls triangular, 4-5 × 1.5-2.3 cm, densely brown tomentose, apex acuminate. Pollen cones pale yellow, ovoid-cylindric, 30-60 × 8-15 cm; microsporophylls narrowly cuneate, 3.5-6 × 1.7-2.5 cm, apex rounded-truncate, cuspidate. Megasporophylls yellow to pale brown, 14-22 cm, densely tomentose; stalk 7-12 cm; sterile blade ovate to narrowly so, 6-11 × 4-7 cm, deeply laciniate, with 21-35 lobes 1-3 cm; ovules 2 or 3 on each side of stalk, densely pale brown tomentose. Seeds 2(-5), orange to red, obovoid or ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, (3-)4-5 × 2.5-3.5 cm, sparsely hairy; sclerotesta not grooved on sides. Pollination May-Jul, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
A vulnerable, if not endangered, species in China. Its formerly wide distribution in E Fujian has now been severely reduced as a result of over collection by commercial dealers andhabitat destruction. It was sporadically distributed in Fujian in the 1960s, but it is now uncertain that any wild populations still exist. Cycas revoluta is the most commonly cultivatedcycad because of its ornamental appearance, hardiness, and adaptability.
" 112355 general 1044504 Cycadaceae "Cycas szechuanensis.Trunk to 2.9(-5) m × 40(-50) cm; bark dark gray, scaly. Leaves 60-90, 1-pinnate, 1-2.5(-3) m × 35-50 cm; petiole subrhombic in cross section, 40-70 cm, with 25-50 spines along each side; leaf blade oblong, flat, pale brown villous when young; leaflets in 60-120 pairs, longitudinally inserted at ca. 50° to rachis, straight or slightly falcate, 15-35 × 0-1.3 cm, thick, leathery, glabrous, midvein strongly raised on both surfaces, base decurrent, margin flat or slightly recurved, apex acuminate. Cataphylls triangular, 4-5 × 1.5-2.2 cm, brown tomentose, apex with long, soft point. Pollen cones fusiform-cylindric, ca. 25 × 6 cm; microsporophylls cuneate, 2-3 × 0.8-1.2 cm. Megasporophylls more than 30, tightly grouped, 14-23 cm, densely yellowish brown tomentose; stalk 5-14 cm; sterile blade broadly ovate, obovate, or suborbicular, 6-11 × 5-9 cm, margin glabrescent and pectinate, with 17-27 subulate lobes 2-6 cm, terminal lobe subulate to flattened, a little longer than lateral lobes; ovules (2 or)3 or 4(or 5) on each side of stalk, orange, glabrous. Seeds pale yellow when fresh, pale brown when dry, subglobose or obovoid, slightly compressed, 2.5-3 × 2.3-2.8 cm, apex mucronate; sclerotesta smooth. Pollination Apr-Jun, seed maturity Oct-Nov.
Described from sterile plants introduced to Sichuan from the Napan Jiang valley. As defined here, Cycas szechuanensis is a very wide ranging species, close to C. hainanensis, but differs in its smaller seeds. Recently, several wild populations and material in cultivation have been segregated as distinct species. However, more studies are necessary before it can be determined whether or not these entities appropriately represent the range of variability found within and between populations, and whether or not variation within vegetatively propagated material in cultivation merely represents extreme forms selected for their ornamental value.
" 65787 general 477655 Cyperaceae "Cyperus hystricinus. ""Much like no. 18 [Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr.], but smooth except for a few remote marginal teeth on the lvs; spikes golden-brown at maturity, twice as long as thick; scales lanceolate; rachilla- wings clasping the achene for its whole length. Dry, sandy places; N.J. to n. Fla. and e. Tex., especially on the coastal plain. (C. retrofractus var. h.)""" 65788 general 477626 Cyperaceae "Cyperus houghtonii. ""Much like no. 25 [Cyperus schweinitzii Torr.]; stems smooth, rather obtusely angled, mostly 0.5–1.5 mm thick below the infl; lvs smooth or scabrous on the margins; invol bracts divergently ascending or ± spreading, scales rotund, 2–2.5 mm, in side-view over half as wide as long, multinerved, obtuse or the uppermost minutely mucronulate; achenes 1.5–2 mm, two-thirds as thick (or a little thicker), trigonous with evidently concave faces; 2n=ca 168–172. Dry, often sandy soil, commonly with Pinus banksiana; Mass., N.H., Vt., and s. Que. to Minn. and nw. Ind.; isolated (as a waif?) in n. Va. and e. W.Va. Thought to be derived by stabilizing selection from hybrids between nos. 25 and 27 [Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks] but the achenes different from both.""" 65791 general 477492 Cyperaceae "Cyperus grayi. ""Slender perennial 1–4 dm, the basal corms prominent; lvs rigid, folded, ± recurved, shorter than the glabrous stem; bracts 3–7, divergently ascending, the longer usually surpassing the infl; rays (2–)4–10(–16), to 8 cm; spikes loosely fld, subglobose, 6–25 mm thick; spikelets radiating in all directions from a very short axis, to 12 mm, 2–10-fld; scales approximate, clearly overlapping vertically, ovate, 1.8–2.8 mm, blunt, scarcely mucronulate, multinerved; rachilla-joints with conspicuous hyaline wings; achenes trigonous with flat sides, 1.5–2 mm, a third to half as thick; 2n=ca 166. Dunes and dry, sandy soil, chiefly on the coastal plain; se. N.H. to Ga.""" 65801 general 470003 Cyperaceae "Carex xerantica. ""Densely tufted, aphyllopodic, 3–7 dm; main lvs generally much shorter than the stem, 2–4 mm wide; bracts inconspicuous; spikes 3–6, gynaecandrous, 8–17 mm, ovoid-elliptic, sessile in a short stiff spike 1–2 cm; pistillate scales brown with paler margins, or largely white- hyaline, ± concealing the perigynia, these ± strongly appressed, elliptic or ovate, slightly to strongly planoconvex, 4.5–7 × 1.9–2.8 mm, 2.1–2.9 times as long as wide, lightly to evidently multinerved on both sides, or the ventral side nearly nerveless, the body wing-margined and distally serrulate, tapering to the mostly ill-defined, flattened, strongly margined and serrulate beak; achene lenticular, 2–3 × 1.2–1.6 mm; 2n=68. Bluffs, dry hillsides, and grassy plains; Alta. to Ariz., e. to Man., Minn. and Neb.""" 67506 general 475622 Cyperaceae "Scleria triglomerata. ""Culms to 1 m, from hard, knotty rhizomes; main blades 4–8 mm wide, often hairy, abruptly attenuate; cymes 1–3, the lower pedunculate; bracts foliaceous, the lowest erect, 5–15 cm; staminate scales lanceolate, acuminate; anthers 2.5–4 mm; pistillate scales ovate, the midrib prolonged into a short awn; achenes white, rarely drab or gray, 2.5–3.5 mm, apiculate, the body as long as or a little longer than thick, blunt or apiculate; hypogynium white, papillose-crustaceous. Moist or dry sandy soil and pine-barrens; Mass. to Wis., s. to Fla., Tex., Puerto Rico, and Mex. (S. flaccida; S. nitida)""" 67535 general 466252 Cyperaceae "Scirpus verecundus. ""Cespitose perennial from short rhizomes; stems slender, erect, scabrous on the 3 angles; lvs several, the lower bladeless, the upper elongate, often surpassing the stem, to 1.5 mm wide; spikelet 1, terminal, ovoid, 5 mm, 4–8-fld; bract erect, ovate, prolonged into a mucro equaling or surpassing the spikelet; scales ovate, the sides brown, the broad green midrib prolonged into a mucro 0.5–1 mm; bristles 3–6, about equaling the achene; achene brown, trigonous, oblong, 2 mm, obtuse. Dry fields and open woods; Me. to Va., w. to Ont., O., Ky., and Mo. Fr May, June. (Trichophorum planifolium)""" 67573 general 466179 Cyperaceae "Scirpus clintonii. ""Cespitose perennial from short rhizomes; stems slender, erect, scabrous on the 3 angles; lower sheaths bladeless or nearly so, the uppermost usually with a blade shorter than the culm and to 1 mm wide; spikelet 1, terminal, ovoid, 4–5 mm, 4–7-fld; bract erect, ovate, prolonged into a stout mucro much shorter than the spike; scales ovate, acute or obtuse, the green midvein often not reaching the tip; anthers ca 1 mm; bristles 3–6, equaling or shortly surpassing the achene; achene pale brown, trigonous, obovoid, 1.4–2 mm, obtuse. Dry woods; Que. and N.B. to N.Y. and Minn. Fr May–July. (Trichophorum c.)""" 68012 general 478749 Cyperaceae "Cyperus plukenetii. ""Much like no. 18 [Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr], but the rays, prophylls, and upper side of the bracts shortly rough-puberulent or scabrid; stem obtusely trigonous to rounded, rough-hairy to the base; spikes tight, bur-like, only slightly or scarcely longer than thick, tapering downward from the broad top, the axis 7–13 mm; spikelets 6–8 mm, with 1(2) fertile scale; scales 4–4.5 mm; bracts up to as long as the rays; rachilla-wings clasping the achene for half its length. Dry, sandy places; N.J. to Fla., w. to Ky., s. Mo., se. Okla., and e. Tex. (C. retrofractus var. p.)""" 68025 general 476208 Cyperaceae "Cyperus croceus. ""Tufted perennial 2–6 dm; stems smooth, scarcely thickened at base; lvs flat, soft, 3–6 mm wide; bracts 4–10, the longest surpassing the infl; rays 3–8, to 10 cm; spikes subglobose, 8–15 mm; spikelets 3–6-fld, to 10 mm, radiating in all directions from the short axis, deciduous at maturity; scales ovate, acute, 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, multinerved; rachilla broadly winged; achenes trigonous, 1.3–1.7 mm, half as thick. Dry soil; trop. Amer., n. mostly on the coastal plain to N.J. and in the interior to Mo. (C. echinatus and C. globulosus, both misapplied)""" 68077 general 466952 Cyperaceae "Carex umbellata. ""Densely cespitose and basally fibrillose; stems 5–10(–20) cm, much surpassed and often concealed by the lvs; lvs 1–5 mm wide; staminate spike terminal, 5–10 mm, sometimes with a short pistillate spike just beneath it, the subtending bract of this pistillate spike scale-like and shorter than the staminate spike; 1–3 near-basal, short pedunculate pistillate spikes 4–10 mm generally associated with each flowering stem, ± removed from the terminal staminate spike; pistillate scales acute to short-cuspidate, about as long and wide as the greenish perigynia; perigynia 2.5–4 mm, finely hairy or glabrous, obovoid, 2-keeled above, tipped with a prominent, 2-edged, often curved, bidentate beak 0.5–1.5 mm; achene rounded-trigonous; 2n=32. Dry to moist soil, in shade or sun; Nf. to B.C., s. to Va., Ga., Mo., and Tex. (C. abdita; C. rugosperma, with a relatively long perigynium-beak; C. tonsa)""" 68088 general 470858 Cyperaceae "Carex striatula. ""Tufted, 2–6 dm; fertile stems ascending, sharply triangular but not winged, smooth or nearly so; basal sheaths white or light brown; lvs of the sterile shoots 7–14 mm wide, of the fertile shoots somewhat narrower; terminal spike staminate, 2.5–3.5 cm, on a peduncle 0.5–12 cm; pistillate spikes 2 or usually 3, 2–6 cm, slender, on short to elongate ascending peduncles, scattered but none basal; pistillate scales acute to short-awned; perigynia 6–18, only slightly or scarcely overlapping, 3.5–5 mm, finely many-nerved as well as 2-ribbed, obtusely trigonous, fusiform, tapering to an ill-defined, often somewhat outcurved beak with an oblique, entire orifice; achene trigonous. Dry to mesic woods; L.I. and Pa. to Fla. w. to Tenn. and Tex. (C. laxiflora var. angustifolia) Perhaps properly to be included in C. laxiflora.""" 68096 general 467090 Cyperaceae "Carex siccata. ""Stems 1.5–4(–6) dm, scattered on tough brown rhizomes, distinctly aphyllopodic; lvs ± flat, (1–)1.5–3 mm wide, generally all on the lower fourth of the stem; sheaths thin- hyaline ventrally; spikes mostly 4–12, sessile, ca 1 cm or less, inconspicuously bracteate, aggregated into a cylindric or clavate-cylindric infl 1.5–3.5 cm, mostly androgynous, but the lower often largely or wholly staminate, and the uppermost one sometimes wholly pistillate and closely subtended by one or more very short staminate spikes so as to appear gynaecandrous; perigynia generally conspicuously surpassing the scales, lance-ovate to ± elliptic, planoconvex, sharp-edged proximally, becoming thin-margined distally, evidently about 10-nerved dorsally, evidently to obscurely few-nerved ventrally, 4.5–6.2 mm including the prominent beak that is more than half as long as the body; achene lenticular; 2n=70. Dry, sterile or sandy soil, in open places in light shade; Me. to Mack., s. to N.J., O., Ill., Minn., and Ariz. (C. foenea, misapplied)""" 68099 general 467658 Cyperaceae "Carex scirpoidea. ""Dioecious; stems 1–4 dm, surpassing the lvs, 1–few together from a rhizome; main lvs 1–3 mm wide; peduncle often with a minute bract ca 1 cm from the top; spike 1, erect, slender, 1–3 cm; pistillate scales deep brown, a little shorter and much narrower than the perigynia, thinly hairy; perigynia appressed-ascending, obovate-oblong, 2.5–3 mm, densely short-hairy, 2-keeled, otherwise virtually nerveless, subtriangular in cross-section, the minute beak 0.2 mm; achene trigonous; ± filling the perigynium; no rachilla; 2n=62–68. Dry soil, especially in calcareous regions; irregularly circumboreal, widespread in n. N. Amer. and s. in our range to the n. parts of N. Engl., N.Y., and Mich. Our plants are var. scirpoidea.""" 68106 general 468213 Cyperaceae "Carex rossii. ""Much like no. 101 [Carex deflexa Hornem.], but more densely cespitose, without creeping rhizomes; stems 1–3 dm; staminate spike longer, 5–12(–15) mm; perigynium 3–4.5 mm, its beak 1–1.7 mm, half to fully as long as the body, often strongly bidentate with teeth to 0.6 mm; 2n=36. Dry, rocky, exposed places; Yukon to Calif. and Colo., e. irregularly to Minn. and to Keweenaw Point, Mich.""" 68109 general 473372 Cyperaceae "Carex richardsonii. ""Loosely rhizomatous; fertile stems 1–2.5 dm, scabrous-puberulent above; lvs mostly basal, thick and stiff, 1–2 dm × 1.5–2.5 mm; terminal spike staminate, linear, 12–20 mm, its scales rounded or blunt, with narrow purple center and broad hyaline margins; anthers 2–3.5 mm; pistillate spikes 2(3), erect, approximate or slightly separate, short-peduncled, 1–2 cm, their scales ± acute, wider than and equaling or more often surpassing the perigynia, brown-purple with hyaline margins, perigynia 10–25, obovoid, 2.5–3.5 mm, roundly angled on the back, keeled on the lateral angles, thinly pubescent; basal spikes none; achene sharply trigonous; 2n=52. Dry or rocky upland woods; Vt. to Alta., s. to D.C., O., Ind., Io. and S.D.; rare and local in the east. Fl early, fr May.""" 68111 general 471363 Cyperaceae "Carex purpurifera. ""Tufted, 3–7 dm; fertile stems lateral, ascending or decumbent, papillate on the angles; basal sheaths purple; lvs glaucous-green, those of the elongate sterile shoots 5–10 mm wide, of the fertile ones somewhat smaller; terminal spike staminate, 1–3 cm, purplish, on a peduncle 0.5–5 cm; pistillate spikes mostly 3, slender, widely separated but none basal, 1.5–4.5 cm; pistillate scales acute to short-awned; perigynia 4–16, loosely alternating, scarcely overlapping, 3.5–4.5 mm, finely many-nerved as well as 2-ribbed, obtusely trigonous, fusiform, often obliquely so, the short, often ill-defined beak with an oblique, entire orifice; achene trigonous; 2n=34–38. Dry to mesic woods, especially on limestone escarpments; Ky. and w. Va. to n. Ga. and n. Ala. (C. laxiflora var. p.)""" 68117 general 470558 Cyperaceae "Carex polymorpha. ""Stems stout, 3–6 dm, in dense colonies from stout rhizomes, aphyllopodic, the basal lvs reduced to bladeless sheaths; stem-lvs firm, flat, 3–5 mm wide; terminal spike peduncled, staminate, 1–3 cm, often with 1 or 2 smaller ones at its base; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, erect, widely separated, the lower peduncle longer than the upper; bracts with conspicuous loose sheaths and well developed blades usually exceeding the spikes; pistillate scales ovate, much shorter than the perigynia, with purplish-brown sides and conspicuous green center; perigynia numerous, crowded in several rows, glabrous, 4–5.5 mm, stoutly ellipsoid, obscurely nerved except the 2 prominent lateral keels, the prominent beak straight or somewhat outcurved, 1.3–2.2 mm, with a very oblique orifice; achene broadly obovoid- trigonous, loosely enveloped. Dry open woods, mostly in acid soils; Me. to Md. and W.Va.""" 68120 general 468101 Cyperaceae "Carex picta. ""Dioecious; stems 1–3 dm, cespitose from stout woody rhizomes, much shorter than the lvs; main lvs 3–5 mm wide; spike 1, linear, 2–4 cm, the basal scales usually sterile and somewhat elongate, the flowering scales usually purple with paler midnerve and narrow hyaline margins, the uppermost often short-cuspidate; perigynia narrowly oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, many-nerved, 4–5 mm, a third as wide, yellowish-green or suffused with purple, acute, hairy distally; achene 3–4 mm, filling the perigynium; no rachilla. Dry woods; s. Ind., Tenn., Ala., and La.; fl Mar., Apr.""" 68131 general 467128 Cyperaceae "Carex obtusata. ""Stems (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) dm, scattered on long rhizomes; lvs crowded toward the base, slender but ± flat, (0.5–)1–1.5 mm wide; spike 1, androgynous, bractless, mostly 8–15 mm, the upper half or three-quarters staminate; pistillate scales ovate or lance-ovate, sharply acute or cuspidate, from a little shorter to a little longer than the perigynia; perigynia few, mostly 1–6, ascending, plump, ellipsoid, thick-walled, obscurely to conspicuously ribbed and sulcate, usually becoming rich, shining brown, 3–4 mm including the evident, hyaline beak; achene trigonous, filling the perigynium; rachilla more than half as long as the achene; 2n=52. Dry plains and hills; w. Ont., Minn. and Nebr. to Utah, Alas., and Eurasia. If the rachilla is wanting, see sp. 88.""" 68135 general 471644 Cyperaceae "Carex nigromarginata. ""Cespitose and mat-forming, fibrillose at base; stems all short but of varying length on the same plant, to ca 2 dm, mostly well surpassed by the lvs; lvs to 4 dm at maturity, mostly 2–4 mm wide; terminal spike staminate, 5–8 mm; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 4–7 mm, sessile, all ± closely associated with the staminate spike, none basal; lowest bract often surpassing the infl; staminate scales short-cuspidate to obtusish; pistillate scales mostly dark purple except the narrow midrib, short-cuspidate to merely acute, wider and from a little shorter to a little longer than the largely concealed perigynia; perigynia 6–15, dull green or yellowish-green, sparsely short-hairy, 3–4 mm, slightly flattened, oblong-obovoid above a stipe-like base, 2-keeled, abruptly contracted into a slender beak 1 mm; achene rounded-trigonous. Dry woods, chiefly in acid soils on the coastal plain; Conn. to Fla. and La., n. in the Mississippi Valley to s. Ind. and s. Mo.; disjunct in s. Ont.""" 68138 general 472087 Cyperaceae "Carex muehlenbergii. ""Cespitose; stems slender but stiff and wiry, 2–10 dm, usually much surpassing the lvs; lvs flat but thick, 2–5 mm wide; infl ovoid to cylindric, 2–4 cm; spikes androgynous, ovoid or subglobose, 5–8 mm, densely aggregated but still easily distinguishable, the lower often separated but still overlapping; scales greenish, ovate, acute to acuminate or cuspidate; perigynia 8–20, greenish, 3–4 mm, broadly ovate, planoconvex, half to three-fourths as wide as long and the body often suborbicular, strongly 5–11-nerved dorsally, abruptly narrowed into a rough-margined beak a fourth to a third as long as the body. Dry, sterile or sandy soil, usually in full sun; Me. to Minn., s. to Fla., Nebr., and Tex. Two vars.""" 68141 general 469443 Cyperaceae "Carex meadii. ""Much like no. 112 [Carex tetanica Schkuhr ]and perhaps not sharply distinct; lvs 3–7 mm wide; pistillate spikes 10–30 × 5–7 mm, the crowded perigynia in ca 6 rows, obovoid, 3.3–4.2 mm, broadest above the middle and abruptly rounded to the tip, sometimes with a very short, outcurved beak; 2n=52. Dry open prairies and meadows; N.J. to Mich. and Sask., s. to N.C., Ga., Ark., and Tex.""" 68151 general 468581 Cyperaceae "Carex leavenworthii. ""Densely cespitose, the stems 2–5 dm, conspicuously exceeding the lvs, or the lvs more elongate in moist ground or shade; lvs 1–3 mm wide; infl, spikes, and pistillate scales as in the typical var. of no. 19 [Carex cephalophora Willd]; perigynia greenish-stramineous, spreading, broadly ovate, planoconvex, 2.5–3.3 mm, three-fifths to three-fourths as wide above the broadly rounded, truncate, or even subcordate base, inconspicuously rough-margined or smooth distally, the sharply bidentate beak a fourth as long as the body. Dry open ground or dry woods; N.Y. and N.J. to Fla. and Tex., thence n. to Io., s. Mich., and sw. Ont.""" 68152 general 467355 Cyperaceae "Carex laxiflora. ""Tufted, 3–7 dm; fertile stems erect or ascending, lateral or sometimes central, sharply triangular and narrowly winged, smooth or nearly so; basal sheaths light brown; lvs of the short sterile shoots 5–25 mm wide, of the fertile shoots narrower, 2–8 mm; bract-sheaths smooth or sometimes serrulate on the angles; terminal spike staminate, 1–2.5 cm, on a peduncle 1–2 cm; pistillate spikes 2–4, 1–3 cm, slender, scattered on short or elongate, erect peduncles, none basal; at least the lower pistillate scales cuspidate or short-awned; perigynia 5–15, only slightly or scarcely overlapping, 2.6–3.8 mm, finely many-nerved as well as 2-ribbed, obtusely trigonous, obovoid, tapering to a rather short, straight or slightly outcurved beak with an oblique, entire orifice; achene trigonous; 2n=40. Dry to mesic woods; Me. and s. Que. to Del. and Md., and in the mts. to N.C., Tenn., and Ala., w. to Wis. and Ind.; s. Mex.""" 68165 general 470683 Cyperaceae "Carex hirta. ""Vigorously colonial by creeping rhizomes; aphyllopodic, 3–10 dm; sheaths hairy at the mouth and usually on the back; main lvs 3–6 mm wide, often sparsely hairy; staminate spikes 1–3, 2–3 cm, only the upper one peduncled; pistillate spikes 2–3, widely separated, cylindric, 2–5 cm, densely fld, erect, short-peduncled; bracts lf-like, short-spreading at base, often surpassing the stem; pistillate scales lance-ovate, half to fully as long as the perigynia, usually sparsely villous, acute to acuminate or awned; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 5–8 mm, hairy, conspicuously nerved, acuminately tapering into a beak over half as long as the body, its divergent teeth 1–1.5 mm; achene trigonous. Native of Europe, intr. in waste places and dry fields from P.E.I. to Wis. and D.C.""" 68169 general 470474 Cyperaceae "Carex gravida. ""Densely cespitose; stems 3–6 dm, rough above; lvs 4–8 mm wide, the sheath loose, ventrally thin and pale, dorsally septate-nodulose and white with green veins or mottled; infl dense, ovoid or oblong, 1–3 cm, at least the lower spikes distinguishable; bracts setaceous, shorter than the head; scales with a slender tip surpassing the base of the beak of the subtended perigynium; perigynia yellowish- brown, shining, ovate, abruptly contracted into a rough-margined, bidentate beak about a third as long as the body; achene suborbicular, the style-base expanded into an ovoid body 0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm; 2n=58. Dry open soil and prairies; O. and sw. Ont. to Minn., S.D., and Wyo., s. to Ky. and Tex. Two weak vars.""" 68174 general 470220 Cyperaceae "Carex geyeri. ""Loosely cespitose, the aphyllopodic stems 1.5–5 dm tall from short rhizomes; lvs elongate, flat, 1.5–3 mm wide; spike 1, the terminal staminate part slender, 1–2.5 cm; pistillate scales oblong-obovate, longer and wider than the perigynia, acute or the lower short- cuspidate, with hyaline margins; perigynia 1–3, ellipsoid or obovoid, obscurely trigonous, 5–6 mm, 2- ribbed, otherwise nerveless, tapering to a spongy base, rather abruptly contracted above to the scarcely beaked tip; achene trigonous, 4–5 mm, filling with perigynium; rachilla to half as long as the achene, or obsolete. Dry woods in calcareous soil; Centre Co., Pa.; Alta. to Colo., w. to B.C. and Calif.""" 68178 general 467104 Cyperaceae "Carex foenea. ""Densely tufted, aphyllopodic, 3-10 dm; main lvs 3-5 mm wide, mostly shorter than the stems; bracts inconspicuous; spikes 3-15, gynaecandrous, 6-25 mm, often basally clavate, sessile in a loose, commonly flexuous spike that may be interrupted below; pistillate scales as long as but often evidently narrower than the perigynia; perigynia planoconvex, usually turning pale to dark brown (especially over the achene ventrally) at maturity, smooth, 3.4-5 × 1.2-2.2 mm, ventrally nerveless or obscurely few-nerved, more strongly (1-)3-8-nerved dorsally, usually widest at 1/3 to 2/5 of their total length, tapering to a flattened, often ill-defined, sometimes minutely slender-tipped beak, wing-margined, the wings finely and evenly serrulate- ciliolate, not expanded above the middle of the body; achene lenticular, 1.5-2 mm. Variously in wet to dry places; Lab., and Nf. to Yukon and B.C., s. to Conn., N.Y., Pa., Mich., and Ida. (C. aenea)""" 68182 general 469832 Cyperaceae "Carex filifolia. ""Very densely tufted, (0.5–)1–3 dm; lvs wiry, involute, acicular, resembling the stems and nearly or fully as long, to 0.7 mm wide; spike 1, the upper half or two-thirds staminate; scales broadly obovate, apically rounded or broadly obtuse, or the lower sometimes cuspidate, the brown, scarious central part fading into the broad white-hyaline margins; pistillate scales equaling or a little longer than the ± concealed perigynia; perigynia 5–15, plump, obscurely trigonous and obscurely several-nerved, puberulent at least above, 3–4.5 mm including the 0.2–0.5 mm beak, filled by the trigonous achene; rachilla half to fully as long as the achene; 2n=50. Dry plains and hills; w. Minn. to Yukon, Wash., Tex., and N.M.""" 68189 general 469438 Cyperaceae "Carex douglasii. ""Stems 1–3(–4) dm, smooth, scattered on long, slender, sympodial rhizomes; lvs basally disposed, 1–2.5 mm wide, flat or involute; dioecious; spikes sessile, inconspicuously bracteate, ovoid-fusiform, 1–1.5 cm, closely aggregated into a rhomboidal or ovoid to subcylindric head 1.5–4.5 cm; perigynia mostly ± hidden by the scales, rather narrowly elliptic to elliptic-obovate, planoconvex, becoming sharp-edged and serrulate distally, obscurely multistriate and with evident marginal nerves, 3.5–4.5 mm, including the prominent, 1–1.5 mm beak; achene lenticular; 2n=60. Dry soil; Man., Io., and Nebr. to B.C., Calif., and N.M.; intr. along railways in Mo.""" 68193 general 468547 Cyperaceae "Carex dioica. ""Stems (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) dm, scattered on long rhizomes; lvs crowded toward the base, slender but ± flat, (0.5–)1–1.5 mm wide; spike 1, androgynous, bractless, mostly 8–15 mm, the upper half or three-quarters staminate; pistillate scales ovate or lance-ovate, sharply acute or cuspidate, from a little shorter to a little longer than the perigynia; perigynia few, mostly 1–6, ascending, plump, ellipsoid, thick-walled, obscurely to conspicuously ribbed and sulcate, usually becoming rich, shining brown, 3–4 mm including the evident, hyaline beak; achene trigonous, filling the perigynium; rachilla more than half as long as the achene; 2n=52. Dry plains and hills; w. Ont., Minn. and Nebr. to Utah, Alas., and Eurasia. If the rachilla is wanting, see sp. 88.""" 68194 general 469228 Cyperaceae "Carex digitalis. ""Densely tufted, 1–5 dm; fertile stems weak, hispidulous, triangular but not winged; basal sheaths white or light brown; lvs roughened on the margins and hispidulous on the veins toward the tip, those of the sterile shoots 1–5 mm wide, of the fertile ones 1–3 mm; terminal spike staminate, 1.2–5 cm, evidently pedunculate; pistillate spikes 1–3, scattered, 0.6–2 cm, erect to drooping, on short to elongate peduncles, the lowest usually basal; pistillate scales acute; perigynia 3–9, finely many-nerved as well as 2 ribbed, 2–4 mm, obovoid and sharply trigonous, scarcely beaked; achene trigonous; 2n=48. Dry woods; Me. to Fla., w. to Wis., Ill., Mo., and e. Tex.""" 68208 general 468066 Cyperaceae "Carex complanata. ""Tufted, red-purple at base; main lvs erect, equaling the stems, 2–4 mm wide; spikes 2–5, usually 3, the terminal one pistillate above; pistillate spikes approximate, short-cylindric or narrowly ovoid, 8–15 mm, sessile or nearly so; lowest bract elongate, much surpassing the spikes, the others small; anthers 1.3–2 mm; pistillate scales usually much shorter than the perigynia, the body with brownish hyaline margins, acute to short-cuspidate; perigynia flattened-obovoid, 2–2.8 ×1.3–2 mm, appressed-ascending, 2-ribbed, rounded at the beakless tip. Dry woods and fields; Me. to Fla., w. to Mich., Io., Tex., and Mex. Var. complanata, with glabrous blades and glabrous to hairy sheaths, the perigynia usually nerveless ventrally, occurs on the coastal plain from N.J. s. Var. hirsuta (L. H. Bailey) Gleason, with soft-hairy blades and sheaths, the perigynia with fine but distinct nerves on both sides, occurs nearly throughout the range of the sp. (C. hirsutella)""" 68213 general 467413 Cyperaceae "Carex caryophyllea. ""Laxly cespitose, with short creeping rhizomes; stems 1–4 dm, usually much surpassing the short lvs, these all near the base, 1.5–3.5 mm wide; spikes 3 or 4, approximate, the terminal one staminate, 1–2 cm, the lateral ones pistillate, 0.5–1.5 cm, sessile or short-peduncled; pistillate scales brown, ovate-oblong, as wide and long as the perigynia; perigynia narrowly obovoid, 2.5–3 mm, finely hairy, obtusely trigonous, tapering toward the base, short-beaked; achene rounded-trigonous; 2n=62–68. Native of Eurasia, intr. in dry soil from N.B. and Me. to D.C., especially abundant in e. Mass.""" 68214 general 468486 Cyperaceae "Carex caroliniana. ""Tufted, 3–8 dm, tinged with red-purple at base; lf-sheaths glabrous or hairy on the back, glabrous or nearly so ventrally; blades elongate, 2–4 mm wide, glabrous except at base; spikes usually 3, ± approximate, short-cylindric or narrowly ovoid, 1–2 cm, densely fld, the terminal one pistillate above, the others wholly pistillate; pistillate scales ovate, usually much shorter than the perigynia, brown-tinged, acute or short-cuspidate; perigynia obovoid, 2.2–2.8 mm, two-thirds as wide and nearly as thick as wide, turgid, spreading, strongly nerved, minutely beaked; achene concavely trigonous, bent-apiculate. Dry woods and meadows; N.J. and Pa. to O., Mo., and Okla., s. to N.C. and Tex.""" 68221 general 468028 Cyperaceae "Carex blanda. ""Tufted, 2–6 dm; fertile stems triangular and slightly winged, minutely serrulate above; basal sheaths ± brown; lvs of the sterile shoots to ca 10 mm wide, those of the fertile ones a little narrower; angles of the bract-sheaths minutely ciliate-serrulate; terminal spike staminate, 1–2 cm, on a short to elongate peduncle, often overtopped by the uppermost bract; pistillate spikes 3–4, 1.5–2 cm, scattered or the upper 2 approximate, none basal; pistillate scales prominently cuspidate or short-awned; perigynia 4–18, crowded and overlapping, greenish or yellowish-green, 2.5–4 mm, finely many-nerved as well as 2-ribbed, obtusely trigonous, obovoid, abruptly contracted to a short, abruptly bent beak with entire orifice; achene obtusely trigonous; 2n=36, 38, 40. Dry to mesic woods, sometimes weedy; Me. and s. Que. to N.D., s. to Ga., nw. Fla., and Tex. (C. amphibola; C. laxiflora var. b.)""" 68225 general 467782 Cyperaceae "Carex aurea. ""Stems slender, 0.3–4 dm, solitary or in small tufts on long creeping rhizomes; lvs mostly 1–4 mm wide, often surpassing the stems; spikes 2–several, 5–20 mm, approximate or ± remote, erect or loose on slender, sometimes elongate peduncles, the terminal one staminate, less often gynaecandrous, rarely androgynous, the others pistillate, often some of them near-basal; pistillate scales half to fully as long as the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to more often obovoid or obovoid-globose, ± rounded and beakless distally, only slightly or not at all compressed, 1.7–3 mm, evidently 12–20-ribbed, varying to nearly nerveless, strongly whitish-papillate on a light green background when young, tending to turn golden or yellow-brown with increasing maturity, becoming somewhat fleshy and obscurely papillate, or sometimes remaining whitish-papillate and not becoming fleshy; stigmas 2 (or 3 in some fls), the achene accordingly lenticular (often plump) or trigonous; 2n=52. Moist or wet places; Nf. to Alas., s. to Pa., n. Ind., Minn., Nebr., N.M. and Calif. (C. garberi and C. hassei, with the perigynia only obscurely nerved and remaining dry and white-papillate at maturity, but the characters confluent)""" 68241 general 467088 Cyperaceae "Carex adusta. ""Densely tufted, aphyllopodic, 2–8 dm; main lvs surpassed by the stem, 3–4 mm wide; lowest bract dilated at base and often twice as long as its spike; spikes 4–15, gynaecandrous, 6–12 mm, subglobose, short-clavate at base, sessile and densely crowded in an ovoid or oblong cluster 2–3 cm; pistillate scales brown with narrow white-hyaline margins, largely concealing the perigynia; perigynia appressed-ascending or in age looser, oblong-ovate, strongly planoconvex, 4.2–5.2 mm, 2–2.5 times as long as wide, finely nerved dorsally, obscurely or scarcely so ventrally, narrowly serrulate-winged above the middle, merely sharp-edged below, rather abruptly narrowed to the flat, serrulate beak; achene lenticular, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm; 2n=64. Dry, open places; Nf. to Mack., s. to N.Y., Mich., Minn., and B.C.""" 69758 general 467182 Cyperaceae "Carex cumulata. ""Tufted, aphyllopodic, 4–8 dm; main lvs 3–5 mm wide, shorter than the stiff stems, their sheaths ventrally green-veined almost to the summit; spikes 5–10, gynaecandrous, ovoid with rounded base, 7–10 mm, sessile, densely aggregated in an ovoid cluster 2–3 cm; pistillate scales much (usually 1–1.5 mm) shorter than the perigynia, hyaline, pale green or ± stramineous, obtuse; perigynia appressed, flatly planoconvex, 3.3–4 × 2.4–3.8 mm, nerveless on the ventral face of the obovate-orbicular body, abruptly rounded to the 0.75 mm beak; achene lenticular, 2 × 1.25 mm. Dry, rocky or sandy soil; P.E.I. to Wis., s. to N.J. and Ill.""" 69766 general 474208 Cyperaceae "Carex swanii. ""Much like no. 160 [Carex virescens Willd.]; lvs often overtopping the stems; terminal spike 1–2 cm; pistillate spikes 1–2 cm, ellipsoid or thick-cylindric, densely fld throughout; anthers 0.7–1.5 mm; body of the pistillate scales much shorter than the perigynia, often ending in a cusp equaling the perigynium; perigynia obovoid, obscurely trigonous, 1.8–2.5 mm, blunt. Dry woods and fields; N.S. to Wis., s. to N.C. and Ark. (C. virescens var. minima)""" 69788 general 477042 Cyperaceae "Cyperus echinatus. ""Perennial; stems 3–10 dm, smooth; lvs flat, 3–8 mm wide; bracts 4–7, the lowest much elongate and surpassing the infl; infl with 1 or 2 sessile terminal spikes and usually 2–10 ascending rays to 10 cm; spikes globose, 8–15 mm thick; spikelets very numerous, closely packed and radiating in all directions, 3–7.5 mm, 1–3-fld; scales oblong-elliptic, obtuse, multinerved, the lower 3.5–4.2 × 1.5–2 mm; achenes trigonous, 1.8–2.2 mm, a third as thick. Dry woods and fields; sc. Conn. and s. N.Y. to s. O., Ill., and e. Kan., s. to n. Fla. and ne. Mex. (C. ovularis)""" 69793 general 478051 Cyperaceae "Cyperus lupulinus. ""Perennial from short, tuberous-knotty rhizomes; stems 1–5 dm, smooth, rather obtusely angled, 0.4–1.2 mm thick; lvs light green, 1–3.5 mm wide, flat or folded, shorter than the stem; invol bracts 2–4, widely spreading to more often deflexed, the margins of these and the cauline lvs scabrous; infl usually a single subglobose or hemispheric sessile spike, or seldom with a few rays to 7 cm, each bearing a similar but smaller spike; spikelets drab-green or light reddish-brown, very crowded, radiating from the axis, flattened, 2.5–4 mm wide, (3–)6–22-fld; scales oblong-elliptic, 2–3.5 mm, in half-view from the side about a third as wide as long, multinerved, obtuse or with a minute mucro 0.1–0.4 mm, readily deciduous; rachilla-joints sharp-edged but not winged; anthers 0.3–0.6 mm; achene trigonous, with flat or only slightly concave sides, 1.4–2.2 mm, about half as wide, or a bit wider; 2n=ca 166. Dry woods and fields; abundant; Me. and s. Que. to Minn., S.D., and Colo., s. to Fla. and Tex. (C. bushii; C. macilentus; C. filiculmis var. m.)""" 70536 general 467953 Cyperaceae "Carex bicknellii. ""In small tufts from a short, stout rhizome, aphyllopodic, 3–12 dm; main lvs 2–4 mm wide, shorter than the stem; sheaths ventrally hyaline; spikes 3–7, gynaecandrous, the pistillate part globose to ovoid, 8–12 mm, often clavate at base and to 18 mm including the staminate part, sessile, separate or somewhat aggregated into an oblong to linear cluster 3–7 cm; anthers 3–4 mm; pistillate scales lance-ovate, acute to acuminate, shorter (by 1–2 mm) and much narrower than the perigynia, pale brown with green midnerve and narrow hyaline margins; perigynia stramineous, broadly ovate, 4.2–7 (avg 5.7) mm, 1.3–2 times as long as wide, very flat, thin and almost translucent, broadly winged, sharply several-nerved on both sides, abruptly contracted to the flat, serrulate beak; achene lenticular, 1.6–2 × 1.5 mm; 2n=76. Open woods, fields, and meadows in moist or dry soil; Me. to Sask., s. to Del., O., Mo., Okla., and N.M.""" 70540 general 467469 Cyperaceae "Carex supina. ""Stems 0.5–3 dm, in small tufts on long rhizomes; lvs crowded toward the base, slender but flat above, 1–1.5 mm wide; spikes mostly 2 or 3, the terminal one staminate,6–25 mm, the lateral one(s) pistillate, sessile, approximate, suborbicular or short-oblong, 4–12 mm, with mostly 4–15 ascending or eventually spreading perigynia; bracts short, sheathless; pistillate scales broadly ovate, wider than and nearly as long as the perigynia, reddish-brown, with stramineous 3-nerved center and conspicuously white-hyaline margins; perigynia coriaceous, brown and shining, obovoid, 2-ribbed, nerveless or obscurely few-nerved, 2.5–3.5 mm including the smooth, cylindric beak; achenetrigonous, filling the perigynium; 2n=38. Dry, often rocky slopes; circumboreal, s. irregularly to ne. Minn. and adj. Ont. The infl. is occasionally reduced to a solitary staminate spike with 1 or 2 basal perigynia; such plants look much like C. obtusata, but lack a rachilla in the perigynium.""" 133402 general 474144 Cyperaceae "Carex submollicula.Rhizome short, long stoloniferous. Culms densely tufted, 15-20 cm tall, acutely triquetrous, scabrous on angles, bladeless sheathed at base. Leaves slightly longer than culm, blades 2-4 mm wide, distinctly 2-veined laterally, scabrous on lateral veins and margins, slightly involute on margins at dry stage, membranous part of sheaths usually splitting. Involucral bracts leaflike, longer than subtending spike, not sheathed. Spikes 3 or 4, usually congregate at top of culm, distance short; terminal spike male, clavate, 1.5-2 cm, very shortly pedunculate; lateral spikes female, elliptic, oblong, or narrowly oblong, 1.2-2.5 cm, densely many flowered, lower spikes shortly pedunculate, upper spikes nearly sessile. Male glumes stramineous, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, membranous, 1-veined, apex acute; female glumes stramineous, ovate, 2.5-3 mm, sometimes ferruginous puncticulate, 1-veined, apex acute, mucronate. Utricles brown-yellow, obliquely patent, horizontally patent at maturity, longer than glume, ovoid, inflated trigonous, ca. 5 mm, membranous, glabrous, distinctly several veined, base rounded, estipitate, apex abruptly contracted into a short recurved beak, orifice obliquely truncate, sometimes emarginate. Nutlets loosely enveloped, obovate, trigonous, slightly concave on 3 sides, ca. 1.5 mm, base acute, apex mucronate; style ± long; stigmas 3.
" 144237 general 483752 Cyperaceae "Kobresia setschwanensis.Rhizomes short. Basal sheaths prominent and persistent, pale brown, dull or slightly shiny, not fibrillose, not retaining dried leaf blades. Culms densely tufted, stiffly erect, obtusely trigonous, 5-20(-40) cm, slender, 0.7-1.3 mm in diam. Leaves basal, shorter than culms; blade folded or margin involute, stiff, 1-2 mm wide, midrib not distinct abaxially. Inflorescence usually a dense spike (occasionally with 1 or 2 branches at base), greenish brown, cylindric, 1-3.5 × 0.3-0.6 cm; lowest involucral bract glumelike, apex long or shortly aristate; terminal few spikelets male, lower ones bisexual with 1 female and 2-5 male flowers. Glumes brown, with yellowish green to green midvein, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-4.5 × 1.5-2.5 mm, papery, midvein broad, margin usually narrowly hyaline, apex usually subacute, sometimes shortly aristate. Prophylls yellowish brown, oblong, 2-4.5 × 1-1.6 mm, membranous, 2-keeled, keels smooth or slightly scabrid, sometimes veined between keels, margins free nearly to base, apex rounded or acute. Nutlets yellowish, narrowly obovoid, compressed trigonous, 2.1-3 × 1-1.3 mm, not beaked, subsessile. Stigmas 3. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
This is a slender version of Kobresia schoenoides with narrower spikes-linking that species with K. capillifolia and K. tibetica, together forming a complex that requires further work.
Plants with slender culms, filiform leaves, and small spikes from Pinus forests (i.e., dry habitats) in NW Yunnan were described as Kobresia pinetorum; but specimens with equally small spikes have been seen from wet habitats, and forms from Pinus forests with robust culms and larger spikes are also known: all of these seem best referred to a variable K. setschwanensis.
Rhizome short. Culms densely tufted, 2-5 cm tall, subcylindric, smooth, brown and persistent sheathed at base. Leaves 3-5 × as long as culm, flat, blades 1-2 mm wide, soft or slightly stiff, loosely pubescent. Involucral bracts reddish brown, spathelike, with broad white hyaline margins at sheath mouth, involucral bract blades setaceous. Spikes 2-5, remote; terminal spike male, linear-cylindric, 1-1.4 cm, ca. 2 mm thick, many flowered; lateral spikes 1 or 2, female, ovate or oblong, 5-7 mm, loosely 2-7-flowered; peduncles short, enclosed in sheath or lowermost one slightly exserted; rachis tortuous. Female glumes red-brown laterally, green at middle, ovate, ca. 4 mm, 1-veined, margins broadly white hyaline, base enclosing rachis, apex acute. Utricles greenish, slightly shorter than glume, obovate-oblong, trigonous, 3-3.2 mm, membranous, loosely ferruginous punctate, densely pubescent, 2-veined laterally, not distinctly thinly veined, base abruptly contracted into a short stipe, apex subrounded and shortly beaked, beak purple-red, truncate at orifice. Nutlets dark brown at maturity, elliptic or obovate-oblong, trigonous, 2.5-3 mm, base attenuate into a short stipe, apex with bent short beak; style base slightly thickened; stigmas 3. Fl. and fr. May-Jun.
This species is cultivated in grasslands and used as feed for domestic animals.
" 126192 general 476833 Cyperaceae "Cyperus pangorei.Perennials. Rhizomes short, creeping. Culms 50-90 cm tall, stout, obtusely 3-angled, smooth. Leaves basally with a brown long sheath, apically bladeless or with a short blade. Involucral bracts 3-5, leaflike, longer than inflorescence. Inflorescence a decompound or compound anthela; rays 5-7, to 5 cm, unequal, each with 3-8 raylets. Spikes broadly ovoid, 1-2 × 1-2 cm, with 4-15 spikelets. Spikelets ± laxly arranged, linear, 8-20 × ca. 1.5 mm, slightly compressed, obliquely spreading, 6-30-flowered; rachilla wings reddish brown, linear-oblong. Glumes reddish brown on both surfaces but middle green, lax, oblong, 2-3 mm, papery, 3-5-veined, not keeled, margin slightly revolute at maturity, apex obtuse to rounded. Stamens 3; anthers linear; connective prominent beyond anther, apex sometimes setiferous. Style of medium length; stigmas 3. Nutlet dark brown, obovoid-oblong, ca. 1/2 as long as subtending glume, 3-sided, densely puncticulate. Fl. and fr. Nov-Jan. 2n = 208.
Cyperus pangorei is cultivated in India for making mats and may possibly be used for the same purpose in China.
" 126205 general 474465 Cyperaceae "Eleocharis dulcis.Perennials. Stolons slender, often terminated by a tuber. Culms erect, grayish green, tufted, 15-60 cm tall, 1.5-3 mm thick, cylindric, smooth, glabrous, surface with transverse septa, nodes evident when dry. Leaf sheaths 2 or 3, greenish yellow, purplish red, or brown, 2-20 cm, mouth obliquely truncate, apex acute. Spikelet pale green, cylindric, 1.5-4 cm × 6-7 mm, many flowered. Basal 2 glumes empty, amplexicaul for whole spikelet base; fertile glumes grayish green, laxly imbricate, broadly oblong to ovate-oblong, 3-5 × 2.5-3.5(-4) mm, subleathery, pale brown puncticulate and finely striate, margin pale yellow and membranous, apex obtuse. Perianth bristles 7, ca. 1.5 × as long as nutlet, retrorsely spinulose. Stigmas 3. Nutlet brown when mature, broadly obovoid, ca. 2.5 × 1.8 mm, biconvex, essentially smooth but faintly and finely cancellate with hexagonal to oblong hexagonal epidermal cells, apex not constricted but with an annular thickening; persistent style base triangular-attenuate, flattened, not spongy, base ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet. Fl. and fr. May-Oct. 2n = 38, ca. 108.
The tuber (water chestnut) is eaten.
Although originating in the Old World tropics, because this species is commonly cultivated for its tubers, the actual distribution is uncertain. As a cultivated plant, it is grown throughout most of China.
Perennials. Roots ± thick, fibrous. Rhizomes short, thick. Culms 30-150 cm tall, slightly stout, obtusely 3-angled, base with bladeless sheaths, apically scabrid. Basal leaf sheaths yellowish brown and cataphylloid; apical leaf sheaths pale green and mostly to 20 cm. Involucral bracts 14-24, leaflike, ca. 2 × as long as inflorescence, subequal in length, to 30 cm, 0.5-17 mm wide, margin scabridulous, basally ± horizontal, apically flexuose and ± drooping. Inflorescence a decompound anthela; rays numerous, 3-10 cm, each with 4-10 raylets; raylets 1-1.5 cm, each with 3-9 spikelets. Spikelets clustered at apex of raylets, narrowly ovoid or oblong, 3-12 × 1.5-3 mm, flattened, radially spreading, 8-36-flowered; rachilla straight, wingless. Glumes densely imbricate, ovate, ca. 2 mm, membranous, rusty brown punctate, 3-5-veined, apex acute. Stamens 3; anthers linear, ca. 1 mm, apex setose. Style ca. 1 mm; stigmas 3, ca. 1 mm. Nutlet brown at maturity, not stipitate, broadly ellipsoid, 0.5-0.6 mm, 1/4-1/3 as long as subtending glume, 3-sided, apex not apiculate. Fl. and fr. May-Dec. 2n = 32.
Cyperus involucratus is widely cultivated as an ornamental and sometimes naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.
" 167402 ecology 475933 Cyperaceae "Cyperus amabilis. ""Open savanna, cultivated or waste ground, often on sandy soil.""" 168047 ecology 466086 Cyperaceae "Ascolepis dipsacoides. ""Damp hollows, often in cultivated land.""" 168056 ecology 465612 Cyperaceae "Bulbostylis abortiva. ""Grassland, and cultivated and waste places.""" 168089 morphology 475917 Cyperaceae "Cyperus alternifolius. Cultivated" 168108 ecology 475287 Cyperaceae "Cyperus esculentus. Weed in cultivated and waste places." 168183 ecology 475396 Cyperaceae "Cyperus rotundus. Cultivated and other damp places." 168429 ecology 476330 Cyperaceae "Pycreus pumilus. ""Wet places, often on cultivated or otherwise disturbed sandy soil.""" 140071 general 1042810 Davalliaceae "Davallia trichomanoides.Rhizome 3-8 mm in diam. (without scales), not white waxy. Scales brown or red-brown, with pale border from base to apex or not, flat and nearly acicular, narrowed abruptly from a broad base or above much broader base evenly narrowed toward apex, often curling backward or appressed to rhizome, usually crisped, margins recurved, peltate, 4-8 × 1-1.5 mm, without multiseptate hairs, with marginal setae at least in distal part or toothed. Stipe pale, adaxially grooved, 4.5-20 cm, glabrous or with few scales; lamina compound, tripinnate or quadripinnate toward base and in middle part, deltoid and broadest toward base, 10-35 × 9-25 cm, glabrous, not or slightly dimorphic. Longest petiolules 1-6 mm; pinnae deltoid, longest 5-19 × 3-12 cm; pinnules of at least larger pinnae anadromous, narrowly ovate, longest 20-70 × 10-30 mm; ultimate pinnae linear-oblong or narrowly ovate, lobed almost to midrib; ultimate segments 5-27 × 2-6 mm. Rachises and costae glabrous. Margins of each pinna not thickened. Veins in sterile ultimate lobes simple or forked, not reaching margin; false veins present, rarely absent. Sori separate, frequently single on a segment, at forking point of veins; indusium also attached along sides, pouch-shaped, oblong, longer than wide, 1.2-2 × 0.5-1 mm, upper margin not elongated, truncate or slightly rounded, separated from or even with lamina margin; lamina generally extending into a tooth at both sides of a sorus or only at outside of a sorus.
One of us (Nooteboom) notes that, according to B. J. Hoshizaki (pers. comm.) and personal observations, several of the species treated here as synonyms behave as good species in cultivation. However, after studying over 400 different collections of the entire area, it is clear that they all belong to one species. That does not exclude that different forms from different localities intergrade in nature but behave differently in cultivation. It would be best to give these forms cultivar names (?Mariesii? and ?Stenolepis?). As soon as a plant is cultivated and vegetatively propagated it forms a clone of similar plants that can be recognized from other clones of the same species. Formally naming the forms according to the rules of nomenclature means that quite a lot of collections cannot be named. As the spores of all the forms are also extremely similar, there is no doubt as to their conspecificity.
" 67268 general 1041182 Diapensiaceae "Galax aphylla. ""Plants malodorous; lvs orbicular to broadly ovate, 4–15 cm wide, serrate, deeply cordate at base, on petioles 8–20 cm; scapes 2–4 dm, floriferous in the terminal 5–10 cm; fls 3–5 mm; fr 2–3 mm; 2n=12, 24. Moist or dry woods, chiefly in the mts.; w. Md. to Ky., s. to Ga. and Ala., and extending to the coastal plain in N.C. and s. Va. June, July.""" 108405 general 33025 Dichapetalaceae "Dichapetalaceae.Small trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate; stipules small, deciduous. Inflorescences axillary corymbose cymes, sometimes glomerate capitula; peduncles sometimes adnate with petioles. Flowers small, bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic. Sepals 5, free or partly connate, imbricate. Petals 5, free and equal or connate, unequal, apex 2-lobed or subentire. Stamens 5, alternate with petals, free or connate; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscence longitudinal, thickened on back of connective. Disk lobed, with 5 glands or disk annular, margin undulate, glands opposite to petals, free. Ovary superior or inferior, 2- or 3-locular; ovules 2, inverted in each locule; styles ± connate or free. Drupe dry or slightly fleshy; exocarp thin, easily burst. Seeds lacking endosperm; cotyledons fleshy.
Four genera and ca. 130 species: primarily in tropical and subtropical regions; one genus and two species in China.
Chen Pangyu. 1997. Dichapetalaceae. In: Chen Shukun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(3): 204-207.
" 129844 general 1032595 Dioscoreaceae "Dioscorea polystachya.Tubers vertical, cylindric, to 1 m; transverse section white. Stem twining to right, often purplish red, glabrous. Bulblets present in leaf axils. Leaves alternate basally on stem, mostly opposite distally on stem, rarely in whorls of 3, simple; petiole 2--3 cm; leaf blade often drying grayish or greenish, ovate-triangular to sagittate, usually 3-lobed, relatively wide and ± entire on juvenile leaves, 3--7(--16) × 2--7(--14) cm, papery to thinly leathery, glabrous, basal veins 5 plus 1 or 2 pairs restricted to basal lobes, base shallowly (rarely to deeply) cordate to subtruncate, apex acuminate; lateral lobes auriculate, subrectangular to oblong, rounded. Male spikes 2--8 together, erect, 2--8 cm, rarely paniculate; rachis obviously zigzagged. Male flowers: sessile; bracts triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm; perianth yellow with purplish brown dots, outer lobes broadly ovate, 1.3--2 × 0.8--1.2 mm, concave, inner ones ovate, smaller than outer; stamens 6. Female spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together. Capsule not reflexed, oblate or globose, (1.2--)1.7--2 cm, pruinose; wings 0.7--1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Jun--Sep, fr. Jul--Nov.
An important food crop.
" 109454 general 1032454 Dioscoreaceae "Dioscorea.Herbs twining. Rootstock rhizomatous or tuberous, variable in color, shape, chemical constituents, and depth in ground. Bulblets axillary or absent. Leaves alternate or opposite, petiolate, simple or palmately compound, basal veins 3--9. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious, rarely monoecious), arranged spirally in axillary, usually elongate spikes or racemes, or in small cymules in ± spikelike thyrses, these often several together, sometimes gathered into a terminal or axillary panicle by reduction of subtending leaves. Male flowers: stamens 6, 3 sometimes reduced to staminodes or absent. Female spikes 3.5--10 cm, few flowered. Female flowers: staminodes 3, 6, or absent. Capsule 3-winged, dehiscent apically at maturity. Seeds with a membranous wing.
More than 600 species: widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions; 52 species (21 endemic, two introduced) in China.
Dioscorea is a genus of great economic value, including important food plants. Several species are widely cultivated in many cultivars (including Dioscorea alata D. esculenta D. japonica and D. polystachya), while other, wild species are valuable famine foods. Other species are sources of drugs both in traditional Chinese and Western medicine (notably D. nipponica and D. zingiberensis which are major sources of steroid precursors).
" 126923 general 1032921 Dioscoreaceae "Dioscorea esculenta.Tubers usually 4--10, produced from apical branches of rhizome; cork light yellow, smooth; thorny roots present or absent. Stem twining to left, with T-shaped, soft hairs, proximally prickly, distally so only at nodes. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 5--8 cm; leaf blade broadly cordate, to 15 × 17 cm, with T-shaped hairs especially abaxially, basal veins 9--13, base cordate, apex acute. Male spike solitary, dense, ca. 15 cm. Male flowers: usually solitary, rarely in cymules of 2--4, sessile or subsessile; bract ovate; perianth shallowly cupular, puberulent, outer lobes broadly lanceolate, ca. 1.8 mm, inner ones slightly shorter than outer; stamens 6, inserted in perianth tube, slightly shorter than perianth lobes. Female spike solitary, pendent, to 40 cm. Capsule very seldom maturing, ca. 3 cm, base truncate, apex slightly emarginate; wings ca. 1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. early summer.
Known to have been cultivated in S China for at least 1700 years. The thornless forms are probably selections from an original, thorny form.
" 126924 general 1034093 Dioscoreaceae "Dioscorea esculenta var. spinosa.Plants with thorny roots protecting crown of rootstock.
Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) believes that var. spinosa may be the wild form of this long-cultivated species.
" 168580 morphology 1032550 Dioscoreaceae "Dioscorea bulbifera. ""Tubers renewed annually, globose, absent in several varieties or according to the method of cultivation""" 168582 morphology 1032550 Dioscoreaceae "Dioscorea bulbifera. ""Some edible cultivated varieties with large leaves have lost their ability to produce flowers, the bulbils are then larger and composed of a larger number (4-5) of buds. Wild varieties with toxic, angular, greyish bulbils and medium-sized leaves occur and others with small purplish bulbils, small leaves with a red base to the petiole.""" 168589 morphology 1032665 Dioscoreaceae "Dioscorea dumetorum. The species includes more or less poisonous wild varieties as well as cultivated edible varieties with either white or yellow-fleshed tubers." 110532 general 1032382 Dipentodontaceae "Perrottetia.Shrubs or small trees, dioecious, deciduous. Branchlets smooth, usually slightly zigzagged. Stipules small, caducous. Leaf blade margin sharply serrulate, crenate, or subentire. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle of thyrses. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous. Male flowers: stamens inserted on disk margin; filament subulate; anther subglobose or ellipsoid. Female flowers: disk cup- or ring-shaped; ovary semi-immersed in disk, mostly 2-loculed; ovules 2 per locule, basally attached, erect. Fruit a ± dry berry, subglobose or depressed globose, 2-4-seeded. Seeds subglobose, erect; aril thin.
About 15 species: tropical America, NE Australia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Pacific islands, Philippines; two species (both endemic) in China.
" 108409 general 33041 Dipterocarpaceae "Dipterocarpaceae.Trees, evergreen or semievergreen, rarely deciduous in dry season. Xylem with aromatic resin in intercellular resin canals. Branchlets with stipular scars, sometimes annular. Leaves simple, alternate; stipules persistent or caducous, large or small; leaf blade with lateral veins pinnate, margin entire or sinuate-crenate. Inflorescences few- or many-flowered, terminal or axillary racemes or panicles; flowers usually sweetly scented; bracts usually fugacious and minute, rarely persistent and large. Inflorescences, calyces, petals, ovary, and other parts usually with stellate, squamate, fascicled or free-standing hairs. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, contorted. Calyx lobes 5, free or united at base, imbricate in bud if not united. Petals 5, adnate or connate at base. Stamens (10-)15 to many, free from or connate to petals; filaments usually dilated at base; anthers 2-celled, with 2 pollen sacs per cell (Chinese species); connective appendages aristate, filiform or stout. Ovary superior, rarely semi-inferior, slightly immersed in torus, usually 3-loculed, each locule 2-, rarely many ovuled; ovules pendulous, lateral or anatropous. Fruit usually nutlike, sometimes capsular and 3-valved, 1(to many)-seeded, with persistent, variously accrescent calyx of which 2 or more lobes are usually developed into lorate wings. Seed exalbuminous; cotyledons fleshy, equal or unequal, applanate or ± folded or cerebriform, entire or laciniate; radicle directed toward hilum, usually included between cotyledons.
About 17 genera and 550 species: tropical Africa, Asia, and South America (in Asia, most species and genera in NW Borneo); five genera and 12 species (one endemic, one introduced) in China.
Tong Shaoquan & Tao Gouda. 1990. Dipterocarpaceae. In: Li Hsiwen, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 50(2): 113-131.
" 112146 general 1026630 Dryopteridaceae "Polystichum alcicorne.Plants evergreen. Rhizome ascending, short, rhizome apex and from stipe to rachis densely scaly; scales brown, ovate or broadly ovate, often appressed, membranous, margins fimbriate. Fronds 30-60 cm; stipe stramineous, 7-30 cm, 1-2 mm in diam. Lamina tri- to tetrapinnatilobate, green when fresh and dry, darker adaxially, narrowly ovate, 18-35 × 6-12 cm, base not or slightly contracted, apex shortly pinnatifid-acuminate; rachis stramineous, without proliferous bulbils, with numerous membranous scales abaxially; scales brown, appressed, broadly ovate, erose. Pinnae 18-25 pairs, ascendant, falcate-lanceolate, 2-7 × 1-3 cm, broadly cuneate, shortly stalked or sessile, shortly acuminate; costa green, with gradually narrowed wings from apex to base on both sides reaching below middle of pinnae, abaxially sparsely scaly, scales similar to rachis scales but smaller. Pinnules 6-10 pairs, slightly ascendant, oblong-ovate, 5-15 × 2-8 mm, bases cuneate and decurrent forming narrowly winged short stalk, pinnatipartite or pinnate forming 2-5 pairs of oblong-ovate or obovate lobes, apices acute; basal acroscopic pinnules largest and often parallel to rachis; basal basiscopic lobes largest, dichotomously lobed or shallowly lobed or pinnatipartite and forming 2 pairs of secondary lobules, other lobes ± tri- or dichotomously lobed or not lobed, rarely second lobes of acroscopic base deeply lobed and forming 2 pairs of secondary lobules; sometimes basal acroscopic secondary lobules further lobed and forming 2 "lobulettes" in equal or unequal lengths; secondary lobules and apical lobules of pinnules lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex acute, with 1 veinlet per lobule not reaching lobule apex; abaxially sparsely scaly along veins; microscales brown, narrowly lanceolate; frond texture papery. Sori small, terminal on veinlets, exindusiate.
" 112204 general 1024108 Dryopteridaceae "Ctenitis subglandulosa.Rhizomes erect, suberect, or prostrate; rhizome scales reddish brown, linear, 1.5-3 mm. Stipe dark stramineous, 40-50 cm; stipe scales appressed, reddish brown, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm; scales on rachis and costae similar but smaller. Lamina 3-pinnate to 4-pinnatifid, ovate-triangular, 40-60 × 30-40 cm; pinnae 12-14 pairs; basal pinnae largest, triangular, 18-22 × 12-16 cm; pinnules 10-12 pairs; basal basiscopic pinnules of basal pinnae longest, 8-10 × 2.5-3.5 cm; bases of upper pinnae or lobes not obviously decurrent, without veinlets arising from rachis. Lamina herbaceous; veins free, distinct, no veinlets arising from costae. Sori medial or submedial, often near costae, indusiate; indusia usually fugacious, glabrous. Perispore coarsely echinate.
Ctenitis subglandulosa is a widespread and morphologically variable species. The indusia of this species are thin and colorless at an early stage but stop growing midway through its development. Therefore, in most herbarium specimens, the indusia are difficult to observe. However, sometimes the indusia are distinct and persistent. The size and abundance of the scales on stipes and rachises, the color and abundance of glands on the lamina beneath, as well as the abundance of hairs on the lamina are all variable characters. It is observed that when plants grow in open and dry habitats they develop hairs on the lower leaf surface, which are absent when growing in shade. Spore ornamentation of many samples of this species was examined, and we found most having echinate perispores, except one specimen from Hainan and one from Yunnan having folded perispores. The occurrence of these two different spore types may indicate that this is a species complex that needs more detailed taxonomic revision, preferably using molecular techniques.
" 67340 general 1019368 Ebenaceae "Diospyros virginiana. ""Tree to 15 m, sometimes colonial, with deeply furrowed and cross-checked bark; lvs oval or oblong, 8–15 cm, shortly acuminate, on petioles 1–2 cm; fls greenish-yellow, the staminate solitary or 2–3 together, 1 cm., with usually 16 linear, acuminate anthers about as long as the cor-tube, the pistillate solitary, 1.5–2 cm, with larger cal and usually 8 sterile anthers; ovary mostly 8-locellar; fr yellowish-brown, 2–4 cm thick, edible after frost; 2n=60, 90. Mostly in dry woods; se. Conn. and s. N.Y. to Fla., w. to Io., Kans., and Tex. Var. virginiana, chiefly e. of the Miss. R., has glabrous twigs with thin lvs acute or cuneate at base and glabrous or nearly so beneath. Var. pubescens (Pursh) Dippel, chiefly w. of the Miss. R., has hirsutulous twigs with firm lvs broadly cuneate to rounded or subcordate at base and usually thinly but permanently hairy beneath.""" 168732 morphology 1020266 Ebenaceae "Diospyros melocarpa. ""Slash green then black outside, brown and dry inside""" 120634 general 1019885 Ebenaceae "Diospyros ferrea.Trees, small, sometimes procumbent, evergreen. Branchlets grayish, pubescent to hirsute, glabrescent. Winter buds appressed brownish pubescent to hirsute. Petiole 4--5 mm; leaf blade oblong, oblong-oblanceolate, or elliptic, occasionally obovate, 2--4(--8) X 1--2(--3) cm, leathery, glabrous or nearly so, base attenuate to obtuse, apex rounded to emarginate, lateral veins 5--7 per side and usually inconspicuous, reticulate veinlets almost invisible and sometime adaxially ± raised. Male inflorescences 1--3-flowered, densely appressed pubescent; pedicel very short to almost absent; calyx cup-shaped, 2.5--3.5 mm, densely pubescent; calyx lobes 3, erect, flat, ca. 1/2 as long as tube, apex rounded; corolla urn-shaped, 6--8.5 mm; corolla tube 4--5 mm, outside partly densely sericeous, inside glabrous; corolla lobes 3, spreading, 2--3.5 X 1.5--2 mm, apex rounded; stamens (5--)8, often partly exserted from tube; pistillode densely hirsute. Female flowers sessile or subsessile; calyx lobes 3--5, ciliate, outside tomentose; ovary 3-locular, densely hirsute, rarely glabrescent. Fruit solitary, subsessile. Fruiting calyx bowl-shaped, ca. 3 X 6 mm, pubescent or glabrous; lobes 3(--5), shorter than tube, apex rounded. Berries ellipsoid, 8--13 X ca. 8 mm, 3-locular, finely puberulous, glabrous when mature. Seeds 1--3, almost black, cylindric, often flat on one side, ca. 8 X 3.5 mm. Fr. Sep.
Cultivated in Taipei. The wood is used for walking sticks and for ornamental carvings.
" 120654 general 1020424 Ebenaceae "Diospyros philippensis.Trees to 20 m, evergreen. Bark dark brown. Branchlets green when young, sericeous, becoming gray and glabrous. Winter buds sericeous. Petiole 0.5--1.7 cm, robust, densely pubescent; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, (7.5--)20--30 X (3.5--)7--11 cm, leathery, abaxially sericeous to appressed pubescent when young but becoming glaucous, glabrous, and with small but sharply delimited sunken glands scattered between lateral veins and 3--12 mm from midrib, adaxially glabrous, drying abaxially grayish and adaxially brown, base rounded to shallowly cordate, apex acuminate, acute, or rarely obtuse, lateral veins 10--14 or more per side and inconspicuous, reticulate veinlets almost invisible. Male flowers in sericeous (1--)3--7-flowered cymes or racemes, fragrant; pedicels 1--7 mm, densely villous; calyx densely villous, lobes 4 and oblong; corolla white, urn-shaped, outside slightly hairy; corolla lobes 4, reflexed; stamens 24. Female flowers solitary, similar to male flowers, subsessile; staminodes apparently absent; style apparently 3-cleft. Fruit sessile. Fruiting calyx 1.4--2.8 cm in diam., outside densely sericeous; lobes 4, recurved, oblong, 1--1.5 cm, villous. Berries red to pink, globose, ca. 8 cm, 8--10-locular, densely rusty, yellowish, or gray villose. Seeds dark brown with thin pale skin, 3-sided, ca. 2.7 X 1.4 X 1.4 cm. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Nov.
Diospyros philippensis is cultivated throughout tropical Asia and tropical America. The fruit are edible after removing hairs and skin but do not taste good. The wood is hard, tough, fine textured, similar to ebony, and is used for furniture, crafts, and exterior work.
" 127808 general 1020996 Ebenaceae "Diospyros kaki var. kaki.Young branchlets densely brown pubescent to glabrous, obscurely lenticellate. Petiole glabrous or glabrescent; leaf blade adaxially glabrous or glabrescent, abaxially ± pubescent. Calyx lobes ovate. Male corolla 6--9 mm. Fruiting calyx outside glabrescent to glabrous. Berries 3.5--8.5 cm in diam., ± glabrous at maturity.
Diospyros kaki is native to the Chang Jiang valley but now very widely cultivated, and it is often impossible to know if a given plant is native or escaped from cultivation. The specieswas described from material cultivated in Japan.
Propagation is mainly by grafting on Diospyros japonica, D. lotus, D. oleifera, or D. rhombifolia. There are many cultivars among which some of the famous ones are 'Damopenshi','Huojinshi' (cultivated in C China and N China), 'Gudangshi', 'Shuishi', and 'Niuzinshi' (cultivated in S China). The ripe fruit is prescribed as a stomachic. The persistent calyx (shidi) isused to treat hiccups. The juice extracted from unripe fruit is employed in hypertension and as a preservative of construction materials.
Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen; most parts with distinctive silvery or brownish peltate scales and/or stellate hairs, sometimes branches spine-tipped. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled; stipules absent; petiole usually present, sometimes short; leaf blade often leathery, simple, margin entire or subentire, abaxially densely stellate-hairy or peltate-scaly, pinnately veined. Flowers solitary or in clusters or short racemes, actinomorphic, bisexual, or unisexual (plants dioecious). Calyx in bisexual and female flowers tubular, 2-6(-8)-lobed, male flowers of Hippophaë of 2 membranous sepals. Petals absent. Stamens 4-8, free, adnate to calyx tube, in male flowers 2 × as many as the lobes, in bisexual flowers as many as the lobes and alternate with them. Ovary superior but tightly enclosed in differentiated basal part of calyx and apparently inferior, 1-loculed; style elongate, stigma lateral. Ovule 1, basal, anatropous. Fruit drupelike, indehiscent, enclosed in base of calyx tube and containing a single seed.
Three genera and ca. 90 species: N temperate and tropical regions; two genera and 74 species (59 endemic) in China.
The fruits of many members of this family are edible, and some species of both Elaeagnus and Hippophaë are widely utilized and sometimes cultivated as fruit trees. They are a particularly good source of Vitamin C. Several species are also grown as ornamental garden shrubs. The roots are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen making it possible for plants to grow well on very poor soils. For this reason, some species, most notably Elaeagnus angustifolia, have been used for land reclamation.
Chang Che-yung. 1983. Elaeagnaceae. In: Fang Wen-pei & Chang Che-yung, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 52(2): 1-66.
Shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, erect, 2-3 m tall. Spines usually present; young branches light green, with dense yellowish white scales. Petiole yellowish brown, 5-7 mm; leaf blade dimorphic by season; spring leaves small, leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 1-4 × 0.8-2 cm, thinly papery or membranous, base obtuse, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse; autumn leaves larger, leaf blade oblong-obovate or broadly elliptic, 6-10 × 3-5 cm, abaxially white with brown dots, scales overlapping, mostly white, a few brown, margin fimbriate-lacerate to ± stellate, adaxially tomentose when young, indumentum of stellate hairs, not appressed, lateral veins 8-10 per side of midrib, deeply impressed adaxially in old leaves. Flowers often 5-7 in a fascicle at base of new growing branches. Pedicel ca. 3 mm, slender; fruiting pedicel 8-10 mm, slender. Flowers yellow, thick, with silvery and light yellow scales. Calyx tube funnelform-tubular, 5.5-6 mm; lobes ovate-triangular, ca. 2 mm, inside with sparse short villi, apex acute. Filaments very short; anthers ellipsoid, ca. 1.2 mm. Style erect, glabrous. Drupe red when ripe, obovoid-oblong, 1.3-1.5 × ca. 0.6 cm, densely silvery scaly. Fl. Jan-Mar, fr. Apr-May.
Elaeagnus argyi is cultivated in China for its edible fruits.
" 118619 general 1018712 Elaeagnaceae "Elaeagnus multiflora.Shrubs or small trees, deciduous. Young branches rust-colored scaly. Petiole 4-6 mm, brown scaly; leaf blade elliptic or ovate to obovate-oblong, 3-10 × (1-)1.2-5 cm, abaxially with densely overlapping white and scattered pale brown scales, scales shallowly umbonate, subentire, adaxially stellate-pilose while young, lateral veins 5-7 per side of midrib, base obtuse to cuneate (especially at flowering time), apex obtuse to acute or bluntly acuminate. Flowers 1(or 2) in axil. Pedicel 4-8 mm; fruiting pedicel pendulous, 1.5-5 cm, slender. Flowers densely white and sparsely brown scaly. Calyx tube cylindric to funnelform-cylindric, 5-10 mm, constricted at base; lobes broadly ovate, 4-5.5 mm, apex abruptly acute. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style glabrous. Drupe oblong, ovoid, or ellipsoidal, 1.2-1.4 cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Jul.
Elaeagnus multiflora is a common and variable species that is often cultivated, both for its edible fruit and as an ornamental shrub.
" 108416 general 33059 Ephedraceae "Ephedraceae.Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, dioecious, rarely monoecious; stems erect, procumbent, or occasionally climbing, jointed, much branched, photosynthetic; branchlets opposite or whorled, green, terete, longitudinally grooved. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, scalelike, basally ± connate and reduced to membranous sheaths, generally ephemeral, mostly not photosynthetic; resin canals absent. Cones terminal or axillary, ovoid or ellipsoid. Pollen cones solitary or clustered at nodes, each cone composed of membranous bracts arranged in 2-8 decussate pairs or whorls of 3; proximal bracts empty; each distal bract subtending a male flower composed of 2 basally fused, orbicular or obovate scales (false perianth); anthers sessile or stipitate on staminal column. Seed cones opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4 at nodes, each cone composed of overlapping bracts; bracts arranged in 2-10 decussate pairs or whorls of 3, red and fleshy at maturity (rarely brown and membranous), proximal bracts empty, most distal bracts subtending an axillary female flower composed of a pair of fused, leathery scales (false perianth) enclosing ovule with a single membranous integument prolonged into a slender, tubular micropyle. Seeds 1 or 2(or 3) per cone. Cotyledons 2. Germination epigeal. 2n = 14*, ?24*, 28*, ?36*, 56*.
One genus and ca. 40 species; arid regions of E and N Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America; 14 species (two endemic) in China.
The strictly flowering plant terms flower, staminal column, and anther are used here to avoid unwieldy descriptions.
Cheng Ching-yung. 1978. Ephedraceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 468-489.
Shrubs or subshrubs, to 50 cm; herbaceous branchlets green, 1-1.5 mm in diam., rigid, finely furrowed, internodes 4-6 cm. Leaves and bracts of cones with narrow, membranous margins. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3. Pollen cones densely aggregated at nodes along branches, 5-6 mm; bracts in 2-4 pairs, connate for ca. 1/2 their length; anthers 6-8, shortly stipitate. Seed cones solitary or in clusters of 3 or 4; peduncle long, 1-5 cm; bracts in 3-5 pairs or whorls, free, margins prominent, broad, membranous, often erose, becoming red and fleshy at maturity; integument tube ca. 1.5 mm, slightly spirally twisted. Seeds 2 or 3, brown, ca. 4 mm. Pollination May, seed maturity Jul.
H. Riedl notes that Ephedra lomatolepis has seed cones light brown and dry when mature, with bracts free (as in E. przewalskii), the membranous margins much wider than the herbaceous center. The characters of the male plant described here seem to apply to a taxon other than E. lomatolepis (which is endemic to the Balkhash area of Kazakhstan), possibly even to a new species.
" 66312 general 1015728 Equisetaceae "Equisetum arvense. ""Stems annual, dimorphic, the sterile ones 1.5–6(–10) dm, 1.5–5 mm thick, (4–)10–14-ridged, with well developed vallecular cavities and small central cavity ca 1/4 the diameter of the stem; the stomates in 2 broad bands in the furrows, the sheath 5–10 mm, with persistent, brown, free or partly connate teeth 1.5–2 mm; branches regularly whorled at the middle and upper nodes, 3–4-angled, solid, sometimes again branched, the first internode longer than the associated stem- sheath; fertile stems whitish to brownish, precocious and soon withering, to 3 dm, simple, to 8 mm thick, their sheaths 14–20 mm, with large, partly connate teeth 5–9 mm; cones long-pedunculate, 0.5–3.5 cm, not apiculate. Cosmopolitan, somewhat weedy; in moist to moderately dry habitats throughout our range.""" 66270 general 1013907 Ericaceae "Pterospora andromedea. ""Stems erect, simple, 3–10 dm, glandular-hairy, with numerous scale-lvs especially below; fls numerous in a terminal raceme 1–3 dm; cor 6–7 mm, white to more often reddish, its spreading-recurved lobes 1–2 mm; 2n=16. Coniferous woods, chiefly in dry soil; P.E.I. to N.Y. and Pa., w. to s. Ont. and Mich.; widespread in the w. cordillera, from s. Can. to Mex. June–Aug.""" 66454 general 1012493 Ericaceae "Vaccinium arboreum. ""Divergently branched shrub to 5 m; lvs firm, deciduous, oblanceolate to obovate, 2–5 cm, entire, narrowed to a short petiole, shining above, dull and sometimes puberulent beneath; fls few in a short raceme or solitary, on pedicels 6–10 mm; cor white, obovoid, 4.5–5.5 mm, constricted at the throat; stamens included; anthers with 2 divergent dorsal spurs 1–1.2 mm and erect terminal tubules 1.5 mm; style slightly exsert; fr black, inedible. Dry, sandy or rocky woods; se. Va. to Ky., s. Ind., Mo., and se. Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June. (Batodendron a.)""" 66456 general 1011900 Ericaceae "Vaccinium stamineum. ""Deciduous shrub to 1.5 m, glabrous to densely hairy; lvs thin, oblong or elliptic to obovate, 3–10 cm, acute or acuminate, entire, petioles 2–3 mm; fls in racemes or panicles on specialized branches subtended by leafy bracts like the foliage lvs but usually much smaller; sep half-orbicular to ovate or deltoid, 1–2.5 mm; cor obconic, open even in bud, greenish or suffused with purple, eventually 4–6 mm, 5-lobed nearly to the middle; stamens exsert, the conspicuous terminal tubules long-exsert, much longer than the dorsal spurs; style prematurely exsert; fr yellowish or greenish to blue, to 1 cm, palatable to more often scarcely edible; 2n=24. Dry woods; Me. to Ind. and Mo., s. to Fla., Tex., and Mex. May, June. (Polycodium s.; P. candicans; V. caesium; V. melanocarpum; V. neglectum) Highly variable, some of the numerous segregates perhaps worthy of taxonomic notice.""" 66457 general 1011895 Ericaceae "Vaccinium pallidum. ""Colonial shrubs 2–8(–10) dm; bud-scales rounded above; lvs ovate to broadly elliptic, entire or seldom serrulate, the larger ones mostly (2.5–)3–5 cm, half as wide, glaucous beneath, sometimes also somewhat hairy; cal and pedicel glaucous; cor cylindric to urceolate, 4–8 mm; fr 5–8 mm, blue-glaucous or rarely black; 2n=24, or seldom 48. Dry upland woods and old fields; Me. to Minn., s. to Ga., Ala., Ark., and e. Okla. Apr.–June. (V. altomontanum; V. vacillans; Cyanococcus liparis; C. subcordatus; C. v.) Morphologically intermediate between nos. 11 [Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton] and 13 [Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.], but apparently distinctive.""" 66460 general 1011881 Ericaceae "Vaccinium elliottii. ""Lvs mostly 1.5–3 × 0.8–1.5 cm, serrulate; cor narrowly urceolate, some shade of pink; otherwise much like no. 14[Vaccinium corymbosum L.]; 2n=24. Open flatwoods and ravines, and dry uplands along river-valleys, only seldom in swampy places; se. Va. to Fla. and La. on the coastal plain and piedmont. Fl early, usually before the lvs.""" 66465 general 1011627 Ericaceae "Vaccinium myrtilloides. ""Colonial shrubs 2–5 dm; bud-scales sharply acute; lvs thin and soft, elliptic to lance-elliptic, 1–3(–4) cm, half or a third as wide, entire, softly hairy beneath, not glaucous; cor broadly cylindric, 4–5 mm, white or tinged with pink; fr blue- glaucous, 4–7 mm; 2n=24. Moist or dry soil and bogs; Lab. to B.C., s. to Pa., Ind., ne. Io., and Minn., and in the mts. to Va. and W.Va. May–July. (V. canadense; Cyanococcus c.)""" 67265 general 1006520 Ericaceae "Gaultheria procumbens. ""Leafy stems suberect from a horizontal rhizome, 1–2 dm, with a few lvs crowded near the top; petioles 2–5 mm; blades elliptic or oblong to rarely subrotund, 2–5 cm, entire or crenulate, glabrous; fls 5-merous, on nodding pedicels 5–10 mm; cal saucer-shaped; cor barrel-shaped, 7–10 mm, the rounded lobes 1 mm; fr bright red, 7–10 mm; 2n=44, 88. Dry or moist woods in acid soil; Nf. to Man., s. to Va., Ky., n. Ind., Minn., and in the mts. to Ga. and Ala. July, Aug.""" 67886 general 1003776 Ericaceae "Vaccinium angustifolium. ""Shrubs 1–6 dm, extensively colonial; lvs deciduous, ± elliptic, mostly (1–)1.5–3 cm, a third to half as wide, sharply serrulate, green and glabrous (or with a few hairs along the veins) to less often glaucous; cal and pedicel often glaucous; cor cylindric to urceolate, 4–6 mm; fr blue-glaucous or less often black, 5–10 mm; 2n=48. Moist or dry, sandy or rocky soil, often in burned-over sites; Lab. and Nf. to Man., s. to N.J., Pa., Ill., and Minn., and in the mts. to N.C. (V. brittonii; V. lamarckii; Cyanococcus a.)""" 67973 general 1002106 Ericaceae "Pyrola elliptica. ""Lvs 3–7 cm, commonly longer than the petiole, broadly elliptic or oblong to somewhat obovate, subacute to rounded above, acute to rounded at base and always decurrent on the petiole; scapes 1.5–3 dm, often with more than 10 fls; sep triangular, about as broad as long, very shortly acuminate; pet 5–9 mm, white, ± veined with green; anther-tubes scarcely narrowed or differentiated from the pollen-sacs, prolonged only 0.2–0.3 mm and connivent; style declined. Dry upland woods; Nf. and Que. to Minn. and B.C., s. to Del., W.Va., and Io. June–Aug.""" 67974 general 1002101 Ericaceae "Pyrola rotundifolia. ""Lvs firm, mostly broadly elliptic to subrotund, 2.5–7 cm, broadly rounded above, rounded to truncate or short-cuneate at base, and always somewhat decurrent on the petiole; scapes 1.5–3 dm, usually with 1 or 2 scale-lvs; sep oblong or ovate-oblong, 3–4 mm, nearly twice as long as wide, erose or undulate, not overlapping at base; pet white, 8–10 mm; anthers 3–3.5 mm, minutely cuspidate at base, abruptly narrowed into very short tubes above; style declined; 2n=46. Dry or moist woods and bogs; circumboreal, s. in Amer. to N.C., Ky., Ind., and Minn. July, Aug. Our plants are nearly all var. americana (Sweet) Fernald, as described above. The more northern, circumboreal var. rotundifolia, smaller in all parts, the sep 1.5–3 mm, the pet 5–7 mm, the anthers 2–2.5 mm, reaches our range in N.S.""" 67975 general 1001987 Ericaceae "Pyrola chlorantha. ""Lvs 1–3(–4) cm, often shorter than the petiole, obovate to broadly elliptic or subrotund, rounded to truncate at the summit, rounded to broadly cuneate at base but scarcely decurrent, seldom ± reduced or even wholly suppressed; scapes 1–2.5 dm, seldom with more than 10 fls; sep broadly ovate-triangular, broader than long, obtuse or subacute; pet 4–9 mm, white, ± veined with green; anther-tubes abruptly narrowed from the pollen sacs and of different color, prolonged 0.6–0.8 mm and usually separate, often curved; style declined; 2n=46. Dry woods; circumboreal, in Amer. s. to Md., W.Va., Ind., and the w. cordillera. June–Aug. (P. virens; P. oxypetala)""" 69163 general 1007205 Ericaceae "Corema. ""Dioecious; sep 3–4; pet none; stamens 2; ovary 2–5-locular; style slender, with divergent, subulate stigmas, deciduous; drupe globose, dry, usually 3-seeded; bushy shrubs with numerous crowded, alternate or often subverticillate lvs and small, sessile, terminal heads of purplish fls. 2, the other in Iberia and the Azores.""" 69245 general 1004606 Ericaceae "Gaultheria. ""Fls 4–5-merous; cal closely subtended by 2 bracteoles, campanulate to saucer-shaped, deeply divided; cor tubular to campanulate, shallowly lobed; stamens included; filaments short, flat; anthers oblong, the pollen-sacs separate or nearly so, each tipped by 2 erect awns; ovary 4–5-locular, wholly or partly superior; style short, columnar; stigma truncate; capsule thin-walled, completely enclosed in the fleshy, white or colored, accrescent cal, forming a dry or mealy berry-like fr with a characteristic flavor; erect to creeping shrubs with alternate, persistent lvs and usually white fls in racemes or panicles or (in our spp.) solitary in or just above the axils. 150, widespread.""" 69792 general 1001736 Ericaceae "Monotropa hypopitys. ""Stems 1–3 dm, often clustered, yellow, tawny, pink, or red, ± pubescent; raceme dense, at first nodding, erect at anthesis; fls 8–18 mm, the lower usually 4-merous, the terminal often larger and 5-merous; sep lanceolate, erect, unlike the basally saccate pet; anthers opening by a single cleft into 2 very unequal valves; style shorter than the ovary; stigma ± villous at the margin; 2n=16, 48. Moist or dry woods, usually in acid soil; interruptedly circumboreal, but not at high latitudes, in Amer. s. to Fla. and Mex. (Hypopitys americana)""" 69944 general 1001721 Ericaceae "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. ""Prostrate shrub, forming mats to 1 m wide; lvs leathery, evergreen, oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, 1–3 cm, obtuse or rounded, entire, tapering to the base; sep broadly ovate, 1.5 mm; cor commonly white or tinged with pink, 4–6 mm; fr bright red, dry or mealy, inedible, 6–10 mm, the 5 nutlets partly or usually wholly concrescent. Sandy or rocky soil. May, June. (Uva-ursi uva-ursi) Circumboreal, in N. Amer. from Lab. to Alas., s. to Va., n. Ind., Ill., N.M., and Calif. Variable, especially in pubescence, but not taxonomically divisible, the differences reflecting combinations of genetic and environmental factors.""" 70002 general 1002014 Ericaceae "Chimaphila maculata. ""Flowering branches 1–2 dm tall; lvs 2–7 cm, lanceolate, striped with white along the midvein and to a lesser extent along the primary lateral veins, remotely and sharply toothed, acute to rounded at base, short-petioled; fls (1)2–5 and umbellate, 12–18 mm wide, dilated part of the filaments villous. Dry woods, especially in sandy soil; Me. and N.H. to Mich., s. to S.C., Ga. and Ala. June–Aug., after no. 1 [Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton].""" 70003 general 1001993 Ericaceae "Chimaphila umbellata. ""Stems spreading, the fertile branches erect, 1–3 dm; lvs oblanceolate, 3–6 cm, acute or mucronate, sharply toothed, especially above, nearly entire below, tapering to a short petiole; fls 4–8, corymbose or subumbellate, 10–15 mm wide; dilated part of the filaments ciliolate; 2n=26. Dry woods, especially in sandy soil. June–Aug. Circumboreal, with 2 vars. in Amer. Var. cisatlantica S. F. Blake (C. corymbosa), occurring from Que. and N.S. to Minn., s. to Va., W.Va., and n. Ind., has relatively thin, veiny lvs and mostly recurved pedicels. Var. occidentalis (Rydb.) S. F. Blake (C. occidentalis), from n. Mich. to B.C., s. to Colo. and Calif., has thicker, less veiny lvs and often ascending pedicels.""" 70056 general 1004776 Ericaceae "Gaylussacia baccata. ""Much-branched shrub to 1 m; lvs deciduous, elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, 2–5 cm, entire, resinous-glandular on both sides; racemes short, rarely surpassing the lvs; pedicels commonly shorter than the fls; bracts oblong to linear, deciduous; pubescence of the infl and cal usually copious, the glands sessile and commonly numerous, the sep not ciliate; cor 4–6 mm, its tube half as thick; fr black, 6–8 mm; 2n=24. Dry, sandy or rocky soil, woods, and thickets; Nf. and Que. to Ont. and Man., s. to Ga., Ala., and Mo. May, June. (Decachaena b.)""" 70338 general 1011870 Ericaceae "Rhododendron periclymenoides. ""Colonial shrub to 2 m, branched above; winter bud scales glabrous; lvs oblong to narrowly obovate, not fully expanded at anthesis, later 5–10 cm, essentially glabrous except for the marginal cilia and a row of appressed setae along the midrib beneath; fls fragrant to nearly inodorous; pedicels and cor-tube hirsute or rarely glandular; sep mostly under 1 mm, shorter than their cilia; cor pink to white, 4–5 cm, the lobes tending to be arcuate-reflexed and to have loosely revolute margins, so that they look narrow and the limb is open, in contrast to no. 5 [Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais], with flatter lobes and a fuller limb; ovary densely strigose, fr sparingly so. Moist or dry woods and bogs; Vt. and Mass. to c. N.Y., s. to S.C. and Tenn.; s. Ill. Late Apr., May. (R. nudiflorum, an illegitimate name; Azalea n.)""" 70339 general 1011871 Ericaceae "Rhododendron prinophyllum. ""Much like no. 4 [Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners], sometimes to 5 m, usually not colonial; winter bud scales pubescent; lvs softly and permanently hairy beneath, with or without setae on the midvein; fls very fragrant; pedicels, cor-tube, and ovary stipitate-glandular; cor bright pink to sometimes nearly white, flat-faced, 4–5 cm wide, the tube about as long as the lobes; stamens ca twice as long as the cor-tube; fr sparsely stipitate-glandular. Moist or dry woods, especially in the mts.; Me. and s. Que. to Va. and Ky.; s. Ill., s. Mo., Ark., and e. Okla. May. (R. roseum; R. canescens, misapplied; Azalea p.; A. rosea, an illegitimate name)""" 70587 general 1011841 Ericaceae "Leiophyllum buxifolium. ""Widely branched shrub 1–10 dm; lvs alternate to opposite, ovate to oblong, 6–12 mm; pedicels 5–10 mm, glabrous or stipitate-glandular; pet 3–4 mm; anthers purple; fr 3–4 mm; 2n=24. Dry, sandy pine-barrens, and on outcrops of acid rocks in the mts.; coastal plain of N.J., N.C., and S.C., and at a few way-stations inland to the higher mts. (mainly Smoky and Blue Ridge) of N.C., S.C., Ga., Tenn., and Ky. (Dendrium b.; D. hugeri)""" 110012 general 1001566 Ericaceae "Ledum.Shrubs evergreen, small, multibranched, with fragrant resin. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade linear, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly oblong, leathery, abaxially with white and/or rusty brown-pilose or woolly indumentum, margin entire, recurved. Inflorescences terminal, racemose, many-flowered; bracts present at peduncle base, dry, membranous, soon deciduous; bractlets absent. Calyx small, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla white, divided to base; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens (5–)8–10, protruding beyond corolla; filaments linear; anthers small, abaxially connected, globose, without appendages. Flower disk 8–10-lobed. Ovary globose, 5-locular, lepidote. Style linear; stigma obtuse, 5-lobed. Capsule ellipsoid or cylindric, opening from base. Seeds tiny.
Three or four species: circumboreal in temperate and cold-temperate regions; one species in China.
DNA sequencing has shown that this genus should be included within Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron, as R. subsect. Ledum (Linnaeus) Kron & Judd (Syst. Bot. 15: 67. 1990). It has affinities with R. subsect. Micrantha.
Ledum subulatum (Nakai) A. P. Khokhrjakov & Mazurenko (in Kharkevich, Sosud. Rast. Sovetsk. Dal’nego Vostoka 5: 125. 1991; L. palustre var. subulatum Nakai, Bot. Mag (Tokyo) 31: 103. 1917; Rhododendron subulatum (Nakai) Harmaja) was described from N Korea and has been recorded also from Japan and (mainly) Russia. Harmaja (Ann. Bot. Fenn. 39: 183–184. 2002) also cited “NE China,” but without locality. The taxon is said to have a subulate leaf blade, 10–36 × 1–3 mm, with a revolute margin and reddish brown, floccose hairs abaxially. From this description it is unclear how distinct L. subulatum is from L. palustre.
Dwarf creeping shrubs, 20–60(–90) m tall; young shoots ca. 2 mm in diam. below inflorescence; sparsely tomentose and glandular; bud scales persistent. Petiole 4–8 mm, glandular-hairy and sparsely floccose-tomentose; leaf blade leathery, obovate to orbicular, 1.3–2.8 × 0.8–1.7 cm; base broadly cuneate, narrowly decurrent; apex rounded or retuse, sometimes mucronate; abaxial surface pale purple or green, whitish puberulent with a few glandular hairs, or glaucous and papillate when mature; adaxial surface green, glabrous; midrib grooved adaxially; lateral veins 6–7-paired, impressed adaxially. Inflorescence 1(or 2)-flowered. Pedicel 1(–2.5) cm, densely glandular-hairy and puberulent; calyx saucer-shaped, fleshy; lobes 5, 1–3 mm, margin glandular-ciliate; corolla tubular-campanulate, crimson, 2.9–3.8 cm, with 5 basal nectar pouches; lobes 5, suborbicular, 0.9–1 × ca. 1.5 cm, emarginate; stamens 10, 1.5–1.8 cm, filaments glabrous; ovary conoid, ca. 4.5 mm, densely glandular-hairy and tomentose; style glabrous; stigma small. Capsule cylindric, ca. 10 × 6–7 mm. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Oct–Nov.
Rhododendron forrestii var. tumescens Cowan & Davidian (Rhododendron Year Book 6: 69. 1951), described from Xizang, Yunnan, and Myanmar, is intermediate between subsp. forrestii and subsp. papillatum and does not merit formal recognition.
Rhododendron ×pyrrhoanthum I. B. Balfour (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 154. 1920) was described from a rogue hybrid in a batch of R. forrestii raised from seed collected by George Forrest in Yunnan. It is known only in cultivation.
Shrubs, semievergreen, 1–2(–3) m tall; young shoots spreading; branches many, densely gray-brown villous, also with a few glandular hairs. Summer and winter leaves different. Petiole 2–4 mm, densely long-strigose, hairs flat, and shortly glandular-hairy; leaf blade papery, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2–6 × 0.5–1.8 cm; base cuneate; apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescence 1–3-flowered. Pedicel to 1.5 cm, densely yellowish brown-villous, also glandular-hairy; calyx lobes 5, lanceolate, ca. 12 mm, densely glandular-pubescent; corolla broadly funnelform, deeply 5-lobed, white, occasionally pale red, without purple flecks, 3–4.5 cm, lobes elliptic-ovate, as long as tube, glabrous; stamens 10, unequal, filaments puberulent below; ovary ovoid, ca. 4 × 2 mm, 5-locular, densely coarsely appressed-glandular-setose; style very long-exserted, glabrous. Capsule conical ovoid, ca. 10 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
This species was described from a cultivated plant that may represent an albino form of the Japanese Rhododendron mucronatum var. ripense (Makino) E. H. Wilson; the latter differs in having rose-pink flowers.
" 119831 general 1015446 Ericaceae "Rhododendron serotinum.Shrubs, with a straggling habit, to 3 m tall; branchlets glabrous. Petiole 20–35 mm, glabrous; leaf blade leathery, oblong-elliptic, 8–18.5 × (3.5–)4–9 cm; base auriculate; margin undulate; apex mucronate; both surfaces glabrous; abaxial surface glaucous-green; lateral nerves ca. 15-paired. Inflorescence shortly racemose, 7–8-flowered; rachis ca. 30 mm, glandular-papillose. Pedicel 3–4.5 cm, minutely glandular-papillose; calyx lobes minute, undulate, margin with minute red glands; corolla funnel-campanulate, fragrant, white, flushed pink on the outer surface, with flecks and a basal blotch, 6–6.5 cm, tube outer surface glandular; lobes 7, ca. 2 × 3 cm; stamens 15–16, unequal, ca. 4.5 cm, filaments pubescent below; ovary ovoid, ca. 6 mm, covered with short white glandular hairs; style slightly longer than stamens, glandular to the tip; stigma discoid, 4–4.5 mm in diam. Capsule not known. Fl. Aug–Oct. (in cultivation).
Rhododendron serotinum was described in 1920 from plants cultivated at Kew that had been raised from seed that had been received from Paris in 1889. This seed had originally been received from Delavay and was considered to have been collected from S of Mengzi, in S Yunnan. The plate cited above and the accompanying original description are a good match with recent material collected in S Yunnan and in N Vietnam. Field studies indicate that this material apparently flowers in the wild late in the season; this is in line with the flowering time reported in cultivation. However, no recent flowering material is known. It may be related to R. hemsleyanum, from Sichuan (Emei Shan), but apparently differs in the blotched corolla, hairy filaments, and in the late flowering period.
" 119837 general 1002927 Ericaceae "Rhododendron simsii.Shrubs, 2(–5) m tall; branches many and fine, densely shiny brown appressed-setose, setae flat. Summer and winter leaves different. Petiole 2–6 mm. Leaf blade ovate, elliptic-ovate or obovate to oblanceolate, 1.5–5 × 0.5–3 cm; base cuneate or broadly cuneate; margin slightly revolute, finely toothed; apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescence 2–3(–6)-flowered. Pedicel ca. 0.8 cm, densely shiny brown appressed-setose; calyx deeply lobed; lobes triangular-long-ovate, ca. 5 mm, coarsely appressed-hairy, margin ciliate; corolla broadly funnelform, rose, bright to dark red, or white to rose-pink, with dark red flecks on upper lobes, 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 cm, lobes obovate, 2.5–3 cm; stamens 10, ca. as long as corolla, filaments pubescent below; ovary ovoid, 10-locular, densely shiny brown-strigose; style exserted, glabrous. Capsule ovoid, up to 10 mm, densely strigose, calyx persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Aug.
Rhododendron chaoanense T. C. Wu & P. C. Tam (Med. Mat. Guangdong 4: 35. 1978), described from Guangdong, is apparently close to, and possibly a hybrid of, R. simsii, but differs from that species in its obscure calyx lobes, 7 stamens, and long-exserted style.
Rhododendron simsii var. albiflorum R. L. Liu (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 15: 190. 1993), described from Jiangxi, is probably no more than an albino form of R. simsii.
Rhododendron simsii var. strigosostylum G. Z. Li (Guihaia 15: 298. 1995 [“strigoso-stylum”]), was described from Guangxi and said to differ from var. simsii in having a corolla rose-pink to red, with minute lobes ca. 2 × 1 mm, and a style silky-strigose below. The present authors have seen no material, but, from the original description, it seems likely that this entity is a hybrid of the widely cultivated R. simsii.
Rhododendron simsii has been used widely in horticulture as a parent of both the “pot azalea” cultivars and a range of cultivars grown in the warmer parts of China.
Small, intricately branched shrubs, 0.3–1(–1.5) m tall; branchlets twiggy, densely scaly, setose; bud scales deciduous, rarely persistent. Petiole 2–4 mm, scaly; leaf blade aromatic, linear, linear-lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate, 0.8–3.2 × 0.3–0.5(–0.8) cm; base rounded to tapering; margin revolute; apex acute or obtuse, mucronate or emarginate; abaxial surface scales overlapping, pale yellowish brown to brown, arranged in 2–3 tiers, the lowermost tier golden, paler than others, rarely somewhat; adaxial surface dark green, scaly or not. Inflorescence 6–10(–20)-flowered. Pedicel (0.1–)0.2–0.5 cm, scaly; calyx lobes 0.5–2(–3) mm, oblong to ovate, persistent, scaly or not, margin usually scaly, ciliate; corolla narrowly tubular, white, pink or rose, 0.8–1.6(–2) cm, tube 4.5–8(–12) mm, outer surface densely scaly or not scaly, throat densely pilose; lobes with a few scales but no hairs; stamens 5, included in corolla tube, filaments glabrous; ovary ca. 1 mm, scaly; style turbinate, shorter than or equal to ovary. Capsule ovate to cylindric, 3–5 mm, densely scaly. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Rhododendron hedyosmum I. B. Balfour (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 234. 1916) was described from cultivated material derived from seed collected in Sichuan. Known only in cultivation, it is a large-flowered variant, and probably a hybrid, of R. trichostomum.
" 137884 general 1012969 Ericaceae "Rhododendron augustinii subsp. chasmanthum.Less hairy on all parts; young shoots glabrous. Petiole often glabrous; abaxial leaf surface scales (1–)2–5 × their own diameter apart, otherwise often glabrous; adaxial surface without filiform-acicular hairs; corolla white, pinkish purple or lavender to blue; style base often glabrous, rarely pubescent.
In FRPS (57(1): 65. 1999) both Rhododendron augustinii f. hardyi and f. rubrum are mentioned. The first has leaves deciduous and corollas white with brownish spots. The second has petioles with loriform and filiform-acicular hairs and corollas pinkish purple. These two entities are clearly distinct in cultivation, but are considered to have a dubious status in the wild (see Cullen, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 39: 73–74. 1980).
" 138115 general 1014571 Ericaceae "Rhododendron obtusum.Low shrubs, 1(–4) m tall; branchlets slender, often pseudoverticillate, densely coarsely ferruginous-strigose. Leaves all similar. Petiole ca. 2 mm, coarsely gray-white-strigose; leaf blade membranous, elliptic to elliptic-ovate or oblong-oblanceolate to obovate, 1–2.5 × 0.4–1.2 cm; base broadly cuneate; margin ciliate; apex obtusely pointed or rounded, sometimes mucronate; both surfaces sparsely coarsely strigose, more conspicuously so along midrib. Inflorescence usually 2- or 3-flowered. Pedicel 0.4–0.8 cm, densely coarsely ferruginous-strigose, hairs flat; calyx lobes ovate, to 4 mm, coarsely strigose; corolla funnel-campanulate, red to pink or reddish, one lobe with dark flecks, ca. 1.5 × 2.5 cm; lobes oblong, ca. 1 × 0.5 cm, apex obtuse; stamens 5, ca. as long as corolla, filaments, glabrous; ovary densely coarsely brown-strigose; style ca. 2.5 cm, longer than stamens, glabrous. Capsule conical to broadly elliptic-ovoid, ca. 6 mm, densely coarsely ferruginous-strigose.
There are many varieties and garden hybrids of this widely cultivated plant, the first form of which originated in Shanghai. It seems likely that Rhododendron obtusum was derived from a hybrid of the Japanese R. kiusianum Makino.
" 138152 general 1013719 Ericaceae "Rhododendron preptum.Shrubs or small trees, 5–7 m tall; older branches glabrous; branchlets stout, usually 8–10 mm in diam.; young shoots grayish to brownish tomentose. Petiole terete, 15–20 mm, tomentose, glabrescent; leaf blade leathery, obovate-elliptic, 11–16 × 4–7 cm; base cuneate; apex obtuse or rounded, apiculate; abaxial surface with pale brown, 2-layered indumentum, upper layer of cup-shaped slightly fimbriate hairs, lower layer thin, compacted; adaxial surface glabrous; midrib prominent abaxially, grooved adaxially; lateral veins 13–15-paired, prominent abaxially. Inflorescence ca. 20-flowered; rachis stout, ca. 20 mm, slightly tomentose. Pedicel ca. 2 cm, brown-tomentose; calyx saucer-shaped; teeth short, ca. 1 mm, with similar hairs; corolla obliquely campanulate, white (in cultivation) or perhaps creamy-white, with crimson basal blotch, ca. 3.5 cm, lobes 8, orbicular, ca. 1 × 1.5 cm; stamens 16, 1.5–2.5 cm, filaments pubescent at base; ovary conoid, ca. 7 mm, densely brown-tomentose; style ca. 2.5 cm, glabrous, stigma swollen. Capsule not known. Fl. May.
Rhododendron preptum is a doubtful species and may be a hybrid of R. arizelum and/or R. coriaceum. It is known only from two wild-collected specimens.
" 138161 general 1013857 Ericaceae "Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum.Low shrubs, 0.5–3 m tall; older branches shoots pale gray-brown, glabrous; young shoots gray tomentose, mixed with glandular hairs. Petiole 10–20 mm, densely tomentose, also glandular-hairy; leaf blade rigid, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, 4–8 × 1.5–3.5 cm; base rounded; apex acute or acuminate; abaxial surface pale green, ± persistently floccose, tomentose; adaxial surface dark green, grayish floccose and glandular-hairy, glabrescent; midrib raised abaxially, grooved adaxially; lateral veins 15-paired. Inflorescence 5–10-flowered; rachis 10–20 mm. Pedicel 2–2.5 cm, sparsely glandular-hairy; calyx teeth 5, 1–2 mm, triangular, margin glandular; corolla campanulate, pink, with deeper rose lines outside and crimson flecks within, 3–4 cm, lobes 5, obovate, ca. 1.5 cm; stamens 10, 1–2 cm, filaments pubescent at base; ovary conoid, ca. 5 mm, densely glandular; style ca. 3 cm, glabrous or glandular for 1/3 of its length; stigma swollen. Capsule ca. 20 × 5 mm with persistent glands and style. Fr. Jul.
Authors from Taiwan include this variety within Rhododendron morii, with which it apparently intergrades in the wild. However, the two taxa remain distinct in cultivation.
" 138186 general 1013875 Ericaceae "Rhododendron rubropilosum.Shrubs, up to 3 m tall; young shoots slender, densely coarsely red-brown strigose, hairs flat. Leaves all similar. Petiole 2–6 mm, indumentum as for shoots; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–4.5 × 0.5–1.9 cm; base cuneate; margin entire and slightly revolute; apex acute and mucronate; both surfaces densely yellowish brown silky strigose when young. Inflorescence 2–4-flowered. Pedicel ca. 0.6 cm, coarsely yellowish brown silky strigose; calyx lobes oblong, 1.5–4 mm, coarsely yellowish brown silky strigose; corolla broadly funnelform, pink, with darker pink flecks within, to 2.5 cm wide; tube ca. 10 mm; lobes spreading, oblong, ca. 1.7 × 0.7 cm; stamens 7 or 10, unequal, some longer than corolla, filaments linear, sparsely pubescent at base; ovary ovoid, densely coarsely yellowish brown strigose; style ca. 2 cm, longer than stamens, hairy near base. Capsules conical-ovoid, 5–7 × ca. 4 mm, densely coarsely brown strigose. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.
Rhododendron rubropilosum var. grandiflorum T. Yamazaki (Revis. Gen. Rhododendron Japan, Taiwan, Korea & Sakhalin, 36. 1996) is said to differ from var. rubropilosum in having the leaf blade 3–5 cm, corolla 3–3.5 cm wide, and stamens 5 or 6. The type is a cultivated specimen raised from material collected in Nantou County, Taiwan. The number of stamens suggests an affinity with R. breviperulatum, rather than with R. rubropilosum. Furthermore, it is not known whether any plants in the wild possess these larger flowers and leaves. Therefore, the status and affinities of var. grandiflorum remain uncertain.
" 138252 general 1012981 Ericaceae "Rhododendron trichanthum.Shrubs, 1–3 m tall; young shoots scaly, densely hispid and pubescent. Petiole 4–10 mm, scaly, densely hispid and pubescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, 4–11 × 1.5–3.5 cm; base cuneate to rounded; apex acuminate or acute; abaxial surface scales 1–4 × their own diameter apart, unequal, yellowish brown; hispid and pubescent, densely so along midrib; adaxial surface sparsely scaly, hispid to pubescent or glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, umbellate or shortly racemose, 2- or 3-flowered; rachis ca. 3 mm. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, scaly, densely hairy; calyx 0.5–1 mm, scaly, densely hispid; corolla broadly funnelform-campanulate, pale purple, rose red or white, 2.5–3.5 cm, outer surface scaly, tube hispid; stamens unequal, some longer than corolla; filaments densely pubescent below; ovary 5-locular, densely scaly, hispid; style longer than corolla, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent at base. Capsule cylindric, 10–15 mm, scaly, hispid, rarely without hairs. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep.
Rhododendron ×lochmium I. B. Balfour (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 90. 1919) was described from cultivated material derived from seed of R. trichanthum collected in Sichuan. It was considered to be a hybrid between R. trichanthum and, most probably, R. davidsonianum by Cullen (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 39: 80. 1980).
Rhododendron ×trichophorum I. B. Balfour (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 173. 1920), described from Sichuan, was considered to be a hybrid between R. trichanthum and R. augustinii by Cullen (loc. cit.: 75).
Shrubs, 1–3 m tall; young shoots densely pale yellow woolly-tomentose. Leaf blade thickly leathery, elliptic-oblong to obovate, 2.2–6.2 × 1–3 cm; base rounded or subcordate; margin slightly revolute; apex obtuse or shortly acuminate; abaxial surface densely rufous woolly, hairs branched; adaxial surface slightly rugulose, glabrous except for ± tomentose groove of midrib, midrib and lateral veins prominent abaxially. Inflorescence racemose-umbellate, 3–5-flowered; rachis 3–4 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, densely tomentose; calyx 1–2 mm, tomentose; corolla campanulate, white or pink, with red spots, 3–3.5 cm, lobes 5; stamens 10, unequal, 1.5–2 cm, filaments pubescent at base; ovary ovoid, 5-lobed, 4–5 mm, densely tomentose; style longer than stamens, glabrous; stigma slightly expanded. Capsule cylindrical, 15–25 × 4–5 mm densely tomentose. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug.
The following two varieties are may be distinguished by the indumentum, especially on the adaxial surface of the leaf blade. In cultivation the two varieties are clearly differentiated.
" 140996 general 1015209 Ericaceae "Rhododendron rushforthii.Small shrubs, perhaps epiphytic, to 1.5 m tall; older shoots ash-gray. Petiole 8–15 mm; leaf blade thick, glaucous, especially when young, elliptic, 1.8–11 × 1.7–4.2 cm; base cuneate, narrowly decurrent; margin cartilaginous; apex broadly acute, apiculate; abaxial surface scales scattered, brown; adaxial surface scaly, at first silvery, turning brown and quickly lost, midrib and lateral veins impressed. Inflorescence terminal, umbellate, 3–8-flowered. Pedicel 1–1.4 cm; calyx lobes 3–4 mm, triangular, unequal; corolla shortly campanulate, yellow, 1–1.5 cm, tube 4–7 mm, outer surface finely scaly, mouth hairy; stamens 10, 0.8–0.9 cm, filaments hairy in lower half though glabrous at base; ovary ca. 4 mm; style arched, ca. 5 mm; stigma capitate. Capsule not known. Fl. (in cultivation) Jun.
This species is closely allied to Rhododendron datiandingense, and may be conspecific, although the flowers are significantly larger. The glaucous leaves are a significant feature of R. rushforthii. It was originally described from Lao Cai Province, N Vietnam, close to the border with S Yunnan at Pingbian. It is known from cultivated material said to have come from S China.
" 69880 general 998850 Eriocaulaceae "Lachnocaulon anceps. ""Tufted, beset at the base with old fibrous lf-bases; lvs 3-6 cm, 2-3.5 mm wide at base, tapering gradually to the slender tip, smooth or with scattered multicellular hairs; scapes 1-several, 1-4 dm, twisted, usually sparsely villous with ascending hairs 1-2 mm; heads globose to short-cylindric, 4-7 mm thick, whitish or pale gray; invol bracts mostly 1-1.5 mm, obtuse, fringed above with clavate white hairs; receptacular bracts 1.5-2 mm, white-hairy distally, as also the sep; staminodes short, fringed. Moist or wet to fairly dry places on the coastal plain from Va. to Fla., Tex., and Cuba, seldom in the mts. of N.C., Ga., and Ala. June-Aug.""" 109589 general 998803 Eriocaulaceae "Eriocaulon.Herbs scapigerous, aquatic or growing in marshes, rarely on dry ground. Stems very short and disciform, rarely elongate. Leaves radical, linear. Scapes 3--8-ribbed; sheath oblique at mouth. Bracts scalelike. Flowers unisexual, with both sexes in same head, minute. Male flowers: sepals 2 or 3, usually connate into an abaxially split tube, rarely free; petals basally connate and funnelform, large, margin usually ciliate, apex distinctly or indistinctly 2- or 3-lobed, usually bearing a gland; stamens in 2 whorls, adnate to petals; anthers black or rarely yellowish. Female flowers: sepals 2 or 3, free, basally connate, or connate into an adaxial spathe, flat, boatlike, or crested, equal or unequal; petals absent to 3, linear, oblanceolate, or spatulate, margin ciliate, apex often bearing a large gland; ovary 1--3-loculed; style 1--3-branched. Seeds yellowish or brown, 1 per valve; testa usually hexagonally reticulate, prickles small and in rows or absent; embryo minute.
About 400 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, with a concentration in Asia; 35 species (13 endemic) in China.
Eriocaulon occurs throughout most of China except for Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang.
" 116031 general 997174 Eucommiaceae "Eucommia ulmoides.Trees to 20 m tall. Trunk to 50 cm d.b.h.; bark gray-brown, scabrous. Young branches yellow-brown pubescent at first, soon glabrate, old ones conspicuously lenticellate. Buds shiny red-brown; scales 6–8, margin puberulous. Petiole 1–2.5 cm, sparsely villous; leaf blade pale green adaxially when old, 5–15 × 2.5–7 cm, brown pubescent at first, later pubescent only along veins, lateral veins 6–9-paired, together with reticulate veins slightly prominent abaxially, concave adaxially. Male flowers: stamens ca. 1 cm, glabrous, filaments ca. 1 mm. Female flower: ovary ca. 1 cm, glabrous. Samara 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.3 cm; stipe 2–5 mm, articulate at 1–3 mm pedicel. Seed 1.3–1.5 cm × ca. 3 mm. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Jun–Nov.
Eucommia ulmoides is a rare species in the wild in China, although it is much cultivated. The timber is used for furniture and fuel; the bark, which contains aucubin, is used medicinally as an invigorator, a tonic for arthritis, and for reducing blood pressure; and the solidified latex is used for lining pipes, insulating electric cables, and for filling teeth.
" 66673 general 493534 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia serpyllifolia. ""Much like no. 28 [Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm.]; stamens 5–12; seeds smooth or obscurely roughened or pitted. Dry, rocky soil; n. Mich., Minn., and Io., to B.C., Calif. and Mex.; and occasionally intr. eastward. July–Oct. (Chamaesyce s.)""" 66680 general 501059 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia nutans. ""Annual; stems to 8 dm, obliquely ascending at least in the upper half, the lower half often erect, the younger parts puberulent, often in a single longitudinal strip, with usually incurved hairs to 0.3 mm, the older parts glabrous or nearly so; lvs opposite, oblong or oblong-ovate, 1–3.5 cm, about a third as wide, serrulate, usually conspicuously inequilateral; fr 2–2.5 mm, strongly 3-lobed, glabrous; seeds gray or pale brown, 1–1.5 mm; 2n=12. Dry or moist soil; N.H. to Mich. and N.D., s. to Fla. and Tex.; abundant as a weed in lawns and gardens and intr. elsewhere in the world. June–Oct. (E. maculata, misapplied; E. preslii; Chamaesyce rafinesquii)""" 66690 general 503440 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia glyptosperma. ""Glabrous annual; stems mostly prostrate, freely branched, 1–3 dm, often forming mats; lvs narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, 4–15 mm, strongly inequilateral, minutely serrulate, especially on the rounded summit, varying to entire; appendages short but evident; stamens 1–5 (typically 4) per involucre; fr depressed-ovoid, sharply 3-angled, 1.5–2 mm; seeds 1–1.3 mm, sharply 4-angled, marked with several conspicuous transverse ridges. Dry sandy soil; Que. and N.B. to B.C., s. to N.Y., Ind., Mo., and Ariz. June–Oct. (Chamaesyce g.)""" 66694 general 493455 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia dentata. ""Erect annual, 2–6 dm, often branched, with hairy herbage; lvs all or mostly opposite, petiolate, linear to ovate, coarsely toothed to subentire; infl congested, mingled with reduced green lvs; involucres 2–3 mm, with fimbriate lobes and a conspicuous, fleshy, flattened-obconic, tangentially bilabiate gland; styles bifid half their length, or deeper; fr smooth, 5 mm thick; seeds ovoid, rough-tuberculate, 2.5–3 mm, usually carunculate; 2n=14(?), 28, 56. Dry soil; Ill. and Wis. to Wyo. and Mex., and established as a weed on roadsides and waste places, especially in cindery soil, e to Mass., N.Y. and Va. July–Sept. (Poinsettia d.)""" 66698 general 502758 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia corollata. ""Erect perennial from a deep root, glabrous to villous, 3–10 dm, usually simple below, umbellately or paniculately branched above; lvs not ciliate, the cauline ones alternate, linear to elliptic, 3–6 cm, those subtending the primary branches similar, whorled, those of the infl smaller and often opposite; involucres numerous, forming a corymbiform or paniculiform cyme to 3 dm wide; pedicels, except a few lower ones, less than 1 cm; appendages white (green), conspicuous, ovate or oblong to obovate or rhombic, commonly longer than wide, 1.5–4 mm; seeds ovoid; 2n=28. Dry woods and old fields in the e., in the w. abundant on prairies; Mass. and N.H. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. June–Sept. (Tithymalopsis c.) Two confluent geographic vars:""" 66711 general 497158 Euphorbiaceae "Acalypha gracilens. ""Stem erect, simple or branched from near the base, 2–5 dm, pubescent with incurved hairs; petioles about a fourth as long as the blades and usually shorter than the bracts they subtend; blades nearly linear to oblong or narrowly elliptic, 2–5 cm, obscurely crenate to entire; pistillate bracts usually arcuate-recurved, 5–10 mm, shallowly lobed into 9–15 deltoid or ovate, usually glandular segments; staminate spike mostly 5–15 mm, usually conspicuously exceeding the bracts; seeds 3 (except in var. monococca), 1.5–2 mm; 2n=40. Moist or dry, sandy soil, open woods, fields, and meadows; Me. to Wis., s. to Fla. and Tex. Many southern plants (n. to s. Ill.) have more elongate staminate spikes, to 3 or 4 cm, and have been distinguished as var. fraseri (Müll. Arg.) Weath. The Ozarkian var. monococca Engelm., differing from var. gracilens in its one-seeded fruits, extends n. to Mo. and s. Ill. (A. monococca)""" 66719 general 504046 Euphorbiaceae "Crotonopsis linearis. ""Much like no. 1 [Crotonopsis elliptica Willd.]; lvs linear to lance-linear, 1.5–4 cm, the stellate hairs of the upper surface small, with non-overlapping arms to 0.3 mm; spikes slender, 1–2 cm, with 3–6 pistillate fls; fr not veined, its lepidote hairs with a minute central axis and conspicuous radiating, often ascending arms. Dry sand or sandy soil on the coastal plain; S.C. to Fla. and Tex., n. in the interior to s. Ill. and se. Mo., and disjunct in e. Io. and nw. Ill. Late summer.""" 66721 general 497624 Euphorbiaceae "Croton monanthogynus. ""Annual, 2–6 dm, widely dichotomously branched, the lowest branches often 3–5 together; lvs ovate or ovate-oblong, 1–4 cm, entire, blunt or apiculate, broadly rounded to truncate at base, silvery-green and rather densely stellate; infls less than 1 cm; staminate fls minute, with 3–5 sep and pet and 3–8 stamens; pistillate fls with 5 sep and no pet, becoming reflexed; ovary bilocular, one locule later abortive; styles 2, deeply bifid; seed 1; 2n=16. Dry or sterile soil; O. to Io., Neb., and Colo., s. to Fla., Tex., and n. Mex.; occasionally adventive farther n. or e.""" 66756 general 502473 Euphorbiaceae "Croton glandulosus. ""Annual, 2–6 dm, roughly stellate-hairy; lvs narrowly oblong to oblong-ovate, 3–7 cm, coarsely serrate, with 1 or 2 large glands at the summit of the petiole; staminate fls with 4 sep, 4 pet, and 7–9 stamens; pistillate fls with 5 sep and no pet, each of the 3 styles bifid nearly to the base; 2n=16. Dry or sandy soil; widespread in trop. and subtrop. Amer., n. to Va., Ind., Io., and Neb., and adventive farther north. Ours have been called var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg.""" 66757 general 503924 Euphorbiaceae "Croton capitatus. ""Annual, to 1 m, sparingly and somewhat umbellately branched above; lvs narrowly triangular to oblong, lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, 4–10 cm, the principal ones with the blade rounded at base and less than twice as long as the petiole; fls in dense terminal infls 1–3 cm; staminate fls with 5 sep, 5 pet, and 10–14 stamens; pistillate fls apetalous, the 6–10 sep accrescent to 1 cm; styles 3, each 2–3 times dichotomous, the stigmas thus 12–24; 2n=20. Dry, usually sandy soil and waste places; O. to Ind. and Neb., s. to Fla. and Tex. Ours are var. capitatus.""" 68273 general 494698 Euphorbiaceae "Tragia urens. ""Stems erect, usually branched above, 2–4 dm, thinly and softly pubescent; lvs sessile or nearly so, linear to narrowly oblong, oblanceolate or elliptic, ± acute at base, entire or merely undulate, or with a few sinuate teeth distally; racemes to 10 cm, many of them on leafy-bracteate axillary branches, the very numerous staminate fls with 4 sep and 2 stamens; fr pubescent, 7–9 mm thick; 2n=44. Dry sandy soil; se. Va. to Fla. and Tex. May, June.""" 68279 general 499087 Euphorbiaceae "Stillingia sylvatica. ""Herb 5–10 dm, often emitting a whorl of branches from the base of the primary spike; lvs 3–8 cm; lance-ovate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, serrate with incurved glandular teeth; spikes stout, erect, 5–10 cm, the staminate portion eventually deciduous; staminate fls clustered in the axils of minute bracts, each bract with 2 conspicuous, saucer-shaped glands; fr glabrous, 1 cm. Dry woods; se. Va. to Fla., Tex., and N.M., n. in the interior to Kans. May, June.""" 68452 general 497030 Euphorbiaceae "Acalypha virginica. ""Stem erect, usually branched, 2–6 dm, pubescent with incurved hairs, often also ± hirsute; petioles commonly much exceeding the bracts that they subtend and a third to half as long as the blades, or shorter in depauperate plants; blades lance-ovate, shallowly crenate; pistillate bracts 8–14 mm, deeply cleft into (9)10–15 oblong to linear acute segments, usually with some long, spreading hairs; staminate spikes equaling or slightly surpassing the bracts; 2n=40. Dry or moist open woods, fields and roadsides; Me. to Ind. and se. S.D., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 68491 general 494773 Euphorbiaceae "Acalypha rhomboidea. ""Stems erect, simple or branched, 2–6 dm, glabrous or puberulent in lines or throughout with incurved hairs, often with a few spreading hairs as well; petioles slender, divaricate, those of the larger lvs regularly more than half as long as the blades, these spreading, lanceolate to ovate, with a tendency to be rhombic; pistillate bracts 5–9-lobed, usually stipitate-glandular (visible at 10×) but without long hairs; staminate spikes scarcely exceeding the bracts; seeds 3, 1–2 mm. Dry or moist soil of open woods, roadsides, waste places, and gardens; Que. to N.D., s. to Fla. and Tex. Perhaps better treated as A. virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperr.""" 70228 general 507873 Euphorbiaceae "Cnidoscolus stimulosus. ""Deep-rooted, 1–few-stemmed perennial to 6 dm, armed throughout with stiff hairs 3–6 mm, these least abundant on the lvs; lvs long- petioled, subrotund in outline, deeply 3–5-lobed and often again cleft; cymes few-fld; cal of staminate fls salverform, the limb 14–25 mm wide; stamens 10, unequal; fr prismatic; seeds subcylindric, 6–8 mm; 2n=36. Dry, sandy soil, chiefly on the coastal plain; se. Va. to Fla. and Tex. June, July. (Jatropha s.)""" 70266 general 505185 Euphorbiaceae "Croton texensis. ""Dioecious, apetalous annual; stems to 1 m, sparingly branched chiefly above; lvs oblong-linear to lance-oblong, 2–8 cm, obtuse or abruptly acute, rounded to obtuse at base; staminate plants commonly with very numerous fls, the sep 5, the stamens 8–12; pistillate plants usually stouter, with fewer fls, the styles 3, each divided nearly to the base into 4 or more branches; fr 3-locular. Dry prairies; S.D. and Wyo. to Okla., Tex., and Ariz., and often adventive in the w. part of our range, especially along railroads.""" 70275 general 494505 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia purpurea. ""Stout perennial to 1 m from a short, stout rhizome; cauline lvs elliptic to narrowly lance-oblong, 5–10 × 1–3 cm, obtuse, entire, often sparsely villous beneath; lvs subtending the umbel shorter and broader, commonly ovate, those of the umbel depressed-ovate to reniform; rays of the primary umbel 5–8, rarely fewer; involucres 3 mm, glabrous, often purplish above; fr 6–8 mm, rough, with small irregular projections; seeds plump, subglobose, 3–4 mm, smooth, mottled brown. Dry or moist woods, rare; N.J. and Pa. to W.Va. and N.C. May, June. (E. darlingtonii; Tithymalus d.; Galarhoeus d.)""" 109598 general 510767 Euphorbiaceae "Erismanthus.Trees or shrubs, monoecious; indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves alternate, distichous; stipules present; petiole almost absent; leaf blade simple, base oblique, margin entire or obscurely dentate, pinnately veined. Plants monoecious. Male inflorescences axillary, racemose or spicate, bisexual, bracts dense; female inflorescences solitary, axillary or inserted in base of male inflorescences. Male flowers sessile or pedicellate; pedicels delicate, elongate; sepals 4 or 5, imbricate or nearly valvate; petals 4 or 5, shorter than sepals; disk absent; stamens 12-15; filaments short, free; anthers bilocular, muticous, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode elongate, clavate, or linear. Female flowers: sepals 5-6, unequal, imbricate, slightly accrescent; petals absent or present; ovary 3-locular; ovules 1 per locule; styles free or connate, entire or bifid, lobes linear, densely papillose. Fruit a capsule, 3-locular. Seeds not carunculate, subglobose; testa dry, smooth, with spot-stripes.
Two species: Cambodia, S China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam; one species in China.
" 109644 general 514219 Euphorbiaceae "Falconeria.Trees or shrubs, monoecious, with whorled distal branching, glabrous; latex white. Leaves alternate, apically crowded; stipules small, divided, caducous; petiole much shorter than blade, with 2 apical glands; leaf blade margin serrate, below with marginal glands; venation pinnate. Male and female flowers in separate inflorescences, in terminal elongate racemelike thyrses; bracts with 2 large glands at base abaxially. Male flowers small, yellow, 9-15-fascicled in axil of bracts, with very short pedicel; calyx membranous, cupular-shaped, shallowly 2-lobed or 2-dentate; petals and disk absent; stamens 2; filaments free; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode absent. Female flowers larger than male; each bract-axil with only 1 female flower; pedicel very short; calyx cup-shaped, 3-dentate; petals and disk absent; ovary 2- or 3-celled; ovules 1 per cell, smooth; styles 2 or 3, free or connate at base; stigma revolute, entire, eglandular. Fruit a capsule, subsessile, globose, 2- or 3-celled, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds subglobose, pale, covered with thin aril, without caruncle; columella persistent; exocarp slightly fleshy when young, later dry, very thin; endosperm fleshy; cotyledon broad and flattened.
One species: S and SE Asia.
" 109754 general 502906 Euphorbiaceae "Gymnanthes.Shrubs to trees, monoecious but male flowers sometimes lacking; indumentum mostly absent [or sometimes of simple multicellular hairs], latex present, white. Leaves alternate; stipules small; petiole without glands; leaf blade margins entire [to rarely serrate], with marginal glands abaxially, pinnately veined. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, elongate racemelike thyrses, unbranched [rarely branched]; bracts 2-glandular [or eglandular]. Male flowers 1-3 per bract-axil, small; pedicel short but distinct; sepals 3, small, fused only at base; petals absent; disk absent; stamens 3-12; filaments free; anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode absent. Female flowers: pedicel distinct and often elongating considerably in fruit; sepals 3, free to slightly united at base; petals absent; disk absent; ovary 3-locular, smooth or muricate with 3 pairs of spines; ovules 1 per cell; styles 3, undivided. Capsules subglobose, smooth or muricate, of 3 2-valved cocci. Seeds ellipsoid, dry, usually ecarunculate; endosperm fleshy.
About 25 species: mainly neotropical, but with two species each in Africa and Asia; one species in China.
" 110157 general 495987 Euphorbiaceae "Manihot.Trees, shrubs, or herbs, monoecious (rarely dioecious), sometimes with fleshy root-tubers; stems and branches with prominently large leaf scars; latex white; indumentum absent. Leaves alternate; stipules small, usually caducous; petioles long, apex glandular or stipellate; leaf blade usually palmately lobed or dissected, sometimes uppermost subentire. Inflorescences terminal or pseudoaxillary, mostly racemose-paniculate, usually bisexual, with long peduncles; flowers apetalous. Male flowers: calyx synsepalous; sepals 5, imbricate, petaloid; disk intrastaminal, usually 10-lobed; stamens 8-15, in 2 series; filaments free, delicate; anthers 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent, connectives hairy at apex; pistillode small or absent. Female flowers: sepals 5, free or connate, sometimes deciduous; disk annular, sometimes with staminodes; ovary 3(or 5)-locular; ovules 1 per locule; styles short, free, mostly multifid or lacerate (rarely bifid); stigmas broad. Fruit a capsule, 3-valved; columella often persistent. Seeds carunculate; testa dry, crustaceous; endosperm fleshy; cotyledon broad and flat.
About 60 species: tropics of the Americas, mostly from Brazil, also widely cultivated in tropical regions; two species (introduced) in China.
" 111453 general 499580 Euphorbiaceae "Shirakiopsis.Trees, monoecious; flowering and fruiting twigs with leaves; indumentum of pale to yellowish [or reddish], multicellular, uniseriate hairs. Leaves regularly alternate; stipules ovate to triangular, undivided, without glands; petiole much shorter than blade, without glands; leaf blade oblong to elliptic to ovate, abaxial surface paler than adaxial one but not whitish and not papillate, with 0-10 strictly marginal glands on each side, basal glands slightly larger but very similar, adaxial surface eglandular, base obtuse to slightly attenuate, margin serrate with teeth 3-5 mm apart, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, yellowish, racemelike thyrses, unbranched, without sterile basal region, bisexual, pilose. Male flowers (3-)5-7 in cymules, pedicellate; bracts triangular, pilose to ciliate, at base with a pair of elongate-spheroidal to elliptic glands touching axis of thyrse and sometimes decurrent; calyx with 3 sepals, fused at base; petals and disk absent; stamens 3; filament and anther of similar length. Female flowers 1-3 at base of inflorescence, sometimes absent; pedicel distinct; sepals [2 or]3, irregularly triangular, fused at base, glandless; petals and disk absent; ovary [2 or]3-locular, smooth, usually glabrous; style present; stigmas [2 or]3, undivided, glandless. Fruits distinctly (at least 8 mm) pedicellate; mericarps 3-seeded [2-seeded in African species], smooth, dry and woody [partly fleshy in S. virgata], regularly dehiscent along septa (sometimes tardily so) [mericarps with very thick pericarp in Malesian taxa (fruit length/pericarp thickness more than 10:1) but much thinner pericarp in African taxa]; septa with a separate basal triangle and 1 vascular strand; central columella alate. Seeds elliptic, dry; caruncle very inconspicuous to absent.
Six species: three in tropical Africa and three in tropical Asia, from India to Cambodia and to the Caroline and the Solomon Islands; one species (introduced) in China.
" 117451 general 493677 Euphorbiaceae "Jatropha curcas.Shrubs or treelets, 2-5 m tall, with watery latex; bark smooth; branches glaucous-gray, glabrous, sparsely lenticellate, pith larger. Stipules small; petioles 6-18 cm; leaf blade rotund to ovate, 7-18 × 6-16 cm, papery, nitid green and glabrous adaxially, gray-green and along nerves puberulent to glabrous abaxially, base cordate, apex acute; palmate veins 5-7. Inflorescences axillary, 6-10 cm; bracts lanceolate, 4-8 mm. Male flowers: sepals 5, ca. 4 mm, connate at base; petals oblong, green-yellow, ca. 6 mm, connate to middle, hairy inside; disk glands 5, nearly terete; stamens 10; outer 5 filaments free, inner filaments connate in lower part. Female flowers: pedicels elongate; sepals free, ca. 6 mm; petals and disk glands as in male; ovary 3-locular, glabrous; styles bifid at apex. Capsules ellipsoidal or globose, 2.5-3 cm, yellow. Seeds ellipsoidal, 1.5-2 cm, black. Fl. Sep-Oct, fr. Oct-Dec.
Jatropha curcas seeds are the source of curcas oil, a very powerful purgative, also used for making candles and soap, for lighting, and as a lubricant. There is interest in the oil as a biofuel crop for areas too dry for normal crops. The bark is used as medicine for lepriasis (leprosy), itchy skin, eczema, chronic ulcers, etc.
" 129465 general 493585 Euphorbiaceae "Hura crepitans.Trees up to 40 m tall in wild; stem and main branches densely spiny; indumentum yellowish brown; branches densely lenticellate, glabrous. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 10-15 × 2-3 mm, pubescent, caducous; petiole 4-20 cm, apex with 2 glands; leaf blade broadly ovate, 5-29 × 5-17 cm, papery, abaxially pilose along midrib, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, margins ± shallowly dentate-serrate, apex caudate-acuminate, mucronulate; midrib elevated on both surfaces, lateral veins 10-13(-16) on each side. Male flowers: inflorescence ovoid-conical, (1.6-)4-5 × (0.8-)1.5-2 cm, mostly dark red; peduncles (1.2-)7-10 cm, often with solitary female flower at base; pedicel ca. 2 mm; calyx tube 2-3 mm; stamen connectives and filaments connate into column, 4-12 mm, longest at base of catkin; anthers in (1 or)2 or 3 whorls. Female flowers: pedicel 10-17 mm, after anthesis up to 6 cm; calyx tube truncate, 4-6(-8) mm, enclosing ovary; style column 2-5 cm; stigmatic disk dark purple, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam., with 11-14 obtuse lobes, spreading radially. Fruiting pedicel pendent, to 6 cm; fruit oblate, 3-5 × 8-9 cm in diam., becoming reddish brown, concave at apex and base, longitudinally grooved. Seed ca. 2 cm in diam. Fl. May, fr. Aug.
This species is cultivated for medicine and as an ornamental. The latex is extremely toxic. The distinctive fruit was once used for holding fine dry sand used for blotting ink before the introduction of blotting paper, hence the common name "sand box tree." The distinctive dolphin-shaped mericarps are sometimes used in necklaces.
" 134007 general 509042 Euphorbiaceae "Croton howii.Shrubs 1-4 m tall; indumentum sparse, of spreading stellate hairs; branches glabrous. Petiole 2-10 mm, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, or elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 3-7 × 1-2.5 cm, papery, usually olivaceous-green when young and dry, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, base of midrib usually with stalked glands, sometimes glands obscure, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, 1-3 cm; bracts ovate-lanceolate. Male flowers: sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm, only woolly at apex; petals lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm, margins woolly; stamens 8-10; filaments woolly at base. Female flowers: sepals oblong-elliptic, ca. 2 mm, sparsely stellate-hairy or glabrescent; ovary stellate-hairy; styles bifid at apex. Capsules subglobose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Seeds ca. 6 mm, with brownish spot-stripes. Fl. and fr. almost throughout year.
" 169183 morphology 500282 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia balsamifera. Commonly grown in hedges in dry regions" 169226 ecology 513723 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia sudanica. On rocky hills in dry savannah." 117437 general 500398 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia lathyris.Herbs, annual, erect, up to 1(-1.5) m tall. Rootstock a simple taproot, slightly swollen in seedlings, up to more than 20 cm × 3-7 mm thick; lateral roots thin and branched. Stem single, gray-green, smooth and glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate; stipules absent; petiole absent; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 6-15(-20) × 0.4-2.5 cm, glabrous, base ± clasping stem, margin entire, apex acuminate or acute; midrib prominent adaxially, lateral veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence a terminal pseudumbel, often compound, eventually broad and lax; primary involucral leaves (2-)4 or 5(or 6), slightly yellowish green, narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, somewhat unequal, margin entire, base rounded, primary rays (3 or)4 or 5; cymes regularly many forked; cyathophylls 2, ovate-triangular, 3-8 × 2-4 cm, base truncate to clasping, margin entire, apex acuminate or acute. Cyathium subsessile; involucre subcampanulate, 2.5-4 × 2.5-3.5(-5) mm, lobes triangular-oblong, less repanded or lobed; glands 4, dark brown, transversely oblong-reniform with a club-shaped horn at each tip. Male flowers many, exserted from involucre. Female flower exserted from cup; ovary smooth, glabrous; styles free, slender and long, caducous; style arms 2-lobed. Capsule trigonous-globose, ca. 10 × 13-17 mm, smooth, glabrous. Seeds ovoid-globose to barrel-shaped, 5-8 × 4-6 mm, brown or gray-brown, with black-brown spots on surface, sharply rugulose; caruncle ca. 1.5 mm wide, yellowish, sessile, easily lost. Fl. Apr-Jul. 2n = 20*.
Euphorbia lathyris is a very isolated species that is adventive in many parts of the world. It is probably native only in the Mediterranean region.
The seeds are used medicinally. The seed oil (ca. 50%) can also be widely used in industry, and there has been some work on the development of Euphorbia lathyris as a commercial crop, particularly by the selection of forms with indehiscent fruits.
Erect shrubs 1.5-5 m tall; root tubers terete. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, 5-7 mm, entire or with 1 or 2 bristly segments; petiole 6-35 cm, slightly peltate, inserted less than 5 mm from margin; leaf blade palmately 3-9-lobed, 5-20 cm, lobes oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 8-18 × 1.5-4 cm, apex acu-minate, entire; lateral veins 5-15. Racemes terminal or axillary, 5-8 cm; bracts oblong-lanceolate; pedicels 4-6 mm. Male flowers: calyx ca. 7 mm, purple-red, divided to or over middle, lobes long ovate, 3-4 × ca. 2.5 mm, hairy inside; stamens 6-7 mm; anthers white pubescent at apex. Female flowers: calyx ca. 10 mm, lobes oblong-lanceolate, ca. 8 × 3 mm; ovary ovoid, longitudinally 6-angled; stigmas recurved, plaited. Capsule ellipsoidal, 1.5-1.8 × 1-1.5 cm, longitudinally 6-winged, scabrous. Seeds slightly triangular, ca. 1 cm; testa crustaceous, smooth, with spot-stripes. Fl. Sep-Nov.
The root tubers yield tapioca and are a staple crop in many areas of the tropics. They contain hydrocyanic acid and may cause death if eaten raw; they become edible after thorough soaking in water and cooking.
" 134856 general 500548 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia dracunculoides.Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, 10-40 cm tall. Root terete, single, 30-40 cm × 3-8 mm. Stem sometimes branched basally, 3-7 mm thick, branches ascending. Leaves alternate; stipules absent; petiole absent or nearly so; leaf blade linear-oblong, 1-3 cm × 2.5-4 mm, base truncate or subattenuate below, rounded higher up, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse; lateral veins few, inconspicuous, at acute angle to midrib. Inflorescence an inconspicuous terminal few-rayed cyathium; primary involucral leaves similar to normal leaves, primary rays ca. 3, robust and ascending, dichotomous; cyathophylls 2, similar to normal leaves. Cyathium sessile; involucre broadly campanulate, 2-3 × 3-5 mm, lobes rounded; glands 4, pale brown, crescent-shaped, apex 2-horned, horns light green. Male flowers many, not exserted from involucre. Female flower: ovary exserted from cup, smooth, glabrous; styles free, persistent; style arms 2-lobed. Fruiting peduncle ca. 3 mm; capsule subglobose, ca. 3.5 × 3.5 mm, smooth or obscurely reticulate, glabrous. Seeds ovoid- terete, ca. 2.5 × 1.5-2 mm, gray or dark gray, adaxially striate; caruncle present, stipitate. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. May-Aug.
Euphorbia dracunculoides is regarded as a problematic weed of certain crops in Pakistan. The Chinese material belongs to the nominal subspecies, subsp. dracunculoides. A number of other subspecies have been recognized from North Africa.
" 109310 general 502649 Euphorbiaceae "Croton.Trees or shrubs, rarely subshrubs, monoecious or more rarely dioecious; latex clear or reddish, often scanty or apparently absent; indumentum of stellate hairs and/or peltate scales. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or nearly verticillate; stipules present or absent; petiole with or without apical paired glands; leaf blade simple, margin entire or denticulate, often with glands; venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemelike thyrses, often with proximal solitary female flowers and distal male flowers, often in clusters. Male flowers: sepals mostly 5, imbricate to valvate, free; petals 5, smaller or nearly equal to sepals; disk glandular, usually 5, and opposite sepals; stamens 10-20; filaments free, inflexed in bud; anthers muticous; pistillode absent. Female flowers: sepals 5, often narrower than in male, imbricate to reduplicate-valvate, persistent, sometimes accrescent; petals 5, smaller than in male, mostly reduced or obsolete; disk annular or dissected, receptacle often villous; ovary 3-locular; ovules 1 per locule; styles 3, longer and slender, free or nearly so, once to several times bifid. Fruit a capsule dehiscing into 3 2-valved cocci, more rarely ± indehiscent and fleshy, drupelike or berrylike. Seeds usually smooth, carunculate; testa crustaceous; endosperm copious, fleshy; cotyledon broad and flattened.
Nearly 1300 species: tropics and subtropics of the world, most numerous in the neotropics; 23 species (15 endemic) in China.
Many species are used medicinally. Several are extremely toxic. Croton moonii Thwaites (瘤果巴豆 liu guo ba dou), native to Sri Lanka, is cultivated for medicine in S Guangdong.
" 109876 general 493586 Euphorbiaceae "Hura.Trees, branching usually in whorls; trunk and branches spiny; indumentum of simple, multicellular hairs; white latex present. Leaves alternate; stipules large, caducous; petioles 2-glandular at apex; leaf blade subentire or undulate-serrulate, pinnately veined. Plants monoecious. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, unbranched, elongate. Male flowers in terminal, long pedunculate catkin; bracts not glandular, united into membranous sheath around bud, afterward irregularly lobed; calyx membranous, shallowly cup-shaped, truncate or slightly serrulate; petals absent; disk absent; stamens (8-)10-20, several-seriate; filaments and connectives united into a stout column, theca free, extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode absent. Female flowers solitary, axillary; pedicel long; calyx leathery, broadly cup-shaped, truncate at apex; petals absent; disk absent; ovary 5-20-celled; ovules 1 per locule; styles fused into prominent, fleshy column; stigmas united into large umbrella-shaped lobed disk. Fruit a large, oblate schizocarp, depressed at apex, breaking up into laterally compressed woody mericarps. Seeds laterally compressed, smooth; caruncle absent; endosperm fleshy; cotyledon rounded and flattened.
Two or three species: tropical America, also widely cultivated; one species (introduced) in China.
" 110502 general 515195 Euphorbiaceae "Pedilanthus.Erect shrubs or subshrubs, monoecious, most parts fleshy; indumentum of simple hairs; latex present, white. Leaves alternate, distichous; stipules small, glandular or not; leaf blade entire; venation pinnate. Inflorescence a strongly zygomorphic cyathium in dichasial cymes or cincinni, bracteate, stalked; cyathophylls inconspicuous; involucre obliquely shoe- or boat-shaped, base oblique, stalked, apex 2-lipped, 2-fid, inner segments shorter and narrower than outer ones, with 2-6 glands at base of involucre, or sometimes eglandular. Flowers unisexual. Male flowers many, each reduced to 1 stamen; filament short, similar to pedicels; anthers globose, thecae introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flower solitary at center of involucre, oblique, with long pedicels; ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 per locule; styles slightly connate; stigmas 3, 2-fid. Fruit a capsule, 3-coccal, central column persistent. Seeds without funicle; caruncle absent.
About 15 species: Central America, cultivated throughout the tropics; one species (introduced) in China.
" 110815 general 498507 Euphorbiaceae "Ricinus.Annual herbs or herbaceous shrubs; indumentum absent; stems hollow. Leaves alternate; stipules united, deciduous, leaving circular scar around node; petiole long, apex with 2 glands, insertion peltate; leaf blade palmately lobed. Inflorescences terminal, branched or unbranched, bisexual; bracts broadly triangular, deciduous; male flowers proximal, female flowers distal. Male flowers: calyx 3-5-lobed, valvate, closed in bud; petals absent; disk absent; stamens very many; filaments united into ca. 25 phalanges; anthers 2-locular, subglobose. Female flowers: sepals 5, valvate, deciduous; petals absent; ovary 3-locular, softly spiny, sometimes tuberculate; styles 3, 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, 3-locular, usually echinate. Seeds large, compressed-ovoid, smooth, marbled, carunculate.
One species: widely cultivated in tropical to temperate regions and frequently occurring as a ruderal weed; fossil remains suggest that it is perhaps native to NE Africa.
" 111389 general 514496 Euphorbiaceae "Homalanthus.Trees or shrubs, monoecious (sometimes one sex missing); latex white; indumentum absent [or consisting of multicellular, uniseriate, brownish hairs]. Apical buds enclosed by conspicuous large stipules. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous; petioles long, 2-glandular at apex or eglandular; leaf blade sometimes peltate, margin entire [to serrate], pinnately veined. Inflorescence terminal, elongate racemelike thyrses, unbranched. Flowers unisexual, apetalous, without disk. Male flowers 1-3(to many) per bract, pedicellate; calyx 1- or 2-lobed, free, bilaterally compressed; stamens 4-50; filaments nearly as long as anthers, free; anthers basifixed, extrorse, 2-thecate, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode absent; receptacle flat to elevated. Female flowers usually 1 per bract, pedicellate; calyx 1-3-lobed, free, eglandular or glandular; ovary smooth, papillate to puberulent, with 2(or 3) locules; ovules 1 per locule; style short to distinct; stigmas 2(or 3), glandular below, apex often bifid. Capsule subglobose, regularly or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds 2(or 3) per fruit, reddish to brownish, flattened, partly to completely covered by a whitish arillode; testa crustaceous; cotyledon broad and flattened.
About 20-25 species: S Thailand through Malaysia to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands, and SE China to the Philippines, also widely cultivated; one species in China.
" 117419 general 498672 Euphorbiaceae "Codiaeum variegatum.Shrubs up to 3 m tall; branches glabrous, with prominent leaf scars. Petiole 0.2-2.5 cm; leaf blade very variable in shape and color, linear, linear-lanceolate, oblong, elliptic, lanceolate, ovate, spatulate, or fiddle-shaped to obovate, sometimes divided to midvein into upper and lower parts, 5-30 × (0.3-)0.5-8 cm, thinly leathery, green, purple-red, and/or yellow, sometimes with colored spots or stripes of spots, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acute or acuminate to rounded. Inflorescences 8-30 cm. Male flowers white; pedicels delicate; petals 5, smaller than sepals; disk glands 5; stamens 20-30. Female flowers yellowish; pedicels slightly thickened; sepals ovate-triangular; disk annular; styles recurved, entire. Capsule subglobose, slightly flattened, glabrous, ca. 9 mm in diam. Seeds ca. 6 mm. Fl. Sep-Oct, fr. Nov-Dec.
Codiaeum variegatum is widely cultivated as a house plant for its very brightly colored foliage. The leaves are used as a medicine to disperse extravasated blood and as an anti-inflammatory.
" 117439 general 505499 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia milii.Shrubs, scrambling, many branched, 60-90 cm. Stems obscurely 3-5-angled, densely spiny. Leaves alternate, clustered at stem apex; stipules forming spines 1-1.3(-2) cm; petiole absent or nearly so; leaf blade obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, 1.5-5 × 0.8-1.8 cm, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded. Cyathia in subapical, dichasial cymes, peduncle 4-7 cm; cyathophylls 2, reniform-rounded, 8-10 × 12-14 mm, usually bright red (pink, white, or yellow in some cultivars), apex rounded; involucre campanulate, 3-4 × 3.5-4 mm, lobes 5, lanceolate; glands 5, reniform-rounded, ca. 1 × 2 mm, yellow-red. Male flowers many; bracteoles linear, apex pilose. Female flower: ovary smooth and glabrous, usually included with involucre; styles connate below middle; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 3-lobed-ovoid, ca. 3.5 × 4 mm, smooth and glabrous. Seeds ovoid-terete, ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, gray-brown, reticulate; caruncle absent. Fl. and fr. all year.
Euphorbia milii is widely cultivated as an ornamental and frequently grown as a low hedge. It is used medicinally.
" 117441 general 497915 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia pulcherrima.Shrubs to small trees, 1-3(-4) m, many branched. Stems glabrous. Leaves alternate; stipules minute, membranous, caducous; petiole 2-5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, often shallowly lobed, 6-25 × 4-10 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially shortly pubescent or glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate or acute. Cyathia in a very congested, 1-sided synflorescence, subtended by 5-7 petiolate leaflike bracts, these narrowly elliptic, 3-7 × 1-2 cm, usually entire, sometimes repand-lobed, scarlet, peduncle 3-4 mm; involucre urceolate, light green, 7-9 × 6-8 mm, lobes 5, lacerate, triangular, glabrous; glands usually 1, rarely 2, yellow, compressed, 2-lipped, 4-5 × ca. 3 mm. Male flowers many, usually exserted from involucre; bracts linear, pilose. Female flower: ovary glabrous, pedicellate, exserted from involucre, smooth; styles connate below middle; stigma deeply 2-lobed. Capsule, 3-lobed-globose, 1.5-2 × ca. 1.5 cm, smooth and glabrous. Seeds ovoid, ca. 10 × 8-9 mm, gray or light gray, subsmooth, without caruncle. Fl. and fr. Oct-Apr.
Euphorbia pulcherrima is cultivated worldwide on a massive scale as a potted plant.
" 117449 general 499605 Euphorbiaceae "Hevea brasiliensis.Large trees, up to 30 m tall, with much milky juice. Petiole 5-15 cm, apex usually with 2(-4) glands; leaflets 3, elliptic, 10-25 × 4-10 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; lateral veins 10-16, reticulate veins prominent. Panicles axillary, to 16 cm, gray-white pubescent. Male flowers: sepals ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm; stamens 10, in 2 series; anthers 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent. Female flowers: sepals as in male, but larger; ovary (2 or)3(-6)-locular; stigmas 3, sessile. Capsules ellipsoidal, 5-6 cm in diam., with 3 longitudinal grooves, apex rostrate, base retuse; epicarp thinner, with reticulate stripes; endocarp thicker, woody. Seeds ellipsoidal, gray-brownish, maculate-striate. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep.
This species is cultivated in great numbers for the production of rubber.
" 129441 general 499746 Euphorbiaceae "Excoecaria agallocha.Trees deciduous, up to 15 m tall; branches lenticellate, glabrous. Leaves alternate throughout; stipules ovate, 1.5-2 mm; petiole 1.5-3 cm; leaf blade elliptic or broadly elliptic, rarely ovate-oblong, 4.5-10 × 3-5 cm, subleathery, base obtuse or broadly cuneate, margin entire or indistinctly serrulate, with 2 distinct glands at base near junction with petiole, apex obtusely acuminate; midvein stout, concave adaxially, convex abaxially, lateral veins 10-13, arcuately ascending steeply and running close to edge some distance before terminating. Flowers dioecious, in axillary, solitary or double racemelike thyrses; male inflorescences 3-4.5 cm, dense and catkinlike, female ones shorter. Male flowers 1 per bract; bracts broadly ovate, fleshy, ca. 2 × 2 mm, base inside 2-glandular, branchlets lanceolate; sepals linear-acuminate, ca. 1.2 mm; stamens usually exceeding sepals. Female flowers: bracts and bracteoles as in male; pedicels slightly longer than male ones (elongating to 5 mm in fruit); sepals broadly ovate or triangular, slightly connate at base, ca. 1.4 × 1 mm; ovary ovoid; stigmas, ca. 3 mm, free, revolute at apex. Capsules globose, trisulcate, 7-8 × ca. 10 mm; cocci ovoid, rostrate at apex. Seeds globose, ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jan-Sep. 2n = 140.
This species is cultivated for ornamental purposes.
" 129512 general 497497 Euphorbiaceae "Pedilanthus tithymaloides.Erect subshrubs 40-70 cm tall; stems stout, slightly fleshy, strongly flexuous, glabrous or pubescent when young. Leaves distichous; stipules small, with a rounded ca. 1 mm in diam. gland; leaf blade ovate or long ovate, 3.5-8 × 2.5-5 cm, fleshy, both surfaces pubescent, glabrescent, base rounded or obtuse, apex ± acuminate; midrib elevated abaxially, lateral veins 7-9 pairs, ascending steeply and running close to margin for some distance before terminating. Cyathia in cymes clustered on leafless stems, terminal or axillary at upper part, each one with many male flowers and 1 female flower; involucres shoe-shaped, deep-red or purple-red, equilateral, ca. 1 cm, glabrous, apex nearly labiate-shaped, 2-fid, lobes small, oblong, 3-serrulate at apex, other lobe boat-shaped, ca. 1 cm, 2-partite at apex. Male flower: pedicels slender, 2.5-4 mm, glabrous, similar to filaments; anthers globose, slightly shorter than filaments. Female flower inserted at center of involucres, oblique, exserted from involucre; pedicels 6-8 mm, glabrous; ovary fusiform; styles usually connate; stigma 3, 2-fid. Fl. Dec-Jun.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental, often as a potted plant. All parts are used as medicine for traumatic injury and fractures.
" 131823 general 494803 Euphorbiaceae "Acalypha hispida.Shrubs, 1-3 m tall. Branchlets grayish tomentulose when young. Stipules triangular, 6-10 mm, pilose; petiole 4-8 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate or ovate, 8-20 × 5-14 cm, papyraceous, base broadly cuneate, obtuse, or subcordate, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate or acute; basal veins 3-5. Plants dioecious. Only female flowers known. Female flowers 3-7 in each bract, fascicled, subsessile; spikes 15-30 cm, axillary, pendulous; peduncle short, pubescent; bracts scattered, ovate-rhombic, ca. 1 mm, entire; sepals (3 or)4, subovate, ca. 1 mm, acute, puberulent; ovary subglobose, densely hirtellous; styles 3, 5-7 mm, laciniate, crimson or red-purple. Fl. Feb-Nov.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental.
" 131830 general 496961 Euphorbiaceae "Acalypha wilkesiana.Shrubs, 1-3 m tall, monoecious. Young branchlets pubescent. Stipules narrowly triangular, ca. 8 mm; petiole 2-3 mm, pilose; leaf blade broadly ovate, 10-18 × 6-12 cm, often colored or red- or purple spotted, abaxially pilose along veins, base obtuse, margin coarsely crenate, apex acuminate; basal veins 3-5. Inflorescences axillary, unbranched, unisexual. Male flowers 9-17, glomerate; inflorescences 10-20 cm, pilose; bracts lax, ovate, ca. 1 mm; pedicel ca. 1 cm; sepals 4, ovate, ca. 0.7 mm; stamens 8. Female flowers 1(or 2) in each bract, sessile; inflorescences 5-10 cm; peduncle ca. 2 cm; bracts broadly ovate, ca. 5 × 8 mm, 7-11-serrate; sepals 3 or 4, ovate-lanceolate, 0.5-1 mm, ciliate; ovary pubescent; styles 3, 6-7 mm, 9-15-laciniate. Capsule ca. 4 mm in diam., sparsely villous. Seeds globose, ca. 2 mm in diam., smooth. Fl. year-round.
Some cultivars of Acalypha wilkesiana are recognized, most notably ‘Marginata’ (金边红桑 jin bian hong sang), cultivated in S China, with leaf blades ranging to ovate-rhombic, red to pink at the margin.
" 134879 general 500584 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia neriifolia.Trees or shrubs, 3-5(-8) m tall, glabrous except for cyathia. Stems 6-15 cm thick, green, with 5 spiral ranks of tubercles, ascending, branching from upper parts. Leaves alternate, apically clustered, persistent, succulent; spine shields small, stipules pricklelike, 2-3 mm; petiole short, 2-4 mm; leaf blade obovate or obovate-oblong to spoon-shaped, 4.5-12 × 1.3-3.8 cm, fleshy, base attenuate, margin entire, apex obtuse, apiculate; veins inconspicuous. Cyathia in subterminal cymes, peduncle ca. 3 mm; cyathophylls membranous, caducous; involucre campanulate, ca. 4 × 5-6 mm, lobes 5, rounded; glands 5, succulent, thick and entire. Male flowers many, bracts linear. Female flowers rarely developed. Capsule and seeds not seen. Fl. Jun-Sep.
Euphorbia neriifolia is also cultivated in the greenhouses of C and N China. The stems and leaves are used medicinally.
" 134886 general 513158 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia royleana.Small trees or shrubs, 5-7 m tall, glabrous except for cyathia. Stems 4-7 cm thick, green, 5-7-angled, many branching from upper parts; ribs with rounded teeth/tubercles. Leaves alternate, apically clustered; stipules pricklelike, spines paired, 3-5 mm; petiole absent; leaf blade oblanceolate to spoon- shaped, 5-15 × 1-4 cm, slightly succulent, base attenuate, margin entire, apex obtuse or subtruncate; veins inconspicuous. Cyathia in subterminal cymes, yellow, peduncle ca. 5 mm; cyathophylls as long as involucre, membranous; involucre ca. 2.5 × 2.5 mm; glands 5, transversely elliptic, dark yellow. Capsule 3-lobed, 1-1.2 × 1-1.5 cm, smooth and glabrous. Seeds 3-3.5 × 2.5-3 mm, brown, adaxially striate; caruncle absent. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
Euphorbia royleana is grown as a live fence in S Yunnan and is cultivated as a potted plant in C and N China. It is used medicinally.
" 139405 general 502310 Euphorbiaceae "Vernicia fordii.Trees deciduous, up to 10 m tall, monoecious; bark gray, nearly smooth; branches verticillate, stout, glabrous, prominently lenticellate. Petiole as long as leaf blade, glabrescent, with 2 compressed and sessile glands; leaf blade ovate, 5-18 × 3-15 cm, puberulent when young, dark green and glabrous adaxially, gray-green and pubescent abaxially at maturity, base truncate to shallowly cordate, margin entire, rarely shallowly 1-3-fid, apex acute; palmate veins 5(-7). Inflorescences flat-topped panicles of cymes, appearing generally before new leaves, usually bisexual; calyx ca. 10 mm, 2(or 3)-fid, densely brown puberulent outside; petals obovate, 2-3 × 1-1.5 cm, yellow at base, pink to purplish, pink-veined, base clawed, apex rounded; stamens 8-12; outer filaments free, inner filaments connate to below middle; ovary 3-5(-8)-locular, pubescent; styles 3-5(-8), bifid. Drupe subglobose, 4-6(-8) cm in diam.; exocarp smooth, not grooved, 3- or 4(-8)-seeded. Seed coat woody. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Aug-Nov.
This species is usually cultivated on slopes below 800 m.
" 142531 general 498799 Euphorbiaceae "Shirakiopsis indica.Trees up to 30 m tall, to 40 cm d.b.h., bole twisting, with spines at base. Stipules 1-2 mm; petiole 1-1.5 cm, sparsely pilose to glabrous, eglandular at apex; leaf blade oblong to elliptic or slightly ovate, 7-14 × 3-4 cm, leathery, abaxially with 2-4 glands per side, base obtuse, margins conspicuously serrate, apex subacuminate to acuminate; lateral veins 18-24 pairs, at 60°-66° to midrib. Inflorescence solitary, racemelike, to 10 cm, axis pilose. Male flowers: bracts broad, ciliate, bases with 2 glands; pedicels 1-2 mm; calyx 0.6-0.8 mm, ciliate; stamen filaments 0.5-0.6 mm at anthesis, nearly absent in bud; anthers 0.4-0.5 mm. Female flowers: pedicel ca. 5 mm; calyx 1.25-1.75 mm, pilose; ovary ovate, ca. 2.5 mm; styles ca. 1.5 mm; stigmas 4-6 mm. Fruiting pedicel 8-22 mm; capsules subglobose, 18-30 × 20-32 mm, rounded at both ends or slightly attenuate at base, obscurely 3-lobed, walls of cocci very thick and hard. Seeds often less than 3 per fruit, ellipsoid, 11-13 × 7-8.5 mm, keeled on back, medium to pale brown, not spotted, without caruncle. Fl. Jun-Jul.
Shirakiopsis indica is cultivated for timber and used medicinally. A drying oil is obtained from the seeds, which are edible, though the outer layers of the fruit and other parts of the plant are poisonous and have been used as fish poisons. It is of particular interest because of its ability to grow in waterlogged soils.
" 142605 general 502708 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia cotinifolia subsp. cotinoides.Trees, evergreen, 13-15(-19) m; trunk to 12(-17) cm thick. Branches spreading, dark red. Leaves 3-whorled; petiole 2-9 cm, less reddish; leaf blade ovate-rounded, 2-6 × 2-4 cm, both surfaces red, base subtruncate, margin entire, apex obtuse; main vein prominent at both surfaces, lateral veins numerous pairs, reticulate before reaching margin. Cyathia numerous, peduncle ca. 2 cm; involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 4 × 2.5-3 mm, lobes 4-6, triangular, pilose on margin; glands 4-6, dark green, rounded, appendages white, lobed. Male flowers numerous, bracts linear. Female flower exserted from involucre; ovary 3-angular, with vertical furrows, conspicuous. Capsule 3-angular-ovoid, ca. 5 × 6 mm, smooth, glabrous. Seeds subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diam., brown, adaxially dark striate; caruncle absent. Fl. and fr. Apr-Nov.
Euphorbia cotinifolia subsp. cotinifolia differs most obviously by the orbiculate, apically rounded leaf blades. It is not cultivated, unlike subsp. cotinoides, which is cultivated throughout the tropics.
" 142646 general 515132 Euphorbiaceae "Excoecaria cochinchinensis var. cochinchinensis.Leaf blade purple or dark red abaxially.
This variety is cultivated for ornamental purposes because of the bi-colored leaves. All parts are used as medicine for measles, parotitis, tonsillitis, and lumbar muscle strain.
" 169205 morphology 497888 Euphorbiaceae "Euphorbia heterophylla. ""In most specimens from our area the upper leaves and bracts are either entirely green, or with whitish blotches at the base, or tinged purplish on the petiole, nerves and margins; Deighton 4505 and Meikle 877 are specimens of the form with red or orange blotches which is sometimes cultivated.""" 169252 morphology 493677 Euphorbiaceae "Jatropha curcas. Commonly cultivated in our area." 169261 morphology 494173 Euphorbiaceae "Jatropha podagrica. Cultivated in our area." 169311 morphology 493705 Euphorbiaceae "Manihot esculenta. ""Very variable in colour of bark, tint of foliage, etc. Cassava, a cultivated food-plant; native of Brazil. (See Appendix, p. 150.)""" 169321 morphology 496440 Euphorbiaceae "Micrococca mercurialis. ""A weed of cultivation, 1/2–2 ft. high, stems simple or branched, pubescent, woody below.""" 169405 morphology 500093 Euphorbiaceae "Tetracarpidium conophorum. Cultivated for its oil-rich fruits. Apparently not indigenous in Sierra Leoné." 68559 general 883164 Fabaceae "Lotus tenuis. ""Much like no. 1 [Lotus corniculatus L.], and not always sharply distinct exomorphically, but less robust and typically in drier, more difficult habitats; lfls mostly linear or lance-linear and 2.5–5+ times as long as wide; fls mostly (1)2–5 together; cal-tube 1.8–2.8 mm; cor 7–10(–12) mm, yellow, drying orange; 2n=12. Native of Europe, widely intr. in U.S., but more common in arid regions. June– Aug. (L. corniculatus var. tenuifolius)""" 109036 general 863356 Fabaceae "Campylotropis.Shrubs or shrublets. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules narrowly triangular or rarely triangular to deltoid-ovate, persistent; stipels nearly always absent, or rarely always present, linear; leaflets entire. Inflorescences axillary, racemose, rarely umbellate or spicate, sometimes terminal panicle composed of several upper racemes with reduced subtending leaves, 1-flowered per bract; bracts persistent or caducous. Pedicels articulate; bracteoles 2, usually caducous before anthesis. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed; lower lobe narrower and longer than upper and lateral ones, upper lobe minutely 2-toothed at apex. Corolla violet to pinkish white or rarely yellow; standard shortly clawed at base; wings auriculate and clawed at base; keel incurved at ca. right angle, acute at apex, auriculate, clawed at base. Stamens monadelphous; vexillary stamen connate to staminal tube for 2/3-4/5 of its length, rarely almost diadelphous. Pistil minutely stipitate; ovary 1-ovuled, superior; style filiform, incurved; stigma terminal, small, ciliate with minute hairs. Legumes compressed, lenticular, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seeds reniform, rim-arillate with ringlike margin around hilum.
About 37 species: mostly in temperate zone of Asia; 32 species (20 endemic) in China.
Because most species tolerate arid soils, they are important for soil conservation. The branchlets can be used as knitting needles. The young shoots and leaves are used as forage for livestock and as green manure. The roots and leaves of some species are used medicinally.
" 110043 general 842012 Fabaceae "Lespedeza.Subshrubs, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Leaves pinnately compound, 3-foliolate; stipule small, subulate or linear, persistent or caducous; stipels absent; leaflets entire. Racemes axillary or flowers fasciculate; bracts persistent, 2-flowered at each bract; bracteoles 2, often persistent; flowers often dimorphic, corollate or not (cleistogamous plants). Calyx campanulate; tube short; lobes 5, upper 2 often connate at base. Corolla exserted; standard oblong or obovate; wings oblong, straight, clawed, auriculate, connivent with keel; keel obtuse and incurved. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9+1), equal. Ovary superior, 1-ovuled; style incurved; stigma terminal. Legume ovoid, obovoid, or ellipsoidal, rarely slightly globose, lenticular, indehiscent, reticulate veined, 1-seeded.
About 60 species: E Asia to India and North America, introduced from Malesia to NE Australia; 25 species (ten endemic) in China.
Because most species can tolerate arid soils, they are good for soil conservation and sand stabilization. They are also used as honey plants and for nitrogen fixation. The young shoots and leaves are used as forage for livestock and as green manure.
" 116984 general 864732 Fabaceae "Ammopiptanthus mongolicus.Evergreen shrubs, 1.5-2 m tall; bark yellowish brown. Stems terete, weakly ridged, gray puberulent at first, glabrescent. Leaves 1- or 3-foliolate; stipules small, triangular, adnate to petiole, silvery tomentose; petiole 4-15 mm; leaflets rhombic-elliptic or broadly elliptic to broadly ovate, 1.5-4 × 0.6-2.4 cm, densely silvery tomentose on both surfaces, lateral veins inconspicuous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse, often mucronate. Flowers 4-15, in short dense terminal racemes; bracts ovate, 5-6 mm, deciduous; pedicels ca. 1 cm, subglabrous, with 2 bracteoles at midpoint. Calyx 5-7 mm. Corolla yellow, ca. 2 cm, petals long clawed. Ovary stipitate, glabrous. Legume linear-oblong, 3-8 × 1-2 cm, flat, apex acute to obtuse; stipe 8-10 mm. Seeds 2-5, orbicular-reniform, ca. 6 mm in diam. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Aug.
Two species have been recognized, but the differences between them are of degree only and do not appear to merit recognition of more than one rather variable species. Many species of arid areas vary considerably in their morphology according to water availability, grazing, and season, and this species appears to be no exception.
" 117176 general 863342 Fabaceae "Lespedeza bicolor.Shrubs, erect, 1-3 m tall, much branched. Branchlets sparsely pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 2-7(-9) cm; leaflets abaxially pale green, adaxially green, ovate, obovate, or ovate-oblong, terminal one 1.5-6 × 1-3.5 cm, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous, base subrounded or broadly cuneate, apex obtuse-rounded or emarginate, mucronate. Racemes axillary, longer than leaves, often branched in large lax panicles; peduncle 4-10 cm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm, densely hairy. Calyx ca. 5 mm, 5-lobed; lobes shorter than tube. Corolla reddish purple, ca. 1 cm; standard obovate, apex emarginate; wings suboblong, short, base auriculate, clawed; keel subequal to standard, base long clawed, apex obtuse. Ovary hairy. Legume obliquely obovoid, slightly flat, ca. 10 × 5 mm, densely pubescent, reticulate veined. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 22*.
The seed oil is used as a lubricant, the leaves as a tea substitute, and the branchlets for making baskets. Because this species tolerates arid soils, it is grown as a windbreak and for sand stabilization and soil conservation.
" 117181 general 864626 Fabaceae "Lespedeza davidii.Shrubs, erect, 1-3 m tall. Branchlets distinctly angular, densely villous. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 1-4 cm, densely hispidulous; leaflets broadly ovate or broadly obovate, terminal one 3.5-7(-13) × 2.5-5(-8) cm, both surfaces densely yellowish white sericeous, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex rounded or emarginate. Racemes axillary or in panicles at apex of branchlets, longer than leaves; peduncle 4-7 cm, densely villous. Calyx ca. 6 mm, 5-lobed, villous; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, more than 2 × as long as tube. Corolla reddish purple; standard obovate-oblong, 1-1.1 cm × ca. 5 mm, auriculate, shortly clawed; wings narrowly oblong, shorter than standard and keel, auriculate, slenderly clawed; keel petals slightly falcate, subequal to standard, distinctly auriculate and clawed. Ovary densely hairy. Legume ovoid, 8-10 mm, somewhat densely sericeous, reticulate veined. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 22*.
Because this species tolerates arid soils, it is used for soil conservation.
Lespedeza merrillii was described from Zhejiang (Lingnan Sci. J. 20: 202. 1942). Its description is based on a single specimen (C. Y. Chiao 14377). Ricker said that this species is nearest to L. davidii but distinguished from it by the sparsely appressed, instead of velvety, pubescence of the stems and longer calyx teeth. One of us (Huang), following Li and Chen (FRPS 41: 140. 1995), retains L. merrillii here in synonymy due to the lack of specimens. Two of us (Ohashi and Nemoto) regard this species as merely a glabrous form of L. davidii.
Shrublets, 0.7-2(-3) m tall. Stems pale yellow to brown, erect, with fibrous stripping. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm, basally connate. Leaves 10-25 cm, basal ones 7-11-foliolate, apical ones 3- or 5-foliolate or sometimes none; leaflet blades linear-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-3 × 0.3-0.6 cm, abaxially pilose, adaxially pubescent to glabrous. Racemes lax, with many flowers; bracts ovate, 1-1.5 mm; peduncle longer than leaves. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Calyx campanulate, 5-6 mm, pubescent; teeth triangular, unequal, abaxial 3 longer than adaxial 2. Corolla purple; standard obovate-orbicular, 1.5-1.9 cm; wings ca. 1/2 as long as standard; keel slightly shorter than standard. Ovary pubescent. Legume divided into 2-4 articles; articles broadly ovoid, 5-6 × 3-4 mm, inflated, densely white lanate. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 16*.
Plants of this species are important in arid regions for dune-fixing.
" 136112 general 876160 Fabaceae "Lespedeza potaninii.Subshrubs, 20-60 cm tall. Stems procumbent or ascending, hispid, much branched at base. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets narrowly oblong, rarely elliptic to broadly elliptic, terminal one 0.8-1.5(-2.2) × 0.3-0.5(-0.7) cm, abaxially grayish white hispid, adaxially glabrous, base slightly oblique, apex obtuse-rounded or emarginate, mucronate. Racemes axillary; peduncle long, distinctly overtopping leaves, laxly flowered. Calyx densely villous, 5-parted; lobes lanceolate, 5-8 mm, apex long acuminate, aristate. Corolla yellowish white, slightly overtopping calyx lobes; standard mixed with purple at middle; wings short; keel mixed with purple at apex. Cleistogamous flowers axillary, sessile or subsessile. Legume obovoid, 3-4 mm, lenticular, densely hispid, enclosed in persistent calyx. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Sep-Oct.
This is a good plant for livestock forage. Because it can tolerate arid soils, it is grown for sand stabilization and soil conservation.
Two of us (Ohashi and Nemoto) regard Lespedeza potaninii as conspecific with L. davurica.
Herbs, perennial. Stems erect or diffuse, branched. Leaves 1-foliolate, rarely pinnately 3-foliolate, stipulate and stipellate; stipules scarious or nearly leathery, free or connate. Racemes axillary or terminal; flowers small, mostly ca. 5 mm, usually binate at each node of rachis; bracts scarious, early deciduous. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes dry, rigid, nearly equal, upper lobe 2-toothed at apex. Corolla not or slightly longer than calyx; standard broad, obovate or nearly orbicular; keel obtuse, adherent to wings. Stamens diadelphous (9+1); anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or nearly so, many ovuled; style linear, incurved; stigma capitate. Legume cylindric, swollen, many jointed, 1-seeded per article, indehiscent.
About 30 species: tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, and tropical America; five species (one endemic, one introduced) in China.
" 110376 general 863547 Fabaceae "Onobrychis.Herbs [or shrublets]. Stipules dry membranous, connate or rarely distinct. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflet blades opposite, margin entire. Racemes axillary, with a long peduncle, with bracts and bracteoles. Calyx campanulate. Corolla purple, pinkish purple, or pale yellow. Stamens diadelphous (9+1); anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, with 1 or 2 ovules; style filiform; stigma capitate. Legume usually with 1 article, subglobose, inflated, indehiscent, with elevated veins, usually prickly.
About 130 species: N Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe; three species (one introduced) in China.
Species of this genus are good fodder plants.
" 110485 general 848330 Fabaceae "Parkinsonia.Shrubs or trees, prickly or not. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; rachis very flattened; pinnae usually 2-4, appearing congested at first sight; stipules small, scaly to spinescent; rachis of pinnae very long and flattened; leaflets reduced, inconspicuous, numerous, opposite or alternate, small. Racemes or cymes axillary; bracts caducous, small. Pedicels long, without bracteoles. Flowers bisexual. Receptacle discoid. Sepals 5, slightly unequal, imbricate or subvalvate, membranous. Petals 5, spreading, slightly unequal, shortly clawed, uppermost broader and long clawed. Stamens 10, free, not exserted; filaments villous at bases; anthers ovoid, versatile, cells opening by lateral slits. Ovary shortly stalked, inserted at bottom of receptacle, glabrous to ± pubescent, many ovuled; style filiform, glabrous or pubescent; stigma truncate, ciliate or glabrous. Legume linear, torulose, not winged, indehiscent, thinly leathery. Seeds oblong; hilum small, near apex, with endosperm; cotyledons flat, fleshy; radicle straight.
About four species: mostly in dry regions of S Africa, tropical America, and Oceania; one species (introduced) in China.
" 117004 general 875276 Fabaceae "Bauhinia brachycarpa.Shrubs, erect or spreading, or small trees, to 5 m tall, dioecious or androdioecious. Branches slender, puberulent when young, glabrous later. Stipules caducous, linear; petiole 1-6 cm; leaf blade suborbicular, 0.8-12 × 1-10 cm, papery or membranous, abaxially puberulent, adaxially glabrous or puberulent, primary veins 5-13, base truncate or shallowly cordate, apex bifid to ca. 1/2, lobes rounded at apex. Inflorescence a raceme, to 50-flowered, sometimes much condensed, terminal; bracts caducous, linear. Flower buds ellipsoid, puberulent. Hypanthium turbinate, short. Calyx open as a spathe into 2 lobes. Petals white, obovate to oblanceolate, 7-8 mm, shortly clawed. Male flowers: fertile stamens 10 in 2 whorls; filaments 5-6 mm; reduced ovary small. Female flowers: reduced stamens 10; ovary hairy, shortly stalked; style stout; stigma peltate. Legume elliptic to oblanceolate, compressed, leathery, puberulent or nearly glabrous, dehiscent. Seeds 2-7, suborbicular, compressed. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
This is a polymorphic species, widely distributed in W China from Xishuangbanna in the south to Gansu in the north. At lower elevations and latitudes, as a small tree in open forests, its leaves can be much larger, but in habitats at higher elevations and latitudes, especially on slopes in dry river valleys, it is a small shrub no more than 30 cm tall, with leaves not exceeding 1 cm in diam.
" 117267 general 866369 Fabaceae "Smithia sensitiva.Herbs, annual, 15-100 cm tall, ascending to decumbent. Stems slender, many branched, glabrous; nodes congested apically on stems. Stipules membranous, dry, glabrous. Leaves 6-20-foliolate, sensitive; rachis 1-3 cm, with small spinelike trichomes; petiolules ca. 1 mm, glabrous; leaflet blades oblong, 4-10 × 1.5-3 mm, thinly papery, secondary veins 5 on each side of midvein, apex obtuse to rounded and with a spinelike mucro. Inflorescences axillary racemes, with 1-6 or more flowers clustered near apex; peduncle short; bracts stipule-shaped, caducous. Flowers 8-10 mm. Pedicel 2-3 mm; bracteoles 2, ovate, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx, adnate to calyx, persistent, margin ciliate. Calyx 5-8 mm, thickly papery, sparsely setose, with parallel veins. Corolla yellow, slightly longer than calyx; standard obovate, ca. 5 mm wide, claw short, apex slightly emarginate; wings oblong, shorter than standard; keels ± as long as wings. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary linear, with numerous ovules. Legume a plicate loment, shortly stipitate, divided into 4-6 articles; articles densely papillate. Seeds not seen. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Sep-Nov. 2n = 38.
This species probably is introduced in some regions of its stated range. It is used for medicinal purposes and fodder.
" 132432 general 876677 Fabaceae "Astragalus heterodontus.Plants 10-25 cm tall. Stems sparsely to loosely covered with very short appressed hairs, soon glabrescent. Leaves 2-4 cm; stipules 2-4 mm, shortly ciliate at margin, lower ones shortly vaginate-connate behind stem, upper ones nearly free; petiole 0.5-2 cm, like rachis loosely covered with appressed white and sometimes also black hairs 0.1-0.25 mm; leaflets in 5-7(or 8) pairs, narrowly elliptic, 5-12 × 3-4 mm, sparsely appressed hairy abaxially, glabrous adaxially, apex obtuse. Racemes densely many flowered; peduncle 2-8 cm, in upper part loosely covered with appressed black hairs; bracts linear, 1-2.5 mm, sparsely black hairy. Calyx 2-3(-4) mm, appressed black hairy, more rarely with some white hairs; teeth unequal, 1-1.5 mm. Petals intensely violet (also in dry state); standard widely elliptic to suborbicular, 5-8 × 4-5 mm, apex rounded to slightly incised; wings 5-7 mm; keel 4-5 mm. Legumes angled-globose, 3-4 mm, rounded at apex without beak, deeply grooved dorsally, 2-locular; valves thin, cross-wrinkled, covered with spreading white and black hairs.
" 132457 general 876643 Fabaceae "Astragalus licentianus.Plants 10-20 cm tall; hairs appressed to ± spreading, thin, long, white, in inflorescence white and black or black. Stems mostly several, 2-5 cm, at base glabrous, in upper part covered with mostly spreading hairs. Leaves 3.5-11 cm; stipules 6-11 mm, long ciliate, basal ones vaginate-connate, leafless; petiole 1.5-3 cm, like rachis spreading hairy; leaflets in 10-16 pairs, ovate to elliptic, 5-10 × 3-6 mm, obtuse, both surfaces appressed gray sericeous. Racemes 1.5-3 cm, densely 8-18-flowered, at fruiting time elongated up to 11 cm; peduncle 4.5-10.5 cm, with white and black hairs; bracts narrowly triangular, 5-8 mm, hairy, often reflexed. Calyx 7-9 mm, rather densely covered with long, appressed to ascending, mostly black hairs; teeth 2.5-4 mm. Petals (in dry state) violet to blue-violet; standard widely elliptic, 13-16.5 × 6-8.5 mm, apex emarginate; wings 15-17 mm; keel 14-16 mm. Ovary with a stipe 3.5-4 mm, densely white or white and blackish hairy; style glabrous; stigma shortly hairy. Legumes (unripe) with a stipe 5-7 mm, more than 10 mm, densely covered with ascending black hairs ca. 0.5 mm.
" 135097 general 866561 Fabaceae "Flemingia involucrata.Shrubs, erect, 0.6-1.2 m tall. Branchlets slightly robust, almost cylindric, sometimes zigzag, usually densely dun villous. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate; stipules 0.5-1.5 cm, dry membranous, brown, deciduous; petiole 5-15 mm, wingless, densely dun villous; petiolules 1-2 mm, hairy; leaflets oblong to lanceolate, 4-8.5 × 1-3.5 cm, papery or almost leathery, glabrous or sometimes sparsely villous, abaxial surface with black glands, lateral veins 8-12 pairs, almost parallel, obviously convex abaxially, base cuneate or slightly oblique, apex shortly acuminate to acute. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, congested into head, 2-3 cm in diam., enclosed by involucre of bracts; bracts many, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2 × ca. 0.5 cm, leathery, whitish villous, apex acuminate. Pedicel extremely short. Calyx 12-15 mm, densely whitish villous; tube extremely short; lobes linear-lanceolate, apex long acuminate. Corolla purple to pale blue, included; standard obovate-elliptic, villous, shortly clawed, with auricles at 2 sides; wings small, obovate-oblong, clawed; keel slightly curved, long clawed. Ovary elliptic, hairy; style glabrous. Legume yellowish green, elliptic. Seed usually 1. Fl. Dec-May.
" 135805 general 875834 Fabaceae "Indigofera calcicola.Shrubs, 30-120 cm tall, many branched, all parts except for old stems with very dense appressed silvery medifixed 2-branched trichomes. Old stems grayish brown; lateral branches short. Stipules ovate, ca. 0.5 mm. Leaves 1-2.5 cm, 5-9-foliolate; petiole and rachis adaxially slightly grooved; petiole 3-7 mm; stipels ca. 0.1 mm, covered with silvery trichomes, usually not visible; petiolules ca. 0.5 mm; leaflet blades opposite, obcordate to obovate, 4-5 × 2.5-3 mm, midvein adaxially impressed, secondary veins not visible, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex rounded to emarginate. Racemes 1-5 cm; peduncle 4-10 mm; bracts ca. 0.8 mm, caducous. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 2 mm; teeth ovate-oblong, as long as tube, margin ciliate. Corolla red; standard elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, ca. 7 mm, outside densely hairy; wings ca. 7 mm, outside hairy; keel ca. 7 mm. Stamens 5-6.5 mm; anthers ovoid, apex mucronate. Ovary hairy; style glabrous. Legume cylindric, 1.5-2.5 cm, with dense appressed grayish white medifixed trichomes, apex mucronate; endocarp purplish red blotched. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
The syntypes of this species, G. Forrest 10350 (K) and 10505 (E), were collected from the Jinsha Jiang dry valley; the type of Indigofera lenticellata, E. H. Wilson 3386 (K), was collected from the Min Jiang dry valley. The two valleys have the same dry climate, but the Jinsha Jiang is hotter than Min Jiang. The two species may prove to be just one species and need to be further researched.
" 136757 general 876284 Fabaceae "Ophrestia pinnata.Vines. Stems twining, herbaceous or almost woody, hirsute. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate, 10-15 cm; stipules lanceolate; petiole 3-6 cm; stipels filiform, ca. 1 mm, deciduous; petiolules 1-2 mm; leaflets oblong or elliptic, 2.5-7(-9) × 1.4-3.8 cm, papery, abaxial surface densely clothed with white coarse hairs, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely clothed with coarse adpressed hairs, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, base rounded, apex obtuse to acuminate, sometimes with mucro. Raceme axillary, 4-10 cm; peduncles 6-10 mm. Flowers small, solitary or paired, ca. 6 mm; bracts filiform, ca. 1 mm, persistent; bracteoles filiform or linear, ca. 1 mm. Calyx membranous, 2.5-3.5 mm, 5-lobed, upper 2 lobes connate to broadly triangular, lower lanceolate, all shorter than tube. Corolla purple to pink; standard pandurate, 5.5-6 mm; wings usually narrowly elliptic, with auricles and stipe; keels oblong, equal to wings, with auricles and stipe. Ovary 2-8-ovuled. Legume oblong, 2.5-4 × 6-8 cm, compressed, apex with short beak, densely hirsute, reflexed after dehiscence. Seeds 2-5, brown or black, suborbicular, compressed, ca. 4.5 mm in diam.; strophiole dry membranous, scalelike. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep.
" 138816 general 876411 Fabaceae "Smithia salsuginea.Herbs, annual, 30-45 cm tall. Stems slender, rarely branched, sparsely setose. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Leaves 2- or 4-foliolate; petiole ca. 1 mm; rachis 1-1.5 cm; leaflet blades oblong-oblanceolate, 1.5-2 × 0.6-0.7 cm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous, apex obtuse. Inflorescences shortly scorpioid cymes, with 5 or 6 flowers; peduncle upward spreading, 3-7 mm; bracts ovate-lanceolate. Bracteoles linear, 1/4-1/3 as long as calyx, membranous. Calyx 1-1.2 cm, membranous, dry, almost glabrous, with reticulate veins, abaxial lip apex acute, adaxial lip longer and apex acute to slightly emarginate. Corolla yellow, ca. 1.5 × as long as calyx. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary with a short stipe. Legume a plicate loment, shortly stipitate, divided into 10-12 articles; articles globose, outside smooth or papillate. Seeds not seen. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct.
" 143632 general 882832 Fabaceae "Astragalus kongrensis.Plants 6-14 cm tall; hairs appressed to ± spreading, long, white, in inflorescence white and black or black. Stems often several, ascending to erect, 3-8 cm, at base 1.5-2 mm thick, branched, often zigzaglike bent, at base glabrous, in upper part loosely to rather densely hairy. Leaves 7-22 cm; stipules 4-15 mm, lower ones amplexicaul, free or behind stem and before petiole connate, upper ones narrowly triangular, sparsely to loosely spreading hairy; petiole 1.5-5 cm, like rachis, loosely to rather densely white hairy; leaflets in 7-15 pairs, elliptic to widely elliptic, 4-15 × 3-10 mm, abaxially loosely to rather densely hairy, at midvein often densely sericeous, adaxially glabrous or sparsely to loosely hairy, apex rounded to retuse. Racemes 1.5-3 cm, densely 6-16-flowered; peduncle 4-12.5 cm, appressed to ± spreading hairy; bracts narrowly triangular, 3-5 mm, loosely hairy. Calyx green, strongly violet suffused or red-brown, 9-12.5 mm, rather densely covered with long, appressed, mostly black hairs; teeth 4-7 mm. Petals (in dry state) violet to blue-violet; standard elliptic, 16-26 × 7-10 mm, apex emarginate; wings 16-20 mm; keel 16.5-19 mm. Ovary stipitate, densely white or white and black hairy; style and stigma glabrous. Legumes unknown.
" 143657 general 900783 Fabaceae "Astragalus tsangpoensis.Plants at least 30 cm tall (basal parts missing), covered with subappressed to ascending hairs 0.3-0.7 mm. Stem branched, glabrous in basal parts, otherwise sparsely to loosely white and black hairy. Leaves 3-7 cm; stipules 3-5 mm, free, sparsely white and black hairy; petiole 0.5-1.5 cm, like rachis loosely to rather densely mostly white hairy; leaflets in 8-11 pairs, elliptic, 4-9 × 1-2.5 mm, abaxially loosely to rather densely subappressed white hairy, adaxially glabrous, apex acute. Racemes 1.5-2.5 cm, loosely 6-10-flowered; peduncle 5-6 cm, hairy like stem; bracts 1.5-2 mm, sparsely white and black hairy. Bracteoles rarely present. Calyx ca. 3 mm, loosely to rather densely covered with white or white and black hairs; teeth ca. 1 mm. Petals (in dry state) whitish yellow or very slightly pale bluish suffused; standard orbicular, ca. 7 × 6 mm, apex widely emarginate; wings ca. 6.5 mm, limbs rounded at apex; keel ca. 5 mm. Ovary sessile, ellipsoid, white hairy. Legumes unknown.
" 143658 general 921051 Fabaceae "Astragalus brachysemia.Plants ca. 25 cm tall. Stems 13-15 cm, rather densely covered with subappressed white hairs 0.1-0.3 mm, soon glabrescent. Leaves 4-7 cm; stipules greenish, narrowly triangular, 3.5-6 mm, very shortly adnate to petiole, otherwise free, sparsely to loosely predominantly black hairy; petiole 0.5-1 cm, like rachis loosely white or white and black hairy; leaflets in 4-6 pairs, narrowly elliptic, 10-20 × 2-5 mm, abaxially loosely covered with appressed white hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, adaxially glabrous, apex subobtuse to obtuse. Racemes cylindric, ca. 5 cm, densely many flowered; peduncle 6-8 cm, hairy like stem, toward raceme increasingly covered with more spreading black hairs; bracts whitish membranous, 2-4 mm, black hairy. Calyx ca. 4 mm, ± densely covered with ascending black hairs ca. 0.5 mm; teeth 1.5-2 mm. Petals violet, in dry state very pale lilac; standard obovate, ca. 6 × 3.5 mm, apex rounded; wings ca. 5 mm; keel ca. 4 mm. Ovary with a stipe ca. 0.5 mm, subglobose, glabrous. Legumes unknown.
" 143662 general 920788 Fabaceae "Astragalus mieheorum.Plants 7-12 cm tall. Stems 1-2 cm, densely covered with ascending to spreading white or black and white hairs 0.5-0.8 mm. Leaves 2-4(-5.5) cm; stipules 3-6 mm, lower ones shortly vaginate-connate behind stem, sparsely predominantly black hairy; petiole 0.5-1 cm, with rachis hairy like stem; leaflets in (3 or)4-6 pairs, narrowly elliptic, 5-14 × 1.5-4.5 mm, abaxially rather densely covered with tangled, ascending, white hairs up to 1 mm, adaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to acute. Racemes 1.5-3 cm, densely many flowered; peduncle 2-4 cm, densely covered with ascending to spreading, tangled, white or black and white or only black hairs up to 1 mm; bracts linear-acute, 4-6 mm, black hairy. Calyx 5-6 mm, ± densely covered with ascending to nearly spreading, tangled, black hairs up to 1 mm; teeth (1.5-)2-3.5 mm. Petals violet, in dry state often pale yellowish brown; standard widely ovate, 8-9.5 × 5-6.5 mm, apex retuse to slightly emarginate; wings 6.5-7(-8) mm, limbs truncate to incised at tip; keel 5.5-6 mm. Legume globose, ca. 4 mm in diam., rounded at apex without beak but with persistent glabrous style, 2-locular; valves densely covered with ascending to spreading, partly straight, partly curly, white and black hairs up to 1 mm.
" 143778 general 912554 Fabaceae "Astragalus muschketowi.Plants 3-10 cm tall, acaulescent to nearly so, covered with only white hairs. Leaves 2-5 cm; stipules 5-8 mm, densely covered with subappressed, subbasifixed to basifixed hairs, at margins ciliate; petiole 1-3 cm, like rachis covered with ± medifixed, appressed to subappressed hairs 0.3-0.5 mm; leaflets mostly 1 or 3, obovate, 6-15 × 3-6 mm, both surfaces rather densely hairy like petiole. Racemes sessile, 2- or 3-flowered; bracts ca. 8 mm, densely covered with subbasifixed to basifixed, subappressed hairs up to 0.8 mm. Calyx 10-11 mm, densely villous with ascending to ± spreading, tangled, subbasifixed to basifixed hairs up to 2 mm; teeth 2-3 mm. Petals in dry state yellow; standard obovate, 22-23 × ca. 7 mm, apex slightly emarginate; wings 19-20 mm; keel ca. 16 mm. Legumes 4-5 mm, 3-4.5 mm high, slightly compressed laterally, abruptly contracted into a beak ca. 1 mm, incompletely 2-locular to nearly 1-locular; valves densely covered with subappressed hairs.
" 165975 morphology 842367 Fabaceae "Cassia sieberiana. ""Pendulous laburnum-like yellow flower-racemes, and black fruits; flowering in dry season, often when leafless""" 166186 morphology 848329 Fabaceae "Parkinsonia aculeata. Planted in native towns throughout the Sudan and elsewhere in dry localities" 172266 ecology 868031 Fabaceae "Acacia ataxacantha. ""Forming thickets, in regrowth and on rocky hills within the forest regions as well as in dry savannah vegetation""" 173900 ecology 888192 Fabaceae "Crotalaria arenaria. In dry savannah or semi-desert." 173906 ecology 884899 Fabaceae "Crotalaria barkae. In dry rocky places." 173995 ecology 850329 Fabaceae "Dalbergia hostilis. In dry woodland." 174491 ecology 874635 Fabaceae "Tephrosia linearis. In dry grassland." 174512 ecology 852473 Fabaceae "Tephrosia purpurea. In dry waste places." 174516 ecology 882412 Fabaceae "Tephrosia uniflora. In dry waste places." 174577 morphology 846641 Fabaceae "Zornia latifolia. Often remaining green throughout the dry season" 68555 general 863390 Fabaceae "Lotus corniculatus. ""Taprooted, usually ± glabrous perennial with prostrate to suberect stems to 6 dm; lvs subsessile, 5-foliolate, the lower pair of lfls evidently removed from the 3 crowded terminal lfls and resembling foliaceous stipules; lfls 5–15 mm, elliptic to oblanceolate, mostly 1.5–2.5 times as long as wide; fls mostly 4–8 together, in long-peduncled, head-like umbels from the upper axils; pedicels 1–3 mm; cal-tube 2.8–3.5 mm; cor mostly 10–16 mm, bright yellow, becoming orange and marked with brick-red; filaments unequal, the 5 longer dilated at the tip; fr 1.5–3.5 cm; 2n=24. Native of Europe, cult. as a forage-crop, and widely established in meadows and disturbed habitats in the U.S., common in our range. June–Aug.""" 109309 general 841867 Fabaceae "Crotalaria.Herbs or shrubs, often short-lived, rarely small trees. Stems terete or angled. Stipules filiform to leaflike or lacking. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, usually petiolate. Inflorescences terminal, leaf-opposed, or occasionally axillary, racemose, occasionally condensed and headlike; bracts usually present. Flowers usually pedicellate; bracteoles 2, rarely lacking. Calyx subcampanulate, with 5 subequal lobes or 2-lipped with 3 narrow abaxial lobes and 2 broader adaxial lobes often connate or partly connate. Corolla usually yellow, less often white, purplish red, or dark purplish blue; standard usually orbicular or oblong, outside glabrous or with trichomes, basally almost always with 2 appendages inside; wings oblong or narrowly elliptic; keel rounded to angled, generally extended into a well-developed beak. Stamens monadelphous, dimorphic, 5 usually shorter with oblong and basifixed anthers alternating with 5 longer with ovoid and dorsifixed anthers. Ovary stipitate or sessile, with or without trichomes, with 2 to many ovules; style long, basally curved or geniculate, almost always with 1 or 2 lines of trichomes on apical part; stigma minute, oblique, rarely 2-lobed. Legume subsessile to long stipitate, oblong, cylindric, ovoid-globose, or rarely rhombic, usually conspicuously inflated, rarely compressed, 2- to many seeded, with or without a stipe. Seeds obliquely cordate to oblong-reniform, with a definite hilar sinus.
About 700 species: throughout tropics and extending into subtropics, most numerous in E and S tropical Africa; 42 species (nine endemic, six introduced) in China.
The indumentum of many species of Crotalaria darkens significantly in herbarium collections and is often variously described as yellow or brown, but in living material it may often be ± colorless rather than as indicated in many descriptions.
Some species of Crotalaria are grown as fiber crops, fodder, and green manure, while others are used medicinally and as ornamentals. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are present in some species, which in livestock can cause acute or more often chronic poisoning known as "crotalism."
Annual or biennial herbs, taprooted, upright. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules entire or nearly so, basally adnate to petiole; leaflets serrulate, lateral veins ending in teeth; stipels absent. Racemes axillary, slender, elongate; flowers numerous; bracts minute; bracteoles absent. Calyx teeth subequal. Corolla yellow or white, petals free from staminal tube, deciduous; standard ovate-oblong; wings narrowly oblong; keel broadly falcate. Stamens diadelphous; filaments capillary. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate; ovules 2-8; style filiform, curved upward, often persistent. Legume obovoid or globose, slightly exserted from calyx, surface reticulate veined or wrinkled. Seeds 1 or 2, broadly ovoid, smooth or papillate.
About 20 species: temperate and subtropical N Africa, Asia, and Europe; four species in China.
These are fragrant herbs grown as green manure, forage crops, or bee plants.
" 117105 general 854019 Fabaceae "Crotalaria juncea.Herbs, erect, 50-100 cm tall. Branches terete, ribbed, appressed silky pubescent. Stipules linear, ca. 2 mm, caducous. Leaves simple; petiole 3-5 mm; leaf blade oblong to linear-lanceolate, 6-12 × 0.5-2 cm, both surfaces pilose but abaxially more densely so, base attenuate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Racemes terminal, 10-20-flowered; bracts linear, 3-4 mm. Pedicel 5-8 mm; bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, shorter than bracts, densely pubescent. Calyx 2-lipped, 1-1.5 cm, parted almost to base, densely rusty pilose; lobes lanceolate, curved. Corolla yellow; standard oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings obovate-oblong, 1.5-2 cm; keel subangular, slightly longer than wings, apex with a long slightly incurved twisted beak exserted beyond calyx. Legume subsessile, cylindric, 2-4 × 1.2-1.7 cm, 10-15-seeded, rusty pubescent. Seeds smooth to papillose around hilum. Fl. Aug-Dec, fr. Jan-May.
Crotalaria juncea is cultivated as a fiber crop ("Sunn Hemp") and as a green manure. It is widely naturalized in Africa, tropical and subtropical America, Asia, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. Its original distribution is probably S Asia.
" 117242 general 848812 Fabaceae "Phaseolus coccineus.Perennial herbs, twining, usually annual crop in temperate zone. Stems pubescent or glabrous. Stipules small, inconspicuous; leaflets ovate or obovate-rhombic, 7.5-12.5 × 7.5-12.5 cm or more, pubescent or glabrous on both surfaces, apex acuminate or slightly obtuse. Racemes longer than leaves, several flowered at top of rachis. Bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, ca. as long as calyx or slightly longer. Calyx broadly campanulate, glabrous or sparsely pilose; teeth shorter than tube, upper lip triangular. Corolla generally scarlet, occasionally white or variegated (red and white), 1.5-2 cm. Legumes falcate-oblong, (5-)16(-30) × ca. 1.5 cm. Seeds deep purple with red spots, black, or red, rarely white, broadly oblong, 1.8-2.5 × 1.2-1.4 cm. Fl. Apr-Jul.
This species is used for food and as an ornamental.
" 129480 general 848802 Fabaceae "Macroptilium lathyroides.Annual or biennial herbs, erect, 0.6-1.5 m tall, sometimes prostrate or twining. Stems densely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, 5-10 mm; petiole 0.5-5 cm; leaflets narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 × 1-3.5 cm, abaxially densely pubescent or sparsely pilose, adaxially glabrous, sometimes slightly lobed, base cuneate, apex acute. Inflorescences with peduncles 15-40 cm, flowers paired in upper part of rachis. Calyx tubular-campanulate; teeth shortly triangular. Corolla purple-red; standard suborbicular, ca. 1.5 cm, with pale claw. Legumes linear, 5.5-10 cm × 2-3 mm, densely pubescent, 18-30-seeded. Seeds brown or with brown and black markings, obliquely oblong, ca. 3 mm.
This species is used as a cover crop.
" 135105 general 876387 Fabaceae "Flemingia procumbens.Herbs, perennial; roots tuberous. Stems prostrate, to 60 cm, densely pubescent. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate; stipules ovate, 4-8 mm, persistent; petiole 1-2 cm, wingless, pubescent; petiolules short, densely hairy; leaflets papery; terminal leaflet oblong or nearly obovate, 1-5 × 0.5-2.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely pubescent or almost glabrous, abaxial surface with dense dark red glands, basal veins 3, lateral veins 3-5 pairs, apex and base rounded or almost so; lateral leaflets obliquely elliptic, slightly smaller. Raceme axillary or terminal, 2-10 cm, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, striate. Flowers ca. 6 mm, clustered; pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, lower one longest, longer than tube. Corolla slightly longer than calyx; standard elliptic, base with claw and auricles at 2 sides; wings narrowly oblong, base with claw and auricle at one side; keels falcate, clawed. Ovary elliptic, sparsely hairy; style linear, glabrous. Legume elliptic, ca. 5 × 4 mm, sparsely shortly villous and black glandular. Fl. Aug-Sep.
Flemingia procumbens is cultivated as a minor root tuber crop in India.
" 136509 general 860347 Fabaceae "Mimosa diplotricha.Subshrubs or perennial herbs. Stems scandent or prostrate, to 5 m, 4-angulate, hirsute, with or without prickles along angles. Leaves 10-15 cm; petiole and rachis with 4 rows of recurved prickles; pinnae (3-)7 or 10 pairs, 2-4.5 cm; leaflets (11-)20-30 pairs per pinna, linear-oblong, 3-5 × 1-2 mm, both surfaces white villous. Heads 1 or 2, axillary, ca. 1 cm in diam. (including filaments); peduncles 5-10 mm. Flowers bisexual. Calyx inconspicuous, ca. 0.4 mm. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, ca. 2.5 mm, 4-lobed, outside slightly pubescent. Stamens 8; filaments pale purple-pink. Ovary ca. 1 mm. Legumes in clusters, slightly curved, oblong, 1.5-3.5 × 0.4-0.5 cm, with or without prickly bristles. Seeds yellow-brown, ca. 3.5 mm. 2n = 26*.
This species is planted as a cover crop.
" 139462 general 876311 Fabaceae "Vigna riukiuensis.Twining herbs, strigose. Stipules peltate, ovate, 4-6 mm, strigose, 5-7-veined; terminal leaflet obovate or elliptic, 2-4 × 1.2-2 cm, sparsely strigose, base cuneate or obtuse, margin entire, apex slightly acute and mucronate; lateral leaflets obliquely ovate, subequal. Racemes axillary, 5-8-flowered; peduncles 3-10 cm. Calyx obconic, ca. 2.5 mm. Corolla yellow; standard orbicular, ca. 1.2 cm wide, apex emarginate, with rectangular callosity at middle, auricles reflexed, incurved; wings obovate, ca. 1 cm, with reflexed appendage at base; keel incurved. Ovary linear, sparsely strigose. Legumes brown with white striations, subcompressed, 3.5-4.5 × ca. 0.4 cm, glabrous. Seeds dull red, elliptic, ca. 3 mm; hilum white.
The authors have not seen any material of this species from China, and it was not mentioned in Fl. Taiwan (ed. 2, 3. 1993). However, Vigna riukiuensis has been recorded from Taiwan (e.g., in Tomooka et al., Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 49: 521-530. 2002). The closely related V. nakashimae (Ohwi) Ohwi & H. Ohashi (J. Jap. Bot. 44: 30. 1969; Phaseolus nakashimae Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 436. 1937), described from Japan, with smaller and more pale yellow flowers, has also been recorded but from mainland China.
" 140155 general 889235 Fabaceae "Lotononis bainesii.Herbs, perennial, prostrate, mat-forming, 0.3-1.8 m wide. Stems slender, decumbent, branching and rooting at nodes, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Stipules ovate, 4-10 mm, one smaller than other, base auriculate, apex acute. Leaves 3-foliolate, apical one larger; petiole 6-7.5 mm; leaflet blades linear-elliptic to lanceolate, 1.5-4 × 0.6-1 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, base cuneate, apex rounded and mucronate. Inflorescences umbellate heads, 8-12-flowered; bracts and bracteoles minute, inconspicuous; peduncle to 25 cm. Flowers sessile. Calyx 3-4 mm. Corolla bright yellow, ca. 1 cm; standard orbicular to oblong, long clawed; wings obliquely ovate to oblong; keel 8-9 mm, incurved and obtuse, longer than standard. Legume linear, 7-12 × 2-3 mm, white villous, with a curved beak. Seeds ca. 1 mm in diam.
Lotononis bainesii is widely grown as a fodder crop. It is particularly suitable for red lateritic soils.
" 143698 general 862708 Fabaceae "Desmanthus pernambucanus.Subshrubs, to 2 m tall. Stem glabrous or slightly puberulent, angulate. Stipules subulate; petiolar gland on lowest pair of pinnae; pinnae 2-6 pairs, 1.2-2.5 cm; leaflets 6-21 pairs per pinna, oblong, 4-6 × ca. 2 mm, ciliate along margin, slightly asymmetric, base truncate, apex acute. Heads axillary, ca. 5 mm in diam., 4-10-flowered; bracteoles ovate, caducous. Flowers white, upper ones bisexual, lower ones male. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm, 5-dentate. Petals 5, narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm. Stamens 10, ca. 5 mm, free. Ovary oblong, ca. 2 mm. Legume reddish brown, straight or slightly curved, linear, 4-11 × 0.2-0.4 cm. Seeds dark brown, rectangular, ca. 3 mm.
In FRPS (39: 20. 1988), the name Desmanthus virgatus (Linnaeus) Willdenow was misapplied to this species.
This species is planted as a cover crop.
Calyx 8-10 mm. Standard obovate, 10-12 mm; wings subequal to keel. Legumes 5-9 cm × 8-11 mm.
This taxon is used medicinally and as edible tubers, a cover crop, and fodder.
" 174067 ecology 857854 Fabaceae "Dolichos dinklagei. On rocky outcrops." 108603 general 841226 Fabaceae "Acacia.Morphological characters and geographic distribution are the same as those of the tribe.
The genus is treated here sensu lato, including the African, American, Asian, and Australian species.
Acacia senegal (Linnaeus) Willdenow and A. nilotica (Linnaeus) Delile were treated in FRPS (39: 28, 30. 1988) but are not treated here because they are only rarely cultivated in China.
Trees, shrubs, or lianas, hermaphroditic, monoecious, andromonoecious, or androdioecious. Leaves simple, bilobed or entire, rarely 2-foliolate with a shared upper pulvinus; primary veins 3-15, midvein ending with a free, small point; stipules caducous. Inflorescences solitary flowers, or many flowers in racemes, panicles, or corymbs; bracts and bracteoles usually small and caducous. Hypanthium cupular, campanulate, or tubular. Calyx closed or open with 5 short or linear teeth at apex in bud, at anthesis spathaceous, or regularly or irregularly split into 2-5 lobes. Petals 5, subequal to strongly differentiated, subsessile or prominently clawed, white, yellowish orange, pink, or purplish red. Stamens 2, 3, 5, or 10; anthers dorsifixed, longitudinally dehiscent. Staminodes present or not. Ovary 1- to many ovuled, sessile or with stalk; stigma small or prominent, variously shaped. Fruit flat, elliptic, oblong, obovoid, or linear, woody or thinly valved, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds few to many; endosperm present or not.
About 300 species: pantropical; 47 species (23 endemic, two introduced) in China.
The key is based on flowering material as there are too many species for which the mature legumes are not known. Bauhinia tianlinensis is known only from fruiting material so could not be included in the key. Legumes of China (Zhu et al., 37, 40, 42, 43, 47. 2007) listed a further five species not included in this manuscript: B. clemensiorum Merrill from Guangxi; B. galpinii N. E. Brown cultivated in Hong Kong; B. godefroyi Gagnepain from Yunnan; B. lakhonensis Gagnepain from Guangxi; and B. strychnoidea Prain ex King from Yunnan.
" 109012 general 841825 Fabaceae "Calliandra.Shrubs or small trees, usually unarmed. Leaves bipinnate, eglandular; stipules often persistent, or sometimes spinescent, rarely absent; pinnae 1 to several pairs; leaflets opposite, small and numerous, or larger and from few pairs to only 1. Heads globose and axillary, or racemes terminal. Flowers (5 or)6-merous, polygamous. Calyx campanulate, toothed. Petals united to middle; middle flowers sometimes heteromorphic with an elongated tubular corolla. Stamens numerous (to 100), red or white, ± united into a tube and long exserted, showy; anthers mostly glandular hairy. Ovary sessile, ovules numerous; style filiform. Legume slightly falcate, strap-shaped, flat, rigidly leathery, often narrowed to base, margin thickened, 2-valved, valves elastically opening from apex to base, continuous inside. Seeds obovoid or orbicular, compressed, testa hard, with pleurogram, without aril.
About 200 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, a few in India, Madagascar, and Myanmar; two species (one introduced) in China.
Calliandra riparia Pittier, native to South America, is not treated here because it is only cultivated in China and not commonly so.
" 109111 general 842791 Fabaceae "Ceratonia.Trees, evergreen, small or medium-sized, with a dense crown. Leaves abruptly pinnate; stipules small or absent; leaflets 2-4 pairs. Flowers small, polygamous or plants dioecious, in short, solitary or fasciculate racemes. Inflorescence lateral on current-year branchlets; bracts and bracteoles caducous, scalelike, minute. Calyx tube turbinate; lobes 5, deciduous, toothlike, short, imbricate. Petals absent. Stamens 5; filaments filiform; anthers ovoid, versatile. Disk within stamens, horizontally spreading. Ovary shortly stalked, at middle of disk; ovules numerous; style very short; stigma peltate. Legume compressed, elongated, thickly leathery, indehiscent, between seeds by pulpy areas continuous with endocarp. Seeds numerous.
One species: native to the Mediterranean region, introduced and cultivated elsewhere including China.
" 109118 general 852193 Fabaceae "Cercis.Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, veins palmate, base cordate to truncate or cuneate, apex acute to attenuate or emarginate; stipules caducous, small, scalelike or membranous. Flowers zygomorphic, bisexual, purplish red, pink, or white, in solitary racemes or subumbellate clusters on branches of current year or older branches or trunks, flowering before or as leaves expand; bracts scalelike, often imbricate, aggregated at base of racemes; bracteoles minute or absent. Calyx shortly campanulate, slightly oblique, apex unequally 5-toothed; teeth broadly triangular. Petals 5, appearing papilionaceous, but with standard smallest and inside other petals. Stamens 10, free, included; filaments often hairy in lower part; anthers dorsifixed, opening lengthwise. Ovary shortly stipitate; ovules 2-10; style filiform; stigma capitate. Legumes compressed, narrowly oblong to broadly linear, usually narrowly winged along ventral suture, indehiscent or dehiscent, both ends acuminate or obtuse. Seeds 2 to many, compressed, suborbicular, without endosperm.
Eleven species: four confined to North America, one in E and S Europe, one in C Asia; five species (all endemic) in China.
Cercis siliquastrum Linnaeus and C. canadensis Linnaeus are sometimes cultivated in China.
" 109774 general 846494 Fabaceae "Haematoxylum.Trees or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate or bipinnate by lower pinnae again divided; stipules spinescent, deciduous; stipels absent. Flowers yellow, small, in axillary, short, sparse racemes. Receptacle short. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes unequal. Stamens 10, free; filaments hairy at bases; anthers uniform, opening by lateral slits. Ovary shortly stalked, 2- or 3-ovuled; style filiform; stigma terminal, capitate. Legume compressed, oblong or lanceolate, membranous, splitting along middle of valves. Seeds transversely oblong, without endosperm; radicles straight.
About three species: S Africa, tropical regions of Central and North America including the West Indies and Mexico; cultivated in tropical Asia; one species (introduced) in China.
" 109981 general 859922 Fabaceae "Lablab.Herbs perennial, twining or suberect. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules basifixed, reflexed, persistent; stipels lanceolate. Racemes axillary, nodes of rachis swollen. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, upper lip entire or emarginate, lower 3-lobed. Corolla purple or white; standard orbicular, reflexed, auriculate at base, with 2 callosities on inner surface; wings broadly ovate; keel incurved at right angle. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Style abruptly upturned, laterally compressed, bearded in upper part; stigma terminal. Legumes obliquely oblong-falcate, compressed, with minute warts along both sutures, shallowly septate between seeds within. Seeds slightly compressed, with white aril.
One species: native to Africa, cultivated throughout the tropics including China.
" 110132 general 846724 Fabaceae "Macroptilium.Erect or climbing herbs. Stipules not produced below point of insertion, strongly striate; stipels similar but smaller; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Racemes long, flowers paired or several at nodes of rachis. Bracts sometimes persistent. Calyx tube narrowly campanulate or cylindric; lobes 5, equal or unequal. Corolla white, purplish, violet, or black; standard reflexed, obovate or orbicular, with 2 small reflexed auricles at base; wings large, much longer than standard, very broad, obovate or suborbicular, erect, 2-auricled below base of limb, long clawed, claw partly adnate to staminal tube; keel twisted, long clawed. Stamens diadelphous; vexillary stamen free, remainder connate; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile, few to many ovuled; style twice ca. 90° incurved, thickened in upper part. Legumes linear, subterete or compressed, straight or falcate. Seeds numerous or few; hilum short.
About 20 species: tropical America; introduced and cultivated elsewhere; two species (both introduced) in China.
" 110245 general 857180 Fabaceae "Millettia.Trees, shrubs, or lianas. Stipules present, persistent or caducous. Leaves imparipinnate; stipels present or absent; leaflet blades opposite or rarely subalternate. Inflorescence a pseudoraceme, unbranched (but branched in Millettia ichthyochtona), rachis with lateral flowering branchlets reduced to knobs or short spur at each node, flowers 2-5 in a clusters or fascicles per node; bracts and bracteoles present. Calyx tube broad, shortly 5-toothed; adaxial 2 teeth ± connate. Corolla standard large, with or without basal calluses. Vexillary stamen free in bud sometimes and becoming adherent to other 9 when mature. Ovary linear; style straight or inflexed. Legume 2-valved, flat, sometimes cylindric or inflated only around ellipsoid seeds, tardily dehiscent, not winged or with 2 wings perpendicular to abaxial or both sutures. Seeds 1 to several per legume, lenticular or globose; funicle fleshy, swelling at adaxial side, surrounding and clasping hilum as a short ringlike aril.
About 100 species: subtropical and tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia; 18 species (six endemic) in China.
Many species are used in China as medicinal drugs, insecticide, or fish poison. A few species are cultivated as ornamentals.
" 110407 general 843964 Fabaceae "Ormosia.Trees or shrubs; buds naked or subtended by stipules. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, imparipinnate, paripinnate, or rarely simple (1-foliolate); stipules usually small or inconspicuous, rarely lacking; leaflets (1-)3-11(-19), opposite, often leathery or thickly papery; stipels usually absent. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose, axillary or terminal. Bracts small, caducous. Calyx campanulate; teeth 5, unequal, upper 2 connate. Corolla white, yellow, lavender, or purple, longer than calyx; petals clawed; standard suborbicular; wings and keel oblique, obovate-oblong, keel petals free. Stamens 10, exserted, free or only slightly basally connate, subequal, incurved; anthers small, versatile, undeveloped or degenerate on a few filaments. Ovary subsessile; ovules 1 to many; style long, filiform, incurved; stigma oblique or terminal. Legumes woody or leathery, 2(or 3)-valved, rarely indehiscent, ovate to oblong or obovate, laterally compressed to nearly cylindric; valves internally septate between seeds or without septae; sutures without wings; calyx persistent or deciduous. Seeds 1 to many, red, scarlet, brown, or black, sometimes 2-toned; hilum seldom over 1/2 length of seed, white; cotyledon often fleshy.
About 130 species: tropical America, SE Asia, N Australia; 37 species (34 endemic) in China.
Ormosia monosperma (Swartz) Urban was reported for Taiwan by F. C. Ho (J. Taiwan Mus. 36(2): 1-5. 1983), but the species is not known as an escape, only as a cultivated ornamental.
The Asian species of Ormosia are in need of a complete revision.
Herbs annual or perennial. Stem often climbing by means of tendrils, terete, glabrous. Leaves paripinnate with rachis terminating in a tendril; stipules leaflike, cordate, larger than leaflets (to 10 cm); leaflets 1-3-paired, ovate to elliptic, margin entire or dentate. Inflorescence a 1- to many flowered raceme. Calyx campanulate; teeth ± leaflike, at least 2 teeth less than 2 × as long as tube. Corolla white or otherwise colored; standard obovate. Stamens diadelphous; staminal tube not oblique at apex; filaments distally slightly dilated. Ovary subsessile; ovules many; style curved inward, distally dilated and margin recurved forming a laterally compressed body, longitudinally grooved, hairy on upper side. Legume long elliptic, inflated, apex acute. Seeds many, spheroid.
Two or three species: Mediterranean region to SW Asia, one species cultivated in temperate regions worldwide, including China.
" 111121 general 849081 Fabaceae "Tamarindus.Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate, alternate; stipules caducous, small; leaflets 10 to numerous paired. Racemes or racemes arranged in panicles at ends of shoots; bracts and bracteoles often caducous, colored, ovate-oblong. Calyx tube narrowly turbinate; segments 4, imbricate. Petals: only upper 3 developed, subequal in length, lower 2 reduced, scalelike, concealed at base of staminal tube. Perfect stamens 3, connate into an ascending, curved tube or sheath from middle downward; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed; staminodes few, minute, at apex of sheath. Ovary stalked, stalk adnate to calyx tube; ovules numerous; style elongated; stigma capitate. Legume narrowly terete, indehiscent; epicarp thin, crustaceous; mesocarp thick and pulpy; endocarp membranous, septate between seeds. Seeds compressed, obliquely oblong or obliquely ovoid-orbicular; cotyledons thick, fleshy; embryo erect.
One species: native to Africa, widely introduced and cultivated in the tropics including China.
" 111313 general 857033 Fabaceae "Wisteria.Lianas, deciduous. Winter buds ovoid; scales 3-5. Stipules present. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflet blades opposite, margin entire; stipels present. Racemes terminal, elongate, pendulous; nodes scattered on rachis, with 1 flower. Flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. Corolla standard orbicular, large, reflexed, glabrous or outside with some trichomes at base, with 2 basal calluses; wings free from keel. Stamens diadelphous; vexillary stamen distinct from other 9 or slightly connate at middle of sheath. Ovary stipitate, with trichomes, with 5-16 ovules. Legume linear to oblanceolate, leathery, convex over seeds. Seeds 1-3[or more] per legume, reniform to lenticular, without a strophiole; radicle folded.
About six species: E Asia, North America; four species (three endemic) in China.
The Japanese species Wisteria floribunda (Willdenow) Candolle is commonly cultivated as a garden plant in China.
" 111449 general 874437 Fabaceae "Falcataria.Trees, unarmed. Leaves bipinnate; stipules caducous; pinnae 6-20 pairs; leaflets numerous, subsessile, opposite. Inflorescence axillary, consisting of 2- or 3-times-branched panicles of few flowered spikes. Flowers homomorphic, sessile. Calyx broadly campanulate or hemispherical, 5(or 6)-toothed. Corolla sericeous; lobes as many as calyx teeth, ca. 1/4 connate into a tube. Stamens numerous. Ovary with an intrastaminal disk around base. Legume straight, broadly linear, plano-compressed, stiffly papery, narrowly winged along ventral suture, late dehiscent through both sutures. Testa hard, with pleurogram.
Three species: Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Maluku Islands), New Guinea, and Pacific islands, one species cultivated in the New World; one species (introduced) in China.
" 116975 general 852007 Fabaceae "Albizia julibrissin.Trees, deciduous, to 16 m tall; crown open. Branchlets angular; branchlet, leaf rachis, and inflorescence tomentose or pubescent. Stipules deciduous, linear-lanceolate, smaller than leaflets; pinnae 4-12 pairs, sometimes to 20 pairs in cultivated species; glands near base of petiole and leaf rachis of uppermost pinnae; leaflets 10-30 pairs, obliquely linear to oblong, 6-12 × 1-4 mm, main vein close to upper margin, base truncate, margin ciliate, apex apiculate. Panicles terminal. Flowers pink. Calyx tubiform, ca. 3 mm, pubescent. Corolla ca. 8 mm; lobes deltoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Filaments pink, ca. 2.5 cm. Legume strap-shaped, flat, 9-15 × 1.5-2.5 cm, glabrous. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 26*.
" 117064 general 857769 Fabaceae "Canavalia gladiata.Herbs, climbing, several meters tall. Leaflets ovate, 8-20 × 8-12 cm, sparsely whitish or brown pubescent on both surfaces, base rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate. Racemes 10-20-flowered; peduncles 20-25 cm. Flowers 2 or 3 clustered at each node. Calyx 15-16 mm, slightly pubescent, upper lip rounded, lower lip with 3 acute teeth. Corolla white or pink, 3-3.5 cm; petals clawed and auriculate; standard broadly elliptic, 3-3.5 × ca. 2.5 cm, emarginate; wings and keel oblong, incurved, smaller than standard. Legumes linear-oblong, slightly curved, 20-35 × 3.5-6 cm, thickly leathery, each valve with extra rib ca. 5 mm from sutural rib. Seeds reddish brown, elliptic-oblong, ca. 3.5 × 2 cm; hilum ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Oct.
Originally cultivated in E Asia and now widely cultivated in the tropics, this plant is not known out of cultivation, except as an escape.
The legumes and seeds are edible. It is also grown as a green manure and forage.
Trees, deciduous, large, to 20 m tall. Bark grayish brown, rough; crown hemispherical. Branches numerous, spreading; branchlets puberulent, with conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 20-60 cm; stipules in lower part conspicuously pinnatipartite, in upper part setiform; petiole 7-12 cm, glabrous to puberulent, sulcate, inflated at base; petiolules short; pinnae opposite, 15-20 pairs, 5-10 cm; leaflets 25 pairs, crowded, opposite, oblong, 4-8 × 3-4 mm, midvein conspicuous, both surfaces silky, base oblique, margin entire, apex obtuse. Corymbose racemes terminal or axillary. Flowers bright red to orange-red, 7-10 cm in diam.; pedicels 4-10 cm. Receptacle discoid or shortly turbinate. Sepals reddish inside, margin greenish yellow. Petals reflexed after anthesis, red, tinged with yellow and white spotted, spatulate, 5-7 × 3.7-4 cm; claw long, ca. 2 mm, slender. Stamens curved upward, red, unequal in length, 3-6 cm; filaments thick, woolly in lower part; anthers red, ca. 5 mm. Ovary ca. 1.3 cm; stigma small. Legume dark reddish brown, blackish brown when mature, slightly curved, 30-60 × 3.5-5 cm, apex with persistent style. Seeds 20-40, yellowish tinged with brown spots, ca. 15 × 7 mm, smooth, hard. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
This species is widely cultivated in botanical gardens and city parks in S China as an ornamental tree. The resin is soluble in water. The wood is light, soft, and springy, with a special grain, and is used for craft materials.
" 117142 general 917534 Fabaceae "Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi.Female flowers 7-8(-9) mm in diam. Legume 30-54 × 4.5-7 cm, glabrous.
This taxon is occasionally cultivated.
" 117146 general 845979 Fabaceae "Gleditsia triacanthos.Trees or small trees, to 45 m tall. Bark grayish black, 1-2 cm thick, with deep cracks and narrow, long ridges. Branchlets deep brown, rough, slightly sulcate, with small, orbicular lenticels. Spines deep brown, slightly flat, robust, often branched, 2.5-10 cm, rarely branchlets unarmed. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate (pinnae 4-14 pairs), 11-22 cm; petiolules ca. 1 mm, pubescent; leaflets 11-18 pairs, abaxially yellowish green, adaxially dark green, shiny, elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 cm × 4-8 mm, papery, abaxially puberulent on midvein, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate or slightly rounded and oblique, margin sparsely undulate-dentate, apex acute, sometimes slightly obtuse. Flowers yellowish green. Pedicels 1-2 mm. Male flowers: 6-7 mm in diam., solitary or several clustered in racemes; inflorescences terminal or often several fascicled in axils of leaves, 5-13 cm, puberulent; receptacle ca. 2 mm; sepals 2 or 3, lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm; petals 3 or 4, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, as sepals puberulent on both surfaces; stamens 6-9. Female flowers: in slender, few-flowered racemes, racemes solitary and ca. as long as male inflorescence; ovary hoary. Legume compressed, strap-shaped, 30-50 cm, falcately curved or irregularly twisted, valves thin and rough, dark brown, pilose. Seeds numerous, compressed, ovoid or elliptic, ca. 8 mm, divided by thick pulp. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Oct-Dec. 2n = 28.
This species is cultivated in temperate regions as an ornamental and used as a wayside tree and hedge. The wood is durable and used for buildings and for props.
" 117160 general 875781 Fabaceae "Indigofera carlesi.Shrubs, to 1.5 m tall. Stems terete but angular when young, with sparse appressed white medifixed symmetrically 2-branched trichomes. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 7-10 mm, caducous. Leaves 7-20 cm, 5-9(-13)-foliolate; petiole and rachis with appressed white medifixed trichomes, glabrescent; petiole 1.5-3.5 cm; rachis adaxially grooved; stipels subulate, 2-4 mm, with appressed white trichomes; petiolules 2-4 mm; leaflet blades opposite or rarely alternate, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2-5 × 1-3 cm, stiffly papery, both surfaces with dense appressed white medifixed trichomes, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, secondary veins 6-10 on each side of midvein, base obtuse to broadly cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes 10-20 cm; peduncle and rachis with sparse appressed medifixed trichomes; peduncle ca. 1.5 cm; rachis striate; bracts ovate, 2-4 mm, caducous. Pedicel 2-4 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-4.5 mm, with appressed white medifixed trichomes; teeth lanceolate, most abaxial one as long as tube. Corolla pink to rose; standard elliptic, 1.3-1.5(-1.8) × 0.7-0.9 cm, apex rounded; wings and keel ca. 1.3 cm, margin ciliate; keel spur ca. 1.5 mm. Stamens 1.3-1.7 cm; anthers ovoid, both ends hairy. Ovary glabrous. Legume brown, cylindric, 4-6 cm, glabrous; endocarp blotched. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Oct.
This species is cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan.
" 117166 general 843867 Fabaceae "Indigofera suffruticosa.Shrubs or shrublets, erect, 0.8-1.5 m tall. Stems grayish green, with appressed medifixed symmetrically 2-branched trichomes. Stipules narrowly triangular, ca. 4 mm. Leaves 5-10 cm, 11-15(-19)-foliolate; petiole and rachis adaxially grooved, with appressed medifixed trichomes; petiole ca. 1.5 cm; leaflet blades oblong to oblanceolate, 1-4 × 0.5-1.5 cm, abaxially pale green and with appressed medifixed trichomes, adaxially green and with dense appressed medifixed trichomes or glabrescent, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute to rarely rounded. Racemes 2-3 cm, densely flowered; peduncle very short or absent; bracts linear, ca. 2 mm, caducous, abaxially with appressed medifixed trichomes. Pedicel reflexed in fruit. Calyx ca. 1.5 mm, outside hairy; teeth broadly triangular, as long as tube. Corolla red; standard obovate, 4-5 mm, outside with dense brown trichomes; keel as long as wings, hairy. Stamens 3-4 mm; anthers globose, glabrous, apex mucronate. Ovary densely hairy. Legume deflexed and upwardly falcate, 1-1.5 cm, hairy; endocarp blotched. Seeds 6-8, brown, shortly cylindric, both ends truncate. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Jun-Oct. 2n = 16, 32.
Indigofera suffruticosa is cultivated as an alternative to I. tinctoria for the production of the dye indigo.
" 117244 general 853944 Fabaceae "Phaseolus vulgaris.Annual herbs, twining or suberect. Stems pubescent or glabrescent when old. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 4 mm; leaflets broadly ovate or obovate-rhombic, lateral ones oblique, 4-16 × 2.5-11 cm, pubescent, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Racemes shorter than leaves, usually several flowered at top of rachis. Bracteoles ovate, usually as long as calyx or slightly longer, persistent. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-4 mm, upper lip emarginate. Corolla white, yellow, violet, or red; standard 9-12 mm wide; wings obovate; keel ca. 1 cm, apex spirally twisted. Ovary pubescent. Legumes linear-oblong, 10-15 × 1-1.5 cm, slightly curved and turgid, glabrous, beaked. Seeds 4-10, white, brown, blue, or variegated, oblong or ensiform, 0.9-2 × 0.3-1.2 cm. Fl. Apr-Jul.
This species is used as a vegetable.
Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alefeld is a variety frequently cultivated in Guangdong.
Trees, 5-20 m tall. Trunk ca. 25 cm d.b.h. Petiolules 7-12 mm; leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, slightly purplish red when young, pendulous, narrowly elliptic, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly obovate, 15-35 × 5-12 cm, subleathery, lateral veins 8-11 pairs, lowest pair often smaller, base cuneate, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse. Inflorescence axillary, larger; rachis hairy or glabrous; involucre caducous, broadly ovate, large, hairy; bracts caducous or late deciduous, ovate, lanceolate, or oblong, 1.5-5 × 0.6-2 cm, lowest one largest, gradually smaller upward, hairy or glabrous; bracteoles equal to bracts in shape but much smaller. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, yellow, base of calyx lobes, disk, stamens, and style becoming red; pedicels shorter than calyx tube, not articulate. Calyx tube 1.5-3 cm; lobes 4(-6), oblong, ciliate. Stamens 8-10 including 1 or 2 often reduced to subulate; filaments exserted; anthers oblong, 3-4 mm. Ovary slightly curved, glabrous or hairy along sutures and stalk. Legume brownish, compressed, 22-30 × 5-7 cm, valves twisted. Seeds 5-9, unequal in shape, shallowly depressed sulcate at middle of both surfaces. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Oct.
This is a fine parasitifer plant, which can be used for breeding lac insects. The bark is used medicinally for relieving rheumatism and menorrhagia. The flowers are large and showy, and the trees are often cultivated ornamentally.
" 117262 general 856299 Fabaceae "Sesbania cannabina.Herbs, annual, 3-3.5 m tall. Stems green or sometimes brown, smooth, with inconspicuous light greenish stripes, slightly glaucous, basally with many adventitious roots; young branches sparsely appressed villous, glabrescent, with white mucilage when broken. Stipules lanceolate, caducous. Leaves 40-60(-80)-foliolate; rachis 15-25 cm, sparsely appressed villous when young, glabrescent, adaxially grooved; petiolules ca. 1 mm, with sparsely appressed trichomes; stipels subulate, subequal to petiolules or shorter, persistent; leaflet blades opposite or subopposite, linear-oblong, 8-20(-40) × 2.5-4(-7) mm, smaller at both ends of rachis than in middle, both surfaces with appressed purplish glands but abaxially denser, abaxially sparsely appressed villous when young but glabrescent, adaxially glabrous, both ends asymmetric, base rounded, apex blunt to truncate and mucronate. Racemes 3-10 cm, 2-6-flowered, lax; peduncle slender, pendulous, sparsely appressed villous; bract linear-lanceolate, caducous. Pedicel slender, pendulous, sparsely appressed villous; bracteoles 2, caducous. Calyx obliquely campanulate, 3-4 mm, glabrous; teeth triangular, with 1-3 appendages between each, inner margin white slender pilose, apex acute. Corolla yellow; standard lamina transversely ovate to suborbicular, 9-10 mm, with a ca. 2 mm claw, base subrounded and with a small pyriform callus, apex retuse to rounded; wings obovate-oblong, ± as long as standard, ca. 3.5 mm wide, with transverse corrugation, base shortly auriculate, middle with dark grayish brown spots; keel broadly triangular-ovate, shorter than wings, as long as wide, with a ca. 4.5 mm claw, apex obtuse. Anthers ovate to oblong. Pistil glabrous; stigma capitate. Legume long terete, slightly curved, 12-22 cm × 2.5-3.5 mm, dehiscent, outside with dark brown stripes, trabeculate between seeds, carpopodium ca. 5 mm, apex acute and with a 5-7(-10) mm beak. Seeds 20-35 per legume, greenish brown, terete, ca. 4 × 2-3 mm, glossy; hilum rounded, slightly oblique to one end. Fl. and fr. Jul-Dec. 2n = 24.
This species is widely cultivated for fibers and often naturalized in Africa, Asia, Australia, Indian Ocean Islands, and Pacific islands.
" 117263 general 856760 Fabaceae "Sesbania grandiflora.Trees, 4-10 m tall, d.b.h. to 25 cm. Branches terete, leaf scars and stipule scars conspicuous. Stipules obliquely lanceolate, to 8 mm, caducous. Leaves 20-40 cm, 20-60-foliolate; rachis terete, densely appressed pubescent when young, glabrescent; petiolules 1-2 mm; stipels acerose; leaflet blades oblong, 2-5 × 0.8-1.6 cm, smaller at both ends of rachis than in middle, both surfaces with or without dense appressed purplish brown glands and appressed villous but glabrescent, secondary veins 7 or 8 on each side of midvein but inconspicuous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to retuse and with a mucro. Racemes 4-7 cm, pendulous, 2-4-flowered; bract and bracteoles ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7-10 mm, caducous, both surfaces appressed pubescent. Flowers 7-10 cm, conspicuously falcately curved in bud. Pedicel 1-2 cm, densely appressed pilose. Calyx green, campanulate, 1.8-2.9 × 1.5-2 cm, sometimes with dots, often sub-bilabiate to subtruncate with adaxial 2 teeth connate, outside glabrous except for teeth apex, inside with appressed hairs. Corolla white, pink, or rosy; standard oblong-obovate to broadly ovate, 5-7.5 × 3.5-5 cm, reflexed at anthesis, callus absent, claw ca. 1.6 cm, base subcordate, apex retuse; wings falcately long ovate, asymmetric, ca. 5 × 2 cm, claw ca. 2 cm, apex obtuse; keel curved, ca. 5 cm, claw ca. 2 cm, limbs with basal abaxial edges connate, apical 1/4-1/3 free, apex obtuse. Stamens ca. 9 mm; anthers linear, 4-5 mm, dorsifixed. Pistil linear, ca. 8 cm, compressed, falcately curved, glabrous; ovary stipitate; stigma slightly turgid. Legume linear, slightly curved, nodding, 20-60 cm × 7-8 mm, ca. 8 mm thick, dehiscent, carpopodium ca. 5 cm, suture angulate at maturity, apex tapering into a 3-4 cm beak. Seeds reddish brown, ellipsoid to subreniform, ca. 6 × 3-4 mm, slightly compressed, turgid, slightly glossy; hilum rounded, retuse. Fl. and fr. Sep-Apr. 2n = 24.
This species is cultivated throughout the tropics. The flowers are large and beautiful, and the species is grown as an ornamental. The young leaves and flowers are edible, and the bark is used medicinally.
" 117302 general 857417 Fabaceae "Wisteria sinensis.Lianas, to 25 m. Stems twined leftward, white villous when young, soon glabrescent. Leaves 7-13-foliolate; rachis 15-25 cm, including petiole 3-5 cm; leaflet blades elliptic-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 5-8 × 2-4 cm with basal pair smallest and becoming larger apically, both surfaces appressed pubescent when young but glabrescent, base rounded to cuneate and somewhat asymmetric, apex attenuate to caudate. Racemes terminal or axillary from branchlets of previous year, 15-30 × 8-10 cm, white villous. Pedicel 2-3 cm, slender. Flowers 2-2.5 cm, fragrant. Calyx with adaxial tooth longer than others. Corolla purple or occasionally white; standard orbicular, sometimes retuse, glabrous, apex truncate. Ovary tomentose, with 6-8 ovules. Legume oblanceolate, 10-15 × 1.5-2 cm, tomentose, hanging on branches persistently. Seeds 1-3 per legume, brown, thickly lenticular, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., shiny. Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Aug. 2n = 16.
This species is cultivated extensively in areas beyond its native range.
" 117303 general 857419 Fabaceae "Wisteria villosa.Lianas. Stems thick, densely gray villous. Leaves 9- or 11-foliolate; rachis 15-32 cm, including petiole 2-5 cm; leaflet blades ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 5-10 × 2.5-3.5 cm, gradually decreasing in size from basal to apical pair, abaxially densely white villous, adaxially sparsely white villous, trichomes persistent on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute to acuminate. Racemes terminal, 30-35 × 8-10 cm. Pedicel 1.5-2.5 cm, straight. Flowers 2.2-2.5 cm, fragrant. Calyx violet, both surfaces tomentose. Corolla violet; standard orbicular, glabrous. Ovary tomentose, with 5 ovules. Legume oblanceolate, 18-24 × ca. 2.5 cm, brown tomentose. Seeds ca. 3 per legume, dark brown, flat and orbicular, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Oct.
This species is cultivated in Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shandong.
" 129481 general 860633 Fabaceae "Macrotyloma uniflorum.Perennial or annual, climbing herbs, to 60 cm tall. Stems clothed with whitish hairs. Stipules lanceolate, 4-8 mm; petiole 0.8-6.8 cm; leaflets 3, thin, ovate-rhomboid, obovate, or elliptic, oblique, 1-8 × 0.7-7.8 cm, glabrous or puberulent or rarely velutinous on both surfaces, base rounded, apex rounded or slightly acute. Flowers (1 or)2 or 3(-5) clustered in axils of leaves; peduncle and rachis of inflorescence 0-1.5 cm; bracts linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx tube ca. 2 mm; lobes triangular-lanceolate, 3-8 mm. Standard yellow or light yellowish green, with a purple spot in middle, obovate-oblong, 6-12 × 4-7 mm; wings and keel light yellowish green. Legumes linear-oblong, 3-5.5 × 0.4-0.8 cm, puberulent or subglabrous. Seeds light or deep reddish brown, oblong or orbicular-reniform, 3-4.2 × 2.8-3.5 mm.
This species is widely cultivated in the tropics as green manure and forage.
" 133432 general 841611 Fabaceae "Cassia javanica.Trees, deciduous, usually more than 10 m tall, sometimes to 30 m. Leaves 15-40 cm; leaflets 5-12 pairs, 2-8 × 1.2-3.3 cm, both surfaces pilose or abaxially pilose, adaxially sparsely puberulent, base slightly asymmetric, apex acute, obtuse, or shortly acuminate. Inflorescences lateral on short side branches or terminal on young leafy shoots. Sepals ovate or broadly lanceolate. Petals deep yellow or pink, 2.5-4.5 × 1-2 cm. Stamens 10, among them 3 abaxial antesepalous with filaments longer than other 7. Ovary pubescent. Legume terete, 30-50 × 0.2-1.5 cm, with annular nodes.
This is a very polymorphic species with a wide distribution from N India through the Indochinese Peninsula and the Malesian region to New Guinea. Altogether, seven subspecies are recognized, two of them in China. Outside of China, Cassia javanica subsp. javanica was described from Java, is widely distributed from Indonesia to the Philippines, and is widely cultivated as an ornamental throughout SE Asia. The other four subspecies are subsp. bartonii (F. M. Bailey) K. Larsen (New Guinea); subsp. microcalyx (H. S. Irwin & Barneby) K. Larsen (Indonesia: Kalimantan and Sumatra); subsp. pubiflora (Merrill) K. Larsen (Philippines); and subsp. renigera (Wallich ex Bentham) K. Larsen (Myanmar).
" 133990 general 860700 Fabaceae "Crotalaria retusa.Herbs, erect, 60-120 cm tall. Branches terete, pubescent. Stipules subulate, ca. 1 mm. Leaves simple; petiole 2-4 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate, 3-8 × 1-3.5 cm, abaxially slightly pubescent, adaxially glabrous, veins distinct on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex retuse. Racemes terminal, 10-20-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 2-3 mm. Pedicel 3-5 mm; bracteoles inserted on apical part of pedicel, filiform, very minute. Calyx 2-lipped, 1-1.2 cm, sparsely pubescent; lobes broadly lanceolate. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular to elliptic, 1-1.5 cm, base with 2 appendages; wings oblong, 1-1.5 cm; keel ± as long as wings, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisted beak exserted beyond calyx. Legume oblong, 3-4 × 1-1.8 cm, 10-20-seeded, glabrous; stipe ca. 2 mm. Fl. Oct-Dec, fr. Jan-Apr.
This species is cultivated in Hunan. It is toxic to livestock.
" 134026 general 868520 Fabaceae "Cyamopsis tetragonoloba.Herbs, 0.6-1.3 m tall. Stems erect, branched, almost glabrous, base woody; branches conspicuously 4-angled. Stipules linear, 5-8(-10) mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 0.8-4 cm; leaflet blades ovate to subrhombic, 3-7 × 1.5-4 cm, abaxially with appressed grayish medifixed trichomes, adaxially sparsely appressed hairy or almost glabrous, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin dentate to crenate, apex obtuse to acute. Racemes 4-10 cm, 6-30-flowered; peduncle 3-5 mm. Calyx 3-4.5 mm, outside hairy; teeth triangular, 2-2.5 mm, but most abaxial one longer than calyx tube. Corolla pink, 4-5.5 mm; standard broadly ovate, claw short, apex obtuse; keel pocketed at side, spur absent. Stamens 2.5-4.5 mm. Ovary glabrous. Legume nearly linear, 4-7 cm × 3-8 mm, erect, longitudinally ridged, with septa between seeds. Seeds 6-12 per legume, black to grayish, surface tuberculate. 2n = 14, 16.
This species is cultivated for the gum from its seeds (guar gum), which is used as a stabilizer in processed food.
" 135239 general 875218 Fabaceae "Gleditsia japonica var. japonica.Female flowers 5-6 mm in diam. Legume 20-35 × 2-4 cm, glabrous.
This species is commonly cultivated in China. The heartwood has a beautiful pink color; the wood is durable and can be used for props, carpentry work, and building. The seeds are used medicinally, and the young leaves are edible.
" 135827 general 875752 Fabaceae "Indigofera howellii.Shrubs, to 3 m tall. Stems brown, terete, with yellowish lenticels, with appressed medifixed symmetrically 2-branched trichomes. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 mm, with appressed brown trichomes. Leaves 9-11 cm, (7 or)9-17(-23)-foliolate; petiole and rachis with sparse appressed white and some brown medifixed trichomes; petiole (0.5-)1-3(-4) cm; rachis terete, adaxially narrowly grooved; stipels minute; petiolules ca. 1 mm, with appressed medifixed trichomes; leaflet blades opposite, elliptic, 0.8-3(-3.5) × 0.3-1.5(-2) cm, thinly papery, both surfaces with appressed white medifixed trichomes, midvein abaxially prominent and adaxially impressed, secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midvein and adaxially obvious, base broadly cuneate, apex rounded to truncate and with a ca. 1 mm mucro. Racemes 10-20 cm, densely flowered; peduncle and rachis hairy; peduncle 1-2 cm; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm, caducous, abaxially with brown trichomes. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, (2-)3-4 mm, outside hairy; tube ca. 2 mm; teeth triangular to lanceolate, ca. 1-2 × as long as tube. Corolla purple; standard obovate to obovate-elliptic, 8-10.5 × 5-6 mm, outside with dense appressed white trichomes, base shortly clawed, apex obtuse; wings 8-10 × ca. 2.5 mm; keel 8-10.5 mm, outside apically hairy. Stamens (6.5-)7-8 mm; anthers ovoid, base with a few trichomes. Ovary glabrous. Fl. May-Sep, fr. unknown.
Most material cultivated in England as Indigofera potaninii (here treated as a synonym of I. szechuensis) belongs instead to I. howellii.
" 136497 general 864392 Fabaceae "Millettia macrostachya.Trees, to 10 m tall. Branchlets dark brown, ridged, glabrous, scattered with fine lenticels. Leaves 7-11(or 13)-foliolate; rachis 30-40 cm, including petiole 8-9 cm; stipels present; leaflet blades broadly oblong to obovate-elliptic, 8-16 × 4-8 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrescent, secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate and slightly asymmetric, apex acute. Pseudoracemes axillary, 35-50 cm, longer than subtending leaf, thick, straight, slightly puberulent; rachis nodes ± whorled with 3-7 flowers clustered on a 2-4 mm spur. Pedicel 4-5 mm, brown puberulent. Flowers ca. 1.8 cm. Calyx ca. 7 mm. Corolla pale red to lilac; standard orbicular, without basal calluses, outside puberulent, base auriculate, apex purple striped. Ovary with trichomes, with numerous ovules. Legume linear, 8-22 × ca. 1.5 cm, leathery, apex beaked; sutures thickened. Seeds 5-8 per legume, olive-green, ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 × 8 mm. Fl. Mar, fr. Jun-Aug.
This species occasionally is cultivated in courtyards.
" 136557 general 914533 Fabaceae "Mucuna pruriens var. utilis.Stems with sparse long fine spreading hairs. Terminal leaflet with length:width ratio only ca. 1.5:1; lateral leaflets often markedly larger than terminal, to 20 cm. Inflorescence with sparse or dense soft adpressed hairs. Calyx with dense long pale hairs. Young legume green, linear but irregularly swollen around seeds, to 2 cm wide in parts, densely covered with silky hairs, with 1 or 2 prominent ribs. Seeds up to 8, white, light yellow-brown, or black, sometimes with streaks or spots; hilum yellowish white, ca. 7 mm. Fl. Oct, fr. Nov.
Mucuna pruriens var. utilis is a cultivated plant very similar to M. pruriens var. pruriens but distinctive in the misshapen silky-hairy legume entirely lacking irritant bristles and the lateral leaflets, which are often much larger than the terminal one.
This taxon is used for food, herbage, and green fertilizer.
Trees, evergreen, small, 5-7(-10) m tall, with long, spreading branches. Young branches, petioles, and rachises of leaves densely yellowish brown velutinous. Leaves 12-30 cm; rachis and petiole without glands; leaflets 8-15(-19) pairs, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-7 × 1-2 cm (lowermost pair usually much smaller and early caducous), abaxially densely yellowish brown velutinous, adaxially glabrous or puberulent, base subrounded and slightly oblique, apex acute, cuspidate. Flowers in terminal panicles or axillary racemes; peduncles and pedicels densely yellowish brown velutinous; bracts caducous, ovate, 4-5 mm. Sepals 5, orange-yellow, unequal: 2 outer smaller, ovate, 5-7 mm, pubescent; 3 inner larger, suborbicular, 8-11 mm in diam. Petals yellow, darkly brownish yellow veined, unequal in size, broadly to narrowly obovate, shortly clawed. Stamens 10, 7 of them fertile, anthers opening by apical pores, staminodes 3, smaller. Ovary linear, ca. 3 cm, recurved; style and stigma inconspicuous. Legume pendulous, black, narrowly cylindric, slightly compressed, 25-35 × 1-1.5 cm, slightly contracted between seeds, annulate-septate, glabrous. Seeds 50-70, suborbicular, ca. 5 mm in diam.
This is a rapidly growing tree, which is usually cultivated ornamentally; the flowers are fragrant.
" 139467 general 868085 Fabaceae "Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis.Twining herbs, 2-4 m. Legumes 30-80(-90) cm, pendulous, slightly fleshy and inflated when young. Seeds 8-12 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug.
Dolichos sesquipedalis was originally described from material of American origin, but this was presumably cultivated material originally introduced from tropical Asia as all related taxa are from the Old World.
This taxon is used as a vegetable.
Lianas. Stems appressed villous, glabrescent and grayish yellow in second year. Leaves 9- or 11(or 13)-foliolate; rachis 13-17 cm, including petiole 3-4 cm; petiolules sparsely hirsute; leaflet blades elliptic to ovate-oblong, 2.5-5 × 1-1.8 cm, both surfaces sparsely hirsute especially on midvein, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse and apiculate. Racemes 10-18 cm. Pedicel 6-12 mm, villous. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm. Calyx with abaxial tooth as long as others. Corolla purple; standard suborbicular, outside sparsely villous, base subcordate, apex emarginate. Ovary tomentose. Legume and seeds not seen.
The status of this species is uncertain, and it may be just a variant of Wisteria sinensis. Collections are known from both cultivated and wild plants, but it is uncertain whether or not the wild plants had escaped from cultivation.
" 139575 general 916871 Fabaceae "Wisteria venusta.Lianas, 2-10 m. Stems densely appressed yellow pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves 9- or 11-foliolate; rachis 18-35 cm, including petiole 3-5 cm; leaflet blades ovate-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 6-10 × 2.5-5 cm with pair at middle of rachis somewhat larger than others, both surfaces appressed pubescent but abaxially more densely so especially on midvein and margin, base truncate to subcordate and asymmetric, apex acute. Racemes terminal, emerged at same time as leaves, ca. 15 × 10 cm, yellow tomentose. Pedicel 2.5-3(-3.5) cm, straight. Flowers ca. 2 cm. Corolla white; standard suborbicular, apex truncate and cuspidate. Ovary with trichomes, with 12 ovules. Legume oblanceolate, flat, yellow tomentose. Seeds brown, round, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep.
This species usually is cultivated as an ornamental in shade.
" 140809 general 860410 Fabaceae "Stylosanthes hamata.Herbs or shrublets, 10-50 cm tall, prostrate or ascending. Stems sparsely pubescent. Stipules sheathing, 4-12 mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole short; petiolules ca. 0.5 mm; leaflet blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 8-14 × 3-5 mm, commonly gla-brous, base cuneate, margin setose, apex acute and mucronate. Inflorescences 1-1.5 cm, with 2-10 clustered flowers, each flower subtended by a rudimentary axis; primary bracts 1-1.2 cm, spreading setose; secondary bracts 2-3.5 × ca. 0.5 mm. Bracteoles ca. 2 mm. Hypanthium 2-2.5 mm. Calyx tube oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Corolla yellow, with red slender stria-tions; standard ca. 4 × 3 mm. Legume quadrate, 2-3.5 × ca. 2 mm, commonly pubescent, with 2 articles, beak 3-3.5 mm and uncinate. Seeds light brown, ellipsoid, ca. 2 × 1 mm. 2n = 20.
No material of this species has been seen by the present authors.
The species is cultivated for fodder.
Trees. Branches numerous; branchlets slender, pubescent. Petiole 3.5-4 cm, brownish pubescent; leaf blade orbicular or suborbicular, 8.5-13 × 9-14 cm, leathery, abaxially puberulent, adaxially glabrous, primary veins 11-13, base cordate or truncate, apex bilobed to 1/4-1/3, lobes rounded or narrowly rounded. Inflorescence racemose, terminal or axillary, or several racemes together forming a panicle, pubescent; bracts and bracteoles triangular, ca. 3 mm. Floral buds fusiform. Hypanthium tubular. Calyx spathe ca. 2.5 cm, with greenish or light reddish ridges. Petals purplish, lanceolate, 5-8 × 2.5-3 cm, shortly clawed. Fertile stamens 5, with 3 longer. Staminodes 2-5, threadlike. Ovary prominently stalked, pubescent. Legume not produced. Fl. Nov-Mar.
This is a hybrid between Bauhinia purpurea and B. variegata. First collected from a garden in Hong Kong, it is now widely cultivated in the tropics as an ornamental tree.
" 143681 general 917677 Fabaceae "Paraderris elliptica.Lianas, 7-10 m, robust. Young branchlets, leaf rachises, petioles, and petiolules densely brown pubescent. Branches glabrous when old, scattered with brown lenticels. Leaves 9-13-foliolate; rachis 20-35 cm, including petiole 4-8 cm; leaflet blades oblong, obovate-oblong, or oblanceolate, 6-15 × 2-4 cm, thickly papery, abaxially greenish white and finely brown sericeous, adaxially glabrous or only pubescent along veins, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex shortly obtusely acuminate. Pseudoracemes axillary, 15-25 cm, rachis densely pubescent; rachis nodes with 3 or 4 flowers fascicled on short branchlets; peduncle 8-12 cm or much longer, densely pubescent. Pedicel 6-8 mm, densely pubescent. Flowers ca. 2 cm. Calyx shallowly cup-shaped, ca. 4 × 6-7 mm, densely sericeous. Corolla pink to whitish, 1.5-1.8 cm; standard suborbicular, 1.2-1.5 cm wide, outside brown pubescent, apex emarginate. Ovary densely pubescent. Legume oblong, 3.5-8 × 1.7-2 cm, compressed, pubescent when young, glabrescent; abaxial suture with a ca. 0.5 mm wide wing, adaxial suture with a ca. 2 mm wide wing. Seeds 1-4 per legume. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun.
This species is cultivated for use as an insecticide.
" 143810 general 905756 Fabaceae "Corethrodendron fruticosum.Shrublets, 30-80 cm tall. Stems caespitose, erect. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm, basally connate. Leaves 8-14 cm, 11-19-foliolate; leaflet blades elliptic to oblong, 1.4-2.2 × 0.3-0.6 cm, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially sparsely pubescent. Racemes lax, with many flowers; bracts triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm; peduncle longer than leaves. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Calyx campanulate, 5-6 mm, pubescent; teeth triangular, ± equal, ca. 1/2 as long as tube. Corolla purple; standard obovate-orbicular, 1.4-2 cm; wings ca. 1/3 as long as standard; keel slightly shorter than standard. Ovary pubescent. Legume divided into 2 or 3 articles; articles ellipsoid, 5-7 × 3-4 mm, inflated, pubescent, prickly or not. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep.
Plants of this species are cultivated for sand-dune stabilization and for fodder.
" 166211 ecology 849080 Fabaceae "Tamarindus indica. ""Commonly cultivated; also in savannah, especially on termite mounds.""" 172315 ecology 856302 Fabaceae "Pentaclethra macrophylla. Often cultivated." 173913 ecology 887664 Fabaceae "Crotalaria comosa. In savannah and cultivated land." 174210 ecology 853992 Fabaceae "Indigofera spicata. A weed of disturbed ground sometimes cultivated." 174216 morphology 843867 Fabaceae "Indigofera suffruticosa. ""Formerly much cultivated, probably not indigenous.""" 174219 morphology 843864 Fabaceae "Indigofera tinctoria. ""Formerly much cultivated, perhaps indigenous.""" 174266 morphology 877606 Fabaceae "Lonchocarpus cyanescens. ""A woody climbing or straggling shrub, in cultivation forming a shrub 7–8 ft. high""" 174475 ecology 880229 Fabaceae "Tephrosia densiflora. ""Amongst rocks by streams, also cultivated.""" 174522 use 854010 Fabaceae "Tephrosia vogelii. Frequently cultivated as a fish-poison." 174556 ecology 866347 Fabaceae "Vigna pubigera. In fallow fields or bush not far from cultivation." 68331 general 991498 Fagaceae "Quercus virginiana. ""Large, evergreen tree (to 20 m), with widely spreading branches that often support Tillandsia, or smaller in difficult habitats and only shrubby (such plants often called var. minima Sarg.); bark furrowed and cross-checked into small plates; lvs firm, flat, narrowly elliptic to oblong, mostly 4–8 × 1–2 cm, blunt, entire, cuneate to obtuse at the base, glabrous above, closely and tightly cinereous with minute stellate hairs beneath (these scarcely distinguishable at 20×, sometimes even at 30x), less obviously veiny than no. 12 [Quercus geminata Small]; acorns solitary or paired, 1.5–2.5 cm, the cup turbinate, 8–15 mm, its scales acute, closely appressed. Dry or moist soil on the coastal plain; se. Va. to Fla., Tex., and ne. Mex.""" 68332 general 992221 Fagaceae "Quercus velutina. ""Tree to 40 m, with very dark, rough bark, the inner bark yellow or orange; lvs glossy, shallowly or deeply lobed, pubescent in the vein-axils beneath, otherwise glabrous or persistently and loosely stellate over the lower surface and along the midvein above, the petioles and twigs of the season commonly thinly hairy; buds 4-angled, densely pubescent, 7–10 mm; acorns 1.5–2 cm, the cup turbinate, covering half the nut, wholly hairy inside, the scales relatively few and large, pubescent, the uppermost loose, prominently projecting and forming a marginal fringe. Usually in dry or sterile upland soil and on dunes; s. Me. to Mich. and se. Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 68333 general 991402 Fagaceae "Quercus stellata. ""Small or large tree with thick, rough, deeply furrowed bark; lvs 9–15 × 5–10 cm, obovate or often cruciform, thick, variable, usually with a few large, rounded lobes, the main pair of lateral lobes usually constricted at base and with truncate to retuse tip, pubescent on both sides with erect, few-branched hairs, those of the upper surface often deciduous just above the base; petioles and twigs persistently pubescent; acorns sessile or nearly so, the cup hemispheric or pyriform, covering half the nut, its scales flat or nearly so; nut ovoid, 1–1.5 cm. Dry upland woods and barrens; se. Mass. and s. N.Y. to O., Ind., and s. Io., s. to Fla. and Tex., common along our s. border.""" 68336 general 994242 Fagaceae "Quercus prinus. ""Tree to 30 m, with thick, deeply furrowed, dark bark; lvs obovate to oblong or even ovate, cuneate to rounded at base, the lower surface green or grayish, thinly pubescent with flatly appressed, spreading, stellate hairs, each margin with 10–15 rather regular, oval, obtuse teeth; acorns 2.5–3.5 cm, the cup hemispheric, 2 cm wide, its comparatively few scales almost completely concrescent, covering a third to half the nut. Dry or moist, upland or rocky woods, chiefly in the Appalachian region and its foothills; Me. to n. Ga., extending to the coast as far s. as Va., and w. to s. Ill. and n. Miss.; disjunct in s. Mich. (Q. montana) The identity of the Linnaean type of Q. prinus is debatable. We here follow current usage.""" 68337 general 991994 Fagaceae "Quercus prinoides. ""Much like no. 9 [Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.] and hybridizing with it, but a colonial shrub 1–3(–5) m; lvs oblong-obovate, 4–10 × 2–6 cm, usually cuneate at base, with 5–8 lateral veins and as many low teeth on each side. Dry, rocky slopes and barrens, often near the coast, preferably in calcareous soil; Mass. to N.C., w. to n. Ind., s. Mich., and Okla.""" 68343 general 993646 Fagaceae "Quercus macrocarpa. ""Low shrub to tall tree, the latter with rough, deeply furrowed bark; lvs large, oblong to obovate, cuneate at base, pale beneath with a close, fine stellate pubescence, with 4–7 pairs of blunt or acute lateral lobes, a pair of sinuses near the middle usually deeper than the others; winter- buds pubescent; fr sessile or stoutly short-peduncled, the cup covering a third to more often two-thirds or even all the nut, pubescent within, the marginal scales acuminate into slender awns forming a terminal fringe; nut depressed-ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 1–4 cm thick. Var. macrocarpa, a tree to 50 m, occurs in moist woods and alluvial flood-plains from N.B. and Que. to Ont. and s. Man., s. to Va., La., and Tex. Var. depressa (Nutt.) Engelm. (Q. mandanensis), a shrub to 5 m, with acorns of minimal size that have a relatively short marginal fringe, occurs on dry uplands and bluffs from w. Minn. and Io. to Sask., Mont., and Wyo.""" 68346 general 992021 Fagaceae "Quercus laevis. ""Tree to 20 m; lvs obovate, on petioles 0.5–1.5 cm, pubescent in the vein-axils beneath, otherwise glabrous, usually cuneate at base, deeply lobed, the lateral lobes elongate, oblong or slightly broadened distally, with 2–3 bristle-tipped teeth at the tip; acorn 2–2.5 cm, the cup turbinate or deeply saucer-shaped, 2–2.5 cm wide, covering half or a third of the nut, the marginal scales abruptly inflexed. Dry, especially sandy soil, chiefly on the coastal plain; se. Va. to Fla. and La. (Q. catesbaei)""" 68419 general 991537 Fagaceae "Quercus imbricaria. ""Medium-sized tree; bark with flat gray ridges and shallow furrows; twigs soon glabrescent; lvs dark green, shining, firm, oblong or lance-oblong, occasionally oblong-obovate, 10–17 × 3.5–7 cm, bristle-tipped, entire, glabrous above, softly and loosely pubescent beneath; a crown of dry tan or brown leaves remaining well into winter and even into early spring; acorn 12–16 mm, the cup 6–8 mm, with relatively few and broad scales. Dry upland soils; e. Pa. to s. Mich., O., and Kans., s. to N.C., Ga., and Ark.""" 68421 general 992815 Fagaceae "Quercus geminata. ""Much like no. 11 [Quercus virginiana Mill.], often smaller; lvs revolute-margined, the upper surface often rounded rather than plane; pubescence of the lower lf-surface coarse and looser, the individual stellae readily visible at 20×, often even at 10×; main veins impressed on the upper lf-surface, elevated on the lower; acorns commonly paired. Dry or moist soil on the coastal plain; se. Va. to Fla. and Miss. (Q. virginiana var. maritima, the dwarf phase)""" 68422 general 991632 Fagaceae "Quercus falcata. ""Large tree, to 30 m; bark dark, thick, the rough ridges separated by deep, narrow furrows; twigs of the season persistently pubescent; lvs highly variable, commonly with 1–4 pairs of lateral lobes, these and especially the terminal lobe elongate, 2–5 times as long as wide, the lateral ones rather narrowly triangular and long-tapering, the terminal one more oblong and tending to be somewhat falcate; lvs persistently cinereous-tomentose beneath and on the long (2–5 cm) petiole; acorns 1–1.5 cm, about a third covered by the deeply saucer-shaped cup. Dry or sandy soil in the e., more often in wet soil in the w.; N.J. and sw. Pa. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly on the coastal plain, n. in the interior to O., Ind., and Mo. (Q. rubra, misapplied; Q. triloba)""" 68423 general 992578 Fagaceae "Quercus ellipsoidalis. ""Middle-sized tree; twigs soon glabrescent; lvs glabrous except for small tufts of stellate hairs in the vein-axils beneath; lateral lobes 2–3 pairs, separated by rounded sinuses, usually extending more than half way to the midvein, usually widened and several- toothed distally; acorn-cup turbinate, 9–14 mm wide, smooth inside, with closely appressed, puberulent scales, covering a third of the 12–20 mm nut. Dry upland soil; s. Mich. and adj. O. to Minn. and sw. Ont. and Mo. Possibly better included in no. 29 [Quercus coccinea Münchh].""" 68424 general 992153 Fagaceae "Quercus cinerea. ""Small tree, to 15 m; twigs of the season cinereous- tomentulose; lvs with a dull blue-green cast, especially beneath, firm, elliptic to oblong or narrowly obovate-oblong, 5–10 × 1–3 cm, obtuse or rounded and bristle-tipped, entire, broadly cuneate to rounded at base, permanently cinereous-tomentulose beneath with minute, stellate hairs; veinlets of the upper lf- surface minutely depressed; acorn 1–1.5 cm, the cup saucer-shaped, covering a third of the nut, its scales ovate-oblong, obtuse. Dunes and dry pine barrens; se. Va. to Fla. and Tex., mostly on the coastal plain, and n. to Okla. (? Q. incana W. Bartram, perhaps misapplied)""" 70116 general 995300 Fagaceae "Castanea pumila. ""Shrub 2–5 m, often colonial, or occasionally a small tree; lvs lance-oblong to oblong-obovate, to 15 cm, or longer on rapidly growing shoots, sharply serrate with ascending or salient teeth to merely bristle-toothed, gray-tomentose beneath; staminate spikes to 15 cm; involucres 2–3.5 cm thick, usually several or many in a large, compact head or spike, the nuts solitary, ovoid, terete, 1–1.5 cm. Dry or moist acid soil; s. N.J. to Ky. and Ark., s. to Fla. and Tex. Ours is var. pumila. C. ×neglecta Dode is a hybrid with no. 1 [Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh.].""" 113057 general 990369 Fagaceae "Lithocarpus amygdalifolius.Trees to 30 m tall; young shoots and young leaf blades abaxially densely covered with tawny crisp hairs, glabrescent. Petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 8-15 × 2.5-4 cm, ca. 20 × 9 cm on young shoots, thickly leathery, abaxially often oily when young and dry, grayish and covered with waxy scalelike trichomes in mature leaf blades, base cuneate, margin entire or rarely undulate near apex to obtusely undulate-dentate, apex narrowly acuminate to acute; secondary veins 10-16 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially not visible or obscure. Male inflorescencess solitary or in a panicle; rachis densely pubescent. Female inflorescence with cupules in clusters of ca. 3, sometimes solitary. Infructescences 3-5 cm; rachis 2-4 mm thick. Cupule subglobose, 2-2.5 cm in diam., smooth, completely enclosing nut, wall 1-2 mm thick; bracts usually fused with cupule into intercepted concentric rings, triangular to multilateral. Nut subglobose 1.8-2 cm in diam., puberulent at apex, wall 1.5-2 mm and slightly thicker than wall of cupule; scar covering more than 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. Mar-Sep, fr. Aug-Dec of following year.
" 127581 general 996218 Fagaceae "Castanopsis hupehensis.Trees 10-20 m tall; 1st-year branchlets and bud scales glabrous. Petiole 3-7(-10) mm; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong, sometimes obovate-elliptic to oblanceolate, 6-11 × 1.5-3.5 cm, subleathery, abaxially brownish when young and dry but grayish with age and with tight layers of scalelike trichomes, base broadly cuneate and often slightly oblique, margin serrate from middle to apex or entire, apex acuminate to abruptly narrowly caudate; midvein adaxially slightly impressed; secondary veins 10-13 on each side of midvein. Rachis of inflorescences glabrous, without waxy scalelike trichomes. Infructescence rachis 1.5-3 mm thick. Cupule ellipsoid to subglobose when mature, 2-2.2 cm in diam., outside grayish to yellowish brown puberulent, basally often shortly stalked, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, 4-6 mm, few of them connate into bundles, others transversely united to 4 or 5 cristate rings. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, glabrescent; scar basal, 9-12 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Jun-Nov of following year.
" 128340 general 990558 Fagaceae "Lithocarpus craibianus.Trees to 20 m tall; young branchlets, leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of female inflorescences covered with tawny to grayish, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole 1-2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 12-19 × 4-7 cm, leathery, adaxially oily when young and dry, base acute to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins 8-12 on each side of midvein, adaxially impressed; tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous to very slender. Male inflorescences axillary or rarely paniculate, to 15 cm. Female or androgynous inflorescences to 30 cm; cupules in clusters of 5-7. Cupule globose to slightly depressed, 1.5-2 cm in diam., completely enclosing nut, apically with a short, convex nipple, wall 0.5-1 mm thick; bracts imbricate, triangular, subulate, appressed, with tawny, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Nut subglobose, 1.3-1.8 cm, 1.3-1.8 cm in diam., sparsely covered with appressed minute hairs especially at apex, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut, convex. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Aug-Sep of following year.
Possibly conspecific with the Vietnamese Lithocarpus ollus (Kurz) A. Camus, which name has priority but is based on a fruiting specimen only. More material is needed to confirm this synonymy.
" 109071 general 995976 Fagaceae "Castanea.Trees or rarely shrubs, deciduous. Bark furrowed. Axillary buds of most apical leaves in false-terminal buds, usually enclosed by 2 outer scales, imbricate within. Leaves spirally arranged but twisted and appearing 2-ranked; secondary veins ± parallel. Male inflorescences erect catkins; flowers in clusters of 1-3(-5) with each cluster subtended by a bract; perianth 6-parted; stamens 10-12(-20); rudimentary pistil pubescent. Female flowers borne on proximal part of androgynous inflorescences, rarely on a separate inflorescence, usually 3 and subtended by 1 symmetric cupule; ovary 6-9-loculed; styles 6-9; stigmas terminal, minutely punctiform. Cupules splitting into 2-4 valves; bracts spinelike. Nuts 1-3 per cupule. Germination hypogeal.
About 12 species: Asia, Europe, North America; four species (two endemic, one introduced) in China.
Most species are cultivated for edible nuts and durable wood.
Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets with short pubescence, often also with long spreading hairs. Petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 10-17 cm or rarely shorter, at least along veins abaxially tomentose to softly pubescent, adaxially scalelike glands sometimes absent, base rounded to truncate, margin coarsely serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Male inflorescences 10-20 cm. Cupule densely covered with pubescent spinelike bracts. Nuts usually 2 or 3 per cupule, 2-3 cm in diam. or rarely narrower. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Oct.
Extensively cultivated for its edible nuts. Most collections are impossible to determine if they are cultivated, escaped, or native.
" 113030 general 996007 Fagaceae "Castanea seguinii.Trees or shrubs small, rarely to 12 m tall. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 0.7-1.5 cm, deciduous in fruit. Petiole 0.5-1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-obovate to elliptic-oblong, 6-14 cm, abaxially covered with yellowish brown or grayish, scalelike glands and sparsely hairy along veins when young, base rounded to sometimes subcordate but cuneate when young, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Male inflorescences 5-12 cm. Female flowers solitary or few per cupule. Cupule 3-5 cm in diam., covered with sparsely pilose spinelike bracts 6-10 mm. Nuts 2 or 3 or rarely more per cupule, 1.5-2 cm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Sep-Nov.
Cultivated for its edible nuts but not as extensively as Castanea mollissima.
" 127741 general 995365 Fagaceae "Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia.Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets glabrous, lenticellate; lenticels grayish brown, oblong, convex. Petiole 1-2.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 6-11 × 1.8-4 cm, abaxially whitish farinose but dark gray when dry, adaxially green and glabrous, base cuneate to subrounded, margin apical 1/2 serrulate, apex acuminate to shortly caudate; secondary veins 9-14 on each side of midvein, usually almost reaching margin but not fusing; tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous. Female inflorescences 1.5-3 cm. Cupule cupular, 5-8 mm × 1-1.8 cm, enclosing 1/3-1/2 of nut, outside whitish pubescent, inside glabrous, wall less than 1 mm thick; bracts in 6-9 rings, margin entire. Nut ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.4-2.5 × 1-1.5 cm, glabrous, apex rounded; scar ca. 6 mm in diam., flat; stylopodium conspicuous, 5- or 6-ringed. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct.
The occurrence of Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia in Taiwan as a native, rather than an introduced and cultivated species, is uncertain.
" 108426 general 33083 Flacourtiaceae "Flacourtiaceae.Trees or shrubs, hermaphroditic, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, evergreen or deciduous; trunk, branches, and branchlets sometimes spiny; hairs simple, rarely T-shaped or stellate. Leaves simple, usually alternate, rarely opposite or verticillate, sometimes crowded at apices of branches; stipules usually small and caducous, sometimes larger, leaflike and persistent, rarely absent; petiole generally present, sometimes with apex 2-glandular and/or with additional glands along petiole length; leaf blade usually pinnate-veined, sometimes 3-5-veined from base or palmate-veined, with or without pellucid dots or lines, sometimes with a pair of glands at junction of blade and petiole, margin entire or toothed, teeth glandular or not. Inflorescences axillary, terminal, or cauliflorous, of various forms: racemose, spicate, cymose, corymbose, or paniculate, sometimes flowers fasciculate, or solitary; pedicels often articulate; bracts and bracteoles usually small to minute. Flowers radially symmetric, bisexual or unisexual, hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous; perianth cyclic, rarely spiral, in unisexual flowers remnants of opposite sex present or absent. Sepals imbricate or valvate, rarely spathaceous, mostly (2 or)3-6, rarely more, usually free or connate at base only, sometimes partly united into a tube, caducous or persistent, rarely accrescent. Petals 3-8, rarely more, often isomerous and alternating with sepals, free, imbricate or valvate, rarely contorted, similar to sepals or not, sometimes with a fleshy adaxial basal scale, or petals absent. Disk present, entire, lobed, or comprised of free or connate disk glands, these extrastaminal, interstaminal, or intrastaminal (bisexual or staminate flowers), or extragynoecial (pistillate flowers), or disk absent. Stamens 1 to many (ca. 100), 1- or many seriate, sometimes in epipetalous bundles, or on margin of cupular disk or rim of calyx tube; filaments free, rarely united into a column; anthers 2-thecate, usually longitudinally dehiscent, rarely opening by terminal pores, connective sometimes shortly projected or glandular. Ovary superior or semi-inferior, 1-loculed, with 2-9 parietal placentas, rarely incompletely 2-9(or more)-celled by placentas protruding deeply into locule; ovules 2 or more on each placenta, orthotropous, anatropous, or hemi-anatropous; styles isomerous with placentas, free or partly to completely united, rarely absent, stigmas small or large, capitate to flattened and branched. Fruit capsular or baccate, rarely a drupe, pericarp mostly smooth, sometimes winged or bristly. Seeds 1 to many, with or without a fleshy sometimes brightly colored sarcotesta and/or aril, sometimes with long hairs, or broadly winged; endosperm usually copious and fleshy; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons usually broad, often cordate.
About 87 genera and ca. 900 species: mostly in tropical and subtropical regions, some extending into the temperate zone; 12 genera (one endemic) and 39 species (nine endemic) in China; four additional species (all endemic) are poorly known (see Homalium).
Ahernia glandulosa Merrill (Philipp. J. Sci. 4: 295. 1909), described from the Philippines, reportedly occurs in Hainan, but the present authors have seen no specimens from the Flora area. Flacourtia cavaleriei H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 457. 1911) and Xylosma dunniana H. Léveillé (loc. cit.: 455) were both described from Guizhou. After studying specimens at K from the type gathering (Cavalerie 3327 and Cavalerie 1151, respectively), it is not clear where they belong, and for the time being they must be regarded as species incertae sedis. Erythrospermum hypoleucum Oliver is the basionym of Celastrus hypoleucus (Oliver) Warburg ex Loesener in the Celastraceae (see Fl. China 11). Oncoba spinosa Forsskal and Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warburg are occasionally cultivated.
In some treatments, w
Herbs, annual or perennial [rarely shrublets or shrubs]. Stipules present. Leaves alternate or opposite, palmately or pinnately divided, petiolate. Flowers in cymes, pseudoumbels, rarely flowers solitary, usually bisexual, actinomorphic, or ± zygomorphic. Sepals 5, usually distinct, imbricate. Petals usually 5, distinct. Fertile stamens 5 or 10, usually in 2 whorls, sometimes a whorl reduced to staminodes; filaments basally connate or distinct; anthers 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior; carpels 5, connate; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a schizocarp with 5 1-seeded awned mericarps which separate elastically from a central beak. Seeds usually with little or no endosperm; embryo folded.
Six genera and ca. 780 species: widely distributed in temperate, subtropic, and tropical mountains; two genera and 54 species (18 endemic, three introduced) in China.
Pelargonium, including P. ×domesticum Bailey, P. ×graveolens L’Héritier, P. ×hortorum Bailey, P. peltatum (Linnaeus) L’Héritier, P. radens H. E. Moore (P. radula (Cavanilles) L’Héritier), and P. zonale (Linnaeus) L’Héritier, treated in FRPS (43(1): 83-86. 1998), are only cultivated as garden and potted plants in China and so are not treated here.
Xu Langran, Huang Chengchiu & Huang Baoxian. 1998. Geraniaceae (excluding Biebersteinia). In: Xu Langran & Huang Chengchiu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(1): 18-89.
Perennials. Rootstock 5-6 mm in diam., not tuberculate, with many fibrous roots. Stem 48-100 cm tall, trailing, rooting at nodes, with 0.3-1.3 mm patent nonglandular trichomes and 0.5-1.1 mm patent glandular trichomes. Stipules lanceolate, distinct. Leaves opposite; petiole with 0.2-1 mm patent nonglandular trichomes and 0.2-1.4 mm patent glandular trichomes; leaf blade 3.9-5.3 cm, palmately cleft, ratio of main sinus/middle segment length = 0.72-0.78, pilose with appressed nonglandular trichomes and ± patent glandular trichomes; segments 3(or 5), rhombic, 8.6-10.7 mm wide at base, 5-13-lobed in distal half, ratio of second sinus/middle segment length = 0.15-0.21. Cymules solitary, 2-flowered; peduncle 2.1-15.3 cm. Pedicel 0.8-1.7 cm, with 0.2-0.6 mm patent nonglandular trichomes and 0.3-1.2 mm patent glandular trichomes; bracteoles lanceolate. Sepals 0.8-1.2 cm, mucro 1.6-2.7 mm, ratio of mucro/sepal length = 0.18-0.22, outside with 0.2-0.8 mm antrorse to patent nonglandular trichomes and 0.5-1.6 mm ± patent glandular trichomes, inside glabrous. Petals whitish with fine dark purple veins, 1.2-1.4(-1.6) cm, erect to patent, outside basally with trichomes, margin basally ciliate, apex rounded. Staminal filaments blackish except base, lanceolate, abaxially densely covered with 0.2-0.8 mm trichomes but glabrous toward tip; anthers black, 2.1-2.5 mm. Nectaries 5, hemispheric, abaxially glabrous, apex with a tuft of trichomes. Stigma blackish. Fruit ca. 3.2 cm, erect when immature; mericarps smooth, with a basal callus, with 0.3-1 mm ± patent nonglandular trichomes and 0.6-1.5 mm patent glandular trichomes; rostrum 2.1-2.2 cm, with a 4-5 mm narrowed apex; stigmatic remains 5.9-6.2 mm. Seeds unknown. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct.
This species has leaf blades mostly with 3 segments, although some cultivated specimens could have basal leaves with 5 segments. According to Yeo (Hardy Geraniums, 92. 2002), Geranium christensenianum has been found in Sichuan (Longzhou Shan) and from this source is cultivated in United States and United Kingdom.
" 135219 general 977794 Geraniaceae "Geranium soboliferum.Perennials. Rootstock ± vertical, 8-9 mm in diam., not tuberculate, with a fascicle of long thickened roots. Stem 49-89 cm tall, erect, not rooting at nodes, with 0.2-0.5 mm retrorse appressed nonglandular trichomes. Stipules lanceolate, connate at least at base. Leaves opposite; petiole with 0.2-0.5 mm retrorse appressed nonglandular trichomes; leaf blade 4.1-9.5 cm, palmately cleft, ratio of main sinus/middle segment length = 0.89-0.96, pilose with appressed nonglandular trichomes; segments 5, rhombic, 1.6-4.4 mm wide at base, 8-18-lobed in distal half, ratio of second sinus/middle segment length = 0.3-0.58. Cymules solitary, 2-flowered; peduncle 4.7-10.4(-13.7) cm. Pedicel 1.1-4.1 cm, with 0.2-0.6 mm retrorse appressed or rarely patent nonglandular trichomes; bracteoles lanceolate. Sepals 7.3-10.8 mm, mucro 1.2-2.5 mm, ratio of mucro/sepal length = 0.13-0.26, outside with 0.2-0.4 mm antrorse appressed nonglandular trichomes, inside glabrous. Petals deep reddish purple, (1.3-)1.4-1.8(-2) cm, erect to patent, outside basally with trichomes, inside basal 1/3-1/2 with trichomes, margin basally ciliate, apex rounded. Staminal filaments purplish, lanceolate, base slightly dilated, abaxially pilose and proximal half ciliate, trichomes 0.2-0.6 mm; anthers bluish, 1.5-2.3 mm. Nectaries 5, hemispheric, with a tuft of trichomes at apex, abaxially glabrous. Stigma reddish. Fruit 2.8-3.5 cm, erect when immature; mericarps smooth, with a basal callus, with 0.1-0.7 mm ± patent nonglandular trichomes and sometimes apically with 0.7-1.1 mm patent glandular trichomes; rostrum 1.8-2.3 cm, with a 1.9-3.4 mm narrowed apex; stigmatic remains 5-6.7 mm. Seeds 2.3-2.6 mm. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 28.
The name of Geranium soboliferum refers to its ability to produce soboles, that are underground stolons. Yeo (Hardy Geraniums, 108. 2002) cultivated this species and stated that this feature was not present in these plants. Among the studied material no trace of soboles was found. The stipules are usually longer than in G. dahuricum.
" 135221 general 978453 Geraniaceae "Geranium suzukii.Perennials. Rootstock ± horizontal, 2-3 mm in diam., not tuberculate, without thickened roots. Stem 18-45 cm tall, trailing, rooting at nodes, with 0.2-0.5 mm retrorse ± appressed nonglandular trichomes. Stipules linear-lanceolate, distinct. Leaves opposite; petiole with 0.2-0.4 mm retrorse ± appressed nonglandular trichomes; leaf blade 1.1-3.3 cm, palmately cleft, ratio of main sinus/middle segment length = 0.74-0.84, pilose with appressed nonglandular trichomes; segments 5, obtriangular, 1.4-4.6 mm wide at base, 3(-5)-lobed in distal half, ratio of second sinus/middle segment length = 0.13-0.3. Cymules solitary, 1-flowered; peduncle 2.5-7.2 cm. Pedicel 1.1-3.6 cm, with 0.1-0.4 mm retrorse ± appressed nonglandular trichomes; bracteoles linear-lanceolate. Sepals 4.1-6.4 mm, mucro 0.9-1.8 mm, ratio of mucro/sepal length = 0.14-0.43, outside with 0.1-0.9 mm antrorse appressed nonglandular trichomes and scattered 0.5-1.3 mm patent glandular trichomes, inside ± with trichomes. Petals white or pale pink with purplish veins, (5.2-)7.2-8.4(-12.7) mm, erect to patent, basally both surfaces and margin with few trichomes, apex rounded. Staminal filaments white, lanceolate with an abruptly narrowed apex, abaxially pilose and proximal half ciliate, trichomes 0.1-0.3 mm; anthers violet, 0.5-1 mm. Nectaries 5, hemispheric, glabrous. Stigma greenish. Fruit 1.7-2 cm, erect when immature; mericarps smooth, with a basal callus, with 0.2-0.6 mm ± patent nonglandular trichomes; rostrum 1.2-1.6 cm, with a 0.5-1.5 mm narrowed apex; stigmatic remains 0.4-1.9 mm. Seeds 1.8-2 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
According to some authors, this species is related to Geranium nepalense and G. sibiricum, from which it differs by the leaf and petal characters mentioned in the key. Geranium suzukii is a trailing herb, constantly rooting at the nodes. It usually has glandular trichomes restricted to the sepals and sometimes to the fruit. The petals are white or pale pink, not yellow as some authors have mentioned. This was stated in the protologue and has been observed in cultivated specimens.
" 108431 general 33099 Gesneriaceae "Gesneriaceae.Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, whorled or basal, rosette forming; exstipulate; usually simple, rarely shallowly to deeply lobed, pinnately or rarely palmately veined. Inflorescences usually cymes, rarely racemes, axillary, often near apex and appearing terminal; usually pedunculate. Flowers perfect, zygomorphic, seldom actinomorphic. Calyx actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; usually (4 or)5-divided. Corolla gamopetalous, zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic; usually 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2 or 4, then often didynamous, rarely 5, epipetalous; anthers free or coherent, thecae 2, parallel, divergent, or divaricate; staminodes 1-3 or absent. Disc ringlike to cupular, rarely absent. Ovary superior in all Old World taxa [half inferior, or inferior], 1-loculed; gynophore seldom present; placentas (1 or)2, parietal, rarely 2-loculed, placenta 1 per locule and axile; ovules numerous, anatropous. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit usually capsular, loculicidal, septicidal, or circumscissile, rarely a berry, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, fusiform to ellipsoid or ovoid, minute, sometimes with appendages at 1 or both ends, with or without endosperm; embryo straight, cotyledons equal or unequal after germination.
About 133 genera and 3000 species: Africa, Central and South America, E and S Asia, S Europe, Oceania; 56 genera (25 endemic) and 442 species (354 endemic) in China.
A few foreign well-known ornamental species are cultivated in China, including the florist's gloxinia, Sinningia speciosa (Loddiges) Hiern, and African violet, Saintpaulia ionantha Wendland.
The two ovary carpels may each produce a stigma; these stigmas are fused into a single structure. Some students of Gesneriaceae have considered the stigma to be single and either simple (capitate) or 2-lobed, whereas others consider each of the two stigmas as units. We have maintained the latter usage, but a family-wide investigation of stigma development is needed. The distinction can be blurred, however, because the stigmas may be completely fused into one with a capitate apex (as in Didymocarpus) or one of the two carpels or stigmas may be aborted resulting in a single stigma that may or may not be 2-lobed.
Certain characters used in this treatment require some explanation. Disc shape is frequently described as "ringlike," "cupular," or rarely "tubular"; ringlike describes a disc that is shorter than or equalling its diameter, and cupular describes one that is longer than its diameter. Tubular describes a disc which is at least twice as long as wide. The corolla tube diameter measurement is for the widest part, usually the mouth.
Wang Wentsai, Pan Kaiyu, & Li Zhenyu. 1990. Gesneriaceae. In: Wang Wentsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 125-581.
Herbs, perennial or rarely annual, terrestrial or epipetric, often rhizomatous, stemless or with simple or branched stems. Leaves few to many, basal or along stem and opposite, seldom in whorls of 3 or alternate, unequal to equal in a pair; leaf blade puberulent to villous or velutinous, rarely glabrous, base cuneate to cordate, rarely attenuate. Inflorescences umbel-like, lax or dense, axillary, 1- to many-flowered cymes; bracts 2, opposite, rarely to 7 and whorled, 1, or absent. Calyx actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, 5-sect from base or (3-)5-lobed; segments equal to subequal. Corolla purple to blue or white to yellow, pink or purple-red, rarely flesh colored, zygomorphic, inside puberulent, glandular puberulent, or glabrous; tube funnelform-tubular to campanulate or cylindric, not swollen or gibbous abaxially, longer than limb, 0.2-2 cm in diam.; limb 2-lipped; adaxial lip 2-lobed, slightly to 2-3.5 X shorter than abaxial lip; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes equal or central lobe longer, apex rounded, rarely to obtuse. Stamens 2, adnate to abaxial side of corolla tube near or above middle, included; anthers dorsifixed, coherent, thecae divaricate, confluent at apex, dehiscing longitudinally; connective not projecting; staminodes (absent or 1-)3, adnate to adaxial or adaxial and abaxial sides of corolla tube. Disc ringlike. Ovary linear, 1-loculed; placentas 2, parietal, projecting inward, seldom 2-loculed, abaxial locule sterile, or placenta 1, axile, projecting inward, 2-cleft. Stigma 1, abaxial, obtriangular to oblong, flabellate, obtrapeziform, or lamelliform, 2-lobed to undivided. Capsule straight, rarely oblique in relation to pedicel, linear to very narrowly ovoid, much surpassing calyx, dehiscing loculicidally to base, rarely only adaxial locule dehiscing; valves 2 or 4, straight, not twisted. Seeds unappendaged.
About 140 species: Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; 99 species in China.
Chirita is divided into three sections: Chirita sect. Gibbosaccus C. B. Clarke (approximately 91 species in China and Vietnam; spp. 1-81 in China), Chirita sect. Chirita (about 39 species in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; spp. 82-98 in China), and Chirita sect. Microchirita C. B. Clarke (about 18 species in Borneo, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam; sp. 99 in China). The last section consists of annuals (rarely perennials) with peduncles fused to the petiole and anthers fused only by projections on their connectives. The first two sections are usually perennials (rarely annuals) with peduncles free from petioles and anthers fused by their entire adaxial surfaces. Section Gibbosaccus has calyces 5-sect from base or rarely 5-lobed and stigmas 0.5-3 mm wide, while sect. Chirita has 5-lobed calyces and stigmas 2.4-5.8 mm wide. Chirita umbrophila ChiritaumbrophilaC. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(2): 38. 1983), which is known only from a fruiting specimen without persistent stigma, is impossibleto determine whether it belongs in Chirita.
Observations of several cultivated species of Chirita show that the basal leaves may be ternate as well as opposite, and this may be true of others. The margin of calyx lobes, which isof diagnostic significance in several species, varies from entire to denticulate on a single cultivated plant of C. fimbrisepala. Therefore, variation in these charactersneeds further study to determine their taxonomic value.
After publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China, the genus was revised by A. Weber et al. (Molecular systematics and remodeling of Chirita and associated genera (Gesneriaceae). Taxon 60: 767-790. 2011)
Trees to 40 m tall; trunk to 4 m d.b.h.; bark light gray or grayish brown, longitudinally fissured especially on old trees; crown conical initially, finally broadly ovoid; long branchlets palebrownish yellow initially, finally gray, internodes (1-) 1.5-4 cm; short branchlets blackish gray, with dense, irregularly elliptic leaf scars; winter buds yellowish brown, ovate. Leaves withpetiole (3-)5-8(-10) cm; blade pale green, turning bright yellow in autumn, to 13 × 8(-15) cm on young trees but usually 5-8 cm wide, those on long branchlets divided by a deep, apicalsinus into 2 lobes each further dissected, those on short branchlets with undulate distal and margin notched apex. Pollen cones ivory colored, 1.2-2.2 cm; pollen sacs boat-shaped, withwidely gaping slit. Seeds elliptic, narrowly obovoid, ovoid, or subglobose, 2.5-3.5 × 1.6-2.2 cm; sarcotesta yellow, or orange-yellow glaucous, with rancid odor when ripe; sclerotesta white, with 2 or 3 longitudinal ridges;endotesta pale reddish brown. Pollination Mar-Apr, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
A relict species of the Mesozoic era, this and other (extinct) species of Ginkgo were formerly widespread throughout the world. The atavistic, leaf-marginal seeds of one cultivatedclone may suggest an affinity with the extinct pteridosperms. Ginkgo biloba is now a rare species in the wild, but has been widely cultivated as an ornamental, probably for more than3000 years. It provides shade and is tolerant of a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions, including pollution. It is sacred to Buddhists and is often planted near temples. Thewood is used in furniture making, the leaves are medicinal and used for pesticides, the roots are used as a cure for leucorrhea, the seeds are edible, and the bark yields tannin.
" 127979 general 965141 Gnetaceae "Gnetum gnemon.Shrubs or small trees; bark grayish; crown narrow; branches becoming vinelike, green or yellowish green. Petiole 0.5-1.8 cm; leaf blade drying yellowish green, elliptic or oblong, 7.5-20 × 2.5-10 cm, leathery or membranous, lateral veins inconspicuous, curved, base attenuate into petiole, apex acuminate or cuspidate. Male inflorescences axillary, solitary, simple or once branched; male spikes (1-)3-6 cm × 2.5-3 mm, involucral collars clearly separated, to 1 cm apart, each collar with 50-80 flowers plus 5-15 globose sterile female flowers, basal hairs inconspicuous. Female inflorescences similar to male; nodes each with 5-8 female flowers. Seeds sessile or nearly so, yellow to orange-yellow or pink, ellipsoid, 1-2.5 (-3.5) × 0.9 (-1.5) cm, longitudinally ribbed, surface usually velvety, apex mucronate.
No voucher specimens have been seen by the authors but the species is very distinctive: the erect habit, yellow-green dried leaves, and lax male spikes immediately distinguish it fromall other species in the area, and it is reasonable to accept these determinations. The species is widely cultivated in SE Asia and is to be expected in S China. F. Markgraf (Bull. Jard. Bot.Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 10: 436-445. 1930) recognized several infraspecific taxa but the authors prefer not to use any of these without having seen the relevant material.
" 66237 general 962067 Grossulariaceae "Ribes missouriense. ""Nodal spines stout; lvs 1.5–3.5 cm, rotund in outline, the 2 principal sinuses extending nearly to the middle, softly hairy at least beneath, or glabrate in age; peduncles puberulent or glandular to subglabrous, 1–2 cm, mostly much exceeding the 5–13 mm pedicels; floral bracts ciliate with glandular and eglandular hairs; ovary and fr glabrous; hypanthium 1.5–2.5 mm, cupulate, white or creamy; sep oblanceolate, 5–7.5 mm, reflexed; pet cuneate-obovate, white (or pinkish in age), 2–3.5 mm; stamens 9–12 mm; style 10–14 mm, bifid; fr red to purple; 2n=16. Moist or dry upland woods; Ind. to Minn. and Tenn., w. to Mont. and Kans. May.""" 110294 general 960401 Haloragaceae "Myriophyllum.Herbs perennial, aquatic, submerged or shortly emergent, monoecious or dioecious. Stem soft, few to many branched, rhizomatous. Submerged leaves 3- or 4-whorled, rarely alternate, pectinate, ovate to oblong in outline; segments filiform; emergent leaves smaller, sometimes uppermost ones undivided, reducing to bracts of inflorescence. Inflorescence usually emergent, a terminal spike with flowers 4-whorled, or in axils of emergent leaves. Flowers subtended by a primary bract and 2 bracteoles, sessile, usually 4-merous, minute, lowermost ones female, uppermost ones male, sometimes middle ones bisexual. Male flowers: calyx deeply 2-4-lobed; petals 2-4, boat-shaped, often pink; stamens 2-8, epipetalous. Female and bisexual flowers: calyx tube united with ovary; lobes 4, minute; petals minute, often caducous or absent; ovary (2-)4-celled; style absent; stigmas 4, sessile, recurved, plumose, papillose. Fruit a schizocarp, separating into (2-)4 mericarps. Seed 1 per mericarp.
About 35 species: aquatic or wet habitats worldwide, mostly in Australia; 11 species (one endemic, one introduced) in China.
Myriophyllum has economic importance in the purification of water, as feed for pigs, ducks, and fish, and in polishing wood. The plants are used medicinally to reduce fever and as an antidiarrheal.
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vellozo) Verdcourt (Enydria aquatica Vellozo) is a commonly cultivated, and nearly naturalized, species in Taiwan, characterized as follows: plants dioecious (only female plants known in China); aerial leaves glaucous or light bluish green; all leaves whorled, never entire, pinnately divided with linear segments; bracteoles subulate with 1(or 2) lateral lobes. This species was possibly introduced by the aquarium trade.
Shrubs or small trees, 1–3 m tall, much branched; branchlets stellately pubescent. Stipules triangular-lanceolate or obovate, 3–5 × 1.5–2 mm, stellately pubescent; petiole 0.2–0.5 cm, stellately pubescent; leaf blade ovate, elliptic or, rarely, obovate, 2–6.5 × 1–3 cm, discolorous, abaxially densely stellately pubescent, adaxially sparsely pubescent or stellately pubescent when young, glabrescent, base asymmetrical, rounded or cuneate, margin ± entire, apex acute or shortly acuminate; lateral veins 4–8 on each side, abaxially prominent. Inflorescence a short raceme or nearly capitate, terminal, mostly on short lateral branches, 3–16-flowered; peduncle 0.8–1 cm, stellately pubescent; bracts linear or lanceolate, 2–4.5 mm. Flowers shortly pedicellate, open before leaves appear. Floral cup cupular, stellately pubescent, 1.2–1.5 mm. Sepals ovate, 2–3 mm. Petals 4(–6), white, pale yellow or red, 1–2 cm, apex obtuse or rounded. Stamens 4 or 5, filaments very short, connective elongated into a horn, 0.4–0.5 mm, anthers ovoid, 0.5–0.6 mm; staminodes 4–6, scalelike, alternate with stamens. Ovary inferior, stellately pubescent, styles ca. 1 mm. Persistent floral cup 2/3–4/5 as long as capsule; capsules ovoid or obovoid-globose, 7–8 × 6–7 mm, stellately tomentose, hairs brown, apex rounded, adnate to floral cup for 2/3–3/4 of their length. Seeds ovoid-globose or ellipsoid, 4–7 × 3.5–4 mm. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. May–Jul.
This species is widely cultivated in China.
Two varieties occur in China; the present authors have seen no specimens of the recently published var. coloratum C. Q. Huang (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 21: 508. 2001).
Petals usually purple-red or red.
This variety was described from material of garden origin and is widely cultivated in southern China.
" 178814 morphology 33137 Hernandiaceae "Hernandiaceae. ""Fruit dry, more or less ribbed, either with 2–4 wings on the body or with two terminal wings formed by enlarged perianth-segments, or wingless but enclosed in the inflated receptacle""" 178209 morphology 957679 Huaceae "Afrostyrax. ""Fruit dry, indehiscent.""" 66255 general 956971 Hydrangeaceae "Hydrangea arborescens. ""Straggling shrub 1–3 m; lvs ovate-oblong to broadly round-ovate, acuminate, serrate, subcordate to acute at base, glabrous above; infl flat-topped or broadly convex, 5–10 cm wide, fertile throughout or with some marginal fls sterile or rarely wholly sterile (the wholly sterile form often cult.); pet 5, white, 3 mm; stamens 10; ovary inferior, with 2(3) carpels; sep of the sterile fls (3)4, subrotund, nearly 1 cm, white, reticulate-veined; seeds elliptic, with blunt ends; 2n=36. Dry or moist, often rocky woods and hillsides; s. N.Y. to O., Mo., and Okla., s. to Ga., La., and Ark. June, July. The widespread var. arborescens has the lvs glabrous or with only a few scattered hairs along the midrib beneath. The well marked var. discolor Ser. (var. deamii) occurring from c. Ind. and Ill. to N.C., Ga., and Okla., has the lvs ± densely pubescent beneath with minutely tuberculate hairs. The var. discolor might perhaps equally well be treated as a distinct, closely allied species, H. cinerea Small.""" 109418 general 956608 Hydrangeaceae "Deutzia.Shrubs stellate hairy. Branchlets opposite; buds enclosed by imbricate scales. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, subdeciduous. Inflorescences racemose, paniculate, corymbose, or cymose, rarely a solitary flower. Calyx tube adnate to ovary, campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, induplicate, valvate, or imbricate. Stamens 10(-15), 2-seriate; filaments subulate, flat, or dilated and apex 2-dentate; anthers shortly stalked, subglobose. Ovary inferior, rarely subinferior, 3-5-loculed; ovules numerous, in many series on fleshy placenta. Styles 3(-5), free; stigma terminal or decurrent. Fruit a capsule, subglobose, 3(-5)-valved, dehiscing loculicidally or between styles. Seeds numerous, oblong, compressed; testa membranous, reticulate, apex winged; embryo borne in middle of fleshy endosperm.
About 60 species: warm temperate regions of the N hemisphere; 50 species (41 endemic, two introduced) in China.
Several species are cultivated as ornamentals.
" 109880 general 571487 Hydrangeaceae "Hydrangea.Subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees, erect or climbing, deciduous or evergreen. Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences variously hairy. Leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, exstipulate; leaf blade simple, margin entire, serrate, or rarely pinnately lobed. Inflorescence terminal, occasionally axillary, a corymbose cyme, umbellate cyme, or thyrse; bracts deciduous. Flowers fertile or sterile. Sterile flowers few (more numerous in cultivated varieties), sometimes absent, borne at margin of inflorescence, with sepals 2 or 5, petaloid, and enlarged. Fertile flowers usually very numerous, bisexual, small; pedicel short. Calyx tube adnate to ovary, 4- or 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla lobes 4 or 5, free, rarely connate and forming a calyptra, ovate or spatulate, valvate. Stamens (8 or)10(or 25), inserted on disc; filaments linear; anthers oblong to subglobose, apex subrounded to obtuse. Ovary inferior to 2/3 superior, imperfectly or perfectly 2-4(or 5)-loculed; placentation parietal or axile; ovules numerous. Styles 2-4(or 5), free or basally connate, persistent; stigmas terminal or decurrent along style adaxially. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing apically among styles, hemispheric to turbinate, small, apex projected or truncate. Seeds numerous, small, winged or wingless; seed coat thin, with reticulate or striate veins.
About 73 species: mainly in E Asia, a few species in SE Asia and the New World; 33 species (25 endemic) in China.
The Japanese species Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunberg) Seringe is cultivated as an ornamental. Records of H. macrophylla var. macrophylla from China (e.g., in FRPS) are probably all from cultivated plants. One of the present authors (Bartholomew) believes that records of H. macrophylla var. normalis E. H. Wilson from China (e.g., in FRPS) are probably referable to related taxa such as H. caudatifolia, H. chungii, or H. stylosa. However, Wei believes that wild-growing H. macrophylla occurs in Guangdong, Guizhou, and Sichuan, with var. normalis in Zhejiang.
One of the present authors (Bartholomew) feels that the three species complexes in Hydrangea would be better treated as the widespread, variable species H. chinensis (to include H. davidii, H. linkweiensis, and H. mangshanensis), H. heteromalla (to include H. bretschneideri, H. dumicola, H. hypoglauca, H. macrocarpa, H. sungpanensis, and H. xanthoneura), and H. aspera (to include H. coacta, H. kawakamii, H. longipes var. fulvescens, and H. longipes var. lanceolata). Bartholomew believes that, with the recognition of these three species in the broader sense, as well as a number of other reductions (H. coenobialis to include H. candida and H. gracilis, H. chungii to include H. caudatifolia, and H. robusta to include H. longipes var. longipes), there are probably about 18 recognizable species of Hydrangea (nine endemic) in China; Wu Zhengyi (editor's note) agrees.
Shrubs 1.5-3.5 m tall. Branchlets of previous year gray-brown, those of current year brown or purple, villous to glabrescent. Petiole 5-10 mm; leaf blade ovate or broadly so, 6-12.5 × 8-10 cm, abaxially densely white villous, adaxially bristly, hairs appressed, base rounded, margin sparsely serrate, apex abruptly acuminate; leaf blade on flowering shoots ovate-elliptic to -lanceolate, 4-8.5 × 3.5-6 cm, veins 3-5, basifugal, base broadly cuneate or subrounded. Racemes 5-7(-11)-flowered, lowest pair usually at axils of normal leaves; rachis 0.2-0.3 or 5-7 cm, strigose or glabrous; pedicels 5-10 mm. Calyx tube campanulate, densely white appressed strigose; lobes ovate, ca. 5 × 3.5 mm, apex abruptly acuminate. Corolla discoid; petals white, ovate or suborbicular, 1.3-1.5 × 0.8-1.3 cm. Stamens 30-35, longest ones ca. 1 cm. Disc glabrous. Style slightly divided at apex, ca. 5 mm, glabrous; stigmas clavate, ca. 1.5 mm, shorter than anthers. Capsule obovoid, 7-9 × 4-7 mm. Seeds 1.5-2.5 mm, shortly tailed. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental.
" 130682 general 957210 Hydrangeaceae "Philadelphus brachybotrys.Shrubs 2-3 m tall. Branchlets of previous year brownish gray, those of current year villous, glabrescent. Petiole 5-8 mm; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-6 × 1-3 cm, abaxially villous along veins, adaxially strigose, veins 3-5, basifugal, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin sparsely serrate or subentire, apex acute. Racemes 3-5-flowered; rachis 2-2.5(-4) cm, sparsely villous; pedicels 3-8 mm, glabrous. Calyx yellowish green when dry; tube glabrous; lobes ovate, 4-6 × 3-4 mm, apex acute. Corolla discoid; petals white, broadly elliptic or broadly obovate, 1-1.5 × 1-1.4 cm, veined. Stamens 32-42, longest ones ca. 8 mm. Disc and style glabrous. Style slightly divided at apex, slender, subequaling stamens; stigmas mallet-shaped, ca. 1.5 mm, shorter than anthers. Capsule ellipsoid, 7-10 × 5-7 mm. Seeds 3-4 mm, shortly tailed; tail 1.5-2 mm. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental.
" 67194 general 244386 Hypericaceae "Hypericum punctatum. ""Erect perennial 5–10 dm, with few branches below the infl; lvs oblong-elliptic to narrowly oblong, the larger 4–6 cm and over 1 cm wide, blunt or even retuse; infl usually small, crowded; fls short-pediceled, 8–15 mm wide; sep heavily dotted and lined with black, ovate-oblong, obtuse or broadly acute, 2.5–4 mm; pet 4–7 mm, copiously beset with amber glands; seeds under 1 mm; 2n=16. Moist or dry soil, fields, and open woods; Que. to Minn., s. to Fla., Miss., and Okla. June–Aug. (H. subpetiolatum)""" 67195 general 244909 Hypericaceae "Hypericum pseudomaculatum. ""Erect perennial 4–8 dm, branched above; lvs sessile, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic to lance-ovate, the lower obtuse or subacute, the upper acute; infl many- fld, less compact than no. 16 [Hypericum punctatum Lam.]; fls 15–25 mm wide, sep lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5–7 mm, conspicuously black-dotted; pet 8–12 mm, conspicuously dotted; stamens many, fascicled; styles 6–10 mm, seldom persistent; stigmas capitate; fr 5–7 mm, glandular as in no. 16; 2n=16. Moist or dry soil; Ill. to Okla., s. to Fla. and Tex. June–Aug.""" 69030 general 245946 Hypericaceae "Hypericum stragulum. ""Decumbent shrub, with several prostrate stems giving rise to numerous erect branches mostly 1–3 dm, forming low, compact mats or mounds 3–4 dm wide, lvs generally uniform in size and shape, typically oblanceolate and broadest above the middle; otherwise much like no. 2 [Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz]. Dry, rocky slopes and moist, rich woods; Nantucket, L.I., and N.J. to Va., N.C., and n. Ga., w. to s. O., se. Kans., e. Okla., and e. Tex. July, Aug. (Ascyrum hypericoides var. multicaule)""" 70073 general 243897 Hypericaceae "Hypericum hypericoides. ""Shrub (3–)5–12(–15) dm, generally with a single main stem below and freely branched above; lvs firm, articulate at the narrow base, obtuse or rounded above, 1–3 cm × 1.5–6 mm, variable in shape but typically linear-elliptic to linear-oblong and broadest near the middle; bracteoles subulate, borne within 1 mm of the cal; 2 outer sep mostly 6–11 × 3–12 mm, rounded at base, obscurely 3–5-nerved, the 2 inner much smaller or even obsolete; pet 4, yellow, narrowly oblong- elliptic, 8–11 mm; stamens numerous, the filaments distinct or weakly connate at base; styles 2, very short; fr unilocular, enclosed by or somewhat exserted from the persistent cal. Dry or moist, sandy or rocky soil; N.J. and Md. to Ky., s. Mo., and Okla., s. to Fla., Tex., W.I., and C. Amer. June–Aug. (Ascyrum h.)""" 70508 general 245863 Hypericaceae "Hypericum drummondii. ""Much-branched annual 2–8 dm, the branches usually alternate; lvs numerous, erect or ascending, linear, 5–20 mm; fls mostly solitary in the axils, short-pediceled; sep lance-linear, 3–6 mm, often surpassing the 3–5 mm pet; stamens 10–22; styles 3, to 1 mm; fr ovoid, 4–6 mm; seeds light to dark brown, 1 mm, coarsely and conspicuously rugose and areolate; 2n=24. Dry soil; Md. to O., Ill., Io., and se. Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. July–Sept. (Sarothra d.)""" 66144 general 245862 Hypericaceae "Hypericum dolabriforme. ""Spreading or ascending perennial 2–5 dm, somewhat woody below, often rhizomatous but the stems clustered; lvs linear to linear-oblong, 2–4 cm, without evident lateral veins; cymes compact and few-fld; sep very unequal, the outer pair ovate or broadly lanceolate, 7–12 mm, the others smaller; pet 9–13 mm; stamens 120–200; stigmas 3(4), minute; fr ovoid, 5–8 mm; seeds 1.5–1.8 mm. Limestone outcrops, cedar-glades, etc.; Ky. and s. Ind. to Ga. June–Aug.""" 70039 general 947800 Hypoxidaceae "Hypoxis hirsuta. ""Lvs linear, pilose, 2–10 mm wide, to 6 dm at anthesis, the main ones 5–9-nerved; scape shorter than the lvs at anthesis, to 4 dm at maturity, bearing an irregular umbel of 2–6 fls on long pedicels; fls yellow, irregular in size, 1–2.5 cm wide; anthers deeply sagittate, the pollen-sacs divergent below; fr ellipsoid, 3–6 mm, indehiscent, containing several shiny, black, sharply muricate seeds 1–1.5 mm. Dry open woods; Me. to Man., s. to Ga. and Tex. Apr.–July. (H. leptocarpa)""" 170687 morphology 948145 Hypoxidaceae "Curculigo pilosa. ""Flowers golden yellow, towards the end of the dry season, together with the developing leaves which eventually reach a length of 2 ft.""" 170785 morphology 938732 Iridaceae "Moraea schimperi. ""1-3 mauve Iris-like flowers on stiff stems about 1 ft. high; flowers appearing after fire in the dry season, followed by the leaves.""" 109924 general 938770 Iridaceae "Iris.Herbs perennial, usually with short or long rhizomes (or bulbs), sometimes with swollen storage roots. Leaves mostly basal, 2-ranked, often oriented edgewise to aerial stem, sword-shaped to linear. Aerial stem developed, much shorter than or longer than leaves. Inflorescence of rhipidia arranged in racemes, panicles, or solitary. Flowers white, yellow, blue, violet, or purple, relatively large, often fragrant. Perianth tube usually trumpet-shaped, sometimes very narrowly so, very short to long; outer 3 perianth segments (falls) ornamented or not, with a crested, bearded, or beardless claw (haft), and an expanded, usually reflexed limb (blade), the beard or crest (when present) extending along midvein of proximal part of limb adaxially; inner 3 perianth segments (standards) smaller, never ornamented, erect or spreading. Stamens opposed to style branches and appressed to them; filaments free, flattened. Style with 3 colored, expanded, petaloid branches, arching over stamens, apex of branches extended as 2 lobes (crests) projecting beyond flaplike, abaxial stigma. Capsule globose, ellipsoid, or cylindric, apex beaked or not. Seeds pyriform, flattened and D-shaped, or irregularly angled, sometimes arillate.
About 225 species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere; 58 species (21 endemic) in China.
The following species were recorded in FRPS as being cultivated for ornament in China. Large species with bearded outer perianth segments: Iris germanica Linnaeus (with spathes at least partly green) and I. pallida Lamarck (with papery spathes). Large species with beardless outer perianth segments: I. sibirica Linnaeus (similar to I. sanguinea but with scarious spathes and longer, unequal pedicels); I. pseudacorus Linnaeus (similar to I. maackii but with leaves with an obvious midvein and larger flowers); and I. versicolor Linnaeus (similar to I. laevigata but with a more branched flowering stem and smaller flowers). White forms can occur in most species and have been treated variously.
" 126954 general 943573 Iridaceae "Belamcanda chinensis.Rhizome pale brown. Stems 1--1.5 m. Leaves 20--60 × 2--4 cm, midvein obscure, apex acuminate. Flowers reddish orange with dark spots, 3--4 cm in diam.; pedicel slender, ca. 1.5 cm. Outer perianth segments obovate or elliptic, ca. 2.5 × 1 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Stamens 1.8--2 cm. Style equaling perianth segments, lobes spreading. Capsule 2.5--3 × 1.5--2.5 cm, apex not beaked. Seeds ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Jul--Sep. 2 n = (16, 27), 32.
Plants are usually cultivated, and the rhizomes are used in traditional Chinese medicine.
" 126970 general 938948 Iridaceae "Iris ensata.Rhizomes creeping, thick. Leaves linear, 30--80 cm × 5--12 mm, midvein distinct on both surfaces, apex acuminate. Flowering stems 25--100 cm, solid, 1--3-leaved; spathes 3, lanceolate, unequal, 4.5--7.5 × 0.8--1.2 cm, leathery, 2-flowered, veins distinct, raised, basal spathe shorter, apex usually acute, apical spathe longer, apex usually obtuse. Flowers dark reddish purple, 9--10 cm in diam.; pedicel 1.5--3.5 cm. Perianth tube 1.5--2 cm; outer segments obovate, mottled yellow at center, 7--8.5 × 3--3.5 cm; inner segments erect, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 5 cm × 5--6 mm. Stamens ca. 3.5 cm; anthers purple. Ovary cylindric, 1.5--2 cm × ca. 3 mm. Style branches purple, ca. 5 cm × 7--10 mm. Capsule ellipsoid, 4.5--5.5 × 1.5--1.8 cm, 6-ribbed, apex shortly beaked. Seeds maroon-brown, semiorbicular, flat. Fl. Jun--Jul, fr. Aug--Sep. 2 n = 24*.
Iris ensata is commonly cultivated in China in a wide range of forms, which have been included under var. hortensis Makino & Nemoto.
" 126978 general 938971 Iridaceae "Iris japonica.Rhizomes dimorphic: suberect, thick; creeping, long, slender. Leaves basal, dark or yellowish green, glossy on 1 surface, dull on other, reddish purple at base, sword-shaped, 25--60 × 1.5--3 cm, midvein absent. Flowering stems erect, with 5--12 short, slender branches near apex; spathes 3--5, broadly lanceolate, 0.8--1.5 cm, 2--4-flowered, apex obtuse. Flowers pale bluish, 4.5--5.5 cm in diam.; pedicel 1.5--2.5 cm, stiff, persistent. Perianth tube 1.1--1.5 cm; outer segments obovate or elliptic, 2.5--3 × 1.4--2 cm, limb spreading, with blue blotching around central, yellow patch around prominent, yellow crest, margin denticulate, undulate, apex retuse; inner segments spreading obliquely, elliptic or narrowly obovate, 2.8--3 × 1.5--2.1 cm, margin denticulate, undulate. Stamens 0.8--1.2 cm; anthers white. Ovary 7--10 mm. Style branches pale blue; terminal lobes fimbriate. Capsule ellipsoid-cylindric, 2.5--3 × 1.2--1.5 cm, apex not beaked. Seeds dark brown, with small aril. Fl. Mar--Apr, fr. May--Jun. 2 n = 24*, 28, 34, 36, 54, 56*.
This species is widely cultivated and it is possible that the high-elevation plants from SW China are not native but naturalized; however, they merit further investigation. White-flowered forms from Zhejiang have been recognized as Iris japonica f. pallescens P. L. Chiu & Y. T. Zhao (in Y. T. Zhao, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 58. 1980).
" 126982 general 938794 Iridaceae "Iris laevigata.Rhizomes creeping, thick, ca. 1 cm in diam. Leaves grayish green, sword-shaped or broadly linear, 40--100 × 0.8--1.5 cm, midvein absent, base surrounded by maroon-brown fibers. Flowering stems 22--60 cm, solid; spathes 3--5, very unequal, 6--8 × 1--1.5 cm, 2--4-flowered, proximal ones shorter, apex usually acute, distal ones longer, apex usually obtuse. Flowers dark blue or violet, 9--10 cm in diam.; pedicel 1.5--3.5 cm. Perianth tube ca. 2 cm; outer segments obovate or elliptic, with a central, white or yellow zone, limb 7.5--9 × 4--4.5 cm; inner segments erect, oblanceolate, 5--6.5 × 0.8--1.5 cm. Stamens ca. 3 cm; anthers white. Ovary ca. 2 cm × 5--7 mm. Style branches 5--6 × ca. 1.2 cm; stigmas 2-lobed. Capsule ellipsoid-cylindric, 6.5--7 × 2--2.5 cm, apex not beaked. Seeds brown, semiorbicular, flat, ca. 6.5 × 5 mm. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jul--Aug. 2 n = 32, 36*.
It is possible that the specimens from high elevations in Yunnan should be referred to Iris delavayi. It seems to one of us (Noltie) that I. laevigata in Yunnan is almost certainly only cultivated, though it perhaps becomes naturalized.
" 127003 general 939539 Iridaceae "Iris tectorum.Rhizomes creeping, thick. Roots slender. Leaves mainly in basal fans, yellowish green, broadly sword-shaped, curved, 15--50 × 1.5--3.5 cm, base surrounded by fibers. Flowering stems 1- or 2-branched, 20--40 cm, 1- or 2-leaved; spathes 2 or 3, green, lanceolate, 3.5--7.5 × 2--2.5 cm, 1- or 2-flowered, apex acuminate. Flowers bluish violet, ca. 10 cm in diam.; pedicel to 1 cm. Perianth tube slender, to 3 cm; outer segments mottled darker around conspicuous, white, irregularly toothed crest, broadly ovate, 5--7 × ca. 4 cm, apex retuse; inner segments spreading horizontally at anthesis, elliptic, 4.5--5 × ca. 3 cm. Stamens ca. 2.5 cm; anthers bright yellow. Ovary cylindric, 1.8--2 cm. Style branches pale bluish violet, ca. 3.5 cm. Capsule ellipsoid or obovoid, 4.5--6 × 2--2.5 cm. Seeds black-brown, pyriform, with very small aril. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Jun--Aug. 2 n = 24, 28, 32.
White-flowered plants have been recognized as Iris tectorum f. alba (Dykes) Makino (Ill. Fl. Nipp. 714. 1940, based on I. tectorum var. alba Dykes, Gen. Iris, 103. 1913). The native distribution and ecology of I. tectorum are uncertain because the species is very widely cultivated and naturalized in China. It is also cultivated in Bhutan (where it has become naturalized), and India.
" 127010 general 939725 Iridaceae "Iris wilsonii.Rhizomes shortly creeping, thick. Leaves grayish green on both surfaces, linear, 25--55 cm × 5--8 mm, 3--5-veined, base surrounded by persistent fibers. Flowering stems 50--60 cm, hollow, 1- or 2-leaved; spathes 3, green, lanceolate, 6--9(--16) cm × 8--10 mm, 2-flowered, apex long acuminate. Flowers yellow, 6--10 cm in diam.; pedicel 3--11 cm. Perianth tube 0.5--1.2 cm; outer segments with purple-brown stripes and spots, obovate, 6--6.5 × ca. 1.5 cm, claw with conspicuous, dark purple auricles on both sides; inner segments slanting outward, oblanceolate, 4.5--5 cm × ca. 7 mm. Stamens ca. 3.5 cm. Ovary 1.2--1.8 cm. Style branches dark yellow, 4.5--6 cm. Capsule ellipsoid-cylindric, 3--4 × 1.5--2 cm, 6-ribbed, apex not beaked. Seeds brown, semiorbicular. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Jun--Aug. 2 n = 40*.
There continues to be a great deal of confusion among the “Sibiricae” irises of SW China, and a thorough revision is needed based on field and laboratory studies. Some of the difficulty arises because species nos. 2--5 were described from cultivated material. It seems to one of us (Noltie), from herbarium specimens, that no distinction can be made between the two yellow-flowered species, Iris wilsonii (the earlier described) and I. forrestii, and that I. bulleyana is merely a purple-flowered form of the same species. Iris chrysographes and I. delavayi are probably distinct, though very difficult to recognize in the herbarium. The distributions given in the present account should be treated with caution as they are largely based on herbarium material.
" 179219 distribution 33159 Iridaceae "Iridaceae. ""Besides the above indigenous genera, several others are cultivated and some are more or less naturalized, such as monbretia (Crocosmia aurea Planch.) on Cameroon Mt., Neomarica caerulea (Lodd.) Sprague, N. gracilis (Herb.) Sprague and Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb. All are from the New World""" 130749 general 937656 Iteaceae "Itea parviflora.Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, to 5 m tall. Branchlets slender, glabrous or glabrescent. Petiole slender, 1-1.5 cm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green or brown, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 8-12 × 2.5-3.5 cm, membranous or thinly papery, both surfaces glabrous except barbellate at vein axils, midvein raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, secondary veins in 5-8 pairs, arcuate curved, reticulate veins prominent, base cuneate or rarely obtuse, margin ± crenulate-serrate or repand, rarely entire, apex acuminate or subcaudate. Racemes axillary, to 3 cm, many flowered; rachis glabrous or sometimes puberulous; bracts slightly spreading, linear-subulate. Pedicel slender, 2-3 mm, glabrous. Calyx shallowly funnelform; lobes triangular, glabrous. Petals white, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 × 1.5-1 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Stamens subequaling or slightly longer than petals; filaments pilose; anthers oblong-globose. Ovary superior, sparsely puberulous. Capsule ca. 4.5 mm, slightly puberulous, many seeded. Fl. and fr. May-Jun. 2n = 22*.
This species is sometimes cultivated.
" 67458 general 936246 Juglandaceae "Carya texana. ""Bark nearly black, rough, deeply furrowed; buds 5–8 mm, densely covered with resinous, yellowish scales; petiole, rachis, and lower lf-surface densely rusty-pubescent when young, at maturity subglabrous, or pubescent only on the main veins and in the vein-axils; lfls (5)7, pale beneath, the terminal lance-obovate, commonly under 10 cm; fr obovoid, 2–4 cm, densely resinous, eventually splitting to the base; nut pale brown, broadly ovoid or subglobose, scarcely angled, ± compressed, kernel edible; 2n=64. Dry upland woods; s. Ind. to Mo., s. to La. and Tex. (C. buckleyi) Our plants are usually segregated as var. arkansana (Sarg.) Little.""" 112931 general 936261 Juglandaceae "Carya cathayensis.Trees to 20 m tall. Terminal buds naked, rusty brown. Leaves 16-30 cm; petiole 4-9 cm, glabrous; rachis pubescent; leaflets 5 or 7, lateral ones sessile or with petiolule ca. 1 mm, blade lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 10-18 × 2-5 cm, with abundant, peltate scales, abaxially glabrous except for hairs along midvein and in axils of secondary veins, base cuneate or subrounded, apex acuminate; terminal petiolule 4-10 mm. Male spikes 10-15 cm; peduncle 1-2 cm. Anthers puberulent. Nuts ellipsoid, 2-3 × 1.5-2.3 cm; husk winged to base; shell with 4 faint, longitudinal ridges, 1-2 mm thick, 4-chambered at base, lacunae absent. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep.
Commonly cultivated for its oily, edible nuts.
" 112932 general 936281 Juglandaceae "Carya hunanensis.Trees to 14 m tall. Terminal buds naked, rusty brown. Leaves 20-30 cm; petiole 4-8 cm, glabrous; rachis pubescent; leaflets (5 or)7 or 9, lateral ones sessile, blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, (6-)11-18 × (2-)3.5-7 cm, with abundant, peltate scales, abaxially ± glabrous except for hairs along midvein and in axils of secondary veins, base cuneate, apex acuminate; terminal petiolule 0-5 mm. Male spikes unknown. Nuts obovoid, (2-)3-3.7 × 2.3-3 cm; husk winged to middle; shell with 4 faint, longitudinal ridges, 1.5-2.5 mm thick, 4-chambered at base, lacunae absent. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Sep-Nov
Cultivated for its edible nuts, which are also pressed for oil. Carya cathayensis and C. hunanensis are very similar, including the leaf color which tends to be green adaxially and rustybrown or bronze abaxially. They differ mainly in the number of leaflets, nut size, and the extent of wings on the husk.
" 112934 general 936368 Juglandaceae "Carya tonkinensis.Trees to 15 m tall. Terminal buds naked, brown. Leaves 15-25 cm; petiole ca. 6 cm, pubescent; rachis pubescent; leaflets 5 or 7, lateral ones sessile or shortly petiolulate, blade ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 7-18 × 2-6 cm, with abundant, peltate scales, abaxially glabrous except for hairs along midvein and in axils of secondary veins, base oblique, apex acuminate; terminal petiolule 0-5(-10) mm. Male spikes 12-13 cm; peduncle 1-5 cm. Anthers puberulent. Nuts subglobose, 2.2-2.5 × 2.6-3 cm; husk without prominent wings; shell with 4 faint, longitudinal ridges, 1.2-2.3 mm, 4-chambered at base, lacunae absent. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep.
There are no reports of the cultivation of this tree in China, but the oil is used for cooking.
" 112938 general 936105 Juglandaceae "Juglans regia.Trees to 25 m tall. Leaves 25-30 cm; petiole 5-7 cm; petiole and rachis glabrescent, without glandular hairs; leaflets (3 or)5-9, entire on mature trees, sometimes obscurely serrulate on young plants; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolule 1-2 mm, blade elliptic-ovate to long elliptic, 6-15 × 3-6 cm, abaxially glabrous except for tufts of hairs in vein axils, without glandular hairs, base oblique, subrounded, apex obtuse or acute to shortly acuminate; terminal petiolule 2.5-6 cm. Male spike 5-10(-15) cm. Stamens 6-30(-40). Fruiting spike usually with 1-3(-38) nuts. Nuts subglobose, 4-6 cm; husk glabrous, irregularly dehiscent; shell thick except in commercial varieties, wrinkled. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct. 2n = 32.
Commonly cultivated in China from 23-42° N for its edible, oily nuts and hard, fine grained wood. Juglans regia has a very long history of cultivation in China and elsewhere; as a result, there are many cultivars, including five Chinese taxa that L.-A. Dode (Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 2: 67-98. 1906), recognized on the basis of differences in shell thickness, size, etc.
" 112939 general 936527 Juglandaceae "Juglans sigillata.Trees to 25 m tall. Leaves 15-50 cm; petiole 7-12.5 cm, glabrescent; rachis glabrescent; leaflets 9 or 11(-15), entire or obscurely serrulate; lateral leaflets sessile or petiolule ca. 1 mm, blade ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 6-18 × 3-8 cm, base oblique, apex acuminate; terminal petiolule 2-3 cm. Male spike 13.5-18 cm. Stamens 24-27. Fruiting spike with 1-3 nuts. Nuts ovoid-globose or subglobose, 3.4-6 × 3-5 cm; husk glabrescent, irregularly dehiscent; shell thick, smooth with 2 or more prominent ridges and deep pits and depressions. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Sep.
This distinctive relative of Juglans regia is cultivated in Yunnan for its edible nuts and hard wood. The name refer to the many seal-like depressions (sigillatae) in the shell, and the species has subsequently received recognition in China as the "iron walnut."
" 112944 general 936553 Juglandaceae "Pterocarya stenoptera.Trees to 30 m tall. Leaves even-pinnate, rarely odd-pinnate, 8-16(-25) cm; petiole 2-6.5 cm, sparsely pubescent; rachis often winged or sometimes only ridged or sulcate on some leaves, sparsely pubescent to tomentose; leaflets (6-)11-21(-25), sessile, long elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 8-12 × 2-3 cm, abaxially slightly pubescent, base oblique, cuneate or broadly cuneate, apex obtuse or acute. Fruiting spike 20-45 cm, axis pubescent at first but becoming nearly glabrous. Nutlets long ellipsoid, 6-7 mm, slightly pubescent to glabrescent; wings linear, 1.2-2.5 × 3-6 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 32.
Widely cultivated as a shade tree.
" 65877 general 933202 Juncaceae "Juncus. ""Tep narrow, lance-subulate to lance-ovate, dry, often firm and even sharp; stamens 6 or 3, opposite the sep when only 3; ovary and fr trilocular, subtrilocular (with incomplete partitions) or unilocular; seeds several to usually numerous (in any case more than 3), commonly ellipsoid or fusiform and minutely apiculate, sometimes with each end prolonged into a slender tail that may be longer than the body; smooth (1 of our spp. scabrous) herbs with usually simple stems and a few flat or terete, basal or cauline lvs, sometimes with bladeless sheaths only, and with a terminal, compact to loosely branched cyme of few–many fls, these solitary, paired, or often in glomerules; lf-sheaths open. 200, cosmop.""" 67053 general 933760 Juncaceae "Juncus tenuis. ""Stems ± cespitose, 1–8 dm; lvs basal, 1–3 dm, a third to half the height of the stems, flat and 1–1.5 mm wide, or becoming involute, varying to subterete and merely narrowly channeled on the upper side; sheaths scarious-margined, auriculate; invol lf 1–10 cm, often surpassing the infl, but not appearing as a continuation of the stem; infl loosely branched, not secund, the fls prophyllate; tep lance-subulate, the sep 3–5.5 mm, the pet 2.8–5 mm; anthers 6, shorter than the filaments; fr oblong- ovoid or slightly obovoid, obtuse to truncate, 2.6–4.2 mm, shorter than the sep, only imperfectly trilocular, the partitions not meeting in the center; seeds 0.3–0.5 mm, merely apiculate, mucilaginous when wetted; 2n=40, 42, 80, 84. Dry or moist (often compacted) soil, abundant along forest paths; almost throughout N. Amer., and naturalized elsewhere. Highly variable, and divisible with some difficulty into 3 vars.:""" 67069 general 934347 Juncaceae "Juncus greenei. ""Stems cespitose from a short rhizome, 2–8 dm; basal lvs filiform, subterete, 5–20 cm; invol lvs similar, 2–15(–20) cm; infl small and compact, obpyramidal, 2–5 cm; fls prophyllate; tep lance-oblong, permanently appressed, acute or aristulate, the sep 2.3–4 mm, the pet 1.9–3.4 mm; fr trilocular, ovoid-cylindric, 3–4+ mm, half as thick, truncate, conspicuously surpassing the tep; seeds oblong to obovoid, 0.3–0.6 mm, merely apiculate; 2n=80. Moist to dry, clay or sandy soil, sometimes on dunes; N.B. to N.J., mostly near the coast; also inland from sw. Ont. to Ind., Io., and Minn.""" 179263 morphology 33171 Juncaceae "Juncaceae. Fruit a dry capsule" 66640 general 455714 Lamiaceae "Hedeoma hispida. ""Much like no. 1 [Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.]; stems simple or branched from the base, occasionally branched above; lvs linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm, sessile, entire; upper cal-lip cleft to the middle or below into subulate, ciliate teeth; 2n=34. Dry soil, sand dunes, and barrens; Vt. to Mich. and Alta., s. to Conn., N.Y., O., Ala., Tex., and Colo. May-Aug.""" 66707 general 446138 Lamiaceae "Dracocephalum parviflorum. ""Taprooted, short-lived, 2–8 dm, inconspicuously short-hairy; lvs petiolate, the blade mostly lance-elliptic to broadly lance-triangular, 2.5–8 × 1–2.5 cm, coarsely serrate; infl dense and spike-like, 1.5–3.5 cm thick, often interrupted below, the terminal segment 2–10 cm; bracts subfoliaceous, mostly 1–3 cm sessile or nearly so, aristately few-toothed; cal 1 cm, the tube about equaling the aristate-tipped lobes; cor purplish, barely surpassing the cal, with short lips; 2n=14. Dry soil; Que. to Alas., s. to n. N.Y., Ill., and Ariz. May–July.""" 68272 general 454834 Lamiaceae "Trichostema dichotomum. ""Weedy annual; stems much branched, to 7 dm, minutely glandular- hairy, especially upwards; lvs 1.5–6 × 0.5–2.5 cm, oblong to elliptic or ovate, with ± evident lateral veins; pedicels 3–5 mm; cal 3–5 mm, 5–9 mm in fr, becoming inverted at maturity so that the 3 long teeth are lowermost; cor-tube about equaling the cal, the lobes 3–6 mm; filaments finally to 15 mm; nutlets glabrous, 1.5–3 mm; 2n=38. Dry soil, upland or sandy woods, and old fields; Me. to Mich. and Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex. Aug., Sept.""" 68313 general 449756 Lamiaceae "Scutellaria leonardii. ""Stems erect, 1–2 dm, often several from the end of a moniliform rhizome, minutely pubescent on the angles with eglandular curved-ascending hairs; main cauline lvs sessile, lance-ovate or somewhat deltoid, 10–16 mm, 2–3 times as long as wide, entire, glabrous, or somewhat scabrous above, especially near the tip and margin, the lateral veins 1 or commonly 2 on each side of the midrib, not anastomosing; fls axillary, 7–9 mm, the short pedicels with curved-ascending hairs; cal not glandular, lower lip of the cor hirtellous in 2 lines. Dry upland woods and prairies; Mass. to Mich. and N.D., s. to Va., Tenn., Ark., and Okla., most abundant in the Middle West. May–July. (S. ambigua, misapplied)""" 68322 general 446245 Lamiaceae "Salvia sclarea. ""Coarse, spreading-hairy (and toward the top glandular) biennial 5–15 dm, freely branched above, the branches with scattered verticils of fls and conspicuous, round-ovate, caudate-acuminate, often dry and anthocyanic bracteal lvs 1–3 cm; lowest lvs long-petiolate, with rugose, ovate to ovate-oblong, basally subcordate, toothed or doubly toothed blade 7–20 cm, the cauline lvs progressively smaller and less petiolate, in small plants often few; cal glandular and coarsely hairy, the upper lip with aristate lateral teeth 1.5–3 mm well separated from the shorter central tooth; cor blue (white) or marked with yellow, 1.5–3 cm, the upper lip strongly arched, longer than the tube and surpassing the lower lip; stamens exsert; 2n=22. Native of the Mediterranean region, occasionally escaped from cult. in the s. part of our range. June, July.""" 68323 general 446362 Lamiaceae "Salvia reflexa. ""Branching annual 3–6 dm, the stem with minute recurved hairs; principal petioles 8–20 mm; lvs lance-linear to lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 4–12 mm, entire or with a few low teeth, gradually narrowed to the base; racemes erect, 5–10 cm, the internodes 8–15 mm; bracteal lvs lance- linear, 1–3 mm; fls 2(4) per node; cal at anthesis 6–7 mm, minutely hairy on the nerves only, the upper lip entire, 5-nerved, half as long as the tube; cor blue, 8–12 mm, the tube no longer than the cal; 2n=20. Dry sandy or gravelly soil of hillsides and prairies; O. to Io. and Mo., w. to N.C., Utah, and Mex., and sometimes adventive eastward. (S. lanceifolia, misapplied; S. lanceolata)""" 68427 general 445572 Lamiaceae "Pycnanthemum tenuifolium. ""Nearly inodorous; stems 5–8 dm, very leafy, with many short axillary branches; herbage glabrous; lvs linear, entire, those of the main axis 2–5 cm × 2–4 mm; lateral veins 1–2(3) pairs, all arising in the basal fourth of the lf; heads very numerous and dense, hemispheric 3–8 mm wide, on peduncles 3–15 mm; outer bracts lanceolate, sometimes surpassing the heads; inner bracts numerous, closely appressed, about as long as the cals, firm, lanceolate, long-acuminate, the conspicuous midvein produced into a stiff, subulate point; cal-lobes narrowly triangular, acuminate, puberulent, usually 1–1.5 mm; cor 5–8 mm; 2n=80. Chiefly in dry soil of upland woods and prairies; Me. to Fla., w. to Minn., Kans., Okla., and Tex. (P. flexuosum, misapplied; P. linifolium)""" 68428 general 436019 Lamiaceae "Pycnanthemum setosum. ""Stems to 1+ m, commonly with some sterile axillary branches, minutely puberulent; lvs ovate to lance-ovate or oblong, subsessile or on petioles to 3 mm, obtuse or acute, entire or with a few obscure teeth, broadly rounded to truncate at base, the main ones 3–6 cm, a third to half as wide, glabrous, the uppermost ones minutely canescent; lateral veins 5–7 pairs; heads few, dense, 15–25 mm wide; bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, with prominent midvein, minutely puberulent; cal minutely puberulent, its nerves evident, its teeth 1.5–2.5 mm, attenuate to aristate, 2n=76. Dry fields and upland woods on the coastal plain; N.J. to Ga. (P. aristatum; P. umbratile) Putative hybrids with nos. 4 [Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.] or 6 [Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Fernald] have been called P. ×monotrichum Fernald.""" 68431 general 435999 Lamiaceae "Pycnanthemum flexuosum. ""Stems to 1+ m, commonly with short, leafy axillary branches, minutely puberulent; lvs narrowly oblong or lance-oblong, entire or with a few low callous teeth, finely hairy on the veins beneath, the main ones 2–4 cm, ca a fourth as wide; lateral veins 3–4 pairs, obscure; heads as in no. 3 [Pycnanthemum setosum Nutt.], but the cal 6–10 mm, its lower teeth 2.5–5 mm; 2n=36. Dry woods and barrens, chiefly in sandy soil on the coastal plain; se. Va. to Fla. (P. hyssopifolium)""" 68433 general 435997 Lamiaceae "Pycnanthemum albescens. ""Much like no. 4 [Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.], but the bracts and cal-teeth not bristle-tipped; cal-lobes deltoid, the lower ca 1 mm, the upper distinctly shorter; 2n=38. Dry upland woods; se. Mo. and s. Ill. to Fla. and Tex.""" 68457 general 440697 Lamiaceae "Monarda punctata. ""Perennial; stems 3–10 dm, thinly canescent; lvs lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 2–8 cm, ± hairy; glomerules 2–5, or solitary on depauperate plants, the bracts lanceolate to ovate, much exceeding the cal, spreading or reflexed, often pale green to nearly white, or purple-tinged; cal 5–9 mm, densely villous in the throat, ± villous or hirsute externally at the summit, the lobes 1–1.5 mm; cor pale yellow, spotted with purple, 1.5–2.5 cm, the strongly arched upper lip about as long as the throat and slender tube together; 2n=22. Dry, especially sandy soil; Vt. to se. Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex., but missing from most of the Ohio drainage. Var. punctata, with the stem pubescent with short recurved hairs and with the lvs glabrous to minutely puberulent beneath, the hairs not concealing the glands, occurs from N.J. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly on the coastal plain in our range. Var. villicaulis Pennell, with the hairs of the stem longer and more spreading, and with the lvs densely hairy beneath, the hairs concealing the glands, occurs from Mich. to e. Minn., s. to Ill. and Mo., and also near Lake Champlain in Vt. and N.Y.""" 70249 general 435159 Lamiaceae "Agastache foeniculum. ""Erect, to 1 m, simple or branched above; lvs ovate to rhombic-ovate or deltoid-ovate, the larger to 9 cm, coarsely serrate, broadly obtuse to truncate at base, whitened beneath, with a very fine close pubescence, the hairs scarcely discernible at 10×; petioles rarely to 1.5 cm, even on the largest lvs; spikes cylindric, to 15 cm, 2–2.5 cm thick, commonly interrupted at base; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate; cal puberulent at anthesis, 5–7 mm, its lobes blue, lance-triangular, 1.5–2 mm; cor blue, nearly 1 cm; 2n=18. Dry upland woods and prairies; Wis. to n. Io. and Man., s. to Colo. and Alta., and occasionally e. (probably only intr.) to Que. July, Aug. (A. anethiodora)""" 70268 general 437905 Lamiaceae "Cunila origanoides. ""Stems woody at base, freely branched, 2–4 dm, glabrous; lvs subsessile, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 2–4 cm, acute, glabrous, commonly with a few teeth; axillary cymes 3–9-fld, usually shorter than the subtending lf, mingled with linear bracts 1 mm; terminal cymes larger, more loosely branched; cal glabrous, 3 mm; cor rose-purple to white, 6–8 mm. Dry or rocky woods; s. N.Y. and Pa. to Ind., Ill., and Mo., s. to S.C. and Okla. Aug.–Oct.""" 108447 general 33180 Lamiaceae "Lamiaceae.Herbs, sometimes subshrubs or shrubs, annual or perennial, usually aromatic. Stems and branches usually 4-angled. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, simple to pinnately dissected or compound, without stipules. Inflorescences generally compound, sometimes flowers solitary and axillary; verticillasters 2- to many flowered, subtended by leaves or bracts. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, rarely subactinomorphic, bracteolate or not. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire (deciduous in Scutellaria); lower lip 2- or 4-toothed; tube sometimes hairy annulate inside. Corolla limb usually 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed and lower 3-lobed, rarely upper lip entire and lower 4-lobed, also rarely limb (4- or) 5-lobed; tube hairy annulate inside. Stamens epipetalous, 4 or 2, free, rarely filaments connate, sometimes one staminodial; anther 1- or 2-celled, usually dehiscing longitudinally; disc persistent. Ovary superior, 2-celled and each cell 2-ovuled and style subterminal, or ovary 4-parted and each lobe 1-ovuled and style gynobasic (from bases of ovary lobes) with 2-cleft apex. Fruit usually 4 dry nutlets. Seeds with or without endosperm.
Approximately 3500 species in 220 genera, distributed worldwide, but mostly in the Mediterranean region and SW Asia. China has 807 species in 96 genera.
Cantino (Taxon 40: 441. 1991) suggests that Cardioteucris cordifolia C. Y. Wu, originally placed in the Lamiaceae, is identical with Caryopteris siccanea W. Smith (Verbenaceae, q.v.). Although the original author agrees with the identity of Cardioteucris cordifolia and Cardiopteris siccaneae, he believes that the generic placement of Cardioteucris is in the Lamiaceae because of its 2-lipped calyx and deeply 4-divided ovary. The last feature is aberrant in Caryopteris and all other Verbenaceae.
Wu Cheng-yih & Li Hsi-wen, eds. 1977. Labiatae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(2): 1-649, 66: 1-647.
Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves opposite, simple, entire or dentate, usually with glistening glands. Flowers in lax or dense cymes often aggregate into thyrses, rarely solitary. Calyx (4- or) 5- (or 6)-dentate or -lobed. Corolla short tubed, slightly 2-lipped, margin entire or dentate; lobes 5, spreading; lower lobe larger, concave, fringed. Stamens 4, often strongly exserted, inserted on apical part of corolla tube. Ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit dry, usually dividing into four nutlets.
Sixteen species: C and E Asia, 14 species in China.
" 109501 general 463145 Lamiaceae "Dracocephalum.Herbs perennial, rarely annual. Stems erect or prostrate. Leaves long petiolate at stem base, petiolate or sessile upward, entire, pinnate. Verticillasters in dense capitula or spikes, or widely spaced; bract margin acute serrate or spinescent, rarely entire. Calyx tubular or campanulate-tubular, straight or slightly curved, 15-veined, 2-lipped, 5-toothed; teeth subequal or sometimes middle tooth of upper lip wider than lateral teeth, sinuses with a thickened fold. Corolla blue-purple, pink, or violet, rarely white, slender basally, dilated at throat, 2-lipped; upper lip straight or slightly curved; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, posterior 2 longer than anterior 2; anthers glabrous, rarely hairy, cells 2, divaricate at nearly 180°. Style apex equally 2-cleft. Nutlets oblong, smooth, sometimes mucilaginous.
About 70 species: alpine and semidry regions mainly in temperate Asia, with a few in Europe, one in North America; 35 species in China.
Closely related to Nepeta but calyces with a thickened fold between the teeth.
Herbs annual or perennial, aromatic, often rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Upper leaves sessile or subsessile; blade margin dentate, serrate, or crenate. Verticillasters (2-6)- to many flowered; floral leaves similar to stem leaves or reduced; bracts lanceolate to linear, ± distinct. Flowers bisexual or pistillate. Calyx funnelform to campanulate, 10-13-veined, throat glabrous or hairy, limb equally 5-toothed or 2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip 2-toothed. Corolla funnelform, ± regular or slightly irregular; tube generally included, throat slightly dilated or saccate in front, limb 4-lobed; lobes equal, entire, upper lobe slightly wider, emarginate or 2-lobulate. Stamens 4, subequal, divaricate, erect, exserted in bisexual flowers, included and often rudimentary in pistillate flowers, posterior 2 slightly longer than anterior 2; filaments glabrous; anther cells 2, parallel. Style exserted, apex equally 2-cleft. Nutlets ovoid, dry, smooth or slightly tuberculate, apex rounded, rarely hairy.
About 30 species: mainly in north temperate regions, a few in the Southern Hemisphere; six native and six cultivated species in China.
A number of species are widely cultivated for their aromatic properties and many cultivars have been developed.
Subshrubs or herbs. Leaves subsessile to short petiolate, ± hairy, conspicuously impressed glandular, upper leaves bractlike. Verticillasters axillary, 1- to many flowered, in terminal spikes or panicles. Calyx tubular, 13(-15)-veined, straight or slightly curved, ± hairy, glandular, throat pilose, limb with 5 subequal straight teeth or somewhat 2-lipped. Corolla white, reddish, to purple, 2-lipped, hairy; tube straight, gradually dilated at throat; upper lip straight, margin entire, apex emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; lobes subequal or middle lobe larger, margin entire, undulate, or emarginate. Stamens 4, anterior 2 longer, ascending, free, apex arcuate, approximate, included or occasionally exserted; anther cells 2, parallel, divergent or divaricate, connectives transversely thicker. Style apex 2-cleft; lobes subulate, equal or anterior lobe elongated, involute, flat, posterior lobe short. Nutlets ovoid or triquetrous oblong, dry, smooth.
About 100 species: Africa, Asia, Europe; five species in China.
The generic limits between Micromeria, Clinopodium, Calamintha, and several related genera not found in China are controversial.
Subshrubs or perennial herbs, gynodioecious, aromatic. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, entire to remotely dentate. Spikes cylindric to oblong, sometimes elongated in fruit, many flowered, overlapping with small bracts, in corymbose panicles; bracts and bracteoles green and purple-red, oblong-obovate to lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, throat villous annulate, ca. 13-veined; teeth 5, subtriangular, subequal, apex acute to obtuse. Corolla white or rose to purple, campanulate, tube exserted, limb 2-lipped; upper lip straight, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe larger than lateral lobes. Stamens 4, shorter to slightly longer than upper lip in bisexual flowers, included in pistillate flowers; anthers ovoid, cells 2, separated by triangular cuneate connectives; filaments glabrous. Style exserted, apex unequally 2-cleft. Nutlets ovoid, slightly ribbed, dry, glabrous.
About 15-20 species: primarily in SW and C Asia, one in China.
" 170868 ecology 464578 Lamiaceae "Hemizygia welwitschii. Growing in clumps in dry stony grassland." 69341 general 438384 Lamiaceae "Mentha. ""Cal 10–13-nerved, regular or weakly 2-lipped, the broadly triangular to subulate teeth equal or unequal; cor with short tube and nearly regularly 4-lobed limb, the upper lobe formed by fusion of 2, tending to be broader than the others and often apically emarginate, rarely and casually the cor equally 5-lobed; stamens 4, straight, somewhat divergent, exsert, about alike, the pollen-sacs parallel; rhizomatous perennial herbs with toothed, wholly cauline lvs and small, blue to lavender or white fls in the axils of lvs or in terminal “spikes” or heads. Many spp. produce small-fld pistillate plants as well as normal perfect-fld ones. Ca 25 spp., mainly of Eurasia and Australia, 1 circumboreal. The European spp., long in cultivation, have given rise through hybridization, polyploidy, and other kinds of chromosomal aberration to numerous ± stabilized additional populations that have become established in the wild as well as being retained in cult.""" 108766 general 455798 Lamiaceae "Anisochilus.Herbs or subshrubs. Leaves succulent, petiolate or subsessile, margin dentate. Verticillasters dense, overlapping, in ovoid-oblong or cylindric terminal spikes. Calyx ovoid, nearly straight, lower half dilated in fruit, mouth oblique; teeth small or obscure, posterior tooth large, margin entire, reflexed or incurved and closing mouth in fruit. Corolla 2-lipped; tube slender, exserted, recurved at middle, dilated at throat; upper lip obtuse, 3- or 4-lobed; lower lip entire, elongated, incurved. Stamens 4, anterior 2 longer, declinate; filaments free, edentate; anthers ovoid, cells 2. Style longer than stamens, apex subequally 2-cleft, lobes subulate. Nutlets flattened, ovoid, smooth, glandular.
About 20 species: Africa, Asia; one native and another cultivated in China.
" 108913 general 464996 Lamiaceae "Betonica.Herbs erect, perennial, pilose. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade broadly ovate to lanceolate, base strongly cordate, margin coarsely crenate. Verticillasters many flowered, in terminal spikes; floral leaves sessile; bracteoles at least as long as calyx. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-veined, hairy, glabrous at throat inside; teeth 5, equal, straight, rigidly spinescent. Corolla cylindric, at least as long as calyx, 2-lipped, without hairy annulus inside, straight or slightly curved downward, rarely dilated at throat; upper lip concave, margin entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; middle lobe longer than lateral lobes, obtuse to emarginate. Stamens 4, parallel, ascending to underside of upper lip of corolla; anterior stamens longer, rarely curved laterally at throat after anthesis; anther cells 2, subparallel. Style apex subequally 2-cleft. Nutlets rounded to subtruncate.
About 15 species: SW Asia, Europe; one species cultivated in China.
Many workers consider Betonica to be synonymous with Stachys.
Herbs stoloniferous, perennial, gynodioecious or gynomonoecious. Stems ascending to prostrate. Leaves long petiolate, base cordate. Verticillasters axillary, 2-6-(to many) flowered. Calyx tubular to campanulate, slightly curved near throat, 15-veined, indistinctly 2-lipped, adaxial lip 3-toothed, abaxial lip 2-toothed. Corolla tubular, dilated at apex, 2-lipped; adaxial lip straight, emarginate or 2-lobed; abaxial lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, anterior 2 inserted below lateral lobes of abaxial lip, posterior 2 inserted near throat below adaxial lip; filaments glabrous, undeveloped in pistillate flowers; anther cells oblong, parallel or divergent. Ovary glabrous. Style slender, apex subequally 2-cleft. Nutlets dark brown, oblong-ovoid, smooth or impressed-punctate, glabrous.
About eight species: Asia, Europe, cultivated in North and South America; five species in China.
" 109907 general 435431 Lamiaceae "Hyssopus.Plants perennial herbs or subshrubs. Leaves mostly linear to oblong, margin entire, involute, or flat. Verticillasters 2- to many flowered, mostly secund, axillary, often in long terminal spikes, lower ones lax, upper crowded; floral leaves similar to stem leaves, reduced; bracts and bracteoles minute. Pedicel distinct. Calyx tubular to subcampanulate, brightly colored, conspicuously 15-veined, hairy, glandular, teeth 5, equal, sinuses with a thickening at junction of 2 side veins. Corolla blue, purple, or occasionally white, hairy outside, glandular, glabrous inside, tube nearly included or conspicuously exserted, limb 2-lipped; upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, sometimes subentire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; middle lobe longer than lateral lobes, truncate to emarginate. Stamens 4, mostly exserted, anterior 2 longer; filaments glabrous; anthers ovoid, cells 2, divaricate. Style apex equally 2-cleft. Nutlets oblong to oblong-ovoid, hairy, glandular, or glabrous.
About 15 species: Africa, Asia, Europe; two native and one cultivated in China.
" 110008 general 436571 Lamiaceae "Lavandula.Plants small shrubs, rarely herbs. Verticillasters 2-10-flowered, in crowded terminal spikes; bracteoles small or absent. Flowers short pedicellate or subsessile. Calyx ovoid-tubular to tubular, slightly dilated in fruit, straight, 13-15-veined, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, protracted into an appendage; lower lip equally (2-)4-toothed, teeth narrower than those of upper lip. Corolla blue or purple; tube exserted, throat ± dilated; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included, anterior 2 longer; anther cells apically confluent. Style inserted at ovary base, apex 2-cleft, lobes flattened, ovate, connate. Nutlets smooth, shiny, each with a basal-dorsal areole.
About 28 species: China, India, Pakistan; Africa, SW Asia, Atlantic Islands, Europe; two species are cultivated in China.
" 110197 general 438191 Lamiaceae "Melissa.Herbs perennial. Leaves petiolate, ovate, margin serrate. Verticillasters axillary; bracts leaflike, smaller than leaves; bracteoles minute. Calyx campanulate, pendulous after anthesis, 13-veined, ± hairy, 2-lipped, upper lip shallowly 3-toothed, lower lip strongly 2-toothed. Corolla white, yellow-white, yellow, or reddish, 2-lipped; tube included or slightly exserted, slightly dilated at throat; upper lip straight, apex emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, with middle lobe entire or emarginate, wider than lateral lobes. Stamens 4, anterior 2 longer, clinging to upper corolla lip, included or slightly exserted; filaments arcuate; anther cells 2, initially divergent at nearly a right angle, becoming divaricate. Style apex equally 2-cleft; lobes subulate, revolute. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
About four species: Asia, Europe; three indigenous and one cultivated in China.
" 110265 general 440644 Lamiaceae "Monarda.Herbs erect, annual or perennial. Leaves petiolate, dentate. Verticillasters many flowered, crowded, into a terminal or widely spaced capitula along branches; floral leaves similar, smaller, brightly colored; bracteoles minute. Calyx tubular, elongated, straight to slightly curved, 15-veined, throat villous or hirsute; teeth 5, subequal. Corolla red, purple, white, gray, or yellow, spotted, 2-lipped, tube slightly dilated at throat; upper lip narrow, erect to arcuate, apex entire to emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, emarginate. Anterior stamens fertile, inserted on apical part of corolla tube, exserted; posterior stamens rudimentary, minute, or absent; filaments edentate; anthers linear, versatile, cells 2, divaricate, apex confluent. Style apex 2-cleft, lobes subulate, subequal. Nutlets smooth.
About 6-12 species: North America, two species cultivated as ornamentals in China.
" 110700 general 445370 Lamiaceae "Prunella.Herbs perennial. Leaves pinnatifid to subentire. Verticillasters 6-flowered, in terminal ovoid or ovoid-globose spikes; bracts broad, membranous, margin ciliate, overlapping; bracteoles minute or absent. Pedicel very short or absent. Calyx tubular-campanulate, ± flattened dorsiventrally, irregularly 10-veined, netted between veins, 2-lipped, base hairy, throat glabrous; upper lip flat, truncate, shortly 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft to 1/2 of lip, teeth lanceolate, mouth closed in fruit. Corolla tube gradually dilated on 1 side, exserted, throat slightly constricted, scaly annulate inside, limb 2-lipped; upper lip straight, galeate, margin entire; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, concave, denticulate; lateral lobes oblong, reflexed. Stamens 4, anterior 2 longer, ascending to underside of upper lip, parallel, free; filament apex dentate; anther cells 2, divaricate. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous, apex equally 2-cleft, lobes subulate. Nutlets brown, subglobose, ovoid to oblong, glabrous, smooth or tuberculate, apex rounded.
About seven broadly defined species (15 by some authors): Africa, Asia, Europe, North America; four species (one cultivated) in China.
" 110830 general 445938 Lamiaceae "Rosmarinus.Shrubs evergreen. Leaves linear, margin entire, revolute. Floral and to stem leaves similar; bracts petiolate. Flowers subsessile, few, crowded in apical racemes on short branches. Calyx ovoid-campanulate, glabrous on throat inside, 11-veined, 2-lipped, upper lip entire or 3-denticulate, lower lip 2-toothed. Corolla blue-purple, bluish, or whitish, 2-lipped; tube exserted, glabrous inside, dilated at throat; upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip large, spreading, 3-lobed; middle lobe largest, concave, declined, margin dentate; lateral lobes oblong. Stamens 2, reaching upper corolla lip; filaments coherent with connectives, with a tooth reflexed below middle; anther cells 2, parallel, only 1 fertile, linear, inserted on top of connective; staminodes absent. Style much longer than stamens, apex unequally 2-cleft, lobes subulate, posterior lobe shorter. Disc ringlike, equally 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid-globose, smooth, each with an elaiosome.
About three (to five) species: Africa, SW Asia, Europe; one species cultivated in China.
Many recognize this as a monotypic genus.
Herbs annual. Stems erect, 30-60 cm tall, robust, branched, villous, subglabrous at apex. Petiole 1.3-5 cm, densely white tomentose; leaf blade ovate-oblong to circular, 5-7 × 5-7 cm, corrugate, white tomentose, sparsely red glandular, base cordate to rounded, margin crenulate, apex obtuse to rounded. Spikes 2.5-7.5 × 0.9-1.9 cm, long pedunculate, 4-angled in fruit. Calyx ca. 4.5 mm, puberulent, rarely lanate; tube constricted at mouth, dilated in fruit; upper lip ovate, margin entire, reflexed, membranous, ciliate, covering mouth; lower lip truncate, margin indistinctly dentate. Corolla purplish, ca. 9 mm, densely pubescent outside; tube slender, exserted, recurved at middle, dilated at throat; upper lip 4-lobed; lower lip concave. Anterior stamens slightly exserted. Nutlets unknown. Fl. Mar.
Cultivated in China. An aromatic herb used medicinally.
" 121979 general 440592 Lamiaceae "Dracocephalum moldavica.Herbs annual. Stems numerous, (6-)22-40 cm, erect or ascending, minutely retrorse hairy, purplish. Basal cauline leaves withering early; petiole as long as blade, shorter upward; leaf blade ovate-triangular, base cordate, margin remotely crenate, apex rounded; upper blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.4-4 × 0.4-1.2 cm, yellow glandular, veins sparsely minute hairy, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin triangular-dentate or sparsely serrate, with basal teeth sometimes lobelike, apex long spiny, obtuse. Verticillasters 4-flowered, loose, in 5-12 upper nodes of stems and branches; bracts oblong, shorter to slightly longer than calyx, margin 2- or 3-spinescent-denticulate, with spines 2.5-3.5 mm, sparsely appressed hairy. Pedicel 3-5 mm, horizontal after anthesis. Calyx 8-10 mm, golden glandular, pubescent especially basally, purple veined, 2-lipped to 1/2 its length; upper lip teeth divisions 1/4-1/3 of lip, teeth subequal, triangular-ovate, apex acute. Corolla bluish purple, 1.5-2.5 (-3) cm, dilated beyond throat, white pubescent outside; upper lip short navicular, ca. 1/4 as long as tube; middle lobe of lower lip dark purple spotted. Nutlets oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, apex truncate, smooth.
Source of an essential oil, sometimes cultivated.
" 122156 general 438652 Lamiaceae "Mentha crispata.Herbs rhizomatous. Stems erect, 30-60 cm, purplish, glabrous. Leaves sessile or subsessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 × 1.2-2 cm, papery, base rounded to shallow cordate, margin serrate, apex acute. Verticillasters in terminal spikes 2.5-3 × ca. 1 cm, continuous or ± interrupted at base; bracts linear-lanceolate, slightly longer than calyx. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, subglabrous, glandular, obscurely 5-veined; teeth triangular-lanceolate, ca. 0.1 mm, ciliate. Corolla purplish, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous, tube ca. 2 mm; lobes subequal, apex emarginate. Ovary brown, glabrous. Nutlets brown, triquetrous, ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm, sparsely glandular.
Cultivated in China. Source of German spearmint oil. Young shoots and leaves edible.
A form/cultivar of M. spicata Linnaeus.
Plants rhizomatous, perennial. Stems erect, to 1 m, much branched, whitish, striate, retrorse short tomentose-villous. Leaf blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 6 × 1.5 cm, appressed tomentose-villous, subglabrescent, base rounded to shallow cordate, margin coarsely irregular serrate-dentate, apex acute. Verticillasters in cylindric terminal spikes 3-8 cm, lower ones somewhat lax; floral leaves linear-subulate, mostly shorter than verticillasters. Pedicel to 2 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 mm, tomentose-villous, obscurely 5-veined; teeth linear-subulate, ca. 1 mm, close together in fruit. Corolla purplish, ca. 4 mm, sparsely puberulent; tube ca. 2 mm, gradually dilated upward; lobes oblong, obtuse; upper lobe oblong-ovate, emarginate. Ovary glabrous. Fl. Jul-Sep.
Cultivated in China. A polymorphic aromatic herb used medicinally.
Mentha asiatica, M. vagans, and the Himalayan M. royleana Bentham all are very closely related to and perhaps doubtfully distinct from M. longifolia. Further work is needed to fully assess their correct status.
Herbs. Stolons with scalelike leaves. Stems ascending, rarely erect or trailing, 15-30(-50) cm, hirtellous, striate, tinged red-purple, much branched, internodes generally longer than leaves. Leaf blade ovate-orbicular to ovate, 0.8-1.3 cm × 5-7 mm, herbaceous, puberulent, base rounded, margin entire or sometimes remotely crenate, apex obtuse. Verticillasters 10-30-flowered, globose, 1-1.5 cm in diam., few, widely spaced; floral leaves sessile, recurved, shorter than verticillasters. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, 2.5-3 mm, hirtellous, glandular, throat bearded, ± conspicuously 10-veined, tube ca. 1.5 mm; upper lip 3-toothed, teeth lanceolate-triangular, ca. 1 mm; lower lip 2-toothed, teeth subulate, ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla rose, purple or rarely white, ca. 4.5 mm, puberulent; tube ca. 3 mm, abruptly saccate at apex; lobes oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, entire, upper lanceolate. Ovary glabrous. Fl. Sep.
Cultivated in China. Source of oil of pennyroyal. Employed in the manufacture of soaps and synthetic menthol. Used medicinally for flatulent colic, stomach ailments, and as a diaphoretic.
" 122161 general 438481 Lamiaceae "Mentha spicata.Herbs stoloniferous. Stems erect, 40-130 cm, glabrous or subglabrous, striate. Leaves sessile or subsessile, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-7 × 1-2 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin irregularly serrate, apex acute. Verticillasters in cylindric terminal spikes 4-10 cm, spikes interrupted at base; bracteoles linear, 5-8 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 mm, glandular, obscurely 5-veined; teeth triangular-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm. Corolla purplish, ca. 4 mm, glabrous, tube ca. 2 mm; lobes subequal, apex emarginate. Ovary brown, glabrous. Fl. Jul-Sep.
Cultivated in China. Source of spearmint oil, an essential oil used for flavoring candies, toothpaste, chewing gum. Dried tops and leaves are used medicinally as a stimulant, carminative, and nervine. It contains carvone.
" 122226 general 440590 Lamiaceae "Nepeta sibirica.Herbs perennial. Stems numerous, ca. 40 cm, puberulent, glandular. Petiole 3-7 mm, 1.5-1.7 cm in basal leaves; leaf blade triangular-oblong to triangular-lanceolate, 3.4-9 × 1.2-2.2 cm, adaxially sparsely puberulent, abaxially densely yellow glandular, veins pubescent, base shallowly cordate, margin denticulate, apex acute. Verticillasters lax, on apical part of stem, 9-15 cm; peduncle 5-8 mm; bracts linear, 2.5-3 mm, pubescent, ciliate. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx 9-10 mm, densely glandular pubescent, throat very oblique; teeth joined for 1/3-1/2 their length, lanceolate-triangular, apex acuminate; teeth of lower lip separated to base, longer, narrower, apex acute. Corolla blue or bluish, 2-2.9 cm, sparsely pubescent; tube nearly straight, narrow, abruptly dilated into throat ca. 6 × 6 mm; lobes of upper lip ca. 1/2 as long as upper lip, elliptic, apex obtuse; middle lobe of lower lip reniform, deeply sinuate, margin coarsely crenate; lateral lobes ovate to ovate-triangular. Nutlets unknown. Fl. Aug-Sep.
Source of an essential oil. Cultivated as an ornamental.
" 122242 general 456342 Lamiaceae "Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum.Petiole densely pilose; leaf blade oblong. Verticillasters densely pilose.
Mostly cultivated as an aromatic herb, sometimes wild.
" 122243 general 441859 Lamiaceae "Ocimum gratissimum var. suave.Shrubs erect, 50-100 cm, much branched; branches and stems villous or subglabrous, red-brown when dry. Petiole 1-3.5 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to oblong, 5-12 × 1.5-6 cm, gradually reduced toward apex, slightly scabrid, densely villous-tomentose, golden glandular, base cuneate to long attenuate, margin remotely crenate, apex long acuminate. Verticillasters 6-flowered, in erect, pedunculate, terminal and axillary thyrses or panicles 10-15 cm; lower floral leaves subsessile, oblong, 2-2.5 cm; peduncle 1.5-2.5 cm; bracts sessile, ovate-rhombic to lanceolate, 3-4 mm, long acuminate. Pedicel ca. 1.5 cm. Calyx campanulate, to 4 mm, throat villous, tube ca. 2 mm; middle tooth of upper lip ovate, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, margin ± reflexed, apex acute; lateral teeth spinescent, slightly wider than connate lower lip teeth; fruiting calyx enlarged, to 5 mm, conspicuously 10-veined, posterior tooth reflexed. Corolla yellowish to white, ca. 4.5 mm, slightly exserted, puberulent, limb glandular, tube obconical, upper lip 4-lobed; lower lip slightly longer, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. Stamens free, subequal; posterior 2 dentate at base, glabrous. Nutlets brown, subglobose, ca. 1 mm in diam., corrugate, glandular foveolate. Fl. Oct, fr. Nov.
Ocimum gratissimum var. gratissimum is subglabrous; not currently cultivated in China.
" 122338 general 438488 Lamiaceae "Pogostemon cablin.Herbs or subshrubs, perennial, aromatic. Stems erect, 30-100 cm tall, tomentose. Petiole 1-6 cm; leaf blade circular to broadly ovate, 2-10.5 × 1-8.5 cm, herbaceous, adaxially dark green, sparsely tomentose, abaxially tomentose, base cuneate-attenuate, margin irregularly incised, apex obtuse to acute; lateral veins ca. 5-paired. Spikes 4-6.5 × 1.5-1.8 cm, densely tomentose, terminal and axillary; verticillasters 10- to many flowered, basally somewhat lax; peduncle 0.5-2 cm; bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, somewhat shorter than to as long as calyx, densely tomentose. Calyx tubular, 7-9 mm, tomentose outside, minutely tomentose inside; teeth subulate-lanceolate, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx tube. Corolla purple, ca. 1 cm, lobes villous outside. Stamens bearded. Fl. Apr.
Cultivated in China. Source of patchouly oil, an essential oil obtained from the leaves and used in soaps and perfumes. Employed in scenting carpets and shawls. It is also used medicinally.
" 122575 general 451293 Lamiaceae "Stachys sylvatica.Herbs perennial. Stems erect or slightly flexuous, 30-120 cm, branched toward apex, hispid, angles glandular puberulent. Petiole slender, 3-6.5 cm; stem leaf blades ovate-cordate, 8-12 × 5-9.5 cm, adaxially shiny, appressed villous-hispid, abaxially gray-green, yellowish glandular, villous-hispid along veins, base cordate, margin coarsely callose crenate-serrate, apex acuminate. Spikes 10-20 cm; verticillasters 6(-8)-flowered, widely spaced; lower floral leaves petiolate, 10-15 × 2-4 mm, margin dentate; upper floral leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, slightly longer than verticillasters, margin entire; bracteoles minute or absent. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx tubular-campanulate, ca. 7 mm, spreading hispid, glandular puberulent, 10-veined, accessory veins inconspicuous; teeth triangular-lanceolate, 2-3 mm, subequal, apex spinescent; fruiting calyx slightly saccate-dilated. Corolla red to purple, ca. 1.4 cm, sparsely puberulent; tube straight, ± saccate; upper lip straight, oblong, ca. 5 × 3 mm; lower lip spreading, ca. 7 × 6 mm; middle lobe subcircular, emarginate; lateral lobes ovate. Filaments villous below middle. Style nearly exserted. Nutlets dark brown, triquetrous, ovoid, glabrous. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug.
Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental.
" 128524 general 438514 Lamiaceae "Mentha suaveolens.Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, stoloniferous. Stems erect, 30-80 cm, striate, crisped villous, pyramidally branched. Leaves usually sessile, circular to oblong-ovate, 2-4.5 × 1.5-3 cm, villous, base cordate, margin crenate or crenate-serrate, apex obtuse. Verticillasters in terminal, dense cylindric spikes 2-4 × ca. 0.6 cm, lower 1 or 2 ± widely spaced; bracts lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, crisped. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Calyx broadly campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm, pubescent, subglobose, dilated in fruit, not constricted at throat, obscurely veined; teeth lanceolate-subulate, ca. 1 mm. Corolla white, purplish, bluish or purple, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous, tube ca. 1.5 mm; lobes subequal, upper emarginate. Ovary glabrous. Nutlets unknown.
Cultivated in China.
Mostl widely known as Mentha rotundifolia (Linnaeus) Hudson, but the holotype of that species has been shown to be a different plant of hybrid origin.
Herbs perennial, mostly shiny golden glandular. Stems erect or ascending, ca. 12 cm, much branched, terete, red and purplish, sparsely floccose-puberulent. Petiole 2-3 mm; leaf blade ovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm, adaxially slightly scabrid, base subcuneate, apex slightly obtuse. Verticillasters few flowered, in upper axils; bracts leaflike; bracteoles absent. Pedicel less than 1 mm. Calyx tubular-funnelform, 2.5-3 × 1 mm, purplish, puberulent, throat white villous; teeth ovate-triangular, ca. 1 mm, apex subacute. Corolla gray-violet, 5-7 mm, pubescent; upper lip ovate, ca. 2.5 mm in diam.; lower lip lobes subcircular, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Nutlets ellipsoid-oblong, less than 0.5 mm, smooth (specimens not seen).
A little known species described from a cultivated plant.
" 128589 general 465243 Lamiaceae "Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum.Petiole puberulent; leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong. Verticillasters puberulent.
Mostly cultivated as aromatic herbs, sometimes wild. Source of an essential oil. Herb used as a condiment, also used in cosmetics and perfumes.
" 129178 general 451995 Lamiaceae "Stachys sieboldii.Herbs perennial. Rhizomes white. Stems erect or inclined, 30-120 cm. Petiole 1-3 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic-ovate, 3-12 × 1.5-6 cm, base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate, margin crenate-serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Spikes 5-15 cm; verticillasters 6-flowered, widely spaced; floral leaves bractlike, reflexed (especially in cultivated form), adaxial ones sessile, lanceolate, margin subentire, shorter than calyx; bracteoles linear, ca. 1 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx narrowly campanulate, ca. 9 mm, glandular pubescent, ± conspicuously 10-veined; teeth narrowly triangular, ca. 4 mm, apex spinescent, slightly reflexed. Corolla red to purple; lower lip purple spotted, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, somewhat saccate, puberulent; upper lip oblong, ca. 4 × 2 mm, straight or slightly reflexed; lower lip ca. 7 × 7 mm, middle lobe subcircular, ca. 3.5 mm in diam., lateral lobes ovate. Filaments slightly dilated apically, puberulent. Nutlets black-brown, ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., tuberculate. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep.
" 170830 morphology 459998 Lamiaceae "Aeollanthus pubescens. Sometimes cultivated." 170884 ecology 434798 Lamiaceae "Hyptis spicigera. ""A weed of roadsides and cultivated land, often occurring in damp places.""" 170906 use 441711 Lamiaceae "Ocimum basilicum. Commonly cultivated for culinary purposes" 170909 use 441762 Lamiaceae "Ocimum canum. Commonly cultivated for medicinal purposes" 170948 morphology 444174 Lamiaceae "Plectranthus esculentus. Often cultivated." 170981 ecology 446251 Lamiaceae "Salvia farinacea. ""Commonly cultivated and occasionally occurring as a garden throwout, etc.""" 171027 morphology 450954 Lamiaceae "Solenostemon rotundifolius. Cultivated in the drier savanna areas." 114912 general 929653 Lauraceae "Litsea elongata var. subverticillata.Evergreen small trees. Leaves subverticillate; petiole shorter, 2-5 mm; leaf blade thinly leathery or membranous, black-green in a dry state. Peduncle absent or nearly absent.
" 114937 general 928921 Lauraceae "Litsea pungens.Deciduous small trees, 3-10 m tall. Young branchlets pubescent. Leaves alternate, often clustered at apex of branchlet; petiole 1-2 cm, pubescent when young; leaf blade lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 4-15 × 2-5.5 cm, sericeous-pubescent abaxially when young and becoming glabrous or pilose along midrib, pinninerved, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, base cuneate, apex shortly acute. Umbel axillary, 8-12-flowered, flowering before leaves; peduncle 5-8 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 5-6 mm, sericeous-pubescent. Perianth segments 6, yellow, obovate. Male flowers: fertile stamens 9; filaments pubescent at base, of 3rd whorls each with 2 yellow rounded glands at base; rudimentary pistil small, glabrous. Fruit globose, 7-10 mm in diam., blue-black at maturity; fruiting pedicel 1-2.5 cm, slightly thickened at apex. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Jul-Sep.
The fruit contains aromatic oil (dry fruit 2%-6%, fresh fruit 3%-4%); its main ingredients are citral (60%-90%) and geraniol (5%-19%). The fruit is used in food and cosmetics and is also widely used as a component of high-grade spices, vitamin A, and ionone. The seeds contain ca. 48% of oil, which may be used in industry and for making soap.
" 129427 general 923902 Lauraceae "Dodecadenia grandiflora.Evergreen trees, 10-15 m tall, ca. 30 cm d.b.h. Branchlets covered with dense brown pubescence or glabrous. Leaves alternate; petiole 8-10 mm, covered with pubescence; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 5-10 × 2-3 cm, glabrous abaxially, along midrib pubescent adaxially, lateral veins 8-12 pairs, conspicuously reticulate-veined on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex acute or acuminate. Umbels 1-3-clustered in leaf axils, 1-flowered. Male flowers: perianth segments 6 in 2 whorls, outer ones broader, inner ones slightly narrow and pubescent outside; fertile stamens 12; filaments pubescent, of 3rd whorls each with 2 large glands at base, of 4th whorls with smaller glands; rudimentary pistil pubescent or glabrous. Female flowers: ovary pubescent or glabrous. Fruit ellipsoid, 10-12 × 7-9 mm, seated on discoid perianth tube; fruiting pedicel ca. 5 mm, stout.
Reviewer Colin Pendry (E) notes that among Nepalese specimens the distinction between var. grandiflora and var. griffithii is unclear. Both glabrous and tomentose twigs can be seen on the same branch in Nicolson 2661 (BM), and glabrous ovaries can be seen with tomentose twigs in Stainton 6181 (BM) and Proud s.n. (BM).
" 115051 general 930546 Lauraceae "Neolitsea oblongifolia.Trees, 8-10 m tall, sometimes up to 22 m tall. Young branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences ferruginous pubescent. Leaves alternate, sometimes 4-6 clustered at apex of branchlet, subverticillate; petiole 3-7 mm; leaf blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 × 0.8-2.3 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, except for midrib with ferruginous pubescence when young abaxially, pinninerved, lateral veins 4-6 pairs, base acute, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate. Umbels 3-5, axillary or lateral, sessile, 4- or 5-flowered. Pedicel ca. 5 mm. Perianth segments 4, ovate, with ferruginous pubescence outside. Male flowers: fertile stamens 6; filaments glabrous, of 3rd whorls each with 2 rounded glands at base. Fruit globose, 8-10 mm in diam., dark black-brown at maturity; fruiting pedicel thickened at apex; perianth segments often persistent. Fl. Aug-Nov, fr. Sep-Dec.
The wood is used for construction, furniture, and agricultural tools. The seeds contain 25%-30% oil.
" 134348 general 930920 Lauraceae "Dodecadenia grandiflora var. grandiflora.One-year-old branchlets covered with dense brown pubescence; two-year-old branchlets hairy. Ovary pubescent. Fr. Jul-Sep.
The wood is soft, light, and used for making plywood, packaging material, mechanical models, agricultural tools, etc. The branchlets and leaves may be processed for their aromatic oil and are used as material for light industry. The seeds contain fat, which is used for making soap and lubricant.
" 136138 general 930787 Lauraceae "Lindera aggregata var. aggregata.Young branchlets densely golden sericeous. Leaf blade broadly elliptic or subrounded, 2.7-5 × 1.5-4 cm, abaxial surface brown pubescent, later becoming somewhat laxly and black pubescent, caudate-acuminate at apex.
The roots are used medicinally. The fruits, leaves, and roots may yield aromatic oil. The seeds are used for making agricultural medicine.
" 67130 general 829639 Liliaceae "Erythronium mesochoreum. ""Much like no. 3 [Erythronium albidum Nutt.], but scarcely colonial, the sterile corms without offshoots, producing a new corm at the base of the old; lvs conduplicate, not mottled; tep spreading or slightly reflexed at anthesis; mature peduncles recurved, the fr resting on the ground, depressed at the summit; 2n=22. Prairies, pastures, and dry open woods; Io., w. Ill., and e. Nebr. to Ark., Okla., and Tex. Mar., Apr.""" 67289 general 829919 Liliaceae "Lilium michauxii. ""Stout, 5–12 dm; lvs in whorls of 3–7, or the uppermost 2 or 3 alternate, rather fleshy and glaucous, smooth, oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, the main ones 6–12 × 1.5–2.5 cm, the upper progressively smaller; fls 1 or 2, rarely more, nodding; tep orange- red, purple-spotted within and becoming yellow in the throat, recurved from about the middle, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 7–10 cm; stamens long-exserted. Dry sandy woods of the coastal plain from se. Va. to La.; also in the mts. from Va. and W.Va. southward. Aug. (L. carolinianum)""" 67297 general 829809 Liliaceae "Lilium philadelphicum. ""Bulb 2–3 cm thick; stems erect, 3–8 dm; lvs 5–10 cm, acuminate, at least the uppermost in a whorl of 4–7; fls 1–5, erect; tep red-orange, varying to nearly red or nearly yellow, the blade ovate to lance-ovate, 1–2 times as long as the claw, purple-spotted toward the base, acuminate or bluntly apiculate; 2n=24. June–Aug. Two well marked vars.: Var. philadelphicum, of dry open woods and thickets from N.H. to N.C. and Ky., has the lvs mostly whorled, with or without a few alternate lvs between the whorls, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 10–15(–25) mm wide, the fr 2.5–3.5 cm. Var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker Gawl. (L. umbellatum), in meadows and along shores from O. to Minn., B.C., and N.M. has the lvs mostly alternate, except in the uppermost whorl, narrowly lanceolate to linear, 3–10 mm wide, the fr 4–7 cm.""" 109675 general 831285 Liliaceae "Fritillaria.Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulbs with (1 or)2 or 3(or more) fleshy, farinaceous scales, often covered with a translucent tunic, sometimes also with numerous small bulbels. Stem erect, simple, leafy. Basal leaves petiolate; cauline leaves sessile, spirally alternate, opposite, or whorled; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate. Inflorescence 1- to several flowered, racemose or umbellate; bracts (floral leaves) usually present. Flowers bisexual, usually nodding, campanulate to saucer-shaped. Tepals 6, free, often tessellated with dark and light colors, with a nectary near base adaxially. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; anthers basifixed, rarely dorsifixed. Style 3-lobed or subentire, caducous; stigmas linear or very short. Fruit a capsule, erect, 3-loculed, 6-angled, winged or wingless, loculicidal. Seeds arranged in 2 rows in each valve, flat.
About 130 species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere, mainly in C Asia and the Mediterranean region; 24 species (15 endemic) in China.
Some species are cultivated for their bulbs, which are used medicinally.
" 126674 general 831344 Liliaceae "Fritillaria pallidiflora.Bulb of 2 scales, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1--4 cm in diam.; tunic rather thick. Stem 15--45(--60) cm. Leaves 8--13, alternate, sometimes also subopposite or subwhorled; leaf blade broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5--7(--12) × 2--4 cm, apex obtuse. Inflorescence (1 or)2--5-flowered; bract solitary, apex acuminate. Flowers nodding, campanulate; pedicel 2--4.5 cm. Tepals pale yellow, with darker veins and some dark red spots, oblong-obovate or oblong-spatulate, 3--5 × 1.5--2 cm; nectaries ovate-oblong, deeply concave adaxially, projecting at a right angle abaxially. Stamens 2--3.5 cm; filaments glabrous; anthers subdorsifixed. Style 3-lobed; lobes ca. 2 mm. Capsule broadly winged; wings 4--7 mm wide. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Sep. 2 n = 24*.
This species is cultivated in NE China, and the bulbs are used medicinally.
" 126677 general 830910 Liliaceae "Fritillaria thunbergii.Bulb of 2 or 3 scales, ovoid or globose, 1--3 cm in diam. Stem 15--80 cm. Leaves 12--20, opposite, alternate, or sometimes also 3-whorled; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 7--11 × 1--2.5 cm, apex usually slightly cirrose. Inflorescence 1--6-flowered; bracts 2--4, apex cirrose. Flowers nodding, campanulate; pedicel 1--3.5 cm. Tepals pale yellow, sometimes tinged with pale purple or slightly tessellated with purplish brown, oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate-oblong, 2.5--3.5 × 1--1.8 cm; nectaries small. Stamens 1--1.5 cm; filaments glabrous. Style 3-lobed; lobes 1.5--2 mm. Capsule broadly winged; wings 6--8 mm wide. Fl. Mar--Apr, fr. May--Jun.
This species was originally described from Japan (as Uvularia cirrhosa), where it is not native but cultivated and occasionally naturalized.
" 126678 general 831365 Liliaceae "Fritillaria thunbergii var. chekiangensis.Bulb of 3 scales, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem 15--30 cm. Leaves mostly opposite.
Cultivated in Zhejiang for its bulbs, which are used medicinally.
" 126712 general 830163 Liliaceae "Lilium brownii.Bulb globose, 2--4.5 cm in diam.; scales white, lanceolate, 1.8--4 × 0.8--1.4 cm. Stem 0.7--2 m, smooth or papillose. Leaves scattered, frequently distal ones gradually becoming smaller, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, or obovate, 7--15 × (0.6--)1--2 cm, 5--7-veined. Flowers solitary or several in a subumbel, funnelform, fragrant. Tepals spreading distally and recurved apically, milk white, suffused purplish, unspotted; outer ones oblong-oblanceolate, 13--18 × 2--4.3 cm; inner ones spatulate, 3.4--5 cm wide; nectaries papillose on both surfaces. Stamens curved upward; filaments 10--13 cm, densely pilose to glabrous. Style 8.5--11 cm. Capsule 4.5--6 × ca. 3.5 cm. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Sep--Oct.
Often cultivated in China for its edible bulbs and medicinal uses.
" 126720 general 829882 Liliaceae "Lilium davidii.Bulb flattened globose or broadly ovoid, 2--4.5 cm in diam.; scales white, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2--3.5 × 1--1.5 cm. Stem sometimes tinged purple, 50--100 cm, densely papillose. Leaves scattered, but relatively crowded at middle of stem, linear, 7--12 cm × 2--3(--6) mm, axil sometimes with white woolly hairs, margin recurved, conspicuously papillose. Flowers solitary or 2--8 in a raceme, nodding. Tepals orange, with dark purple spots on proximal 2/3; outer ones 5--6 × 1.2--1.4 cm; inner ones 1.6--1.8 cm wide; nectaries papillose on both surfaces and with a few fimbriate projections abaxially. Filaments 4--5.5 cm; anthers 1.4--1.6 cm. Style 2--3 cm. Capsule ca. 3.5 × 1.6--2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.
Widely cultivated in China for its edible bulbs.
" 129898 general 831315 Liliaceae "Fritillaria anhuiensis.Bulb of 2 or 3 subreniform scales, 1--2 cm in diam., with many smaller bulbels inside; bulbels ricelike, ovoid, obtusely conical or somewhat rhombic, varying in size. Stem 10--50 cm. Leaves 6--18, basal ones usually opposite or whorled, middle and distal ones vertilcillate, opposite, or alternate; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 10--15 × 0.5--2(--3.5) cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescence 1- or 2(--4)-flowered; bracts usually 3, apex acuminate. Flowers nodding, tubular-campanulate; pedicel 1--3 cm. Tepals commonly yellowish white or yellowish green spotted or tessellated with purple, rarely pure white or purple, oblong to elliptic, 3--5 × 1--1.5 cm; nectaries projecting abaxially. Filaments ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Style 3-lobed; lobes 2--6 mm. Capsule broadly winged; wings 5--10 mm wide. Fl. Mar--Apr, fr. May--Jun. 2 n = 24*.
Cultivated in Anhui for its bulbs, which are used medicinally.
" 129903 general 832823 Liliaceae "Fritillaria thunbergii var. thunbergii.Bulb of 2(or 3) scales, 1.5--3 cm in diam. Stem 50--80 cm. Leaves mostly alternate. 2 n = 24*.
Widely cultivated in China for its bulbs, which are used medicinally.
" 130055 general 830053 Liliaceae "Lilium tigrinum.Bulb broadly subglobose, 4--8 cm in diam.; scales white or yellowish white, broadly ovate, 2.5--3 × 1.4--2.5 cm. Stem streaked with purple, 0.8--1.5(--2) m, minutely white woolly, sparsely papillose proximally. Leaves scattered, sessile, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (3--)6.5--9(--18) × (0.5--)1--1.8 cm, white woolly, 5--7-veined, axil with bulblets (on distal leaves), margin papillose, apex acuminate. Flowers 3--6(--20) in a raceme, horizontal to nodding. Tepals vermilion, with dark purple spots; outer ones lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 6--10 × 1--2 cm; inner ones broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, slightly wider; nectaries papillose and with fimbriate projections on both surfaces, densely so proximally on adaxial surface. Stamens diverging; filaments light red, 5--7 cm, glabrous; anthers ca. 2 cm. Ovary 1.5--2 cm. Style 4.5--6.5 cm. Capsule (in diploid plants) narrowly ovate-oblong, 3--4 cm. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr. Sep--Oct. 2 n = 24*, 36.
Lilium tigrinum is widely cultivated in China for its edible bulbs and medicinal uses.
" 70376 general 829191 Linaceae "Linum medium. ""Glabrous perennial (rarely annual) 2–7 dm, simple below the infl; lvs mostly 20–70(–100) below the infl, narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, the lower (or nearly all) opposite, the larger ones 1–2.5 cm × 2–5 mm, gradually reduced above; infl with ± elongate, rather stiffly ascending-spreading branches, the pedicels to 3(–5) mm; sep lanceolate, acute, the outer entire, 2–3.5 mm, the inner somewhat shorter, broader, and evidently gland-toothed; pet yellow, 4–8 mm; fr ± persistent, depressed- globose, 2 mm, commonly suffused with purple above; false septa virtually complete, glabrous, as also the septa. Dry upland woods and beaches, s. Me. to Fla., w. to s. Ont., Mich., Ill., Io., e. Kans., and e. Tex. June, July. Var. medium, found about Lake Erie and w. Lake Ontario, in s. Ont. and rarely adj. U.S., is tetraploid (2n=72) and has relatively thick, blunt lvs 3–5 mm wide; the fr tends to split at the summit only. Var. texanum (Planch.) Fernald, occupying the rest of the range of the species, is diploid and has thinner, more pointed, narrower lvs mostly 1.5–3.5 mm wide; the fr splits completely into 10 deciduous mericarps. (Cathartolinum m.)""" 70595 general 829183 Linaceae "Linum floridanum. ""Much like no. 6 [Linum intercursum E. P. Bicknell], but with more numerous (mostly 50–150) lvs below the infl, these narrower, linear-oblanceolate or oblanceolate; infl mostly smaller; pet 6–10 mm; fr ovoid or ovoid-globose or pyriform, scarcely pointed; false septa nearly complete, glabrous, as also the true septa; 2n=36. Moist or dry woods and pine-barrens on the coastal plain; se. Va. to Fla. and La., n. in the Mississippi Valley to s. Ill.; isolated near D.C. June, July. (Cathartolinum f.)""" 176725 ecology 827737 Linderniaceae "Ilysanthes gracilis. In moist pockets in rock outcrops." 176732 morphology 827773 Linderniaceae "Ilysanthes schweinfurthii. Slender erect herb like the last (Ilysanthes gracilis) and in similar habitats -in moist pockets in rock outcrops." 177086 morphology 827924 Linderniaceae "Torenia fournieri. Is cultivated in our area." 177089 ecology 827956 Linderniaceae "Torenia spicata. Weed of cultivation and waste places in savanna." 108457 general 33214 Loranthaceae "Loranthaceae.Shrubs, usually aerial hemiparasites on other seed plants, often spreading along host by runners (epicortical roots), more rarely terrestrial root-parasitic shrubs or trees, nodes not articulated, glabrous or hairy, hairs often stellate or verticillate. Leaves opposite or alternate, stipules absent; petiole often indistinct; leaf blade simple, usually pinnately veined, margin entire. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, spikes, or umbels (sometimes condensed into heads); bracts usually inconspicuous, sometimes forming conspicuous involucre (in Tolypanthus). Flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual (plants dioecious), 4-6-merous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, often conspicuous. Calyx adnate to the ovary, limb annular to cupular, entire or shortly toothed, persistent. Petals usually 4-6, free or connate, valvate. Disk usually inconspicuous to ± absent. Stamens as many as petals, opposite and adnate to them; anthers mostly basifixed, sometimes dorsifixed, 2-4-loculed, dehiscence longitudinal, locules sometimes with many transverse divisions so as to be multilocellate. Pollen oblate or suboblate, usually trilobate, or triangular. Ovary inferior, 1- or 3- or 4-loculed, without true ovules, embryo sacs originating from a central column or at the ovary base, integument absent. Style simple; stigma small. Fruit a berry (rarely a drupe or capsule), with a viscin layer (sticky mucilaginous tissue) outside the vascular bundles. Seed 1; testa absent; endosperm copious; embryo large.
Between 60 and 68 genera and 700–950 species: primarily in tropical and subtropical regions; eight genera and 51 species (18 endemic) in China.
Some species, including Macrosolen cochinchinensis, Scurrula parasitica, and several species of Taxillus, are used medicinally. Some species, particularly Scurrula parasitica and related species, can be troublesome parasites of fruit trees and other cultivated woody plants.
" 66301 general 817548 Lycopodiaceae "Lycopodium digitatum. ""Horizontal stems surficial or nearly so; erect stems more regularly branched, the branches determinate, without annual constrictions, the branch- systems flattened and fan-shaped; cones 2-4+ cm, commonly (not always) with a slender sterile tip several mm, the typically 4 peduncles tending to be subumbellately clustered; otherwise much like no. 16 [Lycopodium complanatum L.]; 2n=46. Dry open woods or meadows; Nf. and Que. to Man. and Minn., s. to Ga., Tenn., and La. (L. dillenianum; L. flabelliforme; L. complanatum var. f.)""" 66317 general 817432 Lycopodiaceae "Lycopodium clavatum. ""Horizontal stems superficial, elongate, arching and rooting at intervals, 2–3 mm thick, not dorsiventral, the lvs curved upwards; erect stems branched, to 2.5 dm; lvs mostly 10-ranked, uniform, linear-subulate, 4–7 × 0.5–0.8 mm, slightly or scarcely toothed, attenuate to a hyaline hair-like tip 2–3 mm; cones 1.5–11 cm, 3–7 mm thick, 1–6 on remotely bracteate peduncles 1.5–15 cm; sporophylls yellowish, broad-based, abruptly acuminate, with scarious erose margins; sporangia reniform, ca 1.5 mm wide; spores 28–36 microns in diameter, the sides convex, the commissural and outer faces angular-reticulate, the commissures not in furrows; 2n=68. Open dry woods and rocky places in acid soil; circumboreal, s. in e. U.S. to N.C., W.Va., Mich., and Io.""" 66319 general 817427 Lycopodiaceae "Lycopodium annotinum. ""Prostrate stems superficial, elongate, simple or sparsely branched, 1.5–2.5 mm thick, sparsely leafy, the lvs of the lower ranks twisted; erect stems simple or 1–2-forked, 0.5–3 dm, the lvs firm, 5–11 mm, linear-subulate or linear-oblanceolate, spinulose-tipped, 8- ranked, subverticillate, with 4 lvs per whorl; cones terminal, sessile, 1.5–4 cm, 4.5–7.5 mm thick; sporophylls yellowish, broad-based, acuminate, the margins hyaline and erose; sporangia reniform, 1.5 mm wide; spores 28–36 microns in diameter, the sides convex, the commissural faces smooth, the outer open-reticulate, the commissures not in furrows; 2n=68. Acid, moist to dry soil, often in coniferous woods; circumboreal, s. to N.J. and Minn., and in the mts. to Va. and W.Va.""" 111595 general 817303 Lygodiaceae "Lygodium flexuosum.Rhizome shortly creeping and densely covered with roots, stipes very close together; apex of rhizome covered with dark brown to nearly black hairs. Juvenile fronds once or twice dichotomous, each branch bearing a single pinna deeply palmately 3-7-lobed, lobes almost equal, base of whole pinna cordate, margins serrate and sometimes crenately lobed. Rachis of scandent fronds narrowly winged, flattened and puberulent on adaxial surface between wings; primary rachis branches up to 3 mm (lower ones longest), dormant apex covered with pale brown hairs; secondary rachis branches pinnate to somewhat bipinnate, narrowly ovate to deltoid in outline, commonly ca. 15 × 8 cm; sterile pinnae of lower branches palmate, often 5-lobed, base strongly cordate; higher secondary branches bearing 3-5 (sometimes up to 7) pinnae on each side and an apical one, apical and lower pinnae asymmetrical or ± lobed at base, lowest of branches with 2 or 3(-6) separate quaternary pinnae at base; sterile pinnae 3-10 cm × 8-15 mm above lobed base, margin serrate, apex subacute, lower pinnae stalked, upper pinnae sessile, lamina rather thin; costae usually with scattered long hairs, less often with dense short hairs, veins often with scattered short hairs on abaxial surface, lamina sometimes similarly hairy; fertile pinnae smaller than sterile pinnae, sorophores 3-5 mm (rarely up to 10 mm), at apices of small triangular lobes; indusia glabrous or with a few hairs like those of abaxial surface of lamina; spores finely evenly verrucose.
In very dry or exposed places, the veins and lamina of Lygodium flexuosum are often rather copiously hairy.
One of us (Garrison Hanks) notes that differences between Lygodium flexuosum and L. japonicum based on pinnule size are problematic, but the taxa are difficult to distinguish in many collections.
Trees or shrubs. Young stems terete to frequently 4-angled or subalate, glabrous, puberulous, pubescent, or tomentose, often glabrescent. Leaves variably subopposite to subalternate or alternate, rarely opposite or truly alternate, subsessile or petiolate; stipules minute, caducous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary paniculate cymes. Flowers actinomorphic, campanulate to turbinate, flexibly 5-7-merous. Floral tube leathery, smooth walled with 6-12(-14) veins visible as dark lines, or with broad to narrow ribs or ridges; sepals narrowly to broadly deltate, sometimes subtended within by a narrow annulus; epicalyx segments alternating with sepals, small to prominent, or absent. Petals 6(-12), rose, purple, or white, crinkled, slenderly clawed. Stamens (6-)12-100+, inserted at or near base of floral tube, exserted, dimorphic in most species, 6 solitary in front of sepals with thick filaments and large anthers, 12-100+ in clusters in front of petals with thin filaments and small anthers, rarely monomorphic, then all filaments thin, subequal. Ovary globose to oblong, 3-6-loculed; style long-exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit dry, indurate capsules, surrounded at base by persistent floral tube, loculicidally dehiscent, 3-6-valved. Seeds numerous, obpyramidal, unilaterally winged from raphe; cotyledons rolled.
About 55 species: tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia, north to Japan; 15 species (eight endemic) in China.
Lagerstroemia is in need of more extensive gatherings and study in order better to understand the extent of variability among and within the species.
The flowers are typically 6-merous, but can be 5-7-merous on the same plant. The floral tubes contract ± abruptly below the base of the ovary (campanulate) or taper gradually to the paired bracteoles of the pedicel (turbinate). The length of the floral tube is measured from the base of the ovary to the apex of the sepals; the pedicellate base (epipodium) extending from the base of the ovary to the bracteoles is not included.
A specimen of Lagerstroemia micrantha Merrill (J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 378. 1940, described from Vietnam) was reported by Furtado and Montien (Gard. Bull. Singapore 24: 276. 1969) from Taiwan (Faurie 8076, A) but without further information. One of us (Graham) saw this specimen, and another so named, at US from Hong Kong, but without collector or further data. Inclusion of L. micrantha in this Flora is deferred until the taxonomic status of the species is better understood.
In addition to the species mentioned below as being cultivated in China, the following have also been recorded as cultivated: Lagerstroemia siamica Gagnepain (native to Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand) in Taiwan (1950, no further data, A); L. reginae Roxburgh (native to India, Myanmar, and New Guinea) in Guangzhou (Hooker s.n., E); and L. floribunda var. brevifolia Craib (native to Cambodia and Thailand) without locality (Macartney s.n., BM).
Shrubs to densely branched, small trees, maritime; all parts densely covered by grayish silky trichomes. Leaves opposite, sessile or subsessile. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired, 6-merous, actinomorphic, distylous. Floral tube turbinate, 12-ribbed; sepals short; epicalyx segments present, ca. 1/2 as long as or equaling sepals. Petals white or pale pink. Stamens 12, scarcely biseriate, inserted somewhat above base of floral tube, 6 exserted in short-styled flowers, all included in long-styled flowers. Ovary vestigially 3- or 4-locular, appearing 1-loculed with free, central placentation. Capsule dry, circumscissile, slightly exserted at maturity. Seeds irregularly obpyramidal, wingless.
One species: E Africa west across Indian Ocean to Marshall Islands in Pacific Ocean, north to China (Taiwan) and Japan (Ryukyu Islands).
Pemphis is now regarded as unispecific. See Graham et al., Koehneria, a new genus of Lythraceae from Madagascar (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 788-809. 1986).
" 110523 general 817202 Lythraceae "Peplis.Herbs, annual, decumbent or creeping, adventitiously rooting at nodes, glabrous. Stem ± 4-angled. Leaves opposite or alternate, sessile. Flowers solitary or infrequently paired, sessile or subsessile, 6-merous, actinomorphic. Floral tube broadly campanulate, broader than long, thinly membranous, 8-12-veined; sepals short; epicalyx segments linear, long. Petals 6 or absent, pale, small, caducous. Stamens (2-)6, deeply inserted. Ovary sessile, ± globose, incompletely 2-loculed; style short; stigma capitate. Capsule dry, thin walled, splitting irregularly. Seeds numerous, obovoid, convex-concave, small.
One to three species, arguably distinct from Lythrum: mainly in Europe; one species in China.
" 118667 general 816755 Lythraceae "Pemphis acidula.Shrubs to densely branched, spreading trees, maritime, small, to 11 m tall, but often ca. 1 m. Stems and branchlets ascending; branchlets, young leaves, and inflorescences densely silky grayish white strigose. Leaves opposite, sessile or subsessile; petiole to 2 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 1-3 cm × 5-15 mm, thick, succulent, base attenuate, apex often terminating in a minute circular hydathode. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary, 6-merous, actinomorphic, heteromorphic, distylous; pedicel 5-13 m. Floral tube 4-5 mm, turbinate, 12-ribbed, thick walled, densely grayish white strigose; sepals short, ca. 1/4 as long as floral tube; epicalyx segments equaling sepals or ca. 1/2 as long. Petals 6, white or pale pink, obovate to suborbicular, 3-5 mm. Stamens 12, scarcely biseriate, 6 exserted in short-styled thrum flowers, all included in long-styled pin flowers. Ovary vestigially 3- or 4-loculed, appearing 1-loculed with free central placentation at maturity; ovules ascending on short placenta; style long-exserted in pin flowers, included in thrum flowers; stigma capitate. Capsules dry, circumscissile, obovoid, ca. 6 mm, slightly exserted at maturity. Seeds ca. 20, irregularly obpyramidal, not winged, 2-3 mm. 2n = 32.
" 109512 general 816644 Lythraceae "Duabanga.Trees 8-45 m tall, buttressed. Branchets 4-angled, becoming terete with age; ultimate branches pendulous. Leaves shortly petiolate, opposite, oblong to ovate or lanceolate, leathery to papery, glabrous, secondary vein pairs numerous, joined in a series of intramarginal arches, base rounded to cordate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence of few to many flowers in a lax, terminal corymb. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, usually 4- or 6-merous, but variably 4-8-merous on same or different individuals. Floral tube obconic or broadly campanulate, persistent in fruit; sepals 4-8, triangular-ovate, thick. Petals 4-8, broad, crinkled, shortly clawed. Stamens 12 or 24-50+; filaments filiform-subulate from a broadened base, long; anthers recurved or replicate over one end of connective. Ovary semi-inferior; ovules numerous; style long-exserted, slender; stigma capitate to slightly 4-lobed. Fruit indurate capsules, partially surrounded by persistent floral tube, oblong to ovoid-globose, loculicidally deeply dehiscent, 4-9-valved. Seeds numerous, filiform, fragile, 2-tailed. 2n = 48.
Two or three species: evergreen rain forests of SE Asia; two species (one cultivated) in China.
The species are trees of lowland rain forests.
" 110752 general 815497 Lythraceae "Punica.Shrubs or small trees; branches often terminating as spines. Leaves opposite or subopposite, sometimes crowded on short lateral shoots, simple, entire, estipulate. Flowers solitary, terminal or 1-5 in axillary or terminal clusters, actinomorphic, bisexual. Floral tube thick, leathery, adnate to ovary and produced above it; sepals thick, valvate, persistent. Petals showy, red [or white], strongly crumpled. Stamens numerous, covering inner surface of floral tube from rim to ovary. Ovary inferior, multiloculed; style exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit berrylike, with leathery rind, retaining a crown of sepals. Seeds many, with translucent, juicy sarcotesta; cotyledons spirally rolled.
Two species: one endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Socotra; one of uncertain native origin, probably from C and SW Asia, now widespread in cultivation.
" 110833 general 815293 Lythraceae "Rotala.Herbs, annual or perennial, aquatic, amphibious, or terrestrial, often anthocyanic with age. Stems glabrous, simple or branched, commonly 4-angled or 4-winged. Leaves decussate or whorled, sessile or subsessile; bracts of inflorescences like foliage leaves or smaller and different in shape. Flowers actinomorphic, monomorphic [or dimorphic], (3 or)4(-6)-merous, solitary, sessile or shortly pedicellate, in axils of bracts on main stem, on spikelike lateral branchlets, or in terminal spikes. Floral tube campanulate or urceolate, generally globose in fruit; bracteoles 2, at base of floral tube; sepals 3-6, ca. 1/3 length of floral tube or less, deltate; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. Petals 3-6, pink-purple to whitish. Stamens 1-6, opposite the sepals. Ovary 2-4-loculed; style long or short; stigma capitate, rarely more massive, discoid. Capsule finely transversely striate (10 × magnification), hyaline, septicidally dehiscent, 2-4-valved. Seeds numerous, brown or reddish brown, ovoid to ellipsoidal, concave-convex, less than 1 mm.
About 46 species: tropical and temperate regions of the world; ten species (one endemic, one naturalized) in China.
An additional species, Rotala hippuris Makino (Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 81. 1898), a popular aquarium plant considered endemic to Japan, is found in ornamental ponds in Taiwan. It was reported (Liu et al., Man. Taiwan Vasc. Pl. 3: 241. 2000) from ponds at Taoyuan, Taiwan. Whether it is native, naturalized, or cultivated there was not stated.
See also Cook, A revision of the genus Rotala (Lythraceae) (Boissiera 29: 1-156. 1979).
Morphological characters and geographic distribution are the same as those of the family.
Numerous species and infraspecific taxa have been proposed based on variations in size and ornamentation of the fruit. However, these variations overlap to such an extent that a more discrete definition of taxa is not supported here.
Plants are regionally cultivated for their fruit, which contain abundant starch and are consumed both raw and cooked. The seeds are ground into a flour used for medicine and making starch and wine. The fruit and fresh plants can be used for pig feed.
Trees, 6-12 m tall. Branchlets terete, glabrous. Petiole 1.2-1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rarely elliptic-obovate, 7-18 × 4-8 cm, papery to thinly leathery, abaxially paler and conspicuously reticulate, lateral veins 10 or 11 pairs, base acute to attenuate, apex shortly acuminate. Panicles 10-15 cm, glabrous or puberulous. Floral tube 6-merous, 1.2-1.5 cm, smooth walled or with 12 shallow, broad ribs, densely yellow-brown puberulous; sepals narrowly deltate, 5.5-8 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as floral tube, adaxially glabrous; annulus absent; epicalyx segments absent or minute. Petals purple to bluish purple when dry, ovate, 2-2.5 cm including claw 5-7 mm. Stamens 75 to ca. 130, in 2 or 3 whorls, monomorphic. Ovary glabrous. Capsules oblong, 2.5-3.5 × ca. 2 cm, 6-valved. Seeds yellowish brown, ca. 10 mm including wing. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Oct-Dec.
This species is very similar to the widespread and commonly cultivated Lagerstroemia speciosa (Linnaeus) Persoon. The lectotype of L. intermedia differs in having slightly smaller, non-apiculate buds and smaller flowers that are very shallowly ribbed or smooth walled. In L. speciosa, the buds are typically apiculate and the floral tubes are more deeply and conspicuously ribbed, but it is uncertain if there is a continuum from shallow to deep ribbing. If there is a continuum, then L. intermedia is better considered a variety of L. speciosa. Epicalyx segments described by Koehne in the protologue of L. intermedia that might be a useful character are, in fact, not present on the lectotype.
Lagerstroemia intermedia is very local and of some conservation concern.
Herbs, annual, terrestrial or amphibious, to ca. 40 cm. Stem creeping and branched at base, ascending, or erect, terete to weakly 4-angled. Leaves decussate, obovate-elliptic or obovate-oblong, 5-17 × 3-8 mm, base cuneate, margin translucent to opaque, white cartilaginous, apex obtuse. Bracts like foliage leaves or distinctly smaller on axillary spikes. Flowers in axillary spikes or sessile in bracts on main stem; bracteoles linear, reaching sepals or longer. Floral tube 4-merous, pink-red at anthesis, narrowly to broadly campanulate, 1.5-2.5 mm, 4-angled; sepals 4, lanceolate-deltate; epicalyx absent. Petals 4, pink, minute to ca. 1/2 as long as sepals. Stamens 4; anthers reaching sinus of sepals. Ovary ellipsoidal; style ca. 1/2 as long as ovary, slightly exserted. Capsule ellipsoidal, ca. 1 mm in diam., slightly exserted, 2-valved. Seeds ca. 0.4 mm. Fl. Sep-Oct, fr. Oct-Apr. 2n = 32*.
The species is closely associated with rice cultivation. There are unbranched plants with flowers sessile at nodes of the main stem that do not form lateral spikelike inflorescences. Cook (1979) found that although the unbranched form was sometimes genetically fixed, in many geographically scattered populations it was not fixed but ecologically induced as a result of crowded growing conditions.
" 171588 use 814901 Lythraceae "Lawsonia inermis. Widely cultivated as a dye-plant (Henna)." 69316 general 813617 Magnoliaceae "Liriodendron. ""Sep 3, soon reflexed; pet 6, erect, broadly ovate, forming a cup-shaped cor; anthers extrorse; pistils many, on an elongate receptacle, ripening into a cone of dry, samaroid, eventually deciduous frs; deciduous trees with simple, 4-lobed lvs and large but inconspicuously colored fls. 2, the other in e. Asia.""" 110070 general 813617 Magnoliaceae "Liriodendron.Trees, deciduous. Bark grayish white, longitudinally fissured, falling off in small masses. Winter buds ovoid, surrounded by 2 connate stipules. Stipules free from petiole. Leaves spirally arranged, folded and pendulous in buds; petiole long; leaf blade with 1 or 2 lateral lobes near base, apex truncate to emarginate. Flowers terminal, solitary, bisexual, not fragrant, appearing at same time as leaves. Tepals 9, in 3 whorls, subequal. Anthers dehiscing extrorsely. Gynoecium sessile; carpels many, spirally arranged, distinct, basal ones sterile; ovules 2 per carpel, pendulous. Fruit fusiform; mature carpels woody, falling off from torus when matured; testa fused with endocarp, apex elongated winglike; torus persistent. Seeds 1 or 2 per carpel; testa thin and dry.
Two species: E Asia and E North America; one species in China.
The North American species Liriodendron tulipifera Linnaeus is cultivated as a garden plant in E China.
" 136967 general 814465 Magnoliaceae "Parakmeria kachirachirai.Trees, to 20 m tall, to 1.2 m d.b.h., with bisexual flowers. Dry bark dark brown, smooth, massively scaly fissured when old. Petiole 0.5-2 cm; leaf blade narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 6.5-12 × 2-3 cm, thinly leathery, secondary veins 14-16 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Peduncle 1-1.5 cm; spathaceous bract 1, brown, ca. 2.5 cm, glabrous. Tepals 9-12, in 3 or 4 whorls, pale yellow, obovate-oblong, 2.5-4 × 1-1.5 cm; tepals of innermost whorl usually smaller. Stamens 50-60, 1.4-1.8 cm; connective exserted and forming a mucro; anthers 1.2-1.5 cm. Gynophore 0.5-0.8 cm; gynoecium ovoid, 1.2-1.4 cm; carpels 9-18. Fruit long cylindric, 2-2.5 × 1.2-1.5 cm. Seeds without testa flat, orbicular or reniform. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct-Nov.
This species is grown as an ornamental and used for timber.
" 142956 general 814629 Magnoliaceae "Yulania biondii.Trees, to 12 m tall, to 1 m d.b.h. Bark pale gray, smooth. Twigs grayish green, 3-4 mm in diam., glabrous; terminal buds ovoid to broadly ovoid, 1.7-3 cm, densely pale yellow opened villous. Stipular scar 1/5-1/3 as long as petiole. Petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate, narrowly obovate, or ovate, 10-18 × 3.5-6.5 cm, abaxially light green and appressed lanate but later glabrescent, adaxially dark green, secondary veins 10-15 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate to obtuse and decurrent on petiole, margin dry membranous, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Peduncle ca. 1 cm, with 3 bract scars, apically swollen. Flowers appearing before leaves, 6-8 cm in diam., fragrant. Tepals 9; outer 3 tepals sepaloid, purplish red, nearly narrowly obovate-linear, ca. 1 cm; tepals of middle and inner whorls white but usually outside purplish red at base, spoon-shaped, 4-5 × 1.3-2.5 cm; tepals of inner whorls smaller and narrower. Stamens 8-10 mm; filaments purple, 3-4 mm; anthers 4-5 mm. Gynoecium 1.5-2 cm. Fruiting peduncle ca. 1 × 0.7 cm, with residual long sericeous trichomes. Fruit cylindric, 8-14 cm, usually withered because of carpels partly undeveloped; mature carpels light brown, suborbicular, compressed laterally, tuberculate. Seeds cordate, with a V-shaped furrow prominent in middle, abaxially deeply furrowed, apically concave, apex inconspicuously acute; testa bright red; endotesta dark black. Fl. Mar, fr. Sep. 2n = 76*.
This species is grown as an ornamental and used medicinally.
"Magnolia biondii var. parvialabastra T. B. Chao," "M. biondii var. purpurea T. B. Chao et al.," and "M. honanensis B. Y. Ding & T. B. Chao" (in J. Henan Agric. College 1983(4): 7, 8, 10. 1983) belong here but were not validly published because in each case two gatherings were indicated as types (Vienna Code, Art. 37.2).
Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Stipules membranous, adnate to petiole and leaving a scar on petiole. Leaves spirally arranged, folded in bud, erect when young; leaf blade membranous or thickly papery, margin entire or rarely 2-lobed at apex. Flowers terminal on brachyblasts, solitary, bisexual, appearing before or at same time as leaves, large and showy, usually fragrant. Tepals 9-15(-45), 3 per whorl, white, pink, purplish red, or rarely yellow, subequal, sometimes outer ones (perules) smaller, greenish or yellowish brown, and sepal-like. Stamens caducous; filaments flat; connective exserted and forming a long or short mucro; anthers dehiscing introrse-latrorsely or latrorsely. Gynoecium without a gynophore; carpels distinct; ovules 2(-4) per carpel; styles curved outward. Fruit usually terete when mature, often curved because of carpels partly abortive; mature carpels often distinct or rarely connate, leathery or subwoody, dehiscing along dorsal sutures, persistent on torus.
About 25 species: temperate and subtropical regions of SE Asia and North America; 18 species including one to six hybrid species (16 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Yulania kobus (Candolle) Spach (Magnolia kobus Candolle, nom. cons.; M. praecocissima Koidzumi), native to Japan and S Korea, is cultivated as a garden plant in Shandong and Zhejiang.
"Magnolia glabrata Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou" and "M. glabrata var. multipetala Y. W. Law & Q. W. Zeng" (in Y. H. Liu, Magnolias China, 62, 64. 2004) either represent hybrids between Yulania (Magnolia) species found in plantations grown for medicinal xinyi or could be a synonyms of already published taxa; however, they were not validly published because no Latin descriptions or diagnoses were provided and no types were indicated (Vienna Code, Art. 36.1 and 37.1).
Trees, to 30 m tall but usually shorter when cultivated. Bark pale brown to gray, thinly scaly fissured. Twigs, vegetative buds, petioles, and leaf blade abaxial surfaces densely brown to grayish brown shortly tomentose but abaxial surface of young leaf blades glabrous. Twigs thick and strong. Petiole 1.5-4 cm, deeply furrowed, without a stipular scar; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or obovate-oblong, 10-20 × 4-7(-10) cm, thickly leathery, adaxially deep green and glossy, secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex obtuse to shortly mucronate. Flowers 15-20 cm in diam., fragrant. Tepals 9-12, white, obovate, 6-10 × 5-7 cm, thickly fleshy. Stamens ca. 2 cm; filaments purple, flat; connective exserted and forming a mucro; anthers introrse. Gynoecium ellipsoid, densely long tomentose; carpels ovoid, 1-1.5 cm; styles reclinate. Fruit terete to ovoid, 7-10 × 4-5 cm, densely brown to pale grayish yellow tomentose; mature carpels abaxially rounded, dehiscing along dorsal sutures, apex long beaked. Seeds ovoid, ca. 1.4 × 0.6 cm; testa red. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 114.
This species is widely cultivated as an ornamental and for timber.
" 114628 general 814321 Magnoliaceae "Michelia figo.Shrubs, 2-3 m tall. Bark grayish brown. Twigs and leaves dense. Young twigs, buds, petioles, and brachyblasts densely yellowish brown tomentose. Stipular scar reaching petiole apex. Petiole 2-4 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 4-10 × 1.8-4.5 cm, abaxially midvein with brown appressed trichomes but other parts glabrescent, adaxially glossy and glabrous, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, apex obtusely acute. Flowers 1.2-2 × 0.6-1.1 cm, erect, sweetly fragrant. Tepals 6, pale yellow but margin sometimes red to purple, long elliptic, 1.2-2 × 0.6-1.1 cm, fleshy and thick. Stamens 7-8 mm; connective exserted and forming a sharp tip. Gynophore ca. 6 mm, pale yellow tomentose; gynoecium ca. 7 mm, exceeding androecium, glabrous. Fruit 2-3.5 cm; mature carpels ovoid to globose, apex with a mucronate beak. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Jul-Aug. 2n = 38*.
This species is grown as an ornamental and used medicinally. It is cultivated in most other tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of the world.
Loureiro published Liriodendron figo based on a plant cultivated in Macao. Although the type was probably destroyed, the plant today identified as Michelia figo is identical with Loureiro’s description.
Trees, to 25 m tall, to 1 m d.b.h. Bark deep gray, coarse and fissured. Winter buds and peduncles densely pale grayish yellow long sericeous. Branches patent and forming a broad crown; twigs grayish brown, slightly thick and strong. Stipular scar 1/4-1/3 as long as petiole. Petiole 1-2.5 cm, villous, adaxially narrowly furrowed; leaf blade obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic but basal leaves elliptic, 10-15(-18) × 6-10(-12) cm, papery, gradually narrowing from middle toward base, abaxially pale green and villous along veins, adaxially deep green, villous when young, and later only pilose on midvein and secondary veins, secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous, apex broadly rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate. Peduncle significantly enlarged, densely pale yellow long sericeous. Flower buds ovoid. Flowers appearing before leaves, 10-16 cm in diam., erect, fragrant. Tepals 9, white, oblong-obovate, 6-8(-10) × 2.5-4.5(-6.5) cm, subequal, base usually pinkish. Stamens 7-12 mm; connective ca. 5 mm wide, exserted and forming a mucro; anthers 6-7 mm, dehiscing laterally. Gynoecium pale green, cylindric, 2-2.5 cm, glabrous; ovaries narrowly ovoid, 3-4 mm; styles conical, ca. 4 mm. Fruit cylindric but in cultivation often curved because of carpels partly undeveloped, 12-15 × 3.5-5 cm; mature carpels brown, thickly woody, white lenticellate. Seeds cordate, ca. 9 × 10 mm, laterally compressed; testa red; endotesta black. Fl. Feb-Mar, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 76*, 114*.
This species is grown as an ornamental and for timber. It is widely cultivated in temperate parts of the world.
" 142968 general 814771 Magnoliaceae "Yulania stellata.Shrubs, 0.3-2.4 m tall. Twigs slender, lenticellate; old twigs grayish brown; annual and biennial twigs green. Stipular scar ca. 1/2 as long as petiole. Petiole 3-12 mm, glabrous; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, 7-12 × 2.5-4 cm, abaxially glabrous or white pubescent in vein axils, adaxially glabrous, midvein abaxially slightly impressed, secondary veins 6-8 on each side of midvein, base cuneate, apex acuminate to caudate. Peduncle 3-5 mm, densely yellow sericeous. Flower buds 1.5-2 cm. Flowers appearing before leaves, 5-7 cm in diam. Tepals 12-15(-18), in 4 or 5(or 6) whorls, pale red at first but later gradually becoming white with red on outside on apical part or only at middle, oblanceolate to obovate-spoon-shaped, 3.3-4.5 × 1.3-1.8 cm, fleshy, apex rounded to nearly acute. Stamens 86-99, 7-9(-10) mm; filaments 1-2(-3) mm; anthers 6-7 mm. Gynoecium cylindric, 6-8 × 2-4 mm; carpels many, narrowly ovoid, ca. 2 mm, distinct, glabrous; stigmas ca. 1.5 mm. Fruit not seen. Fl. Feb.
This species is commonly cultivated in Jiangsu, Shandong, and Zhejiang.
In FRPS (30(1): 139. 1996) the name Magnolia tomentosa Thunberg, nom. utique rej., was misapplied to this species.
One of us (Xia) considers that Yulania sinostellata is a distinct species.
After publication of the Flora of China treatment, it was noted that the cited basionym “Magnolia stellata Maximowicz” itself is a new combination based on Buergeria stellata Siebold & Zuccarini (1845), so Yulania stellata (Maximowicz) N. H. Xia, Fl. China 7: 75. 2008" is invalid.
Woody lianas, up to 20 m; young branchlets red-brown tomentose, glabrate, striate, lenticellate, leaf-scars slightly thickened. Petiole 1-2 cm, glabrous or puberulent; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to oblong, (5-)7-10(-12) × 3-5(-8) cm, subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, abaxial midrib puberulent, base rounded or obtuse, rarely subcordate, apex acuminate; lateral veins 4-7 pairs, anastomosing near margin. Panicles axillary, 5-10 cm, slender, red-brown pubescent, glabrate; pedicels 1-1.5 cm, glabrous, articulate proximally. Sepals ca. 2 × 1 mm, glabrous, apex rounded. Petals white, oblong, 3.5-5 × 1.5-3 mm, glabrous, apex rounded. Ovary glabrous; style 3-4.5 mm. Samara red-brown, suborbicular to orbicular, 2.5-4.5 × 2-2.7 cm, subleathery or dry membranous, apex retuse, abaxial wing ca. 1 cm × 6 mm. Seed linear, villous. Persistent disk dark red-brown, shallowly 3-lobed; carpel stalk trigonous-conic, as long as lobes of disk. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Oct-Dec.
" 108463 general 33225 Malpighiaceae "Malpighiaceae.Shrubs, small trees, or woody lianas, pubescence a mix of medifixed (T-shaped) and simple hairs, monoecious or andro-dioecious. Leaves usually opposite, rarely alternate or 3-whorled, petiolate, simple, entire, glands often present either on petiole or on lower surface of leaves; stipules free and deciduous, or connate and ± persistent, sometimes reduced or absent. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose, corymbose or umbellate, solitary or in panicles; pedicels articulate, 2-bracteolate at point of attachment. Flowers bisexual or staminate (in Ryssopterys), actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Sepals 5, polysepalous or gamosepalous, imbricate, rarely valvate, one or more large glandular at bases of outside members, rarely eglandular. Petals 5, typically clawed, margin ciliate, dentate or fimbriate. Disk inconspicuous. Stamens 10, obdiplostemonous, sometimes diadelphous with one stamen distinctly larger than others; filaments usually connate at base; anthers introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 3-locular, placenta axile, 1-ovuled, pendulous and semianatropous in each locule; styles 3, or connate into 1, persistent. Fruit a schizocarp, carpels 3 or fewer, 1 seed per carpel; schizocarp splitting into winged samaras, indehiscent. Seed embryo large, erect or rarely curved; endosperm lacking.
About 65 genera and ca. 1280 species: tropical and subtropical regions, mainly American; four genera and 21 species (12 endemic) in China.
Two cultivated species were described in FRPS (43(3): 129. 1997): Malpighia coccigera Linnaeus, grown in Guangdong and Hainan, and Thyrallis gracilis Kuntze, grown in Guangdong and Yunnan (Xishuangbanna).
Chen Shukun & Chen Pangyu. 1997. Malpighiaceae. In: Chen Shukun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(3): 105-131.
Shrubs or trees, stellate tomentose throughout. Leaves simple; stipules deciduous; leaf blade ovate or suborbicular, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, abaxially densely stellate pubescent, palmately veined. Flowers solitary or in short 2-5-flowered panicles, axillary, bisexual. Epicalyx lobes 4-6, oblong-lanceolate, subconnate at base, spreading, pubescent, spreading and accrescent in fruit. Calyx 5-lobed, connate to middle, lobes broadly triangular, much shorter than epicalyx. Corolla large, showy; petals 5, pink or white, oblong, ± equal to involucellar bracts, gland-fringed. Filament tube divided into many branches, each bearing 2 anthers, glabrous. Ovary globose, 2-loculed; ovules 2 or more per locule, usually erect; style branches 2-fid apically, exserted, pubescent; stigmas rugose, capitate. Fruit enveloped by accrescent calyx, dry, indehiscent, subglobose. Seeds 1 per locule, reniform.
One species: Bhutan, S China, India, Thailand.
The Asian genera Dicellostyles Bentham, Julostylis Thwaites, Kydia, and Nayariophyton are all very closely related.
" 177519 ecology 800945 Malvaceae "Clappertonia minor. In dry places." 108464 general 33226 Malvaceae "Malvaceae.Herbs, shrubs, or less often trees; indumentum usually with peltate scales or stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate; leaf blade usually palmately veined, entire or various lobed. Flowers solitary, less often in small cymes or clusters, axillary or subterminal, often aggregated into terminal racemes or panicles, usually conspicuous, actinomorphic, usually bisexual (unisexual in Kydia). Epicalyx often present, forming an involucre around calyx, 3- to many lobed. Sepals 5, valvate, free or connate. Petals 5, free, contorted, or imbricate, basally adnate to base of filament tube. Stamens usually very many, filaments connate into tube; anthers 1-celled. Pollen spiny. Ovary superior, with 2-25 carpels, often separating from one another and from axis; ovules 1 to many per locule; style as many or 2 × as many as pistils, apex branched or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a schizocarp, separating into individual mericarps, rarely berrylike when mature (Malvaviscus); carpels sometimes with an endoglossum (a crosswise projection from back wall of carpel to make it almost completely septate. Seeds often reniform, glabrous or hairy, sometimes conspicuously so.
About 100 genera and ca. 1000 species: tropical and temperate regions of N and S Hemisphere; 19 genera (four introduced) and 81 species (24 endemic, 16 introduced) in China.
Molecular studies have shown that the members of the Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae form a very well-defined monophyletic group that is divided into ten also rather well-defined clades, only two of which correspond to the traditional families Bombacaceae and Malvaceae. Some of the remaining groups are included entirely within either of the remaining families but others cut across the traditional divide between the Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. A majority of authors, most notably Bayer and Kubitzki (Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 5: 225-311. 2003), has favored including everything within a greatly enlarged Malvaceae, and treating the individual clades as subfamilies. The alternative view is that the individual clades should be treated as a series of ten families: Bombacaceae (Bombacoideae), Brownlowiaceae (Brownlowioideae), Byttneriaceae (Byttnerioideae), Durionaceae (Durionoideae), Helicteraceae (Helicteroideae), Malvaceae (Malvoideae), Pentapetaceae (Dombeyoideae), Sparrmanniaceae (Grewioideae), Sterculiaceae (Sterculioideae), and Tiliaceae (Tilioideae) (Cheek in Heywood et al., Fl. Pl. Fam. World. 201-202. 2007). For the present treatment, we prefer to retain the familiar, traditional four families, so as to maintain continuity with the treatments in FRPS, and to await a consensus on the two alternative strategies for dealing with the very widely accepted clades.
The traditional Malvaceae coincides exactly with one of the major clades. The only possible problem is the relationship with the Bombacaceae, which also has primarily 1-loculed anthers, and some authorities have suggested that the Bombacaceae should be included within the Malvaceae.
Members of the Malvaceae are important as fiber crops (particularly cotton, Gossypium). Young leaves of many species can be used as vegetables, and species of Abelmoschus and Hibiscus are grown as minor food crops. Many species have attractive flowers and an ever-increasing selection is grown as ornamentals. Several have been cultivated for a very long time, particularly species of Hibiscus, and some of these are not known in the wild.
Feng Kuo-mei. 1984. Malvaceae. In: Feng Kuo-mei, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 1-102.
Herbs or subshrubs. Leaves petiolate; stipules filiform; leaf blade papery, basal veins usually 3, usually with linear appendages at or near base, margin serrate, serrulate, or crenate. Flowers solitary or several arranged in cymes, axillary or extra-axillary, bisexual, yellow. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5; glands absent. Stamens 15 to many, on androgynophore, free; staminodes absent. Ovary 2-5-loculed; ovules many per locule; style short; stigma peltate or disk-shaped, entire or lobed. Fruit a capsule, cylindrical or globose, sometimes angled, 2-5-valved, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds many.
Between 40 and 100 species: primarily in tropical regions; four species in China.
Corchorus oenotheroides H. Léveillé is the basionym of Indigofera oenotheroides (H. Léveillé) Lauener in the Fabaceae (see Fl. China 10). Corchorus polygonatum H. Léveillé is a synonym of Tricyrtis pilosa Wallich in the Liliaceae (see Fl. China 24: 152. 2000).
Several species have been grown as a fiber crop. Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius are the source of the important fiber jute.
Herbs annual or perennial, erect, robust, to 3 m tall, glabrous, sparsely sharply spiny. Stipules silklike, 6-8 mm; petiole 6-20 cm, sparsely spiny; leaf blade dimorphic; blades on proximal part of stem cordate, those on distal part of stem palmately 3-7-lobed, lobes lanceolate, 2-12 × 0.6-2 cm, base cordate or nearly rounded, margin serrate, glabrous on both surfaces, apex acuminate; basal veins 5-7, glandular near base of midrib. Flowers solitary, axillary, nearly sessile. Epicalyx lobes 7-10, not red, filiform, free, 6-8 mm, sparsely spiny. Calyx nearly campanulate, connate for ca. 1/2 length, ca. 3 cm, spiny and white tomentose, lobes 5, lanceolate, 1-2 cm, long caudate. Corolla yellow with red center; petals oblong-obovate, ca. 6 cm. Staminal column 1.5-2 cm, glabrous. Styles 5, glabrous. Capsule globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., densely spiny, apex shortly beaked. Seeds reniform, subglabrous. Fl. autumn.
Hibiscus cannabinus is cultivated as a fiber crop ("kenaf "). The seed oil is considered inedible but is used industrially and in oil-lamps.
" 142362 general 794504 Malvaceae "Malva verticillata var. crispa.Herbs annual. Leaf blade margin strongly wrinkled; blades on distal part of stem with lobes bluntly triangular. Flowers solitary or fascicled. Pedicels uniformly short or absent. Schizocarp ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Sep.
This taxon is cultivated as an ornamental and as a salad crop.
" 108683 general 798065 Malvaceae "Alcea.Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, usually erect, unbranched, most parts stellate pubescent, sometimes mixed with long simple hairs. Leaves long petiolate; leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, angled, weakly lobed, or deeply palmatipartite, margin crenate or dentate, apex acute to obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, often arranged into terminal racemes. Epicalyx lobes 6 or 7, basally connate. Calyx 5-lobed, ± pubescent. Petals pink, white, purple, or yellow, usually more than 3 cm wide, apex notched. Staminal column glabrous with anthers clustered at apex; anthers yellow and compact. Ovary 15- or more loculed; ovules 1 per locule, erect; styles as many as locules; stigmas decurrent, filiform. Fruit a schizocarp, disk-shaped, fruit axis as long as or shorter than carpels; mericarps more than 15, laterally compressed and circular with a prominent ventral notch, glabrous or pubescent, 2-celled, proximal cell 1-seeded, distal cell sterile. Seed glabrous or pustulose.
About 60 species: C and SW Asia, E and S Europe; two species (one endemic) in China.
The large colorful flowers contribute to the popularity of the plants as cultivated ornamentals. The stems are used as firewood, and the roots are used medicinally.
" 109746 general 802533 Malvaceae "Gossypium.Herbs annual or perennial, sometimes shrubs; all parts irregularly dotted with dark oil glands. Leaf blades usually palmately 3-9-lobed, rarely entire. Flowers solitary, subterminal. Pedicel not articulated, usually with glands below insertion of epicalyx lobes. Epicalyx lobes 3(-7), foliaceous, glandular, free or connate at base, entire or toothed to deeply laciniate. Calyx cup-shaped, nearly truncate to 5-lobed. Corolla white or yellow, sometimes with purple center, large; petals 5, apex rounded. Staminal column with many anthers along entire length, apex truncate. Ovary 3-5-loculed; ovules 2 to many per locule; style short, rod-shaped, stigma clavate, 5-grooved. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds globose, densely white long woolly, mixed with short hairs or without short hairs.
About 20 species: tropical and subtropical regions; four species (all introduced) in China.
No wild species of Gossypium have been recorded from China. The genus is economically very important as the source of cotton and cotton seed oil, and all the taxa recorded from China have been very widely cultivated throughout tropical and warm temperate regions. Many taxa of cultivated cotton have been described, some from Chinese material, but these are all now included within the four species recognized below.
" 109843 general 803821 Malvaceae "Hibiscus.Shrubs, subshrubs, trees, or herbs. Leaf blade palmately lobed or entire, basal veins 3 or more. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, sometimes subterminal and ± congested into a terminal raceme, 5-merous, bisexual. Epicalyx lobes 5 to many, free or connate at base, rarely very short (H. schizopetalus) or absent (H. lobatus). Calyx campanulate, rarely shallowly cup-shaped or tubular, 5-lobed or 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla usually large and showy, variously colored, often with dark center; petals adnate at base to staminal tube. Filament tube well developed, apex truncate or 5-dentate; anthers throughout or only on upper half of tube. Ovary 5-loculed or, as a result of false partitions, 10-loculed; ovules 3 to many per locule; style branches 5; stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, cylindrical to globose, valves 5, dehiscence loculicidal and sometimes partially septicidal or indehiscent (H. vitifolius Linnaeus). Seeds reniform, hairy or glandular verrucose.
About 200 species: tropical and subtropical regions; 25 species (12 endemic, four introduced) in China.
According to recent molecular studies (Pfeil et al., Syst. Bot. 27: 333-350. 2002), Hibiscus is paraphyletic, and as more taxa are sampled and a more robust phylogeny is constructed, the genus undoubtedly will be recast. Species of other genera of Hibisceae found in China, such as Abelmoschus, Malvaviscus, and Urena, fall within a monophyletic Hibiscus clade. Decaschistia, which is currently placed in the Decaschisteae, also falls within this clade, but only a single Australian species was sampled and this may not be representative of the genus as a whole. Given the unsettled taxonomy of Hibiscus, we are choosing to be conservative, recognizing the paraphyletic nature of Abelmoschus, Malvaviscus, Urena, and possibly Decaschistia, and refraining from recognizing additional segregates of Hibiscus such as Fioria and Talipariti, which themselves may not be monophyletic.
The large colorful flowers of many species mean that the genus is of great horticultural interest and several species are now widely distributed in China. Hibiscus elatus Swartz and H. radiatus Cavanilles were included in FRPS but they are cultivated species of limited occurrence and do not meet the criteria for inclusion in this Flora.
Hibiscus forrestii Diels (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 252. 1912), described from Yunnan, could not be treated here because no material was seen by the authors.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves long petiolate; leaf blade deeply cordate, palmately 5-7-lobed. Flowers solitary, fascicled, or arranged in terminal racemes. Epicalyx lobes 3-6, connate basally. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla various colored, rarely yellow; petals 5, base clawed, apex emarginate or truncate. Filament tube with anthers near apex. Ovary 7-25-loculed; ovules 1 per locule, erect; style branches as many as locules; stigmas decurrent, filiform. Fruit a flattened-globose schizocarp, persistent style base swollen, conical or disk-shaped; mericarps 7-25, semicircular-wedge-shaped, lateral margins rounded, sides smooth or reticulate, abaxially smooth, glabrous or ± pubescent. Seeds reniform, glabrous, free from mericarp wall.
About 25 species: America, Asia, Australia, Europe; one species in China.
See the comments after Malva on the relationship of these two genera. Records of Lavatera trimestris Linnaeus from the Flora area were based on plants cultivated in Beijing. It is an annual with ovate stipules and a glabrous filament tube.
" 110151 general 794588 Malvaceae "Malvaviscus.Shrubs or small trees, sometimes scandent, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves simple; stipules subulate, caducous; leaf blade elliptic or ovate, entire or 3-5-lobed, base truncate or cordate, margin crenate to dentate; foliar nectaries lacking. Flowers solitary, axillary, or sometimes in terminal cymelike clusters. Epicalyx lobes 5-10(-12), linear, lanceolate, or spatulate. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla tubular; petals 5, red or crimson-red, bases auriculate, remaining adpressed to staminal column. Filament tube longer than corolla, apex 5-toothed; anthers below teeth, on outside of staminal column only. Ovary 5-loculed; ovules 1 per locule; style branches 10; stigmas capitate. Fruit a fleshy schizocarp, usually red (sometimes white), broader than long, ultimately drying and separating into mericarps; mericarps 5, indehiscent. Seeds 1 per carpel.
About five species: native to tropical America, but several now widely cultivated; two species (both introduced) in China.
The genus is highly variable morphologically, with many populational forms that intergrade. This variation has led to widely differing opinions as to the number of species and subspecific taxa. The classification adopted here is a conservative one and follows the revision of Turner and Mendenhall (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 439-457. 1993).
" 118115 general 797256 Malvaceae "Abutilon theophrasti.Herbs subshrublike, annual, 1-2 m tall. Petiole 3-12 cm, stellate hairy; leaf blade orbicular-cordate, 5-10 cm in diam., both surfaces densely stellate pubescent, base cordate, margin minutely crenate, apex long acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow. Pedicel 1-3 cm, pubescent, articulate near apex. Calyx cup-shaped, densely puberulent, lobes 5, ovate, ca. 6 mm. Corolla uniformly yellow; petals obovate, ca. 1 cm. Filament tube glabrous. Ovary 15-20-loculed, 1-1.5 cm, densely pubescent, apex truncate. Capsule semiglobose, ca. 1.2 × 2 cm; mericarps 15-20, stellate pilose, apex 2-awned, awns spreading, 3-5 mm, hairy. Seed reniform, brown, stellate puberulent. Fl. Jul-Aug.
Abutilon theophrasti is extensively cultivated for its bast fibers, which are used to make string, rope, shoes, rugs, and countless other items; it is also used medicinally for fever, dysentery, and stomachaches. The fiber is known as "China Jute" or "Tientsin Jute."
" 118128 general 806539 Malvaceae "Hibiscus indicus.Shrubs deciduous, erect, to 3 m tall, entire plant densely stellate puberulent. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, caducous; petiole terete, 6-11 cm; leaf blade cordate, 8-12 × 10-15 cm, papery, palmately 5-11-veined, usually 7-lobed proximally, usually 3-5-lobed distally, lobe margins irregularly dentate or entire, apices acuminate or obtuse. Flowers solitary, axillary on upper branchlets. Pedicel 6-15 cm, articulate at apex. Epicalyx lobes 4 or 5, ovate, connate at base, ca. 20 × 8-12 mm, densely stellate tomentose, apex obtuse or acute. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2.5 cm, lobes 5, ovate, connate for 1/3 of length, densely stellate tomentose. Corolla pink to white, 7-10 cm in diam.; petals obovate, ca. 6.5 cm, barbate at base, abaxially stellate hairy. Staminal column 3.5-4 cm. Style sparsely villous. Capsule nearly globose, ca. 3 cm in diam., hirsute; mericarps 5-6. Seeds reniform, ca. 3 mm, densely ferruginous puberulent. Fl. Jul-Dec.
Hibiscus indicus, despite its name, seems to be a Chinese endemic that was brought into cultivation and introduced to India and Indonesia more than 200 years ago (Borssum Waalkes, Blumea 14: 67. 1966).
" 118134 general 793172 Malvaceae "Hibiscus mutabilis.Shrubs or small trees, erect, 2-5 m tall, deciduous. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, epicalyx, and calyx densely stellate and woolly pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, 5-8 mm, usually caducous; petiole 5-20 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to round-ovate or cordate, 5-7-lobed, 10-15 cm in diam., papery, abaxially densely stellate minutely tomentose, adaxially sparsely stellate minutely hairy, lobes triangular, basal veins 7-11, margin obtusely serrate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary on upper branches. Pedicel 5-8 cm, articulate near end. Epicalyx lobes 8, filiform, connate at base, 10-16 × ca. 2 mm. Calyx campanulate, 2.5-3 cm, lobes 5, ovate, acuminate. Corolla white or reddish, becoming dark red, ca. 8 cm in diam.; petals nearly orbicular, 4-5 cm in diam., hairy abaxially, barbate at base. Staminal column 2.5-3 cm, glabrous. Styles 5, pilose. Capsule flattened globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., yellowish hispid and woolly; mericarps 5. Seeds reniform, villous abaxially. Fl. Aug-Oct.
Hibiscus mutabilis is almost certainly native to SE China but was domesticated a long time ago. It is now cultivated throughout the world and has occasionally become naturalized elsewhere, e.g., in Japan. Cultivars with double flowers have been called H. mutabilis f. plenus (重瓣木芙蓉 chong ban mu fu rong).
" 118141 general 793164 Malvaceae "Hibiscus syriacus.Shrubs deciduous, erect, 1.5-4 m tall. Branchlets yellow stellate puberulent. Stipules filiform-subulate, ca. 6 mm, pilose; petiole 5-25 mm, stellate pubescent adaxially; leaf blade rhomboid to triangular-ovate or broadly lanceolate, variously 3-lobed or entire, 3-10 × 2-4 cm, papery, abaxially puberulent along veins or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, basal veins 3-5, base cuneate, margin irregularly incised, apex obtuse to subacute. Flowers solitary, axillary on upper branches. Pedicel 4-14 mm, stellate puberulent. Epicalyx lobes 6-8, filiform, 6-20 × 0.5-2 mm, ± free, connate at base only, densely stellate puberulent, apex obtuse or acute. Calyx campanulate, 14-20 mm, densely stellate puberulent, lobes 5, triangular. Corolla blue-purple, violet, white, pink, or reddish, sometimes with darker center, campanulate, sometimes double, 5-6 cm in diam.; petals obovate, 3.5-4.5 cm, pilose and stellate villous abaxially. Staminal column ca. 3 cm. Style glabrous. Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 12 mm in diam., densely yellow stellate puberulent. Seeds reniform, with yellow-white hairs abaxially. Fl. Jul-Oct.
Despite the specific epithet, Hibiscus syriacus originated in China but was taken into cultivation very early and was distributed to the Middle East along early trade routes. It is a very popular frost-hardy flowering shrub from which many named cultivars have been developed, some of which have been given formal scientific names. These include:
H. syriacus var. alboplenus Loudon (白花重瓣木槿 bai hua chong ban mu jin): Flowers double, white, 6-10 cm in diam.
H. syriacus var. amplissimus L. F. Gagnepain (粉紫重瓣木槿 fen zi chong ban mu jin): Flowers double, pink-purple with red center.
H. syriacus var. brevibracteatus S. Y. Hu (短苞木槿 duan bao mu jin): Leaf blade rhomboid, base cuneate. Flowers single, purplish. Epicalyx lobes very small, 3-5 × 0.5-1 mm, silky.
H. syriacus var. elegantissimus L. F. Gagnepain (雅致木槿 ya zhi mu jin): Flowers double, pink, 6-7 cm in diam.
H. syriacus var. grandiflorus Rehder (大花木槿 da hua mu jin): Flowers single, peach or red.
H. syriacus var. longibracteatus S. Y. Hu (长苞木槿 chang bao mu jin): Flowers single, purplish. Epicalyx lobes nearly as long as sepals, 15-20 × 1-2 mm.
H. syriacus var. paeoniiflorus L. F. Gagnepain (牡丹木槿 mu dan mu jin): Flowers double, pink or purplish, 7-9 cm in diam.
H. syriacus var. totoalbus T. Moore (白花牡丹木槿 bai hua dan ban mu jin): Flowers single, white.
H. syriacus var. violaceus L. F. Gagnepain (紫花重瓣木槿 zi hua chong ban mu jin): Flowers double, greenish purple.
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets sparsely villous to glabrate, rarely glabrous. Stipule filiform, ca. 4 mm, usually caducous; petiole 2-5 cm, puberulent; leaf blade broadly cordate to ovate-cordate, usually 3-lobed, sometimes entire, 6-12 × 2.5-10 cm, nearly glabrous or stellate pilose on both surfaces, basal veins 3 or 5, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded or cordate, margin crenate, sometimes irregularly so, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary, pendulous, tube-shaped, slightly expanding only at top, 2.3-5 cm. Pedicel 3-15 mm, villous or puberulent. Epicalyx lobes spatulate, 8-15 mm, connate at base, hairy. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam., lobes 5, slightly longer or shorter than bracteoles, hirsute. Petals 5, scarlet-red, 2.5-5 cm. Staminal column 5-7 cm, exceeding corolla tube. Style branches 10. Ripe fruit bright red, usually 3- or 4-seeded.
Chinese material is almost certainly to be referred to Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus. Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii (Torrey
& A. Gray) Schery, the name used by Feng (in FRPS 49(2): 50. 1984), is rarely cultivated. It differs from var. arboreus by the leaf blades being uniformly 3-lobed, with an obtuse (not acute) apex and strongly cordate (not truncate or cordate) base, and by the stem and petiole being diffusely pubescent with overlapping stellate hairs that form a velvety vestiture (not variously pubescent to glabrate).
Trees or shrubs, evergreen, 3-6 m tall. Branchlets with minute brown peltate scales, sometimes dense. Stipules filiform-lanceolate, 2-7 mm, usually caducous; petiole 4-10 cm, scaly; leaf blade ovate-cordate to triangular, 7-18 × 4.5-12 cm, abaxially with scales, adaxially glabrous or with scales, base truncate to cordate, margin entire, apex long caudate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicel 2.5-6 cm, densely scaly. Epicalyx lobes 3-4, filiform-lanceolate, 8-10 mm, usually caducous, scaly. Calyx cup-shaped, 1-1.5 cm in diam., subtruncate with 5 ca. 0.5 mm teeth, densely scaly. Corolla yellow, adaxially purple at base, campanulate, ca. 5 cm. Staminal column ca. 25 mm. Fruit stipe 6-8 cm. Capsule globose to pyriform, ca. 5 × 2 cm in diam., slightly fleshy, ± indehiscent. Seeds triangular-ovoid, 8-9 mm, brown hairy or glabrous, veined. Fl. year-round.
The wide distribution of this species is due to the capacity of its fruits to float in seawater and stay alive for months. It is often cultivated as a shade tree.
" 118191 general 796796 Malvaceae "Pentapetes phoenicea.Annual herbs, 0.5-1 m tall, sparsely stellate hairy. Petiole 1-2.5 cm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 5-10 × 1-2 cm, base broadly cuneate, rounded or truncate, margin crenate, apex acuminate. Flowers opening at noon, closing at dawn. Calyx lobes lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, abaxially stellate velutinous and hispid. Petals red, broadly ovate, ca. 12 mm. Staminodes tongue-shaped, 12-13 × ca. 1 mm. Ovary ovoid, villous; ovules 8-12 per cell; style filiform, glabrous, ca. 1 cm. Capsule nearly globose, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., densely stellate hairy and hispid, shorter than persistent calyx. Fl. summer-autumn.
Pentapetes phoenicea is a plant of tropical Asia that is cultivated for its bright red flowers. It has become naturalized in many areas such that the native distribution is now obscured.
" 131804 general 806779 Malvaceae "Abelmoschus manihot var. manihot.Stems without prickly hairs. Pedicels sometimes with prickly hairs.
Plants with few prickly hairs have been selected for cultivation and sometimes are found as escapes.
" 131997 general 794658 Malvaceae "Alcea rosea.Herbs biennial, erect, to 2(-3) m tall; stem densely hirsute. Stipules ovate, ca. 8 mm, apically 3-lobed; petiole 5-15 cm, stellate hirsute; leaf blade nearly orbicular, palmately 5-7-lobed or crenate-angled, 6-16 cm in diam., papery, abaxially long stellate hirsute or stellate tomentose, adaxially sparsely stellate pilose, lobes triangular or rounded, central lobe ca. 3 × 4-6 cm. Flowers solitary or fascicled, aggregated into a terminal, spikelike inflorescence. Bracts foliaceous. Pedicel ca. 5 mm, 8-10 mm in fruit, stellate hirsute. Epicalyx cup-shaped, usually 6- or 7-lobed, 8-10 mm, densely stellate hirsute, lobes ovate-lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, 2-3 cm in diam., lobes ovate-triangular, 1.2-1.5 cm, densely stellate hirsute. Corolla red, purple, white, pink, yellow, or black-purple, 6-10 cm in diam., sometimes double; petals obovate-triangular, ca. 4 cm, base attenuate, claw tipped with long thin hairs, apex emarginate. Staminal column glabrous, ca. 2 cm; filaments ca. 2 mm. Style branches many, puberulent. Schizocarp disk-shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam., puberulent; mericarps many, nearly orbicular, longitudinally grooved. Fl. Feb-Aug.
Alcea rosea originated in the SW provinces of China and has been grown in Europe since at least the 15th century. It is cultivated as an
ornamental and is used medicinally. It is not known from any truly wild situations.
Shrubs, to 2 m tall. Branchlets villous (hairs recurved) to glabrate. Stipule filiform, ca. 4 mm, caducous; petiole 1-2 cm, villous; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 6-12 × 2.5-6 cm, both surfaces nearly glabrous or stellate pilose, basal veins 3, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, margin crenate-serrate. Flowers solitary, axillary, pendulous, tubular, slightly expanded apically only, ca. 5 cm. Pedicel ca. 15 mm, villous. Epicalyx lobes ca. 8, spatulate, 1-1.5 cm, margins ciliate. Calyx slightly longer than epicalyx, hirsute. Petals red. Staminal column ca. 7 cm, exserted. Fruit unknown.
This very widely cultivated species is not known to occur in the wild. It rarely sets fruit.
" 140493 general 793118 Malvaceae "Bombax ceiba.Trees to 25 m tall; trunk buttressed, usually very spiny on young trees; bark gray-white; branches spreading. Stipules minute; petiole 10-20 cm; leaflets 5-7, petiolules 1.5-4 cm; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 10-16 × 3.5-5.5 cm, glabrous, lateral veins 15-17 on each side of midrib, ascending, base broad or tapering, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, terminal, ca. 10 cm in diam. Calyx cup-shaped, 2-3(-4.5) cm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely yellowish sericeous, calyx lobes 3-5, semi-orbicular, ca. 1.5 × 2.3 cm. Petals usually red, sometimes orange-red, obovate-oblong, 8-10 × 3-4 cm, fleshy, both surfaces stellate puberulent, but sparser adaxially. Filament tube short, filaments thicker at base than apex, outer series in 5 fascicles, each with more than 10 stamens, inner series bifid, central filaments with 10 stamens shorter, entire. Capsule ellipsoid, 10-15 × 4.5-5 cm, densely gray-white villous and stellate puberulent. Seeds many, obovate, smooth. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. summer.
Bombax ceiba was formerly cultivated for its seed floss (kapok), which is of lower quality than that from Ceiba pentandra. Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum A. Robyns, distinguished by the glabrous ovary and fruit, is found in N Australia.
" 142361 general 806835 Malvaceae "Malva cathayensis.Herbs biennial or perennial, erect, many branched, 50-90 cm tall, strigose. Leaves alternate; stipule ovate-oblique, margin serrate, apex acuminate; petiole 4-8 cm, subglabrous, strigose adaxially; leaf blade cordate or reniform, 5-12 × 5-7 cm, papery, glabrous or sparsely strigose on veins, base subcordate to rounded, margin crenate, 5-7-lobed, lobes orbicular. Flowers 3-11-fascicled, axillary. Pedicel 1-2 cm, glabrous or strigose. Epicalyx lobes 3, oblong, 3-4 × 1-2 mm, apex rounded, pilose. Calyx cup-shaped, 6-7 mm, 5-lobed, broadly triangular, stellate pilose on both surfaces. Corolla purplish red or white, 3-5 cm in diam.; petals 5, spatulate, ca. 2 cm, apex slightly emarginate; claw barbed. Staminal column 8-10 mm, scabrous. Filaments glabrous. Style branches 9-11, minutely puberulent. Capsule flat globose, 5-7 mm in diam.; mericarps 9-11, reniform, pilose, abaxially puberulent, reticulate. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 2 mm. Fl. May-Oct.
Malva cathayensis is very similar to the European M. sylvestris but has pilose instead of glabrous fruit. The ICBN requires the epithets "chinensis" and "sinensis" to be treated as homonyms (Vienna Code, Art. 53 Voted Ex. 9), hence a new epithet is needed for this species.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental; plants with white flowers are used medicinally.
Herbs 1.5--4(--5) m tall. Stems with basal, canelike internode 1--2.5 m. Leaf sheath to 15 cm; petiole 8--20 cm, thickened into a cylindric pulvinus; leaf blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 10--25 × 10--45 cm, abaxially villous along midvein, base rounded to obtuse, apex acuminate. Inflorescences often branched at base, to 20 cm, slender; bracts 9--11, green, obovate to lanceolate, 2.5--3.5 cm, deciduous after anthesis. Pedicel thickened in fruit. Sepals white, triangular-ovate, 3--3.5 mm, glabrous. Corolla tube 8--10 mm; lobes linear, 1--1.4 cm × 2--3 mm. Outer staminodes white, obovate, 1.2--1.4 cm × 5--6 mm; callose staminode yellowish, ca. 1.5 cm, apex usually emarginate; cucullate staminode light yellow at apex. Fertile stamen ca. 8 mm, with a narrowly triangular appendage. Ovary sericeous. Fruit white to pale cream, 1--1.5 cm in diam., dry, indehiscent. Seeds 1 or 2, brown, globose to complanate. Fl. Jun.
" 130143 general 792654 Marantaceae "Phrynium oliganthum.Plants 1--1.6 m tall. Basal leaves 4 or 5; leaf sheath 30--55 cm. Cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath 5--10 cm; petiole yellow-green, 20--50 cm, pulvinus 3--9 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 25--55 × 10--25 cm, glabrous, base rounded to obtuse and shortly and abruptly attenuate, apex obtuse with an acumen. Inflorescence sessile, composed of 2--6 readily distinguishable spikes, capitate, obovoid, 8--12 × 6--7 cm; bracts olive green, elliptic, 3.5--5 × ca. 3 cm, glabrous or basally pilose, apex spreading, obtuse, soon withered and turning brown. Flowers yellowish. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla tube white, ca. 1.3 cm; lobes strongly reflexed, reddish purple, oblong, ca. 1 cm. Outer staminodes yellow, obovate, ca. 4 mm, unequal, shorter than corolla lobes, wider one emarginate at apex; cucullate and callose staminodes yellow at apex. Fertile stamen ca. 3 mm, with a yellow, petaloid appendage. Ovary ca. 4 mm, light brown sericeous. Fruit ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 1.3--1.5 × 0.7--0.9 cm; pericarp brown, shiny, dry and brittle. Seeds 2(or 3), ellipsoid, 7--9 mm. Fl. Apr--Aug.
" 110163 general 792271 Marantaceae "Maranta.Herbs caulescent, erect or prostrate, sometimes much branched, occasionally with tuberous, swollen rhizomes. Leaves both basal and cauline or all cauline; petiole sheathing at base. Inflorescences 2 to several per leafy shoot, each a dichotomous panicle or raceme; bracts few, each subtending 2--6 pedicellate flower pairs, herbaceous, late deciduous or persistent. Sepals green, herbaceous. Corolla white; tube 4--14 mm, base often inflated; lobes subequal. Staminode tube usually short; staminodes white, occasionally tinged or marked with purple; outer staminodes 2, petaloid, obovate, exceeding corolla lobes; cucullate staminode with median or subterminal appendage; callose staminode obovate, apex petaloid. Ovary 1-loculed by abortion. Style thick. Fruit a capsule, obovoid to ellipsoid, dehiscent. Seed 1.
About 32 species: tropical America; one species (introduced) in China.
Additional species, e.g., Maranta bicolor Ker Gawler, are cultivated in S China as ornamentals. One of us (Kennedy) notes that the plant illustrated in FRPS (pl. 56, f. 4) as M. bicolor is in fact M. leuconeura E. Morren var. kerchoveana (E. Morren) Petersen.
" 108762 general 791244 Marattiaceae "Angiopteris.Plants terrestrial (sometimes rooted in stream beds). Rhizomes erect, ascending, or creeping. Laminae 1-4-pinnate, usually evenly divided throughout, occasionally with irregular division of some segments (probably a result of stress during lamina development). Pulvini present at bases of segments, at naked nodes on stipe in juvenile fronds, generally absent at maturity, but present at maturity in some species with creeping rhizomes; primary pinnae alternate or subopposite; veins free, simple or bifurcate, false veins absent or present between veins of varying length and extending from margins toward costae; uniseriate simple hairs present, not glandular, scales peltate but generally appearing basifixed due to asymmetry. Sori borne on veins, marginal, submarginal, or medial; sporangia ± free, fused at base into receptacles, sessile, bilateral, each with 2 opposing rows of sporangia, those opening via a vertical slit on inner surface of each valve, apertures labiate, with distinct patch of specialized thick-walled cells at apex of each sporangium. Spores trilete (rarely monolete or alete), exospores granular to spinulose, spines simple or branched. 2n = 80, 160.
About 30-40 species (but most are currently poorly defined): widely distributed in the Paleotropics, from Madagascar to the S Pacific islands; introduced and naturalized in Hawaii, Jamaica, and Central America; 28 species (17 endemic) in China.
Species of Angiopteris differ chiefly in habit, size, and general appearance; herbarium specimens are therefore often difficult to identify, due to the lack of preserved characters.
The historical variation in species delimitation in Angiopteris has made nomenclature in this genus highly unstable. Moreover, the characters distinguishing species of Angiopteris are usually difficult to observe on herbarium specimens, which are fragmentary and usually lack information on stipule, stipe, frond size, and general habit. Therefore, many of the published names are difficult to interpret because type specimens are often small frond fragments. The majority of species listed here, therefore, may not be readily identifiable in herbaria. Most species are relatively scarce (or at least rarely collected), and it should, therefore, be noted that the majority of Chinese specimens probably belong to the following taxa: Angiopteris fokiensis, A. lygodiifolia, A. somae, and A. yunnanensis. The latter is part of the A. evecta complex, which needs further investigation. The diversity of this genus in Hainan and Yunnan is far from understood; it is possible that hybridization or allopolyploidy plays a part in the complexity of Angiopteris. Molecular work and cultivation experiments are needed to solve the complex taxonomy of this genus, but the morphological diversity is far greater than the known genetic diversity in Angiopteris. Chloroplast DNA sequence data suggest that there may be only a small number of species with highly plastic morphology. Even though perhaps not satisfactory, the list of accepted species below should be seen as an approximate consensus.
Angiopteris crassipes Wallich ex C. Presl (Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 23. 1845) and A. neglecta Ching & Chu H. Wang (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 159. 1959, described from Hainan), both accepted in the FRPS account, and A. nanchuanensis Z. Y. Liu (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(3): 2. 1984), described since from Sichuan, could not be treated here because no material was seen by the present authors.
Archangiopteris subintegra Hayata (Bot. Gaz. 67: 90. 1919, described from Vietnam near the border with China) has been confused with Angiopteris subintegra Ching (here treated as a synonym of A. caudipinna). Its taxonomic status and presence within China need investigation.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees (to 20 m tall), erect, climbing, or rarely epiphytic. Stipules lacking. Leaves simple, commonly opposite and decussate with one of a pair slightly smaller than other, rarely verticillate or alternate by abortion of one of a pair, usually 1-4(or 5) secondary veins on each side of midvein, originating at or near base and anastomosing apically, tertiary veins numerous, parallel, and connecting secondary veins and midvein but in Memecylon secondary veins pinnate and tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences cymose, umbellate, corymbose, in paniculate clusters, or a cincinnus, rarely flowers single, fascicled, or born on a spike; bracts sometimes conspicuous and persistent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic but androecium often slightly zygomorphic, usually (3 or)4- or 5(or 6)-merous, perianth biseriate, perigynous; bracteoles opposite, usually caducous. Hypanthium funnel-shaped, campanulate, cyathiform, or urceolate. Calyx lobes (3-)5(or 6), valvate (rarely connate, but not in Chinese species). Petals (3-)5(or 6), equal to number of sepals, distinct, imbricate. Stamens usually twice as many as petals and in 2 whorls, rarely as many as petals by loss of 1 whorl, isomorphic or dimorphic; filaments distinct, often geniculate, inflexed in bud; anthers typically 2-celled, introrse, basifixed, dehiscent by 1 or 2 apical pores or by short longitudinal slits (Astronia, Memecylon); connective often variously appendaged. Pistil and style 1; stigma minute, capitate or truncate. Ovary commonly inferior or semi-inferior, locules usually (3 or)4 or 5(or 6) with numerous anatropous ovules, rarely 1-loculed and ovules ca. 9 (Memecylon); placentation axillary, parietal (Astronia and, outside China, Pternandra Jack), or free central (Memecylon). Fruit a dry or fleshy capsule or a berry, loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds (when 3-6-loculed) usually small, curved through half a circle (cochleate) or wedge-shaped (cuneate), in Memecylon seeds large and ovoid; endosperm absent.
Between 156 and 166 genera (150-160 in Melastomataceae sensu stricto and six in Memecylaceae here considered part of Melastomataceae) and ca. 4500 species (ca. 4050 in Melastomataceae sensu stricto and 450 in Memecylaceae [Olisbeoideae if considered a subfamily of Melastomataceae]): primarily in tropical and subtropical regions; 21 genera (five endemic) and 114 species (72 endemic) in China.
Pternandra caerulescens Jack reported in FRPS (53(1): 282. 1984) from Hainan is a mistake. The northernmost limit of this genus is S Thailand (see Maxwell, Gard. Bull. Singapore 34: 1-90. 1981).
Driessenia sinensis H. Léveillé is a synonym of Gonostegia hirta (Blume ex Hasskarl) Miquel in the Urticaceae (see Fl. China 5: 178. 2003).
Chinese genera of economic value include Osbeckia (medicine) and Melastoma (wild fruit and ornamental flowers).
Chen Cheih. 1984. Melastomataceae. In: Chen Cheih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(1): 135-293.
Trees, shrubs, or sometimes shrublets, monopodial or sympodial, usually dioecious, less often monoecious or polygamo- dioecious. Stipules absent. Leaves in spirals, very rarely opposite, usually pinnate; leaflets opposite, subopposite, or alternate; leaflet blades with base somewhat oblique, margin usually entire or rarely lobed or serrate. Flowers usually in axillary thyrses, rarely racemose or spicate. Calyx small, 3-6-lobed or with distinct sepals, usually cup-shaped or tubular, imbricate or valvate in bud. Corolla contorted or imbricate, sometimes quincuncial. Petals (3 or)4 or 5(or 6), rarely more, distinct or connate, sometimes adnate to staminal tube and then valvate. Stamens 3-10 or more, hypogynous, mostly with a staminal tube (distinct stamens in Cedrela and Toona); anthers usually sessile on stamen tube, erect, included or exserted, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscing. Disk tubular, annular, obsolete, or absent, free or adnate to ovary. Ovary usually free, 2-5(or more)-locular, with 1 to many collateral or superposed ovules per locule; style single or rarely absent; stigma disciform or capitate. Fruit a berry (dry but indehiscent with arillate seeds in some Aglaia sect. Aglaia), capsule, or rarely a drupe. Seeds winged or with a fleshy aril or sarcotesta wholly or partly covering seed; endosperm fleshy or usually absent.
About 50 genera and 650 species: tropical, subtropical, and occasionally warm temperate regions of both hemispheres; 17 genera (three introduced) and 40 species (two endemic, three introduced) in China.
Chen Pangyu. 1997. Meliaceae. In: Chen Shukun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(3): 34-104.
" 117386 general 772305 Meliaceae "Aglaia odorata.Shrubs or small trees, much branching. Young branches apically with stellate or lepidote trichomes. Leaves 5-12(-16) cm; petiole and rachis narrowly winged; leaflets 3-7(or 9), opposite; leaflet blades usually obovate, sometimes elliptic, 1-7(-11) × 0.5-3.5(-5) cm with apical one biggest, both surfaces glabrous, secondary veins 8 on each side of midvein, very slender, and ± prominent on both surfaces, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Thyrses axillary, 5-10 cm, lax, glabrous. Flowers fragrant, ca. 2 mm in diam. Pedicel of male flowers 1.5-3 mm, slender. Pedicel of female flowers short and thick. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes round. Petals 5, yellow, oblong to suborbicular, 1.5-2 mm, apex rounded to truncate. Staminal tube slightly shorter than petals, obovoid to subcampanulate, outside glabrous, apical margin entire or lobed; anthers 5, ovoid, included. Ovary ovoid, densely covered with yellow trichomes. Fruit indehiscent, ovoid to subglobose, 1-1.2 cm, scattered stellate lepidote but glabrescent. Seeds with a fleshy aril. Fl. May-Dec, fr. Jul-Mar.
This species is also cultivated in Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
" 117392 general 772500 Meliaceae "Melia azedarach.Trees to 10 m tall, deciduous. Bark brownish gray, longitudinally exfoliating. Branches spreading; branchlets with leaf scars. Leaves odd-pinnate, 2-pinnate or 3-pinnate, 20-40 cm; leaflets opposite; leaflet blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 3-7 × 2-3 cm but terminal one usually slightly larger, both surfaces with stellate trichomes when young but glabrescent, secondary veins 12-16 on each side of midvein, outspread and ascending, base ± oblique and cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin crenate or sometimes entire, apex shortly acuminate. Thyrses ± ca. 1/2 as long as leaves, glabrous or covered with short lepidote pubescence. Flowers fragrant. Calyx 5-parted; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, outside puberulent, apex acute. Petals lilac-colored, obovate-spatulate, 0.9-1.3 cm, both surfaces puberulent but usually outside more densely so. Staminal tube purple, 7-8 mm, with longitudinal stripes, glabrous or subglabrous, apical margin with 10 narrow lobes; lobes conic, further 2- or 3-lobed; anthers 10, inserted on inner side of lobes and alternate to lobes, narrowly elliptic, apex slightly mucronulate. Ovary spherical, glabrous, 5-8-locular, with 2 ovules per locule; style acerose; stigma capitate, not included within filament tube, apex 5-dentate. Drupe globose to ellipsoid, 1-3 × 0.8-1.5 cm; endocarp ligneous. Seed ellipsoid. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Oct-Dec.
This species is cultivated and sometimes naturalized in many warm-temperate and tropical parts of the world. Because of its extensive cultivation and tendency to become naturalized in disturbed habitats, its original wild distribution is uncertain.
It is used medicinally, for industrial oil material, and for timber.
Trees to 25 m tall, to 4 m d.b.h., base buttressed. Bark slightly red, scalelike. Branches gray, expanding, smooth. Leaves alternate, ca. 35 cm; petiole 3-6 mm, thin, glabrous, base slightly swelling; leaflets 8-12; leaflet blades ovate to lanceolate, 10-16 × 4-6 cm, leathery, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, abaxially light green, adaxially dark green, secondary veins 10 on each side of midvein, base oblique, margin entire or with 1 or 2 serrations, apex long acuminate. Thyrses axillary, 6-15 cm, glabrous, with short and lax branchlets. Flowers small. Pedicel ca. 3 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed; lobes short and truncate, apex rounded. Petals greenish white, obovate, 3-4 mm, glabrous. Staminal tube subcylindric, glabrous; anthers 10. Disk annular. Ovary conic to ovoid, longer than disk, with 12 ovules per locule; style longer than ovary, glabrous; stigma disciform. Capsule brown, ovoid, ca. 8 cm in diam., many seeded. Seeds apically winged, ca. 7 cm including wing. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Oct-Nov.
The identity of the trees cultivated in China needs to be confirmed as some of them may be Swietenia macrophylla King.
The wood, the original mahogany, is used for fine quality cabinetwork.
Trees, medium sized to 30 m tall; trunk to 22 m tall, to 1.5 m d.b.h., with or without buttresses (to 3.5 m); crown usually rounded and spreading, occasionally dense. Bark grayish white to brown, usually fissured and flaking; inner bark brown to reddish, fibrous; sap-wood white, pink, or red, smelling strongly of cedar when cut. Twigs pilose to glabrescent, inconspicuously lenticellate with small lenticels. Leaves (15-)26-69 cm; petiole 6-11 cm, glabrous or pilose; rachis often reddish, glabrous or sparsely pilose, occasionally velutinous; leaflets usually (5-)9-15 pairs; petiolules 2-10(-14) mm, glabrescent, rarely pilose to velutinous; leaflet blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (7-)9-12.8(-16) × (2.2-)3.2-5(-6) cm, glabrescent with trichomes on apical midvein or absent or sparse, occasionally moderately pilose, base usually asymmetric, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences to 55 cm, pendent; rachis pilose to pilose-villous with short to long spreading or appressed trichomes. Flowers 3.5-5(-6) mm, sweetly scented. Pedicel 0.5-1 mm, usually pilose to occasionally villous. Calyx 0.7-1.3 mm, outside usually glabrescent, lobes imbricate; sepals spatulate, (0.4-)0.7-1 × (0.5-)0.7-1.3 mm, margins shortly ciliate. Petals white to creamy white, 3.5-5.8 × 1.3-3.1 mm, usually glabrescent, occasionally outside pilose, margin shortly ciliate. Androgynophore (1.7-)3-4.9(-5.5) mm; filaments 1.2-2.5 mm (male flowers), 0.7-1.8 mm (female flowers), glabrous to pilose/villous; anthers of male flowers 0.6-1.1 × 0.4-0.9 mm, apex usually apiculate, often with long appendage; antherodes of female flowers usually sagittate, 0.5-0.9 × 0.3-0.6 mm, often with a long apiculate appendage. Disk reddish orange, 1.2-2.5 mm in diam., densely pilose. Ovary 1.2-1.8 mm in diam., moderately pilose, with to 8 ovules per locule; style 1.2-3 × 0.2-0.4 mm (male), 0.3-1.5 × 0.3-0.5 mm (female), glabrous; stylehead 0.7-1.3 mm in diam. Capsule 1.5-2(-2.5) cm; columella 1.5-2(-2.4) × 0.5-0.7(-1) cm, concave with apical scarring; valves red to reddish brown, smooth to lenticellate with 0.1-0.5 mm in diam. scattered lenticels. Seeds 1.1-1.9 cm × 2.5-4(-5.8) mm, winged at both ends; wings unequal, apex narrowly obtuse; seed body 5-7 × 1.2-3 mm. Fl. Jan-Jun, fr. Feb-Nov.
This species is the most widely distributed Toona. It is commonly cultivated as an avenue tree in India. The timber is highly valued, especially in India and Australia, and is frequently used by carpenters in Yunnan. Worldwide, the wood of this species is used in house and boat construction, for high-grade furniture and carvings, and to make tea-chests, oil casks, pencils, and musical instruments. The flowers are used as a source of red and yellow dyes for silk and as an emmenagogue. The leaves and young shoots are lopped for cattle fodder in India. Various parts are used medicinally throughout its geographical range; for example, the bark is a powerful astringent, a tonic, and an antiperiodic, and it is used to treat dysentery and wounds.
Toona ciliata exhibits considerable variation in both vegetative and filament pubescence. It was first described from India, where it is the dominant Toona and is characterized by glabrous filaments. This variant extends eastward to Hainan. Showing a more restricted distribution within this range are plants with glabrescent or sparsely pilose/villous filaments, while extending as far as E Australia are plants with conspicuously villous filaments. Whether the eastern variants should be recognized infraspecifically has yet to be determined. Typical T. ciliata is characterized throughout its range by glabrescent leaflets, but many plants, while exhibiting the distinguishing floral characters given in the key, often display leaf pubescence varying from glabrescent to velutinous, sometimes on the same plant. Flowering and fruiting material are vital for the correct identification of species in this genus.
Vines, often with conspicuous aerial roots. Leaf blade not peltate, base cordate, sometimes sagittate or hastate, palmately veined. Inflorescences axillary or on old leafless stems, solitary or fascicled, racemose, cymose, or paniculate. Male flowers: sepals usually 6 in 2 whorls, free, imbricate, outer 3 usually conspicuously smaller, membranous; petals (3 or)6, base clawed, often with lateral edges involute; stamens 6, filaments free [or connate], anthers subextrorse, dehiscing longitudinally and obliquely. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in male except petals often smaller; staminodes 6; carpels 3, curved-ellipsoidal, style short, fat and thick, stigma reflexed with short, pointed lobes. Drupes 1-3 borne on a short or columnar carpophore, style scar subterminal; endocarp bony, horseshoe-shaped, abaxially convex and sometimes verrucose or tuberculate, adaxially ± flat; condyle broad, with central aperture leading to a globose cavity. Seed half-moon-shaped; endosperm ruminate; cotyledons foliaceous, ovate, extremely thin, much longer than radicle.
More than 30 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia and the Pacific islands (24 species), Africa (seven species), and Madagascar (two species); six species (three endemic) in China.
Several species are used medicinally for a wide variety of problems. The ability of the deciduous species to grow from detached stems means that they often benefit from forest clearance. These species are the larval hosts of fruit-piercing noctuid moths that cause significant damage to crops of Citrus (particularly Mandarins) and Dimocarpus longan (Longan) in Thailand.
" 108582 general 33257 Molluginaceae "Molluginaceae.Herbs annual or perennial, subshrubs, or shrubs, rarely dioecious, glabrous or rarely hairy. Stems erect or prostrate. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite, often in a basal rosette or in pseudowhorls on stems, margin entire; stipules absent or membranous. Inflorescences terminal or in seemingly axillary cymes, rarely as a solitary flower. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous, rarely perigynous. Tepals 5, rarely 4, free or connate below into a tube, lobes white or pink to purple, sometimes yellow inside (in Glinus). Petals absent or few to many, white, pink, or purple. Stamens 3-5 or many, arranged in several rings, free or connate at base in bundles; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, syncarpous (in Gisekia developmentally syncarpous; fruit a deeply lobed schizocarp); carpels 2-5 or many, placentation axile, rarely seemingly basal. Stigmas as many as locules. Ovules 1 to many per locule. Fruit usually a loculicidal capsule or deeply (3-)5-15-lobed mericarps (in Gisekia), rarely breaking into 2 nutlets [in Limeum Linnaeus, not in Flora area]. Seeds with embryo curved around a hard, starchy perisperm.
About 14 genera and 120 species: arid, tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres; three genera and eight species in China.
The relationships of the anomalous genus Gisekia are uncertain. In the past, Gisekia has been included in Aizoaceae, often together with Molluginaceae. Recent treatments offer either a placement in Phytolaccaceae (e.g., Rohwer in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Fl. Pl. 2: 511, 514. 1993) or in a family of its own, Gisekiaceae (e.g., Gilbert, Kew Bull. 48: 343–356. 1993); one of us (Hartmann) favors either option. The mericarpic fruit separates the genus from Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae, from which it differs also by the presence of betalain and the absence of anthocyanin as pigments. No currently accepted plant family contains both anthocyanin and betalain producers.
" 179098 morphology 33257 Molluginaceae "Molluginaceae. ""Fruit dry, dehiscing into the cells or by a transverse slit, rarely indehiscent, calyx usually persistent""" 113112 general 762217 Moraceae "Ficus altissima.Trees, 25-30 m tall, d.b.h. 40-90 cm. Bark gray, smooth. Branchlets green, ca. 1 cm thick, pubescent. Stipules 2-3 cm, thickly leathery, with gray silky hairs. Petiole robust, 2-5 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly ovate-elliptic, 10-19 × 8-11 cm, thickly leathery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse, acute; basal lateral veins long, secondary veins 5-7 on each side of midvein, reticulate venation clearly defined in dry leaf. Figs axillary on leafy branchlets, paired, red or yellow when mature, ellipsoid-ovoid, 1.7-2.8 cm, sometimes pubescent when very young, glabrous when mature, apical pore navel-like, convex, sessile; involucral bracts hoodlike, covering young fig, caducous, apex broadly obtuse, scar ringlike. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: scattered; calyx lobes 4, transparent, membranous; stamen 1. Gall flowers: sepals 4; style subapical, long. Female flowers: sessile; sepals 4; style elongated. Achenes tuberculate. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jul.
" 110128 general 760489 Moraceae "Maclura.Trees, small trees, shrubs, scandent shrubs, or woody vines, evergreen or deciduous, with latex; dioecious. Spines usually present at least on juvenile growth, axillary, straight or curved. Stipules free. Leaves spirally arranged or distichous; leaf blade margin entire, veins pinnate. Inflorescences axillary, globose, spicate, or racemose, without involucral bracts but often with many bracts at base of inflorescence; interfloral bracteoles adnate to calyx, 2-4 around each flower, each with 2 embedded yellow glands. Female inflorescences globose. Flowers free or connate. Male flowers: calyx lobes (3 or)4(or 5), imbricate, free or basally connate, each lobe with 2-7 embedded glands; stamens as many as calyx lobes, erect, straight in bud [or sometimes inflexed]; pistillode present or not. Female flowers: sessile; calyx peltate, fleshy, free or basally connate, apex thick; ovary free or immersed in a receptacle; style short; stigmas 1 or 2, unequal. Syncarp formed by laterally fused flowers and bracts, fleshy, globose or ± globose; calyx and interfloral bracteoles enlarged. Druplets ovoid, surface shell-like, enveloped by a fleshy calyx. Seed thin and fleshy, with endosperm; cotyledons broad, variously twisted, equal or unequal, folded around radicle.
About 12 species: Africa, Asia, Australia, North America, Pacific Islands, South America; five species in China.
Asian members of this genus have been segregated as Cudrania on the basis of the straight rather than inflexed stamens and shorter style arms, but it has been shown that these characters are unreliable and that Cudrania is best included within Maclura.
The North American tree Maclura pomifera (Rafinesque) C. K. Schneider is cultivated in Hebei.
Cudrania bodinieri H. Léveillé is Capparis cantoniensis Loureiro (Capparaceae).
Trees or shrubs, deciduous, with latex; monoecious or dioecious. Winter buds with 3-6 bud scales; scales imbricate. Stipules free, sublateral, caducous. Leaves alternate; leaf blade simple to deeply palmately lobed, margin toothed; primary veins 3-5 from base, secondary veins pinnate. Male inflorescences axillary, spicate, many-flowered, shortly pedunculate. Female inflorescences shortly spicate to capitate. Male flowers: calyx lobes 4, imbricate; stamens inflexed in bud; pistillode top-shaped. Female flowers: sessile; calyx lobes 4, imbricate, fleshy in fruit; ovary 1-loculed; style present or not; stigma 2-branched, abaxially pubescent or papillose. Fruit with enlarged, succulent calyx usually aggregated into juicy syncarp. Syncarp with achenes enclosed by enlarged and succulent calyx; endocarp shell-like; exocarp fleshy. Seed ± globose; endosperm fleshy; embryo incurved; cotyledon elliptic.
About 16 species: widespread in all temperate areas, also in the mountains of tropical Africa, Indonesia, and South America; 11 species (five endemic, one introduced) in China.
Morus species are cultivated in many temperate and tropical countries. The leaves are used as food for silkworms and the fruit for human consumption. Male material is often very difficult to name.
Morus calva H. Léveillé is Coriaria sinica Maximowicz (Coriariaceae) and M. mairei H. Léveillé is Acalypha mairei (H. Léveillé) Schneider (Euphorbiaceae).
Trees, 20-30 m tall, d.b.h. 25-40 cm, epiphytic when young. Bark pale gray, smooth. Branchlets strong. Stipules dark red, ca. 10 cm, membranous; scar conspicuous. Petiole robust, 2-5 cm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 8-30 × 7-10 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green and shiny, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute; secondary veins many, closely parallel, inconspicuous. Figs axillary on leafless branchlets, paired, yellowish green, ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 10 × 5-8 mm, subsessile; involucral bracts hoodlike, caducous, scar conspicuous. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: scattered among other flowers, pedicellate; calyx lobes 4, ovate; stamen 1; filament absent; anther ovoid-ellipsoid. Gall flowers: sepals 4; ovary ovoid, smooth; style subapical, curved. Female flowers: sessile; style persistent, long; stigma enlarged, ± capitate. Achenes ovoid, tuberculate. Fl. winter.
This species is cultivated as a house plant around the world. In China it was also formerly a source of rubber.
" 113122 general 762180 Moraceae "Ficus microcarpa.Trees, 15-25 m tall, crown wide, d.b.h. to 50 cm. Bark dark gray. Branches producing rust-colored aerial roots when old. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 0.8 cm. Petiole 5-10 mm, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 4-8 × 3-4 cm, ± leathery, adaxially dark green and shiny but dark brown when dry, base cuneate, margin entire, apex ± obtuse; basal lateral veins long, secondary veins 3-10 on each side of midvein. Figs axillary on leafy branchlets or on leafless older branchlets, paired, yellow to slightly red when mature, depressed globose, 6-8 mm in diam., inside with a few short bristles among flowers, sessile; involucral bracts broadly ovate, persistent. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: scattered, sessile or pedicellate; filament as long as anther. Gall and female flowers: sepals 3, broadly ovate; style ± lateral; stigma short, clavate. Achenes ovoid. Fl. May-Jun.
This species is commonly cultivated in China as a shade tree.
" 134996 general 762994 Moraceae "Ficus curtipes.Trees, 5-10 m tall, stems often basally many branched, epiphytic when young. Bark pale grayish, smooth. Branchlets green, 5-8 mm in diam., glabrous. Stipules lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. Petiole robust; 1.5-2 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 12-18 × 5-6 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded; basal lateral veins short, secondary veins 8-12 on each side of midvein, inconspicuous on both surfaces. Figs axillary on leafy branchlets, paired, dark red to purplish red when mature, globose to depressed globose, 1-1.5 cm in diam., inside without bristles, apical pore flat, bracts small, closed, sessile; involucral bracts green, broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: pedicellate; calyx lobes 3, lanceolate; stamen 1. Gall flowers: sessile or pedicellate; calyx lobes 4; ovary white; style subapical, long. Female flowers: sessile; style apical, persistent, as long as achene; stigma funnelform. Achenes ovoid, with a sticky surface membrane, tuberculate. Fr. late autumn to early winter.
This species is often cultivated as an ornamental tree.
" 135041 general 762420 Moraceae "Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang.Leaf blade oblong-ovate, 7-12 × 3-5 cm, abaxially densely covered with rust-colored pubescence. Figs cylindric, 6-8 × 3-4 cm; peduncle ca. 1 cm, densely covered with thick hairs; apical pore acuminate.
This variety is cultivated for its edible fruit.
" 139014 general 766116 Moraceae "Streblus tonkinensis.Trees 6-12 m tall, evergreen; monoecious with male and female flowers on same or different inflorescences. Bark gray, smooth. Branchlets thin. Stipules small, caducous. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blade obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-11 × 2.5-4 cm, papery, abaxially densely covered with small tubercles and with sparse hairs on veins, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin irregularly undulate or with 3 or 4 pairs of teeth apically from middle, apex ± caudate to acuminate and with an asymmetric acumen; secondary veins 5 or 6 on each side of midvein. Bisexual inflorescences when present with 1 central sessile female flower surrounded by male flowers. Male inflorescences axillary, 6- or 7-flowered, green, globose, 3-7 mm in diam.; bracts adaxially long pubescent; bracteoles 2, at base of calyx. Female inflorescences 1-flowered. Male flowers: calyx lobes 4 or 5, ovate, shortly pubescent, margin ciliate; filaments long; anthers globose, extrorse; pistillode cubic. Female flowers: calyx lobes 4, ovate, pubescent, basally adnate with ovary; style linear, apically branched and slightly curved, 3-4 mm. Drupes ± globose, 7-10 mm in diam., dehiscent, not enclosed by ± reflexed calyx lobes, without a fleshy base. Fl. spring to summer.
This species is also cultivated in Guangdong and Hainan for gum.
" 108475 general 33267 Musaceae "Musaceae.Herbs perennial or monocarpic, growing from sympodial rhizomes or a massive, sympodial corm. Pseudostems composed of closely packed leaf sheaths. Leaves spirally arranged, petiolate; leaf blade entire, pinnately veined. Inflorescence terminal or rarely axillary, cymose. Bracts spirally arranged, often brilliantly colored, spathelike, large. Flowers bisexual or unisexual by abortion, zygomorphic. Perianth in 2 whorls; 3 outer tepals and 2 inner ones united into a compound tepal; third inner tepal free. Stamens 5, free; anthers 2-loculed. Pistil 1; ovary inferior, 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule, anatropous; placentation axile. Style simple or capitate. Fruit a berry, fleshy or leathery and dry, indehiscent. Seeds hard, not arillate; embryo straight, surrounded by a ± well-developed endosperm and a mealy perisperm.
Three genera and ca. 40 species: tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia; three genera (one endemic) and 14 species (four endemic, three introduced) in China.
Li Hsi-wen. 1981. Musaceae subfam. Musoideae. In: Wu Te-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(2): 1--14.
" 109562 general 759626 Musaceae "Ensete.Herbs monocarpic. Stem 1, remaining short until flowering. Pseudostem composed of clasping leaf sheaths, tall, base swollen to strongly so and jarlike. Leaves large, base often narrowed into a petiole; leaf sheath lax; leaf blade oblong. Inflorescence rosulate when young, becoming elongate and pendulous with age. Bracts green, usually persistent. Flowers in 2 rows per bract; flowers in proximal bracts female (with reduced stamens) or bisexual; flowers in distal bracts male (with reduced gynoecium). Compound tepal linear, apex often 3-lobed, without 2 accessory teeth between lobes; free tepal usually wider than compound one, apex often 3-cuspidate or entire. Stamens 5. Berries leathery, dry or with very scanty pulp. Seeds few, globose or irregular, often more than (0.5--)1 cm in diam., usually smooth; hilum conspicuous, irregular, usually deeply sunken.
Ten species: mainly in Africa, extending to S and SE Asia; two species (one endemic) in China.
" 110286 general 759665 Musaceae "Musa.Herbs perennial, tufted, rhizomatous, stoloniferous. Stems remaining short until flowering. Pseudostems composed of closely packed leaf sheaths, more than 60 cm, base slightly swollen. Leaves large; petiole long, base enlarged into a sheath; leaf blade oblong. Inflorescence terminal, erect, pendulous, or subpendulous, not conical, lax. Bracts green, brown, dull purple, or rarely yellow, flat or furrowed, convolute or imbricate in bud, usually deciduous. Flowers in l or 2 rows per bract, deciduous; flowers in proximal bracts female (with reduced stamens) or bisexual; flowers in distal bracts male (with reduced gynoecium); sometimes (in cultivated or semicultivated forms) all flowers functionally sterile. Compound tepal tubular, soon splitting to base on 1 side, apex 5-toothed; free tepal inserted within compound tepal and opposite to it. Stamens 5; filaments short; anthers linear, 2-loculed. Berries elongate, fleshy, with numerous seeds (except in parthenocarpic forms). Seeds irregularly globose to lenticular.
About 30 species: mainly in SE Asia; 11 species (two endemic, three introduced) in China.
" 127012 general 759664 Musaceae "Musa acuminata.Pseudostems green with black blotches, ca. 4.8 m. Leaf sheath and petiole pruinose; petiole ca. 80 cm, margin erect or spreading and basally with scarious wings; leaf blade adaxially green and pruinose, abaxially yellow-green and pruinose or not, oblong, 1.9--2.3 m × 50--70 cm, base cordate, asymmetric, midvein adaxially green, abaxially white-yellow. Inflorescence subhorizontal or vertically reflexed; peduncle usually downy or hairy. Bracts bright red to dark violet, sometimes yellow at extreme apex, ovate, apex usually acute. Male flowers ca. 20 per bract, in 2 rows. Compound tepal white or cream, lemon yellow at apex, 3.5--4 cm, apex of outer lobes with a hooklike, hairy appendage; free tepal not more than 1/2 as long as compound tepal, apex emarginate, shortly apiculate. Infructescence ca. 1.2 m; peduncle to 70 × ca. 4 cm, white setose. Berries incurved, green to yellow-green, 5-angled when young, cylindric at maturity, ca. 9 cm, white setose, base curved and attenuate into a stalk, apex contracted into a rostrum 6--10 mm. Seeds numerous in wild plants but absent in cultivated clones, brown, depressed, 5--6 mm in diam., irregularly angled. 2 n = 22, 33.
Wild plants are diploid (2 n = 22) and bear fruits containing numerous seeds making them inedible. Cultivated plants are triploid (2 n = 33) and bear seedless, edible fruits; such plants have been called M. acuminata ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ ( M. cavendishii Lambert ex Paxton; M. chinensis Sweet; M. nana Loureiro).
" 127015 general 759726 Musaceae "Musa coccinea.Pseudostems 1--2 m. Petiole 30--50 cm, narrowly winged; leaf blade adaxially yellow-green, abaxially light yellow-green and not pruinose, oblong, 1.8--2.2 m × 70--80 cm, base rounded, noticeably asymmetric. Inflorescence erect; rachis glabrous. Bracts adaxially pink, abaxially scarlet and conspicuously wrinkled. Flowers 6 per bract, in 1 row. Tepals of female flowers yellow; outer lobes of compound tepal cornered; free tepal equaling compound tepal, apex acute, finely toothed. Berries obliquely pendulous on rachis, gray-white, straight, 10--12 × ca. 4 cm, not angled; stalk 3--3.5 cm. Seeds numerous. Fl. Sep--Nov. 2 n = 20.
Cultivated as an ornamental.
" 130106 general 759689 Musaceae "Musa sanguinea.Pseudostems clumped, 1.5--2 m. Petiole ca. 30 cm, margin narrow and open; leaf blade deep green, ovate-oblong, not more than 1 m, base asymmetric, apex obtuse. Inflorescence erect or ascending, becoming pendulous, ca. 20 cm; rachis brown puberulent. Bracts reddish, ovate-lanceolate, 7.5--14 cm. Flowers borne on proximal bracts, 3 per bract, in 1 row. Compound tepal bright yellow, ca. 3.8 cm, apex of outer lobes with a hooklike appendage; free tepal yellow, equaling compound tepal, membranous. Berries grayish yellow-green with red blotches, trigonous oblong, 5--7.5 cm. Seeds numerous, black, ca. 5 mm in diam., irregularly multiangled, tuberculate. 2 n = 22.
Cultivated as an ornamental.
" 66396 general 759459 Myricaceae "Myrica pensylvanica. ""Bushy shrub 0.5–2 m; lvs deciduous, broadly oblanceolate to obovate or elliptic, mostly 4–8 × 1.5–3 cm and 2.5–4 times as long as wide, obtuse or rounded and minutely apiculate, entire or with a few low teeth toward the tip, generally (as also the twigs) with some glandless white hairs, in addition to the resinous glands, at least when young, the glands sometimes of 2 sorts as in no. 4 [Myrica cerifera L.], sometimes not; terminal bud present; outer bud scales glabrous, eciliate, broadly rounded distally; staminate catkins produced below the leafy branches in May or June, cylindric, 6–15 mm, with broadly quadrate bracts; anthers formed in the spring; pistillate catkins slender, 5–10 mm, with ovate bracts; bracteoles 4–6, ± persistent but remaining small and inconspicuous; ovary densely hairy as well as papillate; frs solitary or few in a cluster, subglobose, 3.5–5 mm, covered with a thick layer of white wax that masks the underlying papillae, and also ± densely short-hairy; 2n=16. Dry hills and shores, especially near the coast, from Nf. to N.C., and less commonly inland to O. and s. Ont. (Morella p.; Myrica and Cerothamnus caroliniensis of authors, perhaps not of Mill.)""" 112929 general 759490 Myricaceae "Myrica rubra.Trees evergreen, dioecious, to 15 m tall; trunk to 60 cm d.b.h.; bark gray. Branchlets and buds glabrous. Petiole 2-10 mm, glabrous to puberulent adaxially; leaf blade cuneate-obovate ornarrowly elliptic-obovate, 5-14 × 1-4 cm, leathery, glabrous, abaxially pale green and sparsely to moderately golden glandular, adaxially dark green, base cuneate, margin entire or serratein apical 1/2, apex obtuse to acute. Male spikes simple or inconspicuously branched, solitary or sometimes few together in leaf axils, 1-3 cm; peduncle glabrous; bracts suborbicular, ca.1 mm, glabrous but abaxially golden glandular. Male flowers with 2-4 ovate bracteoles, sparsely ciliate. Stamens 4-6; anthers dark red, ellipsoid. Female spikes solitary in leaf axils, 0.5-1.5cm, many flowered; rachis pubescent and glandular; bracts overlapping, glabrous and inconspicuously glandular. Female flowers with 4 bracteoles. Ovary velutinous; stigmas 2, brightred, slender. Drupe dark red or purple-red at maturity, globose, 1-1.5 cm in diam., to 3 cm when cultivated,
papilliferous; papillae to 3.5 mm. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jul.
Commonly cultivated for its edible fruit, this taxon is usually cited as Myrica rubra (Loureiro) Siebold & Zuccarini. However, in their publication of 1846, Siebold & Zuccarini provided a description only, with no reference, direct or indirect, to Morella rubra Loureiro (1790). Therefore, the name Myrica rubra Siebold & Zuccarini must be treated as new, preventing the combination in Myrica of Loureiro’s earlier name.
" 142879 general 758950 Myristicaceae "Horsfieldia prainii.Trees to 25 m tall; trunk to 50 cm d.b.h.; twigs terete, pubescent, glabrescent, gray or brown, lenticellate or not, glabrous, longitudinally striate, sometimes cracking. Leaves distichous (?always); petioles short or long, (5-)10-30 mm, glabrescent; leaf blade obovate-oblong, rarely ovate-oblong, widest at or above middle, 20-35 × 8-13 cm, papery or leathery, base shortly to long attenuate or cuneate, sometimes rounded, or slightly decurrent on petiole, apex subobtuse to subacute or rounded; nerves 9-20 pairs, average 20 pairs, raised on both surfaces, lateral veins parallel, distinctly interarching; leaf bud 20-25 × ca. 4 mm, ferruginous pubescent. Inflorescences situated just behind leaves, condensed to lax, usually much branched, often purple, 8-30 cm, rusty stellate pubescent or tomentulose, glabrescent. Plants monoecious. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 1.5-2.5 mm; bud ellipsoid or subglobose, 1-2 mm in diam., yellowish or greenish inside, leathery, lobes 3 or 4(or 5), splitting bud to 3/4, diverging; synandrium stipitate, subglobose, ca. 0.5 mm in diam.; anthers 4-6, column ca. 0.5 mm. Female flowers usually a few mixed among male flowers; female bud ovoid-globose, 2.5-3 × 2.5-2.8 mm, split to 3/4; ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous; stigma 2-lobed, each lobe finely lobulate. Fruiting pedicel 5-20 mm. Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid, 3-4.5 × 1.2-2.5 cm; dry pericarp 1-2.5 mm thick. Seeds 2-3.2 cm, apex acute or shortly beaked; testa variegated; aril orange, at apex either almost entirely closed or laciniate 1/5-1/3 deep.
In China, this species has been misidentified as Horsfieldia valida (Miquel) Warburg (Myristica valida Miquel). True H. valida is distributed in Indonesia (Sumatra).
" 110296 general 758253 Myristicaceae "Myristica.Evergreen trees, sometimes with aerial roots at base. Leaf blade papery, abaxial surface white papillose or with rusty pubescence; midvein often sunken adaxially, lateral veins nearly parallel or curving, connected at margin, tertiary veins not parallel, reticulate, sunken adaxially. Inflorescences often axillary or arising from axils of deciduous leaves, tuberculate or with smooth peduncle at apex often dichotomous or trichotomous; flowers densely racemose or subumbellate, at apex of peduncle; bracts caducous; bracteole at base of perianth, rarely deciduous. Flowers urceolate or bell-shaped, rarely tubular, pedicellate. Perianth (2 or)3-lobed. Filaments connate into staminal column; anthers slender, 7-30, connate abaxially; synandrium often longer than basal stalk. Ovary glabrous or hairy; style almost absent; stigma bifid. Pericarp thickly leathery, glabrous or pubescent. Aril red, laciniate to base.
About 150 species: S Asia from E India to the Philippines, New Guinea, Pacific islands (W Polynesia); two species (one introduced) in China.
In addition to the relatively widely cultivated crop Myristica fragrans (nutmeg and mace), the following three species, all native to the Philippines, are very locally cultivated in China for medicine and ornament: M. cagayanensis Merrill (M. heterophylla Hayata; M. philippensis Kanehira & Sasaki) is cultivated in Taiwan (Lan Yu, Taibei); M. guatteriifolia A. Candolle is cultivated in Hong Kong; and M. simiarum A. Candolle (M. discolor Merrill) is cultivated off SE coast of Taiwan (Lan Yu).
" 108478 general 33273 Myrtaceae "Myrtaceae.Trees or shrubs, evergreen, usually with essential oils-containing cavities in foliage, branchlets, and flowers. Stipules absent or small and caducous. Leaves opposite, occasionally alternate, occasionally ternate or pseudo-whorled; leaf blade with secondary veins pinnate or basal, often with intramarginal veins near margin, margin usually entire. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, cymose but variously arranged, 1- to many-flowered. Flowers bisexual, sometimes polygamous, actinomorphic. Hypanthium usually adnate to ovary and prolonged above it. Calyx lobes (3 or)4 or 5 or more, distinct or connate into a calyptra. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes absent, distinct or connate into a calyptra, sometimes coherent and pseudocalyptrate. Stamens usually numerous, in 1 to several whorls; filaments distinct or connate into 5 bundles opposite petals; anthers 2-celled, dorsifixed or basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally or rarely terminally; connectives usually terminating in 1 or more apical glands. Ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or very rarely superior, carpels 2 to more, locules 1 to many, pseudoseptum sometimes present, placentation usually axile but occasionally parietal; ovules 1 to several per locule. Style single; stigma single. Fruit a capsule, berry, drupaceous berry, or drupe, 1- to many-seeded. Seeds without endosperm or endosperm sparse and thin; testa cartilaginous or thinly membranous, sometimes absent; embryo straight or curved.
About 130 genera and 4500-5000 species: Mediterranean region, sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, tropical and temperate Asia, Australia, Pacific islands, tropical and South America; 10 genera (five introduced) and 121 species (50 endemic, 32 introduced treated here) in China.
The classification adopted here is that of Wilson et al. (Pl. Syst. Evol. 251: 3-19. 2005). The conventional classification of Myrtaceae sensu stricto in which the primary division is into two subfamilies based on the fruit being dry or fleshy (e.g., Niedenzu in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(7): 57-105. 1893) results in an association of genera that is less natural than that proposed by Wilson et al.
Many Myrtaceae are cultivated garden ornamentals, street trees, or plantation trees. Some members of tribe Syzygieae are grown as fruit crops. In addition to the cultivated members of the family treated here, some others grown in China include Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burrett (Feijoa sellowiana (O. Berg) O. Berg), Myrtus communis Linnaeus, and Syncarpia glomulifera (Smith) Niedenzu.
Myrtus chinensis Loureiro is a synonym of Symplocos paniculata (Thunberg) Miquel in the Symplocaceae (see Fl. China 15: 252. 1996).
Chang Hung-ta & Miau Ru-hwai. 1984. Myrtaceae. In: Chen Chieh, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(1): 28-135.
Trees or shrubs. Bark smooth, fibrous, stringy, or tessellated. Leaves usually polymorphic with different juvenile and mature forms and sometimes with intermediate forms. Juvenile leaves opposite, 3 to several pairs, shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade
often glaucous or with glandular trichomes; juvenile foliage sometimes persisting throughout life of plant. Mature leaves alternate, petiolate; leaf blade usually leathery, secondary veins numerous, with intramarginal veins. Inflorescences axillary or clustered into terminal or axillary panicles, consisting of umbelliform condensed dichasia. Flowers bisexual. Hypanthium campanulate, obconic, or semiglobose, stipitate or not, apex usually truncate. Sepals rarely distinct. Petals connate, either adnate to sepals into a 1-layered calyptra or not adnate and then with connate sepals forming a 2-layered calyptra; calyptra deciduous at anthesis. Stamens numerous, usually distinct, in several whorls with outer whorl usually sterile; anthers 2-celled, parallel or oblique, elliptic, ovate, cordate, or bifurcate, dehiscing longitudinally or occasionally poricidally. Ovary adnate to hypanthium, 2-7-loculed; ovules numerous. Style persistent. Whole or most of capsule included in expanded hypanthium; disk often well developed; valves exserted from hypanthium, equaling hypanthium rim, or included in hypanthium. Seeds numerous, many sterile and undeveloped, developed seeds ovate or angular; testa rigid, sometimes developed into wings.
About 700 species: mainly in Australia, with a minor representation in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines; about 110 species cultivated in China with only 25 major ones treated here.
The genus is treated here in the broad sense, i.e., the segregate Corymbia is not recognized.
In addition to the Eucalyptus species treated here, the following additional taxa have been recorded as being cultivated in China (see Wang & Brooker, A key to eucalypts in China, China Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 1991):
E. acaciiformis H. Deane & Maiden
E. agglomerata Maiden
E. aggregata H. Deane & Maiden
E. albens Bentham
E. amygdalina Labillardière (E. salicifolia (Solander) Cavanilles)
E. badjensis Beuzeville & Welch
E. bakeri Maiden
E. benthamii Maiden & Cambage
E. bosistoana F. Mueller
E. brassiana S. T. Blake
E. bridgesiana R. Baker
E. camphora R. Baker
E. cinerea F. Mueller ex Bentham
E. cladocalyx F. Mueller
E. cloeziana F. Mueller
E. coccifera J. D. Hooker
E. coolabah Blakely & Jacobs
E. cordata Labillardière
E. cornuta Labillardière
E. crawfordii Maiden & Blakely
E. crenulata Blakely & Beuzeville
E. cypellocarpa L. A. S. Johnson
E. dalrympleana Maiden
E. dealbata A. Cunningham ex Schauer
E. deanei Maiden
E. deglupta Blume
E. delegatensis R. Baker
E. dendromorpha (Blakely) L. A. S. Johnson & Blaxell
E. diversicolor F. Mueller
E. dives Schauer
E. drepanophylla F. Mueller ex Bentham
E. dundasii Maiden
E. dunnii Maiden
E. elata Dehnhardt
E. eugenioides Sieber ex Sprengel
E. fastigiata H. Deane & Maiden
E. fibrosa F. Mueller
E. ficifolia F. Mueller
E. fraxinoides H. Deane & Maiden
E. glaucescens Maiden & Blakely
E. globoidea Blakely
E. gomphocephala Candolle
E. goniocalyx F. Mueller ex Miquel
E. gummifera (Solander ex Gaertner) Hochreutiner
E. gunnii J. D. Hooker
E. horistes L
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petiolate; leaf blade pinnately veined. Inflorescences axillary or often lateral below leaves. Flowers bisexual, solitary or clustered. Hypanthium short. Calyx lobes 4. Petals 4. Stamens numerous; anthers parallel, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2- or 3-loculed; ovules many per locule, amphitropous. Fruit a berry, with persistent sepals at apex. Seed usually 1, embryo straight, with 2 fully or partly fused massive cotyledons.
About 1000 species: mostly in tropical America but also in Africa, S and SE Asia, Australia, Madagascar, Mascarenes, New Caledonia, and the Pacific islands; one species commonly cultivated in S China.
In addition to Eugenia uniflora treated below, the following species are recorded as occasionally being cultivated in China: E. aherniana C. B. Robinson, E. brasiliensis Lamarck, E. buxifolia Willdenow, E. dombeyi (Sprengel) Skeels, and E. pitanga Kiaerskov.
" 110090 general 742235 Myrtaceae "Lophostemon.Trees. Leaves alternate or pseudo-whorled, clustered at apex of branches, rarely opposite. Inflorescences axillary, dichasium; bracts caducous or absent. Flowers bisexual. Hypanthium ovate or obconiform, pubescent. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, white or yellow, pubescent. Stamens numerous; filaments usually basally connate into 5 bundles opposite petals; anthers dorsifixed, locules parallel, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary semi-inferior, 3-loculed; ovules numerous. Style shorter than stamens; stigma slightly ampliate. Capsule semiglobose or cup-shaped, apically flatted truncate, splitting into 3 parts but still surrounded by hypanthium. Seeds few, linear, sometimes winged.
Four species: Australia, S New Guinea; one species (cultivated) in China.
" 110186 general 742729 Myrtaceae "Melaleuca.Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite-decussate, petiolate or sessile; leaf blade leathery, secondary veins basal and parallel to leaf axis or pinnate. Flowers bisexual or female sterile, arranged in spikes or heads and pseudoterminal or lateral. Hypanthium subglobose or campanulate. Sepals 5, caducous or persistent. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, greenish white; filaments basally connate into 5 bundles opposite petals; anthers dorsifixed, cells parallel, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary slightly adnate to hypanthium, 3-loculed, apex prominent; ovules numerous. Style linear; stigma ± enlarged. Capsule semiglobose to globose, apically dehiscing. Seeds obovoid-oblong to obovoid; testa thin; embryo straight.
About 280 species: mainly in Australia, but also in Indonesia, New Caledonia, and Papua New Guinea; several species cultivated in China but only one commonly cultivated.
Callistemon is to be included in Melaleuca as the two genera overlap in many morphological aspects. Several species are occasionally cultivated in China under Callistemon, including C. citrinus (Curtis) Skeels (C. lanceolatus Candolle), C. linearis (Smith) Candolle (C. rigidus R. Brown), C. rugulosus (Schlechtendal ex Link) Candolle (C. coccineus F. Mueller), C. salignus (Smith) Colvill ex Sweet, and C. viminalis (Solander ex Gaertner) G. Don ex Loudon. The cultivated species treated under the name M. parviflora Lindley in FRPS (53(1): 55. 1984) is not that species; no material has been seen and its true identity is unknown.
" 110723 general 746551 Myrtaceae "Psidium.Shrubs or small trees. Bark gray, smooth. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves opposite, petiolate; leaf blade pinnately veined. Flowers axillary, large, usually 1 or 2 per axil. Bracts 2. Hypanthium campanulate or urceolate. Calyx lobes 4 or 5, unequal. Petals 4 or 5, white. Stamens many, separate, in many whorls; anthers ellipsoid, basifixed, locules parallel, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary inferior, adnate to hypanthium, 4- or 5-loculed or more; ovules numerous. Style linear; stigma expanded. Berry globose to pyriform, fleshy, many-seeded, apex with persistent calyx lobes; placenta well developed, fleshy. Seed coat hard; embryo curved; hypocotyl long; cotyledons short.
About 150 species: tropical America; two species commonly cultivated in China with one naturalized.
Psidium guineense Swartz (P. laurifolium O. Berg) has also been recorded as occasionally being cultivated in China.
" 111113 general 747811 Myrtaceae "Syzygium.Trees or shrubs. Branchlets sometimes 2-4-ridged, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite or sometimes whorled, petiolate to subsessile; leaf blade densely to sometimes sparsely pinnately veined. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, usually panicles of cymes, 3- to many-flowered; bracts small, caducous after flowering. Flowers stipitate or not. Hypanthium obconic or sometimes clavate. Calyx lobes 4 or 5 or rarely more, usually short, caducous or persistent, apex usually obtuse, rarely connate and then calyptrate. Petals 4 or 5 or rarely more, distinct and then expanding separately or coherent and then caducous as a unit. Stamens numerous, distinct but occasionally slightly adhering at base; anthers minute, versatile, 2-celled, cells parallel or divergent, dehiscing longitudinally or by a short terminal slit; connectives usually terminating in an apical gland. Ovary inferior, 2 or 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style linear. Fruit drupaceous, 1(or 2)-seeded. Seeds sometimes with or without a testa, often with a pseudotesta ± adhering to pericarp, rarely with intrusive branching tissue extending into and interlocking cotyledons; embryo usually uniembryonic, sometimes polyembryonic.
About 1200 species: tropical Africa, subtropical to tropical Asia, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Pacific islands; 80 species (45 endemic, two introduced) in China.
Syzygium is treated here in a broad sense with Acmena and Cleistocalyx included within it. Morphological and anatomical investigations, and molecular sequence studies of chloroplast and nuclear regions, provide support for such an expanded concept (Amer. J. Bot. 59: 423-436. 1972; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92: 433-489. 1972; Proc. Fourth Fl. Mal. Symp. 75-85. 2001; Austral. Syst. Bot. 17: 63-72. 2004; Taxon 55: 79-94. 2006).
In addition to the cultivated species treated here, both Syzygium aqueum (N. L. Burman) Alston (Eugenia aquea N. L. Burman) and S. grande (Wight) Walpers (E. grandis Wight) have been recorded as being cultivated in China.
Flowers are not known in Syzygium album, S. buxifolioideum, S. guangxiense, S. hainanense, S. jienfunicum, S. lasianthifolium, S. melanophyllum, and S. wenshanense.
Fruit are not known in Syzygium bubengense, S. cathayense, S. gongshanense, S. infrarubiginosum, S. laosense var. quocense, S. paucivenium, S. rockii, S. saxatile, S. sichuanense, and S. xizangense.
Trees, to 25 m tall. Bark dark gray, white, brown, or red, smooth, exfoliating. Branches sometimes pendulous, terete, youngest parts ridged. Young leaves opposite; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, 6-9 × 2.5-4 cm. Mature leaves with a slender 1.5-2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-30 × 1-2 cm, slightly twisted, thinly leathery, both surfaces with small black glands, secondary veins at an angle of ca. 45° from midvein, intramarginal veins ca. 0.7 mm from margin. Inflorescences axillary, simple, umbels 5-11-flowered; peduncle 1-1.5 cm, slender, terete. Flower buds ovoid, 5-8 mm. Hypanthium semiglobose, ca. 3 mm; stipe 3-12 mm; calyptra hemispheric, rostrate to obtusely conic, 5-7 mm, apically constricted, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate and beaked or not. Stamens 5-7 mm; anthers elliptic, dehiscing longitudinally. Capsule subglobose, 5-6 mm in diam.; disk broad; valves (3 or)4(or 5), exserted from hypanthium. Fl. Dec-Aug.
The varieties Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis , E. camaldulensis var. acuminata (Hooker) Blakely, E. camaldulensis var. brevirostris (F. Mueller ex Miquel) Blakely, E. camaldulensis var. obtusa Blakely, and E. camaldulensis var. pendula Blakely & Jacobs are all cultivated in China.
" 118791 general 741303 Myrtaceae "Syzygium malaccense.Trees, to 15 m tall. Branchlets grayish brown when dry, stout, terete. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 16-24 × 6-8 cm, leathery, abaxially yellowish brown when dry, adaxially dark green and not glossy when dry, secondary veins 11-14 on each side of midvein, 1-1.5 cm apart, and at an angle of ca. 45° from midvein, reticulate veins conspicuous, intramarginal veins 3-5 mm from margin and another inconspicuous intramarginal vein ca. 1 mm from margin, base cuneate, apex acute. Inflorescences lateral on older leafless branches, cymes, in 4-9-flowered clusters; peduncle very short. Flowers red, ca. 2.5 cm, stout, ridged. Hypanthium broadly obconic, ca. 1 × 1 cm. Calyx lobes 4, suborbicular, 5-6 × 7-8 mm, apex rounded. Petals rounded, ca. 1 × 1 cm, distinct. Stamens completely distinct, 1-1.3 cm. Style as long as stamens. Fruit ovoid to pot-shaped, ca. 4 cm, 1-seeded. Fl. May or Jan-Feb, fr. Apr-May.
This species is commonly cultivated for its fruit in wet-tropical areas around the world and is sometimes naturalized.
" 139059 general 757901 Myrtaceae "Syzygium jambos var. jambos.Branchlets terete. Petiole 6-8 mm; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong, 12-25 × 3-4.5 cm, leathery, secondary veins 12-16 on each side of midvein, 7-10 mm apart, and at an angle of ca. 45° from midvein, intramarginal veins ca. 2 mm from margin, base broadly cuneate, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, cymes, with several flowers; peduncle 1-1.5 cm. Flowers white, 3-4 cm in diam. Hypanthium obconic, 8-10 mm. Calyx lobes 4, semiorbicular, ca. 6 × 8-9 mm. Petals distinct, broadly ovate, ca. 1.4 cm. Stamens 2-2.8 cm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Style 2-2.8 cm. Fruit pale yellow when ripe, globose, 3-5 cm in diam. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jun.
This variety is often cultivated for its fruit throughout the tropics, so some gatherings may in fact not be from wild plants.
" 142087 general 742823 Myrtaceae "Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cumingiana.Trees, to 18 m tall. Bark white, thick and soft, peeling. Branchlets grayish white. Leaves alternate, fragrant; petiole very short; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong, 4-10 × 1-2 cm, leathery, with numerous oil glands, secondary veins 3-5(-7) and parallel to long axis blade, both ends acute. Flowers white, in pseudoterminal spikes to 15 cm; rachis usually with short trichomes. Hypanthium ovate, ca. 3 mm, pubes- cent or glabrous. Sepals 5, rounded, ca. 1 mm. Petals 5, ovate, 2-3 × ca. 3 mm. Stamens ca. 1 cm, in 5 bundles. Style linear, slightly longer than stamens. Capsule subglobose, 5-7 mm in diam. Fl. several times per year.
In FRPS (53(1): 54-55. 1984), this widely cultivated species was treated under the name Melaleuca leucadendra (Linnaeus) Linnaeus (as "M. leucadendron"). Melaleuca cajuputi is the source of the essential oil, cajuput or cadjeput. The typical race, subsp. cajuputi, is distributed in Indonesia and Australia; a third race, subsp. platyphylla Barlow, is distributed in Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea, and Australia.
" 113623 general 739401 Nelumbonaceae "Nelumbo nucifera.Petiole 1--2 m, terete, fistulous, glabrous or papillae hard and scattered; leaf blade abaxially blue-green, orbicular, 25--90 cm in diam., papery, glabrous, glaucous, water-repellent, margin entire. Flowers 10--23 cm in diam.; peduncles longer than petioles, glabrous or sparsely spinulate. Tepals caducous, pink or white, oblong-elliptic to obovate, 5--10 × 3--5 cm. Stamens slightly longer than receptacle; filament slender; anther linear, 1--2 mm; connective appendage clavate, to 7 mm, incurved. Receptacle accrescent, turbinate, 5--10 cm in diam. Fruit oblong to ovoid, 1.0--2.0 × 7--15 cm, glabrous; pericarp thick, hardened. Fl. Jun--Aug. 2n = 16.
This species is cultivated for its edible rhizomes and seeds.
" 108583 general 33282 Nitrariaceae "Nitrariaceae.Shrubs, 0.5-2 m tall, prostrate or ascending, succulent, sometimes spiny. Branches often spiny at end. Stipules intrapetiolar, distinct, caducous or persistent. Leaves alternate, spiral, or fasciculate, simple, fleshy or succulent, petiolate or subsessile, deciduous; leaf blade 1-veined or palmately veined, margin entire or 2- or 3-dentate at apex. Flowers solitary or aggregated in cymes, small, bracteate. Sepals 5, fleshy, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, white or yellowish green. Stamens (10-)15, both alternate and opposite petals; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary inferior, sessile, 2-6-locular; styles 1; stigma ovoid. Fruit a drupe, purple, red, or yellow, fleshy, 1-seeded; mesocarp fleshy to succulent; endocarp forming a bony stone.
One genus and ca. 11 species: arid and semiarid regions of N Africa, C, N, and W Asia, Australia, and SE Europe; five species (one endemic) in China.
This family was included in Zygophyllaceae in FRPS. However, it differs from the Zygophyllaceae in many morphological characters. Molecular evidence also supports its recognition as a separate family.
Liou Yingxin. 1998. Nitraria. In: Xu Langran & Huang Chengchiu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(1): 117-123.
Shrubs 25-50 cm tall, prostrate. Branches arched, young branches white, sterile branches spiny at apex. Leaves in clusters of 2 or 3, nearly sessile; leaf blade linear to oblanceolate-linear, 5-25 × 2-5 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Inflorescences yellowish gray, 2-4 cm, pubescent. Pedicel 1-5 mm. Sepals green, pubescent. Petals white, ca. 2 mm. Unripe fruit lanceolate, with densely yellowish brown pubescence, apex acuminate; ripe fruit expanding into a ball, ca. 1 cm in diam.; exocarp dry and membranous. Stone spindle-shaped, 6-8 mm, surface cavernous, apex acuminate. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jun-Jul.
" 69878 general 737128 Nyctaginaceae "Mirabilis nyctaginea. ""Stem nearly smooth, branched above, to 1.5 m; lvs ovate-oblong to deltoid-ovate, acute, with cordate or truncate base, glabrous or nearly so, on petioles 1–3 cm; invol saucer-shaped, 1 cm wide, densely ciliate, accrescent in fr; cal pinkish-purple, 1 cm; anthocarp narrowly obovoid, densely hairy, rough on the sides and on the 5 prominent ribs; 2n=58. Dry soil; Man. to Ill. and La., w. to Mont. and Colo.; now established in waste places e. to Mass. and Va. May–Aug. (Allionia n.; Oxybaphus n.; O. floribundus)""" 70385 general 738164 Nyctaginaceae "Mirabilis albida. ""Stems erect or decumbent, 2–10 dm; each internode below the infl with 2 longitudinal strips of incurved hairs mostly less than 0.5 mm; infl glandular-hairy; invol 4 mm, becoming 1.5–3 cm wide at maturity; cal pink, 7–10 mm; anthocarp narrowly obovoid, 5 mm, thinly hairy, coarsely tuberculate on the sides and ridges. Dry prairies, sandhills, and barrens; S.C. to Tenn., Mo. (and reputedly Io.), and Kans., s. to La. and Tex. Summer (Oxybaphus a.; Allionia a.; A. decumbens)""" 113572 general 737869 Nyctaginaceae "Bougainvillea glabra.Shrubs vinelike. Stems thick, branches pendent, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; spines axillary, 5-15 mm. Petiole 1 cm; leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-13 × 3-6 cm, chartaceous, abaxially sparsely pubescent, adaxially glabrous. Foliaceous bracts purple or magenta, oblong or elliptic, 2.5-3.5 × 2 cm, chartaceous. Perianth tube greenish, distinctly angled, ca. 2 cm, sparsely pubescent, ribbed, apex 5-lobed, hairs short, curved away from pedicel. Stamens 6-8. Fl. winter-spring (in south), Mar-Jul. (in north or greenhouse).
This species is used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. It is better adapted to areas lacking a distinct dry season and flowers more or less continuously in perpetually humid conditions.
" 129382 general 737871 Nyctaginaceae "Bougainvillea spectabilis.Branches and leaves densely pubescent; spines recurved. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic or ovate, base rotund. Bracts dark red or light purple-red, elliptic-ovate, 2.5-6.5 × 1.5-4 cm, base rotund to cordate. Perianth tube green, narrowly tubular, rounded, 1.6-2.4 cm, densely pubescent, apex 5-6-lobed, lobes spreading, yellow, 3.5-5 mm, hairs copious, spreading, to 1 mm. Stamens 8. Ovary stipitate. Fruit 1-1.5 cm, densely hairy. Fl. winter-spring.
This species is used as an ornamental plant. It is adapted to climates with a distinct dry season and does not flower well in perpetually humid conditions. The name is often applied uncritically to material of hybrid origin.
" 140340 general 737602 Nyctaginaceae "Boerhavia repens.Herbs ephemeral to perennial. Stems prostrate, radiating from taproot, to 50 cm, most parts eglandular-puberulent. Petiole to 1 cm; leaf blade 1-2.5 × 0.4-1.5 cm, abaxially conspicuously pale, base rounded to cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded to subacute. Inflorescences mostly axillary, 2-5-flowered umbels, sometimes gathered into cymes, to 2 cm. Pedicel to 1 mm. Perianth limb white, pink, or pale purple, to 1 mm. Stamens (1 or)2(or 3). Anthocarp clavate, 3-3.5 mm, 5-ribbed, sparsely puberulent, sometimes with ± sessile glands.
This species is often confused with Boerhavia diffusa. It can be most readily distinguished by the lack of multicellular hairs along the leaf margins, consistently pedicellate flowers, and much paler perianth. It differs from B. erecta by the very differently shaped fruit. This is a pantropical, ruderal weed, mainly growing in dry areas.
" 108949 general 737867 Nyctaginaceae "Bougainvillea.Shrubs or small trees, sometimes climbing. Branches spiny. Leaves alternate, petiolate, leaf blade ovate or elliptic-lanceolate. Inflorescences axillary, pedunculate, 3-flowered cymes, each flower subtended by a persistent, often brightly colored, ovate bract adnate to the pedicel, often grouped into terminal panicles. Flowers bisexual; pedicel adnate to the midvein or the bract. Perianth connate, limb rose or yellow, funnelform, 5-6-lobed, lobes short. Stamens 5-10, included; filaments shortly united at base. Ovary fusiform, stipitate. Style lateral, short linear; stigma fimbriate. Fruit cylindric or clavate, 5-ribbed, without sticky glands. Seed: testa thin; embryo curved, cotyledons convolute, enclosing the endosperm.
About 18 species: native to South America, widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions; two species (introduced) in China.
" 172821 morphology 736975 Nyctaginaceae "Mirabilis jalapa. ""Widely cultivated as an ornamental, now established in many parts.""" 110358 general 736438 Nymphaeaceae "Nymphaea.Herbs perennial. Rhizomes erect, ascending, or repent, branched or unbranched. Leaves mostly floating; leaf blade venation primarily palmate, base cordate to sagittate, margin entire to dentate, sometimes slightly peltate. Flowers floating or emersed, perianth spreading. Sepals 4, greenish, not petaloid, inserted at base of ovary, sometimes persistent. Petals 8 to many, large and showy, inserted on surface of ovary, often grading into stamens. Stamens shorter than sepals and petals, inserted on lateral surface of ovary; filament linear to ovate or obovate; anther connective appendaged or unappendaged. Carpels partially or completely united. Style absent or modified into abaxially projecting carpellary appendages. Stigma sessile, radiate on cup-shaped stigmatic disc rimmed by carpellary appendages. Fruit irregularly dehiscent. Seeds globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, smooth or longitudinal ridges pubescent, arillate.
About 50 species: widespread in temperate and tropical regions; five species in China.
Many species of the genus Nymphaea are cultivated as ornamentals. In China, in addition to the native species, both Nymphaea mexicana Zuccarini and N. alba Linnaeus var. rubra Lönnroth are cultivated.
" 113622 general 736710 Nymphaeaceae "Euryale ferox.Submerged leaves not prickly; leaf blade sagittate or elliptic, 4--10 cm, base deeply cordate. Floating leaves prickly on petioles and along veins; leaf blade abaxially dark purple and adaxially green, to 1.3(--2.7) m in diam., subleathery, abaxially sparsely pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base emarginate or sinuate; veins abaxially strongly ribbed; primary veins prickly on both surfaces. Flower to 5 cm in diam. Peduncle stout, densely prickly. Sepals triangular-ovate, 1--1.5(--3) cm, abaxially dense-ly prickly; prickles retrorse. Petals outer purple-violet fading to inner white, oblong-lanceolate, 1(--2.5) cm. Ovary 7--16-loculed, each locule with 6--8 or more ovules. Fruit dark purple, globose, 5--10 cm in diam., spongy, densely prickly. Seeds black, 8 to many, globose, 6--10 mm in diam.; testa thick, rigid. Fl. Jun--Aug.
This species is cultivated for its starchy seeds.
" 113624 general 736474 Nymphaeaceae "Nymphaea alba.Rhizomes repent, sparsely branched, but not stoloniferous. Leaf blade suborbicular, 10--25 cm in diam., papery, abaxially glabrous, scarcely peltate, base deeply cordate and basal lobes subparallel or spreading, margin entire. Flower floating, (7--) 10--20 cm in diam. Calyx insertion on receptacle circular; sepals lanceolate, 3--5(--8) cm, obscurely veined, caducous or decaying after anthesis. Petals (12--)20--25(--33), white, ovate-oblong, 3--5.5(--8) cm, transition to stamens gradual. Filament of inner stamens ± as wide as anther; connective apically unappendaged. Carpels completely united, walls between locules of ovary single. Stigma rays (8--)14--20(--25); carpellary appendages triangular-tapered. Fruit semiglobose, 2.5--3 cm. Seeds ellipsoid, 2--3(--5) mm, smooth. Fl. Jun--Aug. 2n = 56, 84, 112.
This species is cultivated in additional Chinese provinces.
" 113626 general 736907 Nymphaeaceae "Nymphaea lotus var. pubescens.Rhizomes erect, producing slender stolons. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to suborbicular, 15--26(--50) cm, papery, abaxially densely pubescent, peltate more than 5 mm from base of sinus, base deeply cordate and basal lobes subparallel, margin dentate and teeth acute to subspinose. Flower emergent, (2--)5--8(--15) cm in diam. Calyx insertion on receptacle circular; sepals oblong, 5--8 cm, conspicuously veined, caducous or decaying after anthesis. Petals 12--14(--30), white, red, or pink, oblong, 5--9 cm, transition to stamens abrupt. Filament of inner stamens only slightly wider than anther; connective apically unappendaged. Carpels completely united, walls between locules of ovary single. Stigma rays 12--15(--30); carpellary appendages linear. Fruit ovoid to subglobose, 3.5--5 cm. Seeds ellipsoid to globose, 1--2 mm, with longitudinal ridges. Fl. Aug--Oct. 2n = 84.
The relationship between the Asiatic Nymphaea lotus var. pubescens, often treated as N. pubescens, and the var. lotus of Africa is in need of further study. Cultivated forms of var. pubescens with red flowers, originating from India, are known from Guangdong Province and perhaps elsewhere in S China. Although they are reportedly sterile, they have sometimes been segregated as N. rubra Roxburgh ex Andrews.
" 113627 general 736437 Nymphaeaceae "Nymphaea tetragona.Rhizomes erect, unbranched. Leaf blade cordate-ovate to ovate-elliptic, 5--12 × 3.5--9 cm, papery, abaxially glabrous, scarcely peltate, base deeply cordate and basal lobes parallel to contiguous, margin entire. Flower floating, 3--6 cm in diam. Calyx insertion on receptacle prominently tetragonous; sepals broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 2--3.5 cm, obscurely veined, persistent. Petals 8--15(--17), white, broadly lanceolate, oblong, or obovate, 2--2.5 cm, transition to stamens gradual. Filament of inner stamens wider than anther, connective apically unappendaged. Carpels completely united, walls between locules of ovary single. Stigma rays 5--8(--10); carpellary appendages ovate. Fruit globose, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Seeds ellipsoid, 2--3(--4) mm, smooth. Fl. Jun--Aug. 2n = 112.
The treatment of this species in E Asia is problematic. In North America and Europe Nymphaea tetragona is restricted to boreal regions above 50° N latitude, where the plants have a prominently tetragonous receptacle, flowers with a reddish to purplish center, and thinner leaves abaxially with raised veins. Plants in Korea, N Japan, and Russia, as depicted in Lee (Fl. Korea, 216. 1997) and Kadono (Aquatic Pl. Japan, 112. 1994), and observed on specimens, have these characteristics. Plants of N China and the Himalayas may belong here also, but to determine this will require further study of better material. However, plants of tropical and warm temperate China, Japan, and Vietnam appear to differ in having an only slightly tetragonous receptacle, flowers with a yellow center, and thicker leaves abaxially with impressed veins. Such plants are sometimes known in cultivation in Europe and North America as N. tetragona var. angusta Caspary, but were originally sent in 1805 by William Kerr from Guangdong Province and described under the name of Castalia pygmaea Salisbury ( N. pygmaea (Salisbury) W. T. Aiton). Further study may indicate that much of the Chinese and Japanese material should be segregated as N. pygmaea or at some other rank. One might expect hybridization between the two taxa to occur where they coexist, as with other related Nymphaea, and the level of sterility displayed by such hybrids should be examined as evidence of the degree of their relationship.
An examination of the type of Nymphaea esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot from Guizhou Province indicates that it belongs with N. pygmaea . The assignment of N. crassifolia (Handel-Mazzetti) Nakai ( Castalia crassifolia Handel-Mazzetti; N. tetragona var. crassifolia (Handel-Mazzetti) Chu) to one of these two forms is unknown, as the type has not been examined. Nymphaea acutiloba de Candolle is of uncertain identity and lacks a type specimen. Although referred by Conard (Proc. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 4:170. 1905) to N. tetragona, the description cannot apply to this taxon and more closely matches N. nouchali or N. lotus .
Trees or erect or scandent shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Branchlets terete or angular and grooved. Leaves opposite or alternate, rarely whorled, simple, 3-foliolate, or odd-pinnate; petiole usually articulated. Inflorescences basically cymose, in panicles, racemes, corymbs, umbels, or heads; bracts subulate or linear, sometimes leafy. Flowers bisexual, usually heterostylous, usually fragrant. Calyx campanulate, cupular, or funnelform, 4-16-lobed. Corolla white or yellow, rarely red or purple, salverform or funnelform; lobes 4-16, imbricate in bud, sometimes doubled in cultivation. Stamens 2, included, inserted about middle of corolla tube; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Ovules 1 or 2 in each locule. Style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry, didymous or one half aborted. Seeds without endosperm; radicle downward.
More than 200 species: Africa, Asia, Australia, South Pacific Islands, one species in the Mediterranean region; 43 species in China.
" 110056 general 730162 Oleaceae "Ligustrum.Shrubs or small trees, deciduous or evergreen. Leaves opposite, simple, short petiolate; leaf blade entire. Inflorescences terminal panicles of cymes, rarely lateral. Flowers bisexual, sessile or pedicellate. Calyx campanulate, truncate or 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla white, rotate, funnelform, or salverform, 4-lobed; lobes ca. as long as or shorter than corolla tube, valvate in bud. Stamens 2, inserted at mouth of corolla tube, included or exserted; anthers yellow or sometimes purple, oblong. Ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous. Style shorter than stamens; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a berrylike drupe with membranous or papery endocarp, rarely drupaceous or loculicidal. Seeds 1-4; endosperm fleshy; radicle short, upward.
About 45 species: Asia, Australia, Europe; 27 species in China. Ligustrum japonicum Thunberg and L. ovalifolium Hasskarl, native to Japan and S Korea, are widely cultivated in China. No material of L. matsudae Kanehira ex Shimizu & Kao and L. seisuiense Shimizu & Kao, both described from Taiwan, has been seen.
" 111111 general 731587 Oleaceae "Syringa.Shrubs or small trees, deciduous. Branchlets terete or 4-angled; pith solid; winter buds scaly, terminal buds often absent. Leaves opposite, simple or rarely pinnate, petiolate; leaf blade entire, pinnatisect or occasionally lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, terminal or lateral, generally composed of small cymes. Flowers bisexual, sessile or pedicellate. Calyx campanulate, regularly or irregularly 4-toothed or subtruncate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, salverform, or rotate; lobes 4, spreading or upright, valvate, usually cucullate and beaked at apex. Stamens 2, included or exserted. Ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous. Style filiform, shorter than stamens; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, slightly compressed. Seeds 2 in each locule, flat, narrowly winged; endosperm present; radicle erect.
About 20 species: Afghanistan, India, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim; SW Asia, SE Europe; 16 species in China.
Most species of Syringa are cultivated as ornamental plants, a few are medicinal.
Shrubs glabrous except for calyx lobes. Branches upright, to 3 m; branchlets green or yellow-green; pith lamellate. Leaves simple; petiole 6-12 mm; leaf blade long elliptic to lanceolate or long obovate-elliptic, 3.5-15 × 1-4 cm, subleathery, base cuneate, margin serrate or entire along distal half, apex acute. Flowers 1-3(-4) in leaf axils. Pedicel 3-7 mm. Calyx lobes broadly ovate or elliptic, 2-4 mm, ciliate. Corolla deep yellow outside, tinged with orange-yellow stripes inside; tube 5-6 mm; lobes narrowly oblong, 0.6-1.8 cm, revolute. Pistil 5.5-7 mm in flowers with stamens 3.5-5 mm or ca. 3 mm in flowers with stamens 6-7 mm. Capsule ovoid, 1-1.5 cm × 6-10 mm, lenticellate; stalk 3-7 mm. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Aug-Nov.
Widely cultivated in all parts except for S China.
" 120778 general 729553 Oleaceae "Jasminum sambac.Shrubs erect or scandent, to 3 m. Branchlets terete or slightly compressed, sometimes hollow, sparsely pubescent. Leaves opposite, simple; petiole 2-6 mm, articulate, pubescent; leaf blade orbicular to elliptic or obovate, 4-12.5 × 2-7.5 cm, papery, glabrous except for tufted hairs at vein axils abaxially, both ends blunt, sometimes base subcordate; primary veins 4-6 on each side of midrib. Cymes terminal, (1 or)3(or 5)-flowered; bracts subulate, 4-8 mm. Flowers very fragrant. Pedicel 0.3-2 cm. Calyx glabrous or sparsely pubescent; lobes 8-9, linear, 5-7 mm. Corolla white; tube 0.7-1.5 cm; lobes oblong to suborbicular, 5-9 mm broad. Berry purple-black, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 26*.
Widely cultivated for its very fragrant flowers that are used in tea flavoring and in perfumes. The flowers and leaves are also medicinal.
" 127876 general 733326 Oleaceae "Fraxinus chinensis subsp. chinensis.Leaflets (3-)5-7(-9), ovate, ovate-lanceolate, to lanceolate or elliptic to obovate-oblong, terminal leaflet (4-)7-10 (-12) × 2-4(-6) cm, villous beside basal part of midrib abaxially, rarely tomentose or almost glabrous, margin distinctly serrate, apex short to long acuminate; primary veins 6-12 on each side of midrib. Samara spatulate to very narrowly so, 3-3.5(-4) cm × 3.5-7(-15) mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Sep.
A variable subspecies, cultivated for a long time in China for leaves to feed a species of scale insects that secretes commercial candle wax.
" 128159 general 729906 Oleaceae "Jasminum grandiflorum.Shrubs scandent, 2-4 m. Branchlets terete, angular or grooved. Leaves opposite, pinnatipartite or compound with 5-9 leaflets; petiole 0.5-4 cm; leaflet blade ovate or narrowly so (terminal one usually narrowly rhomboid), 0.7-3.8 × 0.5-1.5 cm, base cuneate or blunt, apex acute, acuminate, or blunt, sometimes mucronate. Cymes terminal or axillary, 2-9-flowered; bracts linear, 2-3 mm. Pedicel 0.5-2.5 cm, middle pedicel of cymes conspicuously shorter. Calyx glabrous; lobes subulate-linear, (3-)5-10 mm. Corolla white, salverform; tube 1.3-2.5 cm; lobes often 5, oblong, 1.3-2.2 cm. Fruit not seen. Fl. Aug-Oct. 2n = 26*.
Cultivated in warm and tropical countries for its fragrant flowers.
" 128168 general 729649 Oleaceae "Jasminum mesnyi.Subshrubs erect, evergreen, 0.5-5 m. Branchlets 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate or simple at base of branchlets; petiole 0.5-1.5 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate or elliptic, sometimes suborbicular, 3-5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, along with leaflet blade subleathery, glabrescent, veins obscure; leaflet blade narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, base cuneate, apex blunt and mucronulate, terminal one 2.5-6.5 × 0.5-2.2 cm, basally decurrent into a short petiolule, lateral ones sessile, 1.5-4 × 0.6-2 cm. Flowers usually solitary, axillary or rarely terminal; bracts leafy, obovate or lanceolate, 5-10 mm. Pedicel 3-8 mm. Calyx campanulate; lobes 5-8, leafy, lanceolate, 4-7 mm. Corolla yellow, funnelform, 2-4.5 cm in diam.; tube 1-1.5 cm; lobes 6-8, doubled in cultivation, broadly obovate or oblong, 1.1-1.8 cm. Berry ellipsoid, 6-8 mm in diam. Fl. Nov-Aug, fr. Mar-May. 2n = 24, 26*.
" 128172 general 733506 Oleaceae "Jasminum nudiflorum var. nudiflorum.Shrubs erect or creeping, 0.3-5 m. Branchlets 4-angled, somewhat narrowly winged. Corolla tube 0.8-2 cm. Berry ellipsoid, ca. 6 × 3 mm. Fl. Jun, fr. May. 2n = 24*, 39*, 48*, 52.
Widely cultivated in China.
" 128179 general 729643 Oleaceae "Jasminum polyanthum.Vines woody, twining, 1-10 m. Branchlets terete or angular, glabrous. Leaves opposite, pinnatipartite or pinnately compound; petiole 0.4-2 cm; leaflets 5-7; leaflet blade papery or thin leathery, glabrous or with tufts of hairs in vein axils abaxially; terminal leaflet with petiolule 0-2 cm, lanceolate or ovate, (1.5-)2.5-9.5 × (0.6-)1-3.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, apex acute to caudate-acuminate; lateral ones sessile or short petiolulate, ovate, (1-)1.5-8.5 × (0.5-)1-2.7 cm, base rounded or subcordate, apex obtuse or acute. Racemes or panicles terminal or axillary, 5-50-flowered; bracts subulate, 1-6 mm. Flowers heterostylous. Pedicel 0.5-2.5 cm. Calyx glabrous or puberulent; tube 1-2 mm; lobes 5, deltate or subulate-linear, less than 2 mm. Corolla white, red outside and in bud; tube 1.3-2.5 cm; lobes 5, oblong or narrowly ovate, 0.9-1.5 cm. Berry black, subglobose, 6-11 mm in diam. Fl. Feb-Aug, fr. Nov.
Cultivated for aromatic oil and as an ornamental.
" 128291 general 733356 Oleaceae "Ligustrum sinense var. sinense.Branchlets and inflorescence rachis pubescent or pilose, glabrescent. Leaf blade ovate, oblong, lanceolate, or suborbicular, 2-7(-9) × 1-3(-3.5) cm, papery or thin leathery, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent. Panicles usually terminal, leafy at base. Calyx glabrous. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Sep-Dec. 2n = 46.
The bark is used as antipyretic; often cultivated as a hedge plant.
" 128642 general 730919 Oleaceae "Osmanthus fragrans.Trees or shrubs 3-5(-10) m, glabrous. Petiole 0.8-1.2 (-1.5) cm; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 7-14.5 × 2.6-4.5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin entire or usually serrulate along distal half, apex acuminate; midrib and 6-8(-10) primary veins adaxially impressed and abaxially raised. Cymes fascicled in leaf axils, many flowered; bracts broadly ovate, 2-4 mm. Pedicel 4-10 mm. Calyx ca. 1 mm. Corolla yellowish, yellow, or orange, 3-4 mm; tube 0.5-1 mm. Stamens attached to middle of corolla tube; connective elongated into an obscure mucro. Drupe purple-black, ellipsoid, oblique, 1-1.5 cm. Fl. Sep-Oct, fr. Mar. 2n = 46*.
Widely cultivated for the perfume of flowers. Varieties based on flower color are only cultivars.
" 129242 general 731460 Oleaceae "Syringa oblata subsp. dilatata.Shrubs 1-3 m, many branched. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-orbicular, 3-10 × 2.5-8 cm, base truncate to broadly cuneate, or rarely subcordate, apex short to long acuminate. Panicles lateral, lax, 5-10 × ca. 8 cm. Calyx ca. 2 mm. Corolla lilac or red-lilac to violet-lilac, sometimes white; tube 1-1.7(-2.2) cm; lobes oblong-elliptic, 5-8(-10) mm. Anthers inserted at middle of corolla tube. Capsule 7-12(-15) mm. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Sep.
Plants with white flowers have been recognized as f. alba, whereas those with red-lilac or violet-lilac flowers, which are cultivated in northern China, may be called f. oblata.
" 129243 general 733373 Oleaceae "Syringa oblata subsp. oblata.Shrubs or small trees to 5 m. Leaf blade ovate-orbicular to reniform, 2.5-10(-14) × 2.5-8(-15) cm, base truncate to usually subcordate, apex abruptly acute to acuminate. Panicles congested or lax, 4-16(-20) × 3-7(-10) cm. Calyx ca. 3 mm. Corolla purple or sometimes white; tube 0.6-1.4 cm; lobes ovate-orbicular to obovate-orbicular, 4-6 mm. Anthers inserted 0-4 mm from the corolla mouth. Capsule 1-1.5(-2) cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Oct. 2n = 46*.
Widely cultivated in several other provinces.
White-flowered plants, which are cultivated in provinces north of the Chang Jiang, have been recognized as cultivar alba.
Branchlets and inflorescence rachis subterete. Calyx purple, mostly puberulent, sometimes densely pubescent or subglabrous. Anthers inserted on corolla tube to 3 mm from mouth. Fl. May-Jun (often with two blooming stages annually in cultivation, spring and Aug-Sep), fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 46*, 48.
Three varieties have been recognized in subsp. microphylla: var. microphylla (leaves glabrous adaxially to pubescent or subglabrous except for midrib, sometimes pilose toward base abaxially; corolla purplish red; anthers purple to purple black) is distributed throughout the subspecies range; var. potaninii (C. K. Schneider) P. S. Green & M. C. Chang (leaves pilose adaxially, pilose to villous abaxially especially on midrib; corolla white tinged with pink) is restricted to Gansu; and var. flavoanthera (X. L. Chen) M. C. Chang (leaves glabrous adaxially to pubescent or subglabrous except for midrib, sometimes pilose toward base abaxially; flowers white; anthers yellow) is restricted to Shaanxi (Foping Xian).
" 129252 general 730675 Oleaceae "Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis.Shrubs or small trees 2-5(-10) m. Petiole slender, 1.5-3 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate or suborbicular. Calyx 1-1.5 mm. Corolla 3-4 mm. Capsule acute to acuminate at apex. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Aug-Oct.
Usually cultivated as an ornamental in N China.
" 66378 general 728256 Onagraceae "Oenothera macrocarpa. ""Perennial, subacaulescent or to 5 dm, decumbent to erect, silky-strigose; lvs linear-lanceolate, 5–10 cm, acute or acuminate, entire or nearly so, narrowed to a long petiolar base; fls few, subsessile in the axils; hypanthium slender, 7–10 cm; sep lance-linear, 2–4 cm, spreading unilaterally at anthesis and persistently connivent; pet yellow, obovate, 5–7 cm; fr 4–7 cm, slender, 4-sided, the angles bearing semi-elliptic wings 1–2.5 cm wide. Dry rocky barrens in calcareous soil; s. Ill. and Mo. to Nebr. and Colo., s. to Tex. May–July. (O. missouriensis; Megapterium missouriense)""" 67262 general 727717 Onagraceae "Gaura filipes. ""Clumped perennial 6–15(–20) dm, with numerous, crowded lvs in the lower 1/3– 2/3 and long, subnaked, wand-like, branching infls, finely strigose throughout, varying to subglabrous or shortly spreading-hairy, with only the ovary, hypanthium, and sep strigose; lvs linear or linear-oblanceolate to lance-elliptic, entire or with a few coarse teeth, mostly 2–7 cm × 2–15 mm; bracts 1–2 mm, caducous; fls shortly slender-pedicellate, the pedicel at maturity of the fr (0.5–)1–3 mm, less than 0.5 mm thick; sep 5–12 mm, separately reflexed; pet 5–10 mm, turning pink; fr finely strigillose, 5–10 mm, fusiform, sharply 4-angled especially upwards; seeds 1 or 2; 2n=14. Dry woods and fields; Ky. and s. Ind. to S.C., Fla., and La. Aug., Sept. (G. michauxii)""" 67313 general 726341 Onagraceae "Epilobium brachycarpum. ""Taprooted annual 2–10+ dm, freely branched at least when well developed, glabrous below, often glandular-puberulent above, the stem with an exfoliating outer layer; lvs alternate nearly throughout, linear to narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, scarcely veiny, entire or irregularly toothed, with a firm brownish apical gland, the principal ones of the main stem 2–7 cm × 2–8 mm, often soon deciduous; fascicles of reduced lvs commonly present in the main axils; racemes terminating the numerous branches, lax, few-fld; pedicels filiform, 5–20 mm; pet pink or white, 2–6 mm; stigma with 4 very short, erect lobes; fr 1.5–3 cm; seeds 1.5–2.5 mm; coma deciduous; 2n=24. Dry, open places; widespread in w. U.S., and occasionally adventive farther e., perhaps native in w. Que. and the Bruce Peninsula of Ont. Variable, with many minor named forms. (E. paniculatum)""" 67984 general 725306 Onagraceae "Oenothera speciosa. ""Perennial by creeping roots (sometimes annual?), ascending to erect, 1–6 dm; lvs linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3–8 cm, gradually tapering to a petiolar base, entire to runcinate-pinnatifid, the basal half commonly more coarsely toothed than the upper; fls few, sessile in the upper axils, erect, buds nodding, long-acuminate; hypanthium slender, 1–2 cm, strigose; sep lance-linear, reflexed at anthesis, 1.5–2.5 cm, usually long connivent; pet obcordate, white or pink, 2–4 cm; stamens alternately unequal; fr narrowly obovoid or clavate, 10–18 mm, 4-sided, roundly 8-ribbed and deeply sulcate, tapering to both ends, sterile below; 2n=14. Dry, open places; Mo. and Kans. to Tex., and intr. eastward. May, June. (Hartmannia s.)""" 67987 general 725052 Onagraceae "Oenothera laciniata. ""Annual, simple or branched from the base, decumbent to erect, 1–4(–8) dm; lvs oblanceolate to oblong or lanceolate, 3–8 cm, tapering to the base, prominently sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, green, sparsely puberulent to glabrous above; fls few, sessile in the axils of the scarcely reduced upper lvs, not forming a distinct spike; hypanthium hirsute, 1.5–3.5 cm; sep 6–12 mm, reflexed separately or connivent; pet 5–18 mm; fr linear, straight or curved, 1.5–3.5 cm; seeds thick-ellipsoid, pale brown, conspicuously pitted; 2n=14. Dry, usually sandy soil; Me. to S.D., s. to S. Amer. May–Oct. Our plants, as here described, are var. laciniata.""" 67989 general 724962 Onagraceae "Oenothera perennis. ""Fibrous-rooted perennial (1–)2–6 dm, usually simple; principal lvs oblanceolate to elliptic, (1–)3–6 cm, obtuse, narrowed to a petiolar base, the bracteal shorter and proportionately narrower, but still well developed and generally exceeding the ovary; infl nodding, the axis straightening during anthesis, the fls becoming erect and opening singly, autogamous, diurnal; hypanthium 3–10 mm; pet 5–10 mm, obcordately notched; filaments 3–4 mm, alternately unequal; anthers 1.5–2.5 mm; style 3–10 mm, about equaling the anthers; fr ellipsoid-clavate or oblong, glandular puberulent (or glabrate in age), the body 4–10 mm, tapering to a short pedicel-like base; 2n=14, a complex heterozygote. Moist or dry soil, fields, meadows, and open woods; Nf., and Que. to s. Man., s. to Va., and Mo., and in the mts. to N.C. and S.C. June–Aug. (O. pumila; Kneiffia pumila; K. perennis)""" 108488 general 33294 Onagraceae "Onagraceae.Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, rarely trees to 30 m tall, often with epidermal oil cells, usually with internal phloem. Leaves simple, spirally arranged, opposite, or occasionally whorled, entire or toothed to pinnatifid; stipules present and usually caducous, or absent. Flowers perfect and hermaphroditic or occasionally unisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, (2-)4(-7)-merous, axillary, in leafy spikes or racemes or solitary, or occasionally in panicles, all but Ludwigia with distinct floral tube, nectariferous within. Sepals green or colored, valvate. Petals as many as sepals or rarely absent, variously colored, imbricate or convolute and occasionally clawed. Stamens as many as sepals in one series or 2 × as many as sepals in 2 series [in Lopezia Cavanilles reduced to 2 or 1 plus 1 sterile staminode]; anthers versatile or basifixed, dithecal, sometimes cross-partitioned, opening by longitudinal slits; pollen grains almost always united by viscin threads, shed as monads, tetrads, or polyads. Ovary inferior, with as many carpels and locules as sepals, septa sometimes thin or absent at maturity; placentation axile or parietal, ovules 1 to many per locule, in 1 or several rows or clustered, anatropous, bitegmic; style 1; stigma with as many lobes as sepals or clavate to globose. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent nut or berry. Seeds small, smooth or variously sculptured, sometimes with a coma [or wing], with straight oily embryo, endosperm lacking.
Seventeen genera and ca. 650 species: widespread in temperate and subtropical areas, but best represented in W North America; six genera (two introduced), 64 species (11 endemic, 11 introduced), and five natural hybrids (two endemic) in China.
Onagraceae are a well-defined, monophyletic family in the order Myrtales, with a sister relationship to Lythraceae. Within the order Myrtales, the Onagraceae are distinguished by a number of features including (1) a distinctive 4-nucleate embryo sac; (2) abundant raphides in vegetative cells; (3) paracrystalline beaded pollen ektexine; and (4) pollen with viscin threads.
Some species of Oenothera are grown for the oil in their seeds, which contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA), used for medicinal purposes. Several species of Onagraceae also are cultivated in China for their horticultural value, including species of Fuchsia Linnaeus (generally distinguished by having large, tubular, red or orange flowers and fleshy berries) and Clarkia Pursh (distinguished by having stigmas with commissural lobes with dry, unicellular papillae, and dry, elongate capsules similar to those of Epilobium but lacking comas on the seeds). The most commonly cultivated Fuchsia is F. ×hybrida Hort. and the related F. magellanica Lamarck in F. sect. Quelusia (Vandelli) Candolle from South America; F. triphylla Linnaeus, in F. sect. Fuchsia, from Hispaniola, is known from only one gathering in Fujian. Similarly, Clarkia amoena (Lehmann) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbride is widely cultivated in China, whereas C. pulchella Pursh is known from only one gathering in Xizang; both species are native to W North America. There are no naturalized species of either Clarkia or Fuchsia in China.
Chen Chiajui, Lu Shangzhi & Li Yibin. 2000. Onagraceae. In: Chen Chiajui, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(2): 27-133.
Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, caulescent, with a taproot or woody branching caudex, occasionally with rhizomes. Stems one to several, simple or much branched. Leaves alternate, basal rosette leaves largest, decreasing in size upward, entire or toothed, often lyrate below, shortly petiolate below to subsessile above; stipules absent. Flowers perfect, zygomorphic to sometimes actinomorphic, forming a spicate raceme, not leafy, opening near sunset or near sunrise. Floral tube distinct, cylindric, deciduous soon after anthesis. Sepals (3 or)4, reflexed, green or yellowish. Petals (3 or)4, white, fading to reddish, rarely yellow, usually abruptly clawed. Stamens (6 or)8. Anthers versatile; pollen shed singly. Ovary with (3 or)4 locules, with 1(or 2) ovules per locule; stigma divided into (3 or)4 short linear lobes, receptive all around, and subtended by a ± conspicuous ringlike indusium. Fruit an indehiscent nutlike capsule with hard walls, broadly fusiform to subcylindric, terete to sharply (3 or)4-angled, sessile or basal portion sterile and stipelike. Seeds (1 or)2-4 per capsule, irregularly ovoid. 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56.
Twenty-one species: C and E North America to C Mexico; one species (naturalized) in China.
Two other species are known from cultivation. Gaura lindheimeri Engelmann & A. Gray is native to black-soil prairies of SC North America and is distinguished in part by its relatively large flowers (petals 1-1.5 cm), opening near sunrise, and sepals with long, erect hairs. It is commonly cultivated for its attractive flowers but is not known to be naturalized outside of its indigenous distribution; it is found in Hebei, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang in China. Gaura biennis Linnaeus, native to a large area of C North America, has been in cultivation since ca. 1750; it is known from Yunnan in China but does not appear to be naturalized.
Recent molecular data demonstrate that Gaura, together with the unispecific genus Stenosiphon Spach, although comprising a monophyletic group, is embedded within the diverse genus Oenothera, and is best treated as part of that genus. The morphological characters used to delimit the genus-nutlike, indehiscent capsules with 1-4 seeds, flowers mostly zygomorphic, stigma lobes short-still delimit the group but now are viewed as specializations derived within Oenothera.
One of the earliest names in Onagraceae based on Chinese material was Gaura chinensis Loureiro (Fl. Cochinch. 1: 225. 1790). However, Merrill (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s., 24(2): 39, 290. 1935) considered this to be one of Loureiro’s "grave errors" and, using Loureiro’s description, re-identified this taxon as a species of Haloragis J. R. Forster & G. Forster. Orchard (Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus. 10: 1-299. 1975) subsequently revised that group of Haloragaceae, and the species is currently treated as Gonocarpus chinensis (Loureiro) Orchard (see the following page).
Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, caulescent or acaulescent, with a taproot or fibrous roots, occasionally with rhizomes or shoots arising from spreading lateral roots. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette that often is absent in mature plants, entire, toothed to pinnatifid; stipules absent. Flowers perfect, actinomorphic, in axils of upper leaves, when numerous forming terminal leafy spikes, racemes, or corymbs, opening near sunset or near sunrise. Floral tube usually well developed, cylindric and somewhat flared near mouth, deciduous soon after anthesis. Sepals 4, green or yellowish, often tinged or striped red or purple. Petals 4, yellow, purple, pink, or white. Stamens 8; anthers versatile; pollen shed singly. Ovary with 4 locules; ovules numerous; stigma divided into 4 linear lobes, receptive all around, and subtended by a ± conspicuous ringlike indusium in early development, but often obscured when receptive. Fruit a dehiscent capsule [rarely indehiscent outside of China], straight or curved, terete to 4-angled or winged, sessile, occasionally pedicellate, or basal portion sterile and stipelike. Seeds numerous, in 1 or 2(or 3) rows or in clusters in each of 4 locules. 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56.
One hundred and twenty-one species: open, often disturbed habitats in temperate to subtropical areas of North, Central, and South America, with the center of diversity in SW North America; ten species (all naturalized within the past 200 years) in China.
Oenothera is currently divided into 15 sections, only three of which are represented in China. An evolutionary phenomenon that has occurred repeatedly in Oenothera (52 species) and several other genera of tribe Onagreae is permanent translocation heterozygosity, a peculiar, specialized genetic system based on heterozygosity for successive chromosomal translocations and manifested by autogamy and formation of a ring of 14 chromosomes at meiotic metaphase I (for reviews see Cleland, Oenothera Cytogenetics and Evolution. 1972; Holsinger and Ellstrand, Amer. Naturalist 124: 48-71. 1984). Permanent translocation heterozygote individuals breed true for their series of reciprocal translocations and are maintained by either balanced lethals or selective fertilization. These plants are essentially clonal. Many species of Oenothera that have become naturalized outside their natural range are permanent translocation heterozygotes, as noted in their descriptions.
Several ornamental species of Oenothera are known only from cultivation in China, often in Beijing, Kunming, or other botanical gardens. For example, O. macrocarpa Nuttall subsp. macrocarpa (O. sect. Megapterium (Spach) Endlicher) is native to the Great Plains region of C North America but has never become naturalized outside of its indigenous distribution because it is a self-incompatible outcrosser with rather specific habitat requirements. It can be distinguished by its large, yellow corollas (up to 14 cm in diam. at anthesis), 4-winged capsules (wings up to 3.4 cm wide), floral tube (7.8-)9.5-11.5(-14) cm, and coarsely rugose, distally winged seeds. A second species, O. acaulis Cavanilles (O. sect. Lavauxia (Spach) Endlicher, O. subsect. Australis W. L. Wagner & Dietrich), likewise known only from cultivation in China, is native to S South America and is characterized by white petals and capsules winged in the distal half.
Herbs erect, biennial, with basal rosette. Stems 30-200 cm tall, simple or sparsely branched, densely to very sparsely strigillose and with longer spreading and usually pustulate-based hairs, inflorescence often also glandular puberulous. Leaves green or pale green, with inconspicuous veins, sessile or shortly petiolate; rosette blade 10-30 × 2-5 cm; cauline blade narrowly oblanceolate to elliptic, 5-22 × (1-)1.5-5(-6) cm, base acute to attenuate, margin dentate to subentire, often lobed near base, apex acute. Inflorescence a dense mostly unbranched spike. Flowers open near sunset; floral tube (2-)2.5-4 cm. Sepals 1.2-2.2(-2.8) cm, with free tips 1.5-3 mm, erect. Petals yellow, fading to orange, 1.2-2.5(-3) cm. Anthers 3-6(-9) mm; pollen ca. 50% fertile. Ovary densely glandular puberulous and sparsely villous or with very sparse pustulate-based hairs, sometimes only densely strigillose; stigma surrounded by anthers. Capsules green, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, 2-4 cm, sessile. Seeds in two rows per locule, brown to nearly black, 1.1-2 mm, irregularly pitted. Fl. Jul-Oct, fr. Jul-Nov. 2n = 14, permanent translocation heterozygote; self-compatible, autogamous.
The seeds of this species contain gamma linolenic acid (GLA), an anti-inflammatory compound of potential therapeutic use for cardiovascular disorders, arthritis, and other human diseases. The cultivation of these plants as a source of GLA has increased recently, and the species has become naturalized widely in China.
" 130246 general 725007 Onagraceae "Oenothera glazioviana.Herbs erect, biennial to short-lived perennial, with basal rosette. Stems 50-150 cm tall, usually branched throughout, densely to very sparsely strigillose, with long suberect red pustulate-based hairs, and glandular hairs on inflorescence. Leaves dark to bright green, with inconspicuous veins, surface often crinkled, villous to strigillose, sessile to shortly petiolate; rosette blade 13-30 × 3-5 cm; cauline blade narrowly elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-15 × 2.5-4 cm, base attenuate to narrowly cuneate, margin remotely dentate, usually undulate toward base, apex acute to subobtuse. Inflorescence a dense unbranched spike. Flowers open near sunset; floral tube 3.5-5 cm. Sepals 2.8-4.5 cm, with free tips 5-8 mm, apical, erect or spreading. Petals yellow, fading to reddish orange, 3.5-5 cm. Anthers 1-1.2 cm; pollen ca. 50% fertile. Ovary densely to moderately villous, with long red pustulate-based hairs and dense glandular hairs; stigma elevated above anthers. Capsules green, narrowly lanceoloid, 2-3.5 cm, sessile. Seeds in two rows per locule, brown to dark brown, 1.3-2 mm, irregularly pitted, up to ca. 50% abortive. Fl. Jul-Sep(-Oct), fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 14, permanent translocation heterozygote; self-compatible, usually outcrossing.
Oenothera glazioviana is not a native plant to any area in the usual sense, having originated via hybridization between two cultivated or naturalized species in a garden in Europe. It was introduced into the horticultural trade as early as 1860, grown for its particularly large, attractive flowers, and has become very widely naturalized.
" 140187 general 725313 Onagraceae "Oenothera stricta.Herbs erect or rarely decumbent, annual or biennial, often with basal rosette. Stems 25-100 cm tall, simple or barely branched, strigillose, often with spreading and glandular hairs. Leaves green, with inconspicuous veins, strigillose, sessile to shortly petiolate; rosette leaves 10-25 × 0.8-2.5 cm; cauline leaves very narrowly elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6-18 × 0.6-2.5 cm, base attenuate, rounded, or cordate, margin serrate and usually somewhat undulate, apex acute. Inflorescence a lax open simple or branched spike. Flowers open near sunset, one or several per day; floral tube 2-3.5 cm, erect in bud. Sepals 1.2-2.5 cm, with free tips 1-3 mm, erect. Petals yellow, often with a red spot at base, fading to reddish orange, 1.5-2.5(-3.5) cm. Anthers 7-11 mm; pollen ca. 50% fertile. Ovary densely strigillose, with some longer spreading or glandular hairs; stigma surrounded by anthers. Capsules cylindric, somewhat enlarged toward apex, 2-4 cm, sessile. Seeds in two rows per locule, brown, ellipsoid, 1.4-1.8 mm, inconspicuously pitted. Fl. May-Nov, fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 14, permanent translocation heterozygote; self-compatible, mostly autogamous.
This species, sometimes cultivated for its relatively large, attractive flowers, often becomes naturalized in China and elsewhere. Many specimens from China have been determined as Oenothera odorata Jacquin; however, that species, also native to S South America but rarely, if ever, naturalized elsewhere, differs from O. stricta by having narrower leaves, larger petals that lack a red spot at the base, shorter floral tubes, and bracts mostly longer than the capsules they subtend.
" 66643 general 264610 Orchidaceae "Goodyera oblongifolia. ""Stout, mostly 2–4 dm; scape with 4–7 bracts; lf-blades lance-ovate to narrowly elliptic, 3–6 cm, usually white only along the midstrip, seldom also on some of the other veins; infl a loose to often rather tight spiral; galea 5–10 (avg 7.5) mm; lip 5–8 (avg 6) mm, with a deeply concave base tapering to a spreading or slightly recurved boat-shaped tip with involute or upright margins; anther acuminate, evidently surpassed by the 2.3–3.6 mm rostellar beak; 2n=30. Dry or moist, hardwood or coniferous forests; P.E.I. and the Gaspé Peninsula to n. Vt.; vicinity of lakes Superior and Huron and n. Lake Michigan; widespread in the w. cordillera. July–Sept. (G. decipiens; Epipactis d.; Peramium d.)""" 66716 general 295496 Orchidaceae "Cypripedium acaule. ""Lvs 2, basal, subopposite, narrowly elliptic, 1–2 dm, thinly hairy, pale beneath; scape 2–4 dm, hairy, with a single lanceolate bract arching forward over the solitary fl; sep and lateral pet yellowish-green to greenish-brown, lanceolate, 3–5 cm, the 2 lower sep united; lip drooping, pink with red veins, 3–6 cm, hairy within, cleft along the upper side from the basal orifice to the summit, the inturned margins in contact; 2n=20. In acid soil, from swamps and bogs to dry woods and sand-dunes; Nf. and Que. to Alta., s. to N.J. and n. Ind., and along the mts. and coastal plain to S.C. and Ala. Apr.–June. (Fissipes a.)""" 68294 general 247488 Orchidaceae "Spiranthes vernalis. ""Plants 2–8 dm; basal lvs narrow, 5–25 cm × 4–12 mm; cauline sheaths usually 5–7, the lower with blades to 15 cm; infl 3–15+ cm, its axis densely beset with pointed hairs 0.2–0.3 mm, the fls mostly in a single long spiral (seldom more condensed), spreading or somewhat deflexed, urceolate-cylindric, white or ivory with the lip more yellowish centrally; sep and lateral pet 5–9.5 mm, the upper sep a bit longer than the spreading-divergent lateral ones; lip 5–8 mm, ovate or broadly ovate, basally cuneate, distally ± obtuse and crisped-erose, papillate on both sides especially distally, its basal callosities 0.5–1 mm, higher than thick; 2n=30. Open, sandy, moist or dry acid soil; Mass. to Fla., w. to O., se. S.D., Kans., and Tex.; Mex. and C. Amer. June–Aug.""" 68295 general 281099 Orchidaceae "Spiranthes tuberosa. ""Slender, 1.5–3 dm; root single (unique among our spp.), turbinate, to 6(–10) cm, 4–12 mm thick, sometimes accompanied by the partly decomposed root of the previous year; basal lvs ephemeral, usually ovate, short-petiolate, 2–4(–5) cm, 6–15(–20) mm wide; usually 4–6 bladeless sheaths on the stem; infl 2–8+ cm, its rachis (as well as the whole herbage) glabrous, the ± cylindric fls rather closely set in a single long spiral, 3–5.5 mm, pure white, the lip broadly ovate, distally truncate or sometimes rounded and crisped or slightly erose, puberulent with minute hairs 0.2–0.4 mm on the upper surface, minutely papillate below, the basal callosities less than 1 mm. Acid, usually rather dry soil; Mass. to Fla., w. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. Aug., Sept. (S. grayi; S. beckii, misapplied)""" 70278 general 259381 Orchidaceae "Goodyera pubescens. ""Stout, 2–4 dm; scape with 4–14 (avg 7) bracts; lf-blades ovate or lance-ovate, 3–6 cm, the dark green midrib flanked by a pair of broad white stripes, and the primary and secondary lateral veins forming a white reticulum; infl dense, cylindric, 4–10 cm; galea broadly elliptic, very convex, 4–5.5 mm, upturned at the tip; lateral sep broadly ovate to obovate, 3.5–5 mm, abruptly short-acuminate; lip subglobose, 3.5–5 mm, its straight beak less than 1 mm, scarcely projecting beyond the ventricose body; rostellar beak obsolete; 2n=26. Dry woods; s. Me. and s. Que. to Minn., s. to S.C., Ga., Ala., and Ark. July, Aug. (Epipactis p.; Peramium p.)""" 70279 general 259391 Orchidaceae "Goodyera repens. ""Slender, mostly 1–2 dm; scape with 2–4(5) bracts; lf- blades ovate or oblong, 1–3 cm, dark bluish-green, in our plants usually white-reticulate, the midrib and veins typically green, but the lateral and cross-veins bordered with white (or pale green); infl loose, spirally secund, 3–6 cm; galea 3–5.5 (avg 4) mm; lip 3–4 mm, deeply saccate, the prominent, slender, abruptly deflexed beak-tip with spreading margins; rostellar beak 0.2–0.6 mm, scarcely prolonged beyond the blunt anther; 2n=30. Dry or moist cold woods, especially under conifers; circumboreal, in our range s. to N.Y., Mich., and Minn., and in the mts. to N.C. July, Aug. Our plants, with white-veiny lvs, belong to var. ophioides Fernald, mainly of e. N. Amer. (G. o.; Peramium o.)""" 109610 general 319570 Orchidaceae "Erythrorchis.Vines, climbing or scrambling, mycotrophic. Stem climbing, reddish brown or yellowish brown, cylindric, flexuous, much branched, glabrous, with a root and a scale at each node. Raceme or panicle terminal or lateral, densely many flowered; rachis and flower glabrous; floral bracts persistent. Flowers not fully opening, thin. Sepals and petals often connivent; lip nearly unlobed, broad, central part with 1 stout and thick longitudinal ridge, both sides with many transversely parallel ridges composed of small papillae. Column slightly curved, with a short foot, tapering into central longitudinal ridge of lip; anther subterminal; pollinia 2, granular-farinaceous, without caudicle or viscidium; stigma concave, large; rostellum small. Fruit a capsule, oblong-cylindric, dry, dehiscent. Seeds with stout testa and broad surrounding wing.
Three species: mainly in SE Asia, extending north to S Japan (Ryukyu Islands) and southeast to New Guinea and the Pacific islands; one species in China.
" 109683 general 320538 Orchidaceae "Galeola.Herbs, mycotrophic, erect, or scrambling vines, often with rather stout, tuberous rhizomes. Stem yellowish brown or reddish brown, often stout, slightly fleshy, with scales at nodes. Raceme or panicle terminal and lateral, with many slightly fleshy flowers; rachis pubescent; floral bracts persistent. Flowers usually yellow or tinged with reddish brown, medium-sized. Sepals free, abaxially often hairy. Petals slightly smaller than sepals, glabrous; lip unlobed, usually concave, cup-shaped or saccate, ± embracing column, conspicuously larger than sepals, spurless, with longitudinal ridge or callus adaxially. Column often short and stout, dilated at apex, curved, without column foot, subterminal; pollinia 2, cleft, granular-farinaceous, without caudicle or viscidium; stigma large, deeply concave; rostellum short, wide, above stigma. Fruit a dry capsule, rather long, dehiscent. Seeds with stout testa, with broad surrounding wing.
About ten species: mainly in tropical Asia, extending to S China, Japan, New Guinea, and Madagascar; four species (one endemic) in China.
" 110342 general 259809 Orchidaceae "Neuwiedia.Herbs, erect. Rhizome usually retrorse, with several stout aerial roots. Stem often stiff and woody at base, not branched. Leaves several to many, plicate, basally contracted into a clasping, petiole-like stalk. Inflorescence erect, terminal, racemose, not branched; peduncle with several foliaceous sterile bracts; floral bracts relatively large, green. Flowers resupinate, almost actinomorphic, not opening widely; ovary 3-locular, distinct from pedicel. Sepals and petals often connivent. Sepals similar or lateral ones slightly oblique, fleshy. Petals similar; lip usually slightly different in shape and larger than petals. Column straight, often short, with 3 fertile stamens; central stamen often shorter than lateral ones; lateral stamens often with locules unequal in length; anthers free but filaments connate at base and adnate to style for much of their length; pollen not cohering to form pollinia; style narrowly cylindric, apex with slightly dilated stigma. Fruit either a berry or a dry capsule dehiscent at maturity. Seeds black, with rigid testa, sometimes with dilated elongate appendages at both ends.
About ten species: from S China through SE Asia and New Guinea to the SW Pacific islands; one species in China.
" 111115 general 282647 Orchidaceae "Taeniophyllum.Herbs, epiphytic or lithophytic, monopodial, small. Roots radiate, appressed to tree trunk or branch, green and photosynthetic in rainy season, whitish or grayish in dry season, flattened or terete, rather long and stout. Stems short, nearly invisible. Leaves absent or reduced to tiny brown scales. Inflorescences lateral, short; rachis slowly elongating, with flowers opening in succession 1 or 2 at a time; floral bracts persistent, alternate. Flowers usually lasting only a day, small. Sepals and petals free and widely spreading or connate at base or below middle into a tube. Lip entire or 3-lobed, attached to base of column, spurred or saccate, often with an apical reflexed tooth or bristle; spur globose to cylindric. Column short, stout, footless; rostellar projection variable; anther cap terminal, often beaked; pollinia 4, waxy, subglobose, equal, separate from each other, with a common stipe and an oblong or elliptic viscidium.
Between 120 and 180 species: tropical Africa through tropical Asia to Australia and the Pacific islands; three species (one endemic) in China.
" 127383 general 248276 Orchidaceae "Phalaenopsis wilsonii.Roots well developed, ± greenish, elongate, slightly flattened, densely verrucose. Stems ca. 1 cm, usually 4- or 5-leaved, leafless or with 1 or 2 small leaves at anthesis. Leaves often deciduous in dry season, sometimes purplish reddish abaxially when young, oblong or subelliptic, 6.5-8 × 2.6-3 cm. Inflorescences often 1 or 2, suberect or arching, 4-8.5 cm, unbranched, laxly 10-15-flowered; floral bracts ovate-triangular, 4-5 mm, membranous. Flowers opening simultaneously, opening widely; sepals and petals pastel pink grading to medium rose at base, lip dark rose-purple, column white; pedicel and ovary 3-3.8 cm. Sepals oblong-elliptic, 15-20 × 6-7 mm, obtuse. Petals spatulate or elliptic-obovate, 14-15 × 6-10 mm, rounded; lip base with a claw 2-3 mm, lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, ca. 6 mm, adaxially with an incised-tipped keel; mid-lobe broadly obovate, 8-13 × 6-9 mm, fleshy, notched at apex, convex, with a raised elliptic pad below apex, with a raised median keel at base; callus biseriate, subsimilar and subequal, sulcate, bilobed. Column ca. 6 mm, foot ca. 3 mm. Capsule cylindric, to 7 cm × ca. 6 mm. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.
" 143306 general 250766 Orchidaceae "Calanthe labrosa.Plants ca. 30 cm tall, without a distinct rhizome. Pseudobulbs ± clustered, stemlike, ovoid or ovoid-conic, often contracted at middle, 3-8 × ca. 4 cm, with 2 or 3 sheaths. Leaves 2 or 3, fully spreading at anthesis, deciduous in dry season; blade elliptic, ca. 30 × 9 cm, base contracted and articulate, apex acuminate. Scape arising from base of pseudobulb, erect, to 28 cm, densely villous, with 2 brownish tubular sheaths below middle; rachis 8-10 cm, laxly 3-10-flowered; floral bracts persistent, ovate, ca. 20 mm, abaxially villous, apex acuminate. Flowers white, flushed pink, opening fully; pedicel and ovary ca. 35 mm, densely villous. Dorsal sepal ± reflexed, ovate, ca. 12 × 5 mm, abaxially densely villous, 3-veined, apex acute; lateral sepals ± reflexed, ovate, oblique, ca. 14 × 14 mm, abaxially densely villous, apex acute. Petals ± reflexed, ovate-oblong, ca. 15 × 5.5 mm, apex acute; lip adnate to column foot, broadly ovate, ca. 14 × 20 mm, ± 3-lobed; lateral lobes embracing column, white, with many purplish red spots and pale pink stripes, margin ± crisped; mid-lobe suborbicular, margin crisped; disk white, with 3 ridges at base; central ridge extending to apex of mid-lobe; spur yellowish, slender, ca. 25 × 1.5 mm, outside densely villous. Column purplish red, ca. 5 mm, thick, with a whitish column foot ca. 3 mm; rostellum 2-lobed; pollinia obovoid, equal in size, ca. 1 mm, with short caudicles; viscidium narrowly triangular. Fl. Nov-Dec.
" 143499 general 248251 Orchidaceae "Phalaenopsis taenialis.Roots flattened, long, ± verrucose. Stems inconspicuous. Leaves basal, few, often deciduous at anthesis or during dry season, usually only 1 leaf persistent; leaf blade suboblong, 1-3.5 × 4-13 mm. Inflorescence borne from base of stem, 6.5-19 cm, unbranched, 1- or 2-flowered; rachis 5-10 mm; floral bracts ovate-triangular, ca. 3 mm, acute. Flowers opening widely, sepals and petals pale pink, lip and anther cap rose-purple; pedicel and ovary ca. 1.5 cm. Dorsal sepal oblong, 8-9 × ca. 4 mm, obtuse; lateral sepals subelliptic, ca. 9.5 × 4.5 mm, base adnate to column foot, apex obtuse. Petals obovate-spatulate, ca. 9 × 4 mm, rounded; lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, subfusiform, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, adaxially with a slightly thickened longitudinal ridge close to proximal margin, apex subtruncate; mid-lobe flat, spatulate, ca. 7 × 3 mm, base with a broad furcate-lobed appendage, apex rounded; spur ca. 3 mm; callus biseriate, posterior callus fleshy, bidentate, on back wall of spur, anterior callus ligulate, deeply bifid, attached to front wall at base of mid-lobe. Column ca. 5 mm, stout, broadly dilated at stigma, foot ca. 3 mm; anther cap subglobose, apex slightly mucronulate. Fl. Jun. 2n = 36, 38, 40, 57.
" 143501 general 269034 Orchidaceae "Phalaenopsis stobartiana.Stems very short, usually 3- or 4-leaved. Leaves often deciduous during dry season, but present at anthesis, ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or elliptic, 7-11 × 3-3.4 cm. Inflorescences 1 or 2, often ascending, 7-37 cm, unbranched, laxly 2-4-flowered; floral bracts ovate-triangular, 4-5 mm. Flowers opening widely, sepals and petals apple-green to dark olive-green, lip and column brilliant rose; pedicel and ovary 4-4.3 cm. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, ca. 14 × 6 mm, base slightly contracted, apex obtuse; lateral sepals slightly oblique, ovate-elliptic, ca. 14 × 7 mm, subacute. Petals elliptic-obovate, ca. 14 × 6 mm, obtuse; lip base with a claw ca. 1 mm, lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes ca. 7 × 3.5 mm, narrow; mid-lobe obovate-elliptic, ca. 8 × 5 mm, narrowed toward base, apex mucronate, base with a deeply bilobed-tipped appendage, with a central longitudinal keel thickened toward base; callus concave adaxially and distinctly convex abaxially on disk. Column ca. 7 mm, base dilated, foot ca. 2 mm. Fl. May-Jun.
" 173576 ecology 259843 Orchidaceae "Polystachya microbambusa. Growing on granite outcrops often on or among the roots of Trilepis pilosa." 173640 ecology 280698 Orchidaceae "Solenangis scandens. Common epiphyte on cacao and other crops." 109232 general 288101 Orchidaceae "Coelogyne.Herbs, epiphytic. Rhizome creeping or ± pendulous, usually with rather dense nodes. Pseudobulbs distant or close, ovoid to cylindric, usually covered with leathery sheaths, usually with 2 leaves at apex but sometimes with only 1 leaf. Leaf blade often oblong to elliptic, usually thickly textured, usually petiolate at base. Inflorescence either terminal or lateral to mature pseudobulbs and either heteranthous, proteranthous, or synanthous with partially to entirely developed leaves, or hysteranthous with fully developed pseudobulb and leaves, inflorescence erect or pendulous, with or without distichous-equitant, persistent sheaths at base or imbricate, sterile, convolute sheathing bracts at interface between peduncle and rachis, sometimes its apex enclosed in a large bract or several bracts, usually several flowered, rarely more than 20-flowered or reduced to a solitary flower; floral bracts caducous, often large. Flowers opening successively or simultaneously, large or medium-sized, sometimes heteranthous. Sepals similar, often concave. Petals often linear, much narrower than sepals; lip often concave at base, 3-lobed or rarely unlobed; lateral lobes ± erect and embracing column; callus with longitudinal lamellae. Column rather long, winged on both sides and around top, without column foot; anther terminal, incumbent; pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, waxy, attached to 1 sticky substance; stigma concave; rostellum rather large. Capsule medium-sized, often ribbed or narrowly winged.
About 200 species: tropical and subtropical Asia to Oceania; 31 species (six endemic) in China.
Coelogyne venusta Rolfe (Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 35: 259. 1904) was described based on cultivated material. It is excluded from the present treatment because the cited locality "Yunnan" is incorrect and most probably resulted from the habit of early collectors to record false information; the species is only known from Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, and Sabah).
" 109348 general 288355 Orchidaceae "Cymbidium.Herbs, epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial, autotrophic or rarely mycotrophic, usually with pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs ovoid, ellipsoid, or spindle-shaped, rarely absent or stemlike, often enclosed in leaf bases. Leaves several to many, distichous, usually lorate or linear, rarely oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, often articulate toward base. Inflorescence arising from base of pseudobulb or rarely from axils of leaves, erect to pendulous; rachis several to many flowered, rarely reduced to a solitary flower; floral bracts persistent. Flowers large or medium-sized. Sepals and petals free, subsimilar; lip free or basally fused for 3-6 mm to base of column, usually 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, often clasping column; mid-lobe often recurved; disk usually with 2 longitudinal lamellae extending from base of lip to base of mid-lobe; lamellae sometimes inflated toward apex or broken in middle. Column rather long, often slightly arcuate, often narrowly winged; pollinia 2 and deeply cleft, or 4 and in 2 unequal pairs, waxy, commonly attached by a very short or indistinct caudicle to a usually broad viscidium.
About 55 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, south to Papua New Guinea and Australia; 49 species (19 endemic) in China.
In China, many species of Cymbidium have been cultivated as ornamentals for many centuries, and a number of cultivated species that have been selected from wild populations now exhibit extreme variation; this is particularly true of C. ensifolium, C. goeringii, C. sinense, and C. tortisepalum. Some of this variability may be the result of hybridization and introgression in the wild. The large number of recently described naturally occurring hybrids in Cymbidium can be explained by the rapid increase of disturbed habitats in China, which has allowed previously ecologically isolated but sympatric species to colonize disturbed areas, such as those left after logging or land-use change.
Cymbidium gongshanense H. Li & G. H. Feng (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11: 39. 1989) may be a cultivated hybrid.
Stems rigid, ascending, compressed cylindric, slightly falcate, 10-30(-45) cm, 2-3 mm in diam., not branched, with many nodes, leafy throughout, internodes slightly clavate, ca. 1 cm. Leaf blade subcylindric, almost subulate, slender, 2-2.5(-5.5) × 0.1-0.3 cm, thickly fleshy, apex obtuse. Inflorescence arising from upper part of leafless stem, usually 1-flowered; floral bract ovate, ca. 1 mm, membranous. Pedicel and ovary ca. 6 mm, slender. Flower small, white with yellow spot on disk of lip. Dorsal sepal ovate, 3.3-4 × ca. 2.5 mm, 3-veined, apex subobtuse; lateral sepals ovate-triangular, 3.3-4 × ca. 3.5 mm, 3-veined, base oblique, apex acute; mentum ca. 10 mm. Petals narrowly oblong, 3.3-4 × ca. 1 mm, 1-veined, apex acute; lip obovate-triangular, ca. 15 × 7 mm, base clawed, apical margins undulate, apex emarginate; disk smooth. Column 1-1.5 mm, with a foot ca. 1 cm; anther cap semiglobose, glabrous. Fl. Sep-Oct.
Material in cultivation labeled "Dendrobium hainanense" with uniformly bright yellow flowers is incorrectly named; see the comment under D. hancockii (p. 385).
" 127314 general 289551 Orchidaceae "Gastrodia elata.Plants 30-100 cm, rarely to 200 cm tall. Rhizomes usually ellipsoid, 8-12 cm, stout, 3-5(-7) cm in diam., sometimes larger, fleshy, densely noded, with triangular or broadly ovate scales at nodes. Peduncle orange, yellow, grayish brown, or greenish, 25-80(-150) cm, with several membranous sheaths toward base; rachis 5-30(-50) cm, subdensely to densely 20-50-flowered; floral bracts oblong-lanceolate, 10-16 mm, often exceeding ovary, membranous, apex acuminate. Flowers suberect, resupinate, opening weakly, orange, pale yellow, bluish green, or yellowish white; pedicel and ovary 7-12 mm. Perianth tube urceolate, 8-10 × 5-7 mm, with a deep sinus between lateral sepals, base inflated, outer surface smooth; free portion of sepals ovate-triangular, 3-5 mm, apex obtuse; free portion of petals suboblong, smaller than sepal lobes, apex acute; lip obscurely 3-lobed, oblong-ovoid, 6-7 × 3-4 mm, glabrous, base clawed, apical margin irregularly fimbriate; claw with a pair of gibbous foldings; disk papillose, with a pair of fleshy reniform calli. Column 5-7 mm; column foot short. Capsule obovoid-ellipsoid, 14-18 × 8-9 mm. Fl. and fr. May-Jul. 2n = 24, 30, 36.
This species is widely cultivated for its tubers (tianma) that are used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of convulsive disorders such as epilepsy.
" 134056 general 311502 Orchidaceae "Cymbidium defoliatum.Plants terrestrial, autotrophic. Pseudobulbs very small, often borne in a row and somewhat rhizomelike, with several thickened roots to 5-8 mm in diam. at base. Leaves 2-4, lorate, deciduous in winter (but often not completely deciduous in cultivation), emerging in spring, only terminal pseudobulb with leaves during growing period, (10-)25-40 × 0.5-1 cm, inconspicuously articulate toward base, apex subobtuse. Inflorescence arising from base of pseudobulb, erect, 10-20 cm; rachis 3- or 4-flowered; floral bracts sublinear-lanceolate, mostly 5-6 mm, though basal one to 10 mm. Flowers fragrant, small, 2-3 cm in diam., very variable in color, greenish white, pale green, pale red, pale yellow, or pale purple; pedicel and ovary 13-17 mm. Sepals narrowly oblong, 12-20 × 3-6 mm, usually 5-veined, apex acute; lateral sepals spreading horizontally. Petals loosely clasping column, narrowly ovate, 10-16 × 2.5-5 mm; lip suboblong-ovate, 10-12 mm, not fused to basal margins of column, obscurely 3-lobed; lateral lobes incurved, small, narrow; mid-lobe recurved, suborbicular, 3-4 × 3-4 mm; disk with 2 longitudinal lamellae extending from near center of lip to base of mid-lobe, ca. 3 mm. Column 7-8 mm; pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Fl. Jun-Aug.
This species is often cultivated in orchid greenhouses. It was reported to be found in Zhejiang, but no specimen has been seen.
" 143032 general 267123 Orchidaceae "Paphiopedilum hangianum.Plants lithophytic. Leaves 4-6, distichous, spreading horizontally; blade abaxially pale green and carinate, adaxially uniformly deep green and glossy, narrowly oblong, 12-28 × 3.5-5.9 cm, leathery, basal margin purple ciliate, apex obtuse. Scape suberect or slightly arching, terminating in a solitary flower; peduncle yellowish green with purple speckles, 8-20 cm, densely white pubescent; floral bract yellowish green with purplish speckles, ovate-elliptic, conduplicate, 4.5-6 cm, abaxially puberulent, ciliate; pedicel and ovary green with purplish speckles, 3-4.5 cm, densely puberulent. Flower scented, 11-14 cm in diam., yellowish, obscurely with greenish reticulate veins, flushed with purple toward base of petals, with dense purple spots at inner bottom of lip and many purple irregular transverse stripes or net on adaxial surface of staminode. Dorsal sepal suberect to curving forward over lip, broadly ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 4.8-6.2 × 3-4.6 cm, both surfaces puberulent, abaxially carinate, minutely ciliate, acute at apex; synsepal broadly elliptic, 4.8-6.4 × 3.6-5.7 cm, both surfaces puberulent, minutely ciliate, obtuse and slightly bilobulate at apex. Petals broadly obovate-elliptic, slightly oblique, 5.5-7.3 × 3.5-6.4 cm, both surfaces puberulent, adaxially densely white villous toward base, minutely ciliate; lip subglobose, 4-5 × ca. 3.4 cm, outside glabrous, apical margin involute. Staminode broadly obovate-triangular, 1.6-2.1 × 1.8-2.2 cm, abruptly narrowed at base into a claw, obtuse-rounded at apex. Fl. Apr-May.
Paphiopedilum hangianum f. album was described based on a cultivated plant with a pure yellowish flower (Orchidee (Hamburg) 53: 384. 2002). Its origin is unknown.
" 143070 general 303168 Orchidaceae "Anoectochilus hainanensis.Plants ca. 12 cm tall. Stem ascending, 3- or 4-leaved. Leaves abaxially lilac, adaxially velvety blackish green with dense golden reticulate venation, ovate, oblique, 3-3.5 × 1.8-2.2 cm, apex acute; petiole-like base and tubular sheath 1.2-1.5 cm. Peduncle 3-3.5 cm, with 2 or 3 sterile bracts, pubescent; rachis 3-4 cm, 4-6-flowered; floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, 6-9 mm, shorter than ovary, outer surface hairy, apex acuminate. Flowers resupinate, slightly fragrant, white; ovary and pedicel twisted, fusiform, ca. 14 mm, pubescent. Sepals green tinged reddish brown at apex and pubescent on outer surface; dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, 9-10 × ca. 6 mm, apex acuminate; lateral sepals elliptic, oblique, 11-12 × 4.5-5 mm, apex subacute. Petals olive-green with white margins, elliptic-falcate, oblique, 8-8.5 × ca. 3.6 mm, apex acuminate; lip white, Y-shaped, ca. 16 mm; hypochile ca. 2.5 mm; mesochile ca. 4.5 mm; flanges 7-9-laciniate, each filament 4-8 mm; epichile longitudinally dilated, 2-lobed; lobes diverging at an acute angle to one another, ligulate-elliptic, ca. 9 × 3.5 mm, apex truncate; spur cylindric-conic, ca. 8 mm, mouth ca. 3.5 mm in diam., apex distinctly bilobed, containing 2 trapeziform calli. Column stout, ca. 4 mm, with 2 semicircular wings. Fl. Jan (in cultivation).
" 143281 general 288365 Orchidaceae "Cymbidium multiradicatum.Plants terrestrial, lacking green leaves and pseudobulbs at anthesis (and possibly afterward). Rhizome subterranean, yellowish white, 9-12 × 0.6-1.2 cm, fleshy, often branched, several noded, slightly papillate, with several hairy roots 8-12 cm. Inflorescence arising from apex of rhizome, suberect, 40-45 cm; peduncle greenish, tinged purplish red, with 4 or 5 pale yellow-green sheaths 4-5 cm; rachis 5-10 cm, 3-10-flowered; floral bracts pale yellow-green, narrowly triangular, 12-15 mm. Flowers not opening widely, purple-red to yellowish; pedicel and ovary greenish, 15-17 mm. Sepals narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 17-19 × 3-5 mm, apex acuminate; lateral sepals slightly oblique. Petals narrowly elliptic, 11-13 × 4-5 mm, apex acuminate; lip elliptic-ovate, 13-14 × 5-7 mm, not fused to basal margins of column, 3-lobed; lateral lobes suberect; mid-lobe slightly recurved, ovate, 5-6 × 4-4.5 mm, apical margin crisped; disk with 2 fleshy lamellae. Column slightly arcuate, 11-12 mm; pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Capsule erect, green. Fl. Jun-Jul.
Among the current authors, Cribb observes that this is unlikely to be a mycotrophic species, given that it has typical autotrophic roots, not the rhizomatous structure found in all mycotrophic orchids. It also has green capsules, thus it is photosynthetic at least when in fruit. This taxon is close to Cymbidium lancifolium but probably warrants specific rank. It is not known whether it has been grown in cultivation to ascertain if it develops leaves after flowering. As mentioned under C. rhizomatosum, elongate rhizomes are found in C. lancifolium var. papuanum (a synonym of C. lancifolium in the present treatment). On the other hand, Chen observes that the flowers of C. multiradicatum differ greatly from either C. lancifolium or other species, showing little relationship with them.
" 143330 general 271788 Orchidaceae "Pleione microphylla.Herbs, epiphytic. Pseudobulb ovoid-cylindric, 0.7-1.5 × 0.3-0.5 cm, geniculate-curved, 1-leaved; new pseudobulb arising directly from middle of old one. Leaf not fully developed at flowering, narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 × 0.2-1.1 cm, base contracted into a slender petiole-like stalk 1.5-2.8 cm. Inflorescence erect; peduncle 1.7-2 cm; floral bract oblong-lanceolate, 15-22 mm. Flower solitary, white with yellow streaks on lip, petals tinged pale pink toward apex; pedicel and ovary 7-8 mm. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, 33-36 × 6-7 mm; lateral sepals oblique. Petals oblanceolate, 31-34 × 4-6 mm; lip orbicular-rhombic, ca. 30 × 28 mm, base narrowed into a distinct claw 7-8 mm, obscurely 3-lobed; margins of lateral lobes slightly undulate and erose; mid-lobe broadly ovate, ca. 12 × 12 mm, apical margin erose, apex emarginate; disk with 2 entire lamellae extending from midway along lip to base of mid-lobe, interrupted for ca. 2 mm halfway along. Column ca. 32 mm, slender. Fl. Apr.
Like many similar species, the leaf of Pleione microphylla begins to emerge at flowering but continues to develop after anthesis. The first hint of the leaf often can be seen in flowering plants in cultivation.
" 66229 general 722470 Orobanchaceae "Orthocarpus luteus. ""Finely glandular-hairy; stems 1–3 dm, simple or occasionally branched; lvs numerous, linear or rarely trifid, 1–2 cm; bracteal lvs trifid or rarely linear; fls bright yellow, 9–12 mm; 2n=28. Dry prairies and plains; Minn. to Alta. and B.C., s. to Nebr., N.M., and Calif. July–Sept.""" 67281 general 720012 Orobanchaceae "Euphrasia officinalis. ""Stems 1–4 dm, simple or freely branched, floriferous in the upper 1/3 to 2/3; lvs ovate to suborbicular, 5–15(–20) mm, sharply 3–5-toothed on each margin, glabrous or sometimes hairy beneath; bracteal lvs similar, but the teeth more distinctly subulate or bristle-tipped; cal glabrous or nearly so, the lobes 2.5–3.5 mm at maturity; cor 5–10 mm, typically pale lavender with deeper purple guide-lines, the lower lip also marked with yellow, or seldom the cor deeper violet; upper cor-lip evidently bilobed; fr glabrous or nearly so; seeds 1.3–2 mm; 2n=22, 44. Dry or moist fields, roadsides, and waste places; native of Europe, early intr. into N. Engl., and now well established from Nf. and Que. to Mass., N.Y., and Pa., and inland to Ont. June–Oct. Divided by European botanists into a myriad of scarcely distinguishable microspecies, of which the following have also been attributed to our range: E. borealis, E. curia, E. micrantha, E. nemorosa, E. rigidula, E. stricta, E. tatarica, E. tetraquetra. The names E. americana and E. canadensis were based on intr. forms of this same complex.""" 67452 general 720006 Orobanchaceae "Castilleja sessiliflora. ""Soft-hairy perennial; stems usually clustered, simple, 1–4 dm, very leafy; principal cauline lvs 3–5 cm, cleft to below the middle into 3 lance-linear divergent lobes, the middle lobe sometimes again cleft; spikes dense, 3–5 cm; bracts like the lvs but somewhat smaller, green or sometimes pink-tipped; cal 25–40 mm, cleft to about the middle, each half also cleft into 2 linear-attenuate segments 8–14 mm; cor curved, exserted from the bracts, purplish to yellow or white, 35–55 mm, the galea 9–12 mm, the lobes of the lower lip 5–6 mm; 2n=24. Dry prairies and plains; Wis. and n. Ill. to Sask., s. to Mo., Tex., and Ariz. May–July.""" 67623 general 719524 Orobanchaceae "Agalinis obtusifolia. ""Herbage persistently yellow-green; stems 2–6 dm, glabrous or nearly so, with stiffly ascending branches; lvs linear or widened distally, obtuse to acute or acuminate; pedicels 5–15 mm at anthesis, ascending at 30–60º; cal-tube 1.8–3 mm, reticulate-veiny, the lobes thickened, narrow, minutely hairy, projecting 0.1–0.4 mm; cor 1–1.5 cm, pink, with or without yellow lines and red-purple spots in the throat, the lobes rounded, sometimes emarginate so that the cor appears 10- lobed; pollen-sacs 1.2–2.1 mm; fr ellipsoid-globose, 3–5 mm; seeds yellow-brown; 2n=26. Dry, open places, usually in sandy soil; Pa. and Del. to Fla. and La., and inland to Ky. and Tenn. (Gerardia o.; G. decemloba; G. parvifolia; ? G. erecta)""" 67991 general 717535 Orobanchaceae "Orobanche fasciculata. ""Parasitic on many spp., but especially on Artemisia; proper stem 5–15 cm; scale-lvs ovate, pubescent, all or at least the upper acuminate; pedicels 4–10, 2–15 cm, not much if at all longer than the stem, forming a loose, flat-topped corymb much surpassing the stem; bractlets none; cor 1.5–3 cm; cal-lobes about equaling the tube; 2n=24. Dry soil, prairies, and plains, in our range especially on sand-dunes; Mich. and nw. Ind. to B.C., Calif., and n. Mex. June. (Thalesia f.; Anoplanthus f.)""" 68401 general 719546 Orobanchaceae "Aureolaria flava. ""Perennial 1–2 m; stem glabrous and glaucous, branched above; lower lvs deeply pinnately lobed, with entire or toothed, widely divergent lobes and broad sinuses; upper lvs less deeply lobed, the bracteal ones narrowly lanceolate, entire or serrulate; pedicels stout, abruptly upcurved, 4–10 mm at anthesis; cal glabrous; cor 3.5–5 cm; fr glabrous, ovoid, 12–20 mm; 2n=24. Dry upland woods; Me. to Mich. and Wis., s. to Fla. and La. July–Sept. (Gerardia virginica, misapplied) Midwestern plants tend to have much longer cal-lobes (5–14 mm, as opposed to 2–5 mm) than plants of the e. and n. states, and have been segregated as var. macrantha Pennell.""" 69918 general 719571 Orobanchaceae "Agalinis setacea. ""Stems 1.5–7 dm, slender, with many ascending branches; lvs glabrous or nearly so (as also the stem), narrowly linear or setaceous, usually under 1 mm wide; pedicels widely divergent, 1–3 cm; cal-tube 2–3 mm, the lobes minute, 0.2–0.5 mm; cor 1.5–2.5 mm, its upper lip spreading, hairy across the base of the lobes within; pollen-sacs 2–2.5 mm; fr globose, 3–4 mm; seeds dark; 2n=28. Dry sandy soil on the coastal plain and adj. piedmont; L.I. to Ala. (Gerardia s.)""" 69950 general 719556 Orobanchaceae "Aureolaria virginica. ""Perennial 0.5–1.5 m, with ascending branches, finely downy throughout; lower lvs lance-ovate, usually with one or 2 pairs of large obtuse lobes below the middle, the upper progressively reduced and less lobed, the bracteal ones lanceolate and commonly entire; pedicels very stout, straight, ascending, 1–3 mm; fr ovoid, 10–15 mm, densely pubescent; 2n=26. Dry woods; Mass. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Fla. and Ala. June–Sept. (Gerardia v.; G. flava, misapplied)""" 70466 general 722602 Orobanchaceae "Agalinis skinneriana. ""Stems 2–5 dm, with a few stiffly ascending branches, strongly striate-angled or narrowly 4-winged, usually somewhat scabrous on the angles; herbage persistently yellow-green; pedicels 1–2 times as long as the bracts, ascending at usually 20–30°; cal-tube 2.5–3 mm, reticulate-veiny, the lobes broadly triangular, 0.7–1 mm; cor 1–1.5 cm, pink, with 2 yellow lines and some purple spots in the throat, the lobes ± truncate; pollen-sacs 0.5–1.3 mm; fr subglobose, 4–5 mm; seeds yellow-brown; 2n=26. Dry prairies, open woods, and barrens, especially in sandy soil; sw. Ont. to O., Wis., Mo., and Kans., rare. (Gerardia s.)""" 70550 general 719507 Orobanchaceae "Agalinis aspera. ""Stems 2–6(–8) dm, with ascending branches; lvs narrowly linear, very scabrous above, commonly with small axillary fascicles; pedicels suberect, 5–11 mm (to 18 mm in fr); cal-tube 3–5 mm, the lobes triangular-acute, 1.5–3 mm, the sinuses mostly V- shaped or narrowly U-shaped, densely puberulent within and along the margin; cor 1.8–2.5 cm, purple, the upper lobes only slightly spreading; pollen-sacs 1.8–3 mm; fr ellipsoid-cylindric, 7–11 mm; seeds dark. Dry prairies; Wis. and Ill. to Man., Neb., and Okla. (Gerardia a.)""" 139947 general 723951 Orobanchaceae "Pedicularis inflexirostris.* Dry meadows on slopes; 3700--3900 m. Sichuan, Xizang.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
Annuals, 10-20(-30) cm tall, entirely hirsute. Stems erect, 1, rarely branched. Leaf blade linear to narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 X 1-4 mm, sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers axillary, solitary or in a spike upward. Calyx 4-8 mm, 10-ribbed; lobes 5, as long as tube, subulate. Corolla usually yellow, rarely red or white; tube 0.8-1.5 cm, apically strongly curved; upper lip 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enveloped in persistent calyx. Fl. autumn.
The whole plant is used for treating intestinal parasites. This species is harmful to crops, particularly to sugar cane.
" 176897 ecology 719771 Orobanchaceae "Alectra vogelii. ""Semi-parasitic weed of cultivation, particularly of Papilionaceae, in savanna""" 177051 ecology 719359 Orobanchaceae "Striga brachycalyx. ""Weed of cultivation, drying brown.""" 177061 ecology 719304 Orobanchaceae "Striga gesnerioides. In waste places and cultivated land" 66372 general 713542 Oxalidaceae "Oxalis violacea. ""Perennial from a scaly bulbous base; lvs glabrous, or the petioles sometimes hairy; peduncles erect, 1–2 dm, much surpassing the lvs, with an umbelliform cluster of pedicellate fls subtended by small bracts; pet commonly rose-violet (white), 10–18 mm, not retuse; sep callous-tipped; 2n=28. Dry upland woods and prairies; Mass. to N.D., s. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.–June. (Ionoxalis v.)""" 110433 general 712191 Oxalidaceae "Oxalis.Herbs, annual or perennial, usually with tubers, bulbs, or rhizomes. Stems erect, creeping, or absent (rosette). Stipules usually absent or very small. Leaves radical or alternate, 3-foliolate (Chinese taxa). Inflorescences solitary, cymose, or umbellate; peduncle long, with 2 small bracts at apex, bracts appearing to be mid peduncle in solitary-flowered species. Sepals distinct, imbricate. Petals yellow, red, pink, or white, convolute, sometimes basally slightly connate. Stamens all fertile; filaments basally connate or distinct. Ovary locules with 1 to several ovules. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds with an outer fleshy coat which bursts elastically.
About 700 species: tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres but extending into temperate regions; eight species (two introduced) in China.
Oxalis bowiei Aiton ex G. Don, which is native to South Africa, is cultivated as an ornamental in China and is often persistent as a greenhouse weed.
Oxalis bulbifera X. S. Shen & H. Sun was described from a single collection in Anhui (Tiantangzhai), Shen Xian-sheng 20088 (holotype, KUN). The type specimen could not be traced in KUN, and no further material was available on contacting the authors. Although described as having affinities with Oxalis acetosella, it differs in several peculiar characteristics: the flowers are solitary or in pairs and the aerial stem is well developed. Even more unusual is the development at the leafless stem apex of "bracts" with bulbils in the axils. These are probably more accurately termed stipules, but the bulbils are a mystery. It is impossible to interpret this very unusual finding without recourse to herbarium material, and as such it is not included in the main account.
Plants 3-12(-15) m tall, densely branched, young parts finely pubescent or glabrous. Leaves 7-25 cm; petiole 2-8 cm; leaflets (3-)5-13; petiolules 1-2.5 mm; leaflet blades ovate to elliptic, 3-8 × 1.5-4.5 cm, abaxially pubescent to nearly glabrous, base obliquely rounded, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences axillary or rameal, panicles or cymes, branches and flower buds crimson. Flowers numerous, small. Sepals narrowly elliptic, 3-5 mm, base sparingly pubescent. Petals white with purple markings or pink to red with darker markings, 6-9 × 3-4 mm. Shorter stamens sterile, occasionally 1 or 2 fertile. Ovary pubescent. Berry yellow to yellow-brown, oblong, 7-13 × 5-8 cm, deeply (3-)5(or 6)-ribbed, stellate in cross section, very fleshy. Seeds numerous, blackish brown. Fl. Apr-Dec, fr. Jul-Dec.
This species is cultivated throughout the tropics for its fruit, for which there are many cultivars differing in size and flavor.
" 117308 general 712553 Oxalidaceae "Oxalis corymbosa.Perennials, (6-)10-25(-40) cm tall, stemless, pubescent. Subterranean bulb 1.5-3 cm; scales loose, papery, 3-veined; sessile bulbils 3-6 mm, numerous. Leaves basal; petiole 5-30 cm, with long sparse to moderately dense spreading white trichomes; leaflet blades obcordate, 1-4.5 × 1.5-6 cm, both surfaces covered with trichomes, adaxial surface punctate with dark calli especially near margin, apex deeply emarginate. Inflorescences corymbose cymes, irregularly branched, 8-15-flowered; peduncle 10-40 cm or longer; bracts lanceolate, membranous. Pedicels, bracts, and sepals pubescent. Pedicel 0.5-2.5 cm. Sepals lanceolate, 4-7 mm, apex with 2 reddish brown calli. Petals purplish pink with darker veins, obcordate, 1.5-2 cm. Ovary pubescent. Capsule rarely formed. Fl. Mar-Dec.
Some rounded-leaved forms of Oxalis latifolia Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth can be confused with O. corymbosa and are most clearly distinguished by the bulb scales with 5-11 veins. Both species are recorded as introduced weeds in other Asian countries. The superficially similar O. articulata Savigny is cultivated in China but is readily recognized by its woody tuberous rhizome. Specimens of O. articulata without basal parts can be distinguished by the lack of spreading hairs on the petioles and peduncles.
" 141245 general 712317 Oxalidaceae "Oxalis pes-caprae.Perennials, 5-15(-40) cm tall, acaulescent, sparsely pubescent; bulb with white fleshy contractile root and a slender vertical stem rising to soil surface; underground stem and soil surface crown bearing numerous small bulbils and scales. Petiole 3-10 cm, erect to spreading; leaflet blades obcordate, 0.8-2 × 1.2-3.2 cm, slightly succulent, bright green often with dark purple spots, glabrous, apex deeply emarginate. Umbellate cymes with 3-20 flowers; peduncle 2 × as long as petioles. Flowers 2-3 cm across, nodding. Sepals lanceolate, 2.5-4 × ca. 1 mm, apex with a pair of orange calli. Petals deep golden yellow, obovate. Capsule long terete, pubescent, very rarely formed. Fl. Apr-Sep.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental in at least Hubei, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang. It is widely introduced and a problem weed in the Mediterranean and warm temperate and subtropical areas.
" 173687 morphology 713176 Oxalidaceae "Averrhoa bilimbi. ""The Blimbing, is occasionally cultivated for its fruits.""" 173692 morphology 713179 Oxalidaceae "Averrhoa carambola. Is occasionally cultivated for its fruits." 173706 ecology 712553 Oxalidaceae "Oxalis corymbosa. ""An ornamental plant, often cultivated, but naturalized around Aburi and Buea""" 114317 general 711767 Paeoniaceae "Paeonia lactiflora.Herbs perennial, to 70 cm tall. Roots thick, attenuate toward tip, to 1.3 cm in diam. Stems glabrous. Proximal leaves 2-ternate; all leaflets decurrent at base, terminal ones often 2- or 3-segmented; leaflets and segments up to 15, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4.5--16 × 1.5--4.8 cm, sparsely pubescent abaxially, bristly along veins adaxially, margin white cartilaginous denticulate, apex acuminate. Flowers usually several per shoot, both terminal and axillary, sometimes only terminal one developed, single (in wild plants) or double (in cultivated plants), 8--13 cm wide. Bracts 4 or 5, lanceolate, unequal. Sepals 3 or 4, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 1--1.5 × 1--1.7 cm. Petals 9--13, white or pink (in wild plants), or varying in color (in cultivated plants), obovate, 3.5--6 × 1.5--4.5 cm. Filaments yellow, 0.7--1.2 cm; anthers yellow. Disc yellow, annular. Carpels 2--5, green or purple, glabrous or rarely tomentose. Follicles oblong-ellipsoid, 2.5--3 × 1.2--1.5 cm. Fl. May--Jun, fr. Aug. 2n = 10.
This species is widely cultivated as an ornamental and for medicinal use.
" 114321 general 712144 Paeoniaceae "Paeonia suffruticosa.Shrubs to 1.5 m tall. Stems brown-gray. Proximal leaves 2-ternate; leaflets long ovate or ovate, 4.5--8 × 2.5--7 cm, both surfaces glabrous; terminal leaflets deeply 3-lobed, lobes again 2- or 3-lobed; some lateral leaflets 2- or 3-lobed, others entire; all lobes acute at apex. Flowers solitary, terminal, single or (in cultivated plants) double, 10--17 cm wide. Bracts 5, long elliptic, unequal. Sepals 5, green, broadly ovate, unequal. Petals (in single flowers) 5--11, white, pink, red, or red-purple, obovate, 5--8 × 4.2--6 cm, apex irregularly incised. Filaments pink or purple, white distally, ca. 1.3 cm; anthers long ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm. Disc wholly enveloping carpels at anthesis, purple-red, leathery, apex dentate or lobed. Carpels 5, rarely more, densely tomentose. Stigmas red. Follicles oblong, densely brown-yellow tomentose. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Aug. 2n = 10*.
" 131300 general 711772 Paeoniaceae "Paeonia jishanensis.Shrubs to 1.8 m tall. Roots attenuate toward tip. Turions present. Stems gray or gray-brown. Proximal leaves 2-ternate; leaflets ovate-orbicular to orbicular, 4--6 × 3.5--4.5 cm, villous along veins or throughout, deeply 3-lobed; lobes again lobed, acute to rounded at apex. Flowers solitary, terminal, single, 10--16 cm wide. Bracts 2 or 3, long elliptic, unequal. Sepals 4 or 5, green, broadly ovate, 2.5--5 × 1.8--2.5 cm, apex rounded. Petals 5--11, white, occasionally pinkish at base or margin, obovate, 4.5--7.2 × 4--6 cm, apex irregularly incised. Filaments pink or purple, white distally, 8--10 mm; anthers yellow, linear, 8--11 mm. Disc wholly enveloping carpels, red-purple, leathery, apex dentate. Carpels 5, densely tomentose. Stigmas red. Follicles oblong, densely brown-yellow tomentose. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Aug. 2n = 10*.
Hybrids between this species and Paeonia rockii, naturalized in Platycladus orientalis forests in Shaanxi (Yan’an Shi), were treated as P. ´ papaveracea Andrews (Bot. Repos. 7: t. 463. 1807; P. suffruticosa var. papaveracea (Andrews) Kerner; P. yananensis T. Hong & M. R. Li) by Hong and Pan (Nordic J. Bot. 19: 297. 1999), who believed them to have originated from wild individuals of P. jishanensis and cultivated P. rockii .
" 131304 general 711915 Paeoniaceae "Paeonia ostii.Shrubs to 1.5 m tall. Stems brown-gray. Proximal leaves 2-pinnate, with 11--15 leaflets; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, often terminal ones 2- or 3-lobed, very occasionally 1 or 2 lateral ones also 2-lobed, 5--12 × 2.5--5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base rounded, apex acute. Flowers solitary, terminal, single, 12--14 cm wide. Bracts 1--4, green, leaflike. Sepals 3 or 4, green-yellow, broadly elliptic or ovate-orbicular, 1.5--3.1 × 1.5--2.5 cm, apex acute or shortly caudate. Petals ca. 11, white, obovate, 5.5--6.5 × 3.8--5 cm, apex emarginate. Filaments purple-red; anthers yellow. Disc wholly enveloping carpels, purple-red, leathery, apex dentate or lobed. Carpels 5, densely tomentose. Stigmas red. Follicles oblong, densely brown-yellow tomentose. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Aug. 2n = 10*.
This species is widely but sporadically cultivated in China as a traditional medicine.
" 131305 general 711923 Paeoniaceae "Paeonia qiui.Shrubs to 1.2 m tall. Roots attenuate toward tip. Stems gray or brown-gray, longitudinally striate. Proximal leaves 2-ternate; leaflets adaxially often reddish, ovate or ovate-orbicular, mostly entire, sometimes terminal ones shallowly 3-lobed, 6.5--8.2 × 3--6.5 cm, abaxially densely villous at axils of major veins, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers solitary, terminal, single, 8--12 cm wide. Petals 5--9, spreading, pink or pale pink, often with a red spot at base, 3.5--5.5 × 2--3.1 cm. Filaments pale pink to pink; anthers yellow. Disc wholly enveloping carpels, red-purple, leathery. Carpels 5, densely tomentose. Stigmas red. Follicles densely brown-yellow tomentose. Seeds black, glossy, ovoid, 0.6--0.8 × 0.5--0.7 cm. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Jul--Aug.
Paeonia ´ baokangensis Z. L. Dai & T. Hong (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 17: 2. 1997) was treated as a hybrid between P. qiui and P. rockii by Hong and Pan (Nordic J. Bot. 19: 297. 1999). The hybrid plants are known only in cultivation in W Hubei (Baokang Xian), where they occur with both parents.
" 131308 general 712153 Paeoniaceae "Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa.Flowers double; petals variously colored, white, pink, red, or red-purple. Fl. Apr--May.
This subspecies has been cultivated for more than 2000 years and hundreds of cultivars are known.
" 110457 general 709667 Pandanaceae "Pandanus.Trees, shrubs, or herbs, evergreen, dioecious. Stems simple or branched, erect or prostrate, often with stiltlike, verrucose prop roots and aerial roots, sometimes virtually absent, often suckering. Leaves simple, terminal, sessile, densely arranged in corkscrew spirals, 3- or 4-seriate, linear, often spinose-serrate on margin and on keeled midvein abaxially. Inflorescence of large, bracteate heads or spadices; perianth absent. Male inflorescence paniculate with spiciform branches subtended by secondary, usually colored, spathes, branches covered with numerous stamens; flowers not individually distinguishable. Female inflorescence of globose to cylindric clusters or several-carpelled aggregates; flowers not individually distinguishable; carpels 1-ovuled; staminodes absent in female flower; placentation subbasal. Fruit a hard drupe, syncarpous, comprising an aggregation of individual connate, angled, fibrous phalanges; mesocarp sometimes hollow; exocarp fleshy; endocarp woody or bonelike; locules 1 or more; phalanges separating at maturity; stigma persistent, capitate. Seed solitary.
About 600 species: Old World tropics; six species (one endemic, one introduced) in China.
Pandanus utilis Bory, native to Madagascar and cultivated in China, unlike most other species, is both non-suckering and has reddish purple marginal spines (see FRPS 8: 23. 1992; Check List Hong Kong Pl. 297. 2002). Pandanus boninensis Warburg, native to Japan, is also cultivated in China (see FRPS 8: 23. 1992). Pandanus utilis and P. boninensis are cultivated at the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, as is P. pygmaeus Thouars of the Mascarenes (pygmy plant ca. 40 cm).
" 125075 general 709679 Pandanaceae "Pandanus tectorius.Trees or shrubs, 3-10 m. Stems erect or ascending, many branched, non-suckering; prop roots present or absent; numerous aerial roots often present. Leaves green, often glaucous abaxially, linear-ensiform, to 180 × 10 cm, spinose-serrate on margin and midvein abaxially, apex abruptly long acuminate. Male inflorescence to 60 cm, pedunculate, paniculately compound with ultimate spiciform branches; spathes 13-18, white, narrowly lanceolate, 10-60 × 1.5-4 cm, serrate on margin and midvein; spikes pendulous, 8-20 mm; stamens 10(-25), racemosely fasciculate; filaments connate below, 1-3 mm; anthers linear, ca. 3 × 0.6 mm, connective mucronate. Female inflorescence capitate, solitary, globose to ovoid-ellipsoid, 10-25 cm; spathes numerous, white, 15-30 × 1.4-2.5 cm, margin serrate; ovule 1 per locule. Syncarp pendulous, globose or cylindric, to 17 × 15 cm; phalanges 40-80 per aggregate-head, each phalange comprising 4-12 fused obconic carpels connate below and free above, fragrant, yellow to orange to yellowish brown from base to apex, 4-10 × 1-6.5 cm; carpel apices distinct, flattened or angled, tuberculate; persistent stigma subsessile, slightly protruded. Fl. Jan-May, fr. Oct.
Pandanus tectorius sometimes is used as a living fence, and the leaves are used for weaving.
According to FRPS (8: 20. 1992), Pandanus tectorius var. sinensis (a variety not accepted in this treatment on the authority of Stone, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 20: 24. 1983) occurs on seaside beaches in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Taiwan and differs from the typical variety in having leaves narrower, attenuate into a long flagelliform apex, to 15 cm; ovary (4 or)5- or 6(or 7)-locular; and syncarp smaller, globose, ca. 8 × 8 cm, consisting of 50-60 phalanges, each phalange ca. 2.5 × 2 cm. Stone (loc. cit.) considered P. tectorius var. sinensis, with phalanges ca. 3.5 × 4 cm, to be a synonym of P. odoratissimus, with phalanges 3-8 × 2.5-4.5 cm. The correct name of this taxon has long been controversial (see Martelli, "Pandanus odoratissimus" o "Pandanus tectorius"? Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 36: 329-337. 1929). Stone (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 97: 36-38. 1988) reinstated P. tectorius, reversing his former acceptance of P. odoratissimus (Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 20: 23. 1983). The type specimen of P. remotus, a name synonymized by Stone (loc. cit.: 24), is from Hong Kong (Shek O).
Stone (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 97: 46-47. 1988) noted that there are "variegated-leaf mutants of P. tectorius, known in horticulture variously as P. sanderi and P. veitchii. ..... (which can back-mutate to all green leaf forms)." The mutant (cultivar) P. sanderi Masters is cultivated as an ornamental in Hong Kong (see Check List Hong Kong Pl. 297. 2002). Its leaves have yellow or golden longitudinal marginal stripes. Pandanus veitchii Masters & T. Moore is cultivated at the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Its leaves have white or silvery marginal stripes.
Herbs evergreen. Stems branched; aerial roots present. Sucker shoots of small growth phase with stems slender, 1-1.6 m × 2-5 cm, decumbent and ascending; leaves 25-75 × 2-5 cm, somewhat glaucous abaxially, keeled abaxially but unarmed, margin entire except at apex, there with very few minute prickles less than 1 mm, apex with distinct twin lateral pleats; flowers unknown, probably never produced in small growth phase. Large growth phase with stems 2-4.5 m × ca. 15 cm, erect, not or only sparsely branched; leaves broadly linear, to 150-220 × 7-9 cm, glaucous abaxially, keeled abaxially and with twin lateral pleats with prickles same as in small growth phase, apex acute; female inflorescence unknown; male inflorescence (evidently exceedingly rare) probably pendent, to 60 cm; spathes ca. 90 cm; spikes cylindric, to 35 cm or more, upper ones much shorter, 9-10 × ca. 2 cm, of numerous crowded, flat staminal phalanges 1.5-2.5 mm wide; stamens mostly 3-6 per phalange; filaments 0.5-1.5 × 0.4-0.6 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 2.5 × 0.5 mm, apex bluntly convex, without or with a barely discernible apiculum.
The small growth phase, "perpetuated by continual harvesting of its leaves" (Stone, Econ. Bot. 32: 287. 1978), is cultivated for the musky aromatic leaves used in cooking, e.g., for scenting rice.
Warburg (in Engler, Pflanzenr. 3(IV. 9): 87. 1900) and Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (Fl. Java 3: 205. 1968) noted that this species is known only from sterile (vegetative) specimens. A male flowering collection from a "large growth phase" in Ternate, North Moluku, Indonesia, was later described by Stone (loc. cit.: 287). The description denoting two growth phases is from Stone (loc. cit.: 287).
Shrubs or small trees. Stems branched, 1-3 m tall; aerial roots absent. Leaves linear, ca. 1(-4) m × 3-5 cm, margin and midvein spiny, apex acuminate, with long flagelliform tip. Male inflorescences consisting of several spikes, each spike ca. 10 cm; spathes in lower part ca. 45 × 4.5 cm; stamens usually 10, few male flowers with more than 20 stamens; filaments adnate beneath, ca. 7 mm, umbraculate, free filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 3 × 0.7 mm, apex with small cusp ca. 0.5 mm. Female inflorescences capitate, paniculate, ca. 4 × 1.7 cm; spathes numerous, 14-20 × 2-3 cm; carpels 2 or 3 connate in a bundle, 2- or 3-locular; ovule 1 per locule; stigma short, with 2 serrate branches. Syncarp ellipsoid, consisting of ca. 150 phalanges; phalanges obconic, ca. 3 × 1.7 cm, projected part 5-angled above; persistent stigmas 2, branched, serrulate. Fl. May-Jun.
Stone (Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 20: 40. 1983) considered Pandanus forceps to be a synonym of P. kaida. Stone (Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 11(2): 119. 1975) noted that P. kaida currently is known only in cultivation. The plants sometimes are used for hedges or living fences, and the young shoots are edible.
" 67538 general 706762 Papaveraceae "Argemone albiflora. ""Annual or biennial, 4–10(15) dm; lvs not blotched; fls usually closely subtended by the upper lvs; pet white or rarely suffused with pink, 2–4 cm; stamens 100 or more; 2n=28. Dry, open, often sandy places, especially in disturbed sites; se. U.S., occasionally escaped from cult. n. to Ill. and Conn. May–Aug. (A. alba and A. intermedia, misapplied)""" 70014 general 708047 Papaveraceae "Corydalis sempervirens. ""Erect, glaucous biennial 3–8(–10) dm, much-branched at least above; lower lvs petioled, the upper subsessile; fls in small panicles at the ends of the branches; bracts minute, lanceolate, cor (10–)12–17 mm, incl. the 2.5–5 mm spur; sep broadly ovate, 2–4 mm; fr ± erect, 2.5–4(–5) cm; seeds ca 1 mm wide, with an obtuse margin; 2n=16. Dry or rocky woods; Nf. to Alas., s. to N.Y., Pa., n. Ind., Minn., Mont., and B.C., and along the mts. to Ga. May–Sept.""" 70025 general 706881 Papaveraceae "Dicentra eximia. ""Lvs and scapes from a short, stout, scaly rhizome, without bulblets; lvs eventually to 4 dm (petiole included), ternately dissected into lanceolate or oblong, coarsely toothed segments; scape 2–5 dm, bearing a mixed panicle of nodding pink fls; cor narrowly ovoid, 18–25 mm, cordate at base, the spurs short and rounded; tips of the outer pet divergent, 5–6 mm; nectary-spurs virtually obsolete; 2n=16. Dry or moist mt. woods; chiefly s. Appalachian sp., from N.C. and Tenn. to W.Va., Pa., N.J., and s. and w. N.Y. May–Aug.""" 115149 general 707180 Papaveraceae "Corydalis stricta.Herbs, perennial, glabrous, glaucous. Caudex thick, dry, with only some central strands lignified, often split up, crowned by dead petioles and stems. Stems erect, glaucous, 20-60 cm, few to several, sulcate, rather thick throughout, stout, fleshy, leafy throughout, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves very glaucous; lower leaves with petiole 5-12 cm, upper ones progressively more shortly stalked to subsessile; blade oblong, bipinnate, with 4-7 pairs of primary pinnae (or fewer in uppermost leaves); leaflets deeply cut into obovate-oblong to oblanceolate acute lobes. Raceme very dense, 20-50-flowered, 3-6 cm in flowering stage, elongating to 5-9 cm in fruit, sometimes with a small branch at base; bracts 5-7(-13) mm, margin scarious, with occasional teeth, apex often long acuminate. Pedicel 4-8(-12) mm, arcuately recurved in fruit. Sepals 3-5 × 1-3 mm, deeply dentate, sometimes long acuminate, or rarely (Nan Shan) entire and to 7 × 4 mm. Corolla yellow, often with a brownish suffusion, 15-18 mm; outer petals slightly dilated toward apex that is sharply pointed and usually ± dentate and with a short dentate crest; spur of upper petal short and rounded; nectary 1/2-2/3 as long as spur. Stigma: see section description. Fruit oblong, 15-20 mm, attenuate into style 4-5 mm, 6-9-seeded. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep.
Some plants from Gansu and Qinghai have large, entire sepals (Corydalis stricta subsp. holosepala).
" 133798 general 707766 Papaveraceae "Corydalis kiukiangensis.Herbs, perennial, glaucous, 20-60 cm tall, glabrous. Rootstock 1-4 × 0.6-0.7 cm, apical leaf rosette with very fleshy petiolar bases ca. 1 cm, dark and hard in dry state. Stems few, suberect to ascending, main stems and low branches with 3 or 4 leaves, upper branches with 2 leaves. Rosette leaves and lower cauline leaves: petiole 6-17 cm; blade 4-8 × 2-6 cm, biternate; leaflets ± deeply cut into 2-7 obovate to oblong lobules; upper cauline leaves smaller. Racemes 6-10-flowered; lower bract like a very small leaf, basally with small auricles, upper ones shallowly lobed to entire, 6-12 mm, segments mucronate. Pedicel 8-12 mm, very thin. Sepals reniform, ca. 0.5 × 1 mm, dentate. Corolla pale yellow, greenish yellow at apex; outer petals with limb navicular, acute, very narrowly and shortly crested; upper petal 19-23 mm, spur slightly downcurved, cylindric or slightly tapering, 10-12 mm; nectary 1/2-2/3 as long as spur; lower petal shallowly saccate at middle; inner petals 10-11 mm. Stigma with 6 marginal simple papillae in apical part (lateral ones sometimes pairwise confluent); 2 geminate papillae clearly submarginal and 2 on well-developed basal lobes. Capsule pendent from erect pedicel, oblong-lanceolate, 10-13 × ca. 2 mm, 5-10-seeded, probably explosively dehiscent; style ca. 3.5 mm. Seeds 1.4-1.5 mm, smooth, slightly flattened, not keeled; caruncle small, narrow. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct.
This species might be better placed in Corydalis sect. Priapos (capsule pendent from erect pedicel).
" 142747 general 707406 Papaveraceae "Corydalis bibracteolata.Herbs, perennial, glaucous, glabrous. Caudex dryish, thick, densely branched, densely set with dry residual petioles and stems. Stems 15-30(-40) cm, sulcate, with 2 or 3 scattered leaves, branched. Basal leaves many; petiole 5-8 cm; blade ovate to oblong, 5-8 cm, once to almost twice pinnate with 3 or 4 pairs of shortly stalked leaflets; leaflets orbicular to oblong, base cuneate, deeply 3-fid to pinnatifid with 2- or 3-lobed secondary leaflets; ultimate lobes broadly ovate. Upper cauline leaves smaller with fewer pinnae. Inflorescences terminal and axillary from upper leaves, compound with numerous lateral long-stalked cymose 3-10-flowered partial inflorescences; bracts and bracteoles ovate, 1.5-3 mm, margin membranous, apex acute. Stalks and internodes of lateral partial inflorescences 1-3 cm; pedicels 6-13 mm, often with 1 or 2 bracteoles, at fruiting often bent. Flowers yellow. Sepals ovate, ca. 4 × 1.5-2 mm, margin denticulate, apex rather long pointed. Outer petals narrow, without crest, clearly mucronate at apex; upper petal 14-15 mm; spur 4-5 mm, apex saccate, slightly bent; nectary extended through 2/3-3/4 of spur; inner petals ca. 12 mm. Stigma: see section description. Capsule reflexed, linear-oblong, 15-20 (including style ca. 5 mm) × ca. 2 mm, subtorulose, 4-8-seeded. Seeds in 1 row. Fl. and fr. Jun-Jul.
Records of Corydalis paniculigera Regel & Schmalhausen from W Xinjiang in FRPS (31: 414. 1999) refer to this species.
" 142796 general 707757 Papaveraceae "Corydalis kashgarica.Herbs, perennial, 10-30 cm tall. Rootstock ca. 10 × 1.5 cm, with 1- to many-headed caudex with dry residues of leaves. Stems 1 to few, leafy and branched. Basal leaves early withering. Cauline leaves 4-10 cm, including petiole 1-6 cm (upper leaves shortly stalked); blade ovate to oblong, 2-4 × 1.5-2 cm, abaxially ± glaucous, simply pinnate; leaflets 3-7, ovate, ca. 1 × 1-1.2 cm, fleshy, deeply 3-divided; segments slightly 2- or 3-divided; ultimate segments rounded-obtuse. Racemes (?branched), many flowered, dense, elongating in fruit; bracts broadly ovate to broadly oblanceolate, 3-5 mm, herbaceous with scarious margin, pointed. Pedicel ca. 5 mm. Sepals ovate, 2-3 × ca. 1 mm, dentate or almost entire. Flowers yellow; upper petal 16-18 mm with narrow spur 4-6 mm, with a rather broad slightly dentate pointed apex; inner petals ca. 12 mm; lower petal with a minute gibbosity at very base and narrow claw gradually widened into a broad acuminate slightly dentate limb. Stigma: see section description. Capsule linear, subtorulose, ca. 16 mm; style ca. 4 mm. Seeds in 1 row, ca. 1.7 mm, smooth, with a short beak from under which caruncle protrudes.
" 142799 general 707769 Papaveraceae "Corydalis krasnovii.Herbs, perennial, glaucous. Caudex dryish, thick, branched, densely set with dry residual petioles and stems. Stems 10-25 cm, sulcate, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves pinnate, with (1 or)2 pairs of shortly stalked leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate; terminal one ca. 1.6 × 1.2 cm, 3-divided; segments ovate, entire or middle one slightly 2- or 3-divided; lateral leaflets smaller. Raceme simple, 2-4 cm; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 2-3.5 mm, herbaceous, margin narrow and scarious. Pedicel 3-7 mm. Flowers yellow, apex with brown keels. Sepals deltoid, 2-3 mm, finely dentate. Outer petals narrow, without or with very slightly mucronate tips; upper petal 14-16 mm; spur saccate, 3-4 mm; lower petal with degenerated small spur; inner petals 12-13 mm. Capsules oblong-linear, nearly moniliform, 15-20 × ca. 2 mm; style 4-6 mm; capsules in lower part of raceme ± nutant. Seeds nearly orbicular, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm, with small caruncle, tightly adhering to seed, set below a conspicuously protruding hilum.
" 142834 general 707964 Papaveraceae "Corydalis pseudomicrophylla.Herbs, perennial, glaucous. Caudex dryish, thick, much branched, densely set with dry residual petioles and stems. Stems many, 15-30 cm, leafy and branched, especially above. Basal leaves 6-8 cm, long petiolate, simply pinnate or frequently ternate with only 1 pair of lateral leaflets; leaflets thick, often with pale flecks; terminal leaflet large, ca. 1.8 × 1-1.5 cm, petiolulate, base cuneate, apex shallowly 3-fid; segments rounded-obtuse, ± mucronate; lateral leaflets smaller, subsessile, ca. 10 × 7 mm, shallowly 2- or 3-fid. Cauline leaves several, like basal leaves, but smaller. Raceme ca. 10-flowered, dense, several, forming a cluster; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 3-4 × ca. 1 mm, margin scarious, entire, apex shortly acuminate, sometimes lowermost ones herbaceous, lobate. Pedicel ca. 8 mm, at fruiting arcuately decurved. Flowers yellow. Sepals ovate, ca. 3 mm, margin coarsely dentate, apex acuminate. Outer petals navicular, slightly mucronate, without crest; upper petal ca. 14 mm; spur obtuse, 3-4 mm; nectary 1-1.5 mm; lower petal ca. 11 mm, base narrow; inner petals 10-11 mm. Stigma: see section description. Capsule arcuately reflexed, linear, 16-20 mm including style ca. 6 mm. Seeds in 1 row, seeds like in Corydalis krasnovii. Fl. and fr. Jun-Jul.
" 142856 general 706737 Papaveraceae "Corydalis tianshanica.Herbs, perennial, at base with pale dry residues of stems and petioles (complete caudex not seen). Stems 11-16 cm (in Jun), sparingly branched, with 2-4 leaves. Lower cauline leaves: petiole 3-6 cm; blade narrowly triangular-ovate in outline, 2.5-5 cm, bipinnate with 2(or 3) pairs of lateral leaflets; leaflets stalked; blade ca. 1 × 1 cm, once to twice ternately divided, with oblong-obovate, obtuse lobes 2-4 × 1-3 mm. Basal leaves and upper cauline leaves smaller, with 1 or 2 pairs of lateral leaflets. Raceme 8-12-flowered, lax; bracts lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, much shorter than 7-12 mm pedicels, apex acuminate. Flowers yellow. Sepals ovate, 2-3 mm, margin finely dentate, apex acute. Outer petals narrow, slightly mucronate, ecristate; upper petal 14-15 mm, with comparatively long, slender spur ca. 6 mm; nectary extended through ca. 3/4 of spur. Stigma: see section description. Fruit and seed unknown. Fl. Jun-Aug.
" 110461 general 706177 Papaveraceae "Papaver.Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, rarely monocarpic. Roots fusiform or attenuate, simple. Stems 1 or more, erect or ascending, terete, branched or not, very constricted or extended, usually setose, rarely glabrous, ivory malodorous lactiferous, with leaves or not. Basal leaves petiolate, usually glaucous adaxially, variously shaped, both surfaces setose, pinnatilobate, pinnatipartite, pinnatisect, or bipinnatifid, sometimes incised, serrate, or crenate, rarely entire. Cauline leaves if present, similar to basal leaves, but usually sessile, sometimes amplexicaul. Flowers solitary, rarely in cymose racemes, pedunculate or sometimes scapose, erect, extended, usually setose. Flower buds nutant, ovoid or spherical. Sepals 2, rarely 3, shedding as flowers open, mostly setose. Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6, on short receptacles, often caducous, mostly red, rarely white, yellow, orange, or lavender, vivid and beautiful, usually obovate, in 2 whorls, outer whorl larger. Stamens many; filaments white, yellow, green, purple, or red, occasionally blackish, mostly filamentous; anthers spheroidal or oblong. Ovary 1-loculed, superior, usually ovoid, rarely terete-oblong; carpels 4-18, united, setose or glabrous; ovules many, astylous; stigmas 4-18, actinomorphic, united into compressed or steepled disk covering ovary; disk margin crenate or divided. Capsule narrowly terete, obovoid, or spherical, setose or glabrous, rarely spiny, obviously costate or not costate, poricidal under actinomorphic stigmas. Seeds many, black, brown, dark gray, or white, reniform, small, longitudinally striate or alveolate; albumen white, fleshy and rich in oil; embryo hidden in albumen.
About 100 species: mainly in C and S Europe to temperate Asia, some in the Americas and Oceania, one in South Africa; seven species (three cultivated) in China.
" 115131 general 706538 Papaveraceae "Argemone mexicana.Herbs, annual or occasionally short-lived perennial, 30-100 cm tall, usually stout. Stems mostly short, branched, with sparse explanate fulvous spines. Basal leaves dense; petiole 5-10 mm; blade glaucous with blue-green markings on veins, paler abaxially, broadly oblanceolate or obovate to elliptic, 5-20(-25) × 2.5-7.5(-8) cm, glabrous, sparsely sharply spiny on veins, base cuneate, margin pinnatipartite, apex acute; lobes undulate teeth, teeth apically spiny. Cauline leaves alternate, similar to basal leaves, but upper leaves smaller and sessile, often subamplexicaul. Flowers solitary, sometimes in few-flowered cymes. Pedicel very short. Flower buds ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm. Sepals 2(or 3), cymbiform, ca. 1 cm, apex spurred, glabrous or sparsely spiny. Petals 6, yellow or orange, broadly obovate, 1.7-3 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex rounded. Filaments ca. 7 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 1.5-2 mm, coiling after dehiscence. Ovary elliptic or oblong, 7-10 mm, with explanate fulvous spines; styles very short; stigmas dark red, 4-6-lobed. Capsule oblong to broadly elliptic, 2.5-5 × 1.5-3 cm, sparsely fulvous spiny, 4-6-valved dehiscing from apex to 1/4-1/3 of length. Seeds spherical, 1.5-2 mm in diam., obviously tessellate. Fl. and fr. Mar-Oct. 2n = 28.
This is a widely cultivated plant which has become a naturalized weed in many parts of the world, particularly in subtropical regions. The seeds are poisonous.
" 115156 general 707275 Papaveraceae "Dicranostigma leptopodum.Herbs, biennial to short-lived perennial, 25-80(-100) cm tall, throughout yellow lactiferous, shortly pubescent, rarely glabrous. Taproot terete. Stems many, green, glaucous, apex with many equal branches. Basal leaves in a rosette; petiole strip-form, 2-5 cm, sparsely shortly white pubescent, several striate; blade pale green abaxially, green adaxially, narrowly oblanceolate, 10-15 × 2-4 cm, sparsely shortly white pubescent, pinnatipartite; lobes 4-6 pairs, pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate again; lobules apically acuminate, apical lobules 3-lobed. Cauline leaves few at stem apices, sessile, 1-7 cm, pinnatipartite, pinnatilobate, or bipinnatipartite; lobes sparsely serrate, apex deltoid-acuminate. Flowers in cymes of 2-5, sometimes solitary. Pedicel 2-2.5 cm, glabrous, bracteate. Flower buds broadly ovoid, ca. 1 cm. Sepals ovate, 0.6-1 cm, apically acuminate to shortly horned, spur end obviously ampliate spatulate, glabrous or shortly pubescent. Petals slightly overlapping, yellow, obovate to orbicular, 10-20 × 10-13 mm, undulate. Stamens many; filaments 3-4 mm; anthers yellow, oblong, 1.5-2 mm. Ovary green, narrowly terete, ca. 6 mm, densely verrucose-pubescent; styles erect, short; stigmas 2-divided. Capsule green, linear, 4-7.5 cm × ca. 2 mm, glabrous, 2-valvate from apex almost to base. Seeds rufous, ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm, tessellate. Fl. Mar-Jul, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 12*.
One of us (Grey-Wilson) notes that typical Dicranostigma leptopodum is a rather small plant (25-50 cm tall) with petals rarely more than 14 mm. The status of D. franchetianum is unclear and requires further investigation; plants are generally more robust than D. leptopodum (to 1 m) and bear larger flowers, with petals 15-20 mm. However, the two taxa appear to be linked by intermediates. In cultivation, D. franchetianum behaves as an annual.
The status of Dicranostigma henanense S. Y. Wang & L. H. Wu (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 17: 43. 1997, "henanensis"), described from Henan, is uncertain and requires further investigation. It will probably prove to be a form of the very variable D. leptopodum.
Herbs, perennial, 20-60 cm tall, very variable. Taproot terete, extended, upper part 2-5 mm in diam., attenuate or fusiform toward base; rootstock short, thickened, usually simple. Stems very short or apparently absent. Leaves tufted, all basal; petiole (1-)5-12 cm, basally ampliate to sheath, inclined-setose; blade slightly glaucous on both surfaces, ovate to lanceolate, 3-8 cm, both surfaces densely or sparsely gray setose, rarely nearly glabrous, pinnatilobate, pinnatipartite, or pinnatisect; lobes 2-4 pairs, entire or pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite again; lobules narrowly ovate, narrowly lanceolate, or oblong, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Scapes 1 to several, erect, terete, densely or sparsely inclined compressed-setose. Flowers solitary, terminal, scapose, cup-shaped, 4-6 cm in diam. Flower buds usually nutant, broadly ovoid to globose, 1.5-2 cm, densely brown setose. Sepals 2, caducous, corymbiform-elliptic. Petals 4, yellowish, yellow, or orange, rarely red, broadly cuneate or obovate, (1.5-)2-3 cm, basally shortly clawed, margin undulate-crenate. Stamens many; filaments yellow or olivine, subulate, 6-10 mm; anthers yellow-white, yellow, or rarely reddish, oblong, 1-2 mm. Ovary obovoid to narrowly obovoid, 5-10 mm, densely appressed setose; stigmas 4-8, actinomorphic. Capsule narrowly obovoid, obovoid, or obovoid-oblong, 1-1.7 cm, densely appressed whitish- or red-brown setose, slightly broadly 4-8-costate; stigma disk flat, distantly incised-crenate. Seeds many, brown, almost reniform, small, striate with alveolate foveolae. Fl. May-Sep. 2n = 14, 28*, 42.
Cultivated plants, commonly referred to as "Iceland poppies," are of complex origin involving several other closely related species, including Papaver radicatum Rottbøll.
This is a very variable species, with a number of variants recognized at the rank of forma, including plants with petals yellow or orange, ovary and capsule setose (Papaver nudicaule f. nudicaule, distribution as for the species); similar characters but petals white (P. nudicaule f. seticarpum (P. Y. Fu) H. Chuang, recorded from Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Nei Mongol); petals yellow or orange, ovary and capsule glabrous (P. nudicaule var. aquilegioides Fedde, recorded from Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Hubei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and E Sichuan); and same characters but petals white (P. nudicaule f. amurense (N. Busch) H. Chuang, recorded from Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Nei Mongol).
Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, glaucous, glabrous. Stems erect to spreading, 30-60 cm, obviously longitudinally costate, with many branches spreading, dichotomous. Basal leaves several, 10-30 cm, petiolate; blade tripinnatipartite; lobes various, acutely linear, acutely oblong, or obtusely spatulate-oblong, with 3 terminal lobes, middle mostly broad and short. Cauline leaves similar to basal leaves, but progressively smaller and shortly petiolate. Flowers solitary, terminal. Pedicel 5-15 cm. Receptacles concave, funnelform or nearly tubular, 3-4 mm in diam., cupular after flowering, margin undulately re- flexed. Calyx ovoid, ca. 1 cm, apically shortly conical, caplike. Petals 4, yellow, sometimes with orange flecks at base, deltoid-flabellate, 2.5-3 cm. Stamens many, more than 40; filaments filiform, basally inflated, ca. 3 mm; anthers orange, linear, 5-6 mm. Ovary long, narrow; styles short; stigmas 4, subulate-linear, unequally long. Capsule narrowly terete, 5-8 cm. Seeds spherical, 1-1.5 mm in diam., obviously tessellate. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 12.
This species is widely cultivated in temperate and Mediterranean-type gardens. Cultivated forms include those with single and semi-double flowers in a wide range of colors from white and cream to yellow, orange, red, pink, and purple.
" 129507 general 706583 Papaveraceae "Papaver somniferum.Herbs, annual, 30-60(-100) cm tall (to 1.5 m in cultivation), glabrous or rarely slightly setose on plant below or on peduncle. Taproot erect, almost conical. Stems erect, glaucous, glabrous, occasionally somewhat setose. Leaves alternate; blade ovate or oblong, 7-25 cm, both surfaces glabrous, glaucous and rather waxy, veins distinct, slightly raised, base cordate, margin irregularly undulate-serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse; leaves below shortly petiolate but above sessile and amplexicaul. Flowers solitary, deeply cup-shaped, 5-12 cm in diam. Pedicel to 25 cm, glabrous or rarely sparsely setose. Flower buds nutant at first, erect at anthesis, oval-oblong or broadly ovoid, 1.5-3.5 × 1-3 cm, glabrous. Sepals 2, green, broadly ovate, margin membranous. Petals 4, white, pink, red, purple, or various, often with a dark basal blotch, suborbicular or almost flabellate, 4-7 × 3-11 cm, margin undulate or variously lobed. Stamens many; filaments white, linear, 1-1.5 cm; anthers yellowish or cream, oblong, 3-6 mm. Ovary green, spherical, 1-2 cm in diam., glabrous; stigmas 5-12(-18), actinomorphic, united into compressed disk, disk margin deeply divided, lobes crenulate. Capsule brown when mature, spherical or oblong-elliptic, 4-9 × 4-5 cm, glabrous. Seeds many, black or deep gray, adaxially alveolate. Fl. Mar-Aug. 2n = 18, 22-23, 25, 32.
This species is the source of heroin, morphine, and other alkaloids used in the drug trade and in medicine. The seeds are widely used as a condiment.
" 129685 general 706504 Papaveraceae "Papaver orientale.Herbs, perennial, setose throughout, ivory lactiferous. Roots whitish, fusiform, fleshy, with numerous fibrous roots. Stems erect to ascending, tufted, 60-90 cm tall (cultivated plants over 100 cm), erect, terete, almost compressed- or appressed setose, leafy in lower 2/3. Basal leaves green on both surfaces, ovate to lanceolate, 20-30 cm including petiole (longer in cultivated plants), sparsely serrate or incised, teeth bristle-tipped, both surfaces setose, bipinnatipartite; lobules lanceolate or oblong. Cauline leaves many, alternate, similar to basal leaves, but smaller; lower leaves long petiolate, uppermost sessile. Flowers solitary, terminal, bowl-shaped, large, 10-16 cm in diam. Pedicel densely setose. Flower buds erect, ovoid or broadly ovoid, 2-3 cm, spreading setose. Sepals 2, sometimes 3, outside green, inside whitish. Petals 4-6, red or carmine, with or without a basal dark blotch or flecking, broadly obovate or flabellate, (3-)5-8 cm, basally shortly clawed, abaxially with thick veins. Stamens numerous; filaments dark, filiform, below ampliate; anthers indigo-violet, oblong. Stigma 10-16-rayed, actinomorphic, indigo, uniting into compressed disk, margin sparsely thickly serrate. Capsule spheroidal, 2-3.5 cm in diam., glabrous, with a flat 10-16-rayed stigmatic disk. Seeds brown, orbicular-reniform, broadly striate, with small foveolae. Fl. Jun-Jul. 2n = 28.
Many cultivated forms are recorded in a wide range of colors, including orange, reds, mauve, purple, pink, and white. These are mostly of hybrid origin between Papaver orientale and the closely related P. bracteatum Lindley.
" 133731 general 707456 Papaveraceae "Corydalis calcicola.Herbs, perennial, 6-20 cm above surface in alpine scree, to 60 cm tall when growing in bushes, glabrous or papillose-scabrid along margins and veins of bracts; stems and petioles of radical leaves attenuate to filiform underground base. Storage roots numerous, fascicled, oblong, 30-70 × 2-4 mm. Stems few to several, robust to rather slender, sulcate, branched, with 2-4(-6) leaves in aerial part. Radical leaves: blade green to glaucous, triangular to ovate, 3-9 × 2-9 cm, slightly thick, bipinnate; pinnae 2-4 pairs, stalked; ultimate leaflets sessile, entire to usually deeply dissected into ovate to lanceolate, acute-mucronate lobes. Cauline leaves: lower ones stalked, like radical leaves; upper ones sessile, smaller and less divided. Racemes 3-8 cm, usually 10-20-flowered; lower bracts repeatedly palmatisect; upper ones once palmatisect to pectinate-dentate, lobes lanceolate, acuminate; uppermost rarely almost entire. Pedicel 3-7(-15) mm, rigidly recurved in fruit. Sepals 1-1.5 × 1-2 mm, margin dentate to lacerate. Corolla purple, rarely pur-plish slate blue; inner petals usually with contrasting blackish purple apex; upper petal 22-30 mm; dorsal crest very variable, 0.5-2 mm wide, acute to obtuse and overtopping apex; spur usually gracefully downcurved, (12-)14-20 mm, tapering to apex; nectary 5-8 mm; lower petal broadly and shallowly saccate in basal 1/2, 10-12 mm; inner petals 9(-10) mm. Stigma square; marginal papillae: median 2 distinct, lateral broad, indistinct; geminate papillae lateral (submarginal) and on well-developed basal lobes. Capsule elliptic to broadly obovoid, 7-9 × ca. 3 mm, with raised lines of dense papillae, 2-7-seeded; style ca. 4 mm. Seeds smooth, 1.4-1.8 mm with appressed elaiosome. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.
Presumed hybrids (sterile) with Corydalis densispica and C. lathyrophylla have been recorded (NW Yunnan).
Slender plants growing in shrubs in meadows, often at lower elevations (2900-4000 m), are known from WC Sichuan (Xiaojin and Kangding) and have been separated as Corydalis souliei. In cultivation, however, plants from alpine scree look similar, so it is possible that these differences are mainly environmental modifications.
Plants from the northeast have greener leaves and slate blue flowers.
The distinction between Corydalis calcicola and C. trachycarpa is diffuse and here mainly based on the latter having white flowers in early anthesis and usually more divided and fleshier leaves. Corydalis trachycarpa is often more dense and robust and very rarely grows in shrubs.
Herbs, monocarpic, 25-120 cm tall, covered for most part in soft golden or rufous hairs, overwintering as a large bud at ground level. Stem usually present, erect, or flowers scapose; when present with a whorl of bractlike leaves subtending flowers. Leaves mostly aggregated into a basal rosette, elliptic to oblanceolate, 14-40 × 2-5 cm, pinnately veined for most part, although base generally 3-veined, sometimes becoming glabrescent above, base narrowed into petiole, margin entire; middle and upper leaves similar to basal ones but generally smaller and shortly petiolate or sessile. Pedicel (or scape) to 45 cm, lengthening in fruit, spreading pubescent to subglabrous. Flowers often 6-9 (occasionally to 18), nodding to half-nodding (becoming gradually erect as flowers fade). Sepals oval, spreading pubescent. Petals 6-8, generally spreading widely apart, pale lemon- or sulphur yellow, oval to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 5.5-10.5 cm. Stamens numerous; filaments of same color as petals, filiform; anthers yellow to orange-yellow. Ovary obovoid to ellipsoidal, densely to sparsely appressed hairy; styles distinct, 3-11 mm; stigmas rather narrow, stigmatic rays usually 7-10. Capsule obovoid to ellipsoidal, 2.5-3.5 × 0.8-1.2 cm, densely hairy to almost glabrous, 7-10-valvate. Fl. Jun-Aug.
Both this species and Meconopsis integrifolia vary greatly in height. Plants can be robust and bear a number of flowers or they can be dwarf and few flowered, sometimes reduced to a single flower per plant. High-altitude forms, particularly those from the bleaker exposed habitats of the Xizang Plateau, can be very dwarf, sometimes as little as 15 cm, and bear a solitary flower; however, they appear to be linked by intermediates to more robust plants at lower elevations and are probably best considered to be ecotypes (there is some evidence, for instance, that this dwarf habit is to some extent maintained in cultivation). Dwarf plants of this kind have been described as M. integrifolia var. uniflora C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang, described from NW Yunnan (Zhongdian), but similar plants are certainly to be found in W Sichuan and S and SE Xizang.
" 142888 general 706094 Papaveraceae "Lamprocapnos spectabilis.Herbs, perennial, glabrous, with ± erect, branched, leafy, rather thick, juicy stems 50-90 cm. Petiole 5-12 cm; leaf blade glaucous abaxially, green adaxially, broadly triangular in outline, 10-30 × 10-30 cm, 2 to almost 3 × ternately divided; leaflets cuneate, ± deeply divided into broad acute lobes or coarse teeth. Inflorescences terminal and axillary from upper leaves, racemelike, almost horizontal, long, lax, 7-15-flowered, subtended by linear bracts 3-5(-10) mm. Pedicel 5-15 mm, thin, with tiny paired bracteoles. Flowers with 2 planes of symmetry, ± cordate, 20-25 mm wide. Sepals early falling, 3-4 mm, entire. Outer petals pink or occasionally white, base broadly pouchlike; inner petals white, usually with red and yellow markings, 22-25 mm, projecting far beyond strongly reflexed outer petals and each with a prominent whitish crest. Stamens rather wide and undulate, petaloid, free from each other, each triplet only shortly fused below anthers; nectar secreted from base of each central stamen. Ovary green, fusiform; style persistent; stigma oblong, slightly 2-lobed at base and apically. Capsule oblong, 2-8-seeded, 25-35 mm, including a long straight persistent style. Seeds black, rounded, (2.5-)3 mm, smooth, with a large lobed elaiosome. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jun. 2n = 16.
This is a very long-cultivated ornamental plant, sometimes found as a garden escape.
" 110498 general 703291 Paulowniaceae "Paulownia.Trees, deciduous, evergreen in tropics. Bark smooth with conspicuous lenticels when young, longitudinally splitting with age. Branches opposite, without terminal buds. Leaves opposite, occasionally 3 in a whorl; petiole long; leaf blade entire or shallowly 3-5-lobed, margin undulate and often serrate when young. Inflorescences a large pyramidal to cylindric thyrse. Cymes (1-)3-5(-8)-flowered, pedunculate or not. Calyx campanulate or obconical, hairy; lobes 5, subequal, upper 1 enlarged. Corolla purple or white, funnelform-campanulate to tubular-funnelform; tube base constricted and slightly curved; limb 2-lipped; lower lip elongated and 3-lobed; upper lip yellow, 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments included, twisted near base; anthers divergent. Ovary 2-loculed. Style nearly as long as stamens. Capsule loculicidal, 2-valved or incompletely 4-valved; pericarp thin or thick and woody. Seeds small, numerous, membranous winged; endosperm sparse.
Seven species: mostly in China with one species extending to Laos and Vietnam; six species in China.
Because of the extensive cultivation of most species, it is often difficult to determine the precise wild distribution.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, mostly monoecious, less often dioecious; branching often "phyllanthoid": main stems with spiral phyllotaxy, ultimate branchlets sometimes clustered on short shoots, resembling pinnate leaves and often deciduous as a unit, less often stems all similar with spiral or distichous phyllotaxy; hairs simple, often absent, rarely branched. Leaves alternate, often reduced and scalelike on main stems, strongly distichous on leafy stems; stipules small, deciduous or persistent; petiole short; leaf blade simple, margin entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences axillary, sometimes at leafless nodes, solitary or in fascicles, cymes, glomerules, racemes, or panicles; pedicels delicate. Male flowers: sepals (2 or)3-6, in 1 or 2 series, free, imbricate, margin entire, eroded, denticulate or fimbriate; petals absent; disk glands 3-6, usually free; stamens 2-6; filaments free or connate; anthers 2-locular, extrorse, thecae 2, connectives obscure, longitudinally or horizontally dehiscent, rarely obliquely so; pistillode absent. Female flowers: sepals as in male or more; disk glands usually small, free or connate into an annulus or urn-shape, surrounding ovary; ovary smooth or less commonly roughened, bullate, or hairy, 3(-12)-locular; ovules 2 per locule; styles 3(-12), apex 2-lobed or 2-branched, rarely entire, erect, spreading, or recurved. Fruit usually a capsule, globose or depressed globose, smooth or warty, dehiscent into 3 2-valved cocci when mature, less often a fleshy berry or drupe; columella persistent. Seeds without caruncle or aril, trigonous, surface smooth, sculptured or striate; seed-coat dry crustaceous, endosperm whitish, cartilaginous; embryo straight or slightly curved; cotyledons usually considerably broader than radical. x = 13.
About 750-800 species: primarily in the tropics and subtropics, poorly represented in temperate regions; 32 species (13 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Molecular studies have shown that several long-established genera nest within Phyllanthus, including Breynia, Phyllanthodendron, Glochidion, and Sauropus.
Phyllanthus acidus (Linnaeus) Skeel is recorded from Taiwan and Hong Kong, where it is presumably cultivated for its edible fruits.
Trees, rarely shrubs, up to 30 m tall; young twigs glabrous to very shortly pubescent. Stipules linear, 4-6 × 1.5-2 mm, caducous; petiole 3-10(-17) mm, glabrous to pubescent; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or obovate, (5-)10-23(-32) × (2-)3-10 cm, leathery or thickly papery, glabrous except sometimes midvein pilose, or abaxially reddish pubescent, shiny, usually drying dark green (sometimes grayish or reddish) adaxially, slightly lighter abaxially, base acute to rounded, apex acute to rounded, sometimes slightly emarginate or acuminate, usually mucronate; domatia absent; midvein flat to impressed adaxially, lateral veins (5-)7-11 pairs, tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, axes glabrous to pubescent, robust, males 6-17(-25) cm, 3-8(-14)-branched, females and fruiting (4-)10-18 cm, unbranched or more rarely up to 4-branched. Male flowers sessile; calyx 1-1.5 mm, cup-shaped, 3- or 4(or 5)-lobed, divided for 1/4-1/3, glabrous to pubescent outside, reddish long pubescent at base inside, margin fimbriate, apex of lobes obtuse to rounded; disk annular, consisting of free lobes or enclosing stamens and pistillode, glabrous; stamens 3 or 4(or 5), 2-3 mm; rudimentary ovary clavate to cylindric. Female flowers: pedicels 0.5-1(-2) mm, 2-4(-9) mm in fruit; calyx 3-lobed, otherwise as in male; disk glabrous; ovary glabrous or pilose; stigmas 3 or 4(-6). Drupes ellipsoid, laterally compressed, 5-11(-?18) × 4-7 mm, glabrous or pilose, red to black when ripe; style (sub)terminal. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Jun-Nov. x = 13.
Antidesma bunius var. bunius is widely cultivated as a fruit tree, especially in Java and the Philippines. The fruits are used in syrups, jams, and jellies; made into wine, liqueur, or brandy; and used in sauces eaten with fish. The leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and the leaves and roots are used as medicine for traumatic injury.
The species is absent in Peninsular Malaysia and nearly absent from Borneo.
Shrubs 1-3 m tall, erect, monoecious, glabrous throughout; branchlets angular when young, terete with age, slender, green. Stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 mm; petiole 2-4 mm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 3-10 × 1.5-3.5 cm, submembranous or thinly papery, base cuneate, rounded, or truncate, apex acuminate; venation pinnate, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, elevated abaxially, flattened adaxially, reticulate veins obscure. Inflorescence axillary, 1- or 2-flowered, or several male and female per cluster. Male flowers: pedicels slender, 5-7.5 mm; calyx shallowly disk-shaped, 5-12 mm in diam., shallowly 6-fid; sepals obovate; disk segments 6, opposite to sepals, incurved distally, covering anthers; stamens 3; fila-ments connate; anthers extrorse. Female flowers usually solitary, axillary; pedicel 6-8 mm; calyx red, 6-lobed; sepals obovate or obovate-triangular, 5-6 × 3-5.5 mm, base attenuate into a short claw; disk absent; ovary depressed globose, ca. 0.7 × 1.5 mm, 3-locular; styles 3, bifid. Fruiting pedicel 0.5-1 cm; persistent calyx red; capsule white, depressed globose or globose, ca. 1.2 × 1.7 cm, thinly crustaceous. Seeds black, triquetrous, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Jul-Dec.
Sauropus androgynus is widely cultivated. The leaves are used as a medicine for coughs and to soothe the lungs, as a tonic, and as a febrifugal to relieve internal fever; they are also used as a vegetable ("Sweet Leaf Bush").
" 169347 morphology 695223 Phyllanthaceae "Phyllanthus maderaspatensis. A weed in cultivated ground." 169353 ecology 696408 Phyllanthaceae "Phyllanthus niruroides. A weed of cultivated land and waste ground." 67722 general 693597 Phytolaccaceae "Phytolacca acinosa. ""Of China and Japan, is reported to be established as a weed in Wis. It resembles P. americana in aspect, but has 8 stamens and 8 distinct carpels. The carpels ripen into distinct frs, each with a thin dry pericarp and a large black seed, the set of frs collectively no larger than a berry of P. americana; 2n=36. (P. esculenta)""" 129537 general 693492 Phytolaccaceae "Rivina humilis.Plants 30-100 cm tall. Branches spreading, pubescent when young. Leaves rather remote; petiole 1-3.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-12 × 1.5-4 cm, abaxially pubescent along midvein, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin slightly serrulate, apex long acuminate. Racemes 4-10 cm (including peduncle), pubescent. Pedicel slen-der, with a bract and a pair of bracteoles. Tepals white or pink, elliptic or obovate-oblong, 2-2.5 mm, in fruit 3-3.5 mm, green, reflexed. Stamens shorter than and alternate with tepals. Berry globose or pyriform, 3-4 mm. Seeds ca. 2 mm. 2n = 126.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental.
" 174661 ecology 693502 Phytolaccaceae "Hilleria latifolia. Naturalized in cultivated ground and along forest paths near villages in the forest regions." 67721 general 689170 Pinaceae "Pinus banksiana. ""Usually a small tree, or sometimes to 20 m, with spreading branches; winter buds less than 1 cm, pale cinnamon-brown, very resinous; lvs in 2’s, persisting 2–3 years, usually curved, 2–3.5 cm × 1–1.5 mm; cones erect or nearly so, long-persistent, typically remaining closed for several or many years or until fire, usually curved and asymmetrical, conic, yellowish-brown, 3–5 cm, the apophysis thickened, the umbo not elevated, spineless or with a minute, reflexed spine; seeds ca 1.5 cm. Dry or sterile, sandy or rocky soil; Que. to Me., Vt. and n. N.Y., w. to nw. Ind., Minn., and the Mackenzie Valley.""" 67724 general 689719 Pinaceae "Pinus resinosa. ""Tree to 40 m; bark becoming light red-brown, with scaly plates; winter buds ca 1.5 cm, the scales red-brown with white-fringed margins, not very resinous; lvs in 2’s, persisting 4–5 years, dark green, 9–16 cm, snapping cleanly when bent; cones spreading, conic- ovoid, 4–8 cm, the apophysis thickened, the umbo smooth and spineless; seeds 1.5–2 cm. Dry, sandy or rocky soil; Nf. and N.S. to se. Man., s. to Conn., Pa., n. Ill., and Minn., and in the mts. to W.Va.""" 67725 general 689409 Pinaceae "Pinus rigida. ""Tree to 20 m, with spreading, irregular branches; bark dark and very rough; twigs brown; terminal buds ca 1.5 cm, their scales chestnut-brown, fringed, resinous; lvs mostly in 3’s, persisting 2–3 years, stiff, dark green, 7–12 cm × ca 2 mm; cones divergent, conic-ovoid, 4–7 cm, long-persistent but generally opening at maturity; apophysis thickened and somewhat elevated, the umbo elevated and with a slender spine 1–3 mm; seeds ca 1.5 cm. Dry, rocky or sandy soil; s. Me. to s. Que. and s. Ont., s. to n. Ga., and with outlying stations in c. and w. Ky.; dominant on the pine-barrens of N.J., but seldom on the coastal plain farther south.""" 67726 general 689949 Pinaceae "Pinus pungens. ""Small, often crooked tree to 10(20) m, with widely spreading branches; lvs in 2’s or rarely some of them in 3’s, dark bluish-green, stiff, sharp, usually twisted, mostly 4–9 cm × 1.5–2 mm; cones spreading or deflexed, conic-ovoid, mostly 6–9 cm long- persistent, often remaining closed for several years or until fire; apophysis thick, strongly elevated at the center, the umbo pyramidally projecting, with a very stout, spreading or upwardly curved spine 3–8 mm; seeds ca 2 cm; male cones reddish-purple. Dry or rocky soil, chiefly in the mts.; Pa. and adj. N.J. to n. Ga. Readily recognizable by its strongly armed cones.""" 67727 general 689394 Pinaceae "Pinus palustris. ""Tall tree, to 30 m; bark becoming orange-brown, with rough, scaly plates; twigs very stout; winter buds large, to 2.5 cm, covered with silvery-white, fringed scales; lvs in 3’s, closely crowded at the ends of the branches, persistent 2 years, light green, soft, often drooping, 20–30(–50) cm; cones divergent, often pendent, conic-oblong, 15–25 x 5–6 cm, opening at maturity and soon falling; apophysis thick and prominently ridged, the umbo elevated, with a small, reflexed spine; seeds ca 4 cm. Moist or dry, sandy soil, largely on the coastal plain, less commonly on the piedmont; se. Va. to Fla. and Tex. (P. australis F. Michx., an illegitimate substitute name)""" 67730 general 689464 Pinaceae "Pinus virginiana. ""Small tree, to 10 m, or seldom to 30 m, with long, horizontal branches; bark becoming dark red-brown; twigs purplish-brown to purplish-gray; winter buds less than 1 cm, very resinous, pale cinnamon-brown; lvs in 2’s, persistent 3–4 years, dark green, soft and flexible, 4–8 cm × ca 1 mm; cones dark red-brown, oblong-conic, 4–7 cm, opening at maturity but persisting for several years; apophysis elevated, the umbo strongly raised, with a straight, slender spine 1–3 mm; seeds 1.5–2 cm. Dry, sandy or sterile soil; s. N.Y. to s. Ind., s. to Ga., Ala., and ne. Miss.""" 67733 general 689388 Pinaceae "Pinus echinata. ""Tree to 35 m; bark at first scaly and nearly black, later becoming red-brown and scaly-plated; twigs pale and glaucous; winter buds less than 1 cm, red-brown to gray- brown, not strongly resinous; lvs in 2’s or 3’s, persistent 2–4 years, soft, dark green, 7–12 cm × ca 1 mm; cones divergent, ovoid to ovoid-conic, 4–6 cm, opening at maturity but persisting several years; apophysis somewhat elevated, the umbo low-pyramidal, with a stout or slender, recurved or spreading spine 1–2 mm; seeds ca 2 cm. Dry, sandy or rocky soil; s. N.Y. to n. Fla., w. to s. O., s. Mo., e. Okla., and e. Tex.""" 112369 general 688896 Pinaceae "Abies fabri.Trees to 40 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h.; bark gray or dark gray, flaking; branchlets initially light brown or grayish yellow, turning brownish gray in 2nd or 3rd year, puberulent or glabrous; winter buds globose or ovoid, resinous. Leaves ascending on upper side of branchlets, pectinately arranged in 2 lateral sets on lower side, bright green adaxially, linear, 1.5-3 cm × 2-2.5 mm, stomatal lines in 2 white bands abaxially, resin canals 2, marginal, margin revolute, apex emarginate or obtuse. Seed cones shortly stalked, slightly glaucous, ovoid-cylindric or shortly cylindric, 6-11 × 3-4.5 cm. Seed scales at middle of cones flabellate-trapeziform, 1.4-2 × 1.6-2.4 cm, margin auriculate laterally. Bracts cuneate-obovate, apex broadly rounded, shortly cuspidate, cusp slightly exserted, reflexed, acute. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, 1.3-1.6 cm including black-brown, cuneate wing. Pollination May, seed maturity Oct.
The timber is used for construction, furniture, and wood pulp. The bark is used for producing resin, and the leaves for dry oil.
" 108506 general 33347 Pinaceae "Pinaceae.Trees or rarely shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, monoecious. Branchlets often dimorphic: long branchlets with clearly spirally arranged, sometimes scalelike leaves; short branchlets often reduced to slow growing lateral spurs bearing dense clusters of leaves at apex. Leaves solitary or in bundles of (1 or)2-5(-8) when basally subtended by a leaf sheath; leaf blade linear or needlelike, not decurrent. Cones unisexual. Pollen cones solitary or clustered, with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls; microsporophyll with 2 microsporangia; pollen usually 2-saccate (nonsaccate in Cedrus, Larix, Pseudotsuga, and most species of Tsuga). Seed cones erect or pendulous, maturing in 1st, 2nd, or occasionally 3rd year, dehiscent or occasionally indehiscent, with many spirally arranged ovulate scales and bracts; ovulate scales usually smaller than bracts at pollination, with 2 upright ovules adaxially, free or only basally adnate with bracts, maturing into seed scales. Seed scales appressed, woody or leathery, variable in shape and size, with 2 seeds adaxially, persistent or deciduous after cone maturity. Bracts free or adnate basally with seed scales, well developed or rudimentary, exserted or included. Seeds terminally winged (except in some species of Pinus). Cotyledons 2-18. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = 24* (almost always).
Ten or eleven genera and ca. 235 species: N hemisphere; ten genera (two endemic) and 108 species (43 endemic, 24 introduced) in China.
Species of the Pinaceae are among the most valuable and commercially important plants in the world. Most species are trees, and are often excellent sources of lumber, wood products, and resins; many are cultivated for afforestation and as ornamentals.
Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, Law Yu-wu, Fu Shu-hsia, Wang Wen-tsai, Chu Cheng-de, Chao Chi-son & Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Pinaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 32-281.
Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h.; bark dark gray, flaking; branchlets red- or dark brown, densely rusty brown pubescent; winter buds resinous. Leaves densely arranged, ascending on upper side of branchlets, pectinately arranged on lower side, bright green adaxially, obovate-linear, straight or curved, 1.5-2.5 cm × 2-2.5 mm, resin canals 2, marginal, margin slightly revolute, apex emarginate, rarely acute or obtuse. Seed cones sessile, black at maturity, ovoid-cylindric, 7-11 × 4-5.5 cm. Seed scales flabellate-trapeziform, 1.9-2.1 × 1.8-2.3 cm, margin auriculate laterally near base, broadly rounded, thickened, and incurved distally. Bracts obviously exserted, oblanceolate, 2.3-3 cm × 4-5 mm, apex acuminate or rounded and slightly emarginate, with a lanceolate or abrupt and short cusp. Seeds obliquely ellipsoid, 1-1.2 cm; wing brown, ca. 7 mm. Pollination apr, seed maturity Oct.
A vulnerable species. The timber is used for construction, furniture, and wood pulp. The species is also cultivated for afforestation.
" 112391 general 688872 Pinaceae "Keteleeria fortunei.Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h.; bark dark gray, rough, longitudinally fissured; crown pyramidal; branchlets initially orange-red or reddish, turning yellowish gray or yellowish brown in 2nd or 3rd year, ± pubescent. Leaves pectinately arranged in lateral sets, linear, 1.2-3(-4) cm × 2-4 mm, stomatal lines (0-)2-4(-10) adaxially and 12-17 in each band abaxially, apex obtuse, rarely acute or slightly notched. Seed cones cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 6-18(-20) × (3.5-)5-6.5 cm. Seed scales compressed orbicular, rhombic-orbicular, or rarely oblong, thick or thin, (1.8-)2.5-3.2 × (1.8-)2.7-3.5 cm,exposed part glabrous abaxially, margin entire, apex convex, rounded, or rounded-truncate. Seeds oblong, 1-1.3 cm × 5-6 mm; wing yellowish brown, ± cuneate, apex oblique. Pollination Mar-Apr, seed maturity Oct.
A vulnerable species in China. The timber is used for construction and furniture. The species is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 112398 general 688997 Pinaceae "Larix olgensis.Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h.; bark gray to gray-brown, longitudinally fissured, flaking, scaly; crown pyramidal; long branchlets reddish or light brown, initially slightly shining, aging gray or dark gray, 1-1.2 mm in diam., pubescent or glabrous; short branchlets 2-3 mm in diam., densely brownish hairy at apex; winter buds purplish brown, ovoid or conical-ovoid. Leaves 1.5-2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm, keeled abaxially. Seed cones reddish purple or violet, maturing light brown and sometimes tinged with purple, ovoid-oblong. Seed scales 14-16, ovate-quadrangular or quadrangular-orbicular, usually slightly recurved distally when dry, 0.9-1.2 × ca. 1 cm, ± tuberculate, sometimes pubescent, rarely nearly glabrous abaxially, base slightly wider, apex truncate or emarginate, obtuse. Bracts included, dark purple-brown, oblong-ovate, 4-7 mm. Seeds light yellow or white, irregularly purple spotted, subobovoid, ca. 9 mm including wing. Pollination May, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
The timber is used for construction, poles, vehicles, pit props, railway sleepers, and wood fiber. The trunk is used for producing resin and the bark for tannins. The species is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 112400 general 689050 Pinaceae "Larix sibirica.Trees to 40 m tall; trunk to 80 cm d.b.h.; bark dark gray to dark brown, rough, longitudinally fissured; crown conical, branchlets not pendulous, yellow or yellowish gray, glossy, densely hairy when young, glabrescent; short branchlets densely grayish hairy at apex; winter buds subglobose. Leaves 2-4 cm, keeled abaxially, apex acute or obtuse. Seed cones purplish or reddish brown, rarely green, maturing pale brown or purplish brown, ovoid or narrowly so, 2.5-4.5 × 2-3.5 cm. Seed scales 25-40, ovate or narrowly rhombic-ovate, 1.5-2 × 1-1.8 cm, usually densely rusty brown pubescent abaxially, rarely subglabrous, apex obtuse. Bracts included, violet, oblong-lanceolate, 1/4-1/2 as long as seed scales, midvein elongated into a caudate cusp. Seeds light gray, obliquely obovoid, 1-1.5 cm including wing. Pollination May, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
The timber is used for construction, bridge building, vehicles, poles, and making furniture, and the bark yields tannins. The species is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 112404 general 690076 Pinaceae "Picea brachytyla.Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h.; bark gray or grayish brown, longitudinally fissured into thick, square plates or irregularly flaking; crown conical-pyramidal; branchlets pendulous, initially pale yellow or brownish yellow, turning brownish yellow or brown in 2nd or 3rd year, finally gray; winter buds often ovoid or ovoid-conical, rarely conical at apex, scales appressed at base of branchlets. Leaves directed forward and closely appressed on upper side of branchlets, spreading and almost pectinately arranged on lower side, linear, not parallel sided, slightly curved or straight, flattened, 1-2.2(-2.5) cm × 1-1.5 mm, slightly keeled on both sides, stomatal lines 5-7 in each of 2 white or pale bands adaxially, apex acute or mucronate. Seed cones green, red- or purple-brown, maturing dull brown or brown tinged purplish, ovoid- or cylindric-oblong, 6-10(-12) × 3-4 cm. Seed scales at middle of cones obovate-oblong or rhombic, 1.4-2.2 × 1.1-1.3 cm, base cuneate, distal margin usually recurved, sometimes elongate. Seeds ca. 1.2 cm including wing. Pollination Apr-May, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
A vulnerable species in China. The timber is used for construction, aircraft, machines, and wood pulp. The species is also cultivated for afforestation.
" 112410 general 690222 Pinaceae "Picea koraiensis.Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 80 cm d.b.h.; bark gray- or red-brown, rarely gray, flaking; crown pyramidal; branchlets initially yellow, yellowish brown, or reddish brown, turning yellowish, reddish, or gray-brown in 2nd or 3rd year, slender, glabrous or pubescent; winter buds reddish brown, conical-ovoid, slightly resinous, scales ± recurved at apex. Leaves directed forward on upper side of branchlets, spreading on lower side, quadrangular-linear, straight or curved, broadly quadrangular in cross section, green, 1.2-2.2 cm × 1.5-1.8 mm, stomatal lines 2-4 along each surface, apex acute. Seed cones green, maturing yellowish brown or brown, ovoid-cylindric, 5-8 × 2.5-3.5 cm. Seed scales at middle of cones obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.5-1.9 × 1.2-1.5 cm, exposed part of abaxial surface glossy, distal margin entire, rounded or obtuse. Seeds dark gray, obovoid, ca. 4 mm; wing pale brown, narrowly obovate-oblong, 0.9-1.2 cm. Pollination May-Jun, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
Only var. koraiensis, described here, occurs in China; var. pungsanensis (Uyeki ex Nakai) Farjon (P. pungsanensis Uyeki ex Nakai) is endemic to N Korea and differs in having the distal margin of the seed scales erose-denticulate and obtuse or truncate.
The timber is used for construction, furniture, carving, poles, ships, and wood pulp. Resin is extracted from the trunk, and tannin from the bark and cones. The species is also cultivatedfor afforestation and as an ornamental.
Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 60 cm d.b.h.; bark gray-brown, irregularly flaking; crown conical; branchlets yellow-brown, pubescent or glabrous; winter buds brown, conical or ovoid-conical, slightly resinous, scales recurved. Leaves spreading radially, ascending on upper side of branchlets, spreading and curved upward on lower side, quadrangular-linear, slightly curved, 1.3-3 cm × ca. 2 mm, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, apex obtuse or subacute. Seed cones green, maturing brown-yellow, oblong-cylindric, 6-9 × 2.5-3.5 cm. Seed scales obovate, ca. 1.6 × 1.2 cm, striate on exposed part abaxially, base broadly cuneate or nearly orbicular, apex rounded or triangular-obtuse. Seeds obovoid, ca. 3.5 mm; wing pale brown, oblanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Pollination Apr, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
The timber is used for construction, poles, bridge building, furniture, and wood pulp. The species is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 112420 general 689659 Pinaceae "Picea schrenkiana.Trees to 60 m tall; trunk to 2 m d.b.h.; bark dull brown, thickly flaking; crown cylindric or narrowly pyramidal; branchlets pendulous, yellowish gray or yellow in 1st and 2nd years, finally dark gray, glabrous or pubescent; winter buds brownish yellow, conical-ovoid, slightly resinous, scales slightly opening at base of branchlets. Leaves spreading radially, directed forward, quadrangular-linear, straight or somewhat curved, broadly rhombic in cross section, 2-3.5 cm × ca. 1.5 mm, stomatal lines 5-8 along each surface adaxially, 4-6 along each surface abaxially, apex acute. Seed cones purple or green, maturing purplish or dull brown, ellipsoid-cylindric or cylindric, 6-11.3 × 2.5-3.5 cm. Seed scales triangular-obovate, 1.2-2 × (1-)1.3-1.8 cm, apex rounded. Seeds obliquely ovoid, 3-4 mm; wing obovate, 1.2-1.3 cm. Pollination May-Jun, seed maturity Sep-Oct.
The timber is used for construction, aircraft, machines, poles, and wood pulp, and tannin is extracted from the bark. The species is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 112421 general 689300 Pinaceae "Picea smithiana.Trees to 60 m tall; trunk to 2 m d.b.h.; bark pale brown, breaking into irregular plates; crown conical; branchlets pendulous, pale brown or pale gray when young, glabrous; winter buds reddish brown, conical or ovoid, scales slightly open, rarely appressed at base of branchlets. Leaves spreading radially, directed obliquely forward, quadrangular-linear, slender, curved, quadrangular or subquadrangular in cross section, 3.3-5.5 cm × 1.3-1.8 mm, stomatal lines 2-5 along each surface, apex acute or acuminate. Seed cones green, maturing brown, lustrous, cylindric or fusiform-cylindric, 10-18 × 4.5-5 cm. Seed scales broadly obovate, thick, ca. 3 × 2.4 cm, rigid, base cuneate, apex entire, broadly triangular-obtuse. Seeds dark brown, ca. 5 mm; wing ovoid-oblong, 1-1.5 cm, apex pointed.
A rare species in China. The timber is used for construction, furniture, and wood pulp. The species is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 112422 general 689705 Pinaceae "Picea spinulosa.Trees to 60 m tall; bark rough, flaking, scaly; branchlets pendulous, initially brownish yellow, turning gray in 2nd year, slender, glabrous; winter buds brown, ovoid or conical-ovoid. Leaves directed forward on upper side of branchlets, spreading on lower side, linear, flattened or subflattened, broadly rhombic in cross section, 1.5-3.5 cm × 1.1-1.8 mm, slightly keeled on both surfaces, stomatal lines 5-7 in each of 2 white bands adaxially, occasionally 1-3 incomplete stomatal lines abaxially, apex acute or acuminate. Seed cones green, purple at margin of seed scales, maturing brown or dark brown, oblong-cylindric or cylindric, 9-11 × 3-4.5 cm. Seed scales closely arranged, obovate or obtrullate, thick, ca. 2 × 1.8 cm, exposed part smooth and glossy, not striate. Seeds dark brown, ca. 5 mm; wing pale brown, lustrous, obovate-oblong, 1.1-1.5 cm × ca. 5 mm.
The timber is used for construction, and the species is cultivated for afforestation.
" 112423 general 690268 Pinaceae "Picea wilsonii.Trees to 50 m tall; trunk to 1.3 m d.b.h.; bark gray, irregularly flaking; crown pyramidal; branchlets yellowish green or yellowish gray, turning pale gray or brownish gray, glabrous, rarely initially puberulent; winter buds yellowish brown or brown, ovoid, not resinous, scales appressed at base of branchlets. Leaves directed forward on upper side of branchlets, spreading on lower side, quadrangular-linear, straight or slightly curved, broadly quadrangular in cross section, 0.8-1.3 cm × 1.2-1.7 mm, stomatal lines 4 or 5 along each surface, apex acuminate. Seed cones green, maturing yellow-brown or pale brown, ovoid-oblong, 5-8 × 2.5-4 cm. Seed scales at middle of cones obovate, 1.4-1.7 × 1-1.4 cm, exposed part not obviously striate, nearly smooth, base cuneate, apex rounded, acute, or truncate. Seeds obovoid, 3-4 mm; wing pale brown, oblanceolate, 8-11 mm. Pollination Apr, seed maturity Oct.
The timber is used for construction, poles, furniture, and wood pulp. The species is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 112437 general 689480 Pinaceae "Pinus massoniana.Trees to 45 m tall; trunk to 1.5 m d.b.h.; bark red-brown toward apex of trunk, gray- or red-brown toward base, irregularly scaly and flaking; crown broadly pyramidal or umbrellalike; branchlets usually growing twice per year, yellowish brown, occasionally glaucous; winter buds brown, ovoid-cylindric or cylindric. Needles 2(or 3) per bundle, slightly twisted, 12-20 cm, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, resin canals 4-8, marginal, base with persistent sheath. Seed cones pendulous, shortly pedunculate, green, turning chestnut brown at maturity, ovoid, conical-ovoid, or ovoid-cylindric, 2.5-7 × 2.5-5 cm. Seed scales suboblong-obovoid or subsquare; apophyses rhombic, slightly swollen or flat, slightly transversely ridged; umbo flattened, slightly sunken, blunt or shortly mucronate in apical part of cone. Seeds narrowly ovoid, 4-6 mm; wing 1.6-2.1 cm. Pollination Apr-May, seed maturity Oct-Dec of 2nd year.
An important tree for afforestation in S China. The timber is used for construction, railway sleepers, mine timber, furniture, wood pulp, etc., and the trunk as a source of resin and tannin,and for cultivating fungi.
" 112458 general 689278 Pinaceae "Pinus yunnanensis.Trees or rarely shrubs; bark brown-gray, longitudinally fissured, scaly; branchlets reddish brown, thick, glabrous; winter buds red-brown, ovoid, large, not resinous. Needles (2 or)3 per bundle, flabellate-triangular or semiorbicular in cross section, 7-30 cm × 1-1.2 mm, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, resin canals 4 or 5, median and marginal, base with persistent sheath. Seed cones shortly pedunculate, green, maturing to brown or chestnut brown, conical-ovoid, 5-11 cm, dehiscent or indehiscent at maturity. Seed scales oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 3 × 1.5 cm; apophyses usually swollen, cross keeled, rarely recurved; umbo slightly sunken or slightly protruded, ending in a minute prickle. Seeds brown, slightly appressed, nearly ovoid or obovoid, 4-5 mm; wing 1.2-1.4 cm. Pollination Apr-May, seed maturity Oct.
The timber is used for construction, railway sleepers, boards, furniture, and wood pulp. The trunk can be used as a source of resin, the roots for cultivating fungi, and the bark forproducing tannin.
" 128227 general 688870 Pinaceae "Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea.First-year branchlets yellow. Winter buds globose. Leaf scars obscurely protruding on branchlets. Apex of seed scales obtuse-rounded.
A vulnerable plant. The timber is used for construction and furniture. The plant is also cultivated for afforestation and as an ornamental.
" 128252 general 688969 Pinaceae "Larix gmelinii.Trees to 35 m tall; trunk to 90 cm d.b.h.; bark gray to dark gray, longitudinally fissured, scaly; crown ovoid-conical; branchlets initially yellowish brown, aging gray-brown or gray, slender, ca. 1 mm in diam., glabrous or pubescent; short branchlets 2-4 mm in diam., yellowish hairy at apex; winter buds subglobose, scales dark brown. Leaves 1.5-3 cm × 0.7-1 mm, keeled abaxially. Seed cones purplish red, maturing yellow-brown or purplish brown, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 1.2-4 × 1-3 cm. Seed scales 14-45, pentagonal-ovate, 1-1.5 × 0.8-1.2 cm at middle of cone, glabrous and glossy abaxially, margin truncate or emarginate toward apex. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1/3-1/2 as long as seed scales, apex cuspidate. Seeds grayish with light brown spots, obliquely ovoid, ca. 10 mm including wing. Pollination May-Jun, seed maturity Sep.
The timber is used for construction, poles, vehicles, bridge building, and wood fiber. The trunk is used for producing resin, and the bark for tannins. The species is also cultivated forafforestation and as an ornamental.
" 108507 general 33349 Piperaceae "Piperaceae.Herbs, shrubs, or climbers, rarely trees, usually aromatic. Vascular bundles ± scattered in transverse section in a monocotyledonlike manner. Tip of stem sometimes enclosed within a stipulelike sheath, the prophyll, sometimes adnate to petiole, absent in Peperomia. Leaves alternate, often opposite or whorled in Peperomia, simple, base often asymmetric, palmately or pinnately veined. Inflorescence a pedunculate spike, rarely grouped into an umbel, rarely a raceme (in Zippelia), leaf-opposed or axillary, rarely terminal. Flowers small, bisexual, hermaphroditic, polygamous or dioecious, nearly always sessile; bracts small, usually peltate or cupular, usually without perianth. Stamens 1-10; filaments usually free; anthers 2-locular, distinct or connate, longitudinally dehiscent. Gynoecium 2-5-carpellate, connate; ovary superior, 1-locular, ovule 1, orthotropous; stigmas 1-5, sessile or with very short styles. Fruit a small drupe or nutlet; pericarp fleshy, thin or dry, sometimes with sticky papillae (in Peperomia) or glochidiate spines (in Zippelia). Seeds with copious starchy perisperm and a minute embryo embedded in small endosperm.
About eight or nine genera and 2000-3000 species: tropical and subtropical regions, mostly in North and South America, rather fewer in Asia, a few in Africa; three genera and 68 species (36 endemic, four introduced) in China.
Chinese species of economic value include Peperomia blanda, P. tetraphylla (medicines), Piper hainanense, P. hancei, P. hongkongense, P. nigrum (spice, medicine), P. sarmentosum, P. wallichii, P. wangii, and P. yunnanense.
Tseng Yung-chien, Chen Pei-shan & Zhu Pei-zhi. 1982. Piperaceae. In: Tseng Yung-chien, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 20(1): 11-78.
Herbs erect. Stems thickened at nodes; outer vascular bundles in a ring, inner bundles scattered in 1 or 2 series. Prophylls present, caducous, forming a prominent, ringlike stipular scar at each node; main lateral veins all basal. Flowers bisexual, shortly pedicellate. Inflorescences lax, leaf-opposed racemes. Bracts ladlelike, ovate, adnate to rachis. Stamens 6; filaments free, thick, short; anthers erect, oblong, thecae introrse, parallel longitudinally dehiscent. Gynoecium 4-carpellate; ovary tuberculate; ovules 2, basal, only 1 developed; style fleshy. Fruit dry, densely glochidiate, indehiscent.
One species: tropical Asia.
" 178764 morphology 33349 Piperaceae "Piperaceae. ""Fruit baccate, small, with a succulent, thin or dry pericarp""" 112552 general 682816 Piperaceae "Piper betle.Climbers dioecious. Stems rooted at nodes, 2.5-5 mm thick, slightly woody. Petiole 2-5 cm, very finely powdery pubescent; prophylls ca. 1/3 as long as petioles; leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong, those at apex of stem sometimes elliptic, 7-15 × 5-11 cm, papery to ± leathery, abaxially densely glandular with very finely powdery pubescent veins, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, sometimes rounded in leaf blades toward apex of stem, symmetric or nearly so, apex acuminate; veins 7, apical pair arising 0.7-2 cm above base, usually opposite, others basal; reticulate veins conspicuous. Spikes leaf-opposed. Male spikes nearly as long as leaf blades at anthesis; peduncle nearly as long as petioles; rachis pubescent; bracts orbicular or suborbicular, rarely obovate, 1-1.3 mm wide, peltate, ± sessile. Stamens 2; filaments thick, ca. as long as anthers or longer; anthers reniform. Female spikes 3-5 × ca. 1 cm, longer in fruit; rachis fleshy, densely pubescent. Ovary partly immersed in and connate to rachis, apex tomentose; stigmas usually 4 or 5, lanceolate, tomentose. Drupes fused to form terete, fleshy, reddish, compound fruit, apices tomentose, prominent. Fl. May-Jul.
Widely cultivated, of uncertain origin, and used for medicinal, spice, and aromatic purposes.
" 112579 general 686686 Piperaceae "Piper retrofractum.Climbers glabrous except for rachis and stigmas, dioecious. Stems brownish when dry, ca. 2 mm thick, terete, striated. Petiole 5-11 mm, sheathed at base only; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, ovate-oblong, or elliptic, 8.5-16 × 3.2-7.5 cm, papery, glaucous when dry, densely glandular, base with both sides rounded or 1 side slightly tapered and short, tapered and short side sometimes concave to semicordate, ± symmetric to oblique, bilateral difference 0-5 mm, apex shortly acuminate to acute; veins 9-11, rarely more, pinnate, usually 4 or 5 on each side of midvein. Spikes leaf-opposed. Male spikes 5-6.5 cm; peduncle slightly longer than petioles; bracts orbicular, 1-1.2 mm wide, peltate, sessile. Stamens 2 or 3; filaments nearly absent; anthers broadly ellipsoid. Female spikes 3-4 cm × ca. 7 mm; peduncle and bracts as in male spikes. Ovary immersed in rachis; stigmas 3, ovate-acute, recurved. Unripe drupe partly connate to rachis, apex rounded. Fl. May-Jul.
Widely cultivated and of uncertain origin. There is a single record of this species (or a closely related one), apparently growing wild in Yunnan. The collection, C. W. Wang 75415, differs from the usual cultivated plant by the longer infructescence.
Used medicinally.
Shrubs. Branches verticillate or dichotomous; bark brown or grayish, speckled with large lenticels. Leaves loosely crowded toward branchlet apex; petiole usually ca. 10 mm; leaf blade shining, broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 6–10 × 2.5–4 cm, firm and thickly leathery, glabrous, margin entire, slightly recurved, apex subacute. Flowers not seen. Infructescences terminal, shortly thyrsoid, subtended loosely at the base by 3 or 4 leaves with subglobose dormant buds in axils; peduncle short and thick, 5–6 mm; pedicels short and thick, 4–5 mm. Capsule reddish brown, ellipsoid, slightly compressed, 2-valved, glabrous; pericarp reflexed after dehiscing, broadly elliptic, ca. 12 × 10 mm, ca. 1 mm thick, woody, smooth adaxially, not striate either side of placenta; placenta bulging into a ridge in middle of valves and there bearing 2 brown, knoblike funicles. Seeds 3 or 4 per capsule, shining pinkish black, 5–6 mm, smooth, covered with a light brown, thin, dry arilloid coat.
Described from Vietnam, this species was first reported from China by Wu (Index Fl. Yunnan. 1: 326. 1984). Gowda also described var. poilanei Gowda (J. Arnold Arbor. 32: 320. 1951) from Vietnam; it was distinguished from var. merrillianum only by having the leaf blade larger and oblong or elliptic-oblong.
" 69872 general 672953 Plantaginaceae "Linaria dalmatica. ""Stout, glaucous perennial, branched above, 4–12 dm, colonial by creeping roots; lvs numerous, ovate or lance-ovate, sessile and clasping, palmately veined, 2–5 × 1–2+ cm; fls short-pedicellate or subsessile in elongate racemes, bright yellow, with well developed, orange-bearded palate, 2.5–4 cm, the spur about as long as the rest of the cor; fr broadly ovoid-cylindric, 6–8 mm; seeds irregularly wing-angled; 2n=12. Roadsides and other disturbed sites; e. Mediterranean sp., now well established in arid w. U.S., and occasional with us. July, Aug.""" 65743 general 677754 Plantaginaceae "Plantago virginica. ""Taprooted, hirsutulous annual or biennial; lvs oblanceolate to obovate, 5–10(–15) cm, obtuse, entire or inconspicuously toothed; scape to 2 dm; spikes 3–10(–20) cm × 6–8 mm; bracts lanceolate, mostly shorter than the cal, hirsutulous, a scarious margin scarcely developed; sep oblong-obovate, rounded above, the keel hirsutulous, the scarious margin broad and glabrous; cor-lobes 1–3 mm, erect and connivent even in fr; seeds 2, 1.3–2 mm, less than half as wide, convex on the back, strongly concave on the inner face, the hilum nearly as long as the seed; 2n=24. Occasional plants have chasmogamous fls with spreading cor-lobes. A spring ephemeral of dry or sandy soil, often weedy; Mass. and N.Y. to Wis., Io., and S.D., s. to Fla. and Tex., and intr. westward.""" 65745 general 677748 Plantaginaceae "Plantago pusilla. ""Annual with a short, quickly deliquescent taproot; lvs narrowly linear, 3–8 cm; scapes several or many, 3–10 cm; spikes 2–6 cm, seldom longer, loosely fld; bracts ovate, seldom equaling the cal, the central herbaceous part about as wide as the scarious margins, distinctly saccate at base; anterior sep inequilateral, with narrow midvein and wide scarious margins; posterior sep similar but conduplicate and sharply keeled; cor-lobes 0.5 mm, in age ± erect and forming a beak above the fr; stamens 2; fr ovoid,convexly rounded at the tip, 1.5–2 mm, circumscissile shortly below the middle; seeds mostly 4, 0.8–1.3 mm; 2n=12. Dry sandy soil; Mass. and s. N.Y. to Ill. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex., most common westward.""" 65749 general 677668 Plantaginaceae "Plantago patagonica. ""Annual, much like no. 14 [Plantago aristata Michx.], but smaller, more strongly woolly-villous, and with the bracts seldom much over 5 mm and scarcely or not at all exserted from the spike; 2n=20. Dry prairies and plains; native in the cordilleran region and in s. S. Amer., intr. e. to Ill. and occasionally to the Atlantic states. Our plants are apparently identical with those from S. Amer., but the name var. gnaphalioides (Nutt.) A. Gray is available should a segregation prove possible. (P. purshii) Occasional plants with the lower bracts conspicuously short-exserted from the spike have been called P. patagonica var. spinulosa (Decne.) A. Gray, and may indicate introgression from P. aristata. (P. spinulosa)""" 66219 general 678384 Plantaginaceae "Penstemon tenuiflorus. ""Much like no. 4 [Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd.]; stems usually solitary, glabrous below, finely puberulent in the infl; lvs entire to obscurely denticulate; cal 2–4 mm at anthesis, less than half as long as the fr; cor white throughout, evidently flaring in age. Dry calcareous soil; Ky. to Ala.""" 66224 general 678002 Plantaginaceae "Penstemon pallidus. "".Stems 3–7 dm, hairy throughout with straight, subulate, ± reflexed hairs 0.1 mm, the same pubescence ± developed on both sides of the narrowly lanceolate or lance-oblong lvs; infl glandular, 1–2.5 dm; cal 2.5–5 mm at anthesis; cor 1.6–2.2 cm, white, marked with fine purple lines in the throat; seeds 0.5–0.7 mm; 2n=16. Dry woods and fields; Me. to Minn., s. to Va. and Ark. Apr.–June. (P. arkansanus)""" 66226 general 677983 Plantaginaceae "Penstemon albidus. ""Stems usually 2–5 together, 1.5–5 dm, retrorsely puberulent below, glandular-hairy in the infl; cauline lvs lance-oblong, 4–8 × 0.8–2 cm, entire or with a few low teeth, rounded at base, glabrous to puberulent or scabrous; infl strict, 0.6–2.5 dm; pedicels, cal and cor glandular-pubescent; cal 4–7 mm at anthesis; cor white or faintly violet-tinged, 1.5–2 cm, weakly bilabiate, the tube gradually dilated upward, finely glandular-puberulent within; seeds 2–3 mm; 2n=16. Dry prairies; w. Minn. and w. Io., w. to Alta., Wyo., and N.M. May, June.""" 67738 general 673831 Plantaginaceae "Penstemon grandiflorus. ""Biennial or short-lived perennial, glabrous and glaucous throughout, to 2 m; lvs entire, the lower obovate-oblong, 2–4 cm wide, the upper progressively shorter but scarcely narrower, becoming broadly ovate to rotund, subcordate and somewhat clasping; bracteal lvs similar but smaller; fls 2–4 per axil, short-pediceled in a racemiform infl 1.5–3 dm; cal at anthesis 7–11 mm; cor 3.5–5 cm, pale purple outside, glabrous inside and out, widely dilated; fr 1.5–2 cm; seeds 2.5–4 mm; 2n=16. Dry prairies and barrens; Wis. to N.D. and Wyo., s. to Ill., nw. Mo., and Tex. May, June. (P. bradburyi)""" 67871 general 672306 Plantaginaceae "Veronica officinalis. ""Spreading-hairy perennial, the stems with creeping base and assurgent tips and branches, 0.5–2.5 dm; lvs all opposite, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, narrowed to a ± petiolar base, 1.5–5 × 0.6–3 cm, 1.5–3 times as long as wide, rather finely serrate, the larger ones with mostly 12–20 teeth per side; racemes axillary, pedunculate, spiciform, the pedicels 1–2 mm, surpassed by the small, alternate bracts; cor light blue, sometimes with darker lines, 4–8 mm wide; fr 4 mm, broadly triangular-subcordate, shallowly retuse; style 2.5–4.5 mm; seeds 6–12 per locule, 1 mm; 2n=18, 32–36. Dry fields and upland woods; native of Europe, now well established throughout our range. Apr.–July.""" 69838 general 671641 Plantaginaceae "Veronicastrum virginicum. ""Erect, 8–20 dm, usually with a few erect branches; lvs in whorls of 3–6, on petioles 3–10 mm, lanceolate to narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous to villous beneath; spikes erect, 5–15 cm, with numerous, crowded, divergent fls; cor 7–9 mm; fr narrowly ovoid, 4–5 mm; 2n=34. Moist or dry upland woods and prairies; Vt. to Ont. and Man., s. to Ga. and La. June–Aug. (Veronica v.; Leptandra v.)""" 70465 general 678262 Plantaginaceae "Penstemon hirsutus. ""Stems erect, usually several, 4–8 dm, glandular- puberulent in the infl, glabrous or often villous below; cauline lvs lanceolate to oblong, 5–12 cm, toothed or subentire, rounded or truncate at base; cal at anthesis 4–7 mm, at maturity more than half as long as the fr; cor 2–3 cm, the tube very slender, not widened distally, pale violet outside, pale-hairy inside but lacking purple lines, the mouth ± closed by the arched base of the lower lip, the lobes white. Dry woods and fields; Que. and Me. to Mich. and Wis., s. to Va. and Ky. May–July.""" 142610 general 677485 Plantaginaceae "Callitriche hermaphroditica subsp. macrocarpa.Dry fruits (1.5-)1.6-2.4 × (1.6-)1.7-2.8(-3) mm; wing 0.2-0.7(-0.8) mm wide.
" 123106 general 679122 Plantaginaceae "Rehmannia glutinosa.Herbs, 10-30 cm tall, densely villous with glandular and eglandular hairs. Rhizomes to 5.5 cm, fleshy. Stems purple-red. Basal leaves usually rosulate. Stem leaves gradually or abruptly decreasing in size or reduced to bracts upward; leaf blade ovate to narrowly elliptic, 2-13 X 1-6 cm, base tapering, margin irregularly crenate or obtusely serrate to toothed. Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes. Pedicel 0.5-3 cm, slender, ascending. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 1-1.5 cm, 10-veined; lobes 5, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or subtriangular, 5-6 X 2-3 mm, rarely 2 lower lobes further lobed. Corolla 3-4.5 cm, white villous; tube narrow; lobes outside purple-red, inside yellow-purple, 5-7 X 4-10 mm, apex obtuse to emarginate. Stamens 4; anther locules oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, base divaricate. Ovary 2-loculed when young, 1-loculed with age. Capsule ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jul.
Rehmannia glutinosa is widely cultivated for its rhizomes which are used medicinally.
" 108511 general 33355 Platanaceae "Platanaceae.Trees deciduous (rarely semi-evergreen), monoecious. Branches and leaves with branched or stellate tomentum; bark pale brown, gray, and/or white, smooth, exfoliating in plates. Terminal buds absent; lateral buds ovoid, slightly acute at apex, enclosed by a separate scale at base of petiole. Leaves alternate; stipules basally surrounding stem, deciduous; petiole long, usually enclosing axillary bud at base; leaf blade simple, large, usually palmately lobed and subpalmately veined, margin coarsely dentate. Flowering branchlets leafy only at base, pendulous at least in fruit; inflorescences 1–5(–12), globose-capitate, male and female ones homomorphic, borne on separate branchlets. Male flowers: sepals 3–8, triangular, pubescent; petals as many as sepals, oblanceolate; stamens 3–8; filaments short; anther connective enlarging into a peltate scale. Female flowers: carpels 3–8, free; ovary long ovoid, 1-locular; ovules 1 or 2, anatropous; style elongate, persistent and exserted from inflorescence. Infructescence a capitate or globose coenocarpium composed of numerous achenes. Achenes narrow and long obconical, 1-seeded, base usually with a tuft of villous hairs, apex with persistent style; style and hairs often exserted from infructescence. Seeds linear; endosperm thin; cotyledons heteromorphic.
One genus and 8–11 species: Central and North America, SW Asia, SE Europe, one species in SE Asia (Laos and N Vietnam); widely cultivated elsewhere; three species (introduced) in China.
Hoot et al. (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 1–32. 1999) treated Platanaceae and Proteaceae as well-supported sister taxa forming a less well supported clade with Nelumbonaceae.
Chang Hung-ta. 1979. Platanaceae. In: Chang Hung-ta, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 35(2): 118–121.
Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those of the family.
All three species in China are cultivated, usually as street trees. However, it is possible that Platanus kerrii Gagnepain (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 86: 301. 1939), described from Laos and also recorded from several places in N Vietnam, may yet be found as a wild plant in China (in SW Guangxi or S Yunnan). In this species, the stipules are very small, the petiole base does not enclose the axillary bud, the leaf blade is long elliptic and pinnately veined, with an entire margin, and the fruiting branchlets each have 8–12 rather small infructescences.
Herbs, perennial. Caudex thickened, ± woody, stems usually many from 1 crown near ground. Leaves crowded on caudex or on branch apices of caudex, in a rosette. Inflorescences usually 1 or 2 from rosette, axillary, 1--3-times branched; spikes on apical part or at apex of rachis branches, composed of 2--13 or more spikelets arranged distichously; spikelet 2--5-flowered; bracts and first bractlet with a membranous margin wider than herbaceous parts, apex rigidly and thickly cuspidate; first bractlet shorter than bracts. Calyx funnelform; tube upright or basally oblique, indistinctly herbaceous along ribs, scarious between ribs; limb white, dry membranous, expanded, apically 5- or 10-lobed. Corolla basally fused, apically free and expanded. Stamens adnate to base of corolla. Ovary oblong to ovoid-oblong, apex acute. Styles 5, free, basal half papillate; stigmas depressed capitate. Capsules oblong to ovoid-oblong.
About 20 species: N Africa, Asia, Europe; four species in China.
" 179775 morphology 33360 Plumbaginaceae "Plumbaginaceae. ""Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, often in unilateral inflorescences or subumbellate; bracts often sheathing, dry and membranous""" 66934 general 335997 Poaceae "Bromus rubens. ""Annual 1–5(–8) dm, with fine retrorse pubescence; blades narrow, 1.5–4(–5) mm wide, sometimes involute; ligule 1–2.5(–3) mm; infl contracted, ovoid, short, to 10 cm, oftenpurplish, the short branches and pedicels stout, ascending; spikelets 18–25(–30) mm, 3–8(–10)-fld, scaberulous to finely hirsute; glumes subulate, the first (5–)6.5–10 mm, 1-veined, the second 9–13 mm, 3-veined; lemmas subulate, 12–17 mm, 0.5–1.2 mm wide in side-view, 3- or 5-veined, the slender apical teeth 4–5 mm; awns 12–20(–24) mm, straight or slightly arcuate-spreading; palea shorter than the lemma; anthers 0.4–1 mm; 2n=28. Native of the Mediterranean region, widely intr. as a weed in arid w. U.S., and casually adventive with us.""" 68416 general 356406 Poaceae "Eragrostis hypnoides. ""Annual; stems creeping, rooting at the nodes, forming mats, sending up short culms 5–15 cm; lf-blades 1–4 cm × 1–3 mm; infl ovoid to subcylindric, 2–8 cm; peduncle glabrous; pedicels 1–3 mm; spikelets linear, 10–35-fld; fls perfect; lemmas 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, shining, almost hyaline, falling individually from the intact rachilla, on which the paleas persist; anthers 0.3 mm. Mud-flats and sandy shores; throughout most of the U.S. except the arid or mountainous regions, s. to Arg.""" 109211 general 348947 Poaceae "Cleistogenes.Perennial. Culms usually tufted, many-noded. Leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, often inrolled when dry, lower blades usually disarticulating from the sheaths; ligule a line of hairs, sometimes on a very short membranous base. Inflorescence of often few-spiculate lax racemes spaced along a central axis, or a sparsely branched panicle, spikelets distant or loosely imbricate, shortly pedicellate; axillary cleistogamous spikelets also present concealed within the upper leaf sheaths. Spikelets laterally compressed, florets 1 to several, loosely spaced, rachilla slender, disarticulating above glumes and between florets, rachilla internodes pubescent at apex; glumes membranous, very unequal with the lower shorter, 1–5(–7)-veined; lemmas narrowly lanceolate to ovate, 3–5(–7)-veined, keeled, usually pubescent near margins, apex narrow, bidenticulate or rarely entire, acute, mucronate or shortly awned; palea keels glabrous or ciliolate. Floret callus shortly bearded. Anthers 3, linear.
About 13 species: S Europe and Turkey eastward through C Asia, Pakistan, and NW India to Japan, concentrated in NE China; ten species (five endemic) in China.
A large proportion of the species comprises plants of semi-arid regions, where they provide useful fodder. The genus is remarkable for the regular formation of cleistogamous spikelets in the axils of the upper leaf sheaths that ensure the production of seed even under unfavorable climatic conditions. These cleistogamous spikelets generally have fewer florets, smaller, hyaline glumes, and narrower lemmas with longer awns than the chasmogamous spikelets.
The glumes are very variable even in the terminal, exserted inflorescences. Those of the lower spikelets, near the inflorescence base, tend to be smaller and fewer nerved than those above. Spikelets near the top of the inflorescence should be inspected. Awn measurements should be taken on the lowest floret of a spikelet near the top.
Annuals, low growing. Culms ascending or prostrate, much branched. Leaf blades short, linear to lanceolate, flat or involute; ligule a line of hairs. Inflorescence a very dense panicle, spicate and cylindrical, or ovoid to capitate and then usually subtended by 1 or 2 inflated spathelike leaf sheaths with a reduced blade. Spikelets with 1 floret, strongly laterally compressed, disarticulating below the floret or rarely falling entire; glumes narrow, slightly shorter than lemmas, unequal to subequal, membranous, 1-veined, scabrid or ciliate along keel, acute or with a short awn-point; lemma lanceolate, membranous, 1-veined, awnless; palea similar to lemma, 1–2-veined, splitting at maturity. Lodicules absent. Stamens 2–3. Grain ellipsoid, pericarp free and sometimes swelling when wet.
Nine to twelve species:centered on the Mediterranean region and SW Asia, but extending to C Africa and from Europe to China; introduced elsewhere; two species in China.
Crypsis species occur mainly on periodically wet, often saline soils in semi-arid areas.
" 125314 general 348942 Poaceae "Cleistogenes squarrosa.Culms densely tufted, forming low tussocks, lacking basal scaly buds, 10–30 cm tall, 0.5–0.8 mm in diam. at base, lower internodes much shorter than their leaf sheaths, upper internodes elongate, serpentine when dry. Leaf sheaths glabrous, the lower imbricate in fascicles; leaf blades narrowly linear, erect, flat or involute, 3–6 × 0.1–0.2 cm, scabrid, apex filiform; ligule ca. 0.2 mm. Panicle depauperate, 4–7 cm, scarcely exceeding leaves, composed of few spikelets borne directly on the central axis or lowermost on patent 2–3-spiculate branchlets. Spikelets 5–10 mm, green or purplish green, florets 2–4; glumes narrowly lanceolate, subacute to acuminate-aristulate; lower glume 1–2.4 mm, 1-veined; upper glume 3–5 mm, 1(–3)-veined; lemmas lanceolate, lowest 5–6 mm, pilose near margins, minutely 2-toothed; awn 2.5–7 mm; palea keels scabrid, extended into 2 mucros to 0.7 mm. Anthers ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
This distinctive species of arid places is recognized by its low mounds of dense foliage, few-flowered panicles of awned spikelets, and the curling, elongate upper internodes of the dried culm.
This is an excellent forage grass.
Coarse perennial forming large leafy tussocks, also with widely spreading scaly rhizomes. Culms rigid, branched at base and covered with leathery yellowish sheaths, 80–100 cm tall, ca. 7 mm in diam. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades flat or inrolled, tough, 18–30 × 0.4–1 cm, adaxial surface and margins scabrid, abaxial surface rather smooth, apex long acuminate; ligule ca. 0.3 mm. Inflorescence 20–60 × 2–3 cm; racemes ascending or spreading, crowded or spaced, 0.5–3.5 cm; main axis and rachis hispidulous. Spikelets elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 2–10 mm, stramineous or purplish, florets 3–10; glumes ovate-lanceolate; lower glume 0.7–1.5 mm; upper glume 1.1–2 mm; lemmas ovate-lanceolate, 1.8–2.7 mm; palea keels scabrid. Fl. and fr. summer.
This is a tough grass of arid regions, useful as a soil binder.
" 137381 general 336654 Poaceae "Poa subfastigiata.Perennials, rhizome stout, 2–3 mm in diam.; shoots mainly extravaginal. Culms erect, (30–)50–115 cm tall, 2–4 mm in diam., smooth, nodes 2 or 3, none or 1 exserted, base enclosed by withered fibrous sheaths. Leaf sheaths loose, smooth, 6–20 cm, several × as long as blade, uppermost closed for 1/6–1/4 of length; blade grayish green, flat or folded, papery, 4–20(–50) cm, 2–8 mm wide, abaxially smooth, adaxially scabrid along the prominent veins, apex slender prow-tipped; ligule white or off-white, 1.5–4 mm, abaxially scabrid, apex truncate, ciliolate, collar margins ciliolate or glabrous. Panicle open, well exserted, (6.5–)10–35 × 10–32 cm; branches widely spreading, strict, 2–5 per node, stout, scabrid angled, longest (5–)10–20 cm, divaricately branching in distal 1/2, with spikelets in distal 1/4. Spikelets ovate to lanceolate, purple or tawny, (5–)6–10 mm, florets 3–5; glumes narrowly to broadly lanceolate, keel scabrid, lower glume 3–4 mm, 1- or 3-veined, upper glume 4–5 mm, 3-veined, margins smooth or proximally sparsely scabrid to ciliate; lemmas broadly lanceolate, 4–5.5(–6) mm, glabrous throughout or base minutely hairy, intermediate veins indistinct, margins sometimes sparsely scabrid or ciliate; callus glabrous; palea proximally scabrid to pilulose between keels, keels distally scabrid, medially ciliate, pilulose or villous. Anthers 1.6–2.6(–3) mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 28, 42, 91, 97.
This species has spikelets up to 1 cm long, effuse panicles up to 32 cm wide, glabrous lemmas, a glabrous callus, and a thick and well-developed rhizome. It is a forage species used for soil stabilization in arid regions.
" 65739 general 391690 Poaceae "Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia. ""Panicle slender, 6.5–14 times as long as wide, with crowded spikelets and ± ascending or erect branches; sheaths usually glabrous, seldom lightly pubescent, rarely densely so. Dry sandy soil and prairies from Wis. and Ill. to sw. Ont., se. B.C., Wyo., and Colo.""" 66362 general 394594 Poaceae "Muhlenbergia capillaris var. capillaris. ""Glumes a fourth to half as long as the spikelet, awnless or with an awn to 3 mm (first glume) or 5 mm (second glume); lemma with an awn 2–13(–18) mm, or seldom awnless; widespread, mostly in dry, sandy or rocky soil.""" 66780 general 368543 Poaceae "Stipa viridula. ""Perennial, forming large tufts, 5–11 dm tall; sheaths ± villous-ciliate at the margins and top; ligule rounded or truncate, 0.5–1.5 mm, or the upper to 3 mm; lvs 1–4(–6) mm wide, usually involute, ± scaberulous, the lower much elongate; panicle contracted, 1–3 dm, the ascending branches each bearing 2–several spikelets; glumes 8.5–12 mm, tapering to a very slender point; mature lemma fusiform, pale brown, 4.5–6.5 mm, appressed-hairy throughout, its awn 2–3.5 cm, weakly twice geniculate below the middle; some plants functionally pistillate; 2n=82. Dry plains and prairies; Wis., Minn., and Io., w. to the Rocky Mts.; also in w. N.Y. (Nassella v.)""" 66781 general 362041 Poaceae "Stipa spartea. ""Culms 6–12 dm, in small tufts; sheaths glabrous; ligules of the upper lvs 4–6 mm, the lower much shorter; blades 2–5 mm wide, glabrous beneath, scabrous and usually also hairy above, the lower elongate, tapering to a fine point; panicle narrow, ± nodding, 1–2 dm, usually wholly exserted, the few branches each with 1–few spikelets; glumes 28–45 mm, tapering to a very slender point; mature lemma (15–)17–23 mm, brown, pubescent at base, decreasingly so above; awn 12–20 cm, stout, stiff, twice geniculate near the middle, the central segment usually 1.5–3 cm; 2n=44, 46. Dry prairies and open woods; Mich. and Ind. to N.D., Wyo., Mo., and N.M.; also in scattered dry habitats in O., Ont., and Pa. (Hesperostipa s.)""" 66782 general 362037 Poaceae "Stipa comata. ""Tufted, 4–10 dm; sheaths glabrous or nearly so, the upper often inflated over the base of the panicle; ligule 2–5 mm; blades smooth or scaberulous, 1–3 mm wide, usually involute; panicle narrow, 2–3.5 dm, the ascending branches each with 1–few spikelets; glumes 15–35 mm, tapering to a long filiform point; mature lemma 9–14 mm, pale brown, villous at base, villosulous to glabrate above, its awn 9–16 cm, very slender, loosely flexuous or coiled, obscurely once geniculate; 2n=44, 46. Dry plains and prairies, often in sandy soil; widespread in the w. cordillera, extending e. across the Great Plains to Minn. and Io., and irregularly to Mich. and n. Ind. (Hesperostipa c.)""" 66783 general 384427 Poaceae "Sporobolus ozarkanus. ""Lower sheaths rather sparsely pustulate-pilose; glumes a little longer than the smooth, 3-nerved lemma; palea obtuse, shorter than the lemma; otherwise much like no. 11 [Sporobolus vaginiflorus (A. Gray) A. W. Wood]. Dry sandy or sterile soil; Mo. to Ky., w. and s. to Kans., Ark., and Tex. (S. vaginiflorus var. o.; S. neglectus var. o.)""" 66784 general 384425 Poaceae "Sporobolus neglectus. ""Much like no. 11 [Sporobolus vaginiflorus (A. Gray) A. W. Wood]; lower sheaths generally glabrous; panicle rarely exsert, usually surpassed by the uppermost blade; spikelets smaller, the glumes and lemmas less acuminate and proportionately wider; first glume 1.5–2.4 mm, the second 1.7–2.7 mm; lemma 1-nerved, 1.5–3 mm, glabrous, about equaling the wide, acute, split palea; grain falling free at maturity, and freeing the seed when moistened; 2n=36. Dry sterile or sandy soil; Me. and s. Que. to N.D., s. to N.J., Tenn., La., and Tex.; also Wash. and Ariz.""" 66794 general 370034 Poaceae "Poa pratensis. ""Rhizomatous, forming a dense sod, or in tufts on long rhizomes in open ground; culms 3–10 dm; sheaths usually glabrous; blades soft, 2–5 mm wide, seldom narrower and involute; ligule shorter than wide; infl ovoid, fairly dense, with spreading or ascending branches, the lower mostly in sets of 5 or 4; spikelets 3–5-fld, with very short rachilla-joints; first glume 1.8–2.9 mm, the second 2.3–3 mm; lemmas distinctly 5-veined, thinly to densely hairy on the veins below but glabrous between them, webbed at base, the lowest 2.5–3.5 mm; anthers 1–1.4 mm; 2n=21–147. Moist or dry soil, avoiding acid soils and heavy shade, throughout the U.S. and far n., often cult. in lawns and meadows; in most of our range intr. from Europe, but probably native along our n. boundary and in Can. (P. angustifolia; P. subcaerulea) Some nematode-infested plants in the ne. part of our range have notably larger, 7-veined lemmas and often a reduced and stiff infl.""" 66798 general 377954 Poaceae "Poa languida. ""Culms slender, usually weak, 3–10 dm, without rhizomes; sheaths glabrous or nearly so; blades soft, 2–5 mm wide; ligule (2–)2.5–4 mm; infl loose, ± nodding, 5–10 cm, the slender branches bearing a few spikelets beyond the middle, the lower branches usually paired, seldom solitary or in 3’s; spikelets ovate, 3–4 mm, 2–4-fld; glumes acute, the first lanceolate to ovate, 1.7–2.6 mm, the second broadly lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, 2.1–2.9 mm; lemmas firm, obscurely veined, oblong, 2.4–3.2 mm, glabrous except the webbed base, obtuse and somewhat cucullate at the tip; anthers 0.7–1 mm. Dry or rocky woods; Mass. to Minn., s. to Pa., Ky., and Io.""" 66799 general 370030 Poaceae "Poa interior. ""Tufted, stiffly erect, 3–8 dm, without rhizomes; lvs mostly crowded toward the base, erect, 1–2 mm wide; ligule truncate, 1 mm; infl 5–10 cm, narrow, its branches ascending; spikelets resembling those of no. 14 [Poa palustris L.]; first glume nearly as wide as but distinctly shorter than the first lemma; rachilla merely scaberulous at 30×; 2n=28, 42, 56. Dry woods; widespread in the cordilleran region and on the n. Great Plains, e. to Minn., Mich., Vt. and Que.""" 66803 general 370027 Poaceae "Poa compressa. ""Culms erect, 2–7 dm from long running rhizomes, not tufted, strongly flattened, 2-edged; lvs 2–4 mm wide, the cauline ones seldom over 1 dm; ligule short, mostly 1–2 mm; infl usually compact and narrow, bluish- or grayish-green, 2–8 cm, its branches usually paired, bearing spikelets to near the base; pedicels of the lateral spikelets 0.5 mm; spikelets 4–6 mm, 3–6-fld; first glume 1.7–2.4 mm, the second 1.8–2.8 mm; lemmas firm, 2–2.8 mm, with or without a small basal web, slightly pubescent on the keel and marginal veins below, the intermediate veins obscure; anthers 0.9–1.7 mm; 2n=14–56. Native of Europe, established in open, usually dry, variously acid or (along highways) alkaline soil throughout our range, to Alas., Ga., and the Pacific.""" 66807 general 370022 Poaceae "Poa arida. ""Tufted with short rhizomes, erect, 2–6 dm; lvs stiff, erect, usually folded, 1–2 mm wide; ligule 1.5–4 mm; infl compact, 3–12 cm, 3–4 times as long as wide; spikelets 5–9 mm, 4–7-fld; first glume 2–4 mm, the second 2.6–4.4 mm; lemmas hairy, often densely so, on and between the veins toward the base, but not webbed; lowest lemma 2.4–4.3 mm; anthers 1.2–2 mm; 2n=63–103. Dry to moist prairies; w. Minn. and nw. Io. to Mont., Utah, and Ariz. (P. pratensiformis)""" 66819 general 373580 Poaceae "Paspalum setaceum. ""Culms tufted, prostrate to erect, 3–10 dm from short, knotty rhizomes; herbage variously glabrous or puberulent or long-hairy; lvs 3–20 mm wide, racemes 1–4; spikelets usually paired, 1.4–2.5 mm, three-fourths to fully as wide, variously elliptic-obovate to obovate or suborbicular, glabrous or finely villosulous or with minute, capitate hairs, often brown-dotted; glume 2- veined or obscurely 3-veined; sterile lemma 2- or 3-veined, the midvein developed or not; 2n=20, 40, 50. Dry or moist, open or lightly wooded places, often in sandy soil; N.H. to Fla. and the W.I., w. to Minn., Nebr., Colo., and Ariz. Several ill-defined vars., 5 in our range:""" 66830 general 352152 Poaceae "Panicum xanthophysum. ""Culms few–several in loose tufts, erect or ascending, 2–5 dm, glabrous; sheaths loose, often exceeding the internodes, glabrous to pilose or papillose-pilose; blades yellowish-green, erect or nearly so, the larger 10–15 cm × 10–20 mm, often 10+ times as long as wide, glabrous on both sides, slightly narrowed to the rounded, papillose-ciliate base; primary panicle 5–10 cm, very narrow, with erect or narrowly ascending branches; spikelets few, seldom more than 40, minutely puberulent, obovoid, 3.3–3.8 mm; first glume half as long (1.6–2.1 mm) or a little more, triangular- ovate, acute; second glume slightly shorter than the sterile lemma and fr; autumnal phase with 1 or 2 erect branches, bearing scarcely reduced blades equaling or exceeding the reduced panicles; 2n=36. Dry sandy soil; Que. and Me. to Man., s. to N.J., Pa., W.Va., Mich., and Minn. (Dichanthelium x.)""" 66832 general 352068 Poaceae "Panicum wilcoxianum. ""Culms densely clustered, erect, 1–3 dm, papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs to sparsely villous; sheaths loose, usually longer than the internodes, papillose-hirsute with hairs usually 2–5 mm; ligule a band of short hairs 0.4–1.6 mm; blades erect, 4–8 cm × 2–6 mm, scarcely wider than the sheaths, involute distally, papillose-hirsute on both sides, varying to nearly glabrous above; primary panicle tardily exsert, ovoid, 2–4 cm, the flexuous axis and branches glabrate except in the axils; spikelets softly villosulous, ellipsoid-obovoid, 2.4–2.9 mm; first glume a third to nearly half as long, broadly ovate, obtuse to acute; second glume slightly shorter than the fr and sterile lemma; autumnal phase branching early, before maturity of the primary panicle, from all nodes, forming dense masses 1–2 dm, the erect blades scarcely reduced, much surpassing the small panicles; 2n=18. Dry prairies; Ill. and n. Ind. to Man., Kans., and N.M. (P. deamii; Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. w.; Dichanthelium w.)""" 66834 general 352022 Poaceae "Panicum villosissimum. ""Culms ± clustered, erect or ascending, 1–3 dm at first anthesis, soon elongating to as much as 6 dm, evidently papillose-pilose with spreading or retrorse hairs 1–5 mm, as also the sheaths; ligule a band of hairs 3–5 mm; blades 3–10 cm × 3–13 mm, ± papillose-pilose on both sides; primary panicle on a papillose-hairy to glabrate peduncle, 2–6 cm, ovoid, with widely divergent branches, its axis pilose to glabrate; spikelets finely hairy, ellipsoid or oblong-obovoid, 1.5–2.5 mm; first glume triangular- ovate, acute, 0.7–1.4 mm, a third to three-fifths as long as the spikelet; fr 1.5–2 mm, half or two-thirds as wide; autumnal phase developing early, the lateral branches and often the secondary panicles visible before the primary panicle has completed anthesis; branches several from the middle and lower nodes, the stems widely spreading or prostrate and often geniculate at the lower nodes, the scarcely reduced lvs equaling or surpassing the small panicles; 2n=18. Dry, especially sandy soil, open woods, and prairies; Mass. to Minn. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. (P. benneri; P. praecocius; P. pseudopubescens; P. scoparioides, a less hairy or subglabrate phase, perhaps of hybrid origin; P. subvillosum; Dichanthelium acuminatum var. villosum)""" 66840 general 352115 Poaceae "Panicum sphaerocarpon. ""Culms few–several, spreading, 1.5–5 dm, glabrous except the appressed-hairy nodes; sheaths glabrous (and sometimes viscous-spotted) on the back, villous-ciliate with hairs usually 1–2 mm, some of the sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule typically none, but sometimes a band of hairs to 1 mm; blades cordate and papillose-ciliate at base, the largest ones 6–12 cm × 7–15 mm, the primary veins scarcely stronger than the sets of 3–5 intermediate veins; flag-lf mostly 3–9 cm, typically borne ± midway between the stem-base and the panicle-tip; primary panicle 5–10 × 4–8 cm, long-exsert at anthesis, with spreading branches; spikelets (excluding the first glume) almost spherical, minutely puberulent, 1.3–1.9 mm, the first glume a third as long, broadly ovate; autumnal phase more widely spreading or prostrate, the few branches mostly from the base and lower nodes, the lvs and panicles scarcely reduced; 2n=18. Moist or dry, preferable shady places; Mass. and Vt. to O. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. (Dichanthelium s.)""" 66843 general 352094 Poaceae "Panicum ravenelii. ""Culms few, 4–6 dm, usually purplish, coarsely pubescent with spreading or ascending hairs, the nodes densely bearded; sheaths densely papillose-pilose with ascending hairs; ligule a band of hairs 2.5–4 mm; blades spreading or ascending, the larger ones 8–12 cm × 10–18 mm, soft-hairy beneath, glabrous above or sparsely ciliate toward the abruptly rounded base; primary panicle ovoid, 6–10 cm, included at base or exsert as much as 5 cm; spikelets thinly to densely villosulous, ellipsoid-obovoid, 3.5–4.2 mm; first glume up to half as long, triangular-ovate, acute; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, shorter than the fr; autumnal phase sparsely branched from the middle and upper nodes, the blades two-thirds as wide as those of the primary stems, the panicles much reduced, surpassed by the upper blades; 2n=18. Dry woods; Md. and Del. to Fla. and Tex., n. to s. Mo. (Dichanthelium r.)""" 66844 general 352086 Poaceae "Panicum polyanthes. ""Culms few in a tuft, stout and erect, 4–10 dm, glabrous; sheaths usually all longer than the internodes, glabrous on the back, ciliate with hairs usually under 1 mm; ligule none; blades cordate and papillose-ciliate at base, the largest 12–20 cm × 15–30 mm, the secondary veins in sets of usually 6–9 between the well differentiated primary veins; flag-lf usually 10–15+ cm; panicle 8–18 cm, seldom over half as wide, with ascending branches; spikelets (excluding the first glume) almost spherical, minutely puberulent, 1.3–1.9 mm; first glume a third to two-fifths as long, broadly rounded; autumnal phase scarcely different, usually producing a few flowering branches from the lower nodes; 2n=18. Dry or damp soil, usually in open woods; N.Y. to Ind., Mo., and Okla., s. to Ga. and Tex. (Dichanthelium p.; Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var. isophyllum)""" 66845 general 352061 Poaceae "Panicum oligosanthes. ""Culms loosely clustered, few–several, erect or ascending, 2–7 dm, often purplish, densely pubescent to glabrous; sheaths occasionally glabrous, sometimes papillose, more often papillose-pilose with ascending hairs; ligule a band of hairs 1–2 mm; blades spreading, lanceolate, glabrous or rarely sparsely papillose-pilose above, glabrous to softly hairy or sparsely papillose-pilose beneath, usually papillose-ciliate and densely long-hairy at base, the larger 6–12 cm × 7–12 mm; primary panicle short-exsert (to 5 cm), becoming long-exsert in age, ovoid, 5–10 cm; spikelets glabrous or minutely villosulous, with broad, heavy veins, turgid, broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, 2.7–4 mm; first glume two- fifths as long, broadly ovate; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, barely equaling the fr; autumnal phase sparsely branched, chiefly from the middle and upper nodes, forming loose bunches, the blades not much reduced, surpassing the few-fld panicles; 2n=18. Dry or moist, often sandy soil, open woods, and prairies; Me. to Fla., w. to Wyo. and Tex., and in the Pacific states. Highly variable, but not clearly divisible into vars. (P. helleri; P. scribnerianum; Dichanthelium o.)""" 66849 general 371867 Poaceae "Panicum longifolium. ""Tufted perennial to 1 m; culms much compressed; sheaths compressed, glabrous or villous; ligule a row of fine hairs 1–3 mm; blades to 3 dm, no wider than the sheaths; panicle usually 1–2 dm, its branches spreading to subappressed; spikelets lance-ovoid, green or purple-tinged, 2–3.5 mm; first glume half to three-fourths as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, acuminate; 2n=18. Moist or wet soil, open woods, bogs, and pond-margins, seldom in dry soil, mainly on the coastal plain; N.S.; e. Mass. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.; Ky. (P. combsii)""" 66855 general 351926 Poaceae "Panicum ensifolium. ""Culms tufted, very slender, erect or reclining, 1.5–4 dm; sheaths glabrous or minutely ciliate; ligule a band of hairs to 0.5 mm; cauline lvs few and distant, spreading or reflexed, 1–5 cm × 2–5 mm, with thin green margins, much constricted at base, glabrous above or puberulent at base, glabrous to puberulent beneath; primary panicle soon long-exsert, 2–6 cm, ovoid with short, spreading branches and few spikelets; spikelets glabrous or minutely hairy, ellipsoid or obovoid, somewhat pointed, 0.9–1.5 mm; first glume a third to two-fifths as long, ovate, obtusely pointed; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than the fr; autumnal phase copiously and often fastigiately branched from the lower nodes, sometimes forming dense mats, the blades 1–2 cm, the panicles 1 cm, equaling or barely exceeding the lvs; 2n=18. Bogs and wet woods, or rarely in dry pine-land; coastal plain from s. N.J. to La. (P. chamaelonche; Dichanthelium dichotomum var. e.)""" 66858 general 351962 Poaceae "Panicum depauperatum. ""Culms clustered, erect or nearly so, 1–4 dm, very slender, glabrous to puberulent; lvs bright green or blue-green, crowded toward the base, the basal and cauline similar, erect to narrowly ascending, glabrous to long-pilose (as also the sheaths), mostly 8–20 cm × 2–5 mm, the longest ones ca 20 times as long as wide; primary panicle narrow and relatively few-fld, with crooked, often short and appressed pedicels, 3–8 cm, eventually exsert, not much exceeding the lvs; spikelets glabrous or minutely hairy, ellipsoid, 2.7–4.1 mm, the first glume membranous, ovate or triangular, a third as long; second glume and sterile lemma sharply veined, pointed, projecting 0.5–1.5 mm beyond the fertile lemma; autumnal phase similar, the panicles small and usually concealed among the lvs near the base; 2n=18. Dry or sandy soil, commonly in open woods; N.S. and Que. to Minn., s. to Ga. and Tex. (Dichanthelium d.)""" 66862 general 351867 Poaceae "Panicum columbianum. ""Culms clustered, erect or ascending, often purplish, densely short-pubescent with minute hairs 0.1–0.4 mm, and generally with some intermingled longer hairs (often 1 mm) toward the summit of the lower internodes; sheaths likewise with bistratal pubescence; ligule a band of hairs 0.5–1.5 mm; blades 1–7 cm × 3–7 mm (those of the midstem commonly 2–5 cm), glabrous above or with a few widely scattered hairs, minutely puberulent beneath; primary panicle ovoid, mostly 2.5–4 cm, its axis puberulent; spikelets finely hairy, oblong-ovoid, obtuse, 1.3–1.9 mm, the first glume triangular-ovate, two-fifths as long; autumnal phase spreading or decumbent, branched early from most of the nodes, the blades scarcely reduced, the panicles smaller, surpassed by the lvs; 2n=18. Moist or dry, especially sandy soil; Me. to Minn., s. to Va., Tenn., and Ill. (P. oricola; P. tsugetorum; Dichanthelium c.; D. sabulorum var. thinium) Perhaps properly to be subordinated to P. acuminatum Sw.""" 66864 general 347914 Poaceae "Panicum capillare. ""Coarse, rough-hairy annual to 7 dm, branched from the base, erect or ascending or in depauperate forms spreading; lvs 6–17 mm wide; panicles diffusely branched, sometimes two-thirds as long as the whole plant; axillary pulvini glabrous to evidently hairy; spikelets all or mostly on long pedicels, acute to acuminate, 1.8–3.5 mm, the first glume a third to half as long as the sterile lemma; fr stramineous, 1.4–2 mm, a third as wide; margins of the lemma distinctly inrolled, the visible part of the palea a third to half as wide as the fr; 2n=18. Dry or moist soil, often a weed in fields and gardens, widespread throughout most of the U.S. and s. Can. (P. barbipulvinatum; P. gattingeri)""" 66874 general 367877 Poaceae "Muhlenbergia bushii. ""Much like no. 6 [Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald]; internodes mostly concealed by the overlapping sheaths; blades grayish-green, stiffish, the larger ones 5–10(–15) cm × 2–5 mm; ligule short, 0.2–0.6 mm; glumes 1.4–2(–2.5) mm, half to two-thirds as long as the lemma; lemma 2.6–3.3 mm, usually awnless or with a minute awn-tip, rarely with an awn to 7 mm; 2n=40. Prairies, plains, and dry woods, adapted to drier habitats than no. 6; Ill. and s. Ind. to Io., Nebr., and Tex. (M. brachyphylla, a preoccupied name)""" 66876 general 331294 Poaceae "Milium effusum. ""Glabrous and glaucous perennial 6–12 dm, erect from a bent base; ligules prominent and pale; main lvs 10–18 mm wide; panicle 1–2 dm; ovoid or pyramidal, the branches in fascicles of 2 or 3, widely spreading and bearing drooping spikelets beyond their middle; glumes scaberulous, ca 3 mm; 2n=14, 28. Rich, moist or dry woods; Que. and N.S. to Ont. and Minn., s. to n. N.J., W.Va., and Ill.; also in Eurasia.""" 66891 general 336240 Poaceae "Gymnopogon brevifolius. ""Much like no. 1 [Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.]; lvs 3–6 mm wide, spikes floriferous only above the middle; glumes 2.8–3.7 mm; lemma 2.3–3 mm, conspicuously pilose on the back and margins; awn 0.8–1.6 mm. Dry pine-barrens on the coastal plain from s. N.J. to Fla., Ark., and La.; Pulaski Co., Ky.""" 66898 general 359588 Poaceae "Festuca occidentalis. ""Culms 4–11 dm, slender, glabrous, shining; sheaths and blades smooth, the blades filiform; infl open, flexuous, 10–20 cm; spikelets on slender pedicels, 6–12 mm, 3–5(–7) fld; first glume 2.7–3.6 mm, the second 3.5–4.5 mm; lemmas green or purplish, soft and membranous, the body 4–6.5(–8) mm, the awn two-thirds to almost twice as long; rachilla-joints 1–1.5 mm; anthers 1–2 mm; top of the ovary bristly-pubescent; 2n=14, 28, 42, 56, 64, 70. Dry woods; n. Mich. and adj. Ont.; Wis.; Wyo. to B.C. and Calif.""" 66909 general 349012 Poaceae "Elymus glaucus. ""Green to glaucous, tufted, 6–14 dm; lvs ± flat, 4–12 mm wide, glabrous to scabrous; auricles mostly well developed, ca 2 mm and clasping the stem; spikes 6–16 cm, erect, compact or loose below, spikelets mostly paired, 10–16 mm, 2–3(4)-fld; glumes subequal, (6.5–)9–14+ mm, narrowly lanceolate, broadest above the flat, sometimes slightly indurate base, 3–5-veined, almost parallel and concealing the base of the subtended florets, glabrous to scabrous, tapering into a short awn; lemmas 8.5–12+ mm, 5-nerved above, glabrous to scabrous on the nerves, tapering into a slender, usually straight awn (10–)14–22(–30) mm; larger paleas 5.5–8.5 mm; anthers 1.7–3 mm; 2n=28. Open woods, moist meadows, and dry hillsides; widespread in the w. cordillera, e. less commonly to Ark., Io., n. Mich., Ont., and w. N.Y.""" 66911 general 349003 Poaceae "Elymus canadensis. ""Coarse, 8–15 dm, green or glaucous, in small clumps; lvs mostly 5–9 per stem, firm, flat, 3–12(–15) mm wide, glabrous or scabrous above; auricles 1–2 mm, often clasping the stem; spikes (7–)10–20(–30) cm, usually broadly arcuate or distally nodding, compact above, often loose or interrupted below, the internodes mostly 4–7 mm; spikelets mostly paired, or some of the lower in 3’s or even 4’s, 12–15 mm, 3–4-fld; glumes subequal, 15–30 mm overall, mostly 0.8–1.5 mm wide, 3–5-veined, broadest above the mostly flat and striate base, tapering into a straight awn usually equaling or longer than the body; lemmas 8.5–14 mm, usually strongly scabrous-hirtellous, 5–7- veined above, gradually tapering into a long, flexuous, spreading, scabrous awn 15–30(–35) mm; larger paleas 8.5–12.5 mm, the tip very acute and usually bidentate; anthers 2.5–4 mm; 2n=28, 42. Streambanks and dry to moist fields and meadows; N.B. and Que. to Alas., s. to N.C., Tex., and Calif. A hybrid with Hordeum jubatum has been called ×Elyhordeum dakotense (Bowden) Bowden.""" 66914 general 341067 Poaceae "Danthonia sericea. ""Densely tufted, 5–12 dm; blades flat or involute, 2–5 mm wide, the cauline ones relatively broad and usually flat, those of the innovations narrower and often involute; infl lax, 5–10 cm; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 11–18 mm; lemmas 6.5–10 mm, including the setaceous teeth (these 2.8–4.5 mm) villous at least on the margin with copious white hairs 2–3 mm; awn 11–18 mm; 2n=36. Var. sericea, with the sheaths villous and the lemmas villous on the back, occurs in dry sandy soil and pine woods, chiefly on the coastal plain, in e. Mass. and from s. N.J. to Ky., Fla., and La. Var. epilis (Scribn.) Blomq., with glabrous sheaths and very thin lemmas that are villous on the margins only (or also at base), occurs in bogs, stream-borders, and seeps from s. N.J. to Va. and Ga. (D. epilis)""" 66916 general 350461 Poaceae "Danthonia compressa. ""Much like no. 2 [Danthonia spicata (L.) Roem. & Schult.] and perhaps not sharply distinct; stem very slender, flattened, 4–8 dm; sheaths glabrous; blades usually flat, often to 20 cm, 2–4 mm wide, scaberulous; infl lax, 5–10 cm, the filiform branches often reflexed at anthesis, at least the lower branches with 2 or 3 spikelets; glumes 9–13 mm; lemmas 4.5–8 mm, of which the teeth constitute half, sparsely pilose on the back; awn 5.5–8 mm; 2n=36. Dry woods; N.S. and Que. to O., N.C., and Tenn.""" 66921 general 348507 Poaceae "Chloris verticillata. ""Densely tufted perennial 1–4 dm, usually erect; lvs chiefly near the base; sheaths compressed; blades obtuse, 2–4 mm wide, usually only 5–15 cm long; spikes numerous, 6–15 cm, eventually widely spreading; glumes lance-subulate, awn-pointed, the first 2–3 mm, the second 3–4 mm; fertile lemma 2.4–2.8 mm, acute, appressed-pilose on the margins and keel, its awn 5–9 mm; sterile lemma wedge-obovate, truncate, 1.5 mm, its awn 3.5–5 mm. Dry prairies and plains; Io. and w. Mo. to Colo., s. to La. and N.M., and locally adventive elsewhere in our range.""" 66927 general 346532 Poaceae "Calamagrostis porteri. ""Culms slender, to 1 m, from creeping rhizomes; sheaths glabrous except at the densely hairy collar; ligules 2–5 mm; blades 4–7 mm wide, scabrous and glaucous above, darker green and less scabrous or smooth beneath; infl 1–2 dm, some of the loosely ascending, fascicled branches spikelet-bearing to the base; glumes long-acuminate, scabrous on the keel, otherwise subglabrous, the outer 4–6 mm; lemma 3.5–4.5 mm; callus-hairs in 2 tufts, half as long as the palea, which is nearly as long as the lemma; awn inserted 1 mm above the base, geniculate near the middle, twisted below, equaling the lemma; rachilla to 1 mm, long-bearded; 2n=84–104. Dry rocky ridge-top forests s. of the glacial boundary in the Appalachian Mts.; s.c. N.Y. to Va., W.Va., Ky., and Tenn.""" 66929 general 346162 Poaceae "Calamagrostis insperata. ""Much like no. 8 [Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray]; culms stouter; blades weakly scabrous, to 12 mm wide, light green and glaucous on both sides, the collar glabrous; 2n=56. Dry rocky woods; local in s. O. (Jackson Co.) and apparently also in s. Mo.""" 66939 general 343884 Poaceae "Bromus kalmii. ""Perennial 5–10 dm, the culms loosely clustered or solitary, mostly glabrous except for the often hairy nodes; lvs mostly 3–6 per stem, the nodes mostly exposed; sheaths villous to occasionally glabrous; blades 1–2 dm × 5–10 mm, glabrous or hairy; ligule under 1 mm; infl nodding, 5–10 cm, the relatively few spikelets drooping on slender flexuous pedicels; spikelets 15–25 mm, 6–11-fld, softly villous; first glume 6–7 mm; 3-veined, the second 7–9 mm, 5-veined; lemmas 8–10 mm, 7-veined, obtuse, the awn 2–3 mm, the short lemma-teeth a third as wide as long; 2n=14. Dry woods, rocky banks, and sandy soil; Me. to Minn. and S.D., s. to Md. and Io.""" 66953 general 342633 Poaceae "Bouteloua hirsuta. ""Densely tufted perennial 1.5–6 dm; lvs mostly crowded toward the base; sheaths pilose at the throat; blades flat, 1–3 mm wide; spikes 1–3, usually 2, straight or recurved,2–4 cm; rachis projecting 2–5 mm beyond the uppermost spikelet as a straight stiff point; spikelets numerous, closely imbricate, divergent; first glume subulate; second glume lanceolate, 3–4 mm, densely papillose- hirsute on the prominent midvein; fertile lemma about equaling the second glume, sparsely villous throughout, its awn short and flattened; vestige long-stipitate, glabrous at base, obconic, often reaching the summit of the second glume, its 3 awns equal, exceeding the tips of the fertile lemma and second glume; 2n=12–50. Dry prairies and sand-hills; Wis. and Ill. to N.D., s. and w. to Tex., Calif., and Mex.; Fla.""" 66958 general 336748 Poaceae "Aristida purpurea. ""Perennial; culms 2–5 dm, very numerous in large tufts; lvs mainly basal, very narrow, usually involute; panicle (excluding the awns) 3–10 cm, narrow or spike-like, with short ascending or appressed branches; first glume 8–13 mm; second glume 15–23 mm, much exceeding the lemma; awns essentially similar and equally divergent, 4–7 cm; 2n =22. Dry prairies and plains; Minn. and Io. to Wash., Calif., and n. Mex. Ours is the widespread var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey. (A. longiseta)""" 66959 general 336751 Poaceae "Aristida purpurascens. ""Perennial 4–10 dm, tufted on a knotty base; lvs to 2 dm, mostly flat, 1–4 mm wide; lower sheaths covering the nodes, usually ± pilose; infl 1–2 dm, slender, loosely or densely spike-like, with short, ascending or appressed branches; glumes 1-veined, the first 8–14 mm, scabrous on the keel and sometimes on the sides, the second 6.5–11.5 mm, almost always exceeding the lemma and exceeded by the first glume; lemma 5.5–9.5 mm; awns about equally divergent, the central one 2–3.5 cm, the lateral 1.5–2.5 cm. Dry sandy soil and prairies; Mass. to s. Ont., Wis., and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 66960 general 337329 Poaceae "Aristida oligantha. ""Annual 2–4 dm, branched from the base and usually from all the nodes; lvs 1 mm wide, flat or involute, tapering to a filiform point; terminal panicle 1–2 dm, very lax, few-fld, the lower spikelets usually paired, the upper solitary; lateral panicles few-fld, dense, with short internodes; first glume 3- or 5-veined, scabrous on the keel, 12–29 mm, the second 1-nerved, glabrous, slightly longer; lemma 10–18 mm; awns about equally divergent, 4–7 cm; 2n=22. Dry open ground; Mass. and N.J., where probably intr., to Fla. and Tex.; abundant in the interior, from Ky. and O. to Mich., S.D., and Tex., and adventive in s. Ont.""" 66961 general 336822 Poaceae "Aristida dichotoma. ""Tufted annual 2–4 dm, erect or ascending, branched from the base; lvs filiform, mostly involute, or the lower flat; terminal panicle 3–8 cm, very slender, often reduced to a raceme; lateral infls much shorter, mostly enclosed in the subtending sheaths; glumes subequal, mucronate, 1-veined, 5.2–10.5 mm; lemma 4.4–9 mm; central awn 3–10 mm, its base nearly horizontally divergent and loosely coiled, usually in a half to one full turn; lateral awns straight, erect, 0.7–3.3 mm. Dry sandy or sterile soil; Me. to Mich., Io., and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 66968 general 333840 Poaceae "Andropogon ternarius. ""Culms tufted, 5–12 dm, branched above, the 2 uppermost nodes sparsely villous to glabrous; blades 2–3 mm wide, often purplish-glaucous; spathes varying from narrowly linear to boat-shaped, 3–6 cm, to 6 mm wide; racemes in 3–6 pairs on a long- exserted peduncle, 3–6 cm, with mostly fewer than 12 joints; rachis densely white-villous; sessile spikelet 4.5–7.5 mm, once and a half to twice as long as the internode next above it and longer than the long- villous sterile pedicel; awn 15–20 mm, twisted below; 2n=40, 60. Open woods and dry fields; N.J. and Del. to Ky. and s. Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 66971 general 333515 Poaceae "Ammophila breviligulata. ""Culms glabrous, 5–10 dm; sheaths glabrous; ligules 1–3 mm; ovate or truncate; blades 4–8 mm wide when unrolled, scabrous above; infl dense, 1–4 dm × 1–2.5 cm, its base often enclosed in the upper sheath; glumes subequal, 10–15 mm, scabrous on the keel or throughout; lemma shorter than the glumes, scaberulous; callus-hairs 1–3 mm; prolongation of the rachilla 2 mm, hairy; 2n=28. Dunes and dry sandy shores, along all the Great Lakes, along Lake Champlain, and along the Atlantic from Nf. to N.C.""" 66977 general 331941 Poaceae "Aira praecox. ""Culms tufted, 5–20 cm, scabrous below the nodes; sheaths and the very short, usually involute and twisted blades scaberulous; infl 1–5 cm, dense and almost spike-like, with short appressed branches, the pedicels mostly shorter than the spikelets; glumes 2.7–3.3 mm; lemmas 2.5–3 mm, both awned, the awn 3.3–3.7 mm; 2n=14. Native of Europe, intr. in dry sandy soil near the coast, from s. N.Y. to Va.""" 66979 general 329153 Poaceae "Aira caryophyllea. ""Culms very slender, smooth, 1–3 dm; sheaths and filiform blades scaberulous; infl lax, pyramidal, nearly as broad as long, with ascending branches; pedicels mostly 1–2 times as long as the spikelets; glumes 2.3–3 mm; lemmas 1.8–2.3 mm, both awned, the awn 2.4–3.3 mm; 2n=28. Native of Europe, intr. in dry soil in open places from Vt. and Mass. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast.""" 68417 general 330972 Poaceae "Gymnopogon ambiguus. ""Culms mostly solitary, 3–6 dm; lvs crowded toward the base; sheaths overlapping; blades divaricate, the larger 5–10 cm × 6–12 mm, rounded or subcordate at base, glabrous; panicle constituting a third to half of the entire shoot; spikes numerous, 10–15 cm, at first erect, later widely and stiffly divaricate; spikelets remote, the summit of the glumes barely or not reaching the base of the next above; glumes 4–6 mm; lemma 3.5–4.3 mm, sparsely pilose-ciliate; awn straight, 4.5–9 mm; rachilla prolonged nearly to the summit of the lemma, there bearing an awn 1–5 mm. Dry sandy woods and barrens; coastal plain from s. N.J. to Fla. and Tex., and in the interior from s. O. and Ky. to s. Mo. and southward.""" 68418 general 366582 Poaceae "Melica nitens. ""Culms 5–15 dm; sheaths glabrous; blades 5–8, flat, 10–20 cm × 5–12 mm; infl 1–2 dm, more freely branched than in no. 2 [Melica mutica Walter], with short lateral branches from most of the nodes; spikes short-pedicellate, pendulous, 9–12 mm; first glume broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, 5–8 × 3.5–5 mm, its margins meeting around the spikelet; fertile lemmas (2)3, the second one usually distinctly projecting beyond the first; sterile lemmas 2, obconic, surpassed by the fertile ones; 2n=18. Rocky or dry upland woods; Pa. to s. Minn. and Nebr., s. to Ga. and Tex.""" 70124 general 330689 Poaceae "Agrostis perennans. ""Tufted perennial 5–10 dm; lvs flat, 2–6 mm wide, elongate, the uppermost one more than 5 cm; infl mostly pale greenish, 10–25 cm, notably longer than thick, the smooth or sparsely scabrous branches forking near or below the middle, soon divaricate, the longest ones often less than 6(–12) cm; spikelets 1.8–2.8 mm; glumes subequal, scabrous on the midvein; lemma 1.3–2 mm, awnless or rarely with a very short, slender awn near the tip; palea obsolete; anthers 0.3–0.6 mm; 2n=42. Various habitats, usually in dry soil; Que. and N.S. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. The foregoing description is based primarily on the widespread and highly variable var. perennans (A.oreophila; A. schweinitzii). Plants of bogs on the coastal plain from N.J. and Md. to Miss. have somewhat larger spikelets (2.7–3.5 mm) on short pedicels, aggregated in spike-like clusters toward the ends of the panicle-branches; these are var. elata (Pursh) Hitchc. (A. elata; A. altissima)""" 70127 general 334670 Poaceae "Andropogon gerardii. ""Robust, tufted, sometimes shortly rhizomatous perennial 1–3 m, sometimes sod-forming, often glaucous; blades usually 5–10 mm wide, the lower ones and the sheaths sometimes villous; racemes (2)3–4(–6), 5–10 cm, subdigitate, on a long-exserted peduncle; joints of the rachis and pedicels equal, subterete, sparsely or usually densely ciliate, densely bearded at the top; spikelets appressed, 7–10 mm, the glumes minutely scaberulous, often ciliate; awn of the fertile lemma 8–20 mm, twisted below and ± bent; pedicellate spikelet staminate, about as large as the sessile one; 2n=20, 40, 60, 80–86. Moist or dry, open places, a major constituent of the tall-grass prairie; Que. to Sask., s. to Fla. and Ariz. (A. furcatus; A. provincialis)""" 70136 general 334446 Poaceae "Bouteloua curtipendula. ""Erect perennial 3–10 dm from short slender rhizomes; sheaths smooth or nearly so; ligule a band of short hairs; blades elongate, 2–7 mm wide, scabrous on the margins; spikes (10–)40–70, spreading or nodding, 8–15 mm, secund along an axis 1–3 dm, falling entire; spikelets usually 3–7; first glume linear-subulate, 3–4 mm; second glume lanceolate, 4–7 mm; fertile lemma usually somewhat exceeding the glumes, acuminate, its lateral veins prolonged into awns 1 mm; vestige with a long central awn and 2 shorter lateral ones arising below the middle, or much reduced or obsolete; 2n=20–103. Dry woods in the e. states, and dry prairies and sand-hills in the w.; Me. to Mont., s. to Ala., Calif., and C. and S. Amer. (Atheropogon c.) Ours is var. curtipendula.""" 70139 general 332581 Poaceae "Corynephorus canescens. ""Densely tufted, glaucous perennial 2–6 dm; lvs rough, erect, mostly crowded near the base; sheaths often purplish; infl silvery, 5–12 cm, dense, with short rough branches; glumes 2.8–3.6 mm; 2n=14. Native of Europe; intr. in dry sterile soil along the coast from Mass. to N.H. and Pa.; rarely inland, as in Mich.""" 70145 general 340694 Poaceae "Danthonia spicata. ""Densely tufted, 2–6 dm; lvs borne mostly at or near the base, with a prominent tuft of white hairs at each side of the summit of the sheath, the blades curly, usually involute, seldom over 12 cm, 1–2 mm wide; lower sheaths often containing cleistogamous spikelets; infl contracted, racemiform, 2–5 cm, the short branches rarely with more than one spikelet; glumes 8.5–13 mm; lemmas broadly ovate, sparsely pilose on the back, 3.4–5.2 mm, including the triangular-acuminate teeth 0.8–1.8 mm; awn 4.5–7 mm; often apomictic, with abortive anthers; 2n=36. Dry woods in sandy or stony soil; Nf. to Fla., w. to B.C. and N.M.""" 70148 general 332520 Poaceae "Deschampsia flexuosa. ""Densely tufted perennial 3–10 dm; lvs mostly at or near the base; ligules 1–2.5 mm; blades usually involute, 1–2 mm wide; infl loose and open, somewhat nodding, to 15 cm, the lowest branches in fascicles of 2–5; spikelets purplish or silvery, 4.3–6 mm, the first glume 3–4.5 mm, the second acuminate, 3.6–5.3 mm; rachilla prolonged less than one-fourth the length of the upper floret; lemmas scabrous, truncate and minutely toothed; awn arising near the base, geniculate below the middle, the distal half somewhat divergent, surpassing the lemma by 1–3 mm; palea not bifid; rachilla prolonged less than one-fourth the length of the upper floret; anthers linear, 2–3 mm; 2n=26, 28, 56. Dry woods, fields, and sandhills; circumboreal, s. to Ga., O., Wis., and Minn.; Ark. and Okla.; Mex.""" 70164 general 355569 Poaceae "Elytrigia spicata. ""Green or glaucous, 4–10 dm, in dense tufts sometimes 1.5 dm wide at base; lvs numerous, mostly cauline, flat to loosely involute, 2–4 mm wide, usually pilose above; auricles clasping the stem; spikes 7–18 cm, slender, the middle internodes 9–17 mm, the remote spikelets shorter to slightly longer than the internodes, 12–16+ mm, 4–6(–9)-fld; glumes narrowly oblong to obovate, rounded to acute, rarely awn-tipped, scabrous-margined, glabrous to scabrous on the 4–5 veins; lemmas 8–10 mm, with divergent awns 9–15 mm, varying to sometimes (but not in our plants) awnless; anthers 4–6 mm; 2n=14, 28. Open, moderately dry places; widespread in w. N. Amer., e. to Sask., N.D., and Nebr.; disjunct on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Mich. (Agropyron s.; Pseudoroegneria s.)""" 70165 general 332603 Poaceae "Eragrostis capillaris. ""Tufted, erect or ascending annual 2–5 dm; lvs 2–4 mm wide; infl large and diffusely branched, often two-thirds the height of the whole shoot, withslender branches and elongate, capillary pedicels; spikelets 2–3 mm, 2–5-fld; first glume 0.9–1.5 mm, the second 1.1–1.4 mm; lemmas 1.2–1.6 mm, individually deciduous from the rachilla, on which the paleas persist; grain 0.6–0.7 mm, with a groove its entire length on one side; 2n=100. Open woods and dry soil; Me. to Wis., s. to Ga. and Tex.""" 70173 general 356324 Poaceae "Eragrostis spectabilis. ""Tufted, erect or ascending perennial 3–6 dm; lvs firm or stiff, 3–8 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; infl diffuse, two-thirds as long as the whole shoot, its base usually included in the upper sheath, its scabrous branches rigid, divaricate, pilose in the axils; spikelets purple, 5–7 mm, 7–11-fld, most of the lateral ones shorter than their loosely ascending to spreading pedicels; first glume 1–2 mm; lemmas persistent on the eventually fragmenting rachilla, 1.6–2.1 mm, compressed, scabrous on the keel, the lateral veins evident; 2n=20, 40. Dry soil, fields, and open woods; Me. to N.D., s. to Fla. and Tex. (E. pectinacea, misapplied)""" 70174 general 356039 Poaceae "Eragrostis trichodes. ""Slender, erect, tufted perennial 5–12 dm; lvs 2–6 mm wide, elongate, tapering to a fine point; infl diffusely branched, 2–5 dm, the branches spreading to ascending, glabrous, scarcely or not at all pilose in the axils; spikelets 4–10 mm, 4–18-fld; first glume 1.6–3.5 mm, the second 1.9–3.3 mm; lemmas 2.1–3.3 mm, compressed-keeled and with prominent lateral veins, at maturity falling individually, together with their paleas, from the intact rachis; anthers ca 1.5 mm. Dry sand, prairies, and open woods; Ill. to Nebr., Ark., and Tex. (E. pilifera)""" 70194 general 335953 Poaceae "Leymus cinereus. ""Robust, densely tufted, 7–20 dm, with short or usually no rhizomes; lvs flat, 5–15 mm wide; ligule 2–7 mm; spikes straight and stout, 10–20 cm, sometimes slightly branched; spikelets (2)3–6 per node, 10–20 mm, (2)3–5-fld; glumes subequal, setaceous, 7–15 mm, only 0.5 mm wide; lemmas 8–11 mm, hirsutulous (glabrous), awnless or often with a short awn to 5 mm; anthers (3–)4.5–6 mm; 2n=28, 56. Moderately dry, open places; widespread in w. U.S. and adj. Can., e. to Sask., w. S.D., and w. Neb., and reported from Minn. (Elymus c.; E. condensatus, misapplied)""" 70200 general 331017 Poaceae "Muhlenbergia cuspidata. ""Culms tufted, 2–7 dm, slender, stiff and strictly erect, somewhat bulbous-thickened at base or with bulb-like offsets; ligule 0.5 mm or less; blades erect or nearly so, flat or involute, 1–2 mm wide; panicle very slender and spike-like, the appressed lateral branches 5–15 mm; glumes lance-subulate, subequal, 1.7–2.8 mm; lemma 2.8–4.1 mm, slender, acuminate, awnless, minutely pubescent on the back, otherwise glabrous. Prairies and open hillsides, in dry or gravelly soil; Alta. to N.M., e. to Mich., O., Ky., and Mo.""" 70207 general 367469 Poaceae "Oryzopsis pungens. ""Densely tufted, 1–5 dm; lvs much as in no. 2 [Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr.]; panicle 3–8 cm, usually slender with appressed or strongly ascending branches, or ovoid and open at anthesis; glumes elliptic-obovate, 3.5–4 mm, minutely scabrous distally at 20×, very thin, the lateral veins inconspicuous; lemma 2.5–4 mm, gray or pale green, its awn 1–2(3) mm, straight or slightly bent, or obsolete; 2n=22, 24. Dry, rocky or sandy woods; Nf. to B.C., s. to nw. N.J., Pa., Ind., S.D., and Colo.""" 70209 general 347920 Poaceae "Panicum flexile. ""Slender annual 2–6 dm, erect or nearly so, branched from the base; blades erect, 2–6 mm wide; peduncle exsert, often elongate, the panicle 6–20 cm, half to a third as thick, with numerous ascending or spreading capillary branches, the axillary pulvini glabrous; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 2.6–3.6 mm; first glume usually acute, nearly half as long as the acuminate second glume and sterile lemma; fr stramineous, narrowly ellipsoid, 1.8–2 mm, a fourth to a third as wide; 2n=18. Moist or dry soil, often in open woods; N.Y. and s. Ont. to N.D., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 70210 general 352028 Poaceae "Panicum leibergii. ""Culms erect or geniculate below, 3–6 dm, forming large tufts, minutely puberulent; sheaths shorter than the internodes, papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; ligule a short, ciliate membrane, or nearly obsolete; blades erect or ascending, the larger ones 7–11 cm × 7–12 mm, slightly tapering to a broadly rounded base, papillose-hirsute on both sides, varying to subglabrous above, ± papillose-ciliate; primary panicle at first included, tardily becoming long-exsert, 5–10 cm, ovoid or oblong with few-fld ascending branches; spikelets papillose-hirsute with hairs 0.5–1+ mm, oblong-obovoid, 3–4 mm; first glume three-fifths as long, triangular-ovate, acute; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, slightly longer than the fr; sterile lemma normally staminate; autumnal phase bearing a few simple branches from the middle and lower nodes, the blades scarcely reduced, the uppermost barely exceeding the small but evidently chasmogamous panicles; 2n=18. Dry prairies and open places; O. and Mich. to Man., S.D., and Kans.; c. N.Y. and Pa. (Dichanthelium l.)""" 70212 general 370192 Poaceae "Paspalum bifidum. ""Culms solitary, erect from short rhizomes, 6–10 dm; lower sheaths and base of the elongate blades villous; panicle on a peduncle 1–4 dm, much surpassing the short uppermost lf; racemes usually 2–4, erect or ascending, 5–10 cm, very loose or interrupted, the rachis very slender; spikelets elliptic, acutish, planoconvex, 3.3–4 mm; first glume often present, deltoid, to 1 mm; second glume and sterile lemma distinctly 5–7-veined. Dry pine woods; coastal plain from se. Va. to Fla. and Tex., and inland to Tenn. and Okla.""" 70215 general 376368 Poaceae "Piptochaetium avenaceum. ""Loosely tufted, 5–10 dm; sheaths glabrous; ligules ovate, 2–3 mm; blades 2–3 dm × 1–2 mm, glabrous or nearly so; panicle 1–2 dm, loose, open, few-fld, the slender divergent branches each with 1 or 2 spikelets; glumes 9–13 mm, abruptly short-acuminate; mature lemma dark brown, 7.5–11 mm, villous in the basal third, glabrous in the middle, scabrous distally, its margins inrolled to form a deep ventral groove; awn scabrous, 4.5–7 cm, twice geniculate in the middle, the central segment ca 1 cm; 2n=22, 28. Dry woods; Mass. and N.Y. to Fla., w. to Ky., Ark., and Tex.; also in Mich. and n. Ind., mainly near the e. side of Lake Michigan. (Stipa a.)""" 70216 general 377258 Poaceae "Poa canbyi. ""Culms tufted, 4–10 dm, often purplish below, without rhizomes; lvs forming large basal rosettes 15–30 cm high, usually involute and 1–2.5(–3) mm wide, the few cauline ones 5–7 cm; ligule 3–5 mm; infl narrow and ± dense, (7–)9–16(–20) cm, with short, erect branches, at least some of which bear spikelets to near the base; spikelets 2–5-fld; glumes acuminate, often scabrous, the first lanceolate, 2.4–3.7 mm, the second oblong, 2.9–4.5 mm; lemmas 4–5.5 mm, obscurely 5-veined, scarcely keeled, crisp-puberulent on the lower half, sometimes more strongly so on the central and marginal veins, not webbed; rachilla usually finely puberulent at 30×; 2n=72–106. Dry soil; e. Que.; n. Mich. and Minn. to Man. and Neb., w. to Alas., Calif., and Tex.""" 70224 general 341104 Poaceae "Schizachne purpurascens. ""Culms erect from a short-decumbent base, 4–10 dm; lvs mostly erect, elongate, 1–5 mm wide, usually glabrous; infl with a few drooping branches each bearing 1–3 slender spikelets 2 cm; glumes purple at base, unequal, 5–8 mm; fertile lemmas 8–10 mm, strongly veined, bifid a fourth or a fifth of their length; awns 8–15 mm, eventually divergent; 2n=20. Dry rocky or sandy woods; s. Can. to Alas. and n. Eurasia, s. to Pa., Ky., Nebr., and Mex. Plants with the lvs white-hairy on the veins above, occurring mainly in and near s. Ont. and adj. N.Y., Vt., and N.H., have been described as var. pubescens Dore.""" 70225 general 334507 Poaceae "Schizachyrium scoparium. ""Culms loosely or densely tufted, 5–12 dm, often freely branched above; herbage often glaucous; blades 3–7 mm wide; rames long-exsert, bearing 5–20 sets of spikelets on a straight or flexuous, white-ciliate rachis; glumes 5–10 mm; awn 7–14 mm, twisted near the base; sterile pedicels usually in pairs, densely ciliate, often spreading, each bearing a vestigial spikelet 3–10 mm (awn included); 2n=40. Dry soil, old fields, prairies, and open woods; N.B. and Que. to Alta., s. to Fla. and Mex. Abundant and highly variable, an important constituent of tall- and mixed-grass prairies. (Andropogon s.; A. praematurus, a smutted form of this or of some sp. of Andropogon) Three vars. with us.""" 70232 general 348584 Poaceae "Sorghastrum elliottii. ""Much like no. 1 [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], but without rhizomes and with narrower lvs and more open, less hairy (not golden) panicle; stems slender, often glabrous throughout; sheaths usually glabrous; spikelets 5–7 mm, chestnut-brown to nearly black, sparsely white-villous; awn 20–35 mm, bent twice and twisted below the second bend, its margins white-ciliate toward the base; 2n=20. Dry or sandy soil, chiefly on the coastal plain; Md. to Fla. and Tex., inland to Tenn. and Ark.""" 70233 general 333948 Poaceae "Sorghastrum nutans. ""Culms 1–2.5 m, in loose tufts from short rhizomes, smooth except the sericeous nodes; sheaths glabrous to hirsute; ligule well developed, firm, continuous with the auricles; blades 5–10 mm wide; panicle 1–3 dm, narrow, freely branched, golden, the nodes and smaller branches ± villous; spikelets lanceolate, 6–8 mm, the first glume pale brown, villous; awn 9–15 mm, twisted below, bent at about a third of its length; sterile pedicels densely villous, 4–5.5 mm; 2n=20, 40, 80. Moist or dry prairies, open woods, and fields; throughout our range, s. to the Gulf, w. to Utah and Ariz. (S. avenaceum) An important constituent of the tall-grass prairies.""" 70239 general 332837 Poaceae "Sphenopholis nitida. ""Tufted, slender, 3–8 dm; lvs short, usually hairy (at least the lower), the upper sometimes merely scaberulous, the main ones 2–5 mm wide; infl slender to diffuse, never spike-like, often with spreading branches to 10 cm; spikelets 2.5–4 mm; glumes subequal, 1.5–3.5 mm, the first one blunt, wider than in the other spp., 0.2–0.5 mm wide in side-view and 1/3–2/3 the width of the second glume; second glume 0.5–1 wide in side-view, widest near the blunt tip; lemmas oval, blunt to acute, rarely short-awned, the first 2–3.5 mm, smooth to scabrous, the second smaller, very scabrous; anthers 1.2–1.6 mm; 2n=14. Dry or moist woods and hillsides; Mass. to Mich. and Ill., s. to n. Fla., Mo., and Tex.""" 70244 general 331118 Poaceae "Sporobolus clandestinus. ""Much like no. 7 [Sporobolus asper (P. Beauv.) Kunth]; perennial, occasionally rhizomatous, with solitary or tufted culms 4–17 dm; lower sheaths frequently pubescent, the collar usually pubescent but only rarely pilose; lvs often hairy, lemma (2.5–)3–7 mm, pubescent; palea pubescent, equaling to sometimes much surpassing the lemma; pericarp becoming loose when wet, but not gelatinous; 2n=46, 48, 52, 54, 56. Dry sandy soil and prairies; Tex. to Fla., n. to Kans., Io., s. Wis., Ind., Va., and near the coast to Mass. (S. asper var. c.; S. canovirens)""" 70252 general 353583 Poaceae "Triplasis purpurea. ""Slender annual 2–8 dm; blades 1–2 mm wide, shorter than their sheaths, the upper much reduced; terminal infl 2–8 cm, with a few branches each bearing a few 2–5-fld purple spikelets; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2–4 mm; lemmas 3–4 mm, the short lobes rounded or erose, the hairy awn 1 cm or less; rachilla-joints half as long as the lemma; included panicles and solitary spikelets produced within the lower sheaths. Dry sand along the coast from N.H. to Tex.; also along the shores of the Great Lakes, and in the interior from Ind. to Minn., Colo., and Tex.""" 70260 general 350948 Poaceae "Vulpia elliotea. ""Slender, erect annual 2–6 dm with glabrous herbage; blades flat or involute, setaceous, 0.5–1 mm wide; infl slender, 5–20 cm, its branches scaberulous; spikelets 3–6-fld, 3.5–5 mm (excl. awns); first glume subulate, 1.3–2.7 mm, the second broader, 2.3–4 mm; lemmas narrow, ± involute, hairy, especially distally, gradually narrowed into a rough awn 4.5–9 mm; lowest lemma 2.5–3.5 mm; anther 1, ca 0.5 mm; grains 1.5–2 mm. Dry sandy soil; s. N.J. to Tex., chiefly on the coastal plain, n. in the interior to Mo. (V. sciurea; Festuca s.)""" 70262 general 343220 Poaceae "Vulpia octoflora. ""Slender, decumbent to erect annual 1–6 dm, glabrous or hairy; blades flat or involute, setaceous, 0.5–1 mm wide; infl slender, 3–20 cm, with a few ascending or rarely spreading branches; spikelets flattened, with 5–11+ fls; first glume subulate, 1- veined, 1.7–4.5 mm, the second lanceolate, 3-veined, a fourth longer; florets closely imbricate, the internodes of the rachilla typically 0.5–0.7 mm; lemmas involute, straight, obscurely veined, glabrous or merely scabrous in our vars., soon diverging and exposing the rachilla, the lowest one 2.7–6.5 mm, with an awn 0.3–6(–9) mm; anther 1(–3), 0.3–1.5 mm; grains mostly 1.7–3.3 mm; 2n=14. Dry or sterile soil; Que. and N. Engl. to B.C., s. to Fla. and Calif. (Festuca o.) Two ill-defined vars. in our range: In the mostly southern var. octoflora the spikelets are 5.5–10 mm, and the awn of the lowest lemma is 0.3–3 mm. In the mostly more northern var. glauca (Nutt.) Fernald the spikelets are 4–5.5 mm, and the awn of the lowest lemma is 2.5–6+ mm.""" 70577 general 328568 Poaceae "Oryzopsis hymenoides. ""Densely tufted, 3–7 dm; ligules 2.5–7.5 mm, acuminate, becoming lacerate; blades numerous, smooth, strongly involute, ca 1 mm wide, nearly as long as the stems; panicle (5–)7–15(–19) cm, open, diffusely branched, with long-pedicellate spikelets; glumes ovate-acuminate or tapering to an awn to 2 mm, hyaline-margined, finely puberulent to subglabrous, the 3(5) nerves prominent toward the greenish glume-base, obscure in the anthocyanic distal part; first glume (4.5–)5–7.5(–8) mm, the second a bit shorter; lemma 2.5–4(–5), fusiform, turgid, maturing dark and shiny, densely white-pilose with long soft hairs ca = glumes; awn 3–5.5 mm, straight, readily deciduous; 2n=28, 48, 65, 130. Dry, open often very sandy places; Man. and nw. Minn. to B.C., s. to Calif. and Tex. (Achnatherum h.) Hybridizes with several spp. of Stipa, producing sterile plantscalled ×Stiporyzopsis bloomeri (Bol.) B. L. Johnson.""" 70578 general 367473 Poaceae "Oryzopsis racemosa. ""Loosely tufted from a knotty rhizome, 4–10 dm; principal lvs cauline, scaberulous above, pubescent beneath, the blades mostly 10–20 cm × 8–15 mm, with many fine veins; lower lvs ± reduced, the basal sometimes to mere sheaths; ligule minute or none; panicle sparsely branched, 1–2 dm, the few straight branches spreading or ascending, bearing the few appressed spikelets toward the end; glumes herbaceous, narrowly elliptic, acute or short-acuminate, 7–9 mm, distinctly 7-veined; lemma 5.5–7 mm, dark brown and shining; awn 12–22 mm; 2n=46, 48. Dry to moist woods and wooded dunes; Que. to Ont., Minn., and N.D., s. to Va., Ky., Mo., and Nebr. (Piptatherum r.)""" 70581 general 331476 Poaceae "Sporobolus heterolepis. ""Erect, tightly clustered perennial 4–10 dm; lvs very long, narrow, usually involute, crowded toward the base; panicle 1–2 dm × 1.5–3 cm, cylindric to narrowly ovoid, with whorled, ascending, mostly racemiform and basally naked branches, these and the pedicels irregularly interrupted by paler, slightly dilated segments; spikelets 3–6 mm; first glume half as long as the second, subulate above a broader base; second glume acuminate into a carinate or involute tip, usually slightly exceeding the lemma; palea usually slightly exceeding the lemma; fr globose, 1+ mm thick; 2n=72. Dry open ground, especially on prairies, often in slight depressions; O. to Sask. and Tex., e. occasionally to Pa., Conn., and Que.""" 108513 general 33361 Poaceae "Poaceae.Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos. Flowering stems (culms) jointed, internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks, differentiated into sheath, blade, and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule); leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins, modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths); leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate, veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos); ligule membranous or a line of hairs. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, an open, contracted, or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired, or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla); typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes) empty, subtending 1 to many florets; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea); base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus); lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn), glumes also sometimes awned. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary, anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or)2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear.
About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world; 28 tribes, 226 genera (seven endemic), and 1795 species (809 endemic) in China.
Grasses are present throughout China, but the largest area of natural grassland lies in the northern part of the country, forming part of the temperate Eurasian steppe. Much of this area has now been converted from rangeland into farmland with wheat (Triticum) as the major food crop. The moister grasslands of northeast China support forest steppe, the dominant natural grasses being Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis. The climate becomes progressively drier eastward, supporting steppe and semidesert steppe. Species of Stipa are dominant, with Agropyron, Cleistogenes, Koeleria, and Leymus. Common grasses of the dry alpine steppe of the high Xizang-Qinghai Plateau include species of Elymus, Festuca, Leymus, Poa, Puccinellia, and Stipa. Desert grasses of northwest China include sand-binding species of Aeluropus, Cleistogenes, and Orinus.
In warm, subtropical areas of southern China widespread tropical genera are well represented, including Cymbopogon, Digitaria, Eulalia, Paspalum, Pennisetum, and Setaria. The major food crop here is rice (Oryza). Other tropical genera with their center of distribution in southeast Asia extend into China, including Arundinella, Isachne, and Microstegium. Extensive pure stands of Phacelurus latifolius are found in coastal salt marshes, as are introduced species of Sp
Perennials, less often annuals or suffruticose. Culms tufted. Leaf blades usually basal, rolled or rarely flat. Inflorescence a narrow or open panicle. Spikelets with 1 floret; glumes scarious, narrow, unequal with the upper usually longer, 1(–3)-veined; floret callus bearded, obtuse to pungent or 2-toothed; lemma narrowly cylindrical or laterally compressed, convolute, glabrous or sparsely hairy; awn 3-branched, branches arising directly from lemma apex or seated on a straight or twisted column, persistent or disarticulating either at base or apex of column (always persistent in China), scabrid. Stamens 3.
About 300 species: widely distributed in tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world; ten species (six endemic) in China.
This genus is found on poor, dry soils in areas of low rainfall, but does not usually penetrate into true desert.
" 108842 general 338620 Poaceae "Arundinaria.Small to arborescent bamboos, spreading or loosely clumped. Rhizomes leptomorph. Culms diffuse to pluricaespitose, suberect to drooping, 1–7(–13) m tall, 0.5–4(–6) cm thick; internodes terete to flattened on one side above branches. Branch buds tall, with or without promontory, within 2-keeled prophyll, always open at front. Branches (1 or)2–5(–7), subequal. Lateral branch axes always subtended by sheaths, without replication of lateral branches. Culm sheaths deciduous to persistent, blade usually recurved or reflexed, lanceolate, articulate. Leaf sheaths persistent; blade oblong-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, small to medium-sized, without marginal necrosis in winter, arrangement random, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence an open panicle or raceme, flowering branches usually subtended by tiny bracts. Spikelets several to many flowered, slender; rachilla internodes extended, disarticulating. Glumes 1 or 2, mucronate; lemma similar to glumes; palea 2-keeled, apex obtuse; lodicules 3. Stamens 3; filaments free, slender; anthers yellow. Style usually very short; stigmas 2 or 3, plumose. Caryopsis dry, oblong. New shoots May–Jun.
About eight species: SW China, E Himalayas, Vietnam, SE United States; five species (four endemic) in China.
In FRPS (9(1), 1996), Arundinaria was considered a unispecific, North American genus with no Asian representatives at all. A much broader treatment of the genus has also been advocated by several authors. In this treatment the morphologically closest Asian species under Arundinaria, those from Bashania and Sarocalamus, are included. Arundinaria subg. Arundinaria differs in its persistent culm sheaths and larger florets and is restricted to the SE United States.
Taxa incertae sedis
Arundinaria acerba W. T. Lin (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 13(2): 84. 1992) was described from Guangdong.
Arundinaria conghuaensis W. T. Lin (J. Bamboo Res. 19(4): 2. 2000) was described from Guangdong (Conghua). In the protologue it was compared with A. projecta (a synonym of Acidosasa nanunica in this account).
Arundinaria multinervis W. T. Lin & Z. M. Wu (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 11(3): 48. 1990; Indocalamus multinervis (W. T. Lin & Z. M. Wu) W. T. Lin, J. Bamboo Res. 19(4): 17. 2000) was described from sterile material from Guangdong (Shixing).
Arundinaria parvifolia Hackel ex Keng (J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 26: 396. 1936; Fargesia hackelii Ohrnberger; Indocalamus parvifolius (Hackel ex Keng) P. C. Keng) was described from Yunnan. It may be a species of Fargesia, but there is no information on the rhizome.
Arundinaria rectirama W. T. Lin (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 13(2): 85. 1992) was described from Guangdong. The original description is incomplete, and the taxon could belong to any one of several genera of the Arundinariinae.
Arundinaria rigidula E. G. Camus (Not. Syst. 2: 243. 1912; Indocalamus rigidulus (E. G. Camus) Nakai; Yushania rigidula (E. G. Camus) Ohrnberger) was described from Sichuan. It may be a species of Fargesia or Yushania, but there is no information on the rhizome.
Bashania abietina T. P. Yi & L. Yang (J. Bamboo Res. 17(4): 1. 1998) was described from Sichuan. It possibly belongs in Indocalamus rather than Arundinaria subg. Bashania.
Annuals or perennials. Culm bases infrequently swollen, or with bulbous sheath bases; new shoots intravaginal or extravaginal, rarely (in China) pseudointravaginal, intravaginal but with reduced or rudimentary lower leaf blades and weakly differentiated prophyl. Uppermost culm leaf sheath closed from 1/20th to entire length; ligule hyaline, membranous or infrequently papery; blade flat, folded, or involute, abaxially keeled, adaxially with 1 groove on either side of the midvein, apex prow-tipped. Inflorescence a terminal panicle; branches 1–9 per node; flowers all bisexual, or mixed bisexual and female (rarely male), with distal female flowers within spikelets, or with partially to wholly female spikelets or inflorescences. Spikelets laterally compressed, florets (1–)2–8(–10), rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets, uppermost floret vestigial; vivipary sometimes present; glumes mostly strongly keeled, unequal, or subequal, lower glume 1- or 3-veined, upper glume 3(or 5)-veined; lemmas laterally compressed, usually distinctly keeled, 5(–7)-veined, distal margins and apex membranous, apex awnless, rarely minutely mucronate; floret callus short, truncate, blunt, glabrous or webbed (with a dorsal tuft of woolly hairs), rarely with a line of hairs around base of lemma; palea subequal or infrequently to 2/3 as long as lemma, not gaping, keels green, distinctly separated, usually scabrid, smooth in Poa sect. Micrantherae, sometimes pilulose to villous, margins usually smooth, glabrous. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3, anthers sometimes vestigial. Ovary glabrous. Caryopsis oblong to fusiform, triangular to oval in cross section, sometimes grooved, free or adhering to the palea. 2n = 14–266. x = 7.
More than 500 species: throughout Arctic and N and S temperate regions and extending to most subtropical and tropical mountains, in habitats such as temperate forests, mountain slopes, grasslands, wetlands, steppes, alpine areas and tundra, deserts, and around human habitation, on acidic to sub-basic or subsaline, dry to wet soils, from sea level to the upper limits of vegetation; 81 species (14 endemic, at least one introduced) in China.
Poa includes many species useful and important for forage, soil stabilization, and lawns, and several widespread weeds. Five of six recognized subgenera are present in China. (1) Poa subg. Arctopoa: stout plants with thick rhizomes, scabrid to ciliate lemma margins, and glabrous calluses, found in subsaline to subalkaline wetlands. (2) Poa subg. Ochlopoa: plants with bulbous sheathed culm bases (spikelets then often viviparous), or if not bulbous then commonly quite smooth throughout, with shortly villous palea keels and no callus hairs, sometimes annuals. (3) Poa subg. Pseudopoa: slender annuals with scabrid-angled panicle branches, shortish glumes, uppermost culm sheaths closed for 1/15–1/10 their length, glabrous calluses, and scabrid rachillas. (4) Poa subg. Poa: the largest and most diverse subgenus, including annuals and perennials, with or without rhizomes, but generally with the uppermost culm sheaths closed for over 1/4 their length. (5) Poa subg. Stenopoa: commonly tufted perennials generally with the uppermost culm sheaths closed for only 1/15–1/5(–1/4) their length, with mainly extravaginal shoots, mostly without rhizomes, mostly with panicle branches that are scabrid angled from the base, and with 3-veined first glumes.
Some species have races with florets that develop into bulbils that can readily send down roots as soon as they drop from the inflorescence (i.e., they are viviparous). Viviparous spikelets often have fairly normal-looking proximal florets. Pubescence on the lemmas and calluses of such florets is often poorly developed relative to that in normal spikelets, or absent. Identification is easiest with plants having normal spikelets.
Hybridiz
Perennials, often rhizomatous. Culms erect, many-noded, simple or branched. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, flat, sometimes narrowed to a pseudopetiole; ligule membranous, often hairy on margin or back. Inflorescence terminal, an open or contracted panicle with elongate central axis, primary branches subverticillate, typically capillary, smooth, bearing 1 or more racemes; racemes short, rachis fragile or tough, sessile and pedicelled spikelet of a pair similar, both pedicelled when rachis tough, both fertile, rarely spikelets solitary; rachis internodes and pedicels slender or thickened upward, often with cupular apex. Spikelets usually lanceolate, scarcely compressed; callus subglabrous to shortly bearded; glumes equal, firmly papery, lower glume rounded on back, puberulous to villous, closely many-veined, veins prominent, raised into ridges, apex acute to shortly awned; upper glume usually resembling lower glume, sometimes keeled; lower floret often staminate, lemma lanceolate to ovate, palea usually present; upper lemma deeply 2-lobed, awned from sinus; awn geniculate. x = 10.
Fifteen species: Turkey eastward to India, Thailand, and Japan, one species extending northward to Siberia; nine species (six endemic) in China.
Species with a tough rachis and pedicellate spikelets are sometimes separated as the genus Eccoilopus. However, the racemes have distinct joints in these species, so the lack of disarticulation at maturity appears to be a secondary development. The spikelets are typical of Spodiopogon.
Species exclusae
The following two species names were not validly published because no Latin description was provided and no type was indicated. They do not appear to correspond with any known species of Spodiopogon. It has not been possible to validate the names here, as the specimens on which they were based have not been located.
“Spodiopogon ludingensis” L. Liu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 55. 1997, nom. inval.
????? lu ding da you mang
Perennial. Culms erect, ca. 80 cm tall, 3–4 mm in diam., 3–5-noded. Leaf blades lanceolate, 10–20 × 0.5–1.2 cm; puberulous. Panicle purplish black, ca. 10 cm; branches 1–3 cm; racemes 2–3-noded, one spikelet of a pair sessile, the other pedicellate. Spikelets ca. 4 mm; callus glabrous; lower glume 9–11-veined, veins scabrid, puberulous between veins, apex obtuse or truncate; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle; awn 6–7 mm. Anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
? Dry mountain slopes; 1500–1600 m. W Sichuan.
“Spodiopogon paucistachyus” L. Liu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 57. 1997, nom. inval.
????? gua sui da you mang
Perennial. Culms erect, stiff, ca. 50 cm tall, 2–4 mm in diam., many-noded, farinose below node. Leaf sheaths purplish, longer than internodes; leaf blades lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.4–0.8 cm, puberulous, base contracted into false petiole, lower margin softly tuberculate-hairy, apex acute. Panicle lax, ca. 5 cm; branches 1–2 per node; racemes with 1 or 2 spikelet pairs; rachis internodes glabrous; pedicels pilose. Spikelets 6–6.5 mm; callus hairs ca. 2 mm; lower glume 9-veined, lower back softly pilose with ca. 3 mm hairs; upper lemma 2-lobed to middle; awn ca. 12 mm. Anthers ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn.
? Mountain slopes; 2600–2700 m. W Sichuan.
Perennials, forming dense tussocks, old basal sheaths persistent. Leaf blades filiform to setaceous, convolute, abaxial surface smooth or scabrid, adaxial surface prominently ribbed. Inflorescence usually a contracted panicle, enclosed in uppermost leaf sheath or shortly exserted, spikelets few. Spikelets with one floret, bisexual; glumes subequal, hyaline or membranous, much longer than floret, 3–5-veined, long acuminate; callus pungent, shortly bearded; lemma narrowly lanceolate, terete, usually leathery, (3–)5-veined, hairy, margins overlapping, apex entire; awn articulated at lemma apex and deciduous at maturity, scabrid to plumose, 1–2-geniculate, column tightly twisted, bristle straight, flexuous or curling; palea subequaling lemma, hyaline, enclosed within lemma. Lodicules 2 or 3, lanceolate. Stamens 3, anthers glabrous or shortly hairy at apex. Stigmas 2.
About 100 species: temperate and warm-temperate regions of Asia and Europe, in dry, open habitats; 23 species (three endemic) in China.
" 125145 general 329153 Poaceae "Aira caryophyllea.Culms solitary or tufted, erect or slightly geniculate, very slender, 5–30 cm tall, scabrid. Leaf sheaths scaberulous; leaf blades narrowly linear to filiform, 1–5 cm, 2–3 mm wide; ligule lanceolate, 1–4 mm, acute becoming lacerate. Panicle open, ovate in outline, up to 10 cm; branches 2–5 cm, capillary, scabrid, bearing spikelets in clusters toward tips; pedicels 2–4 mm, up to twice spikelet length, a pear-shaped swelling below spike-let. Spikelets ovate-oblong in outline, 2–3.5 mm, shining, silvery-gray or tinged purplish; glumes as long as spikelet, keel scaberulous; florets both awned; lemmas brown, 3/4 length of glumes, scabrid, narrowed to 2-toothed apex; awn 2.5–4 mm, arising from lower 1/3 of lemma. Anthers 0.3–0.6 mm.
This pioneer of dry, open places is now widespread in temperate regions.
" 125164 general 328075 Poaceae "Aristida adscensionis.Annual. Culms tufted, erect or geniculate at base, 15–55 cm tall, branched. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous, shorter than internodes, laxly overlapping; leaf blades involute, 3–20 cm, finely pointed; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Panicle usually narrow, loosely contracted, 4–20 cm; branches short, ascending, inserted singly on main axis. Spikelets gray-green or purplish green; glumes subequal or unequal with upper longer, 1-veined, scabrid on vein, lower glume lanceolate-oblong, 4–6.8 mm, acute, upper glume linear, 5–8 mm, obtuse to emarginate or apiculate; callus ca. 0.5 mm, narrowly obtuse; lemma linear, distinctly longer than upper glume, 7–11 mm, laterally compressed, smooth or rarely scabrid in upper half, keel scabrid upward; awn branches arising directly from lemma apex, central branch 1–2.5 cm, laterals slightly shorter. Anthers 1.8–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.
Aristida adscensionis is a widely distributed, variable, annual pioneer of dry, open places, recognized by its long, parallel-sided, flattened lemma often exserted from the glumes. It is used for forage.
" 125944 general 384718 Poaceae "Stipa baicalensis.Perennial, tufted. Culms 50–80 cm tall, 3–4-noded, lower nodes concealed. Leaf sheaths smooth or scabrid, lower usually longer than internodes; leaf blades convolute, basal blades up to 40 cm, outer surface smooth; ligule truncate or 2-toothed, ciliate, of basal leaves 0.5–1 mm, of culm leaves 1.5–2 mm. Panicle narrow, 20–50 cm, base often enclosed by expanded uppermost leaf sheath. Spikelets gray-green or purplish brown; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 mm, apex filiform; callus pungent, ca. 4 mm; lemma 12–15 mm, shortly hairy in longitudinal lines, a ring of short hairs at awn articulation; awn deciduous, 14–17 cm, scabrid, 2-geniculate, column 3–5 cm to first bend, 1.5–2 cm to second bend, bristle curling, ca. 10 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.
This species is scarcely distinguishable from the widespread Stipa capillata. It has a short ligule and a definite ring of short hairs at the awn articulation. It provides forage in dry steppe and meadow steppe regions.
" 132939 general 344760 Poaceae "Bromus oxyodon.Annual. Culms loosely tufted, erect or geniculately ascending, 30–60 cm tall. Lower leaf sheaths retrorsely pubescent, upper sheaths glabrous; leaf blades linear, 10–20 cm × 4–8 mm, both surfaces pubescent. Panicle lax, spreading, 10–25 × 10–15 cm, often purplish; branches whorled, usually much longer than spikelets, filiform, flexuous, scabrid, each bearing 2–4 nodding spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, 25–35 mm, florets 6–10, overlapping; glumes unequal, lanceolate, margins membranous, apex acuminate, lower glume 9–11 mm, upper glume 11–14 mm; lemmas oblong-elliptic, 12–15 mm, 7-veined, glabrous or pubescent, margins broad, hyaline, apex 2-toothed, teeth acuminate, 1.5–3 mm, awned from sinus; awn 15–25 mm, base flattened and slightly twisted, recurved at maturity; palea 2/3 as long as lemma, keels ciliate. Anthers 1.2–1.8 mm. Caryopsis lanceolate, 8–10 × ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Aug. 2n = 28.
This is a short-lived forage grass in deserts and dry mountains.
" 133459 general 347212 Poaceae "Cenchrus ciliaris.Perennial, tufted or shortly rhizomatous. Culms erect or ascending from a decumbent or stoloniferous base, slender to moderately stout, sometimes much branched, up to 1 m tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pubescent; leaf blades linear, green or grayish, 10–50 × 0.4–0.8 cm, with scattered, tubercle-based hairs; ligule 0.5–3 mm. Inflorescence 3–15 cm, densely bristly, burrs contiguous, rachis puberulous. Burrs composed of many bristles; bristles antrorsely barbed; inner bristles 7–14 mm (one stouter and slightly longer), connate at extreme base to form a shallow disc 0.5–1.5 mm wide, somewhat flattened around spikelets, grooved on outer face, ciliate on inner margins, tips extended into flexuous bristles clearly exceeding spikelets; outer bristles numerous, shorter, slender. Spikelets 1–4 in burr, 3–5 mm; lower glume 1/3–1/2 spikelet length; upper glume ca. 1/2 spikelet length. 2n = 36.
This is a polymorphic species occurring naturally from Africa to India. Some superior strains have been selected and distributed in warm parts of the world for pasture and fodder in dry areas (Buffel Grass), and the grass has become a widespread weed. It was introduced to Taiwan as a pasture grass, and is now naturalized in the south of that island.
Cenchrus ciliaris may easily be mistaken for a species of Penni-setum, as the basal fusion of the bristles is rather slight. However, the flattening and grooving of the bristles around the spikelets is a characteristic feature of Cenchrus and is not found in Pennisetum.
Perennial from short rhizome. Culms tufted, robust, up to 3 m tall, 8–12 mm in diam., nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous, auricles to 3 mm at mouth; leaf blades linear, glaucous, up to 100 × 0.7–1.5 cm, glabrous, margins scabrid, base gradually narrowed, apex filiform; ligule ca. 2 mm. Spathate compound panicle rather lax, decompound, yellowish tinged pale red, up to 1 m, branches drooping, clusters of racemes dense; spatheoles pale reddish brown, 2–3 cm; racemes 1.5–2.2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels densely ciliate; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly oblong, 5–6 × 1–1.4 mm; lower glume concave in lower 2/3, not wrinkled, sharply 2-keeled throughout, keels narrowly winged above middle, wings 0.15–0.35 mm, obscurely 2–4-veined between keels toward apex, midvein often absent; upper lemma awned; awn 1–1.7 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 5–6 mm.
This species has a lemon scent. Outside China it occurs on dry, grassy hillsides below 2000 m. It intergrades with Cymbopogon flexuo-sus and C. khasianus, but can usually be recognized by the relatively long, narrow, channeled lower glume of the sessile spikelet.
" 141437 general 343997 Poaceae "Bromus stenostachyus.Perennial, with slender creeping rhizomes, base covered by dry leaf sheaths. Culm base decumbent, later erect, up to 100 cm tall, slender. Leaf sheaths pubescent to hispid, with auricles at mouth; leaf blades linear-acuminate, grayish green, ca. 15 cm × 2–3 mm, both surfaces very shortly pubescent, margins scabrid. Panicle 11–18 cm, racemelike; branches short, each bearing 1 spikelet. Spikelets oblong or cuneate, 20–25 mm, later lax, florets 7–9; lower glume 6–8 mm, 3-veined, upper glume 9–12 mm, 3-veined, glabrous, apex acuminate; lemmas oblong, 10–16 mm, 5–9-veined, glabrous, shiny, apex acuminate, emarginate; awn 3–4 mm; palea shorter than lemma, keels ciliolate. Anthers 4–5 mm. Fl. May–Jul.
" 141441 general 343809 Poaceae "Bromus riparius.Perennial, with short rhizomes, base covered by fibrous dry leaf sheaths. Culms densely tufted, 30–50(–90) cm tall. Leaf sheaths ± scattered villous; leaf blades narrowly linear, 15–20 cm × 1–2 mm, scabrid, margins ciliate; ligule short. Panicle lax, 10–15 × ca. 10 cm; branches obliquely erect, scabrid, bearing 1 or 2 spikelets. Spikelets wedge-shaped, 25–35 × 6–7 mm, florets 5–7, lax; rachilla 3–4 mm, shortly hairy, laterally visible; glumes apex acuminate, lower glume 8–10 mm, 1–3-veined, upper glume 9–12 mm; lemmas 11–13 mm, puberulous along sides or throughout, 5–7-veined, membranous, apex acuminate; awn 5–8 mm, slender, straight; palea shorter than lemma, keels spinulose. Anthers ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Jul. 2n = 56.
No specimens of this species were found in PE.
" 141442 general 343779 Poaceae "Bromus paulsenii.Perennial, often with rhizomes, basal sheaths persistent, fibrous or lacerate. Culms densely tufted, erect or geniculately ascending, 20–40 cm tall, pubescent or upper part often glabrous, 2-noded. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous; leaf blades linear-acuminate, hard, erect, flat or slightly inrolled, 8–15 cm × (2–)3–5 mm, densely pubescent; ligule short. Panicle ovoid, erect or spreading, (6–)10–12 × 5–6 cm; branches paired or single, often shorter than spikelet, scabrid, each bearing 1 spikelet. Spikelets lanceolate, 20–25 mm, florets 5–7, yellow; glumes lanceolate, glabrous, apex acuminate, lower glume 6–8 mm, 3–5-veined, upper glume 8–10 mm, 3–5-veined; lemmas broadly lanceolate, ca. 10 mm, 7-veined, glabrous, smooth or scabrid, margins and apex dry membranous; awn 3–5 mm, straight. Fl. Jun–Aug.
" 141508 general 378198 Poaceae "Poa nemoraliformis.Culms loosely to densely tufted, 30–50 cm tall, erect, usually hard, scabrid, nodes 2–5, uppermost in lower 1/3; base covered by withered leaf sheaths. Shoots extravaginal. Leaf sheath scabrid, longer than blade; blade usually flat, later folded or inrolled, 1.5–2.5 mm wide, scabrid; ligule (0.5–)1–1.5 mm. Panicle oblong, conferted, 8–16(–20) cm, branches thin, 2–4.5 cm. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, green or tinged with purple, 4–6(–6.5) mm, florets 3 or 4, usually with upper floret rudimentary; rachilla usually glabrous; glumes oblong-lanceolate, apex acuminate, lower glume ca. 3.5 mm, upper glume 4–4.2 mm, margins dry membranous, keel scabrid; lemma oblong-lanceolate, 3.2–4 mm; margins membranous, keel and marginal veins usually short-villous to glabrous along lower 1/2; callus glabrous. Anthers ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug.
Poa nemoraliformis differs from P. nemoralis in its longer ligule 1–1.5 mm (vs. 0.2–1 mm), glabrous rachilla, and unwebbed lemma callus, and differs from P. versicolor subsp. relaxa in never forming dense tufts. The syntypes represent a sequence of increasing xeromorphism (leaf blades more firm, position of uppermost node varying from 1/2 to 1/3 way up culm). The first two syntypes differ from the description in the protologue in having the rachilla shortly hairy; the second syntype differs in having a long ligule ca. 2.4 mm.
Records of Poa sterilis M. Bieberstein from China are probably based on this species. Examination of the type of P. major has shown that it was misplaced in P. subg. Poa and belongs here.
Culms tufted, 30–50 cm tall, erect, usually hard, scabrid, nodes 3 or 4, uppermost in lower 1/3; base covered by withered leaf sheaths. Shoots extravaginal. Leaf sheath scabrid, longer than blade; blade usually flat, later folded or inrolled, 1.5–2.5 mm wide, scabrid; ligule (2–)3–4.5(–6.5) mm. Panicle oblong, conferted, 7–15 cm, branches 2–3(–4.5) cm. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, green or tinged with purple, 4–6(–6.5) mm, florets 3–5(–7); rachilla glabrous; glumes oblong-lanceolate, apex accuminate, lower glume ca. 3.5 mm, upper glume 4–4.2 mm, margins dry membranous, keel scabrid; lemma oblong-lanceolate, 3.2–3.7(–4) mm; margins white or golden yellow membranous, keel and marginal veins usually shortly villous to glabrous along lower 1/2; callus glabrous. Anthers ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug.
Poa hylobates is allied to P. nemoraliformis and quite frequently forms intermediate populations in Sichuan and Xizang. Quite common are specimens that combine a glabrous callus and rachilla with a ligule longer than ca. 5 mm or 1–3 mm, or a pubescent callus and rachilla with a ligule ca. 5 mm; these features exceed the bounds of known species, including P. hylobates.
The type of Poa elanata looks immature, but taking into account the length and panicle shape of dry culms from the preceding year, which are well represented, it may be attributed to P. hylobates.
Perennial, with creeping stolons, base brown, covered by dry leaf sheaths. Plants 20–100 cm tall, nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous; leaf blades flat, ca. 15 cm, scabrid, glabrous or scattered pubescent; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Panicle 8–15(–20) cm, erect, narrow, contracted, sometimes nodding; branches shorter than spikelets, each bearing 1 or 2 spikelets. Spikelets narrowly oblong, 15–25 mm, purple, florets 4–8; rachilla thinly hairy; glumes glabrous, lower glume 6–8 mm, 1- or 3-veined, upper glume 7–10 mm, 3-veined; lemmas lanceolate, 10–12 mm, 5–7-veined, marginal veins densely pubescent to middle or slightly above, midrib and intermediate veins pubescent or scabrid; awn 1–5 mm; palea shorter than lemma, keels ciliate. Anthers 2–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
It is difficult to distinguish Bromus sibiricus from B. inermis, and the former species could well be merely a dwarf form of the latter.
" 141846 general 378755 Poaceae "Poa sphondylodes var. erikssonii.Ligule 2–3 mm. Panicle branches with spikelets in distal 1/2. Spikelets 3.5–5(–5.5) mm; palea sometimes pubescent between keels.
This variety is closer to Poa palustris in its shorter ligule than to typical P. sphondylodes, so it might be of hybrid origin. The variability of this variety depends very much on environment, and both the leaf characters and the panicle characters appear to vary. The panicles of the same clone may differ greatly in the shape, length, and width of their branches when grown in the wet seasons or when the habitat turns dry. The type of P. longiglumis is very close to this variety.
" 169658 morphology 355939 Poaceae "Eragrostis barteri. ""The woody culms, left lying obliquely by the subsiding flood, produce fascicles of short flowering shoots from the nodes during the dry season""" 169677 ecology 334316 Poaceae "Andropogon chevalieri. Dry stony soils." 169684 ecology 334482 Poaceae "Andropogon fastigiatus. ""Shallow or sandy soils, and dry fallow land.""" 169719 ecology 328075 Poaceae "Aristida adscensionis. ""Common on dry, shallow or over-farmed soils.""" 169739 ecology 336794 Poaceae "Aristida sieberiana. ""On coastal sands, and on dry sandy soils inland.""" 169789 ecology 348350 Poaceae "Chloris lamproparia. On dry bare soils." 169863 ecology 353194 Poaceae "Diheteropogon hagerupii. Dry sandy or gravelly soils." 169872 ecology 334539 Poaceae "Elionurus elegans. Dry soils." 169876 ecology 334542 Poaceae "Elionurus royleanus. Dry soils." 169890 ecology 346926 Poaceae "Enteropogon rupestris. Dry places." 169944 morphology 356383 Poaceae "Eragrostis viscosa. Lower glume with a sticky yellow mid-nerve: dry sandy soils." 170004 ecology 333972 Poaceae "Hyparrhenia hirta. Dry soils in open places." 170006 ecology 335892 Poaceae "Hyparrhenia involucrata. ""In savanna, particularly on dry or shallow soils.""" 170025 ecology 363027 Poaceae "Hyparrhenia subplumosa. ""Savanna woodland, often on poor dry soils.""" 170073 ecology 365093 Poaceae "Leptothrium senegalense. On dry soils." 170077 ecology 366063 Poaceae "Loudetia arundinacea. ""Dry soils, commonly associated with inselbergs and rock outcrops.""" 170094 ecology 351813 Poaceae "Loudetiopsis chrysothrix. Dry soils." 170147 morphology 369642 Poaceae "Oryza brachyantha. ""Normally behaving as an annual, but Jacques-Felix (l.c.) states that it will perennate if watered during the dry season""" 170237 ecology 348246 Poaceae "Tetrapogon cenchriformis. Dry sandy or gravelly soils." 170246 ecology 332824 Poaceae "Tragus racemosus. Roadsides and waste places on dry sandy soils." 170247 ecology 372168 Poaceae "Panicum nigerense. On dry sandy soils." 170256 ecology 370172 Poaceae "Panicum phragmitoides. ""In savanna, on dry soils.""" 170279 ecology 371282 Poaceae "Panicum turgidum. Dry sandy soils." 170369 ecology 381772 Poaceae "Schizachyrium delicatum. ""Dry, shallow soils.""" 170400 ecology 348389 Poaceae "Schoenefeldia gracilis. ""Dry soils, particularly hardpans and depressions.""" 170438 ecology 330712 Poaceae "Sporobolus helvolus. Seasonally flooded land in dry regions." 170488 ecology 349497 Poaceae "Trichoneura mollis. Dry soils." 170499 ecology 353512 Poaceae "Triraphis pumilio. Dry soils." 70575 general 331994 Poaceae "Muhlenbergia racemosa. ""Much like no. 10 [Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin.]; culms becoming much branched from near the middle; internodes shining, glabrous or slightly puberulent near the top; ligule 0.6–1.5 mm, lacerate; infls 4–17.5 cm, terminal or on long leafy branches, the peduncle included or exsert to 10 cm; florets pilose only on the callus and sometimes the keels of the palea, but the margins and back of the lemma glabrous; anthers 0.6–0.8 mm; grain 1.4–2.3 mm; 2n=40. Drier habitats than no. 10; prairies, rock-outcrops, open upland woods, or sometimes along roads or in other disturbed sites; Wis. and Ill. to Alta. and e. Wash., s. to Okla. and Ariz. Hybridizes with no. 10.""" 108869 general 340322 Poaceae "Avena.Annuals. Culms erect, fairly robust. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a large loose panicle. Spikelets large, pendulous, oblong to gaping, florets 2 to several, the uppermost reduced; rachilla pilose or glabrous, disarticulating below each floret or only below the lowest, or not disarticulating (cultivated species); glumes lanceolate to elliptic, usually subequal and as long as spikelet, rarely strongly unequal or shorter than spikelet, herbaceous to membranous, 7–11-veined, back rounded, smooth, apex acuminate; floret callus acute to pungent, bearded; lemmas lanceolate-oblong, usually leathery, occasionally papery, back rounded, 5–9-veined, glabrous to hispid, awned usually from near middle of back, apex papery, 2-toothed to 2-fid, lobes sometimes extended into fine bristles, awn geniculate with twisted column, sometimes reduced or absent (cultivated species); palea usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate. Ovary densely hairy. Caryopsis with long linear hilum.
About 25 species: centered on the Mediterranean region and SW Asia, extending to N Europe and N Asia, widely introduced to other temperate and cold regions; five species (all introduced) in China.
Avena includes several species cultivated as cereal crops (oats) and is also used for fodder and fiber production. A few species have become widespread as weeds of crops in temperate regions.
Avena barbata Pott ex Link and A. eriantha Durieu, native from the Mediterranean to C Asia, are mentioned (FRPS 9(3): 168. 1987) as cultivated in China.
Annual or perennial. Culms often coarse and robust. Leaf blades flat, linear or broadly linear; ligule absent (ciliate in some species outside China). Inflorescence composed of racemes along a central axis; racemes simple or compound, densely spiculate, spikelets paired in 4 rows, or congested on secondary racemelets. Spikelets narrowly elliptic to subrotund, plump, plano-convex, often hispidulous or spinulose, acute to awned; lower glume triangular, 1/3–1/2(–3/5) spikelet length, sheathing; upper glume and lower lemma equaling the spikelet or upper glume somewhat shorter in cultivated forms, prominently 5–7-veined, acute to rostrate or lower lemma extended into a stout awn; upper lemma coriaceous, smooth, shining, terminating in a short, laterally compressed, incurving beak; upper palea acute, apex briefly reflexed. x = 9.
About 35 species: tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world; eight species (at least one introduced) in China.
The reflexed upper palea tip, although a very tiny character, is nevertheless important for distinguishing Echinochloa from neighboring genera, especially Brachiaria. The absence of a ligule is also a good spot character for recognition of the genus in China.
Species of Echinochloa typically grow in aquatic or moist situations. Several have become widespread weeds, especially of irrigated crops, and two are sometimes cultivated as minor cereals.
Annual or perennial, tufted or shortly rhizomatous. Culms erect or ascending. Leaf blades mainly cauline, broadly linear, flat; ligule membranous, sometimes long. Inflorescence a panicle, usually many-spiculate, often nodding, lower branches usually whorled, unbranched or sparsely branched, pedicels short. Spikelets with 3 florets, 2 lower florets reduced, sterile, upper floret fertile, strongly laterally compressed, disarticulating below sterile lemmas, persistent in cultivated species; glumes vestigial, remaining after disarticulation as a shallow lobed frill at pedicel apex; sterile florets reduced to 2 narrow lemmas at base of fertile floret; fertile lemma boat-shaped, keeled, leathery, closely papillose, sometimes spinulose, infrequently smooth, prominently 5-veined, apex awnless to long awned; awn straight; palea resembling lemma but narrower, 3-veined, apex beaked. Stamens 6. Caryopsis variable in shape, embryo 1/4 length of caryopsis, hilum linear, as long as caryopsis. x = 12.
Twenty-four species: warm parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America; five species (two introduced) in China.
Oryza includes rice, O. sativa, the staple cereal crop throughout most of S China and tropical Asia.
The narrow scales at the base of the fertile floret are sometimes regarded as glumes rather than sterile lemmas, the shallow frill at the pedicel apex being then regarded simply as pedicel tissue. However, aberrant forms of Oryza sativa have been reported with one or more of the basal scales well developed and even enclosing a grain, which appears to support their derivation from lemmas.
Oryza latifolia Desvaux is a species from Central and South America which has been reported in Beijing.
Annuals or perennials. Culms erect, geniculately ascending or decumbent. Leaves basal or cauline; leaf blades filiform or linear to lanceolate or ovate, usually flat. Inflorescence usually a terminal open panicle, variously condensed or occasionally spicate rarely racemose. Spikelets usually symmetrical and dorsally compressed, disarticulating below the glumes; 2-flowered, the lower floret staminate or barren, the upper bisexual. Glumes herbaceous to membranous, ovate or oblong, obtuse to acute, acuminate or cuspidate; lower usually shorter than the spikelet, rarely equal, an internode between the glumes sometimes present, upper glume as long as spikelet, or slightly shorter; lower lemma similar to upper glume, with or without a palea; upper floret coriaceous, bony or cartilaginous, the margins of the lemma inrolled and clasping the palea, apex obtuse to acute or apiculate, crested or excavated. Hilum rounded to oval. x = 9, 10.
About 500 species:pantropical, extending into temperate regions of North America; 21 species (four introduced) in China.
Panicum miliaceum (Proso Millet) is grown in China as a cereal crop. Panicum coloratum (Buffalo Grass), P. maximum (Guinea Grass), and P. virgatum (Switch Grass) have been introduced to China and are widely grown for fodder.
" 110848 general 380558 Poaceae "Saccharum.Perennials, rhizomatous or tufted. Culms robust, up to 7 m tall. Leaf blades cauline, narrowly to broadly linear, midrib usually broad, white; ligule membranous, margin ciliolate. Inflorescence terminal, a large plumose panicle with elongate central axis, its branches bearing numerous hairy racemes; racemes fragile, sessile and pedicelled spikelet of a pair similar, both fertile; rachis internodes and pedicels filiform with cupular apex, pedicels resembling internodes but often shorter. Spikelets usually small, lanceolate, dorsally compressed or pedicelled spikelet more rounded on back; callus short, obtuse, bearded, often with long silky hairs surrounding the spikelet; lower glume membranous, thinly cartilaginous, or becoming leathery below, flat to broadly convex, veins indistinct, laterally 2-keeled; upper glume boat-shaped, resembling lower glume in texture and color; lower floret reduced to an empty hyaline lemma; upper floret bisexual, lemma entire, rarely 2-toothed, sometimes very narrow or small, with or without a short straight awn; stamens 2–3. x = 10.
Between 35 and 40 species: throughout the tropics and subtropics, but mainly in Asia; 12 species (two endemic, two introduced) in China.
Species with awns are sometimes separated as the genus Erianthus, but this is an artificial distinction. Saccharum includes the important crop plant S. officinarum (sugarcane).
The fluffy callus hairs are an efficient aid to wind dispersal.
Annuals or perennials. Culms usually tufted, slender to robust or canelike. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, sometimes plicate or narrowed to a false petiole; ligule ciliate from a membranous base. Inflorescence a panicle, dense and spikelike or open with the spikelets contracted around the primary branches; spikelets (or some of them) subtended by one to several bristles which persist on the branches after the spikelets fall. Spikelets elliptic, plano-convex, sometimes gibbous, awnless, florets 2; glumes and lower lemma membranous to herbaceous; lower glume ovate from a clasping base, usually less than 1/2 spikelet length, 3–5-veined; upper glume half as long to equaling spikelet, several-veined; lower floret staminate or neuter, sometimes sulcate, its palea present, reduced or absent; upper lemma crustaceous, strongly convex, rugose, punctate or smooth, margins inrolled. x = 9.
About 130 species: tropics and subtropics, extending to warm-temperate regions of the world; 14 species (three endemic, one introduced) in China.
The bristles in the inflorescence represent modified branchlets. The genus includes pasture grasses, a cereal crop, and a few noxious weeds.
" 111349 general 389028 Poaceae "Zizania.Monoecious aquatic annuals or perennials, rhizomes and stolons sometimes present. Culms tall, erect, robust. Leaf blades linear to broadly lanceolate; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a large panicle, spikelets unisexual and mostly borne on separate branches; lower branches spreading, bearing pendulous, caducous male spikelets; upper branches erect or ascending at maturity, bearing appressed, tardily deciduous female spikelets; or middle branches with mixed male and female spikelets (Z. latifolia). Spikelets with 1 floret, falling entire; glumes absent; lemma as long as spikelet, 5-veined; palea subequal to lemma, narrower, 3-veined. Male spikelet: lemma membranous, weakly flattened, acuminate or awn-pointed; stamens 6. Female spikelet: lemma papery or leathery, cylindrical, tapering into a long slender awn; palea closely clasped by lemma. Caryopsis cylindrical, embryo half as long, hilum almost as long as caryopsis. x = 15 or 17.
Four species: E Asia and North America; one species in China.
All species are used as food crops. Zizania aquatica Linnaeus and Z. palustris Linnaeus are cultivated in botanical gardens in China. They are highly valued cereals in North America (Wild Rice).
" 125198 general 340324 Poaceae "Avena sativa.Annual. Culms solitary or tufted, erect, 40–180 cm tall, unbranched. Leaf sheaths usually glabrous; leaf blades 15–30 cm, 4–10 mm wide, glabrous, margins sometimes scaberulous; ligule 3–6 mm. Panicle loose and open or contracted, 20–40 cm, nodding; branches spreading or contracted. Spikelets 2–3 cm, florets 2(or 3); rachilla ± glabrous, straight, not disarticulating or fracturing irregularly at maturity, florets lacking a basal bearded callus, internodes short, less than 0.5 mm; glumes lanceolate, subequal, as long as spikelet, 7–9-veined; lemmas 1.2–2.5 cm, leathery in lower half, herbaceous and distinctly veined above, glabrous or nearly so, apex minutely and irregularly 2–4-denticulate; awn 2.5–3.5 cm, weakly geniculate or rudimentary or absent. Grain adherent to lemma and palea at maturity. 2n = 42.
This species is cultivated as a cereal crop (oats) in north-temperate regions of the world, and also as a green fodder crop. Genetic evidence points to Avena sterilis as the wild ancestor of A. sativa, and A. fatua as a weedy derivative. Hybrids between A. sativa and A. fatua with hairy florets or well-developed awns may occur where the two species grow together.
" 125414 general 353904 Poaceae "Echinochloa frumentacea.Annual. Culms robust, erect, 1–1.5 m tall. Leaf sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf blades linear, soft, 15–40 × 1–2.4 cm, glabrous, margins thickened and wavy. Inflorescence erect, lanceolate, 10–20 cm, axis robust, scabrous along edges and with tubercle-based hairs; racemes 1–3 cm, curved, simple, closely spaced and overlapping. Spikelets greenish, tardily deciduous, plump, ovate-elliptic to rotund, 2.5–3.5 mm, pubescent to hispid, awnless; lower glume 1/3–2/5 as long as spikelet; upper glume slightly shorter than spikelet; lower lemma herbaceous, sterile; upper lemma 2–3 mm. Caryopsis long persistent, eventually falling. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 36, 54.
Echinochloa frumentacea is cultivated both for grain and as a forage crop. It is thought to be a cultivated derivative of E. colona that arose in India and perhaps Africa.
" 125871 general 339598 Poaceae "Saccharum officinarum.Perennial, forming tall clumps. Culms 3–6 m tall, 2–5 cm in diam., 20–40-noded, solid, nodes glabrous, glabrous below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths glabrous, pilose at mouth; leaf blades 70–150 × 4–6 cm, usually glabrous, midrib large, white, margins sharply serrate, base rounded, apex acuminate; ligule 2–3 mm, ciliate. Panicle 50–100 cm, axis glabrous but pilose at nodes; racemes 10–25 cm; rachis internodes 3–6 mm, glabrous. Spikelets 3.5–4 mm; callus hairs 2–3 times length of spikelet; lower glume oblong, uniformly firm throughout, buff-colored, back glabrous, margins membranous and ciliate above, apex acuminate; lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, subequal to glumes; upper lemma linear, awnless. Lodicules glabrous. Anthers 3. Fl. and fr. autumn. 2n = 80.
This is the commercial crop sugarcane, now widely cultivated in tropical regions of the world. Most present-day cultivars contain genes from Saccharum spontaneum. Sugar is extracted from the soft, central tissue of the culm. The dyed inflorescence is used as an ornament.
" 126038 general 366311 Poaceae "Zea mays.Culms erect, 1–4 m tall. Leaf sheaths with transverse veinlets; leaf blades 50–90 × 3–12 cm, glabrous or with tubercle-based hairs, margins scabrid, midvein stout; ligule ca. 2 mm. Female inflorescence a cylindrical "cob," with 16–30 rows of spikelets; glumes equal, veinless, margins ciliate; florets hyaline. Male inflorescence a "tassel" of many digitate racemes; spikelets 9–14 mm, unequally pedicellate, one pedicel 1–2 mm, the other 2–4 mm; glumes subequal, membranous, lower ca. 10-veined, margins ciliate, upper 7-veined; lower lemma and palea hyaline, subequal; upper lemma smaller than lower. Anthers orange, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn. 2n = 20, 40, 80.
This plant (maize, corn) was first domesticated in Central America about 7000 years ago and is now the third most important crop in the world. The many cultivars are grown for cereal or forage, and it is also an important source of oil, syrup, and alcohol.
" 136949 general 367358 Poaceae "Panicum sumatrense.Annual. Culms erect or decumbent, 20–60(–150) cm tall, nodes dark in color, glabrous. Leaves cauline; leaf sheaths loose, glabrous; leaf blades linear, flat, 8–40 × 0.4–0.8 cm, glabrous, base cordate to straight, apex acute or tapering; ligule ca. 1 mm, a ciliolate membrane. Panicle terminal, oblong or ovate in outline, 10–40 cm, densely branched and drooping or sparsely branched and erect; branches slender, scaberulous. Spikelets oblong in outline, 2.5–3.5 mm, glabrous; lower glume broadly ovate or cufflike, 1/4–1/3 length of spikelet, 3-veined, bluntly acute; upper glume as long as spikelet, 9–13-veined; lower lemma similar to upper glume, palea present or absent; upper floret brown or yellow, smooth, shiny. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 54.
Special forms of this variable species have been selected for cultivation. Plants with a denser and more profuse panicle, which droops at maturity under the weight of the spikelets, are grown as a cereal crop. Wild plants with more lightly branched, erect panicles and sparse spikelets may be distinguished as Panicum psilopodium. Although the cultivated types are readily identifiable, there are sufficient intermediates to make a clear boundary with the wild types impossible to define.
Panicum cristatellum Keng (Sinensia 11: 412. 1940), described from Jiangsu (Jiangyin), may be referable to P. sumatrense.
Perennial, shortly rhizomatous. Culms erect, 60–130 cm tall, 2.5–5 mm in diam., unbranched. Leaf sheaths glabrous, mouth tuberculate-hispid; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 20–50 × 1–1.5 cm, glabrous, abaxial surface smooth, adaxial surface scabrid, base narrowed, lower blades pseudopetiolate, apex acute; ligule 2–3 mm. Panicle open, ovate in outline, 5–15 cm; branches 3–6 cm, distal part branched; racemes 1–3-noded, articulation lines present, not bearded, not disarticulating at maturity, spikelets of a pair both pedicellate; rachis internodes 2–4 mm; pedicels unequal, clavate upward, shorter pedicel stout. Spikelets 4–5 mm, plump; callus hairs 0.2–0.5 mm; lower glume broadly lanceolate, glabrous to hispid, veins smooth except near apex, apex emarginate, minutely mucronate; upper glume with mucro to 0.5 mm; lower floret sterile; upper lemma 2-lobed in upper 1/3; awn 0–5 mm. Anthers 2–3 mm. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn.
This species has been cultivated as a grain crop in the uplands of Taiwan.
" 141400 general 340363 Poaceae "Avena nuda.Annual. Culms 45–90 cm tall. Leaf blades up to 20 cm, 3–7 mm wide, scaberulous. Panicle somewhat contracted, up to 25 cm. Spikelets 1.8–2.5(–3.5) cm, florets 2–4, lower 1 or 2 florets awned, upper florets awnless; rachilla glabrous, not disarticulating at maturity, florets lacking a basal bearded callus; glumes lanceolate, subequal, conspicuously shorter than spikelet, 7–9-veined; lemmas 1.5–2 cm, papery, distinctly veined throughout, glabrous, awned from ca. upper 1/3, apex 2-toothed, teeth slenderly acuminate, up to 4 mm; awn 1.5–2 cm, bent but not twisted. Grain ca. 6 mm, free from lemma and palea at maturity (free threshing). 2n = 42.
This is a minor crop, seldom cultivated nowadays. It is used for flour and also for animal fodder. It is a European species, but has been recently recorded as cultivated in Yunnan.
The place of publication of this species is sometimes cited as Amoen. Acad. 3: 401. 1756. The Amoenitates Academicae are a collection of reissued Linnaean dissertations. Avena nuda was validly published in the original dissertation in 1753.
Perennial or annual, with or without rhizomes. Culms usually robust, erect. Leaf blades linear to linear-lanceolate; ligule a ciliate membrane. Inflorescence a large terminal panicle with elongate central axis; primary branches simple or branched, bearing short dense racemes of paired spikelets; racemes fragile (tough in cultivated species); rachis internodes and pedicels slender, ciliate. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; callus obtuse, bearded, inserted into internode apex; lower glume usually leathery, shallowly convex, rounded on flanks, becoming 2-keeled and winged upward, usually hairy, apex membranous; upper glume boat-shaped, keeled upward; lower floret reduced to an empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma 2-toothed, awned from sinus or infrequently awnless; awn bigeniculate, glabrous. Lodicules ciliate. Pedicelled spikelet well developed or reduced to a glume, usually much narrower than sessile spikelet, awnless.
About 30 species: tropics and subtropics of the Old World, one species endemic to Mexico, otherwise introduced in America; five species (three introduced) in China.
The genus includes species of agricultural importance, including the tropical cereal sorghum, and several species grown for forage.
" 111379 general 348072 Poaceae "Chimonocalamus.Shrubby or arborescent bamboos. Rhizomes short necked, pachymorph. Culms unicaespitose, erect; internodes terete, glabrous, cavity not filled with pith; nodes with slightly prominent supra-nodal ridge and a ring of root thorns especially dense at lower nodes. Branch complement 3 at mid-culm nodes, 3–5 at upper culm nodes, promontory absent. Culm sheaths deciduous, usually longer than internodes, sparsely setose; auricles absent or inconspicuous; blade erect or recurved, lanceolate or triangular. Leaves usually small; blade with inconspicuous transverse veins. Inflorescence ebracteate, semelauctant, an open racemose panicle initially terminal to leafy flowering branches. Spikelets robust, 4–12 flowered, followed by a sterile floret, pedicels long. Glumes 2; lemma many veined, mucronate. Palea slightly longer than lemma, 2-keeled, obtuse. Lodicules 3, transparent. Stamens 3; filaments free; anthers yellow. Ovary glabrous, appendage absent; style 1; stigmas 2, plumose. Caryopsis slender, beaked. New shoots Jun–Jul, fl. Mar–May.
Eleven species: E Himalayas, Myanmar, SW China (S Yunnan); nine species (eight endemic) in China.
Most species in this genus produce delicious bamboo shoots and are known as "xiang zhu" (香竹), meaning "fragrant bamboo." The culms are robust and are widely used in Yunnan for construction and agricultural tools. Chimonocalamus pallens and C. dumosus are attractive, subtropical ornamentals and have been introduced into gardens.
" 125773 general 376123 Poaceae "Phyllostachys makinoi.Culms 10–20 m, 3–8 cm in diam.; internodes to 40 cm, initially thinly white powdery, glabrous, with minute holes or crystalline spots (visible under 10 × lens); wall to 1 cm thick; nodal ridge as prominent as sheath scar or slightly more so. Culm sheaths cream-colored, sometimes brown or green-brown, with dense variably sized spots, thinly white powdery or glossy, glabrous; auricles and oral setae not developed; ligule dark purple, truncate or weakly arched, fringed with long purple cilia; blade reflexed, green, with orange or green-yellow margins, narrowly triangular or linear, flat or weakly crinkled. Leaves 2 or 3 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles and oral setae usually present; ligule arcuate, commonly eroded, purple-red ciliate; blade 8–14 × 1.5–2 cm, abaxially initially pubescent especially near petiole. Inflorescence not known. New shoots May–Jun. 2n = 48*.
The flowering branchlets of this species are indicated as capitate in Fl. Taiwan (5: 729, pl. 1492–10. 1978), but as spicate in Fl. Ill. Pl. Prim. Sin. Gram. (103, f. 72. 1959). From the combination of characters of culms and culm sheaths it is suspected that the flowering branchlets of this bamboo are most likely to be spicate.
The tough, compact culms are used for building and for making paper, furniture, umbrellas, containers, and agricultural implements.
Culms 5–10(–12) m, 5–8 cm in diam., apically long pendulous; internodes 15–30(–60) cm, initially stiffly pale brown strigose; wall 8–12 mm thick; nodes flat. Branches absent from lower nodes, many from mid-culm, central ones slightly prominent. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery, both pale pubescent and dark brown spinous-hairy, apex concave; auricles minute or absent; ligule 2–5 mm, fimbriate; blade reflexed or horizontal, base 1/3–1/2 as wide as sheath apex, both surfaces hispid. Leaves variable in size; sheaths glabrous; ligule truncate, 1–1.5 mm; auricles and oral setae absent; blade narrowly lanceolate, 10–30 × 1–3 cm. Pseudospikelets 1.2–1.5 cm; prophylls 1-keeled; bracts 2 or 3; florets 3–5, with a terminal sterile floret. Rachilla internodes abbreviated, apical ones ca. 2 mm, falling together. Glumes absent or 1, 6–7 mm; lemma 0.8–1 cm; palea 7–9 mm; lodicules 3(or 4). Anthers 4–6 mm. Ovary ca. 1 mm; styles to 4 mm; stigmas 2–4, 3–5 mm. Caryopsis 7–8 mm. New shoots Jun–Sep, fl. Jul–Sep. 2n = 76*.
This is the most common species of bamboo cultivated on the Yunnan Plateau and adjacent provinces. It has been used for various purposes, from household weaving to agricultural tools, and for ornamental and soil-protection purposes. It is also of great systematic interest, with vegetative parts typical of Bambusa subg. Lingnania, while the spikelet structure differs from the rest of the subgenus, having characteristics of B. subg. Dendrocalamopsis.
" 169828 morphology 330953 Poaceae "Cynodon dactylon. ""A common grass in lawns and on paths, and often a pest in agricultural land. Very variable in vegetative, and to a lesser extent spikelet, characters throughout its range, although specimens from a limited area are usually fairly constant.""" 108647 general 328821 Poaceae "Aegilops.Plants annual. Culms usually erect. Leaf sheath split almost to base; auricles cresent-shaped; leaf blade usually flat. Spike cylindric, lanceolate, or ovoid, dense; rachis disarticulating below each spikelet into segments. Spikelets 1 per node, sessile and fitting into rachis, cylindric or turgid, with 2–8 florets; rachilla not jointed, shortly pilose. Glumes rounded abaxially, leathery or cartilaginous, many veined, not keeled, apex truncate or toothed; teeth usually prolonged into longish awns. Lemma oblong or lanceolate, rounded abaxially, leathery-membranous to leathery, 5–7-veined, not keeled, apex usually 1–3-toothed or -awned; callus very short, obtuse. Palea equaling or subequaling lemma, ciliate along keels. Caryopsis free or adherent to lemma and palea, oblong-ovate, furrowed, apex hairy. x = 7.
About 21 species: mainly in the Mediterranean region, extending into N Africa and eastward to C Asia; one species in China.
In addition, the following mainly Mediterranean species have been recorded as cultivated in China (FRPS 9(3): 39–43. 1987): Aegilops biuncialis Visiani, A. cylindrica Host, Aegilops ovata Linnaeus, A. triaristata Willdenow, A. triuncialis Linnaeus, A. umbellulata Zhukovsky, and A. ventricosa Tausch. It is not clear in which sense the ambiguous name A. ovata was used: that of A. geniculata Roth, which has been its traditional application, or that of A. neglecta Requien ex Bertoloni, where its lectotype illustration is said to belong.
" 108670 general 329515 Poaceae "Agropyron.Plants perennial, with creeping rhizomes or culms tufted. Culms erect or geniculate at base. Sheaths of vegetative shoots often closed almost throughout their length, usually with lanceolate auricles; leaf blade flat or involute. Spike linear-oblong or ovoid; rachis tough, pubescent. Spikelets 1 per node, divergently or pectinately arranged, sessile, laterally compressed, with 3–10 florets; rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets. Glumes linear to narrowly ovate, hardened, 1–5-veined, 1-keeled to base, tapering to an acuminate or shortly awned tip in which veins converge. Lemma lanceolate-oblong, leathery, 5–7-veined, glabrous or pilose, apex acute or with straight awn; midvein slightly keeled; callus very short. Palea ± equaling lemma, pilose along keels, rarely smooth and glabrous, apex usually 2-toothed. Lodicules ciliate at margin. Caryopsis somewhat adherent to lemma and palea. x = 7.
About 15 species: mainly in Asia and Europe; introduced and widely cultivated in North America; five species (one endemic) in China.
The authors have seen no specimens of Agropyron kanashiroi Ohwi (J. Jap. Bot. 19: 167. 1943; Elytrigia kanashiroi (Ohwi) Melderis; Pseudo-roegneria strigosa (M. Bieberstein) A. Löve subsp. kanashiroi (Ohwi) A. Löve; Roegneria kanashiroi (Ohwi) K. L. Chang), described from "Mongholia interior" and also recorded from Ningxia (in Fl. Ningxia. 2: 359. 1988).
" 108879 general 341748 Poaceae "Bambusa.Arborescent bamboos, occasionally shrubby or scrambling, 1–20 m. Rhizomes short necked, pachymorph. Culms unicaespitose, erect to pendulous, rarely subscandent; internodes terete; nodes not raised. Branches several to many, often 1–3 dominant (subequal in Bambusa subg. Lingnania), branchlets of lower branches sometimes forming tough or weak thorns. Culm sheaths deciduous, rarely persistent; auricles usually conspicuous, always with marginal oral setae; blade usually erect. Leaf blade variable in size, transverse veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence iterauctant, fully bracteate, subtended by a broad 2-keeled prophyll; pseudospikelets rarely solitary, usually several to many clustered to capitate on flowering branches. Pseudospikelets prophyllate; florets 2 to many, terminal floret sterile or imperfect, sessile; fertile glumes preceded by 1 or more gemmiferous, glumaceous, or spathaceous bracts and/or 1–3 empty glumes; rachilla internodes usually distinct and usually disarticulating with florets, falling separately; lemma broad, many veined; palea 2-keeled, apex acute or shortly bifid; lodicules 3 or 2. Stamens 6; filaments free. Ovary usually stalked, apex thickened and hairy; style solid, usually short; stigmas (1–)3, long, hairy, plumose. Caryopsis terete, apex hairy; pericarp slightly thickened.
More than 100 species: tropical and subtropical Asia; pantropical in cultivation; 80 species (67 endemic) in China, mainly in the south and southwest.
Most species in this genus are very useful cultivated plants, with no known or only limited wild populations. Bambusa lapidea, B. pervariabilis, B. rigida, B. sinospinosa, and B. tuldoides are used for building construction and scaffolding; B. albolineata, B. lenta, and B. textilis are split for woven bamboo goods; the shoots of B. gibboides and B. variostriata are edible; B. multiplex, B. ventricosa, and B. vulgaris are very famous ornamental bamboos.
Taxa incertae sedis
Bambusa basisolida W. T. Lin (J. Bamboo Res. 16(3): 23. 1997) was described from sterile material from Guangdong (Yangchun). In the protologue it was compared with B. subtruncata.
Bambusa concava W. T. Lin (J. Bamboo Res. 16(3): 24. 1997) was described from sterile material from Hainan (Haikou). In the protologue it was compared with B. duriuscula.
Bambusa multiplex (Loureiro) Raeuschel ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes var. lutea T. H. Wen (J. Bamboo Res. 1(1): 31. 1982) was described from Zhejiang. The holotype (X. Q. Hua et al. 81901, ZJFI) has an abaxially pale green leaf blade, glabrous culm internodes, subfalcate culm sheath auricles, and abaxially glabrous culm sheath blades. Because these characters are so different from those of B. multiplex, it is not reasonable to recognize it as a variety of that species. According to field records, its culms are up to 3 m high and 1–2 cm in diam. As the holotype is fragmentary and very difficult to identify, further investigations are required to place this taxon effectively.
Bambusa rongchengensis (T. P. Yi & C. Y. Sia) D. Z. Li (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16: 41. 1994; Dendrocalamus rongchengensis T. P. Yi & C. Y. Sia, J. Bamboo Res. 7(4): 20. 1988) was described from Sichuan.
Bambusa sinospinosa McClure var. inermis Keng & P. C. Keng (J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36: 80. 1946; Bambusa inermis (Keng & P. C. Keng) T. P. Yi; Dendrocalamus inermis (Keng & P. C. Keng) T. P. Yi) was described from Sichuan. The correct position of this taxon is not known.
Bambusa valida (Q. H. Dai) W. T. Lin (Guihaia 10: 15. 1990; Dendrocalamopsis valida Q. H. Dai, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 393. 1986, “validus”) was described from material cultivated at the Guangxi Institute of Forestry, Nanning.
Lingna
Perennial, rarely annual. Culms often tall, robust. Leaf blades aromatic, filiform to broadly linear; ligule scarious. Inflorescence a dense spathate compound panicle, each ultimate spatheole subtending a pair of short racemes on a short peduncle; spatheoles boat-shaped; each raceme borne on a short, flattened raceme base, often deflexed at maturity, lower raceme with one basal pair of homogamous spikelets below the fertile pairs; rachis internodes and pedicels linear, white-ciliate on margins, sometimes pedicel of homogamous pair swollen and fused to adjacent internode. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; callus obtuse, shortly bearded, inserted into internode apex; lower glume papery, flat or concave, sometimes grooved or wrinkled, 2-keeled, keels lateral, often winged above middle, with or without intercarinal veins; upper glume boat-shaped, awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma narrowly oblong, usually 2-lobed to near middle, lobes slender, ciliate, awned from sinus, occasionally subentire and awnless; awn geniculate, sometimes weakly, short, glabrous. Pedicelled spikelet male or sterile, narrowly lanceolate, awnless. x = 10, 20, 40, 60.
About 70 species: tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, and Australia, predominantly in Asia; introduced in tropical America; 24 species (seven endemic, up to five introduced) in China.
Cymbopogon, with its inserted callus but frequently deflexed raceme bases, provides a link between Andropogon and Hyparrhenia, although its aromatic leaves distinguish it from both these genera. Many of the species are both variable and intergrading, based on inconstant characters, leading to much taxonomic difficulty. Specimens showing intermediate or extreme characteristics are common.
Several species are cultivated commercially for the aromatic oils that are distilled from their leaves. The oils are often lemon scented and are used as perfume. Some species are also used medicinally and in cooking. Oil of citronella is used as an insect repellant.
Annuals or tussocky perennials. Culms compressed. Leaf sheaths strongly keeled; leaf blades linear, usually folded; ligule membranous, usually with a ciliate fringe. Inflorescence of digitate or subdigitate spikelike racemes clustered at the top of the culm; racemes with closely imbricate, biseriate spikelets, terminating in a fertile spikelet. Spikelets laterally compressed, florets several, disarticulating between the florets (except the cultivated species E. coracana); glumes shorter than lemmas, persistent, 1–3(–7)-veined, keeled, awnless; lemmas membranous, 3-veined, glabrous, strongly keeled, keel thickened with 1–3 closely spaced additional veins, obtuse or acute. Grain ellipsoid to subglobose, trigonous in section, ornamented, pericarp free. x = 9. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Nine species: mostly in E and NE tropical Africa, one species a pantropical weed and one cultivated as a cereal; two species (one introduced) in China.
Eleusine, Acrachne, and Dactyloctenium form a group of closely related genera, remarkable for their unusual, ornamented grains enclosed within a free pericarp, which is easily removed when soaked in a drop of water.
" 109548 general 354563 Poaceae "Elymus.Plants perennial, usually tufted, usually without, rarely with, rhizomes. Culms usually erect. Leaf sheath of cauline leaves split almost to base; auricles present or absent; leaf blade flat or rolled. Spike erect to nodding. Spikelets 1 or 2(–4) per node, sessile, rarely very shortly pedicellate, appressed to rachis, clearly laterally compressed, usually all similar, with 2–10 or more florets; rachis tough. Glumes opposite or side-by-side, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, firmly membranous to leathery, 1–9(–11)-veined, not keeled, apex obtuse to shortly awned; veins ± raised. Lemma lanceolate-oblong, rounded abaxially, 5-veined, ± pubescent, apex obtuse or acute to awned, rarely toothed; veins connivent at apex; awn erect or reflexed. Palea shorter than or equaling lemma, apex retuse, subrounded, or acute. Caryopsis usually adherent to lemma and palea. x = 7.
About 170 species:temperate regions of both hemispheres, mainly in Asia; 88 species (62 endemic) in China.
The genus Roegneria should be referred to Elymus because of their many common characters, e.g., plants usually tufted; spikelets usually all similar, 1 per node; lemma lanceolate-oblong, rounded abaxially, 5-veined, veins connivent at apex.
The name Roegneria aduoensis S. L. Lu & Y. H. Wu (Guihaia 28(3): 285. 2008) appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
In addition, two North American species have been recorded as cultivated in China (FRPS 9(3): 10, 66. 1987): Elymus canadensis Linn'us and E. trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners (as R. pauciflora (Schweinitz) Hylander).
Löve (Feddes Repert. 95: 447–473. 1984) published several new combinations and nomina nova in Elymus based on names previously validly published in Roegneria by Keng and Chen (Acta Univ. Nankin. Sci. Nat. [J. Nanjing Univ. (Biol.)] 1963(1): 1–92. 1963). However, in all cases, Löve cited the place of publication of the basionym from a later publication by Keng (Fl. Ill. Pl. Prim. Sin. Gram., ed. 2, 1965). Under Art. 33.3 of the Saint Louis Code, Löve's combinations were not validly published. These errors in citation are not correctable under Art. 33.4 because they are omissions, nor are they correctable under Art. 33.6(a) because conditions for valid publication were not again fulfilled in the 1965 work.
All species of this genus are good forage plants.
Plants perennial, with or without rhizomes. Leaf sheath of cauline leaves split almost to base. Spike erect or nodding, linear; rachis usually not disarticulating. Spikelets 1 per node, sessile, clearly laterally compressed, with 3–10 florets; rachilla disarticulating below glumes. Glumes oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, unequal, usually asymmetric, distinctly (3–)5–7-veined, with transverse scar at base. Lemma lanceolate, 5–7-veined, rounded abaxially or keeled only at apex; callus usually glabrous. Palea slightly shorter than lemma, ciliate along keels. Caryopsis usually adherent to lemma and palea, oblong, with longitudinal groove adaxially. x = 7.
About 40 species: subtropical and warm-temperate regions; two species in China.
In addition, the following five species have been recorded as cultivated in China (FRPS 9(3): 105–109. 1987): the mainly European Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski, E. intermedia (Host) Nevski, E. juncea (Linnaeus) Nevski, and E. trichophora (Link) Nevski, and the North American E. smithii (Rydberg) Nevski.
These species are very valuable hay and pasture plants.
Plants annual or perennial. Culms usually erect. Leaf sheath of cauline leaves split almost to base; ligule membranous or leathery-membranous; auricles present or absent; leaf blade usually flat. Spike dense, usually without a terminal spikelet; rachis short, brittle, rarely flexible. Spikelets usually 3 per node, in regular rows, with 1(or 2) florets; lateral spikelets usually pedicellate, rarely sessile, often reduced and much smaller than central spikelet; central spikelet usually sessile, rarely pedicellate, perfect. Glumes narrow, subulate-setaceous, sometimes lanceolate dilated at base, inconspicuously 1–3-veined, not keeled. Lemma subrounded abaxially, leathery, rarely leathery-membranous, 5-veined, not keeled, awned or awnless. Palea almost equaling lemma, glabrous, scabrous, or ciliate along keels. Lodicules broadly lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate. Caryopsis usually adnate to lemma and palea, rarely free, oblong, concave furrowed on inner side, apex hairy. x = 7.
Between 30 and 40 species: temperate regions, also on subtropical mountains; ten species (one endemic, two introduced) in China.
In addition to the species treated below, Hordeum bulbosum Linnaeus has been recorded as cultivated in China (FRPS 9(3):30. 1987).
All species when young are used for forage.
Shrubby bamboos. Rhizomes leptomorph, with running underground stems. Culms pluricaespitose, nodding; internodes usually terete, usually with a dense, persistent, apical, yellow-brown tomentose to setaceous ring below nodes, rarely apically glabrous; wall thick; nodes usually flat, sometimes prominent. Branches usually solitary, nearly as thick as culms. Culm sheaths persistent, usually shorter than internodes, papery or nearly leathery; auricles usually developed; blade usually recurved, lanceolate. Leaf sheaths cylindrical, very thick, smooth. Leaves usually large relative to culm size, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence largely ebracteate, terminal, a raceme or open panicle; branches usually subtended by tiny bracts. Spikelets several to many flowered, pedicellate. Rachilla articulate. Glumes 2 or 3, ovate or lanceolate; lemma oblong or lanceolate, nearly leathery; palea 2-keeled, shorter than lemma; lodicules 3. Stamens 3, long exserted; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid; style 1, short; stigmas usually 2 (3 in I. wilsonii), plumose. Caryopsis dark brown at maturity. 2n = 48.
At least 23 species: mainly China, one species in Japan; 22 species (all endemic) in China.
The culms are used for making chopsticks and penholders, and the leaves are used for weaving bamboo hats and wrapping glutinous rice.
Indocalamus amplexicaulis W. T. Lin (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 13(2): 86. 1992) was described from Guangdong.
Indocalamus chebalingensis W. T. Lin (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 6. 2000) was described from sterile material from Guangdong (Shixing). In the protologue it was compared with I. longiauritus.
Indocalamus confertus C. H. Hu (J. Bamboo Res. 15(1): 1. 1996) was described from Sichuan.
Indocalamus cordatus T. H. Wen & Y. Zou (J. Bamboo Res. 10(1): 18. 1991) was described from Jiangxi.
Indocalamus macrophyllus C. F. Huang (Wuyi Sci. J. 8: 171. 1991) was described from Fujian (Wuyi Shan).
Indocalamus pumilus Q. H. Dai & C. F. Huang (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 394. 1986) was described from a cultivated plant in the Guangxi Institute of Forestry Bamboo Garden in Nanning, Guangxi.
Indocalamus suichuanensis T. P. Yi & Y. H. Guo (J. Bamboo Res. 14(1): 14. 1995) was described from Jiangxi.
Indocalamus youxiuensis T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 11(3): 53. 1992) was described from Sichuan.
Arborescent or shrubby bamboos. Rhizomes leptomorph, with running underground stems. Culms diffuse; internodes profoundly flattened or grooved on one side above branches; nodes 2-ridged. Branches 2, subequal, rarely with a much smaller, central or lateral 3rd branch. Culm sheaths deciduous, papery to subleathery; ligule usually conspicuous; usually auricled with long bristles; blade usually recurved or reflexed. Leaf blade with distinct transverse veins, usually abaxially pilose proximally. Inflorescence bracteate, partially iterauctant, composed of 1–7-spikeleted racemes gathered into fascicles or globose mass subtended by a tiny, membranous, 2-keeled prophyll, 0 or 1 gemmiferous bract, 2–6, gradually enlarged scaly bracts, and 2–7 spathiform bracts. Spikelets with 2–7 florets, terminal sterile. Glumes absent to 1(–3). Rachilla extending beyond uppermost floret, disarticulating just below fertile florets. Lemma variable in size and texture; palea 2-keeled, apex bifid; lodicules 3, ciliate. Stamens 3. Style long; stigmas (1–)3, plumose. Caryopsis elliptical to linear-lanceolate, dorsally grooved.
At least 51 species: China, India, Japan, Myanmar; introduced to many other countries; 51 species (49 endemic) in China.
Phyllostachys is indigenous in China but is also widely and extensively cultivated. Originally it may have been largely endemic to China, but many species were introduced to neighboring countries, especially Japan, at a very early date. Phyllostachys species are now extensively cultivated in neighboring Asian countries, and several have become naturalized there, while some are possibly native. Many species have more recently been introduced to other parts of the world, including Europe and North and South America, but they remain principally ornamental plants outside eastern Asia. Phyllostachys species are probably of greater economic importance than any other bamboos in China and are used for building, paper, flooring, furniture, edible shoots, and as ornamentals.
" 110631 general 376500 Poaceae "Pleioblastus.Small, shrubby or arborescent bamboos, spreading and loosely clumped. Rhizomes leptomorph. Culms pluricaespitose, suberect to drooping, 0.5–8 m tall, 0.1–4 cm thick; internodes slightly grooved above branches, glabrous, smooth or rough, pruinose below level nodes. Branch buds tall, prophylls 2-keeled, initially closed at front, on small promontory. Branches erect, initially 1–9 per node, long, subequal, basal nodes compressed, laterals arising from basal nodes, some lateral branches lacking subtending sheaths and replicated, sheaths and prophylls very persistent, papery, ± glabrous. Culm sheaths persistent to very persistent, nearly leathery; blade deciduous, often reflexed. Leaf sheaths persistent; blade small to medium-sized, without substantial winter necrosis of margins, arrangement random or ± distichous, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence open, racemose to paniculate, branching subtended by very small bracts or hairs, often with pulvini; spikelets exserted on long, delicate pedicels. Spikelets 1–4 cm, disarticulating below florets, with 4–8 florets. Glumes 1 or 2(–5), much shorter than first lemma, delicate, basally loose and usually subtending vestigial buds. Lemma to 1 cm. Anthers 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit a caryopsis.
About 40 species: China, Japan, Vietnam; 17 species (15 endemic, two introduced) in China.
In addition to the species treated below, Pleioblastus albosericeus W. T. Lin (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 11(3): 47. 1990, "albo-sericeus") was described from sterile material from Guangdong (Fogang). In the protologue it was compared with P. intermedius. Pleioblastus angustatus W. T. Lin, (J. Bamboo Res. 13(2): 18. 1994) was described from cultivated material from Guangdong (Guangzhou). In the protologue it was compared with P. amarus. Pleioblastus patellaris W. T. Lin & Z. M. Wu (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 14(3): 113. 1993) was also described from Guangdong and is possibly a species of Indocalamus.
" 110704 general 379393 Poaceae "Psathyrostachys.Plants perennial, densely tufted, or laxly tufted with underground rhizomes. Culms usually erect. Leaf blade flat or rolled. Spike linear, oblong, or ovate; rachis fragile, readily disarticulating between spikelets. Spikelets in groups of 2 or 3, sessile, compressed, with 1 or 2(or 3) florets, usually with rudimentary florets. Glumes subulate-setiform, awnlike, inconspicuously 1-veined, not keeled, margin entire. Lemma lanceolate, broadly rounded abaxially, not keeled, 5–7-veined, apex acuminate to awned. Palea equaling or slightly longer than lemma, 2-keeled. Caryopsis tightly enclosed in lemma and palea at maturity, oblong, apex hairy. x = 7.
Nine species: steppes and semidesert regions from W Russia and Turkey eastward to Afghanistan and Siberia; cultivated in North America; five species (two endemic) in China.
All species of this genus are good fodder plants.
" 110908 general 381882 Poaceae "Schizostachyum.Arborescent bamboos, sometimes shrubby or scrambling. Rhizomes short necked, pachymorph. Culms erect, pendulous, or clambering, straight or slightly flexuose; internodes terete, distally often white powdery; wall usually thin; nodal ridge not prominent; sheath scar prominent. Branches many, subequal. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery to thickly papery, usually rigid, white powdery, apex truncate or concave, sometimes with subcircular projection at base of one margin; auricles usually inconspicuous; oral setae usually developed; ligule short, truncate, margin serrulate or fimbriate; blade usually reflexed, adaxially densely hispid, apex usually involute. Leaf sheaths usually grooved; auricles usually inconspicuous; blade large, transverse veins partially visible abaxially. Inflorescence fully bracteate, iterauctant; with several to many sessile pseudospikelets in loose, spicate clusters on leafy or leafless flowering branches. Pseudospikelet prophyll triangular to linear-lanceolate; gemmiferous bracts 1 to several; fertile florets 1 or 2, or florets 3 or 4 with only terminal or subterminal floret fertile; rachilla usually disarticulating (not in S. chinense), extending beyond fertile floret, glumes usually absent (2 in S. chinense); lemma convolute; palea similar to lemma, but longer, not keeled; lodicules usually absent, sometimes 1–3. Stamens 6. Ovary stalked; style 1; stigmas 3, plumose. Caryopsis fusiform, apex with persistent style base.
About 50 species: SE Asia; nine species (five endemic) in China.
In addition to the species treated below, Schizostachyum brachycladum (Munro) Kurz (Melocanna zollingeri (Steudel) Kurz ex Munro var. brachyclada Munro) was included in FRPS (9(1): 23. 1996), but it is only of limited cultivation and does not merit a full treatment here. Schizostachyum subvexorum Q. H. Dai & D. Y. Huang (J. Bamboo Res. 16(3): 27. 1997) was described from cultivated material from Guangxi (Nanning). In the protologue it was compared with S. funghomii.
" 110954 general 383043 Poaceae "Shibataea.Shrubby bamboos. Rhizomes leptomorph, with running underground stems. Culms pluricaespitose, less than 1 m, distally flexuose; internodes flattened on branching sides; nodes 2-ridged. Branches 3–5, slender, often without secondary branchlets, usually with persistent membranous prophylls and branch sheaths. Culm sheaths deciduous, papery, transverse veins distinct; auricles absent; ligule well developed; blade lanceolate to subulate, small. Leaves usually solitary on each branchlet; sheaths contiguous with branchlets, thickened, petiole-like, rarely 2 or more with median sheaths exceeding proximal and distal ones; auricles absent; ligule usually long, conical and highly involute in solitary or upper leaves; blade very broadly lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence bracteate, partially iterauctant, composed of 1-spikeleted racemes gathered in fascicles with a spathate prophyll, 0 or 1 empty bract, and 0–3 gemmiferous bracts. Spikelets 2–7-flowered, lower 1 or 2 fertile, upper ones sterile. Glumes usually absent; lemma membranous, broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate; palea 2-keeled; lodicules 3, narrowly obovate, membranous. Stamens 3. Style 1; stigmas 3, plumose. Fruit a caryopsis.
* Seven species:China.
In addition to the species treated below, Shibataea pygmaea F. Maekawa (J. Jap. Bot. 19: 150. 1943) was described from Jiangxi. This species was based on abnormal material, and it is difficult to confirm its identity, since no Shibataea has been found at the type locality. Shibataea tumidinoda T. H. Wen (J. Bamboo Res. 7(1): 23. 1988) was described from Fujian. This species was based on a poor gathering, and its identity is uncertain.
These bamboos are usually cultivated as ornamentals. One species was introduced to Japan at an early date and has been widely planted there.
Plants annual. Culms usually erect, rarely decumbent at base. Leaf sheath split almost to base; ligule membranous; auricles lanceolate; leaf blade usually flat. Spike linear, oblong, or ovate, distichous; rachis disarticulating or not. Spikelets 1 per node, sessile, with (2 or)3–9(–11) florets; apical floret usually sterile; rachilla without joints. Glumes ovate, oblong, or elliptic, ± leathery, 3–11(–13)-veined with 1 or 2 veins raised as keels, glabrous or hairy, smooth or very scabrous along keels, apex obliquely truncate, 1- or 2-toothed, larger tooth sometimes extending into longish awn. Lemma 7–11(–15)-veined, ± keeled, apex awned or awnless; callus very short, obtuse. Palea usually slightly shorter than lemma. Lodicules ciliate at margin. Caryopsis ovate or oblong, ± plump, deeply furrowed, apex ± hairy. x = 7.
About 25 species: distributed as cultivated plants almost throughout temperate regions of both hemispheres, also on tropical mountains; four species (all introduced) in China.
The generic name "Gigachilon" (Seidl in Berchtold et al., Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. 1: 425. 1836) was merely cited in synonymy (of Triticum polonicum) and was therefore not validly published (Saint Louis Code, Art. 34.1(c)). Under Art. 43.1, combinations in "Gigachilon" published by Löve (Feddes Repert. 95: 496–498. 1984) were not validly published either.
An artificial hybrid between Aegilops tauschii (Triticum tauschii) (♀) and T. urartu Thumanjan ex Gandilyan (♂) was described as T. ×teres H. R. Jiang & X. X. Kong (Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 6: 206. 1986); it is not treated in this account.
In addition, the following three species have been recorded as cultivated in China (FRPS 9(3): 48–51. 1987): Triticum carthlicum Nevski (as T. turgidum Linnaeus var. carthlicum (Nevski) Yan ex P. C. Kuo), T. dicoccoides (Körnicke) Schweinfurth (as T. turgidum var. dicoccoides (Körnicke) Bowden), and T. timopheevii (Zhukovsky) Zhukovsky.
Annual. Culms robust, often tall with stilt roots, solid. Leaf blades large, broadly linear; ligule membranous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, spikelets unisexual, separated into male and female inflorescences, not disarticulating at maturity, spikelets of a pair alike. Female inflorescence axillary, enclosed in enveloping foliaceous sheaths; spikelets all sessile in many longitudinal rows, partially sunk in the thickened, almost woody axis, glumes and lemmas chaffy, awnless, lower floret sterile; styles single, very long, silky, pendulous from inflorescence apex. Male inflorescence terminal, of many digitate or paniculate racemes; one spikelet of a pair subsessile, the other on a slender pedicel, papery, awnless, both florets staminate. Mature caryopses plump, much larger than spikelet scales, very variable in shape and color. x = 5.
Five species: four wild species in Central America; one species cultivated in all warm parts of the world, including China.
" 125117 general 328698 Poaceae "Acidosasa venusta.Culms ca. 1.4 m, 8–9 mm in diam.; internodes initially sparsely hairy, glaucous below nodes; nodes prominent. Culm sheaths initially proximally hairy, distally glabrous or nearly so, transverse veins obscure, margins ciliate, apex truncate; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule truncate, minutely ciliate; blade deciduous, initially green, slightly purple, strap-shaped, small, scabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous; auricles absent, oral setae absent or scarce; ligule prominent; blade oblong-lanceolate, 9–20 × 1.7–2.6 cm, glabrous, secondary veins ca. 5-paired. Raceme terminal or lateral. Spikelets 3 or 4, lanceolate or linear, 11–15 × 0.3–0.4 cm; florets 5–10, slightly compressed; pedicel 1–3 cm, slightly hairy. Glumes 2, abaxially minutely setose, apex acute; rachilla 6–7 mm, apex hairy; lemma ca. 1.3 cm, minutely setose, many veined, ciliolate, apex acute or acuminate, mucronate; palea about as long as lemma, rarely slightly longer, sparsely setose; keels ciliolate, apex obtuse; lodicules 3, nearly equal, transparent, glabrous, margins ciliolate. Ovary and style glabrous; stigmas 3-cleft, plumose. Fl. Nov.
This species is cultivated in the botanical garden of Zhongshan (Sun Yat Sen) University.
" 125194 general 332566 Poaceae "Arundo donax.Robust reed from a thick knotty rhizome. Culms very stout, erect, 2–6 m tall, 1–1.5 cm in diam., unbranched or with bamboolike clusters of slender branches from nodes. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes, usually glabrous except long pilose at mouth; leaf blades 30–60 × 2–5 cm, margins scabrous, tapering to a slender filiform apex; ligule 0.7–1.5 mm. Panicle 30–60 cm, dense, usually purplish; branches 10–25 cm, ascending. Spikelets 10–15 mm, florets 2–5; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 8–12 mm, 3–5-veined, lower glume acute, upper glume sharply acuminate; lemmas linear-lanceolate, 8–11 mm, 3–7-veined, dorsal hairs 5–6 mm, apex minutely bidentate with 1–2 mm awnlet from sinus, lateral veins also shortly extended; palea 1/2 length of lemma body. Fl. and fr. Oct–Dec.
Forms with variegated leaf blades are sometimes cultivated in gar-dens, e.g., var. versicolor (Miller) Stokes (Arundo versicolor Miller), with longitudinally green- and white-striped leaf blades. Arundo donax var. coleotricha refers to a wild variant with pubescent leaf sheaths.
The culms have many uses, including light construction, basket making, matting, musical pipes, and ornaments.
Annual. Culms 60–100 cm tall. Leaf blades 8–40 cm, 3–16 mm wide, scabrid. Panicle open, 12–20 cm; branches scabrid. Spikelets 2.5–3.5(–4.5) cm, florets 3–7; rachilla glabrous, not disarticulating at maturity, florets lacking a basal bearded callus, internodes elongate, sinuous, upper sometimes strongly curled; glumes broadly lanceolate, subequal, conspicuously shorter than spikelet, 1.5–2.5 cm, 7–11-veined; lemmas 2–2.5 cm, papery, distinctly veined throughout, glabrous, awned from upper 1/4 of lemma, apex with 2–4 small obtuse teeth; awn 1–2 cm, straight or bent, rarely awnless. Grain ca. 8 mm, free from lemma and palea at maturity (free threshing). Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
More work is needed on Avena chinensis. It is very close to A. nuda, and may not be distinct from it. These naked wheats may be no more than free-threshing forms of A. sativa, caused by occasional mutations, and are perhaps better placed at infraspecific rank within A. sativa.
The name Avena gracillima Keng (Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 7: 36. 1936), described from Hebei, is based on a very depauperate specimen with a panicle of only 1 or 2 spikelets. The spikelets are 1.4–1.8 mm long with herbaceous, glabrous lemmas and rudimentary awns. It is clearly a cultivated species, growing as a weed on grassy slopes, most likely referable to A. chinensis. The type has not been seen.
Annual. Culms erect or geniculate at base, 50–150 cm tall, unbranched, 2–4-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous or basal sheaths puberulous; leaf blades 10–30 cm, 4–12 mm wide, scabrid or adaxial surface and margins pilose; ligule 1–5 mm. Panicle narrowly to broadly pyramidal, 10–40 cm, nodding; branches scabrid. Spikelets 1.7–2.5 cm, florets 2 or 3, all florets awned; rachilla easily disarticulating below each floret at maturity, each floret with a bearded callus, internodes hirsute or glabrous; glumes lanceolate, subequal, herbaceous, 9–11-veined, apex finely acute; callus hairs up to 4 mm; lemmas 1.5–2 cm, leathery, glabrous to densely hispid in lower half, green and scaberulous above, awned from near middle, apex shortly 2–4-toothed; awn 2–4 cm, geniculate, column twisted, blackish brown. Fl. and fr. Apr–Sep. 2n = 42.
This is a noxious weed, especially in fields of wheat and cultivated oats, native to Europe and C and SW Asia, but now spread throughout temperate regions of the world.
" 125203 general 338323 Poaceae "Bambusa blumeana.Culms 15–24 m, 8–15 cm in diam., apically nodding; basal internodes slightly flexuose, green, 25–35 cm, distally initially sparsely strigose, later glabrous; wall 20–30 mm thick; each node of lower culm with a ring of aerial roots or root primordia, with a gray or brown sericeous ring below and above sheath scar. Branches to base, solitary on lower nodes, with branchlets usually forming tough, sharp, curved thorns and densely interwoven. Branches 3 to several on upper nodes, central markedly longer and thicker. Culm sheaths tardily deciduous, apex broadly convex or concave, with a triangular protuberance on each shoulder, densely stiffly brown hairy; auricles usually reflexed, crescent-shaped, linear-oblong, slightly unequal; oral setae dense, pale brown, curved, long, thick; ligule 4–5 mm, laciniate, fimbriate; blade usually reflexed, ovate to narrowly ovate, abaxially strigose, adaxially densely stiffly dull brown hairy, base ca. 2/5 as wide as sheath apex, margins ciliate. Ultimate branches with 5–9 leaves; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 10–20 × 1.2–2.5 cm, both surfaces scabrid, mainly subglabrous but abaxially densely villous near base. Pseudospikelets 2 to several, clustered at nodes of flowering branches. Spikelets pale purple-green, linear, 2.5–4 × 0.3–0.4 cm; florets 4–12, central 2–5 perfect. Glumes 2, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; lemma ovate-oblong, 6–9 × 2.5–4 mm, glabrous, 9–11-veined, margins glabrous, apex acute; palea ca. 7 × 1.8 mm, 3-veined between and 3-veined on either side of keels, apex bifid. Filaments separate, 6–7 mm; anthers yellow, 3–4 mm. Ovary narrowly ovoid, 1.2–2 mm; style short; stigmas 3. New shoots Jun–Sep, fl. spring.
Bambusa blumeana 'Wei-fang Lin' (Guihaia 8: 122. 1988) was cultivated in Taiwan. It is characterized by the golden yellow culm and branch internodes, which turn orange with deep green stripes.
The culms are used for scaffolding.
Culms 10–15 m, 4.5–8 cm in diam., basally erect, apically slightly drooping; internodes 30–45 cm, initially thinly white powdery; wall slightly thick; nodes flat, lower several with rings of gray-white silky hairs; branching from basal node up. Branches 3 to many per node, central 3 dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery, thinly white powdery, densely shortly stiffly brown hairy around apex and upper parts of both sides, apex slightly slanted along one side and slightly asymmetrical, broadly arched, sometimes subtruncate; auricles usually slightly wrinkled with obtuse ends, obviously unequal; larger auricle oblong or narrowly ovate, 2–2.5 × 0.8–1 cm, smaller auricle ovate or elliptic, to 1/3 size of larger one; oral setae undulate, densely covering margins and adaxial surface; ligule 3–4 mm, slightly dentate, fringed with hairs ca. 5 mm; blade deciduous, erect, asymmetrically ovate-triangular, base slightly narrowed and then joined with auricles for 3–5 mm, nearly 2/3 width of sheath apex, abaxially sparsely stiffly dull brown hairy, adaxially densely stiffly pale brown hairy between veins, apex acuminate, apiculate. Leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–26 × 1–2.3 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous and glossy. Pseudospikelets in clusters of 3–9 at nodes of flowering branches. Spikelets linear, 3–4 × 0.6–0.8 cm; florets 4–12 preceded by several gemmiferous bracts. Glumes 2, ovate or oval, 2–4.5 mm, 14-veined, apex acute; lemma ovate, ca. 9 mm, 18–20-veined, apex acute; palea ca. 8.5 mm, keels densely ciliolate. Anthers yellow, ca. 4.5 mm, apex emarginate. Ovary obovoid, ca. 2 mm, apex sparsely hispidulous; style very short; stigmas 3.
A cultivar, Bambusa dolichoclada 'Stripe' (条纹长枝竹 tiao wen chang zhi zhu) is cultivated in S Taiwan. This differs from the typical plant by its yellow-green culms and branches, later becoming pale yellow with deep green stripes, and its pale green culm sheaths, initially with several fine milky-yellow stripes.
" 125238 general 342944 Poaceae "Brachiaria mutica.Robust perennial. Culms stout, trailing and rooting freely from lower nodes, ascending to 2 m, 5–8 mm in diam., nodes densely villous. Leaf sheaths villous or glabrous; leaf blades broadly linear, 10–30 × 1–2 cm, thinly pilose or subglabrous; ligule membranous, 1–1.3 mm. Inflorescence axis 7–20 cm; racemes 10–20, 5–15 cm, single, paired or grouped; rachis narrow, winged, scabrous; spikelets paired or single in upper part of raceme, in untidy rows or sometimes on short secondary branchlets in lower part of raceme; pedicels usually setose. Spikelets elliptic, green or purplish, 2.5–3.5 mm, glabrous, acute; lower glume triangular, 1/4–1/3 spikelet length, 1-veined; upper glume 5-veined; upper lemma rugulose, apex obtuse. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.
This is a forage grass (Para Grass) widely cultivated in tropical regions of the world and often found as a naturalized escape. Its country of origin is unknown.
" 125248 general 343504 Poaceae "Briza maxima.Annual. Culms solitary or loosely tufted, erect or geniculate at base, 20–60 cm tall. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous; leaf blades thin, 4–20 cm × 3–8 mm, margins scabrid, otherwise smooth, apex acute; ligule 2–5 mm, obtuse. Panicle loose, nodding, 7–10 cm, sparingly branched with few pendant spikelets; branches inserted singly, scaberulous, sometimes with only 1 spikelet; pedicels hairlike, shorter or longer than spikelet, drooping. Spikelets ovate, ca. 1.2 × 1 cm, tinged reddish brown, florets 7–20; lower glume 5–6 mm, 5-veined, upper glume 6–7 mm, 7–9-veined, margins purple or tawny, apex broadly rounded; lemmas very broadly ovate, wider than long, lowest 7–8 mm, 7–9-veined, glabrous or appressed-pubescent; palea obovate, 1/2–2/3 length of lemma, back glabrous, keels pubescent. Anthers ca. 2 mm. 2n = 14.
This is a very attractive ornamental grass with a panicle of relatively few large spikelets. It is widely cultivated and an established introduction in many warm-temperate countries.
" 125317 general 349160 Poaceae "Coix lacryma-jobi.Annual. Culms erect, robust, 1–3 m tall, more than 10-noded, branched. Leaves cauline; leaf sheaths shorter than internodes, glabrous; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, usually glabrous, 10–40 × 1.5–7 cm, midvein stout, base subrounded or cordate, margins scabrous, apex acute; ligule 0.6–1.2 mm. Male raceme 1.5–4 cm, spikelets in pairs with terminal triad; utricle ovoid to cylindrical, usually bony, shiny, 7–11 × 6–10 mm, white, bluish or gray-brown, sometimes with apical beak. Male spikelets oblong-ovate, 6–9 mm; glumes many-veined, lower glume winged on keels, wings 0.4–0.8 mm wide, wing margin ciliolate; anthers 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Dec. 2n = 20.
This species is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Job's Tears). There are many variants, of which the following are the most distinct.
" 125319 general 339441 Poaceae "Cortaderia selloana.Perennial forming large tussocks. Culms robust, 2–3 m tall. Leaf blades stiff, 50–200 cm, 4–10 mm wide, glaucous, margins sharply serrulate, apex acuminate; ligule 2–4 mm. Panicle 30–100 cm, silvery or sometimes pinkish; branches erecto-patent in bisexual, patent in female plants. Spikelets dimorphic, florets 2–5; glumes linear or lanceolate, acuminate; lemmas 3-veined, gradually tapering to an entire apex continuing into a slender awn. Female spikelets: glumes 8–9 mm; lemmas 8–14 mm, densely silky villous; palea 2.5–3 mm; minute staminodes present. Male spikelets:glumes 9–18 mm; lemmas 11–17 mm, sparsely pilose; palea 4–6 mm.
This species is widely cultivated as an ornamental (Pampas Grass). The sharply serrulate leaf margins cut skin very easily.
" 125322 general 334315 Poaceae "Cymbopogon citratus.Perennial, shortly rhizomatous. Culms tufted, robust, up to 2 m tall, ca. 4 mm in diam., farinose below nodes. Leaf sheaths glabrous, greenish inside; leaf blades glaucous, 30–90 × 0.5–2 cm, both surfaces scabrid, base gradually narrowed, apex long acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm. Spathate compound panicle large, lax, up to 50 cm, drooping, branches slender; spatheoles reddish or yellowish brown, 1.5–2 cm; racemes 1.5–2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels 2.5–4 mm, loosely villous on margins; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 0.7 mm; lower glume flat or slightly concave toward base, sharply 2-keeled, keels wingless, scabrid, veinless between keels; upper lemma narrow, entire and awnless, or slightly 2-lobed with ca. 0.2 mm mucro. Pedicelled spikelet 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer. 2n = 40.
This species (Lemon Grass), known only from cultivation, is grown on a large scale in parts of tropical Asia and South America for the lemon-scented oil extracted from its leaves. The oil is used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Flowers are seldom produced.
" 125324 general 333990 Poaceae "Cymbopogon flexuosus.Perennial from a short stout rhizome. Culms robust, up to 3 m tall, 1–2 cm in diam., nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous, auricles often present; leaf blades linear, up to 100 × 1.5 cm, scabrid, abaxial surface tomentose at sheath junction, adaxial surface pilose at base, otherwise glabrous, base gradually narrowed, apex filiform; ligule 2–5 mm. Spathate compound panicle very large, lax, decompound, grayish green, up to 60 cm or more, nodes bearded, branches numerous, drooping; spatheoles 1–2 cm; racemes 1–1.7 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate on margins; pedicel of homogamous pair not usually swollen. Sessile spikelet narrowly elliptic-oblong, 4–4.5 × 0.8–1 mm; lower glume flat or shallowly concave, usually slightly transversely wrinkled, sharply 2-keeled throughout, keels narrowly winged, wings 0.1 mm wide or less, obscurely 3-veined between keels; upper lemma awned; awn 0.8–1 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 3.5–4 mm. Fl. and fr. summer to autumn. 2n = 20, 40.
This grass is cultivated in tropical regions for "oil of lemon grass." It is thought to be native to India, but is now widely naturalized in Indonesia and elsewhere. It is usually easily recognizable by its very large compound panicle of drooping branches, with numerous short, deflexed racemes of small, narrowly winged spikelets. In Bhutan and NE India the branches are looser with more widely spaced raceme pairs than usual, approaching Cymbopogon pendulus in habit. This form has been recognized as C. flexuosus var. sikkimensis Bor.
" 125331 general 349850 Poaceae "Cymbopogon winterianus.Perennial from a shallowly rooted rhizome. Culms tufted, robust, up to 2 m or more tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous, reddish inside; leaf blades relatively thin, drooping for 2/3 of their length, 40–80(–100) × 1–1.5(–2.5) cm, abaxial surface glaucous, adaxial surface light green, margins scabrid, base narrow, apex long acuminate; ligule 2–3 mm. Spathate compound panicle large, lax, up to 50 cm, much branched, main axis zig-zag, finally nodding; spatheoles reddish brown, 1.2–2.5 cm; racemes 1.5–2.5 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels softly ciliate on margins; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet elliptic-lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm; lower glume flat or slightly concave, sharply 2-keeled, keels narrowly winged, 3-veined between keels; upper lemma very shortly 2-lobed, awn short or absent, not exserted from spikelet. Pedicelled spikelet 3.5–5 mm. 2n = 20, 40.
This species, known only from cultivation, produces citronella oil of a higher quality than that from Cymbopogon nardus.
" 125391 general 352484 Poaceae "Digitaria cruciata.Annual. Culms decumbent at base, branching and rooting at lower nodes, 30–100 cm tall, nodes thinly hispid. Leaf sheaths glabrous or hispid; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 5–20 × 0.3–1 cm, papillose-hispid on both surfaces or adaxial surface glabrous, margins thickened, undulate, scabrous; ligule 1–2.5 mm. Inflorescence subdigitate, axis 1–5 cm; racemes 5–8, 3–15 cm; spikelets paired, imbricate; rachis winged, ca. 1 mm broad, midrib triquetrous, margins scabrous. Spikelets plumply elliptic-oblong, 2.5–3 mm; lower glume minute, veinless; upper glume broadly ovate, 1/3 as long as spikelet, 3-veined, subglabrous, margins membranous, apex broadly obtuse; lower lemma slightly shorter than upper lemma, 7-veined with intervein spaces nearly equidistant, glabrous or margins pilose; upper lemma pale purplish gray at maturity, apex abruptly apiculate, exserted from spikelet. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct. 2n = 18, 36, 72.
This species is a common weed in the Himalayan region, generally occurring at higher altitudes than other members of the Digitaria ciliaris complex. It is usually clearly distinguished by its relatively broad spikelets with a short, rounded upper glume and apiculate apex to the fertile floret.
Digitaria cruciata var. esculenta Bor is a minor cereal cultivated in the Khasi hills of NE India. It has longer racemes than the wild form, and a turgid, persistent grain. The name has been misapplied to wild-growing plants in Xizang (Lhasa).
Rhizome neck 8–20 cm. Culms 3–5 m, 0.3–2 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 15–18 cm, initially white powdery; wall 4–5 mm thick; supra-nodal ridges weakly prominent; sheath scar very prominent, ridged. Branches 7–14 per node. Culm sheaths gradually deciduous, pale red-brown, narrowly rounded-triangular or narrowly rounded, shorter than internode, leathery, gray-yellow setose or nearly glabrous, margins initially yellow-brown setose, longitudinal ribs prominent; auricles small; oral setae absent or sparse, brown; ligule truncate, ca. 1 mm, initially ciliolate; blade erect, triangular or linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Leaves 3 or 4 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles oblong, with oral setae; ligule purple, truncate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous; blade lanceolate, 5–12 × 0.6–1.3 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 3- or 4-paired, transverse veins distinct, base cuneate, one margin spinescent-serrulate, other margin obscurely serrulate. Inflorescence raceme or simple panicle, partially exserted from spathe; spikelets 1–1.5 cm; rachilla internodes 0.5–3 mm, glabrous; florets 1–3, green. Glumes 2, sparsely pilose, apex acuminate; lemma acuminate and long mucronate at apex; palea keels ciliate; lodicules ciliate. Anthers yellow or purple. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style 1; stigmas 3, plumose. Caryopsis unknown. New shoots May–Oct.
Fargesia dracocephala is one of the main food species for the giant panda.
A bamboo cultivated under this name in the West differs substantially from this description.
Rhizome neck (6–)10–18 cm, 4–15 mm in diam. Culms 2.5–3.5 m, 0.8–1 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 15–17(–20) cm, smooth, initially slightly white powdery, later white waxy, glabrous; wall 1.5–3.2 mm thick, pith thin and closely adnate to inner wall; supra-nodal ridges weakly prominent; sheath scar greatly prominent as a thick broad ridge, initially brown setose. Branches 6–16 per node, deflexed. Culm sheaths gradually deciduous, red-brown, narrowly triangular, much longer than internodes, basally leathery, distally more papery, sparsely brown setose, longitudinal ribs prominent, margins apically densely gray ciliolate; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule truncate or convex, ca. 1 mm, margins usually ciliolate; blade readily deciduous, reflexed, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, margins dentate-serrulate. Leaves 2–4 per ultimate branch; sheath abaxially glabrous, ridged, margins gray ciliate; auricles absent; oral setae few, erect, yellow, 1–1.5 mm; ligule arcuate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous; blade linear-lanceolate, 6–10 × 0.6–0.8 cm, proximally often slightly pilose, secondary veins 2- or 3-paired, transverse veins weakly prominent, base cuneate, margins spinescent-serrulate, apex long acuminate. Inflorescence unknown. New shoots Jun.
The bamboo cultivated in the West under the cultivar name Fargesia 'Rufa' is not this species.
Fargesia rufa is an important source of food for the giant panda.
Culms to 9 m; internodes unknown. Culm sheaths unknown. Leaf sheath initially pubescent; glabrous in age; ligule concave, 3–4 mm; blade 30–45 × 4.5–6 cm. Inflorescence on leafless branches. Pseudospikelets in heads to 5 cm in diam. Spikelets 1.6–2.2 cm; florets 4. Glumes 1–3, ovate, white ciliate or glabrous; lemma 1.1–1.7 cm, ciliate or glabrous; palea 11–15 cm, uppermost one rounded. Filament tube ca. 1.5 cm; anthers 4–7 mm. Ovary narrowly ovoid; style ca. 1 cm; stigmas 1, ca. 9 mm. Caryopsis unknown.
This imperfectly understood species is known only from its type gathering. It may represent one of many little-known, cultivated Gigantochloa species of S Yunnan, or it may perhaps have become extinct in the wild.
" 125584 general 339459 Poaceae "Imperata cylindrica.Perennial, basal sheaths becoming fibrous; rhizomes widely spreading, tough, scaly. Culms solitary or tufted, 25–120 cm tall, 1.5–3 mm in diam., 1–4-noded, nodes glabrous or bearded. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pilose at margin and mouth; leaf blades flat or rolled, stiffly erect, 20–100 × 0.8–2 cm, culm blades 1–3 cm, adaxial surface puberulous, margins scabrid, base straight or narrowed, apex long acuminate; ligule 1–2 mm. Panicle cylindrical, copiously hairy, 6–20 cm, lowermost branches sometimes loose. Spikelets 2.5–6 mm; callus with 12–16 mm silky hairs; glumes 5–9-veined, back with long silky hairs ca. 3 times glume length, apex slightly obtuse or acuminate; lower lemma ovate-lanceolate, 2/3 length of glumes, ciliate, acute or denticulate; upper lemma ovate, 1/2 length of glumes, denticulate, ciliate, palea equal to lemma. Anthers 2, 2–4 mm. Stigmas purplish black. Fl. and fr. Apr–Aug. 2n = 20.
This species is extremely polymorphic, but nevertheless easily recognizable by its dense, narrowly cylindrical, silky white inflorescence. The blackish stigmas are persistent and very obvious among the white hairs. The species has been classified into three varieties, which show some geographic separation. Two occur in China and a third is found in Africa. However, there is a great deal of intergradation and also variation within the varieties.
This widespread, noxious weed of disturbed ground and cultivation spreads vigorously by its rhizomes, which are almost impossible to eradicate, and may cover large areas of ground. It flourishes in grasslands that are frequently burned, and the young shoots provide good fodder. It is also used for medicine and fiber.
Culms 10–15 m, to 6 cm in diam.; internodes initially green, yellow-green in age, 40–50 cm, glaucous, densely setose; cavity pith spongy; nodes weakly prominent. Culm sheaths variable in color, densely glaucous, sparsely setose, nearly glabrous on small culms or at culm apex, margins ciliate; auricles falcate, small; oral setae radiate, 4–6 mm; ligule prominent, short, ciliolate; blade green, triangular, lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, setulose. Leaves 3–5 per ultimate branch; sheath margins ciliate; auricles developed; oral setae radiate; ligule short, obscure; blade abaxially light green, narrowly lanceolate, 9–12 × 1.2–2.6 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 4–6-paired, margins serrulate. Pseudospikelets clustered, 4–10(–20) cm; bracts several; florets 10–20. Rachilla internodes 6–8 mm, glabrous. Glumes absent to 2, gradually transformed into lemmas, mucronate, basally and apically usually sterile; lemma papery; palea narrower and shorter than lemma; lodicules subglabrous. Anthers ca. 5 mm. Ovary glabrous; stigmas 3. New shoots May, fl. Apr–May.
The culms are used for fencing and the framework of small buildings. The plants are cultivated for ornament.
" 125615 general 363458 Poaceae "Indosasa spongiosa.Culms 5–8 m, to 6 cm in diam.; internodes 20–35 cm, glaucous near nodes, slightly scabrid; wall ca. 3 mm thick, pith spongy; nodes strongly prominent. Culm sheaths shorter than internodes, sparsely setose, margins ciliate, purple; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule short, shortly hairy; blade lanceolate, scabrid. Leaves 3–5 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles absent or weak, oral setae few or absent; blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 10–17 × 1.2–2.5 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 5- or 6-paired. Inflorescence unknown. New shoots Apr–May.
The culms are used as supports, and the plants are cultivated for ornament.
" 125649 general 362533 Poaceae "Lolium perenne.Perennial, turf-forming. Culms tufted, erect or spreading, sometimes prostrate and rooting from lower nodes, 30–90 cm tall, 3–4-noded. Leaf blades soft, 5–20 cm × 3–6 mm, glabrous, young blades folded; auricles to 3 mm; ligule 2–2.5 mm. Raceme stiffly erect, or rarely slightly curved, 10–30 cm; rachis glabrous, smooth, spikelets usually less than their own length apart. Spikelets 0.8–2 cm, florets 5–10, rachilla internodes ca. 1 mm, smooth, glabrous; glume lanceolate, 1/3 as long to subequaling spikelet, 3–9-veined, margins narrowly membranous, apex acute or obtuse; lemmas oblong, herbaceous, 5–9 mm, 5-veined, smooth, apex obtuse to subacute, awnless; palea ciliolate along keels. Caryopsis length more than 3 times width. Fl. and fr. May–Jul. 2n = 14, 28.
This species is extensively cultivated in temperate regions of the world as an excellent forage and lawn grass. It is a variable species, with many cultivars (Perennial Rye Grass).
" 125672 general 357358 Poaceae "Miscanthus floridulus.Plant tufted, robust. Culms erect, 1.5–4 m tall, 6–15 mm in diam., unbranched, nodes usually glabrous, or uppermost sometimes bearded. Leaves cauline, congested; leaf sheaths longer than internodes, overlapping, glabrous, pilose at throat; leaf blades linear, flat, tough, 20–85 × 0.5–4 cm, glabrous, midrib prominent, margins scabrid, base rounded, apex acuminate; ligule 1–3 mm, densely pilose on back. Panicle oblong or elliptic, dense, 20–50 cm; axis 25–45 cm. Racemes numerous, 10–30 cm, appressed or ascending, glabrous, scaberulous; rachis internodes puberulous, nodes glabrous; lower pedicel 1–3.5 mm, upper pedicel 2.5–8 mm. Spikelets 2.5–4(–6) mm, awned; callus hairs 4–6 mm, white, spreading, as long as the spikelet; glumes subequal, membranous, golden brown, 2.5–4(–6) mm, margins pilose near apex, veins obscure, apex acuminate; lower lemma lanceolate, hyaline, 3–3.5 mm, veinless, pilose; upper lemma similar to lower, 2–2.5 mm; awn geniculate, 5–6(–10) mm; upper palea a small hyaline scale. Anthers 3, 1–1.5 mm. Caryopsis oblong, ca. 1.5 mm.
The plants are cultivated for hedges and as ornamentals, the rhizomes are used for medicine, the culms are used for papermaking, and the young leaves are used for forage.
" 125708 general 369664 Poaceae "Oryza glaberrima.Annual. Culms erect, spongy, up to 1 m tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous, leaf blades up to 30 × 1–1.5 cm, glabrous, margins scabrid; ligule 3–5 mm. Panicle loosely contracted, 20–25 cm; branches long, mostly simple. Spikelets obliquely inserted on pedicels, oblong, 7–9 mm, length twice width, yellow or dark brown, persistent; sterile lemmas lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm, margins sparsely ciliate, apex acuminate; fertile lemma smooth, glabrous or keel ciliate, apex with acute beak, usually awnless. Anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Caryopsis oblong, 5–6 mm. 2n = 24.
This African rice is the other cultivated species in Oryza, but its cultivation is much less widespread than that of O. sativa. It belongs to the AA genome complex, but can be clearly distinguished from O. sativa and others of this complex in China by its much shorter, rounded ligule.
" 125710 general 369634 Poaceae "Oryza rufipogon.Perennial, aquatic, tufted or stoloniferous. Culms decumbent, rooting and tillering at nodes, sometimes floating, lower part spongy, 0.7–1.5 m or more tall. Leaf sheaths slightly inflated below, upper sheaths tight, glabrous, auricles conspicuous, glabrous or ciliate; leaf blades up to 40 × 1–2 cm, margins and midrib scabrid, apex acuminate; ligule up to 17 mm. Panicle spreading, 12–30 cm, eventually nodding; branches 1–5 at lowest node, longest 2.5–12 cm, axils bearded or glabrous. Spikelets oblong, 8–11 mm, length 2.7–4.5 times width, yellowish green with reddish apex, deciduous; sterile lemmas lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, apex acuminate; fertile lemma finely reticulate with scattered short glassy hairs, flanks slightly sulcate, keel stiffly ciliate, apex acuminate; awn 5–40 mm or more, stout, scaberulous. Anthers 4–6 mm. Caryopsis reddish brown, 5–7 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr–May and Oct–Nov. 2n = 24.
This is a member of the AA genome complex, which includes cultivated rice, of which it is a progenitor. Members of this group hybridize quite easily and have contributed to the development of rice cultivars. Oryza rufipogon is perennial, but the most important difference from cultivated rice is the possession of readily deciduous spikelets.
" 125711 general 369637 Poaceae "Oryza sativa.Annual, aquatic, tufted. Culms erect, rooting at lower submerged nodes, 0.5–1.5 m tall. Leaf sheaths slightly inflated below, upper sheaths tight, glabrous, auricles falcate, ciliate; leaf blades 25–60 × 0.5–2 cm, glabrous, smooth or scabrid on both sides, margins scabrid, apex acuminate; ligule 10–40 mm. Panicle loosely contracted, up to 30 cm, nodding at maturity; branches 1–3 at lowest node, longest 2–12 cm, axils bearded or glabrous. Spikelets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 7–10 mm, length 2–3.5 times width, persistent; sterile lemmas lanceolate, 1.5–4 mm, apex acuminate; fertile lemma papillose, spinulose, apex acuminate; awn very variable, slender or stout, up to 60 mm or more, scaberulous, sometimes absent. Anthers 1–3 mm. Caryopsis ovate or elliptic to cylindrical, 5–7 mm, whitish yellow to brown or blackish. 2n = 24.
This is the staple cereal rice, widely cultivated in tropical and warm-temperate parts of the world, and with many different cultivated races. It has the AA genome, and where Oryza rufipogon occurs as a weed in rice fields, intermediates may occur.
" 125730 general 352526 Poaceae "Paspalum dilatatum.Perennial from a short rhizome. Culms forming a coarse, spreading tuft, 50–150 cm tall, ca. 5 mm in diam., glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pilose in the lower part; leaf blades linear, 10–45 × 0.3–1.2 cm, glabrous, apex attenuate; ligule 2–4 mm. Inflorescence axis 2–20 cm; racemes 2–10, 5–12 cm, spaced, diverging, axils pilose; spikelets paired; rachis 1–1.5 mm wide, glabrous. Spikelets green or purplish, broadly ovate, 3–4 mm, sharply acute; upper glume membranous, 5–9-veined, sparsely pubescent to almost glabrous on back, margins fringed with long white hairs; lower lemma similar but not hairy; upper lemma pallid at maturity, orbicular, ca. 2 mm, clearly shorter than spikelet, papillose-striate, apex rounded. Fl. and fr. May–Jul. 2n = 40, 50–63.
This native of South America is now widely distributed throughout the tropics as a forage grass and also occurs as a weed of cultivation.
" 125733 general 333730 Poaceae "Paspalum malacophyllum.Perennial with short rhizomes. Culms slender to robust, 1–2 m tall. Leaf sheaths papillose-pilose in upper part and mouth; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, flat, 10–40 × 0.6–3 cm, glabrous or pilose, the lower narrowed to a slender base, apex long acuminate; ligule ca. 2 mm. Inflorescence axis 4–20 cm; racemes up to 30, 3–6 cm, ascending, axils long pilose; spikelets paired, in 4 dense rows; rachis winged, 0.5–1.5 mm wide, margins scabrous, sometimes setose. Spikelets often purplish, oblong-navicular, 1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous; both glumes absent; lower lemma as long as spikelet, concave, membranous, 3-veined with laterals marginal; upper lemma dorsally convex, papery, 5-veined, veins prominent and forming ribs, apex acute. Fl. and fr. summer–autumn. 2n = 20, 40.
This is the only species of Paspalum in China lacking both glumes.
The species is cultivated for hay and sometimes used in soil conservation work.
Perennial, rhizomatous; rhizomes extensively spreading. Culms reedlike, erect, leafy, 0.6–1.5 m tall, 6–8-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous, not inflated; leaf blades 10–35 cm × 10–18 mm, tapering to a fine apex; ligule 2–3 mm. Panicle contracted, linear-oblong in outline, lobed, interrupted, 8–15 cm; branches short, erect, densely spiculate. Spikelets oblong, laterally compressed, 4–6 mm; glumes narrowly lanceolate, glabrous or puberulous, pale green streaked darker green or purplish, keel scabrid, wingless or very narrowly winged upward, apex sharply acute; sterile lemmas equal, subulate, 1.5–1.8 mm, villous; fertile lemma broadly lanceolate, 3–4 mm, appressed-pubescent upward, shiny; palea boat-shaped, keels ciliolate. Anthers 2.5–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 28.
An ornamental form of this species with green- and cream-striped leaf blades, Phalaris arundinacea var. picta Linnaeus (丝带草 si dai cao), is sometimes cultivated in gardens.
" 125770 general 376012 Poaceae "Phyllostachys heteroclada.Culms ca. 6 m or more, to 3 cm in diam.; internodes to 30 cm, initially white powdery, sparsely puberulent; wall 3–5 mm thick; nodal ridge flat and as prominent as sheath scar in large culms, or strongly elevated and more prominent than sheath scar in slender culms; intranode ca. 5 mm. Branches deflexed or subhorizontal. Culm sheaths deep green, tinged with purple, white powdery, glabrous or sparsely strigose, margins ciliate; auricles purple, ovate to elliptic, sometimes shortly falcate, small, absent on small shoots; oral setae well developed or few, erect, and fine on small shoots; ligule slightly concave or weakly arcuate, short, white ciliolate; blade erect, green, usually tinged with purple, rarely entirely purple triangular to narrowly triangular, cupped, flat or slightly wavy. Leaves (1 or)2(or 3) per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous, margins ciliate; auricles absent; oral setae deciduous, erect; ligule short; blade 5.5–12.5 × 1–1.7 cm, abaxially proximally pilose. Flowering branchlets densely capitate, (1.6–)1.8–2(–2.2) cm, usually lateral on mature leafy branches; scaly bracts 4–6, gradually larger, or terminating young leafy branches then subtended by 1 or 2 spathes with an ovate or narrow blade; spathes 2–6, broadly ovate or broader, 0.9–1.2 cm, papery or thinly leathery, gradually narrowed and thinned in distal ones, puberulent at apex, margins ciliate, otherwise glabrous or subglabrous, blade absent or very small, mucronate. Pseudospikelets (1–)4–7 per spathe, subtended by bracts, bracts variable in form and size, to 1.2 cm, membranous, keeled, tenuously 5–7-veined, apex pubescent, acuminate. Spikelets to 1.5 cm; florets 3–7, distal ones sterile. Glumes absent to 3, resembling bracts in size, form, and texture, sometimes uppermost one similar to lemma; rachilla internodes 1.5–2 mm, clavate, glabrous, apex subtruncate; lemma lanceolate, 0.8–1.2 cm, distal 1/2–2/3 pubescent, 9–13-veined, distally keeled, apex subulate-acuminate; palea shorter than lemma, puberulent except for base; lodicules rhomboid-ovate, ca. 3 mm, tenuously 7-veined, margins ciliate. Anthers 5–6 mm. Style ca. 5 mm; stigmas (2 or)3. Caryopsis narrowly ovoid, ca. 3.5 × 1.5 mm. New shoots Apr–May, fl. Apr–Aug.
Phyllostachys cerata McClure (Lingnan Univ. Sci. Bull. 9: 41. 1940) and P. dubia Keng (Sinensia 11: 407. 1940, "dubius") may be further synonyms of this species.
Phyllostachys heteroclada is widely cultivated for its high-quality culms, which are split for weaving articles such as the famous bamboo mats produced in Yiyang, Hunan.
Leafy branchlets pendulous. Culm sheaths not glaucous; ligule truncate, slightly concave. New shoots mid–May to early Jun.
This variety is cultivated as an ornamental for its pendulous habit.
" 125803 general 376599 Poaceae "Pleioblastus oleosus.Culms diffuse, 3–5 m, 1–3 cm in diam.; internodes initially grass-green, yellow when old, cylindrical, 18–20(–26) cm, grooved above branches, glossy, glabrous; wall ca. 3 mm thick; nodes prominent, deciduously brown setose. Culm sheaths light green, slightly lustrous, base light brown setose, otherwise glabrous; ligules truncate or slightly concave, 1–2 mm, margin ciliolate; blade erect or reflexed, green, lanceolate. Leaves 3 or 4 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles and oral setae often absent, rarely 2, short; ligules rounded or truncate, ca. 2 mm, slightly hairy, apex not uniform; pseudopetiole 2–5 mm; blade linear-lanceolate, 12–20 × 1.3–2.2 cm, slightly hairy, secondary veins 5–7-paired, base broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, apex caudate. Inflorescence paniculate, lateral; florets 11–13 per spikelet. Glumes 2–4, apex rounded, beaked; lemma subglabrous, apex acute; palea about as long as lemma, keels ciliolate, apex acuminate; lodicules 3, thick, ± rhomboid, margin ciliolate. Ovary cylindrical; stigmas 2 or 3.
A plant cultivated in the West under the names Brachystachyum densiflorum as well as P. oleosus is not in fact this species but an Oligo-stachyum. Pleioblastus oleosus is possibly a synonym of P. maculatus.
The shoots are edible, and the culms are often used for weaving.
Culms erect or nodding, 1–3(–5) m tall, to 1.5 cm thick; internodes long, finely ridged, finely mottled, with light ring of wax below each node; nodes slightly raised; sheath scar large. Branches usually 1 per node, without basal buds or branches on that branch, sometimes rebranching from distal branch nodes. Culm sheaths persistent, to 25 cm, basally glabrous, distally appressed hispid; auricles and oral setae absent; blade erect, 2–5 cm, abaxially glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous, margins membranous, not ciliate, auricles absent or small, erect; oral setae scarce, erect, or lacking; ligule oblique, long, slightly pubescent, eroded; abaxial ligule glabrous to finely ciliate;blade abaxially light green to glaucous, adaxially dark green, 15–37 × 1.5–5 cm, glabrous; pseudopetiole glabrous. Spikelets curving, narrowly terete, 3.5–10 cm; florets 5–20(–25). Lemma 1.2–1.5 cm, glabrous, often with fine mucro ca. 2 mm; palea nearly equal to lemma, glabrous, keels finely ciliate. Inflorescence not known.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental. It is traditionally used for arrows in Japan.
" 125870 general 380580 Poaceae "Saccharum barberi.Perennial with short stout rhizomes. Culms solid, up to 2 m tall, 1–2 cm in diam., solid, nodes bearded, softly pilose below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes; leaf blades ca. 50 × 1–2 cm, margins serrate; ligule well developed. Panicle very large, axis with white silky hairs. Spikelets oblong; callus hairs longer than spikelet; lower glume oblong, glabrous, margin infolded; lower lemma slightly shorter than glumes; upper lemma narrowly linear, awnless. Fl. and fr. summer and autumn. 2n = 82–124.
This name covers a group of slender, relatively hardy, cultivated sugarcane clones originating in subtropical N India. These are ancient types not far removed from wild Saccharum spontaneum and now usually included in S. officinarum under cultivar names. They have mostly been superseded by modern, commercial varieties.
" 125872 general 380568 Poaceae "Saccharum sinense.Perennial. Culms 3–4 m tall, 3–4 cm in diam., many-noded, solid, softly pilose below inflorescence. Leaf blades ca. 100 × 3–5 cm, glaucous, glabrous, midrib large, white, margins serrate; ligule ca. 2 mm. Panicle 30–60 cm, axis with white silky hairs; rachis internodes pilose. Spikelets ca. 4.5 mm; callus hairs 2–3 times length of spikelet; lower glume lanceolate, dark brown; lower lemma oblong-lanceolate; upper lemma linear, 1.2–3 mm or reduced, awnless. Lodicules glabrous. Anthers 3, 1.5–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Nov–Mar. 2n = 106–120*.
Canes of this form of cultivated sugarcane were sent from Guangzhou to Calcutta in 1796, establishing its cultivation in India. Like Sac-charum barberi, this is a primitive form of sugarcane of hybrid origin with introgression from wild species. A number of different clones exists, and these are usually included in S. officinarum as the Pansahi group, of which the best known is the Uba cane. The clone Tekcha, which was cultivated in Taiwan for many years, also belongs here. Sac-charum sinense clones have been used in breeding programmes, and many modern cultivars have this species in their ancestry.
The leaf blades and uppermost part of the culms are used for forage. The whole culm except the apex is used for sugar and medicine.
Perennial, with long rhizomes. Culms 1–4 m tall, 0.4–1 cm in diam., 5–10-noded, often hollow in center, nodes bearded, softly pilose below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths pilose at mouth and margin, sometimes tuberculate-pilose throughout; leaf blades 60–180 × 0.2–0.8 cm, glaucous, glabrous, margins serrate, tapering to midrib at base, apex long attentuate; ligule brown, 2–8 mm. Panicle 20–40 cm, axis silky pilose; racemes 4–17 cm; rachis internodes 1.5–5 mm, pilose with long silky hairs. Spikelets 3–4 mm; callus hairs 3–4 times length of spikelet; lower glume papery and dark brown below middle at maturity, membranous and pallid above, back glabrous, margins ciliate above, apex acuminate; lower lemma ovate-lanceolate, equal to glumes; upper lemma linear or linear-oblong, awnless. Lodicules ciliate. Anthers 3, 1.5–2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 40–128.
There are numerous local strains comprising a complex series of chromosome numbers. This species hybridizes readily with cultivated sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and is used in sugarcane breeding programs. The name S. spontaneum var. juncifolium Hackel (S. juncifo-lium (Hackel) Janaki-Ammal) has been applied to extreme forms with the leaf blades narrowed to the midrib along their whole length.
This species is a good forage grass and an efficient soil binder.
Annual. Culms robust, erect, up to 150 cm, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pubescent, ciliate; leaf blades linear-lanceolate, 15–45 × 0.6–2 cm, usually glabrous; ligule 1–3 mm. Panicle dense, lobed, 6–40 × 0.5–5 cm, very variable, erect or pendent when mature; spikelets subtended by several bristles 1–5 times spikelet length; axis villous. Spikelets elliptic to ovate or subglobose, 2–3 mm, yellow, brown, orange or purple; lower glume 1/3–1/2 as long as spikelet; upper glume about as long as spikelet, 5–7(–9)-veined, obtuse; lower lemma equal to spikelet, 5–7-veined; lower palea absent or narrow, up to 1/2 as long as lemma; upper floret yellow or orange-yellow, oblong or ovate-oblong, cartilaginous, deciduous at maturity, finely rugose to smooth and shiny. Fl. and fr. summer to autumn. 2n = 18.
This grass (Foxtail Millet) has been cultivated as a cereal in China since ancient times and exists in many races differing in size, shape, and hairiness of the panicle, color of the grain, and length of the bristles. It is also a useful forage grass. It is thought to be derived from Setaria viri-dis.
" 125925 general 329174 Poaceae "Sorghum bicolor.Annual. Culms erect, robust, 3–5 m tall, 2–5 cm in diam.; nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous or slightly farinose; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 40–70 × 3–8 cm, glabrous; ligule subrounded, ciliate. Panicle very variable, lax or dense, cylindrical or pyramidal to obovate in outline, up to 60 cm, main axis elongate to very short; primary branches ascending or spreading, lower branches sometimes almost as long as panicle, stiff or pendulous; racemes tough at maturity, composed of 2–6 spikelet pairs. Sessile spikelet variable, broadly obovate to subglobose, 3.5–5.5 mm; callus hispid; lower glume leathery to papery, glabrous to pilose, pale creamy-green to dark brown or blackish at maturity, upper lemma usually awned; awn 0.4–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, linear-lanceolate, persistent or deciduous. Caryopsis large, often exposed between the gaping glumes. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 20.
Sorghum bicolor is the important, tropical cereal sorghum. Originating in Africa, its cultivation for both grain and fodder spread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. It was introduced with the slave trade to America, including warm parts of the United States. It is now cultivated throughout most of China.
There is a multiplicity of forms of cultivated sorghum, derived by human selection and all fully interfertile. Some forms have sweet culms. Many species names have been proposed in the past in an attempt to categorize this variation, but they represent no more than intergrading cultivars within the common species pool.
The name Holcus saccharatus Linnaeus (Sorghum saccharatum (Linnaeus) Moench) has been identified as this species, but its application is uncertain (see Davidse & Turland in Taxon 50: 577–580. 2001) and the name has been formally rejected.
The principal races grown in China are as follows.
‘bicolor’
?? gao liang
Panicle loose with long branches, to 40 cm. Sessile spikelets broadly obovate; glumes leathery, glossy. Grain relatively small, enclosed within the glumes or only the top protruding.
Cultivated for grain; a primitive type.
‘cernuum’
???? wan tou gao liang
Panicle elliptic or ovate-elliptic, dense, 8–20 cm, curved or erect. Sessile spikelets broadly ovate, whitish; glumes thin, papery, transversely wrinkled, densely white-villous to glabrescent. Grain pale, subrotund to orbicular, usually much flattened, protruding beyond the glumes.
Cultivated in Xinjiang for grain and forage.
‘dochna’
??? tian gao liang
Culms with sweet juice. Panicle elongate, to 50 cm; branches racemose or corymbose, the lower ones half as long as panicle or more. Sessile spikelets broadly elliptic to obovate; glumes crustaceous, striately veined above middle. Grain elliptic or elliptic-oblong, enclosed by the glumes or only slightly protruding.
Cultivated for grain and forage throughout most of China, including forms used for making brooms.
‘nervosum’
???? duo mai gao liang
Panicle elongate, dense, elliptic in outline, to 40 cm. Sessile spikelets elliptic to broadly elliptic; glumes papery, prominently veined ± throughout. Grain broadly elliptic, protruding beyond the glumes.
Cultivated for grain, mainly in N China.
Culms tufted, erect, 70–120 cm tall, 3- or 4-noded, pale pubescent at nodes. Leaf sheath margin ciliolate; leaf blade broadly linear, to 1 cm wide, scabrous, glabrous or adaxial surface shortly pubescent. Spike laterally compressed, 3–7 cm excluding awns, glabrous, rarely pubescent, apex with sterile spikelets; rachis compressed, easily disarticulating. Spikelets with 2 or 3 florets, usually basal floret fertile. Glumes lanceolate or subobovate, 6–8(–9) mm, slightly shorter than proximal florets, obscurely 7-veined, usually glabrous and lustrous, 2-keeled; 1 keel prominent, scabrous distally, prolonged at apex into triangular, acute tooth 0.75–1.5 mm; other keel less prominent, prolonged at apex into much smaller, subacute tooth. Lemma obscurely 9-veined; awn 5–10 cm. Palea usually longitudinally breaking at maturity. Caryopsis ca. 7 × 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 14.
It is not impossible that relict cultivation of Triticum monococcum occurs in China, but it is most unlikely and confirming records are needed.
" 129513 general 375359 Poaceae "Phalaris canariensis.Annual, loosely tufted. Culms 30–60(–100) cm tall. Uppermost leaf sheaths inflated with short blade; leaf blades 3–10 mm wide; ligule 3–5 mm. Panicle spikelike, very dense, ovate to oblong-ovate in outline, 1.5–4 cm. Spikelets obovate, strongly flattened, 7–10 mm; glumes oblanceolate, glabrous or puberulent, whitish with green veins, keel broadly winged above middle, wing margin entire, apex acute; sterile lemmas 2, equal, narrowly elliptic, chaffy, 2.5–4 mm, appressed-pilose; fertile lemma lanceolate, 5–6 mm, densely appressed-pubescent, shiny. Anthers 3–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Oct.
This species is widely cultivated for bird seed (Canary Grass) and is adventive in most warm-temperate countries.
" 132639 general 338316 Poaceae "Bambusa beecheyana.Culms to 16 m, 9–10 cm in diam., apically pendulous or long pendulous; internodes 34–41 cm, initially thickly white powdery, sparsely pubescent; wall 1.5–2 cm thick; nodes flat. Branches several, 1–3 dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery, initially with uneven, dark brown, spinous hairs;auricles small at lower nodes, larger at distal nodes; oral setae present or absent; ligule 2–4 mm, ciliate; blade recurved, triangular, base 1/2–4/5 as wide as sheath apex, adaxially hirtellous. Leaf sheaths initially hirtellous; ligule truncate, 0.5–1 mm; auricles absent or minute; oral setae scarce or absent; blade oblong-lanceolate, 11–28 × 1.5–3.5 cm. Pseudospikelets 1.5–2 × 0.5–0.8 cm; florets 6–8; rachilla not disarticulating, internodes ca. 2 mm. Glumes 2, cordate, 4–5 mm, ciliate; lemma ca. 0.9 × 0.9 cm; palea 4–8 mm; lodicules 3, ciliate. Anthers ca. 5 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm; styles 3–4 mm; stigmas (1 or)2–4, ca. 6 mm. Caryopsis unknown. New shoots Jun–Jul, fl. Sep–Dec.
Bambusa beecheyana is commonly cultivated in S Guangdong for its slightly bitter shoots.
" 132656 general 338413 Poaceae "Bambusa oldhamii.Culms 6–12 m, 3–9 cm in diam.; internodes slightly flexuose, 20–35 cm, initially white powdery, glabrous; wall 4–12 mm thick; nodes flat. Branches many from mid-culm up, 3 dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery, dark brown spinous-hairy, soon glabrescent; auricles small, rounded, ciliate; ligule ca. 1 mm, subentire; blade erect, base ca. 1/2 as wide as sheath apex. Leaf sheaths initially hispid; ligule truncate, ca. 1 mm; auricles suborbicular; oral setae few; blade oblong-lanceolate, 15–30 × 3–6 cm. Pseudospikelets 2.7–3 × 0.7–1 cm; bracts 3–5; florets 5–9; rachilla not disarticulating, internodes 2–3 mm. Glumes 1, 0.9–1 × ca. 0.8 cm; lemma similar to glumes, ovate, ca. 1.7 × 1.3 cm; palea ca. 1.3 cm; lodicules 3, ca. 3.5 mm. Anthers ca. 8 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm; style ca. 5 mm; stigmas 3. Caryopsis unknown. New shoots May–Nov, fl. summer–autumn.
Bambusa oldhamii is commonly cultivated in Taiwan for its very high-quality shoots.
" 132662 general 342104 Poaceae "Bambusa pervariabilis.Culms 7–10 m, 4–5.5 cm in diam., basally straight, apex suberect; internodes straight, ca. 30 cm, basal internodes with yellow-green stripes, initially thinly white powdery or strigose; nodes slightly prominent, basal nodes with rings of gray-white silky hairs below and above sheath scar; branching from basal node up. Branches several to many, clustered, with central 3 dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, initially with yellow-green stripes, thinly leathery, abaxially glabrous or sometimes strigose, apex asymmetrically arched; auricles unequal, undulate, wrinkled; larger auricle slanted along 1/6–1/5 of sheath margin, obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, 3.5–4 × ca. 1 cm, attenuate; smaller auricle suborbicular or elliptic, ca. 1.5 × 0.8 cm; oral setae fine, undulate; ligule 3–4 mm, irregularly dentate or sometimes laciniate, shortly fimbriate; blade deciduous, erect, nearly symmetrical, initially abaxially yellow-green striped, narrowly ovate-acuminate, base rounded and then extending outward and joined with auricles for 3–7 mm, nearly 2/3 width of sheath apex. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, usually 10–15 × 1–1.5 cm, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially glabrous. Pseudospikelets linear, 2–5 cm, gemmiferous bracts 2 or 3; florets 5–10; rachilla segments ca. 4 mm. Glume 1, oblong, ca. 6 mm, 9-veined, glabrous, apex acute; lemmas oblong-lanceolate, 1.2–1.4 cm, glabrous, 13–15-veined, apex acute; palea nearly as long as or slightly shorter than lemma, ciliolate toward apex, 6-veined between and 3-veined on either side of keels; lodicules 3, unequal; anterior 2 oblique, ca. 2.7 mm, margins long ciliate, posterior larger, obovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm. Filaments short; anthers ca. 5 mm. Ovary ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm, apex hispidulous; style ca. 1 mm, hispidulous; stigmas 3, ca. 3 mm, hairy. Young caryopsis broadly ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, apex hispidulous, remains of style base persistent.
Two varieties may be recognized in China. In addition, Bambusa pervariabilis var. multistriata W. T. Lin (J. Bamboo Res. 16(3): 25. 1997) was described from cultivated, sterile material from Guangdong (Guangzhou).
" 132663 general 342106 Poaceae "Bambusa pervariabilis var. viridistriata.All internodes of culms and branches yellow, with green stripes.
This variety is cultivated for ornament.
" 132683 general 342234 Poaceae "Bambusa ventricosa.Culms dimorphic; normal culms 8–10 m, 3–5 cm in diam., basally flexuose, apically slightly drooping; internodes 30–35 cm, basally slightly swollen, not white powdery, initially glabrous; lower nodes with rings of gray-white silky hairs below and above sheath scar; branching from 3rd or 4th node up, basal 1 or 2 nodes also with short aerial roots; branches 1–3 on lower nodes; branchlets of these sometimes condensed into weak thorns; branches several to many at mid-culm and upper nodes, with central 3 slightly longer and thicker. Abnormal culms (usual in potted plants) 25–50 cm, 1–2 cm in diam., internodes shortened and swollen at base, branch internodes also shortened and swollen; branches only on upper nodes, usually solitary, without thorns. Culm sheaths deciduous, obviously ribbed-striate, glabrous, apex nearly symmetrical, broadly arched or subtruncate; auricles unequal; larger auricle narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 mm; smaller auricle ovate, 3–5 mm; oral setae curved; ligule 0.5–1 mm, very shortly finely fimbriate; blade deciduous, erect or recurved, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, base slightly arched, narrowed, slightly narrower than sheath apex. Leaf sheath glabrous; ligule subtruncate, very short; auricles ovate or falcate; oral setae several, curved; blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 9–18 × 1–2 cm, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially glabrous. Pseudospikelets solitary or many clustered on each node, linear-lanceolate, slightly compressed, 3–4 cm; prophylls oval, 2.5–3 mm, 2-keeled, apex obtuse; gemmiferous bracts 1 or 2, narrowly ovate, 4–5 mm, 13–15-veined, apex acute; florets 6–8, basal 1 or 2 and apical 2 or 3 usually sterile; rachilla segments flat, 2–3 mm, apex inflated and cupular. Glumes absent or 1, ovate-elliptic, 6.5–8 mm, 15–17-veined, apex acute; lemma ovate-elliptic, 9–11 mm, glabrous, 19–21-veined, apex acute; palea nearly as long as lemma, ciliolate near apex, 4-veined between and on either side of keels, apex acuminate with a cluster of white hairs; lodicules 3, ca. 2 mm, margins long ciliate, anterior 2 slightly asymmetrical, posterior broadly elliptic. Filaments slender; anthers yellow, ca. 6 mm, apex obtuse. Ovary broadly ovoid, 1–1.2 mm, stalked, apex thickened and hairy; style very short, hairy; stigmas 3, ca. 6 mm. Fruit unknown.
Widely cultivated in S China as an ornamental potted plant, this bamboo is sometimes considered to be a cultivar of Bambusa tuldoides, but the flowering material on which that decision was based, collected in the United States, may not represent this species. Moreover, in China the culm sheath of B. ventricosa is substantially different from that of B. tuldoides.
" 132684 general 338320 Poaceae "Bambusa vulgaris.Clumps rather open. Culms 8–15 m, 5–9 cm in diam., basally straight or flexuose, apically drooping; internodes deep green, 20–30 cm, initially thinly white powdery, stiffly pale brown strigose; wall slightly thick; nodes slightly prominent, basal several with aerial roots and rings of grayish white silky hairs below and above sheath scar; usually branching from lower nodes. Branches several to many, clustered, central dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, ribbed-striate when dry, densely stiffly deciduously dark brown hairy, apex arched below blade, concave below auricles; auricles conspicuous, ascending, nearly equal in shape and size, oblong or reniform, 8–10 mm; oral setae curved, fine; ligule 3–4 mm, serrate, very shortly white ciliolate; blade deciduous, erect or deflexed, broadly triangular to triangular, base slightly rounded, ca. 1/2 width of sheath apex, abaxially sparsely stiffly dull brown hairy, adaxially densely stiffly dull brown hairy between veins, apex involute, sharply apiculate. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 10–30 × 1.3–2.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous. Pseudospikelets several, clustered at nodes, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, slightly flattened, 2–3.5 × 0.4–0.5 cm, apparently bifid; gemmiferous bracts several; florets 5–10; rachilla segments 1.5–3 mm. Glumes 1 or 2, abaxially shortly hairy near apex, apex apiculate; lemma 8–10 mm, abaxially shortly hairy near apex, apex apiculate; palea slightly shorter than lemma, keels ciliolate; lodicules 3, 2–2.5 mm, margins long ciliate. Anthers ca. 6 mm, apex penicillate. Style 3–7 mm, slender; stigmas 3, short.
Two cultivars, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata' (????? huang jin jian bi zhu), with culm internodes yellow with green stripes, and B. vulgaris 'Wamin' (???? da fo du zhu), with culm internodes shortened and basally swollen, are widely cultivated in gardens and parks. Although they have been given varietal or even specific status elsewhere, they are recognized as cultivars here.
This species was incorrectly named by Aiton as Bambusa arundi-nacea Willdenow.
Tussocky perennial; roots stout, aromatic. Culms robust, 1–2.5 m tall, ca. 5 mm in diam. Leaf sheaths glabrous, lower sharply keeled and imbricate in fanlike clusters; leaf blades linear, pale green, stiff, 30–90 × 0.5–1 cm, pilose on adaxial surface toward base, otherwise glabrous; ligule a scarious rim. Panicle oblong in outline, 20–30 cm, usually contracted, purplish; branches numerous, lowermost 5–20 cm, bare at base, smooth or slightly scaberulous; racemes slender, with 5–13 spikelet pairs and a terminal triad; internodes and pedicels slightly scabrid. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate to almost linear, 4–5 mm; callus rounded, subglabrous; lower glume muricate, 3–5-veined, veins spinulosely aculeate, apex acute; upper glume spinulosely aculeate on keel, not awned; upper lemma slightly 2-toothed, awnless or mucronate; mucro 0–2 mm, not exserted. Pedicelled spikelet staminate, sparingly aculeolate or almost smooth. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 20.
This species (Vetiver Grass) is said to have originated in India, but is now distributed throughout warm parts of the Old World and introduced into the S United States and West Indies. It has long been cultivated for the oil extracted from the aromatic roots, which is used in perfumery. More recently, its potential as a soil binder to prevent erosion has been recognized. It is planted in hedges for this purpose, particularly along the contours of sloping ground. The deep, non-invasive root system holds the plants firm, while the stiff, dense leaves trap soil and prevent it being washed away. It is also used as a forage grass.
" 133664 general 391268 Poaceae "Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi.Utricle beadlike, ovoid, bony, glossy, not beaked, 7–11 × 6–10 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.
This is widely cultivated in tropical regions for the hard, beadlike utricles. There are many races with utricles in different shapes and colors, used for necklaces and other decorative purposes.
" 134953 general 338888 Poaceae "Fargesia murielae.Culms 1–5 m, 0.5–1.4 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 15–23 cm, initially sparsely white powdery, longitudinal ribs weakly conspicuous; wall 1.5–2.5 mm thick, cavity filled with lamellate pith; supra-nodal ridges level or weakly prominent; sheath scar prominent. Branches 3–10 per node, deflexed, solid. Culm sheaths deciduous, distally asymmetrically rounded, leathery, glabrous or sometimes distally gray setose, margins initially yellow-brown ciliolate, longitudinal ribs conspicuous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule arcuate or truncate, 0.5–1 mm, glabrous; blade reflexed, triangular, narrowly triangular, or linear, glabrous, margins level or rolled. Leaves 1 or 2(–6) per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles absent, oral setae present, yellow-brown; ligule truncate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous; blade lanceolate, 6–10 × 0.8–1.2 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 3- or 4-paired, transverse veins distinct, base nearly rounded or broadly cuneate, one margin spinescent-serrulate, other margin obscurely so. Inflorescence unknown. New shoots May.
This species is very important in Western horticulture as one of the hardiest bamboos introduced. It was widely cultivated as Tham-nocalamus spathaceus, after being erroneously placed in synonymy of Fargesia spathacea, which was then transferred, also in error, into Thamnocalamus (Soderstrom, Brittonia 31: 495. 1979). The earlier name Arundinaria sparsiflora is frequently considered conspecific, and the conservation of A. murielae against that name has been proposed.
The shoots are edible.
Culms to 2 m, to 0.8 cm in diam.; internodes initially green, 25–30 cm, glaucous below nodes, glabrous; nodes prominent, sheath ring with persistent remains of sheath base. Culm sheaths retrorsely setose, margins ciliate; auricles weak or absent, oral setae radiate; ligule prominent, 2–3 mm, glabrous; blade conical, striate, margins ciliate. Leaves 1(or 2) per ultimate branch; blade abaxially light green, adaxially green, lanceolate, 12–17 × 1.2–2.2 cm, abaxially pubescent near midrib, adaxially glabrous, secondary veins 4- or 5-paired, one margin serrulate, other margin entire. Inflorescence paniculate, 12–19 × 7–9 cm. Spikelets 5–7 mm; florets 3–5. Glumes 2; lemma ca. 3 mm, 5-veined; palea longer than lemma, not veined; lodicules 3, ovate, not veined. Stamens 3; filaments short; anthers yellow. Ovary 3-angled or ovoid, glabrous; stigmas 2, usually united, compressed, slender. New shoots Oct–Nov.
The shoots are edible, and the plants are cultivated for ornament.
" 136431 general 366977 Poaceae "Melocalamus arrectus.Culms 10–15 m, 2–4 cm in diam.; internodes 20–40(–60) cm, initially pubescent; wall rather thick; nodes prominent, each with a ring of white powder and tomentum below. Branching from 2nd to 3rd nodes upward, 1–3 dominant, to 8 m. Culm sheaths pale brown, ca. 1/3 as long as internodes, leathery, appressed pubescent, apex truncate; auricles minute; oral setae few, deciduous; ligule ca. 1 mm, ciliate; blade erect, triangular or ovate-triangular. Leaf sheaths glabrous; ligule ca. 1 mm; auricles absent; oral setae absent to 2, minute; blade lanceolate, 12–22 × 2.2–4 cm. Flowering branches leafy or leafless; internodes densely pubescent. Pseudospikelets minute. Glumes 2, 1.5–2 mm; rachilla internodes ca. 0.5 mm; lemma ca. 2 mm; palea membranous. Lodicules linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm. Anthers ca. 1 mm. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Caryopsis globose, ca. 2 cm.
This species was previously referred to by the name "Dinochloa bambusoides" (Q. H. Dai, Bamboo Spec. & Cultivation Guangxi, 9. 1987), which was not validly published.
" 137044 general 333459 Poaceae "Pennisetum glaucum.Annual. Culms robust, up to 3 m tall, densely pubescent at nodes and below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths loose, smooth; leaf blades 20–100 × 2–5 cm, both surfaces and margins scabrous; base subcordate; ligule 2–3 mm. Inflorescence linear to broadly elliptic, dense, 40–50 × 1.5–2.5 cm; axis densely pubescent; involucre persistent, enclosing 1–9 spikelets, basal stipe pubescent, 1–25 mm; bristles usually shorter than spikelets, almost glabrous to densely plumose. Spikeles obovate, 3.5–4.5 mm; lower glume minute, ca. 1 mm; upper glume 1.5–2 mm, 3-veined; lower floret staminate, lemma ca. 2.5 mm, 5-veined, margins membranous and ciliate, palea thinly papery, puberulous; upper lemma 5–7-veined, thinly papery, puberulous, margins ciliate, tip obtuse; anthers with a tuft of short hairs at tip. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 14.
This is a cultivated species grown for both grain and forage, and is especially suited to regions with a short growing season (Bulrush Millet, Pearl Millet).
" 137340 general 376545 Poaceae "Pleioblastus distichus.Culms 20–40 cm, 1–2 mm in diam.; internodes glabrous; nodes glabrous or sometimes sheath scar pilose. Culm sheaths glabrous. Leaves 5–8 per branch, closely spaced, distichous; auricles absent; oral setae white, smooth; blade erect, lanceolate, 3–7 × 0.3–0.8 cm, rather rigid, glabrous.
The miniature cultivar grown in China differs from the type in its smaller stature and glabrous culm sheath nodes. Earlier applications of the name Bambusa pygmaea to this species were in error. Flowering of plants cultivated in the United Kingdom around 1970 demonstrated the presence of 3 stamens, hence its placement in Pleioblastus rather than Sasa, where it has usually been placed in Chinese literature.
" 138725 general 382208 Poaceae "Semiarundinaria sinica.Culms 3–5 m, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; internodes initially green, flattened above branches, 15–27 cm, glabrous; nodes with prominent supra-nodal ridge; sheath scar prominent; intranode 2–3 mm. Branches 3, subequal. Culm sheaths deciduous, initially green, becoming yellowish brown, hispid, margin and base glabrous; auricles brown, falcate; oral setae ca. 4 mm; ligule arched or truncate, glabrous; blade erect, dark green, narrowly lanceolate, margin recurved. Leaves 3–5 per ultimate branch; sheaths green, striate, 3.5–4.5 cm, glabrous, margins ciliate; auricles ovate to ellipsoid, oral setae gray, 3–4 mm; ligule ca. 2 mm; blade lanceolate, 9–16 × 1.4–2.2 cm, glabrous, base obtuse, contracted into pseudopetiole 9–12 mm, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, transverse veins distinct, margins serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence panicle-like, with 6–11 spikelets, spathes ca. 25 × 8 mm; spikelets 55–60 mm; florets 5 or 6. Glumes 1 or 2; lemmas ca. 17 × 6 mm, glabrous, with 9 longitudinal veins, apex mucronate; palea ca. 1.4 cm, 2-keeled, with transverse veins prominent, margins and keel ciliate, apex acuminate, bifid; lodicules 3, narrowly rhomboid, membranous, apex white ciliate. Ovary oblong, glabrous; styles to 8–12 mm; stigmas bifid, plumose. New shoots May.
This species differs from Semiarundinaria fastuosa by its hispid culm sheath. It is known only in cultivation and is likely a cultivar of that species.
" 138777 general 347618 Poaceae "Setaria pumila.Annual. Culms erect or geniculate, 20–90 cm tall, smooth or scabrous just below inflorescence, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths keeled, glabrous; leaf blades linear, 5–40 × 0.2–1 cm, abaxial surface smooth, adaxial surface scabrous or pilose at base; ligule ca. 1 mm. Panicle densely cylindrical, 3–17 × 0.4–0.8 cm; branches reduced to a single mature spikelet subtended by 5–10 or more bristles (sometimes an aborted spikelet also present); axis pubescent; bristles gold, brownish gold or sometimes purple, 2–3 times spikelet length. Spikelets broadly ovate, (2.2–)2.5–3.5 mm; glumes ovate; lower glume 1/3–1/2 as long as spikelet; upper glume 1/2–2/3 as long as spikelet; lower floret usually staminate; lower palea hyaline, ovate, matching the upper floret in size and shape, keels narrowly winged; upper lemma broadly ovate, coarsely rugose. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct. 2n = 18, 36.
The name Setaria glauca (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois has been misapplied to this species.
Setaria pumila and S. parviflora are different facets of the same polymorphic complex, and are sometimes regarded as a single, variable species. No character taken on its own is reliable for separating the two species, but the combination of all characters listed in the key will enable most specimens to be assigned to one or the other.
The name Setaria lutescens var. dura refers to a form with the lower lemma hardened and rugose like the upper lemma. This is a rare variant, known from Fujian and Yunnan and also from Korea. Hardening of the lower floret is known to occur occasionally in other genera of Paniceae.
This species is cultivated for forage.
Culm sheath ligule entire at apex. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous.
This variety was described from Japanese cultivated material. Wild plants with the same characteristics are known in Guangxi.
" 139237 general 338433 Poaceae "Thyrsostachys siamensis.Culms to 12 m, to 6 cm in diam.; internodes initially green, becoming gray-green, 20–30 cm; wall thick; nodes slightly thickened, with a white ring below. Branches several, main mid-culm ones to 1 cm in diam. Culm sheaths pale brown, 3/4–1 × as long as internodes, papery, appressed pubescent, margins ciliate, apex truncate; ciliate; auricles small; ligule ca. 1 mm; blade erect, base ca. 3/4 width of sheath apex. Leaf sheaths white pubescent and ciliate; ligule very short, pubes-cent; blade linear, 7.5–15 × 0.7–1.2 cm. Pseudospikelets 1.2–1.4 cm; prophylls to 0.8 cm; gemmiferous bracts 2 or 3; glumes 2 or 3; fertile florets 1–3. Fertile lemma 1–1.3 cm; palea slightly longer than lemma, narrow, bifid for 1/3 of its length; lodicules absent to 3. Anthers pale yellow, apex purple, apiculate. Ovary ovoid to turbinate; style 1, ca. 1.2 cm; stigmas 1–3. Caryopsis ca. 0.6 cm. 2n = 76*.
This species is one of the most beautiful ornamental bamboos in the tropics of SE Asia, long cultivated in SE China, and recently found wild in Yunnan. The widespread use and economic importance of the name Thyrosostachys siamensis justified its conservation against the earlier name, Bambusa regia (1868).
" 139682 general 362854 Poaceae "Zizania latifolia.Perennial, rhizomatous. Culms erect, 1–2.5 m, ca. 1 cm thick, rooting at lower nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes, thickened, lower sheaths tessellate; leaf blades broadly linear, 50–90 × 1.5–3.5 cm, abaxial surface scabrous, adaxial surface glabrous, tapering to base, apex abruptly narrowed to a long point; ligule triangular, 1–1.5 cm. Panicle 30–50 × 10–15 cm, lower branches with male spikelets, upper branches with female spikelets, middle branches mixed; branches semiverticillate, many at each node, sparsely spinulose; pedicel apex disk-shaped with spinulose margin. Male spikelet 0.8–1.5 cm; lemma elliptic-oblong, margin ciliate; awn 2–8 mm, scabrous; anthers 5–8 mm. Female spikelet 1.5–2.5 cm; lemma linear, scabrous on veins; awn 1.5–3 cm, scabrous. Caryopsis ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 30, 34.
This species is cultivated as a vegetable in China. The young shoots and rhizomes are edible when infected, swollen, and softened by the fungus Ustilago esculenta. The presence of the fungus prevents flowering. The grains were used for food by the Emperor in ancient China, and are currently being used by fishermen.
" 140206 general 347362 Poaceae "Pennisetum polystachion.Short-lived perennial or annual. Culms much branched, 50–150 cm tall. Leaf blades linear, 10–20 × 0.3–1.5 cm, hispid. Inflorescence linear, 10–25 × 0.8–1 cm, yellow or purplish; axis angular with sharp decurrent wings below the involucres, these densely packed, often speading at right angles at maturity; involucre with numerous bristles obscuring the single spikelet, densely ciliate in lower half with crinkled matted hairs, longest bristle 1–2 cm. Spikelet narrowly lanceolate, 3–4.5 mm; lower glume absent or a small triangular scale; upper glume as long as spikelet, 5-veined, obtuse, ciliolate, apiculate; lower floret staminate or neuter, lemma similar but slightly shorter, obtusely 3-lobed; upper floret 2/3 spikelet length, cartilaginous, smooth, shiny, readily deciduous at maturity; anthers without hairs at tip. 2n = 54.
This is a widespread and polymorphic species, sometimes cultivated for pasture or fodder. The soft, crinkled hairs around the spikelet and the deciduous upper floret are clear-cut characters for recognition.
" 140421 general 345039 Poaceae "Festuca pratensis.Plant loosely tufted; shoots extravaginal. Culms 30–130 cm tall, nodes 2–4. Leaf sheaths glabrous; auricles falcate, glabrous; leaf blades flat or loosely rolled, 10–25 cm × 2–7 mm, glabrous, veins 18–25; adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands present; ligule 0.2–0.5 mm, margin ciliate. Panicle compact except at anthesis, (6–)10–25 cm; branches usually paired, (3.5–)4–6.5 cm, unequal, longer branch with 4–6 spikelets, shorter branch with 1–3 spikelets. Spikelets 8.5–17 mm; florets (2–)4–12; glumes glabrous or scabrid; lower glume (2–)2.6–4(–4.5) mm; upper glume (3–)3.5–5 mm; rachilla internodes scabrid; lemmas (5–)6–8 mm, smooth or scabrid, apex hyaline, acute, rarely awn–tipped; awns 0–2 mm; palea keels scabrid. Anthers (0.5–)2–4.6 mm. Ovary apex glabrous. 2n = 14, 28, 42, 70.
This grass (Meadow Fescue) was widely cultivated as a pasture grass in the late 1800s and early 1900s and is now found in most temperate parts of the world. It may have been introduced to China at that time.
" 140444 general 351855 Poaceae "Stenotaphrum secundatum.Perennial, stoloniferous and forming a dense sward. Culms much branched, flowering shoots 10–30 cm tall. Leaf sheaths strongly keeled, often grouped in flabellate clusters; leaf blades broadly linear, folded when young, up to 15 × 0.4–1 cm, apex obtuse; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Inflorescence 5–12 cm, slender, cylindrical; axis corky, disarticulating into segments at maturity; racemes 4–10 mm, reduced to 1–3 spikelets embedded in one face of the rachis, alternating on either side of the sinuous midrib; raceme rachis a stout pointed appendage within the axis cavity. Spikelets lanceolate, 4–5 mm, acute; lower glume up to 1/4 as long as spikelet; upper glume as long as spikelet; lower floret staminate, lemma cartilaginous, 3-veined, palea well developed; upper lemma papery, subequal to spikelet, smooth, acute. Fl. and fr. summer.
This grass is widely cultivated in the moist tropics as a lawn grass (St. Augustine Grass).
" 140723 general 391405 Poaceae "Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis.Plants green or pale green, often forming turf, strongly rhizomatous; shoots extra- and intravaginal. Culms (15–)20–80(–120) cm, few to several per tuft, erect, nodes 2–4. Leaf sheaths smooth or retrorsely scabrid, lower ones longer than internodes, usually distinctly longer than blade, uppermost to 20 cm; blades flat, moderately papery to thickly papery, 2–10 cm × 2–4(–5) mm, surfaces smooth or adaxial surface and margins sparsely scabrid, abaxially glabrous or less often sparsely pubescent, of tillers flat and folded or all flat with margins inrolled or not, papery to thickly papery, to 45 cm × 1–4(–5) mm; ligules 1–4(–5) mm, abaxially scabrid. Panicle loosely contracted to open, oblong to broadly pyramidal, 5–20(–25) × 3–5(–10) cm; branches spreading, straight or flexuous and slightly lax, 3–7(–9) per node, smooth or scabrid, longest 5–10 cm with 3–10(–18) spikelets in distal 1/2. Spikelets ovate, frequently purple tinged, 4–7(–9) mm, florets 3–5(–8); glumes ovate to lanceolate (narrowly lanceolate), apex acute to acuminate, keel distally scabrid, lower glume 1.5–3(–4) mm, 1- or 3-veined, upper glume 2–3(–5) mm, 3-veined; lemmas ovate to lanceolate 2.5–4(–5) mm, apex slightly obtuse to acute, keel villous for 3/4 of length, marginal veins for 1/2 length, intermediate veins glabrous; palea smooth or minutely bumpy, rarely with a few hooks between keels, keels scabrid. Anthers (1.2–)1.5–2.2(–2.8) mm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 28, 35, 42, 49, 50, 52, 56, 58, 63, 64, 66, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, 126, 133, 140.
The race is widely cultivated for forage, soil stabilization, and lawns. It is probably also native to China. Cultivated, soft-leaved plants are sometimes called subsp. irrigata (Lindman) H. Lindberg, but such cultivated plants are not readily classified. Poa pratensis subsp. irrigata was reported from Xinjiang in FRPS (9(2): 194. 2002, as P. irrigata Lindman), but, while it is potentially present there, no authentic material has been seen by us. It was mapped for the Russian Far East only from the Commander Isles by Probatova (in Tzvelev, Sosud. Rast. Sovetsk. Dal'nego Vostoka 1: 279. 1985).
" 141079 general 341729 Poaceae "Phyllostachys edulis.Culms to 20 m or more, to 20 cm in diam.; internodes to 40 cm or more, basal ones gradually shortened and thickened toward base, initially white powdery, densely puberulent; wall ca. 1 cm thick, nodal ridge inconspicuous at nodes without branches, more prominent at branching nodes and in slender culms; sheath scar setose on margin. Culm sheaths yellow-brown or purple-brown with dark brown spots, densely brown hairy; auricles relatively small; oral setae strongly developed; ligule arcuate to acutely so, long ciliate; blade initially erect, becoming reflexed, green, narrowly triangular or lanceolate to linear. Leaves 2–4 per ultimate branch; auricles inconspicuous; oral setae present; ligule prominent; blade small, thin, 4–11 × 0.5–1.2 cm, abaxially proximally pubescent along midrib, secondary veins 3–6-paired, tertiary veins ca. 9. Flowering branchlets spicate, 5–6 cm; scaly bracts 4–6, gradually larger, sometimes with 1–3 additional bracts resembling foliage leaves at base; spathes more than 10, laterally imbricate, lower ones sterile and deciduous giving naked stalklike axis, upper part puberulent, margins ciliate; auricles absent; oral setae deciduous; blade lanceolate to subulate, small. Pseudospikelets 1–3 per spathe. Spikelets with 1 floret. Glume 1, 1.5–2.8 cm, apex with a small subulate blade, pubescent; rachilla extension short, awnlike, internodes puberulent; lemma 2.2–2.4 cm, distally and marginally pubescent; palea slightly shorter than lemma, distally pubescent; lodicules lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1 mm. Anthers ca. 1.2 cm; filaments ca. 4 cm. Stigmas 3. Caryopsis narrowly elliptic, 5–10 × 1.5–1.8 cm, apex with persistent style base. New shoots Apr, fl. May–Aug. 2n = 48*.
The apparent earlier homonym "Phyllostachys edulis" (Rivière & C. Rivière, Bull. Soc. Natl. Acclim. France, sér. 3, 5: 623. 1878) was not validly published because it was merely cited as a synonym of P. mitis Poiret.
This is the most economically important bamboo in China, widely cultivated for its versatile culms and delicious shoots. Many cultivars have been named, including Phyllostachys edulis 'Heterocycla', the Tortoise-shell Bamboo, which has asymmetrically shortened and swollen culm internodes.
Perennial, tufted. Culms 50–150 cm tall, often bulbously thickened at base. Uppermost leaf sheaths not inflated; leaf blades 3–8 mm wide; ligule 3–7 mm. Panicle spikelike, cylindrical, 1.5–11 cm, sometimes lobed at base. Spikelets elliptic-oblong; glumes 5–7 mm, winged, wing margin entire, apex acute; sterile lemma 1(–2), subulate, 0.2–2.2 mm, pubescent, second lemma (when present) up to 0.5 mm; fertile lemma lanceolate, 3–4.6 mm, densely pubescent. Anthers 3–3.5 mm. 2n = 28.
This species is widely cultivated as a pasture and forage grass in many parts of the world. It is best suited to upland areas with high rainfall.
" 141385 general 338967 Poaceae "Arundinaria qingchengshanensis.Culms 2–4 m, 0.3–0.7(–1) cm in diam.; internodes deep green, 40–45(–56) cm, glabrous, distally waxy-powdery, solid or subsolid; nodes weakly prominent, glabrous; intranode 3–5 mm; sheath scar prominent, densely setose. Culm sheaths dark green or purple-green, setose, margins distally ciliolate; ligule purple, truncate or arcuate, less than 1 mm; auricles absent; oral setae 3–5, 3–4 mm; blade persistent, dark green, triangular-lanceolate, basally setose, striate, margins serrulate. Leaves 1–3 per ultimate branch; sheath green, sometimes purple, glabrous; auricles deciduous, green, elliptic, margin ciliate; ligule light green, truncate, ca. 1 mm, glabrous; petiole 3–4 mm, glabrous; blade lanceolate, 22–32 × 2.4–3.8 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 6–8-paired, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate, 6–10 cm. Spikelets 5–15; pedicel 2–12 mm, densely setose; rachilla internodes 3–5 mm, densely setose; florets 6–14. Glumes setose, long mucronate; lemma ovate, setose, margins ciliolate, long mucronate; palea 2-cleft, 2-keeled, with 2 or 3 veins between keels, 2 veins beside keels, margin ciliolate; lodicules purple-red, rhombic-ovate, membranous, transparent, margins densely ciliolate. Anthers purple, glabrous. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; style 1; stigmas 2, white, plumose. Caryopsis slightly curved, brown, ellipsoid, 7–8 × 2–2.5 mm, glabrous, apex acute, suture elongated. New shoots Apr, fl. Apr, fr. May.
Bashania aristata Y. Ren et al. (Novon 13: 473. 2003) and B. baoxingensis T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 9. 2000) are possibly synonyms of this species.
The culms are used for pen and brush holders, abacus frames, and chopsticks. This species is also cultivated as an ornamental.
Annual. Culms robust, erect, 1–1.5 m tall. Leaf sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf blades linear, 20–50 × 1.2–2.5 cm, glabrous, margins thickened and wavy. Inflorescence erect, lanceolate, 10–30 cm, axis robust, scabrous along edges and with tubercle-based hairs; racemes 2–6 cm, robust, usually branched, closely spaced and overlapping. Spikelets purplish, tardily deciduous, plump, ovate or obovate-elliptic, 3.5–4 mm, hispid along veins with tubercle-based hairs; lower glume 1/3 as long as spikelet, acute; upper glume slightly shorter than spikelet; lower lemma herbaceous, sterile, acute or with a 0.5–2 cm awn; upper lemma 2.8–3.5 mm. Caryopsis long persistent, eventually falling. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 54, 56, 72.
Echinochloa esculenta is cultivated both for grain and forage, like E. frumentacea, and the two are most easily distinguished by the color of the seeding heads. Echinochloa esculenta is thought to be a cultivated derivative of E. crusgalli that arose in China, Japan, and Korea.
" 141586 general 341948 Poaceae "Bambusa grandis.Culms 10–15 m, 8–10 cm in diam., apically recurved; internodes 30–40 cm, basally slightly swollen, initially sparsely hispid; wall 2–2.5 cm thick; nodes flat. Branches several, central dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery, initially with dark brown, spiny hairs; auricles reflexed, linear, small; ligule 3–5 mm, serrulate; blade recurved, occasionally erect, ovate to lanceolate, base ca. 4/5 as wide as sheath apex. Leaf sheaths hirtellous; ligule truncate, 1–1.5 mm; auricles and oral setae absent; blade lanceolate, 15–20 × 3–5 cm. Pseudospikelets 1.5–2 cm; 4–8-flowered, plus a sterile terminal floret; rachilla not disarticulating, internodes ca. 2 mm. Glumes 1, ciliate; lemma 1–1.2 cm, ciliate; palea 0.8–1 cm; lodicules 3. Anthers ca. 6 mm. Ovary obovoid; styles ca. 4 mm; stigma 1. Caryopsis unknown. New shoots Jul–Oct.
The name used in FRPS (9(1): 149. 1996), Dendrocalamopsis daii, was published in the belief that D. grandis was not validly published. However, the latter name is validly published as it fulfills the requirements for a descriptio generico-specifica (Stapleton & Xia, Taxon 53: 526–528. 2004).
This species is cultivated in Guangxi for its shoots and culms.
Culms pendulous, to 10 m, ca. 7 cm in diam.; internodes 22–32 cm, glabrous; wall ca. 1 cm thick; nodes flat. Branches several from middle nodes of culms, central slightly dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery, initially brown spiny-strigose; auricles reflexed, linear, small; ligule ca. 3 mm, serrulate; blade recurved or reflexed, triangular, base ca. 1/3 as wide as sheath apex. Leaf sheaths subglabrous; auricles absent or minute, with or without few oral setae; ligule truncate, 0.5–1 mm; blade oblong-lanceolate, 13–25 × 2–2.5 cm. Pseudospikelets 2–2.5 cm; bracts 1 or 2; florets ca. 6; rachilla not disarticulating, internodes ca. 2 mm. Glumes 1 or 2, ciliate; lemma 1–1.2 cm; palea about as long as lemma; lodicules 3, ca. 3.5 mm, ciliate. Anthers 8–10 mm. Ovary ovoid; styles 3–4 mm; stigmas (1 or)2–4. Caryopsis unknown. New shoots Jul–Oct.
Bambusa stenoaurita may be more appropriately placed in Dendrocalamus.
This species is cultivated in some areas of Guangdong for its shoots.
Culms to 20 m, 7.5–13 cm in diam.; internodes 20–35 cm; wall 1–1.8 cm thick; nodes flat. Branches many from basal nodes, main ones slightly dominant at mid-culm. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery, hispid, base of outer margin usually with an arrowlike expansion below point of attachment; auricles small; oral setae few; ligule ca. 1 mm, entire or ciliate; blade erect, base ca. 1/2 as wide as sheath apex, adaxially hispid. Leaf sheaths glabrous; auricles minute; oral setae few, 7–10 mm; ligule truncate, ca. 1 mm; blade oblong-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 20–34 × 3–5 cm. Pseudospikelets slender, 3–3.7 × ca. 0.5 cm; florets 8–13, with 2 or 3 terminal florets sterile; rachilla not disarticulating, internodes 2–3 mm. Glume 1, 0.8–1 cm; lemma 0.8–1.3 cm; palea 0.6–1 cm; lodicules 2 or 3, 1.5–2 mm. Anthers 4–4.5 mm. Ovary oblong, 1.5–2 mm; styles ca. 2 mm; stigmas 3. Caryopsis unknown.
This species has delicious shoots and is widely cultivated in N Taiwan.
" 141673 general 366996 Poaceae "Melocanna humilis.Rhizome terete, to 5 m long, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., solid. Culms upright, with nodding tip, 8–20 m, 3–7 cm in diam.; internodes green initially, straw-colored when old, terete, (12–) 20–50 cm, slightly white powdery and pubescent initially, glabrous when old; wall 5–7.5 mm thick; nodal ridge not prominent; sheath scar evident. Branches many at upper nodes. Culm sheaths initially yellow-green, 10–15 cm, apex broadly concave, rigid, leathery, with deciduous, appressed, stiff, short, white hairs; uppermost part inflated; auricles inconspicuous; oral setae well developed; ligule short, serrulate at margin; blade erect, linear-triangular, 10–30 cm, base ca. 2.5 cm wide. Leaf sheaths glabrous; auricles tiny, usually absent; oral setae 8–10 per side, deciduous, white, undulate or curved, 8–15 mm; blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 15–24(–35) × 2.5–3.5 cm. Pseudospikelets in clusters of 3 or 4 in axils of bracts, ca. 1.3 cm, glabrous; bracts 2–4, lanceolate. Lemma ovate-lanceolate; palea convolute, not keeled; lodicules 2. Ovary globose, glabrous; style slender; stigmas 2–4, outcurved. Fruit pear-shaped, large, 4.5–12.5 × 5–7 cm, fleshy, apex with a long, curved beak.
The only difference from Melocanna baccifera Kurz is apparently stature: M. baccifera is larger than M. humilis, although internode length and leaf sheath auricles also require comparison. Melocanna humilis was misidentified in FRPS (9(1): 13. 1996) as M. baccifera, for which name M. bambusoides is a widely used synonym. Melocanna baccifera is also in cultivation in Guangzhou.
The culms are used for pulping and are split for weaving, the leaves are used for making wine, and the fruit is edible.
Perennial from a short woody rootstock. Culms tufted, up to 3 m tall, lower nodes often swollen, mealy. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades lanceolate, usually glaucous below, dark green above, up to 50 × 2–3 cm, glabrous, base cordate, often amplexicaul, apex filiform; ligule 2–4 mm. Spathate panicle narrow, dense, erect, 20–30 cm; spatheoles green becoming reddish, 2–4 cm; racemes 1.5–2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels ciliate on margins, back sometimes pubescent; pedicel of homogamous pair swollen, barrel-shaped, shiny, fused to internode at base. Sessile spikelet oblong, 3.5–4.5 mm; lower glume flat, deeply grooved below middle (appearing as a line or keel on inside), keels winged above middle, veinless or 2-veined between keels; upper lemma 2-lobed; awn 1.4–1.8 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 3.5–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 20, 40.
This grass is native to India, but is cultivated elsewhere in the tropics for its oils. Two forms can be distinguished in the field, each with a different oil content, but the habit differences are not evident in herbarium material. The cultivar 'Motia' yields palmerosa oil and 'Sofia' yields ginger-grass oil.
The name "Cymbopogon lanceifolium L. Liu" (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 194. 1997) was not validly published because no Latin description was provided. It appears to be based on a specimen of C. martini with a rather lax panicle.
Plants bluish. Perennials, densely tufted, sterile shoots intra- and extravaginal. Culms erect, 40–120 cm tall. Leaf sheath smooth or scabrid, uppermost closed for 1/15–1/5 of length; blade flat or folded, papery to thickly papery, up to 25 cm × 1–3(–4) mm, adaxially scabrid; ligule 0.5–3 mm, abaxially scabrid, truncate to acute, of tillers all truncate, collar glabrous. Panicle narrow, dense, 10–15 × 1–3 cm; branches steeply ascending, scabrid angled, with spikelets from the base. Spikelets narrowly lanceolate, weakly compressed, 8–10 mm, florets 4–7; vivipary absent; glumes broad, subequal, lower glume 3–3.5 mm, upper glume 4–4.5 mm, nearly as long as lower lemma; lemmas weakly keeled, 4–6 mm, apex obtuse to acute, glabrous, abaxially scabrid; callus glabrous; palea keels scabrid. Anthers 1.5–3 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Jul. 2n = 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 97.
Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia was introduced to China for forage and rangeland stabilization under the name P. ampla. A few vouchers exist from experimental stations, but whether or not it occurs outside of cultivation in China was not verified. Poa secunda subsp. secunda has acute to acuminate ligules, softer foliage, and crisply puberulent lemma surfaces.
" 141795 general 392940 Poaceae "Phyllostachys sulphurea var. sulphurea.Culms golden yellow at sheath fall.
This variety occurs spontaneously in stands of var. viridis and is widely cultivated for ornament.
" 141866 general 391674 Poaceae "Paspalum scrobiculatum var. scrobiculatum.Annual or perennial. Culms erect or decumbent at base, up to 90(–150) cm tall. Leaf blades 10–20 × 0.4–1.2 cm, usually glabrous. Spikelets single, usually suborbicular, 2.5–3 mm; upper glume 7–13-veined, lower lemma 7–9-veined, veins often concolorous with back; upper lemma dark brown at maturity. Fl. and fr. May–Sep. 2n = 40.
An annual form is cultivated in India as a cereal (Kodo Millet).
" 141874 general 342200 Poaceae "Bambusa xueana.Culms 8–12 m, 4–7 cm in diam., apically pendulous; internodes 40–50 cm, initially gray-white or brown pubescent, with brown tomentose rings below nodes, wall ca. 15 mm thick; nodes flat; branches many, central dominant. Culm sheaths slowly deciduous, leathery, abaxially densely brown strigose; auricles absent; ligule ca. 2 mm, serrulate; blade erect, triangular or long-triangular, base as wide as sheath apex. Leaves 5–9 per ultimate branch; sheaths glabrous; ligule ca. 0.5 mm; auricles absent; blade 12–25 × 1–2.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, lateral veins 5–9-paired. Pseudospikelets 1–3(to many) per node of inflorescence, yellow-green or slightly lilac, ca. 2 × 0.7 cm, somewhat patent when mature; florets 5–8; rachilla disarticulating, joined to florets. Glumes 1 or 2, yellow, leathery; lemmas broadly ovate, ca. 14 × 1.1 mm, 14–16-veined, apex mucronate; palea narrow, keels pilose, 5–7-veined. Lodicules 2 or 3, transparent, ciliate. Filaments 1(–10) mm; anthers yellow, ca. 6 mm. Ovary pyriform, densely pilose; stigmas 2 or 3.
Bambusa basisolida W. T. Lin (J. Bamboo Res. 16(3): 23. 1997) was described from sterile material from Guangdong (Yangchun). In the protologue it was compared with B. subtruncata.
Bambusa concava W. T. Lin (J. Bamboo Res. 16(3): 24. 1997) was described from sterile material from Hainan (Haikou). In the protologue it was compared with B. duriuscula.
Bambusa multiplex (Loureiro) Raeuschel ex Schultes & J. H. Schultes var. lutea T. H. Wen (J. Bamboo Res. 1(1): 31. 1982) was described from Zhejiang. The holotype (X. Q. Hua et al. 81901, ZJFI) has an abaxially pale green leaf blade, glabrous culm internodes, subfalcate culm sheath auricles, and abaxially glabrous culm sheath blades. Because these characters are so different from those of B. multiplex, it is not reasonable to recognize it as a variety of that species. According to field records, its culms are up to 3 m high and 1–2 cm in diam. As the holotype is fragmentary and very difficult to identify, further investigations are required to place this taxon effectively.
Bambusa rongchengensis (T. P. Yi & C. Y. Sia) D. Z. Li (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16: 41. 1994; Dendrocalamus rongchengensis T. P. Yi & C. Y. Sia, J. Bamboo Res. 7(4): 20. 1988) was described from Sichuan.
Bambusa sinospinosa McClure var. inermis Keng & P. C. Keng (J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36: 80. 1946; Bambusa inermis (Keng & P. C. Keng) T. P. Yi; Dendrocalamus inermis (Keng & P. C. Keng) T. P. Yi) was described from Sichuan. The correct position of this taxon is not known.
Bambusa valida (Q. H. Dai) W. T. Lin (Guihaia 10: 15. 1990; Dendrocalamopsis valida Q. H. Dai, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 393. 1986, "validus") was described from material cultivated at the Guangxi Institute of Forestry, Nanning.
Lingnania transvenula W. T. Lin & Z. J. Feng (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 13(2): 82. 1992) was described from Guangdong.
Neosinocalamus rectocuneatus W. T. Lin (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 228. 1988; Sinocalamus rectocuneatus (W. T. Lin) W. T. Lin) was described from Guangdong. This species is a member of Bambusa subg. Dendrocalamopsis.
Sinocalamus concavus W. T. Lin & Z. M. Wu (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 13(2): 82. 1992) was described from Guangdong.
Sinocalamus suberosus W. T. Lin & Z. M. Wu (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 13(2): 83. 1992) was described from Guangdong.
Sinocalamus triramus W. T. Lin & Z. M. Wu (J. S. China Agric. Univ. 15(2): 78. 1994) was described from Guangdong.
Trees or shrubs evergreen, dioecious. Leaves spirally arranged to subopposite, ± monomorphic, juvenile leaves similar to adult leaves in shape but often larger and/or wider, linear, lanceolate, or ovate-elliptic, more than 5 mm, with single, obvious, often raised midvein on 1 or both surfaces, stomatal lines present on abaxial surface. Pollen cone complexes axillary, solitary or clustered, pedunculate or sessile; microsporophylls numerous, spirally arranged; microsporangia 2; pollen 2-saccate. Seed-bearing structures usually borne in leaf axils (rarely terminal), solitary (rarely more than 1); apical bracts fertile; basal bracts often fused to form a receptacle (obsolete in some species); ovule 1 (rarely few), inverted. Epimatium wholly enveloping seed, sometimes colored and succulent. Seed ripening in 1st year, drupelike, dry, or leathery.
About 100 species: tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, also temperate regions in S hemisphere; seven species (three endemic) in China.
The epiphytic shrub Podocarpus epiphyticus de Laubenfels & Silba (Phytologia 64: 290. 1988) was recently described from the Sumprabum region of N Myanmar, at 1800-2600 m, fairly close to the Chinese border. It should be searched for in comparable areas in NW Yunnan.Podocarpus rumphii Blume (P. philippinensis Foxworthy) has been recorded for China, from both Hainan (de Laubenfels, Kalikasan 7: 142. 1978; and in Fl. Malesiana) and Taiwan (in FRPS). The records from Taiwan have been referred to P. fasciculus de Laubenfels (Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2), while those from Hainan require confirmation. Podocarpus rumphii otherwise occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines; it has pollen cones borne in clusters of up to 8 and leaf blades linear-lanceolate, with an acute (adult leaves) or acuminate (juvenile leaves) apex.
Shrubs to 3 m, to 5.5 m in cultivation; branchlets robust, relatively thick, rather rigid, densely leafy. Leaves densely crowded; petiole 2-4 mm, narrowly winged; blade dark green and matt adaxially, grayish green abaxially, elliptic to linear-elliptic, 2-9 cm × 6-10 mm, rather leathery, midvein prominent, 0.5-1 mm wide, stomatal lines 30-50 on abaxial surface, base cuneate or shortly attenuate, margin thickened abaxially, apex obtuse or subacute. Pollen cones borne in clusters of 3, spikelike, 1.5-2 cm × ca. 2 mm; bracts acute, occasionally irregularly obtuse. Seed-bearing structures axillary, solitary; peduncle ca. 8 cm. Receptacle glaucous blue when immature, cylindric, relatively thin, slightly narrowed distally, ca. 3 mm, base with 2 linear bracts ca. 2 mm. Seed globose, 7-8 mm in diam. Seed maturity Aug.
Perhaps represents no more than the juvenile state of Podocarpus macrophyllus var. macrophyllus. It was placed in the synonymy of that species by de Laubenfels (Blumea 30: 276. 1985).
" 112509 general 670005 Podocarpaceae "Podocarpus neriifolius.Trees to 25 m tall; trunk usually to 5 cm d.b.h.; bark grayish brown, thin, fibrous, peeling off in longitudinal flakes; branches spreading or ascending. Foliage bud scales erect, triangular, 1-1.5 mm wide, apex acute. Leaf blade lanceolate, usually slightly curved, (4-)7-15(-20) × (0.5-)0.9-1.3(-2) cm, leathery, midvein raised adaxially, flat or slightly raised abaxially, base cuneate into short petiole, apex long acuminate; juvenile leaves wider, with obtuse, mucronate apex. Pollen cones solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, normally sessile, 2.5-5 cm, with several spirally arranged, basal bracts. Seed-bearing structures axillary, solitary; peduncle 0.9-2.2 cm. Receptacle orange-red when ripe, obconical-ellipsoid, 8-10 × 5-8 mm, base with 2 subulate bracts 2-6 mm. Epimatium purplish red when ripe. Seed ovoid or ovoid-subglobose, 0.8-1.6 cm, apex rounded or obtuse. Pollination May, seed maturity Aug-Nov. 2n = 34.
R. R. Mill considers that records of Podocarpus neriifolius from Taiwan should be referred in part to P. nakaii and in part to P. fasciculus de Laubenfels (Blumea 30: 277. 1985), which also occurs in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (P. macrophyllus var. liukiuensis Warburg). Podocarpus fasciculus has pollen cones solitary or borne in clusters of 2-5 and leaf blades linear-lanceolate, with an acute apex. Mill also considers P. subtropicalis de Laubenfels (Blumea 30: 277. 1985), described from C Sichuan (Emei Shan), to be a separate species. D. J. de Laubenfels regards this as the most widely cultivated species of the genus in the warmer parts of the world (probably including many parts of China), and notes that it has often been misidentified as P. neriifolius, which is apparently rarely cultivated. It has pollen cones solitary or borne in clusters of 2-10 and leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, with an acute apex. However, L. K. Fu and Y. Li consider both P. fasciculus and P. subtropicalis to be synonymous with P. neriifolius. Further collections are needed to resolve the situation.
The wood is used in making furniture, musical instruments, carvings, and paper.
Trees or shrubs to 20 m tall; trunk to 50 cm d.b.h.; bark reddish brown, dark purplish red, or light or dark gray, peeling in small, thin flakes; branches and branchlets erect, ascending, spreading, or ± pendulous, grayish to dark brown, slender, semiterete, stout; branchlets opposite, rarely alternate, compressed-tetragonal, rigid, glabrous, densely leafy. Leaves opposite, decussate; petiole strongly twisted at base, rotation continuing along whole length of internode; blade dark green and glossy adaxially, pale green abaxially, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 2-9 × 0.7-3 cm, leathery, parallel veins indistinct, stomatal lines present on abaxial surface only, sometimes scarcely visible, base cuneate or cuneate-attenuate into widened, flattened petiole, apex truncate, broadly obtuse, acute, or acuminate, sometimes blackened. Pollen cones axillary, solitary or in clusters of up to 10, pedunculate or sessile, cylindric, ovoid-cylindric, or subglobose, 0.5-2.5 cm; peduncle (when present) short, thick, with a few basal bracts. Seed-bearing structures axillary, solitary rarely paired; peduncle stout, or slightly thickened only distally, 4.5-13 mm, with several deciduous bracts leaving scars. Receptacle obsolete, consisting of few bracts. Epimatium green with white bloom when young, dark purple with sparser white bloom when ripe. Seed globose to pyriform, 1-1.5 cm in diam., with dense punctiform depressions, base pointed, apex rounded. Pollination Mar-May, seed maturity Aug-Nov. 2n = 26*, 29*.
A broad concept of Nageia nagi is adopted here. However, R. R. Mill indicates that the plants occurring in Taiwan should be treated as two separate species: those from S Taiwan (Hengchun Peninsula area) as N. formosensis, and those from N Taiwan (Nanko, Tanshui) as N. nankoensis. The taxonomy of this group of taxa is still not fully understood; field observations and cultivation experiments would be desirable.
The wood is used for constructing houses and bridges, making furniture, utensils, and handicraft articles. The seeds yield an edible oil which is also used in industry.
Herbs annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile to petiolate, simple, pinnatifid to palmately lobed, or compound. Inflorescences determinate, corymbose, paniculate, or capitate, or flowers solitary. Flowers (4- or)5-merous. Calyx gamosepalous, cylindric to campanulate; tube herbaceous throughout and papery in fruit or with herbaceous midveins separated by translucent membranes distended or ruptured in fruit; lobes often scarious margined. Corolla gamopetalous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, rotate to funnelform or salverform; lobes overlapping in bud. Stamens inserted at same or different levels on corolla at base, alternate with corolla lobes, exserted to included; filaments equal to unequal, filiform. Ovary superior, (2- or)3-locular, placentation axile; ovules 1 to many per locule. Style 1; stigma lobes (2 or)3. Fruit a capsule. Seeds globose, ovoid, or fusiform, sometimes winged, often sticky when wet.
Nineteen genera and 320-350 species: North and South America, a few species native to temperate Asia and Europe; one genus, Polemonium, and three species in China. Cobraea scandens Cavanilles (a perennial vine with violet campanulate corollas ca. 5 cm) and three species of Phlox, P. drummondii Hooker, P. paniculata Linnaeus, and P. subulata Linnaeus (herbs with white to red, salverform corollas and unequally inserted stamens), are cultivated in China.
Fang Rhui-cheng & Huang Shu-hua in Wu Cheng-yih, ed. 1979. Polemoniaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 64(1): 155-160.
Herbs perennial, dioecious. Rhizomes thickened. Stems erect, stout, hollow. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate; leaf blade ovate or ovate-elliptic, margin entire; ocrea oblique. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate. Flowers unisexual. Perianth persistent, 5-parted; outer 3 tepals accrescent and winged on abaxial surface in female flowers. Stamens 8. Styles 3; stigmas fimbriate. Achenes ovoid, trigonous.
About two species: Asia; one species in China.
One of us (Park) believes that this group should be included within the genus Fallopia (see Ronse Decraene & Akeroyd, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 321–371. 1988; and Bailey & Stace, Pl. Syst. Evol. 180: 29–52. 1992).
The hybrid Reynoutria japonica × R. sachalinensis (R. ×bohemica) is probably cultivated and probably also escaped in China.
Herbs perennial. Stems creeping, tufted, ligneous at base, sparsely glandular hairy or nearly glabrous, much branched, rooting from nodes, internodes shorter than leaf blades; branchlet suberect, angulate, sparsely glandular hairy. Petiole 2-3 mm, sometimes auriculate at base; leaf blade sometimes with a large blackish spot adaxially, ovate or elliptic, 1.5-3 × 1-2.5 cm, both surfaces glandular hairy, base cuneate, margin entire and glandular hairy, apex acute; ocrea tubular, 5-8 mm, membranous, sparsely glandular hairy, apex truncate, ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, capitate, solitary or geminate, 6-10 mm in diam.; peduncle glandular hairy; bracts narrowly ovate, membranous. Pedicel very short. Perianth pinkish, 5-parted; tepals elliptic, 2-3 mm. Stamens 8, included. Styles 3, connate to below middle, equaling perianth; stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, slightly shiny, narrowly ovoid, trigonous, 1.5-2 mm, densely punctate. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct.
This species is used medicinally, and is cultivated as an ornamental in other parts of the world (e.g., in Australia).
Newly naturalized in Taiwan (see Hsu, T. W., S. M. Ku & C. I. Peng. Taiwania 49(3): 183. 2004).
Plants epiphytic or occasionally epilithic, of very striking appearance, solitary or in clusters. Rhizome thick, shortly creeping, concealed by roots and fronds; scales large, basifixed to peltate, mostly with a thickened dark central portion, margin ciliate, concolorous or pale brown; fronds clustered, extremely dimorphic; lamina fleshy, leathery, covered with stellate hairs when young; costa none, main veins conspicuous, dichotomously branched, usually several on each lobe or branch, minor veins visible or concealed, much anastomosing with free included veinlets. Basal fronds persistent, base strongly appressed to substrate, entire or forked several times; fertile foliage fronds in pairs, simple to variously dichotomously forked, erect to pendulous. Sori forming large soral patches, paraphyses many, stellate. Spores 64 per sporangium, or 8 (P. ridleyi Christ), monolete, smooth. x = 37.
Fifteen species: SE Asia (eight species), Africa and Madagascar (six species), one isolated species in South America; one species in China.
Platycerium bifurcatum (Cavanilles) C. Christensen and P. alcicorne Desvaux are often cultivated. Plants of this splendid tropical genus are much sought for horticultural purposes; the wild population of P. wallichii in Yunnan is almost extinct. It is a nationally protected plant in China.
Platycerium together with Pyrrosia forms a natural monophyletic clade in Polypodiaceae which has long been recognized by the characteristic stellate hairs and thick fleshy lamina. Molecular phylogeny studies also support this relationship.
Plants 10-20(-30) cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 2-2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly when young, soon naked; scales brown when young, becoming dark with age, broadly lanceolate, 2-4 × 0.9-1.3 mm, margin entire, scales with narrow central band of deep brown and opaque lumina, most other lumina transparent. Fronds ca. 1 cm apart; stipe usually chestnut-brown or straw-colored, 1-5(-7) cm, 1-1.3 mm in diam.; lamina greenish or yellowish green when dried, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 12-30 × 1-2.5(-3.5) cm, normally widest 1/3 from base, thinly leathery when dried, abaxially sparsely scaly along sides of main veins, base cuneate, decurrent, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori orbicular, up to 5 mm in diam. when mature, very closely spaced, slightly contracted after maturity; paraphyses pale brown at middle, orbicular, 0.15-0.3 mm in diam.; lumina large.
The chestnut-brown stipes often used to distinguish this species are not reliable as the stipes are sometimes straw-colored. The rhizome scales fall off to leave dark long-creeping naked rhizomes; the young scales have only a narrow dark band in the center and broad transparent light brown margins; and the paraphyses are quite small, light brown, 0.15-0.3 mm in diam.
"Polypodium suprapunctatum" (Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 4: 76. 1933) belongs here but was merely cited as a synonym and was not therefore validly published (Melbourne Code, Art. 36.1(c)). Goniophlebium caudiceps T. Moore (Gard. Chron., n.s., 25: 234. 1886; Polypodium caudiceps (T. Moore) G. Nicholson), described from cultivated material supposed to have come from Taiwan, was treated as a synonym of Lepisorus obscurevenulosus in the first edition of Fl. Taiwan but was not mentioned in the second edition. If this placement is correct then a new combination in Lepisorus based on G. caudiceps would have priority.
Herbs annual or perennial, rarely ± shrubby, usually succulent, usually glabrous except for nodal hairs and/or scales. Leaves alternate or opposite; true stipules absent, nodes sometimes with axillary scales and/or hairs; petiole usually poorly defined or absent; leaf blade simple, usually fleshy, margin entire. Inflorescences usually terminal, less often axillary, in cymes or racemelike panicles, forming heads of sessile flowers surrounded by an involucre of leaves, or reduced to solitary flowers. Bracts inconspicuous. Flowers bisexual, very rarely unisexual, actinomorphic. Sepals 2, free or basally connate, herbaceous or scarious. Petals 4-6 or seldom more, distinct or basally connate, imbricate, often brightly colored, usually short lived. Disk usually absent. Stamens 4-100, free, fascicled, or adnate to petals; filaments linear; anthers 2-loculed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary superior or half-inferior, 1-loculed, 2-5-carpellate; ovules 1 to many, campylotropous; placentation basal or free-central. Style linear; stigma 2-9-lobed. Fruit a thin-walled capsule, circumscissile or 2- or 3-valved, rarely a nut, often globose or subglobose, smooth. Seeds many, reniform or globose, caruncle present or not; endosperm mostly copious, surrounded by embryo.
About 19 genera and 500 species: mainly in more arid regions of S hemisphere, especially Africa, South America, and Australia, fewer species in Asia, Europe, and North America; two genera (one introduced) and six species (two endemic, two introduced) in China.
" 110680 general 652175 Portulacaceae "Portulaca.Herbs annual or perennial. Stems prostrate or decumbent; nodes or leaf axils with scales, bristles, and/or hairs, sometimes short and inconspicuous. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually sessile, flat or terete. Inflorescence a terminal head of sessile, solitary or clustered flowers, subtended by an involucre of leaves. Sepals connate at base into tube, persistent but inconspicuous. Petals 4 or 5(-8+), free or shortly connate at base. Stamens 4-100, adnate to base of petals. Ovary half-inferior. Stigma 2-9-lobed. Capsule circumscissile, sessile, globose or nearly so. Seeds mostly glossy black or iridescent gray, less often brown, orbicular-reniform, minute, often tuberculate, without caruncle.
About 150 species: more arid tropical and subtropical regions, particularly Africa and South America, a few species extending into temperate regions; five species (two endemic, one introduced) in China.
Portulaca grandiflora Hooker, a native of South America, is cultivated in China as a popular garden flower. Outside the Flora area it is known to escape from cultivation. It is easily recognized by the terete leaves and large flowers, 2.5–4 cm wide, which often have more than five petals that can be red, purple, yellow, or white.
" 113579 general 652197 Portulacaceae "Portulaca oleracea.Herbs annual. Stems sometimes flushed red or purple, not articulated, prostrate or decumbent, less often ± erect, diffuse, much branched; leaf axils with a few inconspicuous stiff bristles. Leaves alternate or occasionally subopposite; petiole short; leaf blade flat, obovate, 10-30 × 5-15 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse, rounded, truncate, or retuse. Flowers in clusters of 3-5, 0.4-0.5 cm in diam., surrounded by involucre of 2-6 bracts. Sepals green, helmeted, ca. 4 mm, apex acute, keeled. Petals 5, yellow, obovate, 3-5 mm, slightly connate at base, apex retuse. Stamens 7-12, ca. 12 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary glabrous. Stigma 4-6-lobed. Capsule ovoid, ca. 5 mm. Seeds glossy black when mature, never iridescent, obliquely globose-reniform, 0.6-1.2 mm; testa cells stellate, usually with central peglike tubercle, sometimes without and then surface ± granular. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep.
Danin et al. (Israel J. Bot. 27: 177–211. 1978) recognized a series of eight subspecies, but they are rather poorly correlated with geography and their status needs re-evaluation. The Chinese material seems to belong to the most common and weedy form placed in subsp. oleracea. There has been some selection of more robust forms for use as a vegetable; these are sometimes placed in subsp. sativa (Haworth) Celakovský.
The plants, which are common weeds of cultivation, are eaten as a vegetable and used for medicinal purposes.
Herbs annual. Stems articulated, prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaf axils patent pilose. Leaves opposite; petiole absent; leaf blade flat, ovate, obovate, or ovate-elliptic, 4-8 × 2-5 mm, slightly narrowed toward base, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers solitary, surrounded by involucre of 4 or 5 bracts, white pilose. Sepals obovate-oblong, 2.5-3 mm, membranous, veined. Petals 4, yellow, oblong or broadly elliptic, 3-6 mm, connate at base, apex mucronate. Stamens 8-10. Ovary ovoid. Stigma (3- or)4-lobed. Capsule globose, ca. 2.5 mm, pericarp membranous. Seeds gray, subglobose, laterally compressed, minute, muricate. Fl. and fr. year-round.
The plants are used for medicinal purposes. They are sometimes a troublesome weed of cultivation, as they break up very easily and small fragments can act as propagules.
" 66324 general 642720 Primulaceae "Lysimachia quadrifolia. ""Erect from long, stoloniform rhizomes, 3–9 dm, the stem glabrous or sparsely hairy, rarely branched; lvs in whorls of (3)4(–7), punctate, narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 5–10 cm, hairy beneath, widely spreading; fls axillary on spreading pedicels 2–5 cm, the upper half or two-thirds of the plant floriferous; cal-lobes lance-oblong, 2–4 mm; pet 6–8 mm, oblong or elliptic, yellow with dark lines; 2n=84. Moist or dry upland soil, chiefly in open woods; Me. to S.C., w. to Wis., e. Minn., Ill., Ky., and Ala.""" 67245 general 635728 Primulaceae "Glaux maritima. ""Erect and simple to diffusely branched and often prostrate, 5–30 cm; lvs linear to broadly oblong or oval, 5–25 × 1.5–10 mm; cal 4–5 mm; 2n=30. Moist or dry saline soil; circumboreal, in Amer. s. to Va. and N.M.""" 67334 general 641041 Primulaceae "Dodecatheon meadia. ""Lvs oblong to oblanceolate or rarely ovate, 6–20 cm, usually tinged or marked with red at the base; scapes 2–6 dm; fls few to many; cor-lobes narrow, white to lavender or lilac, rarely magenta, 1–2.5 cm; capsules dark reddish-brown, 8–18 mm, thickest near the base, firm-walled. Moist or dry woods and prairies; Md. to Ga. and Ala., w. to s. Wis., se. Minn., Io., Okla. and Tex. May, June. Three vars.""" 67589 general 637666 Primulaceae "Androsace occidentalis. ""Lvs oblanceolate to oblong or oblong-obovate, to 3 cm, entire to denticulate, grayish-puberulent with simple hairs; scapes 1–many, pubescent with branched hairs; umbels 3–10-fld, the bracts 3–8 mm, resembling the lvs in shape, less than 4 times as long as wide; cal 4–5 mm, carinate below each lobe, the expanded, greenish, lance-ovate, pubescent lobes about equaling the nearly glabrous tube; cor white, scarcely exceeding the cal-tube, the limb 2.5 mm wide; 2n=20. Dry, usually sandy soil; Ind. to Man., w. to B.C. and Ariz. Apr.""" 70600 general 642690 Primulaceae "Lysimachia tonsa. ""Much like no. 1 [Lysimachia ciliata L.], but the rhizome very short and freely rooting, scarcely more than a mere crown; lvs mostly ovate, the larger 4–8 × 1.5–3.5 cm, the long petiole not ciliate, or ciliate only at the very base; 2n=34, 102. Dry, upland woods, mostly in the mts.; Ky. and w. Va. to Ga. and n. Ala. Late May–Aug. (Steironema intermedium Kearney, not Janka)""" 108646 general 637452 Primulaceae "Aegiceras.Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or subopposite. Inflorescences terminal or rarely axillary, umbellate. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous. Corolla campanulate, united into a tube; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, imbricate, overlapping to right in bud, recurved or reflexed at anthesis, not glandular. Basal part of filaments united into a tube as long as corolla tube, distal part free, exserted; anthers ovate, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally, transversely septate. Ovary superior; ovules numerous, within a globose placenta. Style elongated; stigma apiculate. Fruit elongated, terete, curved, 1-seeded capsules; exocarp dry, crustaceous, dehiscing by a longitudinal fissure or separating into 2 fragments along back and front; endocarp somewhat fleshy; persistent calyx compactly enclosing fruit base. Seeds occupying whole cavity; embryo terete, curved.
Two species: India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Australia; one species in China.
" 120081 general 638150 Primulaceae "Androsace kouytchensis.Herbs perennial. Leaves forming a basal rosette; petiole 1.5--2.5 cm, hirsute, spreading pubescent; leaf blade suborbicular, 1--2.5 cm wide, sparsely rust-colored appressed hirsute, more densely so near margin, basal sinus penetrating 1/5--1/4, irregularly lobulate-crenate, apex rounded. Scapes 2--5 in each rosette, 4--7 cm, initially ascending or erect, becoming diffuse after anthesis; umbels 6--10-flowered, with rust-colored bristlelike spreading hairs, intermixed with minute glands; bracts linear, ca. 2 mm. Pedicel flexuose, reflexed in fruit, 1.5--2 cm, with rust-colored bristlelike spreading hairs, intermixed with minute glands. Calyx ca. 3 mm, densely hirsute, parted to 1/3; lobes ovate, not enlarging in fruit, apex acute. Corolla white; tube ca. 2 mm; lobes oblong, ca. 2 X 1.5 mm, apex truncate. Ovary pubescent. Fl. Sep.
Both Androsace kouytchensis and A. refracta have been collected at the same locality. It appears that A. refracta is only a depauperate collection of A. kouytchensis growing in a dry habitat.
" 120486 general 643630 Primulaceae "Primula rupestris.Herbs perennial. Rhizomes comparatively thick, with dry petioles of old leaves at apex. Leaves forming a rosette; petiole 4--13 cm, with copious multicellular white hairs, vaginate at base; leaf blade ovate-rotund to ovate-elliptic, 2--5 X 2--5 cm, base cordate to subtruncate, palmately lobed to 1/3--2/5 or more its width, apex rounded, sparsely white pilose; lobes oblong to subrotund, margin nearly entire or crenate-dentate. Scapes 4--15 cm, with copious multicellular white hairs; umbels solitary, 3--8-flowered, occasionally with a superimposed, 2- or 3-flowered umbel; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 5--12 mm, glandular pubescent. Pedicel 2--4 cm, densely glandular pilose. Flowers heterostylous. Calyx 5--8 mm, enlarging to 1 cm in fruit, inflated at base, subglobose or conical, pubescent, parted to 1/3 or nearly to middle; lobes triangular, margin entire, apex acute or subobtuse. Corolla rose to pale lilac or nearly white; tube 2--3 X as long as calyx, glandular pubescent outside; limb 2--3 cm wide; lobes obovate, apex 2-cleft. Pin flowers: stamens below middle of corolla tube; style ca. 2/3 as long as tube. Thrum flowers: stamens at middle of corolla tube; style in lower 1/3 of tube, shorter than calyx. Capsule globose, 5--6 mm in diam., shorter than calyx. Fl. Feb-Mar. 2n = 24@.
" 108523 general 33376 Primulaceae "Primulaceae.Herbs perennial or annual, rarely suffruticose. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, often all basal, simple, entire to lobed. Flowers solitary or in panicles, racemes, or umbels, usually with bracts, perfect, (4- or)5(--9)-merous, often heterostylous (Primula). Calyx persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, actinomorphic, rarely absent (Glaux). Stamens as many as and opposite corolla lobes, ± epipetalous, occasionally with scalelike staminodes. Filaments free or connate into a tube at base. Ovary superior, rarely semi-inferior (Samolus), unilocular; placentation free central; style simple; stigma inconspicuous, capitate. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing by valves, rarely circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds many or few; embryo small, straight, surrounded by endosperm.
The family contains 22 genera and ca. 1000 species, occurring mainly in temperate and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere. Twelve genera and 517 species are widely distributed throughout China, but are represented mostly in the S and W regions. The centers of diversity for Primula, Androsace, and Omphalogramma are W Sichuan, E Xizang, and NW Yunnan. Lysimachia is also highly developed in provinces S of the Chang Jiang, while Pomatosace is an endemic genus confined to a small area of NW Sichuan and Qinghai.
Many species of Primula and Androsace are cultivated for their attractive flowers as pot plants, in rock gardens, or in garden borders. Some species of Lysimachia are used medicinally. Cyclamen persicum Miller is frequently cultivated as a pot plant.
Chen Feng-hwai, Hu Chi-ming, Fang Yun-yi, Cheng Chao-zong, Yang Yong-chang & Huang Rong-fu In Chen Feng-hwai & Hu Chi-ming, editors. 1990. Primulaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 59(1): 1-217; Hu Chi-ming In Chen Feng-hwai & Hu Chi-ming, editors. 1990. Primulaceae (2). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 59(2): 1-321.
Herbs perennial, efarinose. Leaves forming a rosette; petiole short, broadly winged; leaf blade oblong to oblong-obovate, 3--6 X 1--2 cm, tapering to base, with multicellular hairs, pinnately lobulate, apex obtuse; lobules irregularly dentate. Scapes to 18 cm, pubescent; racemes 1.5--2 cm, 8--10-flowered; bracts linear-oblong to oblanceolate, to 5 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm. Flowers heterostylous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, ca. 5 mm, glandular, parted below middle; lobes narrowly obovate, apex rounded. Corolla deep bluish violet; tube 1--1.2 cm; limb spreading, ca. 1.5 cm wide; lobes obovate, ca. 7 X 5 mm, deeply 2-lobed, with a minute apiculum in sinus. Pin flowers: stamens ca. 4 mm above base of corolla tube; style ca. as long as tube. Capsule elliptic, slightly longer than calyx.
This species was described from a cultivated plant grown from seed collected by T. T. Yü (13861) from Yunnan, Zhongdian Xian (elevation 3000 m), but the wild specimen under this number is Primula runcinata (W. W. Smith & H. R. Fletcher) ex C. M. Hu. It may be a natural hybrid of P. runcinata and P. pinnatifida Franchet.
" 120418 general 642828 Primulaceae "Primula malacoides.Herbs biennial, usually ± farinose. Leaves numerous; petiole 2--15 cm, pilose, succulent; leaf blade ovate to elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 3--10 X 2--8 cm, abaxially pubescent along veins or subglabrous, efarinose or sometimes sprinkled with white farina, adaxially sparsely pilose or nearly glabrous, base cordate to truncate, margin crenate-lobulate with 6--8 pairs of denticulate lobules, apex rounded. Scapes 1 to many, 10--40 cm, pilose or becoming glabrous, efarinose or slightly white farinose; umbels (1 or)2--6, superimposed, 4--20-flowered; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 3--8 mm, farinose or efarinose. Pedicel 1.5--4 cm. Flowers heterostylous. Calyx campanulate, 3--7 mm, slightly enlarging in fruit, usually cream-white farinose, parted to middle; lobes triangular, apex acute. Corolla rose or lavender; tube 4--6 mm; limb 0.5--1.5 cm wide; lobes broadly obovate, deeply 2-lobed. Pin flowers: corolla tube ca. as long as calyx; stamens 1.5--2 mm above base of corolla tube; style ca. as long as tube. Thrum flowers: corolla tube ca. 1.5 X as long as calyx; stamens slightly above middle of corolla tube; style ca. 1 mm. Capsule globose, ca. 3 mm in diam. Fl. Feb-May, fr. Mar-Jun. 2n = 18@, 22@, 24@, 36@, 66@.
This species is widely cultivated as a beautiful potted plant. It was introduced to Europe in 1896 and since then, many horticultural forms have been produced.
" 120515 general 643344 Primulaceae "Primula strumosa.Herbs perennial. Basal bud scales ovate to ovate-oblong, to 5 cm, yellow farinose. Petiole broadly winged, concealed by basal bud scales at anthesis, becoming diffuse, ca. as long as leaf blade; leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate or oblong, 5--20 X 1--2.5 cm at anthesis, to 30 cm at fruiting, efarinose or yellow farinose abaxially, base attenuate to obtuse or shallowly cordate, margin crenate to denticulate, apex obtuse to acute. Scapes 7--18 cm at anthesis, elongating to 35 cm in fruit, yellow farinose distally, umbels 6- to many flowered; bracts lanceolate, 3--10 mm. Pedicel 1--2 cm, farinose. Flowers heterostylous. Calyx campanulate, 5--7.5 mm, densely yellow farinose, parted to middle; lobes ovate to ovate-oblong, margins overlapping, apex obtuse. Corolla yellow; tube 1.1--1.3 cm; limb 1.5--2.5 cm wide; lobes suborbicular, margin crenate to emarginate. Pin flowers: stamens at middle of corolla tube; style slightly exserted. Thrum flowers: stamens toward apex of corolla tube; style slightly longer than calyx. Capsule disintegrating at maturity.
J. Richards (J. Scot. Rock Gard. Club 15: 211. 1977.) treated this species as a subspecies of Primula calderiana I. B. Balfour & Cooper because the plants hybridize freely in cultivation. As is well known, species will maintain their integrity in geographic isolation, but may produce hybrids in areas where they overlap with other closely related species. The experienced collector F. Ludlow made a very convincing argument in a field note in 1949, when he collected these two species in Monala, on the Karchung pass of Bhutan: "Above ca. 14000 ft., P. calderiana here ceases, and is completely replaced by this plant (P. strumosa). A few miles below where this was taken, every color imaginable exist. At 15000 ft. there is nothing but this one color (rich yellow). There is no doubt that P. calderiana and P. strumosa hybridize freely". This taxon is sufficiently distinctive to justify recognition at the species level.
" 174949 morphology 637730 Primulaceae "Anagallis arvensis. A weed of cultivation." 108526 general 33384 Pteridaceae "Pteridaceae.Plants mostly terrestrial or epilithic, some epiphytic, rarely aquatic (Ceratopteris), small to large. Rhizomes erect, ascending, or creeping, siphonostelic, solenostelic, or dictyostelic, usually scaly, rarely with bristles; scales brown or black, sometimes clathrate and iridescent, lanceolate to cordate, sometimes peltate, margin usually entire. Fronds mostly monomorphic, less often dimorphic or subdimorphic, clustered to widely scattered, not articulate; stipe well defined, dark, often glossy, to ill defined and green, terete or adaxially grooved, glabrous, hairy, or scaly, with 1-4 vascular bundles (or to many in Ceratopteris) near base, combining distally; lamina entire or 1-4-pinnate to 5-pinnate-pinnatifid, less often digitate, pedate, or 1-3 dichotomous with pedate branches; ultimate pinnules often stalked, sometimes articulate, herbaceous, papery, or leathery, more rarely membranous or fleshy; veins free or anastomosing, if anastomosing then areoles without free included veinlets. Sori mostly confluent along veins or marginal commissures, sometimes immersed in grooves, less often discrete on vein tips or on recurved membranous marginal lobe (false indusium), sometimes acrostichoid or rarely forming a narrow longitudinal band between midrib and margin (Taenitis); true indusium absent, marginal sori often protected by false indusium formed from revolute lamina margin. Sporangia usually long stalked, annulus vertical or rarely oblique, interrupted by stalk. Spores mostly brown, yellowish, or colorless, mostly tetrahedral-globose and trilete, rarely ellipsoid and monolete, smooth or ornamented, sometimes with an equatorial flange. Mostly x = 29, 30.
About 50 genera and 950 species: subcosmopolitan, but most numerous in tropics and arid regions; 20 genera and 233 species (89 endemic, one introduced) in five subfamilies in China.
Ching Ren-chang, Fu Shu-hsia, Wang Chu-hao & Shing Gung-hsia. 1959. Taenitis. In: Ching Ren-chang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 2: 279-280; Lin Youxing. 1990. Adiantaceae and Parkeriaceae. In: Ching Renchang & Shing Kunghsia, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(1): 173-216, 274-278; Shing Kunghsia. 1990. Acrostichaceae and Hemionitidaceae. In: Ching Renchang & Shing Kunghsia, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(1): 92-94, 216-274, 279; Shing Kunghsia & Wu Sukung. 1990. Sinopteridaceae (excluding Cheilosoria and Notholaena). In: Ching Renchang & Shing Kunghsia, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(1): 97-173; Wu Shiewhung. 1990. Pteridaceae (excluding Histiopteris). In: Ching Renchang & Shing Kunghsia, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(1): 10-89; Zhang Xian-chun. 1999. Antrophyaceae and Vittariaceae. In: Chu Wei-ming, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2): 1-31.
" 111750 general 627011 Pteridaceae "Adiantum capillus-veneris.Plants terrestrial or epilithic, 10-40 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, slender, scales dense, brown, lanceolate, margins entire. Fronds remote or closely spaced; stipe castaneous-black, glossy, 3-20 cm, slender, base covered with same scales as rhizome, distally glabrous; lamina mostly 2-pinnate below middle, 1-pinnate above middle, ovate-triangular in outline, 6-25 × 8-16 cm, base cuneate, apex acute; pinnae 3-5 each side, obliquely ascending, stalk up to 15 mm; rachises, costae, and stalks same color as stipes, slightly zigzag, color passing into lamina base; basal pair of pinnae larger, 1(or 2)-pinnate, narrowly ovate in outline, 3-9 × 2.5-4 cm, apex obtuse; pinnae from second pair upward all similar but progressively smaller; pinnules 2-4 pairs per ultimate pinna, alternate, obliquely ascending; stalk castaneous-black, 1-2 mm, slender; blade subequal in size or basal pair slightly larger, 12-20 × 10-15 mm, thinly herbaceous, green or dark brown-green, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, sides entire, upper margin rounded, 2-4-lobed or divided into twiglike segments; sterile pinnules with apex obtuse, with marginal teeth broadly triangular or erose; fertile segments with apex truncate, straight or slightly depressed, entire or with erose teeth on both sides; terminal pinnules flabellate, usually larger, base narrowly cuneate, stalks up to 1 cm. Veins multidichotomously forked, reaching margins, visible on both surfaces. Sori 3-10 per pinnule, on apices of lobes of upper margin; false indusia yellowish green, brown when old, narrowly reniform or orbicular-reniform, membranous, upper margins flat and straight, entire, persistent. Perispore thickly granular.
Material of Adiantum lingii Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 341. 1957, from Sichuan) has not been seen and is placed here on the basis of the protologue. It was compared with A. capillus-veneris but differed by the smaller pinnules that dry olive-green, each with 4-6 sori with orbicular to orbicular-reniform false indusia.
Plants with ultimate pinnules shallowly divided on upper margins have been treated as Adiantum capillus-veneris f. capillus-veneris, while plants with ultimate pinnules deeply divided into several lobes have been treated as f. dissectum.
Adiantum capillus-veneris is an indicator of calcareous soil.
The whole plant is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
The narrow-fronded form, with soral line occupying area between costa, growing in crevices of rocks in dry conditions or on wet cliffs of caves, is also known as Vittaria caricina, V. nana, and V. modesta; the epiphytic long-fronded form from humid evergreen monsoon forests in E Himalaya is called V. ophiopogonoides; while intermediate forms are known as V. filipes or V. costularis. This species, widespread in E Asia, is very variable in size but constant in its scale and paraphysis characters and its lamina margin always revolute and partly covering sori.
" 164277 ecology 628237 Pteridaceae "Aspidotis schimperi. Terrestrial near rocks in relatively dry areas." 164281 ecology 626798 Pteridaceae "Doryopteris kirkii. ""Terrestrial, near rocks, often in rather dry secondary forest at elevations up to 3, 000 ft. alt.""" 70446 general 627050 Pteridaceae "Cheilanthes lanosa. ""Rhizome rather shortly creeping, its scales lance-linear, 2–3 mm × ca 0.3 mm, brown with a dark midstripe in age; lvs somewhat scattered, 1–3 dm, the 2–8 cm petiole much shorter than the blade, purplish, hirsute but not scaly; blade lance-linear, 2–5 cm wide, bipinnate-pinnatifid to subtripinnate, green and sparsely hairy above, villous-hirsute beneath with shining, whitish, jointed hairs; pinnae 12–20 pairs, ovate, petiolulate; pinnules 7–10 pairs, their ultimate segments ovate, obtuse, decurrent, entire, the slightly and irregularly recurved (but otherwise unmodified) margin scarcely covering the few sori; 2n=60. Cliffs and shale outcrops, mostly in subacid soil; Conn. and N.Y. to Wis. and Minn., s. to Ga. and Tex.""" 111674 general 626637 Pteridaceae "Pteris cretica.Rhizome creeping or ascending, ca. 1 cm in diam., apex with black-brown scales. Fronds clustered, dimorphic or subdimorphic; stipe straw-colored, sometimes brown, seldom castaneous, 10-45 cm. Sterile fronds: stipe shorter, ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous; lamina 1-pinnate or sometimes digitate, ovate in outline, 10-30[-40] × 6-20[-35] cm; pinnae (2 or)3-5(-7) pairs, often opposite, decumbent, basal pinnae each with 2(or 3) pinnules, shortly stalked, upper pinnae narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate, sometimes with basiscopic lobe, 10-18(-24) × 1-1.5(-3) cm, sessile, base broadly cuneate, margin white cartilaginous and serrate, apex acuminate. Fertile fronds longer: stipe 30-45 cm; pinnae 3-5(-8) pairs, opposite or upper alternate, decumbent, basal pinnae with (1 or)2(or 3) pinnules, shortly stalked (2-5 mm); upper pinnae linear, sometimes with lateral pinnule, 12-25 × 0.5-1.2 cm, sessile, base broadly cuneate, terminal pinna 3-lobed, base decurrent. Lamina green or gray-green, papery when dried, glabrous; midvein abaxially extremely convex, straw-colored, glabrous; veins conspicuous on both surfaces, distant, oblique, simple or forked at base. 2n = 58*, 59, 87*.
The species as a whole occurs widely throughout the tropics and subtropics. It is frequently cultivated and escapes, obscuring the natural distribution.
Two varieties are usually recognized. The correct placement of Pteris cretica var. sylvatica X. Y. Wang & P. S. Wang (Guizhou Sci. 12(2): 54. 1994) is uncertain.
Plants 30-45 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, 1-1.5 cm in diam., apex with black-brown scales. Fronds many, clustered, distinctly dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipe straw-colored or dark brown with straw-colored margins, slightly lustrous, 15-25 cm × 1.5-2 mm, glabrous; lamina 1-pinnate, ovate-oblong in outline, 20-40 × 15-20 cm; pinnae often 3 pairs, opposite, ascending, linear-lanceolate, 8-15 × 0.6-1 cm, sessile, base acuminate, margins cartilaginous, with irregular acute teeth, basal pinna often forked, with 1 or 2 basal lobes, sometimes subpinnate, upper pinnae decurrent at base to form wings along rachis 3-5 mm wide, attenuate at base of rachis; terminal pinna 3-forked. Fertile fronds: stipe long, pinnae 4-6 pairs, linear, 10-15 × 0.4-0.7 cm, sterile margins serrate, remainder entire, basal pair subpinnate, with stipe ca. 1 cm, others sessile, basal 2 or 3 pairs often 2- or 3-forked, upper pairs with base long decurrent along rachis to form wings 3-4 mm wide; midvein prominent on both sides, straw-colored; veins conspicuous, sparse, simple or forked, sometimes both surfaces with short raised false veins parallel to veins. Lamina pale green, herbaceous when dried, glabrous throughout; rachises straw-colored, slightly lustrous. 2n = 116.
The type of Pteris multifida is from a cultivated plant at the Botanical Garden in Paris. The hybrid between P. multifida and P. ryukyuensis is known from Taiwan and has been named P. ×namegatae Kurata (see Knapp, Ferns Fern Allies Taiwan, 369-370, 477. 2011).
The authors have not seen material of Pteris multifida f. serrulata R. H. Miao (Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 36: 115. 1997).
Plants terrestrial, 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes erect or ascending, scales dark brown, broadly lanceolate, margins entire. Fronds clustered or approximate; stipe nearly black, 12-25 cm, covered with same scales as rhizome, distally glabrous; lamina pedately dichotomous, broadly flabellate in outline, 25-35 cm; pinnae 3-7 per branch, 1-imparipinnate, linear-lanceolate in outline, outer pinnae progressively shorter; rachises and stalks glabrous; pinnules 20-30 pairs per pinna, alternate, obliquely spreading, stalked; basal pinnules slightly smaller, flabellate or semi-orbicular, with longer stalks; middle pinnules dimidiate, triangular-elliptic, ca. 2 × 0.6 cm, herbaceous, abaxially glaucous, both surfaces glabrous, base asymmetrical, cuneate, inner and lower margins straight and entire, upper margin lobed, apex obtuse; segments ± square, with acute triangular teeth; distal pinnules similar to middle pinnules but gradually smaller toward apices, terminal pinnules flabellate, divided at middle, bilateral sides lobed, equal in size or slightly larger than middle pinnules; veins multidichotomously forked, reaching margin, visible on both surfaces. Sori 4-6 per pinnule, horizontally attached in shallow sinuses; false indusia grayish green or dark brown, orbicular-reniform, membranous, entire, persistent. Perispore reticulate.
Adiantum myriosorum is a beautiful plant that is cultivated as an ornamental.
" 111794 general 626633 Pteridaceae "Pityrogramma calomelanos.Stipe 40-50 cm; lamina 2-pinnate, long oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 15-40 × 10-20 cm, thickly papery when dry, abaxially densely white farinose, adaxially grayish green, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate; rachis and costae purple-black, lustrous, glabrous, grooved adaxially; pinnae 16-20 pairs, oblique, with short, winged stalks; basal pair of pinnae not shortened, lanceolate, 10-15 × 2-5 cm, base slightly inequilateral; pinnules (or segments) 16-18 pairs, deltoid, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 1.1-1.4 × ca. 0.5 cm, base inequilateral, somewhat decurrent to costae, apex acute or acuminate; proximal pinnule margins serrate or lobed; lobes serrate or entire, with only 1 or 2 teeth at apex. Sori nearly confluent throughout abaxial pinnule surface when mature. 2n = 240.
Pityrogramma calomelanos is a cultivated ornamental plant of New World origins, which has become widely naturalized in the Old World.
" 164272 ecology 627199 Pteridaceae "Adiantum philippense. ""Weed in cultivated ground and on walls, sometimes on rocks, in damp shaded spots; up to 4, 000 ft. alt.""" 134443 general 622754 Putranjivaceae "Drypetes hainanensis.Trees up to 20 m tall; bark gray to gray-brown; branchlets angulate, with prominent lenticels. Petiole 8-10 mm, usually transversely wrinkled; leaf blade oblong or elliptic to ovate, 5-9 × 2-4 cm, papery or subleathery, base obliquely cuneate or broadly so, margin entire, apex obtuse; lateral veins 8-10 pairs, reticulate veins dense and prominent. Male flowers clustered, axillary; pedicels ca. 4 mm; sepals 4, membranous, ovate or rounded, 6-8 mm, concave, abaxially puberulent; stamens ca. 18; filaments flattened and broad; anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm; disk annular. Female flowers usually solitary, axillary; sepals and disk as in male; ovary ovoid, 2-locular. Fruiting pedicels ca. 5 mm; drupes globose, 2-2.5 cm in diam., scurfy-hairy; exocarp leathery; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp woody, thinner than mesocarp, 2-celled, 1-seeded in each cell. Seeds subelliptic, ca. 1.2 cm. Fl. Feb-Apr, fr. Jun-Aug.
The timber from Drypetes hainanensis is straight, hard, nonsplintering, and fine-grained; it is used for vehicle construction, agricultural implements, machinery, etc.
The description given for material from Thailand shows a number of possibly significant differences and the identity of these plants needs investigation.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, margin entire or crenulate-serrulate, petiolate, penninerved. Flowers dioecious, apetalous; disk absent. Male flowers in axillary racemes or spikes; calyx 4-6-parted; sepals imbricate; stamens 2-4; pistillodes absent. Female flowers solitary, axillary; calyx 5-parted; sepals narrow, imbricate; ovary ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-celled; ovules 2 per cell; styles petaloid-dilated, 2- or 3-branched at upper portion, papillose. Drupes indehiscent, long pedicellate, 1-locular, 1-seeded; mesocarp fleshy; pyrene stone-hard. Seed testa membranous or crustaceous; endosperm fleshy.
About four species: China, India, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Sri Lanka; one species (endemic) in China.
Putranjiva is included within Drypetes by some authors. The record in FRPS of the Japanese species P. matsumurae Koidzumi (D. matsumurae (Koidzumi) Kanehira) from Taiwan is not accepted in either Fl. Taiwan or Fl. Japan.
Putranjiva roxburghii Wallich (Drypetes roxburghii (Wallich) Hurusawa) is cultivated in Hong Kong. The leaves and fruits are used medicinally for the treatment of rheumatism.
Vines woody, sometimes dwarf, erect shrublets when growing in dry, sandy, or gravelly regions. Branches shallowly 6--8-grooved, puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves 1- or 2-pinnate; petiole 2--6 cm; leaflet blades rhombic-ovate to narrowly ovate, 1--6 × 0.5--2.8 cm, papery, often 3-lobed near base or undivided, both surfaces sparsely puberulous on veins, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or subcordate, margin denticulate, apex acute to ± obtuse; basal veins abaxially flat. Flowers solitary, terminal, or sometimes also in axillary 1--3-flowered cymes, 2--6 cm in diam.; peduncle 0.3--3 cm; bracts short petiolate, similar to leaflets. Pedicel 3.5--16.5 cm, sericeous-puberulous to subglabrous. Sepals 4, yellow, sometimes tinged purple, ascending, narrowly ovate, lanceolate, or oblong, 1.5--4 × 0.6--1.4 cm, abaxially sparsely puberulous, adaxially glabrous or rarely puberulous, margin abaxially velutinous, apex cuspidate, acuminate, or acute. Stamens 5--11 mm; filaments puberulous; anthers narrowly oblong, 2--3 mm, glabrous, apex obscurely apiculate to subobtuse. Ovaries puberulous. Style 0.9--1.5 cm, densely villous. Achenes rhombic-obovate, ca. 4.5 × 2.2 mm, puberulous; persistent style to 5 cm, plumose. Fl. Jun--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct.
" 114327 general 612258 Ranunculaceae "Pulsatilla chinensis.Plants 15--35 cm tall. Rhizome ca. 0.8--1.5 cm in diam. Leaves 4 or 5, not fully expanded at anthesis; petiole 7--15 cm, densely long pilose; leaf blade broadly ovate, 4.5--14(--24) × 6.5--16(--25) cm, 3-foliolate, abaxially thickly pilose, adaxially glabrous, margin entire or toothed; lateral leaflets unequally 2-lobed, sessile or subsessile; central leaflet petiolulate or sessile, broadly ovate, 3-lobed, central lobe obovate. Scape 1(or 2), 2.5--5.5 cm, to 23 cm in fruit, puberulent; involucral bracts puberulent, basally connate into a 3--10 mm tube, apically palmately 3-lobed, each lobe linear, margin entire or slightly 3-lobed. Sepals violet, erect, oblong-ovate, 2.8--4.4 × 0.9--2 cm, abaxially puberulent. Stamens ca. 1/2 as long as sepals; anthers yellow. Infructescences 9--12 cm in diam. Achenes 3.5--4 mm, flattened, sparsely puberulent. Persistent styles 3.5--6.5 cm. Fl. Mar--May, fr. Jun--Jul.
Pulsatilla chinensis var. kissii (Mandl) S. H. Li & Y. H. Huang (Fl. Pl. Herb. Chinae Bor.-Orient. 3: 162. 1975) has been proposed for plants growing on dry slopes in S Liaoning. The basionym Pulsatilla ´ kissii Mandl (Oesterr. Bot. Z. 71: 178. 1922) was originally described as a hybrid between P. chinensis and P. cernua which it seems quite likely to be.
Pulsatilla chinensis is used medicinally.
Herbs perennial or annual, sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple or variously compound, palmately nerved, rarely penninerved, with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual, sometimes unisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free, petaloid or sepaloid, imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous, rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform; anthers latrorse, introrse, or extrorse; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries. Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.
About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions, particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.
Nigella damascena Linnaeus and N. glandulifera Freyn & Sintenis are cultivated (not native) in China.
Wang Wen-tsai, Wang Shu-hsiou & Hsiao Pei-ken. 1979. Ranunculaceae subfam. Helleboroideae and subfam. Thalictroideae. In: Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 59–601; Wang Wen-tsai, Chang Mei-chen, Fang Ming-yuan, Ling Ping-ping, Ting Chih-tsun, Wang Shu-hsiou & Liou Liang. 1980. Ranunculaceae subfam. Ranunculoideae. In: Wang Wen-tsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 28: 1–345.
Herbs annual. Leaves basal and cauline; leaf blade palmately divided. Inflorescence racemose or compoundly so. Pedicels usually 2-bracteolate. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Sepals 5, petaloid, purple, blue, or white, upper one spurred. Petals 2, connate, spurred, subentire or 3--5-lobed; spur nectariferous. Staminodes absent. Stamens numerous; filaments lanceolate-linear, 1-veined; anthers ellipsoid. Carpel 1; ovary many ovulate. Style without a distinct stigma. Follicle narrowly oblong, reticulate. Seeds subtetrahedral, densely transversely squamulose winged.
About 43 species: N Africa, W Asia, S Europe; one species in China.
Consolida ambigua (Linnaeus) P. W. Ball & Heywood, a native of SW Asia and S Europe, is often cultivated in China as an ornamental.
" 113911 general 614640 Ranunculaceae "Anemone hupehensis.Caudex branched, erect, short, 8--12 × 0.5--0.7 cm, woody. Leaves 3--5; petiole 5--35 cm, densely pubescent, base sheathing; leaf blade ternate, sparsely strigose; petiolules 2--5 cm; central leaflet undivided, ovate or broadly so, 4--10 × 3--10 cm; lateral leaflets similar to central one but smaller. Scape 30--100 (--120) cm, sparsely pubescent; cyme 2- or 3-branched, many flowered. Involucral bracts 3; petiole 2--3 cm, base sheathing; bract blade similar to that of leaves, ternate, 3--7 cm. Pedicel 3--10 cm, pubescent, lateral ones with small, paired bracteoles. Sepals 5 (flowers single) or ca. 20 (flowers double, in cultivated plants), purple, purple-red, pink or white, obovate, 20--30 × 13--20 mm, abaxially velutinous, basal veins 5--9, vein anastomoses more than 10. Stamens 4--6 mm; filament filiform; anther ellipsoid. Pistils more than 180, long stipitate, ca.1.5 mm; ovary velutinous; stigma rectangular. Achene body ovoid, ca. 2 × 1 mm, lanate, hairs 3--4 mm; style straight, short. Fl. Jul--Oct.
Cultivated plants with double flowers (with ca. 20 sepals) have been called Anemone hupehensis var. japonica (Thunberg) Bowles & Stearn (J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 72: 265. 1947; Atragene japonica Thunberg; Anemone hupehensis f. alba W. T. Wang; A. hupehensis var. simplicifolia W. T. Wang; A. japonica (Thunberg) Siebold & Zuccarini (1835), not Houttuyn (1778); A. scabiosa H. Léveillé & Vaniot). They are believed to have been derived from A. hupehensis stock.
" 115414 general 608339 Resedaceae "Reseda odorata.Herbs usually annual, to 40 cm tall, glabrous. Stem branched. Leaves subsessile, spatulate or lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, entire or toothed to parted, papery. Flowers in terminal racemes; white or light yellow, or orange-red when cultivated, very fragrant. Sepals 6, narrowly spatulate, 2.5-4 mm, shorter than pedicel. Petals 6, clawed at base, lower 2 entire, lateral 2 digitate, upper 2 digitate with few segments and equaling sepals. Stamens 17-20; filaments subulate. Carpels 3. Capsule pendulous, subglobose or urceolate, 3-angled, ca. 1 cm. Seeds black, shiny, 2-2.5 mm; testa rugose. 2n = 12.
" 108707 general 604370 Rhamnaceae "Alphitonia.Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Buds and young branches often ± densely brownish pubescent. Leaves alternate, with small, caducous stipules; leaf blade ovate to obovate or elliptic to lanceolate, rarely nearly cordate, papery to leathery, pinnately veined, abaxially usually glabrous, adaxially whitish to rusty pubescent, margin entire. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, many in di- or trichotomous, axillary or rarely terminal cymes. Calyx tube patelliform to hemispherical; sepals 5, triangular, adaxially keeled. Petals 5, clawed, cucullate. Stamens 5, enfolded by petals. Disk mainly thick, nectariferous. Ovary inferior, immersed in disk, 2- or 3-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; style short, often divided into 2 to 3 slightly capitate stylar branches, basally often densely whitish to yellowish pubescent or glabrous. Fruits drupaceous, globose or broadly ovoid, at base surrounded by persistent calyx tube; mesocarp thick, initially fleshy, later dry and mealy; endocarp splitting longitudinally into 2 or 3, hard, leathery, 1-seeded endocarpids. Seeds ± completely enclosed by a membranous, reddish to brownish aril; testa smooth, crustaceous; embryo straight; endocarp cartilaginous.
About ten species: SE Asia, Australia, Pacific islands; one species in China.
" 109245 general 605052 Rhamnaceae "Colubrina.Trees, shrubs, or scandent shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, always unarmed. Leaves alternate to rarely opposite, papery to subleathery; stipules minute, early deciduous; margin entire, serrate or crenate; venation pinnate or 3-veined from base. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, mainly few in axillary cymes or small thyrses, sessile or shortly pedunculate. Calyx tube hemisperical; sepals 5, triangular, abaxially rather densely pubescent, adaxially conspicuously keeled, deciduous. Petals 5, erect to spreading, clawed. Stamens 5, ca. as long as petals; anthers dorsifixed, dehiscing introrsely. Disk massive, fleshy, adnate to calyx tube. Ovary semi-inferior, 3(or 4)-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; style 3-lobed to 3-fid. Fruit a subglobose capsule; mesocarp thin, dry or rather fleshy; endocarp cartilaginous to woody, splitting explosively or slowly into 3 ventrally dehiscent, 1-seeded endocarpids. Seeds shiny, broadly obovoid, rarely with a minute aril; testa leathery to bony; endosperm fleshy, thick.
About 23 species: tropical areas of Africa, S Asia, Australia, Pacific islands, and South America; two species in China.
" 110454 general 604002 Rhamnaceae "Paliurus.Trees or shrubs, small to medium-sized, evergreen or deciduous. Leaves alternate, 3-veined from base, margin subentire to serrate; stipules usually changed into 1 or 2 lignified, erect or revurved spines. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, perigynous, few to many in axillary, pedunculate cymes. Pedicel short, often elongated in fruit. Calyx tube hemispheric to dish-shaped; sepals free, deltoid, 1.5-2.5 × 1.5-2.5 mm, abaxially ± pubescent to glabrous, adaxially keeled, apex acute to weakly acuminate. Petals spatulate or unguiculate,1-2 mm, often enfolding stamens. Stamens free, 1.5-2 mm; filaments subulate, thin; anthers ovoid, latrorse. Disk adnate with calyx tube, pentagonal or rounded, thick, fleshy, glabrous. Ovary semi-inferior, 2- or 3-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule, slightly immersed in disk; style cylindric or flattened, with 2 or 3 ± diverging stylar branches. Fruit a dry, indehiscent, disk- to cup-shaped or hemispheric, winged drupe, base ± distinctly conical, often with remains of calyx tube, apex rounded to ± flattened; mesocarp leathery to corky; endocarp lignified. Seeds brownish, shiny, obovoid to ovoid; endosperm scanty, cotyledons flat.
Five species: E Asia, Europe; five species (three endemic, one introduced) in China.
" 108531 general 33406 Rhamnaceae "Rhamnaceae.Deciduous or evergreen, often thorny trees, shrubs, woody climbers, or lianas, rarely herbs. Leaves simple, petiolate, alternate or opposite, pinnately veined or 3-5-veined, entire to serrate, sometimes much reduced; stipules small, caducous or persistent, sometimes transformed into spines. Flowers yellowish to greenish, rarely brightly colored, small, bisexual or unisexual, rarely polygamous, (4 or)5-merous, hypogynous to epigynous, in mostly axillary, sessile or pedunculate cymes, or reduced to few in fascicles. Calyx tube patelliform or hemispherical to tubular, sometimes absent, at rim with calyx, corolla, and stamens; sepals 4 or 5, valvate in bud, triangular, erect or ± recurved during anthesis, adaxially often distinctly keeled, alternate with petals. Petals 4 or 5, rarely absent, usually smaller than sepals, concave or hooded, rarely nearly flat, often shortly clawed. Stamens 4 or 5, antepetalous and often ± enclosed by petals; filaments thin, adnate to bases of petals; anthers minute, versatile or not, 2(or 4)-celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, usually introrse. Disk intrastaminal, nectariferous, thin to ± fleshy, entire or lobed, glabrous or rarely pubescent, free from ovary or tightly surrounding it, or adnate to calyx tube. Ovary superior to inferior, (1 or)2-4-loculed, with 1(or 2) ovules per locule; ovules anatropous, basal and erect; styles simple or ± deeply 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Fruit either an indehiscent, rarely explosively dehiscent, sometimes winged, schizocarpic capsule, or a ± fleshy drupe with 1-4 indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, pyrenes (stones). Seeds with thin, oily albumen, sometimes exalbuminous; embryo large, oily, straight or rarely bent.
About 50 genera and more than 900 species: almost cosmopolitan, mainly in subtropical to tropical areas; 13 genera and 137 species (82 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Former classifications usually placed Rhamnaceae in the Rhamnales, together with Vitaceae and Leeaceae (Suessenguth in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 20d. 1953), or together with Elaeagnaceae (Thorne, Bot. Rev. 58: 225-348. 1992). Orders such as Celastrales, Urticales, and Euphorbiales have often been considered as closely related groups. Recent analyses of DNA sequences strongly supported including the family in the Rosales, beside the closest relatives Barbeyaceae and Dirachmaceae (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: 399-436. 2003). Suessenguth (loc. cit.) grouped the family into five tribes, mainly characterized by fruit characters. Richardson et al. (Kew Bull. 55: 311-340. 2000; Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1309-1324. 2000) revised this tribal classification on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis using rbcL and trnL-F sequences of the plastid genome. Now 11 tribes are recognized, of which four are represented in the Flora area.
Microrhamnus bodinieri H. Léveillé (Fl. Kouy-Tchéou, 341. 1914-1915) is a synonym of Nyssa sinensis Oliver in the Nyssaceae (see Fl. China 13: 302. 2007).
The bark, leaves, and fruit of several species of Rhamnus have been used as laxatives, notably R. cathartica and R. frangula. Diverse Old World species of Rhamnus provide yellow and green dyes as well as drugs. Timber of Alphitonia, Colubrina, Hovenia, and Ziziphus species is used for construction, fine furniture, carving, lathework, and musical instruments. Many Ziziphus species yield edible fruit; among them, Z. jujuba (Chinese jujube) and Z. mauritiana (Indian jujube) are cultivated on a commercial scale. Hovenia dulcis is also grown for its edible, fleshy inflorescence stalks. Species of Hovenia, Paliurus, and Rhamnus are cultivated as ornamentals.
Chen Yi-ling & Chou Pan-kai. 1982. Rhamnaceae. In: Chen Yi-ling, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 48(1): i-vi, 1-169.
Trees small, rarely shrubs, deciduous, to 10 m tall, spinose or unarmed. Bark brown or gray-brown, with long reduced branches, without buds; branchlets (new branches) purple-red or gray-brown, flexuose, smooth, with 2 stipular spines or not; long spines erect, to 3 cm, stout; short spines recurved, developed from old branches; annual branchlets pendulous, green, solitary or 2-7-fascicled on short shoots. Stipular spines slender, caducous; petiole 1-6 mm, or to 1 cm on long shoots, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, 3-7 × 1.5-4 cm, papery, abaxially ± puberulent on major veins or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, 3-veined from base, base slightly asymmetric, subrounded, margin crenate-serrate, apex obtuse or rounded, rarely acute, mucronulate. Flowers yellow-green, bisexual, 5-merous, glabrous, solitary or 2-8 crowded in axillary cymes, shortly pedunculate. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Sepals ovate-triangular, adaxially distinctly keeled. Petals obovate, ca. as long as stamens, clawed at base. Disk orbicular, thick, fleshy, 5-lobed. Ovary basally slightly immersed in disk; style 2-cleft to half. Drupe red at maturity, turning red-purple, oblong or narrowly ovoid, 2-3.5 cm, (0.5-)1.5-2 cm in diam.; mesocarp fleshy, thick, sweet- or sour-tasting; stone acute or obtuse at both ends, 2-loculed, 1- or 2-seeded; fruiting pedicel 2-5 mm or longer. Seeds compressed-orbicular, ca. 1 × 0.8 cm, Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 24*, 36*, 48*.
Kirkbride et al. (Taxon 55: 1049-1050. 2007 ["2006"]) proposed the name Ziziphus jujuba for conservation against the paratautonym Z. zizyphus.
Ziziphus jujuba f. tortuosa C. Y. Cheng & M. J. Liu (J. Hebei Agric. Univ. 17(4): 7. 1994) is cultivated in gardens in Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), and Shandong. The plants are small trees with ascending, often tortuous branchlets without spines, long fruiting pedicels, and small drupes ca. 5 mm in diam. that resemble cucurbit fruits.
Ziziphus jujuba f. lageniformis (Nakai) Kitagawa (Lin. Fl. Manshur. 313. 1939; Z. sativa Gaertner var. lageniformis Nakai, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. IV, 1: 8. 1934) was recorded in FRPS (48(1): 136. 1982) from Hebei and (as cultivated) Beijing. However, it could not be treated here because no material was seen by the authors.
Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Branches unarmed or spiny. Axillary winter buds (2 or)3, lateral ones flower buds, central one a leaf bud; terminal winter buds present. Stipules present. Leaves simple, alternate, sometimes fascicled on short branchlets, conduplicate when young; petiole usually with 2 nectaries or sometimes nectaries at base of leaf blade margin; leaf blade margin often serrate. Inflorescences borne on axillary short branches, 1(or 2)-flowered. Flowers bisexual, regular, opening before or rarely with leaves. Pedicel nearly absent or short, rarely long. Hypanthium caducous in fruit. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, pink or white, inserted on rim of hypanthium, imbricate. Stamens 15 to many, inserted with petals; filaments filiform, free. Ovary superior, hairy, 1-loculed; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Style terminal, elongated. Fruit a drupe, hairy, glabrous in some cultivated Amygdalus persica, with a conspicuous longitudinal groove; mesocarp fleshy and not splitting or dry and splitting when ripe; endocarp hard, 2-valved, globose or ellipsoid, usually compressed, surface furrowed, pitted, rugose, or smooth.
About 40 species; C, E, and SW Asia, S Europe; 11 species (four endemic, one introduced) in China.
Many species and cultivars are grown for their edible fruit or as garden ornamentals, and a few species are also grown for their edible seeds.
" 108829 general 232846 Rosaceae "Armeniaca.Trees, rarely shrubs, deciduous. Branches unarmed, rarely spiny. Axillary wintern bud solitary; terminal winter bud absent. Stipules present. Leaves simple, alternate, convolute when young; petioles usually with 2 nectaries; leaf blade margin singly or doubly serrate. Inflorescences apparently axillary, 1–3-flowered. Flowers bisexual, regular, solitary or to 3 in a fascicle, opening before leaves or rarely with leaves. Pedicel nearly absent to very short, rarely longer. Hypanthium caducous in fruit. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, inserted on mouth of hypanthium, imbricate. Stamens 15–45, perigynous; filaments free, filiform. Carpel 1(or 2); ovary superior, hairy, 1-loculed; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Style terminal, elongated. Fruit a drupe, ± laterally compressed, hairy, rarely glabrous, with a conspicuous longitudinal groove; mesocarp succulent or fleshy, not splitting when ripe, rarely dry and splitting when ripe; endocarp hard, 2-valved, compressed on both sides, surface smooth, scabrous, or reticulate, rarely pitted, separating from or adnate to mesocarp. Seeds bitter or sweet.
About 11 species: E to SW Asia; ten species (five endemic) in China.
Armeniaca is widespread in China and is especially common in N China, but its distribution center is the middle and lower reaches of the Huang He. Many species and varieties are cultivated for their edible fruit and a few for their edible seeds. Many species are also grown as ornamentals. The seeds are sweet or bitter and are rich in oil and protein. Seeds are used as food or medicine and the oil is used in light industry. The high quality wood is also used commercially.
" 109429 general 218516 Rosaceae "Dichotomanthes.Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, venation camptodromous, margin entire, rarely serrate; stipules caducous, small; petiole short. Inflorescences terminal, compound-corymbose, many flowered; bracts usually caducous. Hypanthium campanulate. Calyx fleshy and enlarged in fruit, with 2 bracteoles basally; sepals 5, white, suborbicular or obovate. Stamens (15–)20; filaments alternately shorter; anthers didymous. Carpel 1, inserted at base of hypanthium; ovary superior, 1-loculed; style subterminal to lateral; stigma discoid, margin irregular; ovules 2, collateral, erect. Fruit dry, usually exserted from fleshy hypanthium, sepals persistent and erect; carpel leathery, 1-seeded; seeds compressed; cotyledons plano-convex.
One species.
" 109588 general 200250 Rosaceae "Eriobotrya.Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Leaves simple; stipulate, usually petiolate, venation craspedodromous or camptodromous, margin serrate or entire. Inflorescences terminal panicles, numerous flowered. Hypanthium cupular or obconical. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, white or yellow, obovate or orbicular, base clawed. Stamens 20. Ovary inferior, 2–5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 2–5, connate at base and often pubescent. Fruit a pome with persistent incurved sepals, fleshy or dry, endocarp (core) membranous, with 1 or 2 large seeds.
About 30 species: E Asia; 14 species (three endemic) in China.
" 110684 general 196681 Rosaceae "Potentilla.Herbs perennial, rarely biennial, annual, or shrubs, if perennial then with ± tufted, scaly rootstock. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves pinnate or palmately compound; stipules ± adnate to petiole. Inflorescence often cymose or cymose-paniculate, or 1-flowered. Flowers usually bisexual. Hypanthium concave, mostly hemispheric. Sepals 5, valvate; epicalyx segments 5, alternating with sepals. Petals 5, often yellow, rarely white or purple. Stamens usually ca. 20 in 3 series of 10, 5, and 5, rarely fewer or more (11–30); anthers 2-loculed. Carpels usually numerous, free, inserted on slightly elevated receptacle; ovule ascending or pendulous, anatropous, amphitropous, or suborthotropous; style subterminal, lateral, or basal. Achenes numerous, inserted on dry receptacle with persistent sepals. Seed testa membranous. x = 7.
About 500 species: mostly in temperate, arctic, and alpine zones of the N hemisphere, a few in the S hemisphere; 86 species (22 endemic) in China.
" 110759 general 233489 Rosaceae "Pygeum.Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Branches unarmed. Stipules small, free, soon caducous, rarely persistent. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate; leaf blade abaxially with a pair of flat to depressed nectaries near base and additional nectaries sometimes near margin, margin entire or very rarely minutely serrulate. Racemes axillary, solitary or sometimes several in a fascicle, unbranched or branched; bracts small, soon caducous, very rarely persistent after anthesis. Flowers bisexual or unisexual by want of ovary, sometimes polygamo-dioecious. Hypanthium obconic, campanulate, or cyathiform, caducous at fruiting time, only annular base remained. Perianth segments 5–10(–14), small. Sepals and petals often similar but sometimes distinct in shape and texture. Petals white, as many as sepals, very rarely absent, usually 1.5–2 × as long as sepals. Stamens 10–30(–85), in 1 to many series; filaments filiform. Ovary superior, 1-loculed, glabrous or hairy; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Style terminal; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe, dry, usually transversely oblong to ellipsoid, obscurely didymous, sometimes subglobose to oblong and distinctly longer than wide; endocarp cartilaginous.
About 40 species; tropical Africa, S and SE Asia, NE Australia, New Guinea, Pacific Islands; six species (all endemic) in China.
Pygeum griseum Blume ex Müller Stuttgart (Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müller Stuttgart) Kalkman) was reported from Lan Yu off the coast of SE Taiwan by Ohashi (Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 3: 98–100. 1993, as Prunus grisea). The species is not included in this treatment because the present authors have seen no Chinese specimens.
" 110802 general 228686 Rosaceae "Rhodotypos.Shrubs deciduous. Buds with imbricate scales. Leaves opposite; stipules free, linear, membranous, caducous; leaf blade simple, ovate, margin sharply doubly serrate. Flowers terminal on branchlets, solitary, bisexual. Hypanthium saucer-shaped, flat. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, imbricate, leaflike, with 4 epicalyx segments in-between. Petals 4, opposite sepals, white, base shortly clawed. Stamens numerous, in several series. Disk crowning hypanthium, large, thick, dissected into 4 lobes. Carpels usually 4; ovary covered by 4 lobes of disk at flowering; ovules 2, pendulous, 1 abortive; style terminal, exserted, filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe; epicarp smooth, dry. Seed 1, obovoid; cotyledons plano-convex, adaxially 3-veined. x = 9.
One species: China, Japan, Korea.
" 110866 general 196861 Rosaceae "Sanguisorba.Herbs perennial. Rootstock robust, bearing many fusiform, cylindric roots in lower part. Stipules sheathing, adnate to petiole, petiole sheathing and imbricate at base; leaf blade imparipinnate; leaflets serrate at margin. Inflorescences terminal on elongate scapes, densely capitate or spicate, bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual (when plants monoecious). Hypanthium with a constricted throat. Sepals 4(–7), imbricate, petaloid, purple, red, pink, or white, rarely greenish. Petals absent. Disk lining hypanthium. Stamens usually 4, rarely more, inserted in throat of hypanthium; filaments free, rarely partly connate; anthers didymous. Carpel 1(or 2), included in hypanthium; ovule pendulous; style terminal, filiform; stigma penicillate. Achene dry, included in hardened, muricate or winged hypanthium. Cotyledons planoconvex. x = 7.
About 30 species: Asia, Europe, North America; seven species (one endemic) in China.
" 110958 general 197052 Rosaceae "Sibbaldia.Herbs perennial, often woody based. Flowering stems prostrate to erect. Leaves pinnate or palmately 3–5-foliolate; leaflets serrate at apex or margin, rarely entire. Inflorescence a cyme or solitary flower. Flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual. Hypanthium saucer-shaped or cupular. Sepals (4 or)5, alternate, persistent; epicalyx segments (4 or)5. Petals (4 or)5, yellow, purple-red, or white. Disk usually markedly broad, rarely not so. Stamens (4 or)5(–10); anthers 2-loculed. Carpels 4–20, free; ovule usually ascending; style sub-basal, lateral, or subterminal. Achenes few, inserted on elevated, dry receptacle. x = 7.
About 20 species: arctic and alpine regions of N hemisphere; 13 species (four endemic) in China.
" 111017 general 200199 Rosaceae "Spenceria.Herbs perennial, white villous throughout. Rhizome woody, densely covered with remains of old petioles. Stems erect, terete, simple. Radical leaves: stipules ovate, herbaceous, adnate to petiole; petiole sheathing at base; leaf blade imparipinnate; leaflets opposite, rarely alternate, broadly elliptic or obovate-oblong; cauline leaves few, with few leaflets, or simple and then margin 3-lobed or 2- or 3-serrate. Inflorescences terminal, laxly racemose; bract entire or 3-lobed; involucre close to petals, cupular, 7- or 8-lobed, lobes narrowly ovate to lanceolate. Hypanthium obconic. Sepals 5, valvate, broadly linear to lanceolate, persistent; epicalyx segments 5, semiorbicular or triangular. Petals 5, golden or cream, oblanceolate to obovate. Stamens 30–40, in 2 or 3 series; filaments dilated and connate at base, persistent. Carpels (1 or)2, at base of hypanthium, apically villous; ovary ovoid-cylindric; ovule 1, pendulous; style subterminal, filiform, long exserted from hypanthium; stigma minute. Fruit composed of flower parts excluding deciduous petals, dry and somewhat hardened. Achene 1, subglobose, with thin coat, enclosed in hypanthium. Seed lacking endosperm; cotyledons subsquare, large.
One species: Bhutan, China.
" 111303 general 200233 Rosaceae "Waldsteinia.Herbs perennial, creeping. Radical leaves alternate; stipules rather large, membranous; leaf blade 3–5-fid or palmately 3–5-foliolate; segments or leaflets crenate or incised at margin. Inflorescence laxly cymose, 1–5-flowered, bracteate. Hypanthium long obconic or turbinate. Sepals 5, valvate, persistent; epicalyx segments 5, minute or absent. Petals 5, subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens numerous, in 3 series; filaments persistent. Disk lining mouth of hypanthium. Carpels 2–6, inserted on short, villous receptacle, small; ovule solitary, ascending; style subterminal, filiform, deciduous above articulate base; stigma capitate, entire. Achenes dry or slightly fleshy, hairy, apex scarred. Seed erect; testa membranous. x = 7.
About six species: N temperate zone; one species in China.
" 116047 general 199792 Rosaceae "Amygdalus davidiana.Trees to 10 m tall, crown ± spreading. Bark dark purplish red, smooth. Branchlets brown with age, slender, erect, glabrous when young. Winter buds reddish brown, ovoid, 2–5 mm, glabrous, apex acute. Petiole 1–2 cm, glabrous, usually with nectaries; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 5–13 × 1.5–4 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate to rounded, margin acutely or obtusely serrate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 2–3 cm in diam. Pedicel very short to flower subsessile. Hypanthium campanulate, outside glabrous. Sepals ovate to ovate-oblong, purplish red, nearly as long as hypanthium, outside glabrous, apex obtuse. Petals pink, obovate to suborbicular, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm, apex obtuse or rarely emarginate. Stamens many, nearly as long as petals. Ovary pubescent. Style longer or ± as long as stamens. Drupe yellowish, globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, or oblong, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., densely pubescent; mesocarp thin, dry, not splitting when ripe; endocarp globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, or oblong, not compressed on both sides, surface longitudinally and transversely furrowed and pitted, separating from mesocarp, base truncate, apex obtuse. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jul–Aug.
" 116052 general 200303 Rosaceae "Amygdalus nana.Shrubs 1–1.5 m tall. Branches erect-divaricate, with many short branchlets; first year branchlets grayish white to reddish brown; older branchlets reddish gray or gray, glabrous. Winter buds brown, ovoid, 2–4 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse to acute. Stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1.5–3 mm, margin entire or slightly dentate. Leaves on short branchlets sessile and in clusters, those on long branchlets often solitary and alternate; petiole 4–7 mm, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 2.5–6 × 0.8–3 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base narrowly cuneate to attenuate, margin minutely and shallowly obtusely serrate, apex acute to ± obtuse. Flowers solitary, opening at same time as leaves, ca. 2 cm in diam. Pedicel 3–6 mm, 5–7 mm in fruit, yellowish pubescent, surrounded by brown bud scales. Hypanthium purplish brown, cylindrical, 5–8 × 2–4 mm, outside glabrous. Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, outside glabrous, margin slightly serrate and with ± remote glands. Petals pink, irregularly obovate to oblong, 10–17 × 4–8 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse to shallowly emarginate. Stamens many, shorter than petals. Ovary densely villous. Style nearly as long as stamens. Drupe ovoid to ovoid-globose, 1–2(–2.5) × 1.2–1.8(–2) cm, densely straw yellow villous; mesocarp dry, splitting when ripe; endocarp ovoid-globose to elongate ovoid-globose, compressed, 0.8–1.8(–2.2) × 1–1.5(–1.7) cm, with thick curved ventral and ± keeled dorsal sutures, surface with irregular shallow reticulate furrows, base somewhat oblique, apex obtuse. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
" 116053 general 199904 Rosaceae "Amygdalus pedunculata.Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branches spreading, with many short branchlets; branchlets brownish to dark grayish brown, pubescent initially, glabrescent. Winter buds often 3, collateral in leaf axil on short branchlets, lateral ones flower buds, central one a leaf bud. Stipules linear, narrow, 2–4 mm. Leaves on short branchlets densely fascicled, those on annual branchlets alternate; petiole 2–5(–10) mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic, suborbicular, or obovate, 1–4 × 0.7–2 cm, both surfaces pilose, abaxially greenish, adaxially dark green, base broadly cuneate, margin irregularly coarsely serrate, apex acute to ± obtuse; secondary veins 4–6 on either side of midvein. Flowers solitary, opening slightly before leaves, 1–1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 4–8 mm, not much elongated in fruit, pubescent. Hypanthium broadly campanulate, 4–6 mm, outside glabrous or puberulous. Sepals triangular-ovate, 2–3 mm, outside glabrous or puberulous, margin sometimes shallowly serrate, apex ± obtuse. Petals pink, suborbicular, 7–10 mm in diam., apex occasionally emarginate. Stamens many, unequal in length. Ovary densely pubescent. Style nearly as long as shorter stamens. Drupe dark purplish red, subglobose to ovoid-globose, 1–1.5 cm in diam., densely pubescent, apex mucronulate; mesocarp thin and dry, separating from endocarp and splitting at maturity; endocarp brownish, broadly ovoid, slightly compressed laterally, 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., surface smooth, scabrous, or slightly rugose, base orbicular, apex mucronulate. Seed brownish yellow, broadly ovoid. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
" 116055 general 199814 Rosaceae "Amygdalus tangutica.Shrubs 1–2(–4) m tall, dense. Branches spreading, spiny; branchlets grayish brown, glabrous, with many inconspicuous lenticels. Leaves on short branchlets mostly in clusters, those on annual branchlets usually alternate; petiole 5–10 mm, glabrous; leaf blade elliptic, oblong, or obovate-oblanceolate, 1.5–4 × 0.5–1.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially greenish, adaxially dark green, base cuneate, margin minutely obtusely dentate, apex obtuse to acute and mucronate; secondary veins 5–8 on either side of midvein. Flowers solitary, 2–2.5 cm in diam., sessile or subsessile. Hypanthium outside glabrous. Sepals long elliptic, 3–4 mm, outside glabrous, margin indistinctly minutely serrate. Petals pink, fading almost to white, obovate, 7–10 mm. Stamens 25–30, in 2 whorls. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm, pubescent. Style over 5 mm, hairy. Drupe purplish red, subglobose to ovoid-globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., densely pubescent; mesocarp thin and dry, splitting at maturity; endocarp subglobose, 1.3–1.8 cm in diam., surface inconspicuously shallowly furrowed but not pitted, ventral suture compressed and broad, base subtruncate, apex ± obtuse to ± acute. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
" 116062 general 200327 Rosaceae "Armeniaca sibirica.Shrubs or trees, 2–5 m tall. Bark dark gray. Branches spreading; branchlets grayish brown to reddish brown, sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Winter buds reddish brown, ovoid to conical, 2–4 mm; scale margins pubescent. Petiole 2–3.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent when young, with or without small nectaries; leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, (3–)5–10 × (2.5–)4–7 cm, both surfaces glabrous, pubescent, or abaxially pubescent in vein axils, base rounded to subcordate, margin obtusely minutely serrate, apex long acuminate to caudate. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 1.5–3.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–2 mm. Hypanthium purplish red outside, campanulate, outside basally glabrous or slightly pubescent. Sepals oblong-elliptic, recurved at anthesis, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Petals white with pink veins or pinkish, suborbicular to obovate. Stamens nearly as long as petals. Ovary pubescent. Drupe yellow to orangish red, sometimes tinged red, compressed globose, 1.5–2.5 cm and as broad, pubescent, glaucous or not; mesocarp 2.5–3 mm thick, dry and compact, bitter, inedible, readily separating from endocarp and splitting along ventral suture at maturity; endocarp laterally compressed globose, 1.2–2.2 cm and nearly as broad, central rib of ventral suture acute and winged, dorsal rib more obtuse, surface more smooth, base asymmetric, apex obtuse. Seed ± bitter. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Jul.
" 116496 general 230489 Rosaceae "Pyrus bretschneideri.Trees to 5–8 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown when old, terete, robust, densely pubescent when young, glabrous when old, sparsely lenticellate; buds dark purple, ovoid, apex obtuse; scales pubescent at margin and apex. Stipules caducous, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1–1.3 cm, membranous, pubescent, margin glandular denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole 2.5–7 cm, densely tomentose when young, soon glabrescent; leaf blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5–11 × 3.5–6 cm, both surfaces tomentose when young, soon glabrescent, base broadly cuneate, rarely subrounded, margin spinulose-serrate, apex acuminate, rarely acute. Raceme umbel-like, 7–10-flowered; peduncle tomentose when young, soon glabrescent; bracts caducous, linear, 1–1.5 cm, membranous, adaxially brown tomentose, margin entire, apex acuminate. Pedicel 1.5–3 cm, pubescent when young. Flowers 2–3.5 cm in diam. Hypanthium cupular, slightly pubescent when young. Sepals triangular, 3.5–5 mm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially brown tomentose, margin glandular denticulate, apex acuminate. Petals white, ovate, 1.2–1.4 × 1–1.2 cm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 20, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. Ovary 5- or 4-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 5 or 4, ca. as long as stamens, glabrous. Pome yellow, with fine dots, ovoid or subglobose, 2–2.5 cm. in diam., 4- or 5-loculed; sepals caducous; fruiting pedicel 1.5–3 cm, glabrous. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*, 51*, 68*.
This species is commonly cultivated in N China, preferring sunny, dry, loamy soils. It includes many important forms with excellent fruit.
" 116703 general 231872 Rosaceae "Rubus ourosepalus.Shrubs lianoid, small, 0.4–1 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown, with needle-like prickles, glandular hairs, and sparse, soft hairs. Leaves simple; petiole 2.5–5.5 cm, with needle-like prickles, glandular hairs, and soft hairs; stipules free, 7–10 mm, palmatiparted nearly to base; lobes linear-lanceolate or linear, with glandular hairs, intermixed with soft hairs; blade broadly ovate, 5–11 × 3.5–8 cm, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous, with sparse, needle-like prickles along veins, base cordate, margin undivided, rarely lobed, sharply serrate, with sparse, glandular hairs, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, 1-flowered or flowers in clusters of 2–4; bracts 5–8 mm, palmatipartite nearly to base; lobes linear or subulate, soft hairy and stipitate glandular. Pedicel 2–4 cm, with needle-like prickles, stipitate glandular and soft hairy. Flowers 1–1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with needle-shaped prickles, stipitate glands, and soft hairs; tube pelviform; sepals erect in fruit, triangular-lanceolate, 0.8–1.4 cm, margin entire, rarely 2-lobed, apex subulate-acuminate. Petals white, ovate, 5–8 × 4–5 mm, base with claws nearly absent, apex acute. Stamens many, arranged in several whorls; filaments broad, flat. Pistils shorter than stamens; apex of ovary and base of style thinly pubescent when young, gradually glabrescent. Aggregate fruit red, dry, semiglobose, enclosed in persistent calyx; pyrenes rugose or smooth. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
" 116705 general 231672 Rosaceae "Rubus panduratus.Shrubs scandent, to 5 m tall. Branchlets slender, villous, with sparse, curved prickles, purplish red, with stalked glands. Leaves simple; petiole 2–3.5 cm, hirsute, purplish red, with stalked glands; stipules free, small, palmately laciniate, lobes linear, hirsute, stipitate glandular or not; blade ovate-lanceolate, 10–18 × 4–9 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose and sparsely hirsute along veins, adaxially glabrous except hirsute or with sparse, stalked glands on veins, base deeply cordate, basal incision narrow, to 2 cm deep, basal lobes long, touching, margin irregularly sharply serrate, with shallow lobes above base, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, cymose panicles, basal branches spreading; rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx hirsute, with dense, purplish red or blackish purple stalked glands; bracts palmate-laciniate; lobes linear, hirsute, with stalked glands. Pedicel to 1 cm. Flowers to 1 cm in diam. Calyx reddish purple; sepals narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, apex subulate or long caudate. Petals often absent or small and reduced. Stamens many, much shorter than sepals; filaments linear; anthers purple. Pistils few, glabrous. Aggregate fruit dark red or purplish black, small, dry at maturity; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
" 116725 general 231778 Rosaceae "Rubus polyodontus.Shrubs low, 20–40 cm tall. Branches grayish brown to dark brown, creeping, rooting at nodes; branchlets sparsely villous, with straight needle-like prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2–3(–5) cm, villous, with straight needle-like prickles; stipules free, to 8 mm, villous, deeply divided nearly to base; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate; blade broadly ovate, 3–8 × 2.5–6 cm, both surfaces sparsely villous, abaxially with sparse, needle-like prickles along midvein, base cordate, margin undivided or slightly incised, unevenly serrate, apex obtuse, rarely acute. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 1-flowered or flowers in clusters of 3 or 4; bracts 5–7 mm, villous, deeply lobed; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Calyx to 1.2 cm, sparsely villous, with needle-like prickles; sepals broadly ovate, 7–8 × 3–5 mm, margin tomentose, entire, apex caudate-acuminate or with leaflike appendages. Petals rose, obovate, 5–6 mm and ca. as broad, glabrous. Stamens ca. 30; filaments ca. 2 mm. Pistils more than 10; ovary soft hairy apically. Aggregate fruit dry, consisting of few drupelets, enclosed in persistent calyx; pyrenes smooth. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
" 116772 general 209215 Rosaceae "Rubus wardii.Shrubs or subshrubs, prostrate, low, ca. 80 cm tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown, terete, with soft hairs, glandular hairs, and sparse, needle-like or small curved prickles. Leaves compound, 3-foliolate; petiole 4–6 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet to 1 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate, with sparse, soft hairs, intermixed glandular hairs and needle-like prickles; stipules free, brown, 8–10 mm, palmatipartite to middle or base; lobes linear-lanceolate, soft hairy, with glandular hairs; blade of leaflets variable, terminal one rhombic-ovate, 6–10 × 4–6 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate to caudate, lateral leaflets suborbicular or ovate, ca. 1/2 as long and wide as terminal one or smaller, both surfaces soft hairy along veins, abaxially with minute prickles along veins, base obliquely rounded, margin sometimes lobed, unevenly obtusely serrate, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, 1-flowered, rarely flowers in clusters of 2 or 3; bracts 7–9 mm, palmatiparted; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, with glandular hairs and soft hairs. Pedicel 3–4 cm, with soft hairs, glandular hairs, and needle-like prickles. Flowers 3–4 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with sparse, soft hairs, glandular hairs, and needle-like prickles; sepals erect, triangular-ovate, 1.5–2(–2.5) cm × 5–8 mm, apex caudate; outer sepals usually apically laciniate; lobes linear, inner sepals sometimes entire. Petals greenish white, suborbicular or obovate, 7–9 mm in diam., much shorter than sepals. Stamens many, much shorter than petals; anthers oblong. Pistils numerous, densely glomerate; ovary densely tomentose-villous. Aggregate fruit somewhat green at maturity, globose, 1.3–2(–2.5) cm in diam., densely brownish yellow tomentose-villous, outer drupelets dry, inner drupelets fleshy; pyrenes furrowed-rugose. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
" 139779 general 210046 Rosaceae "Pyrus betulifolia.Trees to 10 m tall, often spinescent. Branchlets purplish brown when old, terete, gray tomentose when young, sparsely tomentose or glabrous when old, sparsely lenticellate; buds ovoid, abaxially gray tomentose, apex acuminate. Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, membranous, both surfaces tomentose, margin initially glandular serrate, apex acuminate; petiole 2–3 cm, gray tomentose; leaf blade rhomboidal-ovate or oblong-ovate, 4–8 × 2.5–3.5 cm, abaxially sparsely tomentose or subglabrous, adaxially gray tomentose when young, glabrous and shiny when old, base broadly cuneate, rarely subrounded, margin serrate, apex acuminate. Raceme umbel-like, 10–15-flowered; peduncle gray tomentose; bracts caducous, linear, 5–8 mm, membranous, both surfaces slightly tomentose, margin entire, apex acuminate. Pedicel 2–2.5 cm, densely gray tomentose when young. Flowers 1.5–2 cm in diam. Hypanthium cupular, abaxially gray tomentose. Sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 3 mm, both surfaces tomentose, margin entire, apex acute. Petals white, broadly ovate, 5–8 × 3–4 mm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 20, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. Ovary 2- or 3-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 2 or 3, nearly as long as stamens, sparsely pubescent basally. Pome brown, with pale dots, subglobose, 5–10 mm in diam., 2- or 3-loculed; sepals caducous; fruiting pedicels 1–2.5 cm, gray tomentose when young, glabrescent. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*.
This species is a common tree in N China, and is often planted in gardens and parks for ornamental purposes, preferring sunny, dry, sandy, loamy soils. It is usually used as stock to graft various pear cultivars.
" 108533 general 33414 Rosaceae "Rosaceae.Trees, shrubs, or herbs, deciduous or evergreen. Stems erect, scandent, arching, prostrate, or creeping, armed or unarmed. Buds usually with several exposed scales, sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound; stipules paired, free or adnate to petiole, rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin, rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate, corymbose, racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate. Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed. Stamens usually numerous, rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate; anthers small, didymous, rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous, superposed. Styles as many as carpels, terminal, lateral, or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged, usually exalbuminous, very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.
Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan, mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.
Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people’s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions. The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry. Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals.
Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1–443; 37: 1–516; 38: 1–133.
The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wuand Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. We consider the following treatment to berelatively traditional, with some of the generic treatments arguably out of date. The same applies to the arrangement of the subfamilies, among whichthe Maloideae may be the most advanced and should therefore appear last. We regard this account, the first comprehensive, English-language treatmentof the Rosaceae of China, as preliminary, but consider it a useful guide for the recognition of species. Significant revisions of various groupswithin the family will certainly be necessary as taxonomic studies proceed.
Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Branches unarmed. Axillary winter buds 1 or 3, lateral buds flower buds, central bud a leaf bud; terminal winter buds present. Stipules soon caducous, margin serrulate, teeth often gland-tipped. Leaves simple, alternate or fascicled on short branchlets, conduplicate when young; petiole usually with 2 apical nectaries or nectaries sometimes at base of leaf blade margin; leaf blade margin singly or doubly serrate, rarely serrulate. Inflorescences axillary, fasciculate-corymbose or 1-or 2-flowered, base often with an involucre formed by floral bud scales. Flowers opening before or at same time as leaves, pedicellate, with persistent scales or conspicuous bracts. Hypanthium campanulate or tubular. Sepals 5, reflexed or erect. Petals 5, white or pink. Stamens 15–50, inserted on or near rim of hypanthium. Carpel 1. Ovary superior, 1-loculed, hairy or glabrous; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Style terminal, elongated, hairy or glabrous; stigma emarginate. Fruit a drupe, glabrous, not glaucous, without a longitudinal groove. Mesocarp succulent, not splitting when ripe; endocarp globose to ovoid, smooth or ± rugose.
About 150 species: temperate Asia, Europe, North America; 43 species (29 endemic, five introduced).
The Himalayan species Cerasus rufa (J. D. Hooker) T. T. Yü & C. L. Li (Prunus rufa J. D. Hooker) was reported from Xizang by both T. T. Yü et al. (Fl. Xizang. 2: 693. 1985) and T. T. Yü & C. L. Chao (FRPS 38: 80. 1986). However, it is now believed that this species does not occur in Xizang.
The present authors have seen no material of the following species described from Taiwan: Prunus matuurae Sasaki, P. taiwaniana Hayata (P. itosakura Siebold var. taiwaniana (Hayata) Kudô & Masamune), P. takasagomontana Sasaki, and P. transarisanensis Hayata. Their status is uncertain and they are not included in this treatment.
Many species of cherry are cultivated for their edible fruit or as garden ornamentals.
The following taxa have been described from China, but we have seen no specimens and are therefore unable to treat them in this account. Further revision is necessary.
Prunus bonatii Koehne (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 265. 1912), described from Yunnan: Maire 3719.
Prunus canescens M. Vilmorin & Bois (Frutic. Vilmor. 66. 1904), described from Hubei: E. H. Wilson 65.
Prunus carcharias Koehne (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 267. 1912), described from Chongqing: A. von Rosthorn s.n.
Prunus concinna Koehne (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 210. 1912), described from Hubei: E. H. Wilson 2825.
Prunus giraldiana C. K. Schneider (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1: 65. 1905), described from Shaanxi: G. Giraldi 3789.
Prunus phyllopoda Koehne (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 257. 1912), described from Shaanxi: G. Giraldi s.n.
Prunus plurinervis Koehne (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 208. 1912), described from Sichuan: E. H. Wilson 907.
Prunus pulchella Koehne (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 197. 1912), described from Hubei: E. H. Wilson 2827.
Prunus rossiana Koehne (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 223. 1912), described from Hubei: E. H. Wilson 182.
Shrubs or small trees, deciduous. Branches unarmed; buds small, pubescent, with few scales. Leaves simple, petiolate, stipulate, venation camptodromous, margin entire. Flowers solitary at apices of leafy branchlets. Sepals 5, margin entire, reflexed. Petals 5, white or pinkish, obovate. Stamens 20. Ovary inferior, 5-loculed, with numerous ovules per locule; styles 5, free, pubescent basally. Fruit a many seeded pome, with persistent, recurved sepals.
One species: C Asia; cultivated in China.
" 110701 general 197013 Rosaceae "Prunus.Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Branchlets sometimes spine-tipped. Axillary winter bud solitary, ovoid; terminal winter bud absent. Stipules membranous, soon caducous. Leaves simple, alternate, convolute [or conduplicate] when young; petiolate or sessile; petiole apex or base of leaf blade margin with or without nectaries; leaf blade margin variously crenate or coarsely serrate. Inflorescences apparently axillary, solitary or to 3-flowered in a fascicle; bracts small, soon caducous. Flowers opening before or at same time as leaves. Hypanthium campanulate. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, white, sometimes purple-veined, rarely greenish, inserted on rim of hypanthium, imbricate. Stamens 20–30, in 2 whorls; filaments unequal. Carpel 1; ovary superior, 1-loculed, glabrous or sometimes villous; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Style terminal, elongated. Fruit a drupe, glabrous, often glaucous, usually with a longitudinal groove; mesocarp fleshy, not splitting when ripe; endocarp laterally compressed, smooth, rarely grooved or rugose.
About 30 species: Asia, Europe, North America; seven species (two endemic, three introduced) in China.
Many plum species are cultivated for their edible fruit and some for their flowers.
The following taxa have been described from China, but we have seen no specimens and are therefore unable to assign them to genus or treat them in this account. Further revision is necessary.
Prunus consociiflora C. K. Schneider (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1: 54. 1905), described from Hubei: A. Henry 1309.
Prunus japonica Thunberg var. fukienensis Rehder (J. Arnold Arbor. 3: 29. 1922), described from Fujian: P. T. Dunn s.n.
Prunus kawakamii Hayata (J. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 25: 77. 1908), described from Taiwan: T. Kawakami & U. Mori s.n.
Prunus nubium Handel-Mazzetti (Symb. Sin. 7: 530. 1933), described from Hunan: T. H. Wang 1.
Prunus platysepala Koehne (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 277. 1912), described from Hubei: E. H. Wilson 2813.
Prunus salicina Lindley var. cordata Y. He & J. Y. Zhang (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(3): 71. 1989), described from Fujian: J. Y. Zhang et al. A10803.
Shrubs, erect, diffuse, or climbing, mostly prickly, bristly, or rarely unarmed, pubescent, glandular-pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate, rarely simple; stipules adnate or inserted at petiole, rarely absent. Flowers solitary or in a corymb, rarely in a compound corymb or a panicle; bracts solitary, several, or absent. Hypanthium globose, urceolate, or cupular, constricted at neck. Sepals 5, rarely 4, quincuncial: 2 outer, 2 inner, and 1 middle, margin entire or variously pinnately lobed. Petals 5, rarely 4, imbricate, white, yellow, pink, or red; disc inserted at mouth of hypanthium. Stamens numerous, in several whorls, inserted at disc. Carpels free, numerous, rarely few, inserted at margin or base of hypanthium, not or rarely stalked; ovule pendulous; styles terminal or lateral, exserted or not, free or connate at upper part. Fruit a hip, formed from fleshy hypanthium. Achenes numerous, rarely few, on adaxial surface of fleshy hypanthium, woody. Seed pendulous. x = 7.
About 200 species: widely distributed from subtropical to cold-temperate regions; 95 species (65 endemic) in China.
The following three species require further study. We are unable to treat them in this account because we have seen no specimens. Rosa atroglandulosa C. K. Schneider (Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 64: 75. 1917), described from Sichuan; R. beauvaisii Cardot (Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 261. 1916), described from N Vietnam, also reported for SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian) (Kai Larsen, pers. comm.); and R. tunquinensis Crépin (Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 25(2): 192. 1886), described from N Vietnam and China, also reported for Laos (Kai Larsen, pers. comm.).
Several species and hybrids are cultivated in China. The following occur in addition to those mentioned below: Rosa ×alba Linnaeus (of uncertain parentage), R. centifolia Linnaeus, R. damascena Miller, R. ×fortuneana Lindley (probably R. banksiae × R. laevigata), and R. gallica Linnaeus.
Shrubs or subshrubs, deciduous, rarely evergreen or semievergreen, sometimes perennial creeping dwarf herbs. Stems erect, climbing, arching, or prostrate, glabrous or hairy, usually with prickles or bristles, sometimes with glandular hairs, rarely unarmed. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, palmately or pinnately compound, divided or undivided, toothed, glabrous or hairy, sometimes with glandular hairs, bristles, or glands; stipules persistent, ± adnate to petiole basally, undivided or occasionally lobed, persistent or caducous, near base of petiole or at junction of stem and petiole, free, usually dissected, occasionally entire. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual and plants dioecious, in cymose panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or several in clusters or solitary. Calyx expanded, sometimes with a short, broad tube; sepals persistent, erect or reflexed, (4 or)5(–8). Petals usually 5, rarely more, occasionally absent, white, pink, or red, glabrous or hairy, margin entire, rarely premorse. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, inserted at mouth of hypanthium; filaments filiform; anthers didymous. Carpels many, rarely few, inserted on convex torus, each carpel becoming a drupelet or drupaceous achene; locule 1; ovules 2, only 1 developing, collateral, pendulous; style filiform, subterminal, glabrous or hairy; stigma simple, capitate. Drupelets or drupaceous achenes aggregated on semispherical, conical, or cylindrical torus, forming an aggregate fruit, separating from torus and aggregate hollow, or adnate to torus and falling with torus attached at maturity and aggregate solid; seed pendulous, testa membranous; cotyledons plano-convex.
About 700 species: worldwide, particularly abundant in temperate regions of N hemisphere, a few species extending into S hemisphere; 208 species (139 endemic) in China.
The Chinese species of Rubus are mostly native and rare in cultivation. The fruit of many species are eaten raw or used for making jam, jelly, juice, candy, various drinks, wine, and vinegar. The dried fruits, seeds, and leaves are used in traditional Chinese medicine and the leaves are also used for tea. Some species are suitable for ornamental use, for hedges, or as ground covers. The stems and roots of some species are a source of tannin.
Rubus umbellifer H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg 6: 111. 1908), described from China, is referable to Grewia biloba G. Don var. biflora (Bunge) Handel-Mazzetti (Tiliaceae).
For plants in Taiwan, also see J. Y. Huang & J. M. Hu. 2009. Revision of Rubus (Rosaceae) in Taiwan. Taiwania 54: 285-310. 2009.
Shrubs deciduous. Winter buds small, with 2–8 exposed scales. Leaves alternate, usually shortly petiolate, simple; stipules absent; leaf blade veins usually pinnate, rarely 3–5 from base, margin serrate or incised, sometimes lobed, rarely entire. Flowers in umbels, umbel-like racemes, corymbs, or panicles, bisexual, rarely ± unisexual. Hypanthium campanulate or cupular, lined by nectariferous disk. Sepals 5, valvate or slightly imbricate, usually slightly shorter than hypanthium. Petals 5, imbricate or contorted, usually longer than sepals. Stamens 15–60, borne between disk and petals. Disk annular, usually lobed. Carpels (3–)5(–8), free; ovules (2 to) several per carpel, pendulous; styles terminal, subterminal, or abaxial; stigma capitate or disciform. Follicles bony, often dehiscent along adaxial suture. Seeds linear to oblong, minute; testa membranous.
Between 80 and 100 species: N temperate zone, extending S to mountainous subtropical areas; 70 species (47 endemic) in China.
Spiraea holorhodantha H. Léveillé (Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 44. 1915), described from Yunnan, is Rodgersia sambucifolia Hemsley var. sambucifolia in the Saxifragaceae (see Fl. China 8: 274. 2001).
Many of the following species are ornamental, nectar-secreting plants long established in horticulture and often cultivated in gardens and parks.
In the following key, leads 1a and 1b are not quite mutually exclusive. If identifying plants with short, lateral inflorescences, it is advisable to work from lead 3a as well as 1b.
Trees or shrubs, (2–)3–6(–8) m tall. Branches erect or horizontally spreading, unarmed, with many short branchlets, glabrous; previous year’s branchlets brownish, grayish brown to grayish black with age. Winter buds brownish, ovoid, 3–5 mm, glabrous. Leaves variable, those on previous year’s branches usually alternate, those on short branches approximate and often fascicled; petiole 1–2(–3) cm, glabrous, with 2 to 4 nectaries at apex or at base of leaf blade; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 3–6(–9) × 1–2.5 cm, slightly pilose when young, glabrescent, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin shallowly densely serrate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves. Pedicel 3–4 mm, 4–10 mm in fruit, glabrous. Hypanthium cylindrical, (5–)6–8 × 3–5 mm, outside glabrous. Sepals broadly oblong to broadly lanceolate, 5–6 mm, outside glabrous, margin pubescent, apex obtuse. Petals white or pinkish, oblong to obovate-oblong, 1.2–2 × 0.7–1.1 cm, base tapering to a narrow claw, apex obtuse to emarginate. Stamens unequal in length. Ovary densely tomentose. Style longer than stamens. Drupe obliquely ovoid to oblong-ovoid, compressed, 3–4.3 × 2–3 cm, densely pubescent, base mostly subtruncate, apex pointed to somewhat obtuse; mesocarp thin, splitting at maturity; endocarp yellowish white to brown, ovoid, broadly ellipsoid, or shortly oblong, asymmetric on both sides, 2.5–3(–4) cm, hard to fragile, ventral suture curved and ± acutely keeled, dorsal suture generally straight, surface smooth and pitted with or without shallow furrows, base obliquely truncate to orbicular-truncate. Seed sweet or bitter. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jul–Aug.
Cultivated varieties of almonds have been named for whether the seeds are sweet or bitter and whether the endocarp is hard or fragile.
" 116048 general 199859 Rosaceae "Amygdalus ferganensis.Trees to 8 m tall. Branchlets smooth, glabrous, lenticellate; current year’s branchlets reddish on exposed side, greenish on shady side, shiny; previous year’s branchlets reddish brown, squamose, with many lenticels. Winter buds 2 or 3 in leaf axils, pubescent. Petiole robust, 0.5–2 cm, with 2–8 nectaries; leaf blade lanceolate, 7–15 × 2–3 cm, abaxially pilose in vein axils, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin crenate with gland-tipped teeth, apex acuminate; secondary veins 12–14 on either side of midvein. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 3–4 cm in diam. Pedicel very short. Hypanthium shortly campanulate, outside green with a reddish tinge. Sepals ovate to ovate-oblong, outside pubescent. Petals pink, suborbicular to oblong, 1.5–1.7 cm in diam. Stamens many, unequal in length, shorter than petals. Ovary pubescent. Style shorter than stamens. Drupe greenish white, rarely golden yellow, sometimes with a reddish tinge, compressed globose, rarely subglobose, 3.5–6 × 4.4–7 cm, pubescent, very rarely glabrous, occasionally slightly glaucous; mesocarp succulent, sour-sweet, fragrant, separating from endocarp, not splitting when ripe; endocarp flattened globose, rarely subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, compressed on both sides, 1.7–3.5 × 1.3–3 cm, surface longitudinally furrowed and very sparsely pitted, base subtruncate, apex long acuminate. Seed bitter to slightly sweet. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jul–Aug.
This species is cultivated for its fruit, and the original, native distribution is uncertain.
" 116050 general 199864 Rosaceae "Amygdalus mira.Trees to 10 m tall. Branchlets green when young, grayish brown with age, slender, spreading, glabrous, with purplish brown small lenticels. Winter buds purplish brown, ovoid, 3–6 mm, glabrous, apex acute. Petiole 0.8–1.5 cm, glabrous, often with flattened purplish red nectaries; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–11 × 1.5–4 cm, abaxially pubescent along midvein, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin shallowly crenate but entire near apex and teeth usually gland-tipped, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 2.2–3 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–3 mm, 4–5 mm in fruit, glabrous. Hypanthium campanulate, purplish brown, outside glabrous. Sepals ovate to narrowly ovate, purplish green, outside glabrous or slightly villous along margin, apex obtuse. Petals pink, broadly obovate, 1–1.5 cm, apex emarginate. Stamens many, much shorter than petals. Ovary densely pubescent. Style longer or ± as long as stamens. Drupe subglobose, ca. 3 cm in diam., densely pubescent; mesocarp fleshy, not splitting when ripe; endocarp compressed ovoid-globose, ca. 2 cm, slightly flattened on both sides, surface smooth and with few longitudinal shallow furrows only on dorsal and ventral sides, base subtruncate and slightly asymmetric, apex acute. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Aug–Sep.
This species is cultivated for its fruit and seeds. It is often uncertain whether collections are wild, cultivated, or escaped from cultivation.
" 116054 general 197099 Rosaceae "Amygdalus persica.Trees 3–8 m tall, with a broad and ± horizontally spreading crown. Bark dark reddish brown, scabrous and squamose with age. Branchlets green but reddish on exposed side, slender, glabrous, lustrous, with many small lenticels. Winter buds often 2 or 3 in a fascicle, conical, pubescent, apex obtuse. Petiole robust, 1–2 cm, with or without 1 to several nectaries; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-oblanceolate, 7–15 × 2–3.5 cm, abaxially with or without a few hairs in vein axils, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin finely to coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 2–3.5 cm in diam. Pedicel very short to flower subsessile. Hypanthium green with a red tinge, shortly campanulate, 3–5 mm, outside pubescent or rarely subglabrous. Sepals ovate to oblong, ± as long as hypanthium, outside pubescent to rarely subglabrous, apex obtuse. Petals pink or white, oblong-elliptic to broadly obovate, 1–1.7 × 0.9–1.2 cm. Stamens 20–30; anthers purplish red. Ovary pubescent. Style nearly as long as stamens. Drupe color varies from greenish white to orangish yellow, usually with a red tinge on exposed side, ovoid, broadly ellipsoid, or compressed globose, (3–)5–7(–12) cm in diam. and usually nearly as long, densely pubescent, very rarely glabrous, ventral suture conspicuous; mesocarp white, greenish white, yellow, orangish yellow, or red, succulent, sweet to sour-sweet, fragrant; endocarp large, ellipsoid to suborbicular, compressed on both sides, surface longitudinally and transversely furrowed and pitted, free from mesocarp or compactly adnate to it, apex acuminate. Seed bitter, rarely sweet. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Aug–Sep.
Although native to N China, truly wild peaches no longer exist. Peaches are important, fruit-bearing and ornamental plants cultivated throughout temperate and subtropical zones. Cultivated varieties have been named for whether the fruit are compressed or not, whether the fruit surface is pubescent or glabrous, and whether the endocarp is free or adnate to the mesocarp.
" 116056 general 199822 Rosaceae "Amygdalus triloba.Shrubs, rarely trees, 2–3 m tall. Branches spreading, much branched; current year’s branchlets gray to grayish black; previous year’s branchlets grayish brown, glabrous or slightly pubescent when young, glabrescent. Winter buds brown, 2–3 mm, apex acute; scale margins pubescent. Leaves on short branchlets often fasciculate, those on previous year’s branches alternate; petiole 5–10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade broadly elliptic to obovate, 2–6 × 1.5–3(–4) cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially pilose or glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin coarsely serrate or biserrate, apex shortly acuminate and usually 3-lobed. Flowers 1 or 2, opening before leaves, 2–3 cm in diam. Pedicel 4–8 mm, 5–10 mm in fruit, glabrous or initially puberulous. Hypanthium broadly campanulate, 3–5 mm, outside glabrous or puberulous. Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as hypanthium, outside glabrous or puberulous, margin sparsely minutely serrate near apex. Petals pink, suborbicular to broadly obovate, 6–10 mm, apex obtuse to emarginate. Stamens 25–30, shorter than petals. Ovary densely pubescent. Style somewhat longer than stamens. Drupe subglobose, 1–1.8 cm in diam., pubescent, apex mucronulate; mesocarp thin, splitting when ripe; endocarp subglobose, ± uncompressed on both sides, 1–1.6 cm in diam., surface irregularly reticulate, apex obtuse. Fl. Apr–May, fr. May–Jul.
Single- and double-flowered cultivars are cultivated as garden ornamentals.
" 116057 general 232845 Rosaceae "Armeniaca dasycarpa.Trees 4–7 m tall. Branchlets many, purplish red, somewhat thin, smooth and glabrous when young. Petiole thin, short, with or without small nectaries; leaf blade ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4–7 × 2.5–5 cm, abaxially pubescent along veins or in vein axils, adaxially dark green and glabrous, base cuneate to subrounded, margin irregularly densely minutely crenate, apex shortly acuminate. Flowers usually solitary (or 2), opening before leaves, ca. 2 cm in diam. Pedicel 4–7 mm, 7–12 mm in fruit, thinly pubescent. Hypanthium reddish brown, campanulate, outside subglabrous. Sepals reddish brown, suborbicular to broadly oblong, subglabrous, apex obtuse. Petals white or with pink spots, broadly obovate to spatulate, to 1 cm. Stamens many, nearly as long as petals. Ovary thinly pubescent. Drupe dark purplish red, subglobose, ca. 3 cm in diam., thinly pubescent, glaucous; mesocarp succulent, sour, adnate to endocarp; endocarp ovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, compressed laterally, ventral and dorsal ribs slightly obtuse, surface longitudinally furrowed and coarsely scabrous or slightly pitted, base subsymmetric, apex acute. Seed bitter, rarely sweet. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
This species is cultivated for its edible fruit and seeds and is unknown in the wild.
" 116059 general 230202 Rosaceae "Armeniaca hongpingensis.Trees to 10 m tall. Bark grayish brown, irregularly shallowly splitting. Branchlets pale brown to reddish brown, glabrescent. Winter buds small, ovoid. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 6–10 × 2.5–5 cm, abaxially densely yellowish brown villous, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base rounded, margin densely acutely serrulate, apex narrowly acuminate to caudate. Flowers unknown. Fruiting pedicel 7–10 mm. Drupe subglobose, 3.5–4 × 3–3.5 cm, densely yellowish brown pubescent; mesocarp edible; endocarp ellipsoid, compressed on both sides, ventral rib obtuse, longitudinally furrowed on ventral side, surface pitted, base subsymmetric, apex acute. Fr. Jun–Jul.
This species is cultivated for its edible fruit.
" 116061 general 200346 Rosaceae "Armeniaca mume.Trees, rarely shrubs, 4–10 m tall. Bark grayish to tinged with green, smooth. First year branchlets green, smooth, glabrous or densely incanous. Winter buds purplish brown, ovoid, 3–6 mm, glabrous, apex acute. Petiole 1–2 cm, densely incanous or pubescent when young, often with nectaries; leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, elliptic, obovate, or obovate-oblanceolate, 4–8 × 2.5–5 cm, grayish green, both surfaces pubescent when young, gradually glabrescent or only abaxially pubescent in vein axils with age, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin usually acutely serrulate, apex caudate. Flowers solitary or 2 in a fascicle, opening before leaves, 2–2.5 cm in diam., strongly fragrant. Pedicel 1–10 mm, glabrous. Hypanthium usually reddish brown but green to greenish purple for some cultivated varieties, broadly campanulate, 2.5–4 mm, outside glabrous or sometimes pubescent. Sepals ovate to suborbicular, 3–5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals white or pink, obovate, 0.9–1.4 × 0.8–1.2 cm. Stamens shorter to slightly longer than petals. Ovary densely pubescent. Style shorter to slightly longer than stamens. Drupe yellow to greenish white, subglobose, 2–3 cm in diam., pubescent; mesocarp sour, adnate to endocarp; endocarp ellipsoid to subglobose, slightly compressed on both sides, ventral suture somewhat obtuse, distinctly longitudinally furrowed on ventral and dorsal sides, surface pitted, base cuneate, obtuse, or rounded, apex obtuse and abruptly mucronulate. Fl. winter to spring, fr. May–Jun (or Jul–Aug in N China).
In addition to the varieties listed below, there are many cultivated varieties selected for their flowers or fruit.
" 116063 general 201439 Rosaceae "Armeniaca vulgaris.Trees 5–8(–12) m tall, crown spherical, spherical-flattened, or elongated oblong. Bark grayish brown, longitudinally splitting. Older branchlets brownish, glabrous, transversely lenticellate; young branchlets reddish brown, with many pale lenticels. Winter buds purplish red, ovoid, 2–4 mm, glabrous or puberulous at scale margins, apex obtuse. Petiole 2–3.5 cm, glabrous or white pubescent, basally usually with 1–6 nectaries; leaf blade broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5–9 × 4–8 cm, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially pubescent in vein axils, or adaxially white pubescent, base cuneate, broadly cuneate, rounded, or subcordate and with several nectaries, margin crenate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Flowers solitary or occasionally paired, opening before leaves, 2–4.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–3 mm, pubescent. Hypanthium purplish green, shortly cylindrical, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, outside pubescent near base. Sepals purplish green, ovate to ovate-oblong, 3–5 mm, reflexed after anthesis, apex acute to rarely obtuse. Petals white, pink, or tinged with red, orbicular to obovate, 0.8–1.2 cm and ± as broad, margin shortly unguiculate, apex rounded. Stamens 20–100, slightly shorter than petals; filaments white; anthers yellow. Ovary pubescent. Style slightly longer to nearly as long as stamens, basally pubescent. Drupe white, yellow, orange, often tinged red, globose, ovoid, or rarely obovoid, 1.5 to more than 2.5 cm in diam., usually pubescent, glaucous or not; mesocarp succulent, not splitting when ripe; endocarp globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, compressed laterally, often obtuse at ventral suture and more straight at dorsal suture, with keel-like ribs on ventral side, surface scabrous or smooth, base symmetric or rarely asymmetric, apex obtuse to ± rounded. Seed bitter or sweet. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Jul.
Apricots are cultivated for their edible fruit throughout China and in most temperate parts of the world. The seeds are also edible and used medicinally. Because of its long history of cultivation in China, it is difficult to know for certain whether specific collections are really wild or escaped from cultivation, but probably the species originated in C Asia.
" 116066 general 201493 Rosaceae "Cerasus avium.Trees to 25 m tall, producing no root suckers. Bark blackish, splitting transversely. Branchlets grayish brown; young branchlets green, glabrous. Winter buds ovoid-ellipsoid, glabrous. Stipules linear, ca. 1 cm, margin glandular serrate. Petiole 2–7 cm, glabrous, apically with 2 nectaries; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 3–13 × 2–6 cm, abaxially pale green and sparsely villous, adaxially green and glabrous, base cuneate to rounded, margin obtusely incised biserrate and teeth with a cartilaginous apical mucro, apex cuspidate to shortly acuminate; secondary veins 7–12 on either side of midvein. Inflorescences umbellate, 3-or 4-flowered; inner involucral bracts recurved at flowering; peduncle inconspicuous. Flowers opening at same time as leaves. Pedicel 2–6 cm, glabrous. Hypanthium cyathiform, ca. 5 × 4 mm, outside glabrous. Sepals long elliptic, ± as long as hypanthium, recurved after anthesis, margin entire, apex obtuse. Petals white, obovate, apex emarginate. Stamens ca. 34. Style nearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Drupe red to purplish black, subglobose to ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam.; endocarp smooth. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 16, 24, 32.
This species is cultivated for its fruit and as an ornamental.
" 116069 general 200660 Rosaceae "Cerasus cerasoides.Trees 3–10(–30) m tall. Branches grayish black; branchlets green, pubescent, glabrescent. Stipules linear, basally strongly gland-tipped fimbriate. Petiole 1.2–2 cm, apex with 2–4 nectaries; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-ovate, or oblong-obovate, (4–)8–12 × (2.2–)3.2–5 cm, subleathery, abaxially pale green and glabrous or villous along veins, adaxially dark green, base rounded, margin acutely biserrulate, biserrate, or serrate and teeth with a minute capitate apical gland, apex acuminate to long acuminate; secondary veins 10–15 on either side of midvein; reticulate veins fine. Inflorescences umbellate, 1–4-flowered; involucral bracts 1–1.2 cm, apically divided, withered after anthesis;. peduncle 1–1.5 cm, glabrous; bracts brownish to greenish brown, suborbicular, papery, persistent or caducous after anthesis, margin glandular serrate. Flowers opening at same time or before leaves. Pedicel 1–2.3 cm, elongated to 3 cm and apically thickened in fruit. Hypanthium red to dark red, campanulate to broadly campanulate. Sepals usually reddish, triangular, 0.4–5.5 cm, erect, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Petals white or pink, ovate to obovate, apically entire or emarginate. Stamens 32–34, shorter than petals. Style as long as stamens, glabrous; stigma disciform. Drupe purplish black, ovoid, 1.2–1. 5 × 0.8–1.2 cm; endocarp ovoid, laterally deeply furrowed and pitted, apex obtuse. Fl. Oct–Dec, Feb–Mar.
This species is cultivated for its fruit.
" 116083 general 201579 Rosaceae "Cerasus mahaleb.Shrubs, rarely trees, sometimes attaining 10–13 m tall. Branchlets grayish brown, densely pubescent. Winter buds ovoid, densely pubescent, glabrescent. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, caducous, margin gland-tipped fimbriate. Petiole 2–3 cm, pubescent when young, glabrescent, with 1 or 2 nectaries at apex or at leaf blade base; leaf blade ovate, suborbicular, or elliptic, 3.5–5 × 2.5–3.5 cm, abaxially pale green and pubescent, adaxially green and glabrous, base rounded, margin obtusely glandular-crenate, apex obtusely cuspidate to tapering-acuminate; secondary veins 8–12 on either side of midvein. Inflorescences corymbose-racemose, 4–5 cm, 5–8-flowered, with 2 or 3 small leaves near base; rachis glabrous; bracts brown, ovate, 0.5–1 mm in diam., membranous, apex serrate. Flowers opening ± before leaves. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Hypanthium obconical to campanulate, ca. 3 × 3 mm, outside glabrous. Sepals oblong-ovate, slightly shorter than hypanthium, margin entire, apex rounded. Petals white, obovate to shortly elliptic, ca. 5 × 4 mm, apex rounded. Stamens 20–25, slightly shorter than petals. Ovary glabrous; stigma capitate. Drupe black when ripe, subglobose, 7–8 mm in diam.; endocarp ovoid but laterally compressed, smooth. Fl. May, fr. Jul.
This species is cultivated as an ornamental and as grafting stock for other cultivated Prunoideae.
" 116090 general 218024 Rosaceae "Cerasus pseudocerasus.Trees 2–8 m tall. Bark grayish white to reddish brown. Branchlets grayish brown; young branchlets green, glabrous or pilose. Winter buds ovoid to long elliptic, glabrous or subglabrous. Stipules lanceolate to narrowly lorate, soon caducous, margin gland-tipped fimbriate. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm, glabrous or pilose, apex with 1–3 large nectaries; leaf blade ovate, oblong-ovate, or long elliptic, 5–12 × 3–6 cm, abaxially pale green and pilose along and between veins, adaxially dark green and subglabrous, base rounded, margin acutely biserrate or incised serrate, teeth with a minute apical gland; secondary veins 9–11 on either side of midvein. Inflorescences corymbose or subumbellate, 3–7-flowered; involucral bracts brown, obovate-elliptic, ca. 5 × 3 mm, margin glandular serrate. Flowers opening before leaves. Pedicel 0.8–1.9 cm, pilose. Hypanthium campanulate, 3–6 × 2–3 mm, outside pilose. Sepals triangular-ovate to ovate-oblong, 1/2 or more as long as hypanthium, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Petals white, ovate to long elliptic, apically emarginate or 2-lobed. Stamens 30–35(–50 in cultivated varieties). Style nearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Drupe red, subglobose, 0.9–1.3 cm in diam.; endocarp ± sculptured. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. May–Jun.
" 116101 general 228551 Rosaceae "Cerasus tomentosa.Shrubs usually 0.3–1 m tall, rarely arborescent and 2–3 m tall. Branchlets purplish to grayish brown; young branchlets densely tomentose or glabrous. Winter buds ovoid, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Stipules linear, 3–6 mm, villous. Petiole 2–8 mm, tomentose, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 2–7 × 1–3.5 cm, abaxially grayish green and densely gray tomentose but glabrescent, adaxially dark green and pilose, base cuneate, margin coarsely and acutely serrate, apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins 4–7 on either side of midvein. Flowers solitary or 2 in a fascicle, opening before or at same time as leaves. Pedicel almost absent to 2.5 mm. Hypanthium tubular to cup-shaped, 4–5 mm, outside pubescent or glabrous. Sepals triangular-ovate, 2–3 mm, both surfaces pubescent or glabrous, apex obtuse to acute. Petals pink or white, obovate, apex rounded. Stamens 20–25, shorter than petals. Ovary hairy or only hairy at base or apex. Style exserted, slightly longer than stamens. Drupe red, subglobose, 5–12 mm in diam.; endocarp sides sparsely ribbed. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.
This species is widely cultivated in temperate E Asia for its flowers and edible fruit.
After publication of the FOC volume, it came to our attention that Wallich's 1829 publication of the name (Numer. List no. 715. 1829) is invalid.
Trees to 10 m tall, usually producing root suckers; crown subglobular. Bark dark brown, with lateral lined lenticels, exfoliating. Branches spreading to drooping; young branchlets green, becoming reddish brown, glabrous. Stipules linear, to 8 mm, margin glandular serrate. Petiole 1–2(–5) cm, with or without 1 or 2 nectaries; leaf blade elliptic-obovate to ovate, 5–7(–12) × 3–5(–8) cm, abaxially glabrous or pubescent when young, base cuneate and often with 2–4 nectaries, margin finely biserrulate and teeth with a very short cartilaginous apical cusp, apex acuminate to tapering to a short mucro. Inflorescences umbellate, 2–4-flowered, often with erect leaflike bracts. Flowers 2–2.5 cm in diam., opening at same time as leaves. Pedicel 1.5–3.5 cm. Hypanthium campanulate to obconical, outside glabrous. Sepals triangular, reflexed, margin glandular serrate. Petals white, 1–1.3 cm. Drupe pale red, globose to apically flattened, 1.2–1.5 cm in diam.; mesocarp yellowish and sour; endocarp brown, globose, 7–8 mm in diam., smooth, adnate to mesocarp. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 32.
This species is cultivated for its fruit and as an ornamental.
" 116123 general 231426 Rosaceae "Cotoneaster acutifolius var. villosulus.Leaf blade 3–5(–6) cm, both surfaces villous, more densely so abaxially. Hypanthium densely villous abaxially. Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid, 6–7 mm in diam.
Further study is necessary to determine the identity of Cotoneaster hummelii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, a doubtful species cultivated in Göteburg Botanic Garden, which might be synonymous with this taxon.
" 116206 general 204965 Rosaceae "Crataegus pinnatifida var. major.Pedicel and peduncle pubescent, glabrate. Fruit relatively large, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.
This taxon has been long cultivated as an important fruit tree.
" 116250 general 196973 Rosaceae "Kerria japonica.Shrubs 1–2(–3) m tall. Branchlets green, usually arcuate, terete, angled when young, glabrous. Stipules deciduous after flowering, oblong-lanceolate, membranous, margin ciliate; petiole 5–15 mm, glabrous; leaf blade triangular-ovate or ovate, 3–10 × 2–4 cm, abaxially pilose on veins or in vein axils, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pilose, base subcordate, rounded, or truncate, margin sharply doubly serrate, apex acuminate. Flowers 2.5–6 cm in diam.; pedicel 8–15 mm, glabrous. Sepals persistent in fruit, ovate-elliptic, glabrous, margin serrulate or entire, apex rounded to acute. Petals broadly elliptic, 1.5–2 × 1–1.8 cm, 1–4 × as long as sepals, apex emarginate. Achenes brownish black, obovoid or hemispheric, 4–4.5 × 3.5–4 mm, rugose. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 18.
This species is used medicinally and cultivated for ornament.
" 116269 general 210065 Rosaceae "Malus asiatica.Trees small, 4–6 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown when old, terete, robust, densely pubescent when young, glabrous when old; buds grayish red, ovoid, initially densely pubescent, glabrescent. Stipules caducous, lanceolate, small, 3–5 mm, membranous, margin glandular serrate when young, apex acuminate; petiole 1.5–5 cm, puberulous; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 5–11 × 4–5.5 cm, abaxially densely puberulous, adaxially initially puberulous, glabrescent, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute or acuminate. Corymb at apices of branchlets, umbel-like, 3–5 cm in diam., 4–7(–10)-flowered; bracts caducous, lanceolate, membranous, pubescent, apex acuminate. Pedicel 1.5–2 cm, densely pubescent. Flowers 3–4 cm in diam. Hypanthium densely pubescent abaxially. Sepals triangular-lanceolate, 4–5 mm, slightly longer than hypanthium, both surfaces densely pubescent, margin entire, apex acuminate. Petals pinkish, obovate or oblong-obovate, 0.8–1.3 cm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 17–20, unequal, shorter than petals. Ovary 4- or 5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 4(or 5), longer than stamens, tomentose basally. Pome yellow or red, ovoid or subglobose, 4–5 cm in diam., impressed at base; fruiting pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm, pubescent; sepals persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*, 51*, 68*.
This species is a famous fruit tree in N and NE China. During its long cultivation, many cultivars have been bred, the fruit of which differ in shape, color, size, and ripening period.
" 116284 general 232595 Rosaceae "Malus spectabilis.Trees to 8 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown or purplish brown when old, terete, puberulous when young, glabrous when old; buds purplish brown, ovoid, sparsely pubescent. Stipules caducous, narrowly lanceolate, 4–6 mm, membranous, adaxially villous, margin entire, apex acuminate; petiole 1.5–2 cm, puberulous; leaf blade elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 5–8 × 2–3 cm, both surfaces sparsely puberulous when young, glabrescent, base broadly cuneate or subrounded, margin adpressed serrulate, apex shortly acuminate or rounded-obtuse. Corymb subumbel-like, 4–6 cm in diam., 4–6-flowered; bracts caducous, lanceolate, membranous, margin entire, apex acuminate. Pedicel 2–3 cm, pubescent. Flowers 4–5 cm in diam. Hypanthium campanulate, abaxially glabrous or white tomentose. Sepals triangular-ovate, 2–4 mm, slightly shorter than hypanthium, abaxially glabrous or pubescent, adaxially white tomentose, margin entire, apex acute. Petals white, pink in bud, ovate, 2–2.5 cm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 20–25, unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. Ovary (4- or)5-loculed; with 2 ovules per locule; styles (4 or)5, slightly longer than stamens, white tomentose basally. Pome yellow, subglobose, ca. 2 cm in diam., not impressed at apex, convex at base; fruiting pedicel 3–3.5 cm, thickened distally, subglabrous; sepals persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*, 51*.
This species is one of the most famous ornamental trees in China, widely cultivated in the E and N regions. The cultivated var. riversii (G. Kirchner) Rehder has double, pink flowers, and f. albiplena Schelle, also cultivated, has double, white flowers.
" 116475 general 221960 Rosaceae "Prunus cerasifera.Shrubs or trees, to 8 m tall. Branches dark gray, sometimes spiny; branchlets dark red, glabrous. Winter buds purple; scale margins sometimes sparsely ciliate. Stipules lanceolate, margin glandular serrulate, apex acuminate. Petiole 6–12 mm, usually glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent when young, without nectaries; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, obovate, or rarely elliptic-lanceolate, (2–)2–6 × 2–6(–6) cm, abaxially pale green and pubescent on midvein, adaxially dark green and glabrous, base cuneate to subrounded, margin crenate or sometimes doubly crenate, apex acute. Flowers solitary, rarely 2 in a fascicle, 2–2.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–2.2 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Hypanthium outside glabrous. Sepals narrowly ovate, outside glabrous, margin shallowly serrate, apex obtuse. Petals white, oblong to spatulate, base cuneate, margin undulate, apex obtuse. Stamens 25–30. Ovary villous. Stigma disc-shaped. Drupe yellow, red, or black, subglobose to ellipsoid, 2–3 cm in diam., slightly glaucous; endocarp ellipsoid to ovoid, smooth or scabrous, sometimes pitted. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug.
This species is widely cultivated throughout much of China for its fruit and flowers, with many horticultural varieties and forms. The purplish-leaved form, Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea (Jacquin) Rehder, is often planted as a garden ornamental in N China.
" 116476 general 196903 Rosaceae "Prunus domestica.Trees 6–15 m tall. Branches reddish brown, unarmed or with a few spines, glabrous; branchlets pale red to grayish green, sparsely pubescent. Winter buds reddish brown, usually glabrous. Stipules linear, margin glandular, apex acuminate. Petiole 1–2 cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade dark green, elliptic to obovate, 4–10 × 2.5–5 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent on veins, base cuneate to occasionally broadly cuneate and with a pair of nectaries, margin remote crenate, apex acute to obtuse; secondary veins 5–7 on either side of midvein. Flowers solitary or to 3 in a fascicle, on apex of short branchlets, 1–1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–1.2 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Hypanthium outside pubescent. Sepals ovate, outside pubescent, margin entire, apex acute. Petals white or occasionally greenish, obovate, base cuneate, apex rounded to obtuse. Drupe red, purple, green, or yellow, usually globose to oblong, rarely subglobose, 1–2.5 cm in diam., often glaucous; endocarp broadly ellipsoid, pitted. Fl. Mar, fr. Sep.
This species has a long history of cultivation, with many horticultural varieties. It is grown for its fruit, which are eaten fresh or made into juice or preserves.
" 116477 general 197473 Rosaceae "Prunus insititia.Shrubs or trees, to 6 m tall. Branches grayish black, glabrous, sometimes spiny; branchlets purplish brown, tomentose. Winter buds solitary or 2 parallel, purplish red, sometimes subglabrous or ciliate at scale margins. Stipules lorate, margin glandular ciliate, apex acuminate. Petiole 1–2(–2.5) cm, pubescent; leaf blade obovate, elliptic, or rarely oblong, 3.5–6(–8) × 2–4 cm, pubescent, soon glabrescent, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, base cuneate to broadly cuneate and with a pair of nectaries, margin coarsely serrate with teeth apex obtuse and gland-tipped, apex acute to obtuse; midvein and secondary veins prominent. Flowers 2(or 3) in a fascicle, rarely solitary, 2–2.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, pubescent. Hypanthium outside subglabrous. Sepals narrowly ovate to oblong, outside subglabrous, margin entire or repand, apex obtuse to shortly acute. Petals white and inconspicuously purplish veined, broadly obovate, base broadly cuneate and with a short claw, apex obtuse. Stamens 20–25. Ovary glabrous. Stigma disc-shaped. Drupe bluish black, subglobose to ovoid, 1–2.5 cm in diam., glabrous; endocarp small, ± flattened, nearly smooth. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.
This species is cultivated for its edible fruit and as grafting stock for other species of Prunoideae.
" 116480 general 199949 Rosaceae "Prunus simonii.Trees 5–8 m tall. Branches purple, glabrous; branchlets pale red, robust, glabrous. Winter buds purplish red, usually glabrous. Stipules linear, margin glandular, apex long acuminate. Petiole 1–1.3 cm, glabrous, apex often with 1 or 2 large nectaries on either side; leaf blade oblong-obovate, oblong-lanceolate, or rarely elliptic, 7–10 × 3–5 cm, glabrous, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin conspicuously crenate or sometimes inconspicuously biserrate, apex acuminate to acute; midvein and secondary veins abaxially conspicuous, adaxially conspicuously impressed, at a less than 45° angle with each other. Flowers 2 or 3 in a fascicle, rarely solitary, 1.5–2 cm in diam. Pedicel 2–5 mm, glabrous. Hypanthium outside glabrous. Sepals oblong, glabrous, margin glandular, apex obtuse. Petals white, oblong, base cuneate and shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Ovary glabrous. Stigma disc-shaped. Drupe red, appressed globose, 3–5(–6) cm in diam., glabrous; mesocarp pale yellow, fragrant; endocarp small, depressed globose, longitudinally grooved. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Jul.
This species is cultivated for its edible fruit and has many cultivars.
" 116481 general 200228 Rosaceae "Prunus spinosa.Shrubs, rarely trees, 4–8 m tall. Branches reddish brown, robust, glabrous, spiny; branchlets reddish brown, densely pubescent. Winter buds purplish red, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, margin glandular, apex acuminate. Petiole 5–7 mm, pubescent, without nectaries; leaf blade oblong-obovate, elliptic-ovate, or rarely oblong, 2–4 × 0.8–1.8 cm, abaxially yellowish green and pubescent, adaxially dark green and sparsely appressed pubescent, glabrescent, base subrounded to broadly cuneate, margin crenate or sometimes doubly crenate, apex acute to obtuse; secondary veins 4 or 5(–8) on either side of midvein. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 1–1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 6–8(–15) mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Hypanthium outside glabrous. Sepals triangular-ovate, outside glabrous, margin serrulate, apex acute. Petals white with pale purple veins, oblong, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Stamens 20–25. Ovary glabrous. Stigma capitate. Drupe black, globose, broadly ellipsoid, or conical, 1–1.5 cm in diam., glabrous, glaucous; mesocarp green; endocarp brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, ± flattened, rugose. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug.
This species is cultivated for its edible fruit and as grafting stock for other species of Prunoideae.
" 116482 general 200224 Rosaceae "Prunus ussuriensis.Trees 2.5–3 m tall. Branches grayish black, robust, glabrous; branchlets reddish brown, glabrous. Winter buds reddish brown, usually glabrous. Stipules lanceolate, margin glandular serrate, apex acuminate. Petiole glabrous, without nectaries; leaf blade obovate-oblong, rarely elliptic, 4–7(–9) × 2–4 cm, abaxially pale green and basally sparsely pubescent, adaxially dark green and basally sparsely pubescent, base cuneate to rarely broadly cuneate, margin serrate or biserrate with teeth often gland-tipped, apex caudate, acuminate, or acute; midvein and secondary veins abaxially conspicuous and raised, adaxially impressed. Flowers 2 or 3 in a fascicle, rarely solitary, 1–1.2 cm in diam. Pedicel 0.7–1.3 cm, glabrous. Hypanthium outside glabrous. Sepals oblong, glabrous, margin gland-tipped serrulate, apex acute. Petals white, oblong, base cuneate and shortly clawed, margin undulate near apex. Ovary glabrous. Stigma disc-shaped. Drupe purplish red, ovoid, subglobose, or oblong, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., glabrous; endocarp oblong, conspicuously grooved, inconspicuously pitted. Fl. Apr–May fr. Jun–Sep.
This species is resistant to extreme cold and is cultivated in N China as a frost-hardy fruit tree.
" 116499 general 214399 Rosaceae "Pyrus communis var. sativa.Trees to 15 m tall, rarely to 30 m tall, sometimes armed. Branchlets grayish brown or dark brownish red when old, glabrous or slightly pubescent when young; buds ovoid, apex obtuse, glabrous or subglabrous. Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, membranous, slightly pubescent, margin sparsely glandular denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole 1.5–5 cm, slender, slightly pubescent when young, soon glabrescent; leaf blade ovate or subrounded to elliptic, 2–5(–7) × 1.5–2.5 cm; pubescent when young, soon only abaxially pubescent along midvein, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin obtusely serrate, rarely entire, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Raceme umbel-like, 6–9-flowered, peduncle pubescent or subglabrous, bracts caducous, linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, membranous, brown pubescent, margin sparsely glandular serrate, apex acute or acuminate. Pedicel 2–3.5 cm, pubescent or subglabrous. Flowers 2.5–3 cm in diam. Hypanthium campanulate, abaxially pubescent. Sepals triangular-lanceolate, 5–9 mm, both surfaces pubescent, margin sparsely glandular denticulate when young, apex acuminate. Petals white, obovate, 1.3–1.5 × 1–1.3 cm, base shortly clawed. Stamens ca. 20, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. Ovary 5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 5, nearly as long as stamens, pubescent basally. Pome obovoid or subglobose, 3–5 × 1.5–2 cm, 5-loculed, green or yellow, rarely reddish, dotted; fruiting pedicel 2–3.5 cm, subglabrous; sepals persistent. Fl. Apr, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 34*.
This variety includes many important cultivated forms with excellent fruit.
" 116501 general 207393 Rosaceae "Pyrus pashia.Trees to 12 m tall, with branches often armed. Branchlets purplish brown or dark brown when old, terete, lanate when young, glabrous when old; buds ovoid, apex obtuse; scales puberulous along margin. Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, 4–8 mm, membranous, adaxially pubescent, margin entire, apex acuminate; petiole 1.5–3 cm, initially pilose, soon glabrescent; leaf blade ovate or narrowly ovate, rarely elliptic, 4–7 × 2–5 cm, tomentose when young, glabrescent, base rounded, rarely broadly cuneate, margin obtusely serrate, apex acuminate or acute. Raceme umbel-like, 7–13-flowered; peduncle initially tomentose, glabrescent; bracts caducous, linear, 8–10 mm, membranous, both surfaces tomentose, margin entire, apex acuminate. Pedicel 2–3 cm, initially tomentose, glabrescent. Flowers 2–5 cm in diam. Hypanthium cupular, abaxially tomentose. Sepals triangular, 3–6 mm, both surfaces tomentose, margin entire, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Petals white, obovate, 8–10 × 4–6 mm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 25–30, slightly shorter than petals. Ovary 3–5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 3–5, nearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Pome brown, with pale dots, subglobose, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; sepals caducous; fruiting pedicel 2–3 cm, subglabrous. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*.
This tree is cultivated in Yunnan, and is often used as stock for grafting pear cultivars.
" 116505 general 220400 Rosaceae "Pyrus pyrifolia.Trees to 7–15 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown or dark brown when old, terete, tawny villous or tawny tomentose when young, soon glabrescent, glabrous when old, sparsely lenticellate; buds narrowly ovoid, apex obtuse; scales tomentose at margin and apex. Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, membranous, margin villous and entire, apex acuminate; petiole 3–4.5 cm, initially tomentose, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate-elliptic or ovate, 7–12 × 4–6.5 cm, glabrous or brown lanate when young, base rounded or subcordate, rarely broadly cuneate, margin spinulose-serrate, apex acute. Raceme umbel-like, 6–9-flowered; peduncle sparsely pubescent when young; bracts caducous, linear, 1–1.4 cm, membranous, villous at margin, apex acuminate. Pedicel 3.5–5 cm; sparsely pubescent when young. Flowers 2.5–3.5 cm in diam. Hypanthium cupular, abaxially glabrous. Sepals triangular-ovate, ca. 5 mm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially brown tomentose, margin glandular denticulate, apex acuminate. Petals white, ovate, 1.5–1.7 cm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens 20, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. Ovary 5- or 4-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 5, rarely 4, nearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Pome brownish, with pale dots, subglobose, 2–2.5 cm in diam., (4- or)5-loculed; sepals caducous; fruiting pedicel 3.5–5.5 cm, subglabrous. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug. 2n = 34*, 51*.
Many varieties of pear cultivated in the regions of the Chang Jiang and Zhu Jiang rivers belong to this species.
" 116508 general 232605 Rosaceae "Pyrus ussuriensis.Trees to 15 m tall. Branchlets yellowish gray to purplish brown when young, yellowish gray or yellowish brown when old, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, sparsely lenticellate; buds ovoid, apex obtuse; scales sparsely pubescent or subglabrous at margin. Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, 0.8–1.3 cm, membranous, margin glandular denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole 2–5 cm, tomentose when young, soon glabrescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate 5–10 × 4–6 cm, glabrous or tomentose when young, soon glabrescent, base rounded or subcordate, margin long spinulose-serrate, apex shortly acuminate or caudate-acuminate. Corymb densely 5–7-flowered; peduncle tomentose when young, soon glabrescent; bracts caducous, membranous, linear-lanceolate, 1.2–1.8 cm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Pedicel 2–5 cm, tomentose, soon glabrescent. Flower 3–3.5 cm in diam. Hypanthium campanulate, abaxially glabrous or slightly tomentose. Sepals triangular-lanceolate, 5–8 mm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially tomentose, margin initially glandular denticulate, apex acuminate. Petals white, obovate or broadly ovate, ca. 1.8 × 1.2 cm, glabrous. Stamens 20, shorter than petals. Ovary 5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 5, nearly as long as stamens, sparsely pubescent near base. Pome yellow, subglobose, 2–6 cm in diam., 5-loculed; fruiting pedicel 1–3 cm, glabrous; sepals persistent. Fl. May, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 34*, 51*.
This species has many cultivated forms, the fruit of which are edible; it is commonly cultivated in N, NE, and NW China. It is often used as stock for grafting pear cultivars.
Pyrus ussuriensis var. ovoidea Rehder (J. Arnold Arbor. 2: 60. 1920) is, in fact, a cultivar of P. ussuriensis. It is characterized by its ovoid, subglobose, or ellipsoid fruit, longer fruiting pedicels (2–4 cm) and tomentose leaves and corymb.
Pyrus lindleyi Rehder (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 50: 230. 1915; P. sinensis Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 6: 396. 1826, not Dumont de Courset, 1811, nor Thouin, 1812, nor Poiret, 1816, nor P. chinensis Sprengel, 1825) might be similar to P. ussuriensis, but material was not available for study.
Shrubs 0.5–2(3) m tall. Branchlets green when young, later brown, glabrous. Stipules pilose; petiole 2–5 mm, pilose; leaf blade 4–11 × 3–6 cm, abaxially sericeous when young, sparsely pilose on veins when old, adaxially pilose when young, glabrescent later, base rounded to subcordate, apex acuminate. Flowers 3–5 cm in diam. Sepals ovate-elliptic, sparsely sericeous distally, apex acute; epicalyx segments linear, 1/5–1/4 as long as sepals. Petals obovate, 1/4–1/3 as long as sepals. Drupes 1–4, brownish black, obliquely ellipsoid, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 18.
This species is used medicinally and cultivated for ornament.
" 116514 general 197944 Rosaceae "Rosa banksiae.Shrubs evergreen, climbing, to 6 m tall. Old branches with large, rigid prickles; branchlets red-brown, terete, glabrous; prickles scattered, curved, short, to 5 mm, flat, gradually tapering to a broad base; branches of cultivated plants sometimes not prickly. Leaves including petiole 4–6 cm; stipules caducous, free, linear-lanceolate, membranous, margin entire, apex acuminate; rachis and petiole sparsely pubescent, usually lacking small prickles; leaflets 3–5, rarely 7, elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2–5 × 0.8–1.8 cm, leathery, abaxially pubescent along veins, with prominent midvein, adaxially glabrous, shiny, base subrounded or broadly cuneate, margin depressed-serrulate, apex acute or slightly acute. Flowers 4–15, in simple umbels or corymbs, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam.; pedicel 2–3 cm, glabrous; bracts caducous, linear, small. Hypanthium globose or ovoid, glabrous. Sepals 5, deciduous, ovate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially white pubescent, margin entire, apex long acuminate. Petals 5, semi-double, or double, fragrant or not, white or yellow, obovate, base cuneate, apex rounded. Carpels numerous; styles free, much shorter than stamens, densely pubescent. Hip orange or black-brown, globose or ovoid, 5–7 mm in diam., glabrous, with deciduous sepals. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 14*, 28*.
" 116561 general 200097 Rosaceae "Rosa multiflora.Shrubs climbing. Branchlets terete, usually glabrous; prickles paired below leaves, sometimes sparsely scattered, curved, to 6 mm, stout, flat, gradually tapering to broad base. Leaves including petiole 5–10 cm; stipules pectinate, mostly adnate to petiole, margin glandular-pubescent or not; rachis and petiole pubescent or glabrous, glandular-pubescent, shortly prickly; leaflets (3–)5–9, obovate, oblong, or ovate, 1–5 × 0.8–2.8 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base rounded or cuneate, margin simply serrate, apex acute or rounded-obtuse. Flowers numerous in corymb, 1.5–4 cm in diam.; pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm, puberulous, glabrous, or glandular-pubescent, margin sometimes pectinate; bracts at base of pedicel, small. Hypanthium subglobose, glabrous. Sepals 5, deciduous, lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent, margin entire or with 2 linear lobes at middle. Petals 5, semi-double or double, white, pinkish, or pink (in some cultivated plants), fragrant, obovate, base cuneate, apex emarginate. Styles connate in column, exserted, slightly longer than stamens, glabrous. Hip red-brown or purple-brown, subglobose, 6–8 mm in diam., glabrous, shiny. 2n = 14*, 21.
Two varieties are recognized here. Plants of this species from Taiwan are usually called var. formosana Cardot (Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 263. 1916), which is characterized by small leaflets, 1–3 cm × 0.8–1.5 cm, but this taxon seems to fall within the overall range of variation for var. multiflora. Two other varieties are cultivated in China, but do not occur spontaneously: var. alboplena T. T. Yü & T. C. Ku (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(4): 12. 1981), which has white, double flowers, and var. carnea Thory (in Redouté, Roses 2: 67. 1821), which has pink, double flowers.
" 116573 general 196964 Rosaceae "Rosa roxburghii.Shrubs diffuse, 1–2.5 m tall. Bark gray-brown; branchlets ascending-spreading, purple-brown, terete; prickles paired at nodes, mostly straight, to 5 mm, somewhat flat, abruptly narrowing to broad base. Leaves including petiole 5–11 cm; stipules mostly adnate to petiole, free parts subulate, margin glandular-pubescent; rachis and petioles with scattered small prickles; leaflets 9–15, elliptic or oblong, rarely obovate, 1–2 × 0.6–1.2 cm, glabrous, abaxially with prominent veins, conspicuously reticulate, base broadly cuneate, margin acutely simply serrulate, apex acute or rounded-obtuse. Flowers solitary, or 2 or 3 and fasciculate apically on branches, 4–6 cm in diam.; pedicel short; bracts 2 or 3, small, margin glandular-pubescent. Hypanthium depressed-globose, densely bristly. Sepals 5, usually broadly ovate, abaxially densely prickly, adaxially tomentose, pinnately lobed, apex acuminate. Petals 5, slightly fragrant, pink to rose-purple or reddish, obovate. Carpels on projected torus at base of hypanthium; styles free, not exserted, shorter than stamens, pubescent. Hip green-red, depressed-globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., densely prickly, with persistent, erect sepals. Fl. Mar–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.
Two forms may be recognized: f. roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm in diam., and f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm in diam. The specific epithet was spelled “roxbourgii” in the protologue.
The edible fruit are very rich in vitamins and have a sweet, sour taste; they are used medicinally and to ferment wine. The roots are also used medicinally. The species is also cultivated for ornament, for its showy flowers, or as a hedge because of its abundant prickles.
Shrubs erect, to 2 m tall. Stems fasciculate, robust; branchlets tomentose; prickles dense, yellowish, terete, straight, greatly variable in size and intermixed, to 5 mm, fine, evenly tapering to base, lower parts tomentose, intermixed with glandular bristles. Leaves including petiole 5–13 cm, thick; stipules mostly adnate to petiole, free parts ovate, abaxially tomentose, margin glandular-pubescent, apex acute; rachis and petiole tomentose, sometimes with a few, short prickles; leaflets 5–7(–9), elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 1.5–4.5 × 1–2.5 cm, abaxially tomentose, reticulate, adaxially glabrous, shiny, rugose due to concave veins, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin acutely serrate, apex acute or rounded-obtuse. Flower solitary, or several and fasciculate, axillary, 4–5.5 cm in diam.; pedicel 5–25 mm, tomentose and glandular-pubescent; bracts ovate, abaxially tomentose, margin glandular-pubescent, apex acuminate. Hypanthium subglobose, glabrous. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, often leaflike, abaxially pubescent and stipitate glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent, pinnately lobed, apex caudate-acuminate. Petals 5, double or semi-double, purple-red, dark pink, or white, obovate, base cuneate, apex emarginate. Styles free, slightly exserted, much shorter than stamens. Hip dark red, depressed-globose, 2–2.5 cm in diam., smooth, with persistent, erect sepals. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 14*.
This species has many horticultural forms widely cultivated in China. According to Fu (China Plant Red Data Book 1: 558–559. 1992), it is endangered as a wild plant by picking and uprooting.
" 116862 general 206850 Rosaceae "Sorbus vilmorinii.Shrubs or small trees, 4–6 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown to grayish brown when young, dark blackish gray when old, terete, densely rust-brown pubescent when young, gradually glabrescent; buds ovoid, 4–7 mm, apex shortly acuminate or acute; scales several, brown, rust-brown pubescent. Leaves imparipinnate, together with rachis 10–18 cm; petiole 1.2–2 cm; stipules caducous, subulate, 3–6 mm, membranous; rachis abaxially rust-brown pubescent, slightly winged, sulcate adaxially; leaflet blades 9–13-paired, at intervals of 6–12 mm, grayish green abaxially, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 1.5–2.5 × 6–10 mm, abaxially rust-brown pubescent along midvein, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin sparsely serrate apically, with 5–10 minute sharp teeth per side, usually entire basally, apex acute. Compound corymbs 5–7 × 2–5 cm, many flowered; rachis and pedicels rust-brown pubescent. Pedicel 1.5–3 mm. Hypanthium campanulate, rusty brown pubescent. Sepals triangular-ovate, 1–2 mm, apex ± obtuse. Petals white, ovate or subrounded, 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 mm, adaxially puberulous, apex obtuse. Stamens 20, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. Styles 5, slightly shorter or nearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Fruit pink, globose, 7–8 mm in diam.; sepals persistent. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 34*, 68*.
The type specimen is from an apomictic microspecies known only in cultivation, but almost indistinguishable specimens are diploid and frequent in the wild. In Sichuan, SE Xizang, and Yunnan there are similar apomictic microspecies with nearly identical fruits but larger leaflets. These are probably of hybrid origin with one parent being Sorbus vilmorinii and the other S. rehderiana or S. monbeigii. These trees have leaves 13–23(–40) cm, with 9–18 pairs of leaflets to 37(–75) × 15(–17) mm.
" 116909 general 202744 Rosaceae "Spiraea prunifolia.Shrubs to 3 m. Branchlets red-brown, turning gray-brown to black-brown when old, slender, slightly angled, pubescent initially, later gradually glabrescent; buds ovoid, small, with several scales, glabrous, apex subobtuse or subacute. Petiole 2–4 mm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–3 × 0.7–1.4 cm, pubescent on both surfaces initially, later glabrescent adaxially or on both surfaces, or glabrous, pinnately veined, base cuneate, margin minutely sharply serrate from base or above middle to apex, or 1–4-serrate on each side near apex, apex acute. Umbels sessile, 2–3 × 1.5–3 cm, 3–6-flowered, with a few clustered leaves at base; pedicels 10–24 mm, pubescent; bracts leaflike, 4–7 × 3–5 mm, puberulous on both surfaces initially, finally glabrescent, apex indistinctly minutely serrate. Flowers single in wild plants, double in cultivated plants (var. prunifolia), to 1.2 cm in diam. Hypanthium campanulate, shorter than sepals, pubescent or glabrous abaxially. Sepals triangular or ovate-triangular, 1.5–2 mm, shorter than petals, apex acute. Petals white, obovate or suborbicular, longer than sepals, glabrous. Follicles glabrous, or pubescent along adaxial suture. Fl. Mar–May.
" 132226 general 200363 Rosaceae "Armeniaca limeixing.Trees 3–4 m tall, spreading. Trunk scabrous, bark grayish brown. Perennial branches grayish brown; previous year’s branches yellowish brown on exposed side, green to reddish brown on adaxial side, glabrous, with sparse flattened orbicular lenticels. Petiole 1.8–2.1 cm, glabrous, with 2–4 nectaries; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 6–7 × 3–4 cm, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially pubescent in vein axils, base cuneate, margin shallowly obtusely dentate, apex acuminate to caudate; midvein yellowish white. Flowers solitary to 3 in clusters, opening before or at same time as leaves, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., slightly fragrant. Pedicel 3–8 mm, 4–12 mm in fruit, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Hypanthium yellowish green to reddish brown, campanulate, outside glabrous. Sepals green, rarely brown, ligulate to broadly ligulate, not reflexed after anthesis, outside glabrous, margin serrate. Petals 5(–8), white, suborbicular to elliptic, 8–10 × 7–8 mm, base shortly clawed, margin undulate, apex emarginate. Stamens 24–30, shorter than pistil; anthers yellowish. Carpel 1(or 2); ovary and base of style pubescent. Drupe yellowish white, orangish yellow, or yellowish red, subglobose to ovoid-globose, pubescent, not glaucous, with a deep suture; mesocarp yellow to orangish yellow, succulent, sweet-sour, fragrant, adnate to endocarp; endocarp compressed globose, ventral ribs obtuse, dorsal ribs acute, lateral ribs nearly absent, surface shallowly reticulate, base longitudinally shallowly furrowed, apex obtuse to acute. Seed bitter. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
This species is cultivated for its fruit and is unknown in the wild.
" 135079 general 210657 Rosaceae "Filipendula glaberrima.Plants 0.5–1.5 m tall. Stems erect, sulcate, glabrous. Stipules usually tinged brown-green, small, ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous or semimembranous, margin entire or few serrate; petiole 3–10 cm, glabrous; leaf blade pinnate, with 1–3 pairs of leaflets and intercalary segments, glabrous or abaxially sparsely pilose on veins; terminal leaflet orbicular to broadly ovate, usually palmately 5–7-lobed, 7–15 × 8–16 cm, base shallowly cordate, lobes ovate, margin doubly serrate or somewhat lobed, apex caudate-acuminate; lateral leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, small, margin doubly serrate. Inflorescence terminal or from axils of upper cauline leaves, paniculate. Flowers bisexual, 4–5 mm in diam.; pedicel glabrous. Sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous abaxially, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 4 or 5, pink to white, obovate, base shortly clawed. Achenes erect, stipitate, long ciliate along abaxial and adaxial sides. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
This species was treated in FRPS as Filipendula purpurea Maximowicz, but true ×F. purpurea is a cultivated hybrid in Japan.
" 137682 general 200220 Rosaceae "Prunus salicina var. salicina.Branchlets, petioles, pedicels, and outside surface of hypanthia glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent on veins or barbate in vein axils.
This variety is an important, temperate fruit tree widely cultivated in China and other regions of Asia, Europe, and North America.
" 138307 general 200162 Rosaceae "Rosa bracteata var. bracteata.Branchlets densely tawny pubescent, intermixed with bristles and glandular bristles.
In warm regions this variety is easily propagated and is often cultivated as a hedge; it also has ornamental use owing to its abundant, beautiful flowers.
" 138309 general 199023 Rosaceae "Rosa chinensis var. chinensis.Branches robust, often with hooked prickles. Flowers double or semi-double, several, rarely solitary. Leaflets 3–5, rarely 7, abaxially dark green. Petals red, pink or white. Sepals often with a few lobes.
A famous Chinese ornamental plant with many widely cultivated horticultural forms.
" 138409 general 232917 Rosaceae "Rubus rosifolius var. coronarius.Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel ± prickly. Flowers double, fragrant, 3–5 cm in diam.
This variety, originally described from cultivated plants in England, is now occasionally cultivated for ornamental use throughout SE Asia (Fl. Bhutan 1(3): 562. 1987).
" 175144 morphology 221166 Rosaceae "Rubus rosaefolius. Cultivated and often naturalized in certain localities within our area." 176516 ecology 420875 Rubiaceae "Xeromphis nilotica. In arid types of savanna woodland." 65928 general 421164 Rubiaceae "Galium. ""Cal-lobes none; cor rotate, with (3)4 short lobes, varying in a few spp. to cupulate or funnelform with the lobes longer than or about equaling the tube; stamens mostly shorter than the cor; ovary bilocular, with a single axile ovule in each cell; styles 2, short; stigmas capitate; fr dry or seldom fleshy, of 2 globose or subglobose carpels, or one carpel abortive; each carpel indehiscent, 1-seeded, sometimes bristly; herbs with slender, 4-angled stems and whorled lvs, the small cymose fls ebracteolate, terminating the branches or axillary. 300, cosmop.""" 66637 general 428376 Rubiaceae "Hedyotis crassifolia. ""Much branched annual 5–15 cm, the stems glabrous; basal lvs ovate to elliptic, 5–10 mm, tapering to a short petiole, scaberulous on the margin; upper lvs narrower, subsessile; fls short-styled, solitary, terminal or also from the upper axils, on peduncles 1–3 cm; sep narrowly oblong to lance-ovate, 1.2–3 mm, half to fully as long as the cor-tube; cor blue or purple with a reddish eye, salverform, the tube 2.5–5 mm, glabrous within, the limb 4–8 mm wide; fr and seeds of no. 7 [Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook.]; 2n=16. Dry soil; coastal plain from se. Va. to Tex.; inland from Ill. to Nebr., s. to Tenn. and Tex. Apr. (Houstonia minima; Houstonia patens; Houstonia pusilla)""" 66647 general 417860 Rubiaceae "Galium uniflorum. ""Stiffish evergreen perennial, diffusely branched, 1–4 dm, the slender stems glabrous; lvs in 4’s, thick, narrowly linear-oblong, 12–30 × 2–4 mm, acute, 1-nerved, minutely roughened along the margin; fls 1–3 at a node, terminating a lateral branch 1–5 mm; fr a purple-black berry 3 mm. Dry or sandy soil, especially pine-land; coastal plain from se. Va. to Tex. Summer.""" 66652 general 430536 Rubiaceae "Galium pilosum. ""Erect or ascending perennial, 2–10 dm, often with many basal branches, otherwise simple to the infl; lvs numerous, in 4’s, elliptic to oval, 1–2.5 cm, half as wide, firm, usually 3- nerved; infls terminal and from the upper axils, each divaricately 2–3-forked, the fls terminating the branchlets; fr uncinate-bristly; 2n=22. Dry woods; N.H. to Mich. and Kans., s. to Fla. and Tex. June– Aug. Most of our plants are the northern phase, var. pilosum, with the stem and lvs ± pubescent with straight hairs. The southern phase, var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray, with the stem and lvs ± pubescent with short, upwardly incurved hairs, extends n. to Mo. and on the coastal plain to s. N.J.""" 66657 general 422957 Rubiaceae "Galium latifolium. ""Perennial; stems 1.5–6 dm, smooth, or hairy at and below the nodes; lvs in 4’s, lanceolate or lance-ovate, 3–6 cm, 3–4 times as long as wide, acute or acuminate, 3- nerved, hairy on the veins and margins; infls 1–4 from each of the upper 1–3 nodes, divaricately branched; cor purple; fr smooth or granular, 3–4 mm; often only one carpel fully developed, the other maturing into a small elaiosome. Dry woods in the mts.; Pa. to Va. and Ky., s. to Ga. and Ala. June, July. Hairy-stemmed plants have been called var. hispidum Small, in contrast to the smooth-stemmed var. latifolium.""" 66660 general 429676 Rubiaceae "Galium concinnum. ""Perennial, the slender, spreading or ascending stems 2–5 dm, much branched, often sparsely retrorse-scabrous on the angles; lvs in 6’s or those of the branches in 4’s, linear or linear-elliptic, 1–2 cm, sharply acute or cuspidate, antrorsely scabrous on the margins; infls terminal and divaricately spreading from the upper axils, 2–3 times branched, the branches and short pedicels very slender; cor 4-lobed, white, 2.5–3 mm wide; fr smooth, 2 mm. Dry woods; N.J. to Minn. and Nebr., s. to Tenn. and Ark., most abundant westward. June–Aug.""" 66661 general 422950 Rubiaceae "Galium circaezans. ""Erect or ascending perennial 2–6 dm, simple or branched from the base, the stems ± pubescent; lvs in 4’s, oval, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, broadest near the middle, 2–5 × 1–2.5 cm, obtuse, 3–5-nerved; infls terminal and from the upper axils, simple or with 1 or 2 divaricate forks, the fls remote, sessile or subsessile; cor greenish-purple, pilose, the lobes acute; fr reflexed, uncinate-hispid, 3 mm; often only one carpel fully developed, the other maturing into a small elaiosome; 2n=22. Dry woods and thickets; Me. to n. Mich. and Minn., s. to Fla., Kans., and Tex. June, July. Northern plants, with ± densely hairy lvs, have been segregated as var. hypomalacum Fernald; they pass freely into the chiefly more southern var. circaezans, with more thinly hairy or glabrous lvs.""" 66662 general 401593 Rubiaceae "Galium boreale. ""Erect perennial 2–8 dm, the numerous stems commonly short- bearded just beneath the nodes, otherwise glabrous or scaberulous; lvs in 4’s, glabrous or scabrous, lance- linear, 1.5–4.5 cm, 3-nerved, the tip minutely rounded, not mucronate; sterile axillary branches with smaller lvs often developed; fls numerous in terminal, rather showy cymose panicles, with white or slightly creamy cor 3.5–7 mm wide; fr 2 mm, glabrous or with short, straight or curled (not hooked) hairs; 2n=44, 66. In a wide variety of not too dry habitats; circumboreal, s. in Amer. to Del., Ky., Mo. and Calif. June, July.""" 66710 general 427953 Rubiaceae "Diodia teres. ""Annual with prostrate to spreading or ascending stems 2–8 dm; lvs stiff, sessile, linear to narrowly lanceolate, 2–4 cm, scabrous, aristate; stipules 4–10 mm, with a short sheath and 5–8 ascending or erect setaceous bristles; fls in many of the upper axils; sep 4, lanceolate, 2 mm; cor funnelform, white to pale purple, 5–6 mm; style capitate; fr obovoid, hairy, 2.5–6 mm, crowned by the persistent sep; 2n=28. Dry or sandy soil, often weedy; s. N. Engl. to s. Wis., Io. and Kans., s. to trop. Amer. June–Sept. (Diodella t.)""" 68303 general 413177 Rubiaceae "Sherardia arvensis. ""Fls 4(–6)-merous; sep erect; cor funnelform with slender tube; stamens about equaling the cor-lobes; ovary bilocular, with a single axile ovule in each locule; style unequally bifid; fr dry, longitudinally 2-ribbed, crowned by the persistent sep; herbs with whorled lvs and small fls in terminal heads, surrounded by an involucre of lanceolate, basally connate lvs. Monospecific.""" 69194 general 427958 Rubiaceae "Diodia. ""Fls mostly 4-merous; sep 2–4, sometimes very unequal; cor salverform or funnelform, with slender tube and 4 short lobes; ovary bilocular, with a single axile ovule in each locule; fr dry, splitting into 2 nutlets; herbs, ours low and branched, with narrow lvs and small fls sessile in the axils. 50, mainly warm regions.""" 70294 general 432598 Rubiaceae "Hedyotis longifolia. ""Stems numerous from a fibrous-rooted perennial base, simple or branched above, 1–2.5 dm, glabrous or finely hairy, especially at the nodes; lvs sessile, broadly linear to narrowly oblong, 10–30 × 2–5 mm, narrowed to the base, glabrous or nearly so, 1-nerved; fls short-pediceled, numerous in loose or crowded terminal cymes, heterostylic; sep lance-linear, 1–2 mm, in fr equaling or exceeding the capsule; cor purplish to white, hairy within, funnelform, 5.5–9 mm, the lobes half as long as the tube; stamens, frs and seeds of no. 1 [Hedyotis canadensis (Willd.) Fosberg]; 2n=12, 24. Dry, commonly gravely or sterile soil; Me. to Ont. and Sask., s. to S.C., Miss., and Ark. June–Aug. (Houstonia l.)""" 70295 general 432654 Rubiaceae "Hedyotis nigricans. ""Taprooted perennial; stems few or several, 2–6 dm, ± erect, branched from the base, often somewhat hairy below; lvs linear, sessile, mostly 20–30 × 1–3 mm, 1- nerved, slightly roughened, often with axillary fascicles; middle and upper stipules setiform or bristle- tipped; fls very numerous, on pedicels to 5 mm (some sessile), forming a crowded cymose panicle, heterostylic; sep narrowly triangular, often ciliate, 1–2 mm; cor purple to nearly white, hairy within, funnelform, 5–8 mm, the lobes two-thirds as long as the tube; fr obovoid-cylindric, narrowed to the base, two-thirds inferior, 2.5–3.5 mm; stamens and seeds of no. 1 [Hedyotis canadensis (Willd.) Fosberg]; 2n=18, 20. Dry soil and barrens; O. and Ind. to s. Mich., Io., and Nebr., s. to Fla. and Mex. June–Aug. (Houstonia n.; Houstonia angustifolia)""" 70296 general 432668 Rubiaceae "Hedyotis nuttalliana. ""Fibrous-rooted perennial 1.5–5 dm; stems diffusely branched, very slender, glabrous or minutely hairy on the angles; lvs linear, 1.5–4 cm × 1–3 mm, tapering to the base, 1-nerved, glabrous or nearly so; pedicels capillary, 5–15 mm; fls heterostylic; sep lance-linear, 1–2 mm at anthesis; cor purple, hairy within, funnelform, 5.5–7 mm, the lobes half as long as the tube; frs 1.8–2.8 mm, otherwise as in no. 1 [Hedyotis canadensis (Willd.) Fosberg]; stamens and seeds of no. 1. Dry soil; Pa. to Mo. and Okla., s. to Va., Ga., and Tex. May–July. (Houstonia tenuifolia)""" 70297 general 432721 Rubiaceae "Hedyotis purpurea. ""Stems usually several from a fibrous-rooted perennial base, simple or branched above, 1.5–5 dm, villous, especially below, to glabrous; lvs sessile, ovate to lance-oblong, 20–50 × 5–30 mm, rounded to subcordate at base, 3–5-nerved; fls numerous in terminal cymes, short- pediceled, heterostylic; sep lanceolate, 1.7–6.5 mm at anthesis, sometimes ciliate; cor purple to nearly white, hairy within, funnelform, 5.5–9.5 mm, the lobes half as long as the tube; stamens, frs and seeds of no. 1 [Hedyotis canadensis (Willd.) Fosberg]; 2n=12, 24. Dry woods, pine-barrens, prairies, and bottomlands; N.J. to Io., s. to Ga., Miss., and Tex. May–July. (Houstonia p.; Houstonia lanceolata)""" 108850 general 409295 Rubiaceae "Asperula.Subshrubs, perennial, or annual herbs. Raphides present. Leaves opposite, usually with leaflike stipules in whorls of 4-14, sessile to shortly petiolate, without domatia; leaflike stipules rarely reduced. Inflorescences thyrsoid, paniculiform to capitate, with terminal and often also axillary pedunculate to sessile cymes, bracteate with bracts often fused and sometimes involucral. Flowers pedicellate to sessile, with prophylls, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb reduced, practically absent. Corolla blue, pink, purple, or yellow to greenish or white, salverform, funnelform, campanulate, or sometimes rotate, glabrous inside; lobes 4 or 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted in corolla tube, exserted (or sometimes included); filaments developed to short; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary inferior (hypanthium), 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, erect and axile; stigma globose to clavate, often 2-lobed, included or exserted. Fruit schizocarpous, generally didymous, dry; mericarps 2, indehiscent, with 1 seed, subglobose, ellipsoid-oblong, or reniform, smooth to tuberculate, glabrous to pubescent (but never with uncinate hairs); seeds small, with membranous testa; endosperm corneous; embryo curved; cotyledons leaflike; radicle terete, hypogynous.
About 200 species: widespread throughout N Africa, C and SW Asia, and Europe, extending into Australia and New Zealand, greatest species diversity in the dry regions of SW Asia and the E Mediterranean; two species (one introduced) in China.
The circumscription and relationships of Asperula were discussed most recently by Ehrendorfer et al. (Fl. Iranica 176: 105-161. 2005). Short references to the position of the genus within the Rubieae-Rubiinae are found in the introduction to the genus Galium of the present volume and its Chinese species are keyed out there.
Originally, the Linnaean genera Asperula and Galium were separated from each other on the basis of their salverform to campanulate vs. rotate corollas only. Sixty years of critical morphological and later DNA-analytical studies (see Natali et al., Opera Bot. Belg. 7: 193-203. 1996; Soza & Olmstead, Taxon 59: 755-771. 2010) have shown that this differentiation often does not reflect true phylogenetic relationships. In some obvious cases (e.g., A. odorata Linnaeus to G. odoratum (Linnaeus) Scopoli in G. sect. Hylaea (Grisebach) Ehrendorfer or G. purpureum Linnaeus to A. purpurea (Linnaeus) Ehrendorfer in A. sect. Thliphthisa Grisebach), the problem could be solved by a simple nomenclatorial transfer, but in several other cases the problems persist. Even after an effort to redefine the two genera with the help of the presence of prophylls (bracteoles) at the pedicels in Asperula vs. their absence in Galium (Ehrendorfer et al., Fl. Europaea 4: 3-38. 1976) the two genera are still phylogenetically interdigitated and heterogeneous. Thus, one is still left with a partly provisional classification of Asperula as proposed by Ehrendorfer et al. (loc. cit. 2005). Here, we follow FRPS (71(2): 213. 1999) and do not combine the genus Leptunis with Asperula (as in loc. cit. 2005).
As in Galium, the sectional classification of Asperula by Ehrendorfer et al. (loc. cit. 2005) does not fully agree with that of Pobedimova et al. (Fl. URSS 23: 205-285. 1958), which was followed by FRPS. In particular, Ehrendorfer et al. (loc. cit. 2005: 131-142, 157-158) placed A. oppositifolia in A. sect. Oppositifoliae Schishkin ex Schönbeck-Temesy and A. orientalis in A. sect. Asperula (A. sect. Sherardianae Candolle). The two species are keyed out below but are also included in the key to all taxa of Chinese Rubieae found in the present volume under Galium.
Shrubs or trees, unarmed; buds conical. Raphides absent. Leaves verticillate or opposite, distichous, usually with domatia; stipules persistent [or sometimes caducous], interpetiolar, triangular, at apex sometimes with a black gland. Inflorescences terminal and sometimes in axils of uppermost leaves, capitate with several globose heads, many flowered, pedunculate, bracteate; bracteoles clavate to clavate-spatulate. Flowers sessile, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb 4(or 5)-lobed. Corolla white to cream, salverform to funnelform, variously pubescent inside; lobes 4, imbricate (and quincuncial) in bud. Stamens 4, inserted in corolla throat, partially exserted; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed, bifid at base. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, apical and pendulous, anatropous; stigma clavate to capitate, exserted. Fruiting heads globose. Fruit schizocarpous, obconic to turbinate, dry, with calyx limb persistent; mericarps 2, indehiscent, with 1 seed, obconic, stiffly papery; seeds medium-sized, oblong-ellipsoid, with white spongy aril.
Six species: three in the Americas, two in Asia, one in Africa; one species in China.
" 109203 general 425719 Rubiaceae "Clarkella.Small herbs from tubers, apparently perennial, unarmed, usually with a cluster of prophylls at stem base. Raphides present. Leaves opposite, isophyllous or sometimes markedly anisophyllous at basalmost node, without domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar and fused to petioles, triangular, perhaps sometimes glandular on margins. Inflorescences terminal, cymose, umbelliform, or subfasciculate, few to several flowered, pedunculate or sessile and tripartite, bracteate. Flowers pedicellate, bisexual with biology unknown. Calyx limb well developed, markedly reticulate veined, 5(-7)-lobed for ca. 1/2 length. Corolla white, slenderly salverform or funnelform-salverform, glabrous inside; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla tube, included; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell on axile placentas inserted not far below middle of septum; disk pilosulous; stigma 2-lobed, pubescent. Fruit indehiscent, obconical, dry, with funnelform calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, small, subellipsoid, black papillose or -granular.
One species: China, N India, N Myanmar, Thailand.
This is a poorly known species or genus that apparently prefers wet limestone substrates and is similar to Pseudopyxis.
" 109234 general 421062 Rubiaceae "Coffea.Shrubs or small trees, unarmed, often resinous on young growth; lateral branches usually spreading horizontally. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite or rarely in whorls of 3, distichous at least on lateral branches, often with foveolate and/or pilosulous domatia; stipules persistent, shortly united around stem, generally triangular, sometimes aristate. Inflorescences axillary, in each axil with 1 to several capitate to fasciculate, 1- to several-flowered cymes, these sessile to shortly pedunculate, bracteate; bracts often fused in cupulate pairs (i.e., forming a calyculus). Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb obsolete or occasionally truncate or 4-6-toothed. Corolla white or pink, salverform or funnelform, inside glabrous or villous in throat; lobes 4-9, convolute in bud. Stamens 4-8, inserted in corolla throat, exserted; filaments absent or short; anthers dorsifixed near base. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, attached at middle of septum; stigma 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit red, yellow, orange, blue, or black, drupaceous, globose to ellipsoid, fleshy or infrequently dry, with calyx limb when developed persistent; pyrenes 2, each 1-celled, with 1 seed, plano-convex, leathery or papery, on ventral (i.e., adaxial) face with longitudinal groove; seeds medium-sized to large, longitudinally grooved on ventral face; radicle terete, basiscopic.
About 103 species: native to tropical Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands, several species and hybrids cultivated in moist tropical regions worldwide; five species (all introduced) in China.
Several species of Coffea are widely cultivated as a source of the drink coffee, a leading world commodity. Species limits and identifications are often difficult for wild plants, due to the complexity of the genus, its evolutionary behavior, and its numerous reduced morphological features; and the taxonomy of cultivated plants is additionally complicated by extensive, sometimes poorly documented hybridization for crop improvement during several centuries. The genus is native to Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarenes; plants found outside this region are cultivated. Cultivated plants of Coffea generally persist after active cultivation is abandoned but do not generally establish growing permanent populations or spread. Cultivated Coffea is surveyed usefully by Purseglove (Trop. Crops: Dicot. 451-492. 1968). Coffea arabica is the most valuable species, producing highest quality coffee; this is a tetraploid species (Stoffelen et al., Opera Bot. Belg. 7: 237-248. 1996). Coffea canephora is generally the most productive species, producing a lower quality coffee; this is a diploid species (Purseglove, loc. cit.: 482-488). Coffea liberica also produces a lower quality coffee than C. arabica, is also diploid (Purseglove, loc. cit.: 488-491), and is less often cultivated. W. C. Ko (in FRPS 71(2): 22-25. 1999) additionally treated two species, C. congensis and C. stenophylla, that have been hybridized with commercial coffee (Purseglove, loc. cit.: 458) and may persist from old plantations, but these are also two names that have been widely confused in cultivation with C. arabica and C. canephora (Davis et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152: 483, 497. 2006). Some frequently used synonymous names are included here for reference.
Coffea is similar to Psilanthus J. D. Hooker, and some species have been variously treated in each genus depending on the current circumscriptions. Davis et al. (Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 104: 398-420. 2005) addressed this problem and concluded by separating the genera; in their circumscription Psilanthus is not known from China. Traditional Coffea descriptions often retain characters of Psilanthus, including that of W. C. Ko (loc. cit.: 20-25). Coffea benghalensis B. Heyne ex Schultes and C. jenkin
Herbs, annual or perennial, prostrate, unarmed. Raphides present. Leaves opposite, usually relatively small, without domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar and frequently fused to petioles, triangular, entire to erose, often scarious. Inflorescences terminal or displaced to pseudoaxillary, 1-flowered, ebracteate, subsessile or pedunculate. Flowers bisexual, remarkably reduced. Calyx with ovary portion sometimes papillose-villous with distinctive flattened trichomes; limb tubular, 5-lobed or -toothed. Corolla white to pink, funnelform, inside frequently pubescent in throat; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at middle or perhaps base of corolla tube, included; filaments short; anthers basifixed or perhaps dorsifixed, included. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell inserted on axile subglobose placentas; stigmas 2, filiform, included. Fruit indehiscent, subglobose to ellipsoid, dry, papery, sometimes papillose-villous with distinctive flattened trichomes, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, small, angled; testa granulate; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute.
About ten species: S Asia to Oceania, with one species apparently adventive in North America; one species in China.
The seeds and capsules of this species were described in detail by Terrell and Robinson (J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 373-384. 2007).
" 109685 general 421164 Rubiaceae "Galium.Subshrubs to perennial or annual herbs. Stems often weak and clambering, often notably prickly or "sticky" (i.e., retrorsely aculeolate, "velcro-like"). Raphides present. Leaves opposite, mostly with leaflike stipules in whorls of 4, 6, or more, usually sessile or occasionally petiolate, without domatia, abaxial epidermis sometimes punctate- to striate-glandular, mostly with 1 main nerve, occasionally triplinerved or palmately veined; stipules interpetiolar and usually leaflike, sometimes reduced. Inflorescences mostly terminal and axillary (sometimes only axillary), thyrsoid to paniculiform or subcapitate, cymes several to many flowered or infrequently reduced to 1 flower, pedunculate to sessile, bracteate or bracts reduced especially on higher order axes [or bracts sometimes leaflike and involucral], bracteoles at pedicels lacking. Flowers mostly bisexual and monomorphic, hermaphroditic, sometimes unisexual, andromonoecious, occasionally polygamo-dioecious or dioecious, pedicellate to sessile, usually quite small. Calyx with limb nearly always reduced to absent; hypanthium portion fused with ovary. Corolla white, yellow, yellow-green, green, more rarely pink, red, dark red, or purple, rotate to occasionally campanulate or broadly funnelform; tube sometimes so reduced as to give appearance of free petals, glabrous inside; lobes (3 or)4(or occasionally 5), valvate in bud. Stamens (3 or)4(or occasionally 5), inserted on corolla tube near base, exserted; filaments developed to ± reduced; anthers dorsifixed. Inferior ovary 2-celled, ± didymous, ovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, smooth, papillose, tuberculate, or with hooked or rarely straight trichomes, 1 erect and axile ovule in each cell; stigmas 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit on pedicels sometimes elongating during development, green, gray, or infrequently white (to red, orange, or black), mostly dry to leathery schizocarps, infrequently spongy, rarely ± fleshy and berrylike, ellipsoid to subglobose; schizocarps separating into 2 indehiscent mericarps, each with 1 seed, subglobose, ellipsoid-oblong, or reniform, smooth and glabrous to tuberculate and/or covered with trichomes often hooked and clinging; seeds small, grooved ventrally (i.e., adaxially); testa membranous; endosperm corneous; embryo curved; cotyledons leaflike; radicle terete, inferior.
More than 600 species: worldwide, mostly in meridional to temperate but also in alpine and arctic regions or in subtropical and tropical zones at higher elevations; 63 species (23 endemic, four of unconfirmed occurrence) in China.
Galium is by far the largest and most widespread genus within the tribe Rubieae (subfamily Rubioideae). According to the most recent contributions (Natali et al., Opera Bot. Belg. 7: 193-203. 1996; Ehrendorfer et al., Fl. Iranica 176: 1-287. 2005; Bremer & Eriksson, Int. J. Pl. Sci. 170: 766-793. 2009; Soza & Olmstead, Taxon 59: 755-771. 2010), this tribe is closest to Theligoneae, Putorieae, and Paederieae, and includes the following genera treated (or mentioned) in the present flora: Asperula, Cruciata Miller, Galium, Kelloggia, Leptunis, Microphysa, Phuopsis, Rubia, and Sherardia Linnaeus.
So far, the genera Cruciata and Sherardia have not been found in China yet but may be expected there because of their partly weedy character and widely adventive occurrence. They are included in the key below for future reference but not among the full generic presentations. Sherardia arvensis Linnaeus is widely distributed in warm temperate and high-elevation tropical regions and can be separated from Asperula, Phuopsis, Leptunis, or Galium by its terminal capitate inflorescences enclosed by leaflike bracts, its clearly developed calyx with 6 acute lobes, and its pink or violet corollas with well-developed funnelform tubes and 4 lobes.
Among the few Cruciata species, the W
Herbs, perennial, sometimes slightly woody at base; rootstock slender, with short rhizomatous and somewhat woody branches and with ascending or erect stems. Raphides present. Leaves opposite, decussate, subsessile, without domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar, hardly fused to petioles, triangular to linear or ± irregularly divided and often mutifid to fimbriate. Inflorescences thyrsoid, with terminal and axillary branches at uppermost nodes, pedunculate cymes often with umbelliform flower groups, not rarely with new axes developing and older axes elongating making inflorescences expansive, lax, few to many flowered and bracteate; uppermost bracts often reduced to multifid or fimbriate stipules. Flowers pedicellate, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx teeth 4 or 5, narrowly lanceolate, hardly fused at base. Corolla white to pink or red, funnelform, divided to ca. 1/2 into 4 or 5 lobes, glabrous inside and valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted in corolla throat, finally slightly exserted; filaments flattened; anthers dorsifixed near base. Ovary inferior, densely covered with hooked trichomes, 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, erect, basal; style with 2 short, linear stigmas, exserted. Fruit with calyx teeth ± persistent, schizocarpous, dividing into 2 oblong to ellipsoid, leathery and indehiscent mericarps, densely covered with hooked trichomes; each mericarp with 1 medium-sized, ellipsoid and plano-convex seed; endosperm fleshy; embryo large; cotyledons leaflike; radicle hypogeous.
Two species: disjunct, one in China and Bhutan, the other in W North America (Mexico, United States); one species in China.
In general aspect, Kelloggia resembles Galium, particularly with respect to the inferior ovary (hypanthium) developing into dry schizocarps covered with hooked trichomes. Presumably, these fruit disperse similarly to those of Galium as "stick-tights," by attaching to animals. In contrast to Galium and other Rubiinae, Kelloggia has 3-colpate (and not polycolpate) pollen grains, calyx teeth, and not leaflike interpetiolar stipules, making sterile plants resemble Nertera and Neanotis. In spite of these differences, Robbrecht and Manen (Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 76: 85-146. 2006) have transferred Kelloggia from the tribe Paederieae to the tribe Rubieae as a monotypic and basal subtribe Kelloggiinae. We concur with this transfer but not with the inclusion of the totally different Theligonum into the Rubieae, which should be left in a separate tribe, Theligoneae (see also Bremer & Eriksson, Int. J. Pl. Sci. 170: 766-793. 2009). Kelloggia and all other Chinese Rubieae taxa have been briefly discussed and keyed out under Galium in the present volume.
All generic descriptions of Kelloggia give the number of calyx and corolla lobes as "4 or 5," implying that both conditions are equally common as apparently is the case in the North American species. However, all the Asian specimens studied have 5 calyx and corolla lobes, as shown in the FRPS illustration (71(2): 157, t. 41. 1999) and described by Springate et al. (Fl. Bhutan 2(2): 822. 1999).
The morphology, circumscription, biogeography, and molecular phylogeny of Kelloggia were studied by Nie et al. (Amer. J. Bot. 92: 642-452. 2005). They concluded that the two species of the genus are most closely related to each other, that Kelloggia arrived in North America through long-distance dispersal from Asia, and that it occupies a basal position within Rubieae.
Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, unarmed. Raphides present. Leaves opposite or sometimes ternate, without domatia; stipules persistent or deciduous, interpetiolar and fused to petioles and/or shortly united around stem, 2-6-lobed or -setose, with apices of segments or setae usually glandular. Inflorescences terminal, thyrsiform, subcapitate, cymose, or often corymbiform with axes sometimes elongating and becoming racemiform with age, several to many flowered, pedunculate or sessile, bracteate. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, bisexual, distylous. Calyx limb 4-lobed; lobes sometimes unequal. Corolla white, pink, lilac, or violet, funnelform, salverform, or tubular, with shape sometimes differing between long-styled and short-styled forms, lanate inside tube; lobes 4, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted in corolla throat or near middle of corolla tube, included or exserted; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, apical; stigma 2-lobed, exserted or included. Fruit schizocarpous, ovoid to ellipsoid, sometimes laterally compressed and/or didymous, dry, with calyx limb persistent; mericarps 2, ellipsoid, indehiscent, with 1 seed, early to tardily separating from base upward and falling together with or separately from a carpophore, with carpophore variously filiform and basal to comprising entire enlarged septum; seeds medium-sized, oblong-ellipsoid, compressed; testa thin; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons thin; radicle ascending.
Seven to nine species: tropical Asia and Oceania; two species in China.
Knoxia was revised by Bhattacharjee and Deb (J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 6(1): 73-96. 1985), who recognized seven species. Then, it was reviewed anecdotally by Puff and Robbrecht (Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 110: 511-558. 1989), who circumscribed it differently and included nine species. The treatment by W. C. Ko (in FRPS 71(2): 3-7. 1999) differed markedly from these others; it did not cite these authors so presumably Ko had not seen their works. In particular, these other authors considered K. sumatrensis to be a wide-ranging, morphologically variable species and included as synonyms of var. sumatrensis two species that were separated by Ko, K. corymbosa and K. mollis. Because it was based on geographically broader studies of more literature and many more specimens from the type regions, Puff and Robbrecht’s taxonomy is used here.
W. C. Ko (loc. cit.: 4) described the fruit as capsules and the seeds as having a thick stipe, but the fruit of Knoxia have more often been described within Rubiaceae as schizocarps with carpophores, as noted here.
Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous. Raphides present. Stems rough. Leaves and leaflike stipules of middle stem region in whorls of 4, without domatia, sessile or subsessile. Inflorescences terminal, thyrsoid, corymbose, cymes pedunculate, several to many flowered, bracteate but bracteoles strongly reduced. Flowers sessile to pedicellate, remarkably small, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb obsolete. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, glabrous; lobes 4, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted on upper part of corolla tube, exserted; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary (hypanthium) with 2 cells, each with 1 erect ovule inserted at base of placenta; stigma 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit indehiscent or tardily schizocarpous, dry, with pericarp leathery and inflated (i.e., bladderlike) and usually including both seeds at dispersal; seeds small, ellipsoid-oblong or plano-convex, grooved on ventral (i.e., adaxial) side; testa membranous; endosperm corneous; embryo curved; cotyledons leaflike; radicle terete, hypogynous.
One species: NW China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.
Microphysa was originally described as Asperula elongata. Its subsequent generic separation by Schrenk (Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 2: 116. 1844) was justified by its peculiar fruit structure. Only much later, Ehrendorfer et al. (Fl. Iranica 176: 161-258. 2005) postulated that Microphysa (as well as A. platygalium and A. maximoviczii: see under Galium), in spite of their funnel-shaped corollas, phylogenetically belong to G. sect. Platygalium (usually with rotate corollas), a section to which they correspond in all remaining essential characters. In the aberrant fruit of Microphysa the two parts of the inferior ovary do not develop into separate mericarps, each with its own pericarp, but remain united within a ± inflated leathery and common pericarp. Nevertheless, this peculiar development is not limited to Microphysa but, according to personal observations (F. Ehrendorfer), also occurs sporadically within populations of the G. boreale-G. rubioides group (corresponding to the series G. ser. Rubioidea Pobedimova and G. ser. Borealia Pobedimova within G. sect. Platygalium; cf. Pobedimova et al., Fl. URSS 23: 345-354. 1958). Thus, on the basis of available evidence, the single species of Microphysa should be placed into G. sect. Platygalium.
Considering that Microphysa was separated as a monotypic genus by Pobedimova (loc. cit.) and by H. S. Lo (in FRPS 71(2): 318. 1999), and that DNA-analytical proof for its transfer to Galium sect. Platygalium is still lacking, the genus is maintained here provisionally. Furthermore, its possible future transfer will make a new species name necessary, because "elongata" has been used already for another taxon within Galium.
Small shrubs, subshrubs, or large herbs, unarmed, often succulent; bark often soft or spongy, usually grayish white. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, apparently without domatia, sometimes with crisped margins; stipules persistent or deciduous, interpetiolar, generally triangular, often closely densely parallel- to palmately veined, entire or shortly bilobed. Inflorescences terminal and/or pseudoaxillary, laxly cymose or usually congested-cymose to subcapitate, several to many flowered, sessile to pedunculate, bracteate with bracts usually well developed, often densely veined to stipuliform, sometimes outermost (i.e., basalmost) 4 or 6 bracts shortly fused at base into an involucre. Flowers sessile to pedicellate, bisexual, distylous. Calyx limb 5-lobed; lobes often densely parallel-veined. Corolla white or yellow, tubular to salverform, villous in throat; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in corolla tube, included or perhaps partially exserted; filaments short; anthers apparently dorsifixed, included. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell on presumably axile placentas; stigma 2-lobed with lobes linear, included or shortly exserted. Fruit white, baccate, fleshy to rather dry, ovoid to globose, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, small, angled, with endosperm fleshy; embryo small; testa areolate.
About 14 species: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Vietnam; four species (one endemic) in China.
H. S. Lo (in FRPS 71(1): 309. 1999) described the inflorescences as sometimes axillary, but this has not been noted elsewhere; the term here may be used to include the position separated elsewhere as "pseudoaxillary." Lo also reported that the anthers are sometimes partially exserted in long-styled flowers of Myrioneuron faberi and M. effusum (loc. cit.: 310, 313), which is a new condition not previously noted for the genus.
The number of pairs of lateral leaf veins described by H. S. Lo (loc. cit.: 310-313) for Myrioneuron species and used in part to distinguish species does not correspond to the secondary veins on specimens cited and apparently includes both secondary and intersecondary veins; thus, the counts disagree with those of Wright (Fl. Bhutan 2(2): 786. 1999, M. nutans) and the illustrations of Fu and Hong (Higher Pl. China 10: 577-578. 2004), which consider only the secondary veins as done by most Rubiaceae authors.
Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous. Raphides present. Leaves and leaflike stipules in whorls of 6-10, sessile, without domatia, with margins minutely antrorsely aculeolate. Inflorescences terminal, pedunculate, capitate, ± many flowered, enclosed by a whorl of free leaflike bracts, flowers subtended by acuminate bracts. Flowers sessile, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb obsolete. Corolla pink, slender, salverform, inside glabrous; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in corolla tube, included to partially exserted; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled, smooth, ovules 1 in each cell, erect, basal, anatropous; stigma clavate, shortly 2-lobed at apex, strongly exserted. Fruit schizocarpous, 2 mericarps ellipsoid to obovoid, dry, rather hard, indehiscent, 1-celled, each with 1 ellipsoid to curved, smooth to striate seed.
One species: SW Asia (Azerbaijan, NW Iran), occasionally cultivated as an ornamental in China.
Phuopsis belongs to the core genera of the tribe Rubieae (subtribe Rubiinae). Remote and DNA-supported affinities exist with Crucianella, some groups of Asperula, and particularly with the widespread annual Sherardia. In the present volume Phuopsis is briefly discussed in the introduction to the genus Galium and keyed out there. Phuopsis is a monotypic relict genus restricted to the small Hyrcanian area of NW Iran and Talysh in S Azerbaijan (Ehrendorfer et al., Fl. Iranica 176: 1-287. 2005). Its single species has secondary pollen presentation and is butterfly-pollinated.
" 110814 general 414424 Rubiaceae "Richardia.Herbs, annual or perennial, unarmed. Raphides present. Leaves opposite, without domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar and fused to petioles or leaf bases, truncate to rounded, setose. Inflorescences terminal, capitate, several to many flowered, pedunculate and enclosed by paired leaflike bracts (or sessile with involucral leaves in other morphological interpretations), bracteate. Flowers sessile, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx with ovary portion turbinate to globose, limb deeply 4-8-lobed. Corolla white or pink, funnelform, inside glabrous or pubescent at throat; lobes 4-6, valvate in bud. Stamens 3, 4, or 6, inserted in corolla throat, exserted; filaments developed; anthers dorsifixed near middle. Ovary 3- or 4-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, axile and attached at middle of septum; stigmas 3 or 4, linear or spatulate, exserted. Fruit schizocarpous, subglobose to obovoid or tricoccous, dry, bony, with calyx limb deciduous; mericarps 3 or 4, indehiscent, 1-celled with 1 seed, ellipsoid to angled, usually papillose to muricate on dorsal surface (i.e., abaxially) and with 1 or more grooves and sometimes papillose to muricate on ventral surface (i.e., adaxially); seeds medium-sized, ellipsoid to plano-convex; endosperm corneous; cotyledon leaflike; radicle cylindrical, hypogeous.
Fifteen species: widespread in the Antilles and North and South America, three species naturalized in the Old World tropics; two species (both introduced) in China.
As noted by Chaw and Peng (J. Taiwan Mus. 40: 71-83. 1987), Asian collections of Richardia have long been confused in herb. with various other weedy Rubiaceae. Richardia was studied in detail by Lewis and Oliver (Brittonia 26: 271-301. 1974). The synonymous name Richardsonia has frequently been used for this genus, including in older references about invasive weeds. H. S. Lo (in FRPS 71(2): 203. 1999) described the flowers as sometimes polygamo-dioecious, but the origin of this description is unknown. Lewis and Oliver did not report this condition, although they did mention that the plants frequently have both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. H. S. Lo also described the anthers as dorsifixed near the base, but other authors have all considered them to be dorsifixed near the middle, which agrees with specimens studied.
Richardia stellaris (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) Steudel is naturalized in Australia and perhaps may be expected in China; it can be recognized by its narrowly triangular to narrowly elliptic, sharply acute leaves.
Small shrubs, usually much branched, unarmed, fetid when bruised, usually with short shoots. Raphides present. Leaves opposite but often crowded and apparently verticillate, decussate, without domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar and often fused to petioles, generally triangular to truncate, with 1-8 bristles. Inflorescences terminal on principal stems and/or terminal on axillary short shoots and apparently axillary, capitate and several flowered or reduced to 1 flower, sessile, bracteate. Flowers sessile or subsessile, bisexual, distylous. Calyx limb 4-6-lobed essentially to base. Corolla white to pink, funnelform or tubular-funnelform, inside villous in tube; lobes 4-6, valvate-induplicate in bud, with margins sometimes crisped. Stamens 4-6, inserted in upper part of corolla tube, included or exserted; filaments short to developed, anthers dorsifixed near base. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, erect, basal; stigma 2-lobed, included or exserted. Fruit drupaceous or tardily capsular, obconic to obovoid, leathery to apparently dry, tardily dehiscent septicidally then loculicidally across top, with calyx limb persistent and often enlarging and becoming spiny; pyrenes 2, 1-celled, each with 1 seed, oblong to obovoid, longitudinally densely ridged.
One or two species: China, Japan, Nepal, Vietnam; one or two species (one endemic) in China.
Puff et al. (Rubiaceae of Thailand, 232. 2005) reported that the fruit of Serissa are dehiscent through an apical operculum, releasing two 1-seeded pyrenes; the fruit of the Chinese specimens studied appear to split across the top and partly down the sides to release the obovoid striate pyrenes through the top or disk portion (i.e., the apical section inside the calyx limb), which may correspond to the dehiscence described by Puff et al. The leaf and flower size and pubescence appear to be widely variable, which probably has fueled the selection that has produced a wide range of cultivated forms. Serissa is widely cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions for its foliage, both variegated and solid, and showy flowers, including frequently as bonsai plants. Normally the cultivated plants in regions outside the native range do not produce fruit. Puff et al. (loc. cit.) discussed and illustrated some of the numerous cultivated forms, which go under the English name "snowrose."
The number of species of Serissa is controversial. W. C. Ko (in FRPS 71(2): 159-162. 1999) and Puff et al. (loc. cit.) recognized two species, others (Govaerts et al., World Checkl. Rubiaceae; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/rubiaceae/; accessed on 20 Aug 2007; D. Lorence, Fl. Mesoamericana, in prep.) recognize only one species. In general, more robust plants have been included in S. serissoides. W. C. Ko’s treatment is presented here for reference, with the description of S. japonica augmented with characters from specimens; however, some specimens are not conclusively assignable to one of these species.
Shrubs, erect or clambering, unarmed, fetid when bruised. Raphides present. Leaves opposite, decussate, without domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar or shortly united around stem, triangular. Inflorescences terminal, cymose, paniculate, or corymbose, many flowered, pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers subsessile or sessile, bisexual, distylous. Calyx limb deeply 5-lobed. Corolla white, blue, pink, or violet, slenderly funnelform with tube prolonged, variously glabrous or pubescent inside; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in corolla throat, included in long-styled form, exserted in short-styled form; filaments short to developed; anthers apparently basifixed. Ovary 5-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, erect, basal, anatropous; stigma 5-lobed, included in short-styled flowers, exserted in long-styled flowers. Fruit drupaceous becoming capsular or perhaps schizocarpous, oblong-ellipsoid, dry, with valves or perhaps mericarps separating septicidally from apex, with calyx limb persistent; pyrenes or perhaps mericarps 5, 1-celled, each with 1 seed, ellipsoid; seeds medium-sized, ellipsoid-oblong or triangular; testa reticulate; embryo straight; radicle basiscopic.
One species: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan; cultivated more widely, including in China.
W. C. Ko (in FRPS 71(2): 119. 1999) estimated six species of Spermadictyon, but all other authors seen report only one species. Ko described the fruit as having a septum disappearing early and the seeds as having a loose aril, but the meaning of these is not entirely clear and does not correspond to morphology described elsewhere.
" 111205 general 418684 Rubiaceae "Trailliaedoxa.Shrubs, low, erect, unarmed or with spinescent branches; branches at base with a pair of reduced, usually deciduous leaves and a persistent stipule. Raphides apparently absent. Leaves opposite, sometimes fasciculate on unexpanded axillary stems and appearing whorled, subsessile, without domatia; stipules deciduous, interpetiolar or fused to petiole bases, 2-lobed, lobes gland-tipped. Inflorescences terminal, pseudoaxillary, or terminal on paired lateral short shoots and appearing axillary, congested-cymose to umbelliform or fasciculate, few to many flowered, often nodding, sessile to pedunculate; bracts reduced or occasionally leaflike. Flowers pedicellate, bisexual, apparently monomorphic. Calyx limb 5-lobed essentially to base. Corolla white, pink, or pale yellow, salverform to funnelform, glabrous inside; lobes 5, convolute in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in corolla throat, exserted; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed near base. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous from apex; style curved; stigma clavate to ellipsoid and 2-lobed for a third to half its length, exserted. Fruit schizocarpous, dry, oblanceoloid, with calyx limb persistent; mericarps 2, indehiscent, each with 1 seed, ellipsoid, crustaceous; seeds medium-sized, ellipsoid; testa leathery; endosperm absent; embryo linear-oblanceolate.
? One species: China.
The presence or absence of raphides has not been specifically noted anywhere we have seen; their absence is presumed here based on observations of specimens and the classification by Robbrecht (Opera Bot. Belg. 1: 1-271. 1988) of this genus in Antirrhoideae. W. C. Ko (in FRPS 71(2): 1. 1999) described the anthers as partially exserted, but these are fully exserted at anthesis on the specimens studied. On the few specimens studied (T. T. Yü 1348, C. Schneider 2194, Forrest 10713, all A; Boufford et al. 35041, MO), the flowers appear to be protandrous, with the stamens apparently dehiscing while the stigmas are enclosed in the corolla; on these plants subsequently the style elongates, the stigma is exserted by several millimeters, and then the two lobes separate and presumably become receptive.
" 111261 general 419138 Rubiaceae "Uncaria.Woody vines or lianas, climbing by recurved, usually paired spines generally 1-2 cm. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, usually with domatia; stipules persistent or caducous, interpetiolar, generally ovate to ligulate in outline, entire to 2-lobed, usually reflexed. Inflorescences axillary and sometimes also terminal, capitate with heads globose and 1 to several in cymes or fascicles, pedunculate, bracteate; peduncles usually articulate in middle or upper portion, often with stipuliform bracts at articulation; bracts enclosing heads sometimes caducous, involucral, stipuliform. Flowers sessile and bracteolate or pedicellate and bracteolate or ebracteolate, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb 5-lobed. Corolla white to yellow, salverform or funnelform, inside glabrous or pubescent; lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in corolla tube near throat, exserted; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell on axile placentas attached in upper third of septum; stigma globose or clavate, exserted. Fruiting heads globose, with fruiting pedicels when present often elongating notably. Fruit capsular, fusiform to obovoid, loculicidally dehiscent into 2 valves that usually remain attached at both ends, thinly to thickly papery or cartilaginous, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, small to medium-sized, fusiform, flattened, winged with wing deeply bifid.
About 34 species: 29 in tropical Asia through Australia, three in Africa and Madagascar, two in tropical America; 12 species (five endemic) in China.
Ridsdale (Blumea 24: 43-46. 1978) presented an extensive consideration of the morphology, branching, and architecture of Uncaria. The characteristic hooked spines have been interpreted variously as modified plagiotropic shoots (Ridsdale, loc. cit.), peduncles that are modified into spines (e.g., Steyermark in Lasser, Fl. Venezuela 9: 32. 1974), and short shoots modified into thorns (Robbrecht, Opera Bot. Belg. 1: 1-271. 1988). By any name, these structures function to support the plants as they climb and sometimes bear a terminal inflorescence. Ridsdale (loc. cit.: 69) described the corolla lobe aestivation as valvate or thinly imbricate at their apices; other authors described them as imbricate. Uncaria was reviewed in detail for China by How (Sunyatsenia 6: 231-262. 1946), who emended the circumscriptions of several species, and then by Hsue and Wu (J. S. China Agric. Coll. 2(8): 21-32. 1981), who recognized ten species. The arrangement of the flowers and fruit, whether sessile or pedicellate, is taxonomically important; however, the pedicels usually elongate shortly before the flowers open and then continue to elongate as the fruit develop, often markedly, so the pedicel length at anthesis may be difficult to discern from inflorescences in bud.
Uncaria is considered medicinally useful, with uses ranging from general tonics to supposedly curing HIV-AIDS (e.g., K. C. Hsia & X. M. Liu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 319-320. 1982). Various parts of the plants are apparently used, with the materials generally wild-collected. Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxburgh, found from the Malay Peninsula through Borneo, is apparently both cultivated and wild-harvested as the source of gambir or gambier (Ridsdale, loc. cit.: 82; Mabberley, Mabberley’s Pl.-Book, ed. 3, 885-886. 2008), a yellowish dry resin chewed together with the betel nut and sometimes used in tanning. How (loc. cit.) noted that the Chinese drug Kou-T’eng is derived from the "hardened sterile peduncle with attached portions of the stem" of a species that is probably U. rhynchophylla.
Shrubs, 2-6 m tall; branches flattened, glabrous. Petiole 5-10 mm, glabrous; leaf blade drying thinly leathery, elliptic-oblong to ovate or lanceolate-elliptic, 8-15 × 3-7 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate or obtuse to rounded, apex acute to shortly acuminate with tip 5-10 mm; lateral veins 6-9 pairs, usually with pilosulous domatia; stipules triangular to broadly triangular, 2-5 mm, obtuse to acute but not aristate. Inflorescences with cymes 1-4 in each axil, each cyme subcapitate to fasciculate, 2-4-flowered, sessile to pedunculate with peduncles to 4 mm; bracts cupuliform, 1-3 mm; pedicels to 3 mm. Calyx glabrous; ovary portion cylindrical-ellipsoid, 1-1.5 mm; limb reduced or undulate, 0.1-0.5 mm. Corolla white, funnelform, outside glabrous; tube 7-10 mm; lobes 5 or 6, spatulate to narrowly elliptic, 7-10 mm, obtuse to rounded. Drupe red, ellipsoid to ovoid-oblong, 10-12 × 8-10 mm, smooth when dry, glabrous. Fr. Dec.
This species is presumably diploid and has been occasionally hybridized with other species to produce commercial coffee (Purseglove, Trop. Crops: Dicot. 458. 1968; Bridson, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Rub. (Pt. 2), 703. 1988).
" 133663 general 426176 Rubiaceae "Coffea stenophylla.Shrubs to small trees, 3-6 m tall; branches flattened to subterete, glabrous. Petiole 3-5 mm, glabrous; leaf blade drying thinly leathery, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblong, 4-10 × 1.5-2.5 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base acute to cuneate, margins generally flat, apex acuminate with tip 10-20 mm; secondary veins 7-10 pairs, without domatia or with glabrous foveolate domatia; stipules broadly triangular, 2-3.5 mm, obtuse to acute and sometimes shortly mucronate. Inflorescences with cymes 1 or 2 per axil, each branched to subcapitate or fasciculate, 2-4-flowered, subsessile to pedunculate with peduncles to 2.5 mm; bracts cupuliform, 1-2 mm; pedicels to 6 mm. Flower buds resinous. Calyx glabrous; ovary ellipsoid, 1-1.5 mm; limb reduced, truncate. Corolla white or pale pink, funnelform, outside glabrous to puberulent; tube 6-8 mm; lobes 6-8(or 9), spatulate, 12-15 mm, obtuse. Drupe black or bluish black, subglobose to ovoid, 12-13 × 8-10 mm. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Dec.
This species is diploid and is cultivated as "Highland Coffee of Sierra Leone." It has been occasionally hybridized with other species to produce commercial coffee plants and reported as cultivated by older authors (Purseglove, Trop. Crops: Dicot. 459. 1968; Bridson, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Rub. (Pt. 2), 703. 1988, with documentation).
" 175213 ecology 421676 Rubiaceae "Borreria compressa. ""In moist places on rock out-crops,""" 175219 ecology 421708 Rubiaceae "Borreria filiformis. In crevices of rock out-crops." 176508 ecology 408206 Rubiaceae "Virectaria multiflora. In wet places and rock outcrops." 68302 general 413177 Rubiaceae "Sherardia arvensis. ""Diffusely branched annual to 4 dm, the square stems procumbent at base, ± rough-hairy; lvs mostly in whorls of 6, linear to narrowly elliptic, 0.5–2 cm, sharp-pointed, hairy; involucral lvs usually 8, lance-linear; sep triangular; cor pink or blue, 4–5 mm; fr obovoid, scabrous, 2–7 mm; 2n=22. Waste places, or a weed in cultivated ground; native of w. Eurasia and n. Afr., now found here and there in our range.""" 109186 general 425516 Rubiaceae "Cinchona.Shrubs or usually trees, unarmed; buds flattened with stipules erect and pressed together; bark usually notably bitter. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, decussate, usually with well-developed domatia; stipules caducous, interpetiolar or shortly united around stem, ligulate to obovate, entire. Inflorescences terminal and often also in axils of uppermost leaves, cymose to paniculiform, many flowered, pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers pedicellate, bisexual, fragrant, usually distylous. Calyx limb 5-lobed. Corolla yellow, pink, purple, red, or occasionally white, salverform or funnelform, inside glabrous or pubescent in throat, with tube often weakly 5-ridged outside; lobes 5, valvate in bud, with margins densely ciliate to villous. Stamens 5, inserted in corolla tube, included to partially exserted; filaments short to developed, glabrous; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules many in each cell on axile placentas; stigma 2-lobed, lobes capitate to linear. Fruit capsular, ovoid to cylindrical or ellipsoid, septicidally dehiscent into 2 valves from base or sometimes from apex with valves then loculicidal through septum, stiffly papery to woody, often lenticellate, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, medium-sized, ellipsoid to fusiform and somewhat flattened with membranous marginal wing and elliptic central seed portion; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons ovate.
Twenty-three species: Central America (Costa Rica, Panama) and South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela) and cultivated as species and hybrids in tropical regions worldwide; two species (both introduced) in China.
Several species of Cinchona are the natural source of quinine, which has long been used worldwide as a treatment for malaria. Quinine is found along with several other alkaloids in high concentrations in some species of Cinchona, particularly the bark; these alkaloids give the plants their bitter taste. Cinchona is native to South America, where its species are not all well differentiated, are morphologically variable, and hybridize freely especially in cultivation, where numerous artificial hybrids have been created. Cinchona was recently monographed by Andersson (Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 80: 1-75. 1998), followed here, who clarified the identities of the commonly cultivated species.
Cinchona officinalis (Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 172. 1753; 正鸡纳树 zheng ji na shu) is native to South America (Ecuador) and perhaps occasionally cultivated in tropical regions worldwide. No confirmed documentation of this species has been seen from China. The name has long been incorrectly used in cultivation for plants treated here as Cinchona calisaya (Andersson, loc. cit.: 55-57). It is included for reference in the key to species.
Shrubs or rarely trees, sometimes with short shoots (Gardenia angkorensis, G. sootepensis), unarmed or with short shoots sometimes spinescent, with buds and young stem apices often resinous. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite or rarely ternate, sometimes clustered at stem apices, often with domatia; stipules persistent or deciduous, united shortly around stem or united completely into a conical cap (i.e., calyptrate), triangular or when united into a cap then splitting along one side. Inflorescences pseudoaxillary and/or terminal, fascicled to cymose and several flowered or reduced to 1 flower, pedunculate to sessile, bracteate. Flowers sessile to pedicellate, bisexual, monomorphic, often showy. Calyx with ovary portion well developed and often longitudinally ridged; limb 5-8-lobed or sometimes fused into a tube or conical cap that splits irregularly as corolla elongates (i.e., spathaceous), often well developed. Corolla white to cream, salverform or funnelform, glabrous or variously pubescent inside; lobes 5-12, convolute in bud. Stamens 5-12, inserted in corolla throat, included or partially exserted; filaments very short or reduced; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 1-celled, ovules numerous on 2-6 parietal placentas; stigma clavate or 2-lobed, included or exserted. Fruit generally yellow to orange, red-orange, or brown with pulp usually orange, baccate, leathery or fleshy, ellipsoid to subglobose, smooth or with longitudinal ridges, with calyx limb usually persistent or sometimes upper part tardily deciduous; seeds numerous, medium-sized, ellipsoid, compressed, embedded in pulp; testa leathery or membranous; endosperm usually corneous; embryo small or medium-sized; cotyledons broad, leaflike.
About 60-200 or 250 species: tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and Pacific islands; five species (one endemic) in China.
The persistent calyx lobes apparently enlarge markedly as the fruit develop in many species; this may be confusing when the enlarged fruiting calyx lobes are compared with descriptions of flowering calyx lobes. The flowers are often nocturnal and are usually strongly sweetly fragrant with an odor of, well, gardenia. Several species from Asia and the Pacific are occasionally cultivated, but Gardenia jasminoides---native to our region---is very popular worldwide for its flowers.
" 109787 general 432158 Rubiaceae "Hamelia.Shrubs, unarmed. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite or verticillate, usually with domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar, triangular. Inflorescences terminal, cymose with axes often helicoid and secund, many flowered, bracteate or bracts reduced. Flowers sessile to pedicellate, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb 5-lobed. Corolla red to orange or yellow, tubular [to ventricose or funnelform], glabrous inside; lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla tube, included or partially exserted; filaments short; anthers dorsifixed, 2-lobed at base, with connective flattened and prolonged at apex. Ovary 5-celled, ovules numerous in each cell on axile placentas; stigmas 1-5, linear to clavate, included or exserted. Fruit becoming red then purple-black, baccate, fleshy to juicy, ellipsoid to ovoid or subglobose, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, small, irregularly angled to lenticular; testa membranous, reticulate.
Sixteen species: neotropical, from S United States and Mexico to Argentina; one species (introduced) in China.
H. S. Lo (in FRPS 71(1): 388. 1999) described the flower arrangement with short pedicels or subsessile, but the structures interpreted there as pedicels are considered by one of us (C. M. Taylor) and by some other authors to be inflorescence axes and the flowers thus are sessile. Lo described the stipules as multifid or bristlelike, but this condition is not otherwise known from the genus and has not been seen on any Chinese specimens. He gave the number of calyx lobes, corolla lobes, and stamens as 4-6, but this has not been seen; these structures are 5 in all Hamelia species known. The corollas were described as villous in throat, but all known species of Hamelia have corollas that are glabrous inside; as well, the corolla was described as campanulate in shape, but the cultivated species has rather narrowly tubular flowers. The anthers were described as basifixed and entire at base, but other authors all found them dorsifixed and sagittate at base.
" 109841 general 434498 Rubiaceae "Evea.Trees, monoecious, with much milky latex. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, or subopposite at apex of branches; stipules small, caducous; petiole long, glandular at apex; leaf blade palmately compound, usually 3-foliolate; leaflets entire, petiolulate. Inflorescence in axils of leaves or fallen leaves, many-flowered panicles of cymes, central flower of each cyme female, others male. Male flower: bud subglobose or ovate-globose; sepals 5-dentate or 5-lobed, lobes valvate; disk small, 5-lobed or dissected, rarely indehiscent; stamens 5-10; filaments connate into column longer than anthers; anthers sessile, in 1 or 2 series. Female flowers: sepals as in male; female disk dissected or obsolete; ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 per cell; styles usually absent; stigmas stout. Capsules large, usually 3-valved; epicarp subfleshy; endocarp woody. Seeds oblong-elliptic, maculate-striate; caruncle absent; cotyledon broad and flattened.
About ten species: Amazonian South America, one species widely cultivated throughout the tropics; one species (introduced) in China.
" 109938 general 397457 Rubiaceae "Ixora.Shrubs or small trees or occasionally perhaps climbing (Ixora hekouensis), unarmed. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite or rarely ternate, decussate, without domatia; petioles articulate at base; stipules persistent to caducous, interpetiolar or shortly united around stem, triangular, acute to usually aristate. Inflorescences terminal on principal stems [or sometimes terminal on reduced lateral stems and appearing axillary], cymose to corymbiform or paniculiform, few to many flowered, sessile to pedunculate, bracteate or bracts reduced; axes often articulate; bracteoles when present often fused in pairs. Flowers pedicellate or sessile, bisexual, monomorphic, often fragrant. Calyx limb truncate or 4-lobed. Corolla yellow, orange, red, or white, sometimes becoming reddened when dry, salverform with tube slender, inside glabrous or pubescent at throat; lobes 4 [rarely to 9], convolute in bud. Stamens 4, inserted at corolla throat, partially to fully exserted; filaments short or reduced; anthers dorsifixed near base. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous from axile placentas attached in upper part of septum; style in upper portion fusiform or clavate; stigmas 2, linear, recurved, exserted. Fruit black or red, drupaceous, leathery or fleshy, subglobose to ellipsoid or ovoid, with calyx limb persistent; pyrenes 2, 1-celled, each with 1 seed, plano-convex or concavo-concave, smooth dorsally (i.e., abaxially), leathery, papery, or crustaceous; seeds medium-sized, ellipsoid to oblanceolate, grooved and concave ventrally (i.e., adaxially); testa membranous; endosperm cartilaginous; radicle terete, hypogeous.
About 300-400 species: widespread in tropical Africa, America, Asia, Madagascar, and Pacific islands; 18 species (nine endemic) in China.
Ixora has been studied in SE Asia only by Bremekamp; he published several articles treating the species of several regions there (cited by De Block, Opera Bot. Belg. 9: 213. 1998) but not specifically treating the Chinese species, although his circumscription of the region "Burma and the Andaman Islands" included some species from Xizang (Bremekamp, J. Bot. (London) 75: 108-111, 169-175, 260-266, 295-298, 318-326. 1937).
Several species of Ixora are widely cultivated in tropical regions as ornamentals, notably I. casei Hance, I. coccinea Linnaeus, I. finlaysoniana, and sometimes I. chinensis. In cultivation several of these have various forms with a wide range of flower color, flower and leaf size, and plant height, and sometimes they do not set fruit. Ixora coccinea and I. casei are not treated in this current flora but are included in the key to species below for identification. Reynolds and Forster (Austrobaileya 7(2): 253-278. 2006) reported that I. coccinea is locally adventive in some parts of Australia, which may be a possibility in China. The most commonly cultivated Ixora species were discussed in detail by Fosberg and Sachet (Baileya 23(2): 74-85. 1989).
Ixora foonchewii was described and illustrated as having consistently 5 corolla lobes and a stout, shortly bilobed stigma, so it does not seem to belong to Ixora; it is provisionally included here in Tarenna.
Trees, unarmed; buds flattened, with stipules erect and pressed together. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, sometimes with domatia; stipules caducous, interpetiolar, generally ovate to obovate, sometimes keeled, entire, often well developed. Inflorescences terminal on main stems and axillary branches and often accompanied by reduced, petaloid, and/or bracteate leaves, capitate with globose heads in fascicles, cymes, umbels, or thyrses, sessile to shortly pedunculate, bracteate; bracteoles spatulate to obpyramidal. Flowers sessile, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb truncate to 5-lobed. Corolla cream to yellow-green, funnelform or narrowly salverform, inside glabrous to variously pubescent; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted near corolla throat, exserted or included; filaments short; anthers basifixed, partially to fully exserted. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell on fleshy, pendulous, axile placentas attached in upper third of septum; stigma clavate to mitriform (i.e., upside-down cupular), exserted. Fruit capsular, obovoid to ellipsoid, septicidally then loculicidally dehiscent, cartilaginous to woody, with calyx limb persistent or deciduous; seeds numerous, small, somewhat flattened, fusiform to lanceolate, shortly winged at both ends with basal wing sometimes bifid or notched.
About seven species: one species in Africa, six species in Asia and Malesia; three species in China.
Ridsdale reviewed this genus in detail (Blumea 24: 46-68. 1978) and excluded the African species. H. H. Hsue and H. Wu (in FRPS 71(1): 245. 1999) reported only Mitragyna rotundifolia from China; Ridsdale (loc. cit.: 65) reported only M. diversifolia from China; and Wu (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 293. 1957) reported a third species, M. hirsuta, in a report that has been overlooked. Several other species of Mitragyna are found widely in Thailand and Myanmar, as well as cultivated for lumber, and should be expected in China (in particular, see comments under M. diversifolia). The leaves of M. speciosa (Korthals) Haviland are the source of kratom and used for tea, chewing, smoking, and as medicine in Thailand and Malaysia; the main active ingredient here is the alkaloid mitragynine, known only from this species and said to be stimulating at low doses but narcotic at high doses.
" 110287 general 402176 Rubiaceae "Mussaenda.Trees, shrubs, or clambering or twining lianas, rarely dioecious, unarmed. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite or occasionally in whorls of 3, with or usually without domatia; stipules persistent or caducous, interpetiolar, entire or 2-lobed. Inflorescences terminal and sometimes also in axils of uppermost leaves, cymose, paniculate, or thyrsiform, several to many flowered, sessile to pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers sessile to pedicellate, bisexual and usually distylous or rarely unisexual. Calyx limb 5-lobed nearly to base, frequently some or all flowers of an inflorescence with 1(-5) white to colored, petaloid, persistent or deciduous, membranous, stipitate calycophyll(s) with 3-7 longitudinal veins. Corolla yellow, red, orange, white, or rarely blue (Mussaenda multinervis), salverform with tube usually slender then abruptly inflated around anthers, or rarely constricted at throat (M. hirsuta), inside variously pubescent but usually densely yellow clavate villous in throat; lobes 5, valvate-reduplicate in bud, often long acuminate. Stamens 5, inserted in middle to upper part of corolla tube, included; filaments short or reduced; anthers basifixed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell, inserted on oblong, fleshy, peltate, axile placentas; stigmas 2-lobed, lobes linear, included or exserted. Fruit purple to black, baccate or perhaps rarely capsular (M. decipiens), fleshy, globose to ellipsoid, often conspicuously lenticellate, with calyx limb persistent or caducous often leaving a conspicuous scar; seeds numerous, small, angled to flattened; testa foveolate-striate; endosperm abundant, fleshy.
About 200 species: widespread in tropical Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and Pacific islands; 29 species (18 endemic, one introduced) in China.
The characteristic large, petaloid calycophylls of Mussaenda are frequently but mistakenly considered to be bracts. Mussaenda is frequently confused with Schizomussaenda; Schizomussaenda can be recognized by its large shrub habit with relatively large leaves and calycophylls, its capsular fruit, and its flower buds with the corollas clavate and rather flat-topped with the acuminate ends of the corolla lobes then bent upward to form an erect appressed group of filaments on the top of the bud.
Several species of Mussaenda are frequently cultivated as ornamentals in tropical regions. Mussaenda philippica A. Richard is apparently the most commonly cultivated species and has numerous cultivar forms; Puff et al. (Rubiaceae of Thailand, 215. 2005) presented photos of several of the cultivated forms. This species is pilosulous to villous throughout, with white to pink flowers and calycophylls and with calyx lobes variously 1 to all modified into calycophylls. Also frequently cultivated are M. frondosa of our flora and M. erythrophylla Schumacher & Thonning of Africa; the latter has pilose to villous pubescence on all organs, including the corollas, and deep red inflorescence axes and flowers, including the calycophylls and the outside of the corolla but excepting the corolla limb, which is creamy white.
In addition to the species treated here, Hooker and Arnott (Bot. Beechey Voy. 265. 1838) reported Mussaenda glabra Vahl from "Loo Choo" in China. Mussaenda glabra was described from the Himalaya and has medium-sized leaves, a climbing habit, petioles 3-15 mm, a corymbiform branched inflorescence, calyx lobes 1-4 mm and deciduous in fruit, corolla tubes 13-18 mm, and corolla lobes 3-3.5 mm; this species is otherwise known from 300-1300 m in India and Bhutan and has not been confidently recorded from China. The name "M. glabra" has been frequently applied in herb. to Chinese specimens of both M. erosa and M. frondosa. Also Henry 8279 from Hainan was treated by C. E. C. Fisher (Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 274. 1928) as M. parryorum C. E. C. Fischer, a sp
Trees, unarmed; buds strongly compressed with stipules erect and pressed together [rarely subconical]. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, usually with domatia; stipules caducous or persistent, interpetiolar, generally elliptic or obovate. Inflorescences terminal and sometimes also axillary, capitate with heads 1-5, globose, and solitary to fasciculate, many flowered, pedunculate, bracteate; peduncles articulate and often bracteate near middle. Flowers sessile, fused by their ovaries, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla white to yellow, funnelform to salverform, inside glabrous; lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted in upper part of corolla tube, exserted; filaments short; anthers basifixed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell, pendulous to horizontal on Y-shaped axile placentas attached to upper third of septum; stigma fusiform, exserted. Infructescences with fruiting heads each comprising a globose multiple fruit (i.e., syncarp). Fruit (i.e., fruitlets, arising from one flower) baccate, fleshy or fibrous, with calyx limb deciduous; seeds numerous, small, ovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes slightly compressed, without aril.
About ten species: tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia; one species in China.
The wood of several Nauclea species is strong and used for lumber.
The S Asian species Nauclea orientalis (Linnaeus) Linnaeus is occasionally cultivated; this can be recognized by its elliptic-oblong leaves 6-12 cm wide, its flowering heads 15-20 mm in diam. across the calyces, and its fruiting heads to 5 cm in diam. Both N. officinalis and N. orientalis species are encountered and occasionally confused in cultivation with the more commonly cultivated Neolamarckia cadamba, which has free (i.e., distinct or separate) flowers and free dehiscent fruit (see p. 255).
Trees, unarmed; buds conical. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, usually with domatia; stipules caducous, interpetiolar, triangular. Inflorescences terminal, capitate with heads globose and solitary, many flowered, pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers sessile, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb 5-lobed; lobes sometime spatulate. Corolla yellow to white, salverform to funnelform, glabrous inside; lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in upper part of corolla tube, partially exserted; filaments short; anthers basifixed. Ovary 2-celled in basal portion, 2-4-celled in upper portion, ovules several in each cell on axile, simple or 2-forked placentas attached to upper third of septum; stigma cylindrical or fusiform, at apex bifid, exserted. Fruiting head with central axis becoming markedly enlarged and fleshy to fibrous. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent into 4 indehiscent segments or perhaps dehiscent valves, ellipsoid to cylindrical or obconic, with exocarp somewhat fleshy to membranous or papery, with endocarp cartilaginous to bony, with calyx limb persistent; seeds several, small, compressed, fusiform to angled, with testa membranous; endosperm fleshy; embryo small, cylindrical.
Two species: S and SE Asia, Australia, and New Guinea, one species occasionally cultivated for lumber worldwide; one species in China.
The flowers are tightly packed on the thickened axis of the inflorescence heads but not actually fused to each other as has sometimes been (incorrectly) suggested.
The name of this species and its genus have long been confused. Ridsdale (Blumea 24: 307-366. 1979) in his revision of the Naucleeae treated this species as Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamarck) A. Richard ex Walpers, as done by several other authors; however, the nomenclature here follows the conclusions of Bosser (loc. cit.: 243-248; Adansonia 21: 93-95. 1999) and Razafimandimbison (Tribal Delimit. Naucleeae (Ph.D. Diss.): 70-75. 2000).
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, unarmed. Raphides present. Leaves opposite or whorled, without domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar and sometimes fused to petioles, triangular to truncate, multifid or setaceous, with segments often gland-tipped. Inflorescences terminal, cymose, paniculate, or corymbiform, several to many flowered, subsessile to pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers subsessile, bisexual, distylous [or rarely tristylous]. Calyx limb deeply (4 or)5-lobed; lobes sometimes slightly to strongly unequal on an individual flower [sometimes with calycophylls]. Corolla white, pink, red, purple, or yellow, salverform to narrowly tubular with tube prolonged and usually expanded at throat, inside villous in throat; lobes (4 or)5(or 6), valvate in bud. Stamens (4 or)5(or 6), inserted in corolla just below throat, included in long-styled, mid-styled, and homostylous forms or exserted in short-styled form; filaments short to well developed; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell on axile placentas; stigmas 2, linear, included in short-styled and mid-styled forms or exserted in long-styled and monomorphic forms. Fruit capsular, subglobose to ovoid or obovoid with apex often elongated into conical beak, membranous or leathery, loculicidally dehiscent through apical portion, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, small, angled to subglobose.
About 50 species: widespread in Africa and Madagascar, one species cultivated worldwide; one species (introduced) in China.
" 110826 general 414560 Rubiaceae "Rondeletia.Shrubs or trees, unarmed. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, sometimes with domatia; stipules persistent or caducous, interpetiolar, generally triangular. Inflorescence terminal or infrequently axillary, congested-cymose to paniculate or corymbiform, several to many flowered, pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers sessile to pedicellate, bisexual, distylous. Calyx limb 4- or 5-lobed, with lobes often unequal. Corolla white, yellow, orange, or red, funnelform or salverform with tube often slender and prolonged, inside glabrous or villous, with thickened annular ring at throat; lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud, with margins frequently crisped. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted in corolla throat, included or exserted; filaments short or reduced; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each cell on axile placentas; stigmas capitate or 2-lobed, included or exserted. Fruit capsular, globose to depressed globose or dicoccous, loculicidally dehiscent into 2 valves with these valves often then splitting, woody to papery, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, small, fusiform or discoid, flattened, winged; endosperm fleshy; embryo small, clavate.
About 20 species: tropical America, one species widely cultivated in tropical regions; one species (introduced) in China.
This genus was formerly circumscribed broadly, to include as many as 140 species, but neotropical taxonomists now separate the species formerly treated in Rondeletia s.l. into a number of smaller genera, notably Arachnothryx Planchon and Rogiera Planchon. The cultivated species treated here belongs to Rondeletia s.s.
" 110835 general 414891 Rubiaceae "Rothmannia.Shrubs or large trees, unarmed. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite and generally isophyllous or frequently apparently verticillate in whorls of 3 due to marked anisophylly grouping 2 leaves at a node plus an apparently single leaf on a short to reduced axillary branch, sometimes with domatia; stipules persistent, interpetiolar, triangular. Inflorescences terminal or pseudoaxillary, congested-cymose and several flowered or reduced to 1 flower, sessile or pedunculate, bracteate or bracts reduced. Flowers sessile to pedicellate or pedunculate, bisexual, monomorphic. Calyx limb velvety pubescent inside, truncate to 5-lobed. Corolla white to pale green with red or purple to brown spots, narrowly to broadly funnelform or campanulate, often fleshy to leathery, glabrous inside; lobes 5(-7), convolute in bud to left or right depending on species. Stamens 5(-7), inserted in corolla tube, included or partly exserted; filaments short or reduced; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary partially to perhaps completely [1 or]2-celled, ovules numerous on 2 to several large parietal or perhaps sometimes axile placentas; stigma clavate, with receptive surface confined to shortly bilobed apex, exserted or included. Fruit baccate, thickly fleshy to leathery, globose to ellipsoid and sometimes relatively large, smooth or ridged, yellow to brown, with calyx limb persistent; seeds numerous, large, angled to sublenticular, embedded in pulp.
At least 30 species: tropical Africa, Asia, and Madagascar; one species in China.
Rothmannia does not seem at all well known in Asia, as to species or generic limits. The distinctive growth form of Rothmannia, with some or several nodes bearing apparently unequal and ternate leaves, is due to the development of one very short axillary branchlet that bears one leaf (the other being reduced to absent). The flowers are often if not usually nocturnal. Rothmannia has been described by some authors as having a 1-locular ovary with parietal placentas, at least in Africa (Bridson & Verdcourt, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Rub. (Pt. 2), 511-512. 1988), but the Asian species have 2-celled ovaries with apparently axile placentas (Puff et al., Rubiaceae of Thailand, 60. 2005).
The African species Rothmannia longiflora Salisbury is occasionally cultivated in tropical Asia, including Hong Kong (S. Y. Hu & K. H. Yung 403, MO!). This species has elliptic leaves that are 6-11 × 3-5 cm and relatively large showy flowers, with the tubular calyx limb 5-10 mm and subtruncate or with small lobes 1-4 mm, and a slenderly funnelform, relatively large corolla with tubes 12-14 cm and lobes 1-4 cm.
Shrubs, subshrubs, or perennial herbs, not rarely clambering or climbing vines or rarely lianas, unarmed; stems often prickly and/or longitudinally ribbed or winged. Raphides present. Leaves opposite and with interpetiolar, triangular or ovate, persistent to caducous (Rubia siamensis) or reduced (R. tibetica) stipules or with leaflike stipules in whorls of 4, 6, to many in middle stem regions; domatia none; main veins single or 3-5(or more) and then palmate, secondary veins lateral. Inflorescences thyrsoid, with terminal and/or axillary cymes, usually paniculiform and often expanding from new axes developing with age; individual cymes few to many flowered, pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers pedicellate or sessile, rather small, usually bisexual and monomorphic, rarely polygamo-dioecious (R. cordifolia). Ovary inferior (hypanthium), ellipsoid, subglobose, 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, erect, axile. Calyx limb reduced and obsolete. Corolla white to cream, yellow, greenish or red to purplish, often turning black when dried, mostly rotate, but rarely also campanulate to funnel-shaped, inside glabrous or infrequently papillose; lobes predominantly 5 (rarely also less or more), valvate in bud, often long acuminate. Stamens usually 5, inserted at corolla base (or tube), exserted; filaments developed to reduced; anthers dorsifixed. Stigmas 2-lobed, included or exserted. Fruit developing into 2 separate or (by reduction) into only 1 subglobose, baccate, berrylike mericarp with fleshy meso- and endocarp, dark red, purple, black, or infrequently orange (R. cordifolia), glabrous or somewhat hairy; seeds ("pyrenes") 2, ellipsoid, subglobose, or plano-convex, with membranous testa; endosperm corneous; embryo subincurved; cotyledons leaflike; radicle prolonged, basiscopic.
About 80 species: extending from tropical and temperate Asia to Japan and Indonesia, through the Himalaya to SW Asia, E to S Africa, through the Mediterranean to W Europe, Macaronesia, and the Azores; locally introduced and persisting from cultivation in Mexico, Chile, and elsewhere; 38 species (20 endemic) in China.
As already mentioned in the present volume under Galium, Rubia is the type genus of the family, the tribe Rubieae, and the subtribe Rubiinae. As an Old World clade, Rubia is related to the Mesoamerican genus Didymaea and occupies a relative basal position within Rubiinae: its 5-lobed corollas, fleshy fruit, and always perennial growth form apparently are plesiomorphic features. This and its clear separation from the somewhat more apomorphic Sherardia-Asperula-Galium group is well documented by DNA data (Natali et al., Opera Bot. Belg. 7: 193-203. 1996; Soza & Olmstead, Taxon 59: 755-771. 2010). Rubia is keyed out from among the other Chinese taxa of Rubieae under Galium on p. 107. Its best differential characters are the dominantly 5-merous flowers combined with baccate, berrylike mericarps. The latter also occur independently among New World taxa of Galium (and Relbunium).
Among the Rubieae tribe Rubia (after Galium and Asperula in their present circumscription) is the third largest and obviously monophyletic genus. Nearly half of its recognized species occur in China. Because of excessive variability, the occurrence of hybridization and polyploidy as well as the lack of detailed studies (particularly on material in the major herbaria of China and elsewhere), our knowledge of Rubia is limited and the present treatment of the genus still quite provisional.
More recent taxonomic surveys of Rubia are available for the former Soviet Union (Pojarkova, Fl. URSS 23: 382-417. 1958), India (Deb & Malick, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10(1): 1-16. 1968), Iran (Ehrendorfer et al., Fl. Iranica 176: 48-72. 2005), Bhutan (Long, Edinburgh J. Bot. 53: 108-110. 1996; Long, Fl. Bhutan 2(2): 823-825. 1999), and Taiwan
Small trees or shrubs, 4-8 m tall; branches flattened becoming subterete, glabrous. Petiole 10-20 mm, glabrous; leaf blade drying thickly papery, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or occasionally ovate-oblong, (12-)15-30(-40) × (4.5-)6-12(-22) cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate to obtuse, margins flat or occasionally crisped-undulate, apex acuminate with tip 10-18 mm; secondary veins (8-)10-12(-17) pairs, without domatia or with glabrous foveolate domatia; stipules triangular, 6-18 mm, obtuse to acute, aristate. Inflorescences with cymes 1-3(-7) in each axil, each cyme subcapitate to fasciculate, 3-6-flowered, subsessile to pedunculate with peduncles to 7 mm; bracts cupular, 1-3 mm; pedicels to 2 mm. Calyx glabrous; ovary portion ellipsoid, 1-2 mm; limb reduced or denticulate, 0.1-0.5 mm. Corolla white to pink, funnelform, outside glabrous; tube 5-16 mm; lobes (4 or)5-7(or 8), spatulate to narrowly elliptic, 8-19 mm, obtuse to rounded. Drupe red, subglobose, 10-12 × 10-12 mm, smooth when dry, glabrous. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Oct-Dec.
This species is diploid and is cultivated as "Robusta Coffee." It has been widely hybridized with several other species to produce commercial coffee plants.
" 123736 general 421478 Rubiaceae "Coffea liberica.Small trees or large shrubs, 6-15 m tall; branches flattened to weakly angled, often rather stout, glabrous. Petiole 8-20 mm, often rather stout, glabrous; leaf blade drying thinly leathery to stiffly papery, elliptic to obovate or obovate-elliptic, 14-38 × 5.5-12(-20.5) cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate to obtuse, margins flat, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate with tip 4-10 mm; secondary veins 7-10(-13) pairs, without domatia or with glabrous to pilosulous foveolate domatia; stipules broadly triangular, 2-4.5 mm, obtuse to acute but not aristate. Inflorescences with cymes 1-3 per axil, each cyme fasciculate to subcapitate, 2-10-flowered, subsessile; bracts cupuliform, 1-3 mm; pedicels to 1 mm. Calyx glabrous; ovary portion ellipsoid-cylindrical, 1.5-3.5 mm; limb reduced or glandular-denticulate, to 0.2 mm. Corolla white, funnelform, outside glabrous; tube 4-13 mm; lobes 6-8, spatulate to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 8-16 mm, obtuse to rounded. Drupe red, ellipsoid, 19-21 × 15-17 mm, smooth when dry, glabrous. Fl. Jan-May, fr. presumably Aug-Nov.
This species is diploid and is cultivated as "Liberica Coffee." It has been hybridized with several other species to produce commercial coffee plants.
" 123747 general 420594 Rubiaceae "Gardenia jasminoides.Shrubs, 0.3-3 m tall; branches terete to flattened, with internodes developed to shortened, glabrescent or usually densely puberulent to pilosulous, becoming gray to grayish white, with buds resinous and distalmost internodes often covered with resin. Leaves opposite or rarely ternate, subsessile to petiolate; petiole to 0.5(-1) cm, densely puberulent or shortly pilosulous to glabrous; blade drying thinly leathery to stiffly papery, oblong-lanceolate, obovate-oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 3-25 × 1.5-8 cm, adaxially shiny and glabrous or sometimes puberulent on principal veins, abaxially puberulent or pilosulous to glabrous, base cuneate to acute, apex acute to acuminate or obtuse then abruptly long acuminate; secondary veins 8-15 pairs, in abaxial axils often with pilosulous domatia; stipules calyptrate, cylindrical, 4-13 mm, splitting for ca. 3/4 their length, densely puberulent to glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal; peduncle 1-10 mm, puberulent or pilosulous to glabrous. Calyx puberulent or pilosulous to glabrous; ovary portion obconic or obovoid, 5-8 mm, with (5 or)6(-8) weak to developed longitudinal ridges; limb with basal tubular portion 3-5 mm; lobes (5 or)6(-8), lanceolate or linear-lanceolate to spatulate, 10-30 × 1-4 mm, often strongly keeled, acute. Corolla white to pale yellow, simple or in cultivation sometimes doubled, outside glabrous; tube 30-50 × 4-6 mm, cylindrical, in throat pilose; lobes (5 or)6(-8) or numerous when doubled, obovate or obovate-oblong, 15-40 × 6-28 mm, obtuse to rounded. Fruiting peduncles apparently not much elongating. Berry yellow or orange-yellow, ovoid, subglobose, or ellipsoid, 1.5-7 × 1.2-2 cm, with 5-9 longitudinal ridges, with persistent calyx lobes to 40 × 6 mm; seeds suborbicular, weakly angled, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm. Fl. Mar-Jul, fr. May-Feb.
This is one of the most commonly collected species of Rubiaceae in China. It is quite variable morphologically especially in leaf size, calyx lobe size, and corolla size. Several varieties have been recognized for Chinese plants (e.g., Qiu & Zhong, Fl. Zhejiang 6: 105. 1986) but are not clearly separated or widely accepted outside this region. The varieties recognized by W. C. Chen (in FRPS 71(1): 332-335. 1999) are outlined below for reference.
" 123770 general 397605 Rubiaceae "Ixora chinensis.Shrubs, 0.8-2 m tall; branches glabrous. Leaves opposite, sometimes apparently in whorls of 4 due to reduced stem internodes, sessile or petiolate; petiole to 5 mm, glabrous; blade drying leathery, oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic-oblong, or lanceolate, 6-18 × 3-6 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate to shortly truncate or rounded, apex obtuse or rounded to acute; secondary veins 7-9 pairs; stipules persistent, united around stem to almost interpetiolar, triangular to broadly triangular, 3-7 mm, glabrous to glabrescent, costate, acute and with arista 2-10 mm. Inflorescence terminal, congested-cymose to congested-corymbiform, many flowered, puberulent to hirtellous, subsessile to pedunculate; peduncle to 1.5 cm, often subtended by 2 reduced leaves or leaflike bracts; branched portion 1-4 × 1-5 cm (not including corollas); bracts triangular, 0.2-1 mm; pedicels to 2 mm. Flowers subsessile to pedicellate. Calyx glabrous; hypanthium obconic to ovoid, 1-1.5 mm; limb deeply lobed; lobes triangular to ligulate, 0.5-1 mm, acute or obtuse. Corolla red or reddish yellow, outside glabrous; tube 20-30 mm, glabrous in throat; lobes ovate, elliptic, or broadly elliptic, 5-7 × 4-5 mm, broadly obtuse to rounded. Drupe reddish black, subglobose and shallowly didymous, 6-7 × 6-7 mm, glabrous. Fl. May-Jul and Dec, fr. Sep-Oct.
This is a commonly collected species of Ixora in China, apparently growing naturally as well as in cultivation. The occasional short stem internodes, which sometimes produce congested groups of leaves, appear to possibly be due to a change in growth pattern at the top of a seasonal spurt that includes several internodes. The circumscription and characters of this species were considered in some detail by Fosberg and Sachet (Baileya 23(2): 77. 1989), who noted that it is sometimes cultivated. Bridson (Kew Bull. 55: 1011-1012. 2000) studied the identity of Tsiangia, and formally synonymized its only species, T. hongkongensis, with I. chinensis.
" 123786 general 401871 Rubiaceae "Morinda citrifolia.Evergreen shrubs or small trees, to 5 m tall, often fleshy; branches subquadrangular, glabrous. Leaves opposite or solitary opposite an inflorescence; petiole 5-20 mm, glabrous; blade fleshy, drying papery, elliptic-oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 10-25 × 5-13 cm, glabrous and shiny on both surfaces, base acute or acuminate, apex acute to obtuse; secondary veins 5-7 pairs, with pubescent domatia; stipules interpetiolar, free or shortly fused to petioles, broadly triangular to ovate, 4-16 mm, obtuse or rounded. Inflorescence solitary and leaf-opposed; peduncle 1-1.5 cm; head 1, oblong to subglobose, 5-10 mm in diam., many flowered; bracts absent. Flowers with hypanthia partially fused, distylous. Calyx glabrous or puberulent; limb subtruncate to truncate, 0.2-0.5 mm, sometimes in 1 to numerous flowers of a head with 1(-3) calycophylls, these white, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 5-16 mm, obtuse to acute. Corolla white, funnelform, outside glabrous; tube ca. 15 mm, densely villous in throat; lobes 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm. Drupecetum white, irregularly ovoid to subglobose, 2.5-5 cm. Drupes not distinguishable individually. Fl. and fr. year-round.
The distinctive form called Morinda bracteata has well-developed white calycophylls that give the plants a markedly different appearance and may function in pollination, but these two forms have generally been considered conspecific. Nelson and Elevitch (Noni, 42-43. 2006) noted that plants with bracteate inflorescences produce smaller fruit and that the cultivated plants with variegated leaves are called M. citrifolia ‘Potteri.’ Both of these forms are found in Taiwan (e.g., Yang & Chuang 11410, MO, "citifolia" form; Yang & Chuang 12060, MO, "bracteata" form). The fruit of this species are edible (though not particularly palatable) and said to have medicinal and/or tonic value; they are sold by natural food vendors under the name "noni" or "nona." This species is increasingly widely cultivated, as detailed by Nelson and Elevitch (loc. cit.).
" 123788 general 402027 Rubiaceae "Morinda officinalis.Lianas; branches surrounded at base by persistent leafless stipules, when young strigillose, hirtellous, or pilose, becoming glabrescent and scabrous, angled, brown or bluish black. Leaves opposite; petiole 4-11 mm, densely puberulent, strigillose, hirtellous, or hirsute to glabrescent; blade drying papery, on both surfaces brown to yellow-brown, shiny to matte adaxially, matte abaxially, ovate-oblong, obovate-oblong, or elliptic, 6-13 × 3-6 cm, adaxially sparsely strigillose, hirtellous, or hirsute to glabrescent, abaxially glabrous or sparsely hirtellous along principal veins, base obtuse, rounded, cuneate, or acute, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded and abruptly mucronulate; secondary veins (4 or)5-7 pairs, with small pilosulous domatia; stipules fused into a spathe or tube, 3-5 mm, membranous, puberulent to hirtellous, truncate, on each side 2-denticulate. Inflorescence terminal; peduncles 1-7 or 15-25, umbellate or fasciculate, 0.1-1 cm, densely hirtellous to strigillose, as a group usually subtended by 1 or 2 stipuliform bracts; heads 1 per peduncle, subglobose to hemispherical, 5-7 mm in diam., 1-3- or 4-10-flowered. Flowers fused for ca. half of hypanthium, biology not noted. Calyx puberulent to glabrous; limb 1-1.5 mm, lobed for ca. 1/2; lobes 2-4, triangular, sometimes markedly unequal on an individual flower, obtuse to acute. Corolla white, campanulate or urceolate, outside puberulent, hirtellous, or glabrescent; tube 3-4 mm, inside densely villosulous from middle of tube to throat; lobes (2-)4, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 3-4 mm, apically thickened and rostrate. Drupecetum globose to oblate, 5-11 mm in diam. Drupes fully fused, red, subglobose, 4-5 mm. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Oct-Nov.
According to the protologue, the species is apparently cultivated and used medicinally. The roots were described by Y. Z. Ruan (in FRPS 71(2): 199. 1999) as fleshy, irregularly intestine-like constricted, slightly purplish red, purplish blue when dry; they are illustrated in the protologue figure. The roots of almost no other Morinda species have been described by Y. Z. Ruan or any other authors seen.
" 129455 general 416224 Rubiaceae "Hamelia patens.Shrubs, deciduous, 1.5-4 m tall; branches angled to subterete, often becoming red, hirtellous or pilosulous to glabrescent. Leaves 2, 3, or 4(or 5) per node; petiole 1.5-4.5 cm, pilosulous or hirtellous to glabrous; blade drying papery to membranous, elliptic to oblanceolate, 7-20 × 4-6 cm, both surfaces pilosulous or hirtellous to glabrescent, base cuneate to acute, apex acute to weakly acuminate; secondary veins 7-9 pairs, in abaxial axils frequently with pilosulous domatia; stipules narrowly triangular to subulate, 2-6 mm, hirtellous or pilosulous to glabrescent. Inflorescences corymbiform, villosulous or pilosulous to glabrescent; peduncle 1-8 cm; branched portion corymbiform, 1.5-7 × 1.5-9 cm; bracts reduced or triangular, 0.2-0.5 mm. Flowers subsessile to pedicellate; pedicels to 2 mm. Calyx hirtellous to glabrous; ovary portion ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm; limb deeply lobed; lobes triangular, 0.8-1 mm. Corolla red to red-orange or yellow, narrowly tubular, outside puberulent to glabrous; tube smooth to shallowly 5-ribbed, 16-23 mm; lobes ovate-triangular, 1-2 mm, acute. Berry ovoid, 6-7 mm in diam., puberulent to glabrescent. Fl. May-Dec.
In S China and in cultivation in general this species does not set fruit; the fruit description here is based on wild plants. The flowers of the cultivated plants range from yellow to dark scarlet red, and in recent years many new cultivars have been developed.
" 129497 general 398602 Rubiaceae "Neolamarckia cadamba.Trees, deciduous, to 30 m tall; trunk with small buttresses; bark thin, grayish brown, fissured and scabrous when old; branches horizontally spreading, flattened becoming subterete, glabrescent. Petiole 20-35 mm, glabrous; leaf blade drying thinly leathery, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, on juvenile growth 50-60 × 15-30 cm, on adult growth 15-25 × 7-12 cm, adaxially shiny and glabrous, abaxially glabrous to densely puberulent, base shallowly cordate on juvenile growth, rounded or truncate on adult growth, apex acute; secondary veins 8-12 pairs, apparently without domatia; stipules lanceolate, 12-20 mm, acute. Inflorescences with peduncle 2-4 cm, rather stout; flowering heads 35-45 mm across calyces, 40-60 mm across corollas. Calyx puberulent to pilosulous; ovary portion ellipsoid to obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm; limb 3-4 mm, partially to deeply lobed; lobes oblong to spatulate, obtuse to rounded. Corolla yellowish white, funnelform, outside glabrous; tube ca. 10 mm; lobes lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm. Fruiting heads yellowish green, 30-40 mm in diam., with peduncles markedly thickened. Fruit cylindrical to ellipsoid or obovoid, 2-2.5 × ca. 1 mm, glabrous; seeds 3-angled, 0.5-0.7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.
This species is occasionally cultivated for lumber in Asia, including probably in China, and in the Neotropics.
" 129538 general 414948 Rubiaceae "Rubia tinctorum.Herbs, sprawling to climbing, perennial, with extensive stout, woody, and red rhizomes; stems to 1-2.5 m, often fascicled, quadrangular with ± sharp angles, somewhat retrorsely aculeolate or glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 4-6, shortly petiolate to subsessile; blade drying papery to subleathery, lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong, or elliptic-oblong, 3-10 × 0.5-3.5 cm, glabrous or mostly along lower midrib and margins retrorsely aculeolate, base acute, apex acute; lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, pinnate. Inflorescences thyrsoid, leaflike and many-flowered cymes terminal and axillary from upper stem nodes; axes ± retrorsely aculeolate; peduncles up to 50 mm with bracts narrowly elliptic, 2-5 mm; pedicels (0.75-)1.5-8(-12) mm. Ovary ca. 0.8 mm, glabrous. Corolla yellow to greenish yellow, rotate-funnelform, glabrous; tube ca. 1 mm; limb 3-4.5 mm in diam.; lobes lanceolate, ca. 1 mm, shortly acuminate. Anthers large, 0.5-0.6(-0.8) mm, straight. Mericarp berry black, 3.5-4 × 4-4.5 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep.
Rubia tinctorum is the madder of commerce, cultivated for the dye derived from its rhizomes and roots, and still used in textiles and fine paints. Mainly because of its relatively large and straight anthers, this and a few related taxa from C Asia have been placed into R. sect. Meganthera by Pojarkova (Fl. URSS 23: 392-397. 1958). As R. tinctorum is the type species of the genus, this section has to be called R. sect. Rubia (Ehrendorfer et al., Fl. Iranica 176: 54. 2005).
" 135903 general 397829 Rubiaceae "Ixora finlaysoniana.Shrubs or small trees, to 5-6 m tall; branches glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 4-10 mm, glabrous; blade drying rather leathery, elliptic-oblong, elliptic, oblanceolate, obovate, or oblong-lanceolate, 10-17(-20) × 3-6(-9) cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate to obtuse, apex obtuse to acute; secondary veins 8-12 pairs; stipules usually persistent, interpetiolar or usually united around stem, broadly ovate to triangular, 3-6 mm, glabrous, acute or with arista 0.3-3.5 mm. Inflorescences terminal, corymbiform to densely cymose, puberulent, subsessile to pedunculate; peduncle to 4.5 cm; branched portion 2.5-4 × 3-5 cm (not including corollas); bracts lanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly ligulate, 8-10 mm, obtuse to acute. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Calyx glabrous; hypanthium ellipsoid to subglobose, 1-1.5 mm; limb deeply lobed; lobes elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, 4-6 mm, acute. Corolla white, outside glabrous; tube 20-30 mm, glabrous at throat; lobes narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 5-6 × 1.2-3 mm, acute to subacute. Drupe subglobose and often weakly didymous, 6-8 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Apr-Oct, fr. Sep.
The name of this species is sometimes spelled incorrectly as "findlaysoniana." This species is native in our region and also widely cultivated in warm tropical regions worldwide.
" 136586 general 402305 Rubiaceae "Mussaenda treutleri.Erect or climbing shrubs; branches terete, moderately to densely villous or hirsute. Leaves opposite; petiole 4-10 mm, hirsute or villous; blade drying membranous to papery, green to brownish, paler below when specimen well preserved, elliptic to ovate, 2.5-21 × 4-11 cm, both surfaces moderately strigillose to pilose on lamina and moderately to densely strigillose to hirsute along principal veins, base cuneate to obtuse, truncate, or rounded, apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins 6-8 pairs, without domatia, tertiary venation reticulate; stipules generally persistent, ovate, 7-12 × 6-12 mm, moderately to densely hirsute or pilose, entire to deeply 2-lobed, segments acute to acuminate. Inflorescences subcapitate to congested-cymose or sometimes with axes later elongating, 2-6 × 2-8 cm, hirsute, sessile to subsessile; bracts lanceolate, 0.5-1 cm, obtuse to acuminate or 2- or 3-parted. Flowers subsessile, biology not noted. Calyx with hypanthium portion campanulate to obconic, 3-4 mm, densely brown strigose to -sericeous; lobes lanceolate, ligulate, or oblanceolate, 7-18 × 3-4 mm, often markedly unequal on an individual flower, densely brown strigillose to -strigose, acute, with 1 lobe on 1 to several flowers on each inflorescence sometimes expanded into white calycophyll, blade ovate or rhombic, 5-7 × 3.5-4 cm, both surfaces sparsely hirsute to glabrescent on lamina and moderately to densely pilosulous to puberulent on principal veins, base obtuse to truncate, stipe 25-37 mm, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate. Corolla orange-yellow, salverform, outside densely spreading villous; tube ca. 22 mm; lobes ovate, 5-7 mm (to 10 mm in other regions), acute to acuminate. Berry ellipsoid, 10-12 × 10-12 mm, strigose, lenticellate, calyx limb deciduous. Fl. Jul-Sep.
The description of the fruit here is based on specimens from outside our flora region.
This species is similar to Mussaenda macrophylla, and in the protologue M. treutleri was explicitly separated from plants commonly called M. macrophylla, both in the wild and in cultivation; in fact, the protologue noted that M. treutleri was already widely distributed in cultivation at that time incorrectly under the other name. Mussaenda treutleri subsequently has apparently still been confused with or combined with M. macrophylla, including by recent authors (e.g., Springate et al., Fl. Bhutan 2(2): 783. 1999). Mussaenda treutleri is here circumscribed somewhat differently than by H. H. Hsue and H. Wu (in FRPS 71(1): 301. 1999): the plants from montane Yunnan and adjacent regions with broad, generally persistent stipules were separated by Stapf from M. macrophylla and included in M. treutleri, and this distinction is followed here.
The illustration presented for Mussaenda treutleri by Fu et al. (Higher Pl. China 10: 575. 2004) is incorrect; this figure shows a species of Asteraceae.
Trees or shrubs, to 15(-25) m tall; bark grayish brown, thin, with many shallow fissures; branches flattened to subquadrangular, puberulent to hirtellous or glabrescent. Petiole 3-20(-30) mm, glabrous or hirtellous or puberulent; leaf blade drying papery or thinly leathery, oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-oblong, or lanceolate, 7-16(-21.5) × 2.5-6(-11) cm, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulent to hirtellous abaxially, base acute to cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded or rarely acute; secondary veins 7-11 pairs, usually with crypt domatia, these best developed in proximal part of blade; stipules 10-20 mm, glabrous to puberulent or hirtellous, obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences 5-23 × 5-18 cm, densely hirtellous to puberulent; bracts triangular, 0.5-3 mm; pedicels 1-8 mm. Calyx densely sericeous; ovary portion ellipsoid, 1.5-2 mm; limb 1-2 mm, sparsely puberulent, partially lobed; lobes ovate-triangular, 0.5-1 mm. Corolla white, pale yellow, or pale pink, glabrous to puberulent outside; tube cylindrical, 5-9 mm, glabrous inside; lobes lanceolate, 3-4(-6) mm, acute. Capsules 8-30 × 3-8 mm, stiffly papery to woody, puberulent or pilosulous to glabrescent; seeds 3-10 × 1.6-3.7 mm (including wing). Fl. Jun-Feb.
Plants cultivated under the trade name Cinchona ledgeriana were considered to belong to C. calisaya by Andersson (Mem. New York. Bot. Gard. 80: 55-57. 1998). The description of the plants treated as C. ledgeriana by W. C. Chen (in FRPS 71(1): 224-225. 1999) agrees with Andersson’s classification of C. lancifolia Mutis and also generally matches the cultivated hybrid C. lucumifolia Pavon ex Lindley × C. pubescens (Andersson, loc. cit.: 60).
" 140052 general 413356 Rubiaceae "Cinchona pubescens.Trees and shrubs, to 12 m tall; bark grayish brown, sometimes striped with white and/or longitudinally fissured; branches somewhat flattened to subterete or angled, densely pilosulous or hirtellous to puberulent or glabrescent. Petiole 1.5-4 cm, glabrous or puberulent to hirtellous; leaf blade drying papery, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, 10-24.5 × 5.5-17 cm, adaxially glabrous to pilosulous or puberulent, abaxially hirtellous to pilosulous or puberulent and often reddened at least when young, base obtuse to rounded or truncate, apex obtuse to rounded; secondary veins 6-11 pairs, with pilosulous domatia; stipules 10-25 mm, sparsely pilosulous, obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences 6-23 × 6-23 cm, pilosulous or hirtellous to puberulent; bracts triangular, 0.5-3 mm; pedicels 1-3 mm. Calyx with ovary portion ellipsoid, 2-3 mm, densely pilosulous; limb 1.5-3 mm, sparsely to densely pilosulous or hirtellous, shallowly lobed; lobes triangular, 0.5-1 mm. Corolla white or pink, outside glabrescent to pilosulous or puberulent; tube cylindrical, 8.5-14 mm; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm, acute. Capsules 10-18(-41) × 5-7 mm, pilosulous to glabrescent; seeds 7-12 × 2-3 mm (including wing). Fl. and fr. Jun-Feb.
This is the most frequently cultivated species and hybrid parent of Cinchona. It is variable morphologically in cultivation and also in its native range.
" 140207 general 400770 Rubiaceae "Pentas lanceolata.Subshrubs, 30-70 cm tall; branches quadrangular, moderately to densely pilosulous to villous often becoming glabrescent with age. Leaves opposite; petiole 0.5-3 cm, pilosulous to villous; blade drying papery, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 5-14 × 2-5.5 cm, adaxially scabrous or villous to glabrescent, abaxially densely villous or hirtellous at least along principal veins, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acute or shortly acuminate; secondary veins 8-10 pairs; stipules truncate to broadly rounded, 1.5-2 mm, villous, bristles 1-5, 1-4 mm. Inflorescence densely pilosulous to villous; peduncle 3-12 mm; branched portion congested-cymose often becoming lax, 1.5-4 × 1.5-4 cm; bracts narrowly triangular to linear, 0.5-1.5 mm. Flowers sessile or subsessile, distylous. Calyx densely hirtellous or villous; ovary portion subglobose to obovoid, ca. 1 mm; limb deeply lobed; lobes narrowly oblanceolate to elliptic or narrowly spatulate, 2-8 mm, usually unequal on an individual flower with nearly this entire size range found on some flowers, acute. Corolla pale purple to pink, red, white, or yellow, salverform, sparsely hirtellous to glabrescent outside; tube slender except rather abruptly swollen in throat in long-styled form (around stamens), 17-20 mm, densely barbate in throat; lobes elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, acute to obtuse. Capsules obovoid, 4-6 × 4-6 mm, stiffly papery to woody, with beak 1-2 mm tall; seeds 0.5-1 mm. Fl. Jul-Sep.
Cultivated plants of Pentas lanceolata are usually all long-styled and usually do not set fruit. They are variable in flower color, and new varieties and colors continue to be developed.
" 141265 general 414639 Rubiaceae "Rondeletia odorata.Shrubs, to 2 m tall; branches flattened to subterete, hirtellous or villosulous to glabrescent. Leaves opposite, decussate; petiole 1-2 mm, hirtellous to glabrescent; blade drying stiffly leathery, ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, 2-5 × 1-3.5 cm, adaxially scabrous and often rugulose or bullate, abaxially glabrescent to pilosulous or hirtellous at least on principal veins, base obtuse to subcordate, margins thinly revolute, apex broadly obtuse to acute; secondary veins 3-6 pairs, sometimes with pilosulous to pilose domatia; stipules persistent, triangular, 4-5 mm, strigillose to pilosulous, acute. Inflorescences terminal, cymose, several to many flowered, 2-3 × 3-4.5 cm, hirtellous to hirsute; peduncle 0.7-1.5 cm; bracts narrowly triangular to ovate or elliptic, 2-15 mm, acute; pedicels 1.5-5 mm. Calyx with ovary portion subglobose, 1.5-2 mm, densely strigillose to pilosulous; limb lobed essentially to base; lobes 5, narrowly triangular to linear, 4-5 mm, sparsely strigillose to puberulent. Corolla bright red with yellow throat, salverform, pilosulous to strigillose outside; tube 12-20 mm; lobes suborbicular, ca. 3.5 × 4 mm, crisped, obtuse to rounded. Capsules globose to depressed globose, 3-4 mm in diam., densely hirtellous or villosulous; seeds ca. 0.8 × 0.5 mm. Fl. Jul-Sep.
The cultivated plants apparently do not produce fruit; the description of the fruit here is taken from plants in the native range of this species. The few Chinese species seen are all long styled.
" 143005 general 397934 Rubiaceae "Ixora fulgens.Shrubs; branches glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 10-18 mm, glabrous; blade drying dark brown, shiny, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, (9-)15-22 × (2-) 3-4 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acute to long acuminate; secondary veins 8-10 pairs; stipules persistent, shortly united around stem, ovate, 2-3 mm, acute with arista 3-5 mm. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, 12-17 cm wide, puberulent to hirtellous; peduncle ca. 1 cm; bracts narrowly triangular, 1-1.5 mm; pedicels 0.5-3 mm. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx glabrescent; hypanthium ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 mm; limb lobed for up to ca. 1/2; lobes subtriangular, 0.5-1 mm, obtuse. Corolla orange-yellow to dark red, outside glabrous; tube 25-30 mm, in throat glabrous; lobes ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic, 10-12 mm, acute. Drupe globose, 9-10 mm in diam., glabrescent. Fl. Jul-Sep.
The application of this name has apparently varied among authors. Bremekamp (J. Bot. (London) 75: 111. 1937) discussed the differing usage, noting that the original description was based on a plant cultivated in the Calcutta Botanical Garden and of incorrectly attributed (in his view) provenance. Plants from the Philippines have petioles as short as 5 mm and corolla lobes up to 40 mm.
W. C. Ko (in FRPS 71(2): 42. 1999) described the branches as sometimes with epidermis strips peeling off; this has not been reported by others nor seen on specimens. Ko also described the secondary leaf veins as 18-25 pairs (p. 43); that count seems to include the often rather well-developed intersecondary veins together with the secondary veins.
Shrubs or trees, unarmed, with rust-colored villosulous indumentum (sometimes becoming bleached) on terminal and axillary buds and usually on young inflorescences. Leaves alternate [rarely opposite], odd-pinnate, 1-foliolate, or simple. Inflorescences terminal and/or axillary, paniculate, compoundly racemose, or reduced to 1 or a few flowers. Flowers bisexual, globose to ellipsoid in bud. Sepals 4 or 5, basally connate. Petals 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8 or 10, distinct, alternately ± unequal in length; filaments ± straight. Disk annular, pulvinate, columnar, conic, or bell-shaped. Gynoecium 2-5-loculed, syncarpous; radial walls of locules straight; ovules 1(or 2) per locule; style to nearly as long as ovary, persistent in fruit. Fruit a berry, with mucilaginous pulp or dry, without pulp vesicles; endocarp membranous. Seeds with membranous seed coat; endosperm lacking; embryo straight; cotyledons elliptic, plano-convex, neither convolute nor folded; hypocotyl partly included between cotyledons.
About 50 species: E, S, and SE Asia, Australia; 11 species (two endemic) in China.
" 110193 general 594833 Rutaceae "Melicope.Shrubs, trees, rarely scandent, evergreen, usually dioecious or sometimes monoclinous or andromonoecious. Leaves opposite [or whorled], digitately 3-foliolate or 1-foliolate. Inflorescences axillary or basal to leaves, cymulose to thyrsiform [or reduced to solitary flowers]. Sepals 4, connate at base or to nearly their full length. Petals 4, valvate or narrowly imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 8 [or 4-8], rudimentary in female flowers. Disk pulvinate to annular to cup-shaped. Gynoecium 4-carpelled, rudimentary or lacking in male flowers; ovaries connate at base, otherwise contiguous [or connate up to their full length]; ovules [1 or] 2 per locule; style apical or subapical, of 4 contiguous, coherent, or connate stylar elements; stigma usually punctiform, capitellate, or capitate. Fruit of 1-4 basally connate follicles [or grading to a syncarpous 4-loculed loculicidal capsule]; exocarp dry to fleshy; endocarp cartilaginous. Seeds remaining attached in dehisced fruit; seed coat with thick inner layer of dense black sclerenchyma and spongy outer layer bounded externally by a shiny black pellicle; endosperm copious; embryo straight or slightly curved; cotyledons elliptic, flattened; hypocotyl superior.
About 233 species: E, S, and SE Asia, Australia, Indian Ocean islands (Mascarenes), Madagascar, Pacific islands; eight species (two endemic) in China.
As discussed by Hartley (Allertonia 8: 19, f. 5. 2001), two types of attachment of mature seed are seen in dehisced fruit of Melicope. In Type A, the attachment is by a partially detached axile strip of pericarp tissue or by a partially detached raphe, or by both. In Type B, neither the axile pericarp tissue nor the raphe is detached, and the seed is connected to the axile placental region by a funiculus, which is simply the funiculus of the ovule enlarged.
" 111141 general 595201 Rutaceae "Tetradium.Shrubs or trees, evergreen or deciduous, dioecious or rarely polygamo-dioecious. Axillary buds exposed. Leaves opposite, odd- pinnate (occasional leaves even-pinnate); lateral leaflet blades often ± inequilateral, especially at base. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and axillary, thyrsiform. Sepals 4 or 5, basally connate. Petals 4 or 5, narrowly imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, distinct. Male flowers: stamens to 1.5 × as long as petals; disk conic to cylindric or occasionally barrel-shaped; gynoecium rudimentary, of 4 or 5 basally connate, divergent, and fingerlike carpels. Female flowers: stamens rudimentary, ligulate, much shorter than petals or sometimes lacking; disk pulvinate to barrel-shaped; gynoecium 4- or 5-carpelled; ovaries basally connate, otherwise contiguous, each with 1 or 2 ovules; style apical, of 4 or 5 ± contiguous stylar elements; stigma peltate. Fruit of 1-5 basally connate follicles with abortive carpels, if any, persistent; outer part of pericarp (exocarp and mesocarp) dry or ± fleshy; endocarp cartilaginous. Seeds remaining attached in dehisced fruit; seed coat (except in Tetradium daniellii and T. calcicola) with thick inner layer of dense black sclerenchyma and spongy outer layer bounded externally by a shiny black or reddish pellicle; endosperm copious; embryo straight; cotyledons broadly elliptic, ± flattened; hypocotyl superior.
Nine species: E, S, and SE Asia; seven species (one endemic) in China.
Euodia lyi H. Léveillé (Bull. Géogr. Bot. 24: 142. 1914) is a synonym of Miliusa sinensis Finett & Gagnepain in the Annonaceae (see Fl. China 7).
Euodia chaffanjonii H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 265. 1914) is a synonym of Euscaphis japonica (Thunberg) Dippel in the Staphyleaceae (see p. 498).
Euodia was long confused with Tetradium and Melicope. Euodia comprises seven species native to NE Australia, New Guinea, and SW Pacific islands.
Shrubs, trees, or sometimes herbs, sometimes scrambling or scandent, sometimes armed, with aromatic volatile oils contained in glands visible at surface of at least leaves, young branchlets, inflorescences, flower parts, fruit, or cotyledons in seed. Stipules absent [or stipular excrescences rarely present]. Leaves alternate, opposite [or whorled], simple (petiole neither apically swollen nor articulate with leaf blade), 1-foliolate (in individual specimens at least some 1-foliolate leaves with petiole apically swollen and/or articulate with leaf blade), or variously compound. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, usually 3-5-merous, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous [or rarely perigynous]. Perianth in 2 series, with clearly differentiated calyx and corolla or sometimes in 2 irregular series or 1 series, with ± undifferentiated tepals. Sepals distinct or connate to their full length. Petals distinct [or rarely coherent or connate for part of their length]. Stamens usually as many as or 2 × as many as petals or sometimes more numerous; filaments distinct or sometimes coherent or connate for at least part of their length; anthers introrse or sometimes latrorse, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk [rarely lacking] within androecium, nectariferous, flattened, annular, cup-shaped, pulvinate, or sometimes columnar, bell-shaped, conic, or hourglass-shaped. Gynoecium of 1-5 distinct 1-loculed carpels or 2 to many partially to completely connate carpels; placentation axile [very rarely becoming parietal]; ovules 1 to many per locule. Fruit of 2-5 follicles [drupes or samaras] or a single follicle, capsule, or berry [or samara]. Seeds with relatively large embryo; endosperm present and fleshy or lacking.
About 155 genera and ca. 1600 species: nearly cosmopolitan but mainly tropical and subtropical; 22 genera (one endemic, one introduced) and 126 species and hybrid species (49 endemic, at least two introduced) in China.
Oil glands of Rutaceae, when viewed from the surface of plant parts they occupy, are usually pellucid. They also appear to be ± isodiametric and to have ± definite patterns of distribution. In blades of leaves, for example, where they are most commonly observed, they are usually ± evenly scattered throughout, or sometimes they are restricted to the margins. Rarely they are alleged to occur only along the secondary veins of the blades.
In a cladistic analysis of selected genera of Rutaceae and related families based on rbcL and atpB molecular data (but only on rbcL data for Harrisonia), M. W. Chase, C. M. Morton, and J. A. Kallunki (Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1191-1199. 1999) recommended the placement of Harrisonia (traditionally Simaroubaceae) in Rutaceae. We do not agree with this classification, particularly because Harrisonia appears to lack oil glands, and suggest that the genus is most correctly placed in Cneoraceae, in which it is treated herein.
Several taxa of cultivated Rutaceae treated by C. C. Huang (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(3). 1997) are not treated here: Casimiroa edulis La Llave, which is native to Mexico, has been introduced as a cultivated plant to the Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden in Yunnan; Limonia acidissima Linnaeus (Feronia limonia (Linnaeus) Swingle), which is native to India and Sri Lanka, has been reported as cultivated in Taiwan by C. C. Huang (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 44(3): 212. 1997) but was not reported as a cultivated plant by T. C. Huang in A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Taiwan (Fl. Taiwan 6: 81-83. 1979); Flindersia amboinensis Poiret, which is native to Indonesia and New Guinea, is cultivated in S China; Ptelea trifoliata Linnaeus, which is native to North America, is cultivated in Beijing and Liaoning; and Ruta graveolens Linnaeus, which is native to the Mediterranean region, is widely cultivated in China.
Huang Chengchiu. 1997. Rutaceae. In: Huang Cheng
Trees, deciduous, with straight axillary spines. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnately (1 or)3(or 5)-foliolate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, loosely fasciculate or racemose and few flowered or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual, fragrant. Calyx cup-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 30-50 or more; filaments short, subulate, distinct or irregularly coherent at base; anthers linear-lanceolate. Disk columnar or bell-shaped. Gynoecium 8-20-loculed, syncarpous; ovules many per locule, in 2 rows; style short and thick; stigma capitate, cylindric, or bluntly conic, longitudinally grooved. Fruit a berry, globose to ellipsoid to pyriform; exocarp thin, parenchymatous; mesocarp woody; endocarp fleshy, soft and pulpy, becoming hard and reddish orange when dry, composed largely of elongate sessile pulp vesicles which are lacking within seed locules. Seeds depressed ovoid, woolly when ripe, embedded in a clear glutinous substance that becomes hard when dry; seed coat fleshy; endosperm lacking; embryo solitary, straight; cotyledons ovate, plano-convex; hypocotyl partly included between cotyledons.
One species: native to India, cultivated in China.
" 109197 general 597507 Rutaceae "Citrus.Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, rarely deciduous. Young branches often flat and angled, usually with solitary (rarely paired) spines at axils. Leaves 1-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate or simple; petiole usually articulated with base of leaf blade, usually conspicuously winged; leaf blade subleathery to leathery, with dense pellucid fragrant oil dots, margin crenulate or rarely entire. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite or male, solitary or in small fascicles, fragrant. Calyx cup-shaped; lobes 3-5, subglabrous. Petals (3 or)4 or 5(-8), white or outside pinkish red, imbricate, thick. Stamens usually 4(-10) × as many as petals, free or basally coherent. Disk annular or short, with nectary glands. Ovary (3-)5-14(-18)-loculed, each locule with 2-8 or more ovules; stigma large. Fruit a berry (hesperidium) with sarcocarp segments of pulp vesicles and adaxially attached seeds. Seed coat smooth or ridged; embryo(s) 1 to many, like cotyledons milky white, green, or rarely yellowish, germination hypogeous.
Between 20 and 25 species: E, S, and SE Asia, Australia, SW Pacific islands, with many cultivated taxa widely naturalized in warm countries; 11 species and hybrid species (three endemic) native, naturalized, or extensively cultivated in China, plus five hybrid species cultivated to a limited extent.
In China, many early hybridizations appear to have taken place, and many cultivated taxa have become naturalized (these are listed at the end of the generic account). For a discussion of the status of several taxa formerly considered species see Nicolosi et al. (Theor. Appl. Genetics 100: 1155-1166. 2000) and Mabberley (Blumea 49: 481-498. 2004). Hybrids readily form between species, and as apomixis is common, such hybrids can be fixed as cultivars, with occasional outcrossings leading to yet more. Because these hybrids can thereby span, through backcrossing, the spectrum of variation between the original, probably geographically isolated, species, it is impossible to provide a key to cover all plants that may be found. The key here therefore covers the apparently wild species and some of the most common cultivar groups now referred to as hybrid taxa. Doubtful taxa are not included in the key, but descriptions of two are included at the end of the treatment.
Because of the enormous worldwide economic importance of the genus, Citrus is treated more fully, particularly with regard to synonymy, than is the norm in this flora. The following treatment is the first floristic one to take account of current advances in the understanding of the genus.
Additional Hybrid Taxa Cultivated to a Limited Extent in China
Citrus ×microcarpa Bunge, Enum. Pl. China Bor. 10. 1833.
×Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands; ×C. mitis (Blanco) J. Ingram & H. E. Moore; Citrus ×mitis Blanco.
Calamondin or calamansi is hybrid between Citrus reticulata and C. japonica.
Citrus ×latifolia (Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka, Kwaju Bunruigaku [Systematic Pomology], 140. 1951.
Citrus ×aurantiifolia (Christmann) Swingle var. latifolia Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka, Iconogr. Jap. Citrus Fruits 1: 57. 1946; C. ×aurantiifolia subsp. latifolia (Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka) S. Ríos et al.
Seedless lime is a hybrid between Citrus ×aurantiifolia and possibly C. ×limon.
Citrus ×floridana (J. Ingram & H. E. Moore) Mabberley, Telopea 7: 337. 1998.
×Citrofortunella floridana J. W. Ingram & H. E. Moore, Baileya 19: 170. 1975.
Limequat is a hybrid between Citrus japonica and C. ×aurantiifolia.
Citrus ×georgiana Mabberley, Blumea 49: 490. 2004.
Citrangequat is a hybrid between Citrus ×insitorum and C. japonica.
Citrus ×insito
" 117346 general 596949 Rutaceae "Clausena lansium.Trees to 12 m tall. Leaves 5-11-foliolate; petiolules 4-8 mm; leaflet blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, 6-14 × 3-6 cm, midvein often pubescent, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin repand to crenulate. Inflorescences terminal, paniculate. Flowers globose in bud. Calyx lobes broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm. Petals oblong, ca. 5 mm. Stamens 10; filaments linear, basal portion slightly expanded. Disk short. Ovary hirsute. Fruit pale yellow, globose, ellipsoid, or broadly ovoid, 1.5-3 × 1-2 cm, 1-4-seeded. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Aug (fl. and fr. ca. 1 month earlier in Hainan). 2n = 18.
This species is cultivated for its fruit in China and elsewhere in warm areas of the world.
" 117362 general 595481 Rutaceae "Phellodendron amurense.Trees 10-30 m tall, d.b.h. to 1 m. Leaves 7-13-foliolate; rachis glabrous to pubescent; leaflet blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6-12 × 2.5-4.5 cm, papery to thinly papery, apex acuminate. Inflorescences and infructescences ± lax, rachis, branches, and pedicels slender. Fruit globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Seeds ca. 6 × 3 mm. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Sep-Oct.
This species is widely cultivated.
Phellodendron amurense var. wilsonii was accepted by C. E. Chang (Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 3: 527. 1993).
Trees to 8 m tall. Older branchlets grayish white to pale yellowish gray. Leaves 3-7-foliolate; petiolules rather short; leaflet blades elliptic-obovate or obovate, 1-6 × 0.5-3 cm, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and axillary. Flowers 5-merous, fragrant. Sepals ovate, ca. 1.5 mm. Petals white, oblong, 1-1.5 cm. Stamens 10. Fruit orange to vermilion, broadly ovoid, 8-12 × 6-10 mm. Seeds villous. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Sep-Dec. 2n = 18*.
This species is widespread in cultivation in tropical and subtropical areas.
" 133594 general 597549 Rutaceae "Citrus hystrix.Trees 3-6 m tall. Branchlets with spines. Leaves dark red when young; petiole winged, apex rounded to truncate; leaf blade ovate, 5-8 × 2.5-4.5 cm, 1-2.5 cm longer (rarely same length) and 0.5-1 cm wider than winged petiole, tertiary veins conspicuous, margin apically conspicuously and sparsely crenate, apex narrowly obtuse. Inflorescences with (1 or)3-5 flowers; peduncle 1-5 mm. Flower buds globose. Calyx lobes 4 or 5, broadly triangular, ca. 4 × 6 mm. Petals white but pinkish red outside, 7-10 mm. Stamens ca. 30; filaments distinct. Style short, thick. Fruit lemon yellow, ellipsoid to subglobose, 5-7 × 3-5 cm, slightly coarse or smooth, oil dots numerous and prominent, apex rounded; pericarp thick; sarcocarp in 11-13 segments, very acidic and slightly bitter. Seeds numerous 1.5-1.8 × 1-1.2 cm, ridged; embryo solitary; cotyledons milky white. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Nov-Dec.
Although apparently native to S China into SE Asia and Malesia, the natural distribution of this species is obscured by cultivation. Selected forms are cultivated throughout the warm parts of the world for their culinary (leaves) and medicinal (fruit) uses. All named taxa (save perhaps some from central Malesia) seem to have been based on cultivated plants as discussed by Mabberley (Gard. Bull. Singapore 54: 173-184. 2002). Commonly seen in China are cultivated plants (the "lime leaves" of commerce) with the following characteristics: leaf blade broadly elliptic, apex obtuse to rounded; fruit subglobose, ca. 4 × 3.5 cm, smooth, apex with a papilla; pericarp ca. 2 mm thick; sarcocarp in 6 or 7 segments, 6-8-seeded but 1 or 2 seeds undeveloped; seeds pyramidal, 1.5-1.8 × 1-1.4 cm, 0.8-1.2 mm thick, with alveolate ridges.
" 133595 general 595780 Rutaceae "Citrus japonica.Trees to 5 m tall, d.b.h. to 20 cm. Branchlets numerous; spines variable, to 5 cm on young growth but some only a few mm on flowering shoots. Leaves 1-foliolate or sometimes mixed with simple leaves; petiole 6-9 mm, narrowly winged; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 4-6 × 1.5-3 cm, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin dentate near apex or rarely entire, apex rounded and rarely mucronate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, subsessile. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Petals 5, ca. 5 mm or less. Stamens ca. 20; filaments cohering into 4 or 5 bundles. Ovary as long as style, 3- or 4-loculed, with 3 or 4 ovules per locule. Fruit bright orange to red, globose to slightly oblate, 9-10 mm in diam., smooth, 3- or 4-seeded; pericarp sweet and edible; sarcocarp acidic. Seeds broadly ovoid, apex mucronate; seed coat smooth; embryos at least sometimes numerous; cotyledons green. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct-Dec. 2n = 18*, 20*, 36*.
This appears to be the truly wild kumquat from which cultivars with greatly increased fruit-sizes of different shapes have been selected. However, recent field studies in China show a considerable amount of variation within some wild populations of what is treated here as Citrus japonica. Future comprehensive field and cytological studies throughout the complex may show that geographical subspecies or cytological races of the wild form could be formally recognized.
None of the cultivars, formerly recognized as species, has been found in truly "natural" habitats. They are cultivated on a large scale in S China and have sometimes become naturalized. Citrus japonica and C. reticulata are parents of C. ×microcarpa. Many of the above synonyms can perhaps best be referred to cultivar groups, corresponding to the subformae of Hiroe. Commonly seen cultivar groups in China have the following characteristics, but some cultivars are intermediate.
Round Kumquat Group
Trees 2-5 m tall. Petiole 6-10 mm or rarely longer, wings narrow; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-8 × 1.5-3.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse and sometimes mucronate. Flowers 1-3 per fascicle; peduncle 6 mm or less. Petals 6-8 mm. Stamens 15-25. Ovary globose, ± as long as style, 4-6-loculed. Fruit orangish yellow to orangish red, globose, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam., 2-5-seeded; pericarp 1.5-2 mm thick, sweet. Seeds ovoid, base rounded; embryo solitary. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Nov-Feb.
Oval Kumquat Group
Trees to 3 m tall. Petiole ca. 1.2 cm, wings very narrow; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to long elliptic, 5-11 × 2-4 cm, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, apex obtuse to slightly acute. Flowers 1-3 per fascicle; peduncle 3-5 mm. Petals 6-8 mm. Stamens 20-25. Ovary elliptic; style usually ca. 1.5 × as long as ovary, slender; stigma slightly clavate. Fruit orangish yellow to orangish red, ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 2-3.5 cm in diam., oil dots usually slightly expanded, 2-5-seeded; pericarp ca. 2 mm thick, sweet; sarcocarp in 4 or 5 segments, acidic. Seeds ovoid, apex acute; embryo solitary or rarely numerous. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Oct-Dec.
* Dry, gentle slopes, sandy soils, thickets. Hainan.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
Trees to 20 m tall; bark dark gray, furrowed. Branchlets yellowish brown, coarsely robust. Leaves of short branchlets with petiole violet, 2-3 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, margin glandular serrate; veins white villous abaxially, subglabrous adaxially. Long shoots with leaf blade elliptic-ovate to long elliptic-ovate, 10-15 cm, base subcordate, apex acute.
Similar to Populus lasiocarpa. Described by L.-A. Dode using a plant cultivated in Paris, introduced from C China; to date, no specimens have been collected that agree with the original description
" 128849 general 592577 Salicaceae "Populus cathayana var. cathayana.Bark at first grayish green and smooth, becoming dull gray and furrowed when old. Leaf blade ovate, elliptic-ovate, elliptic, or narrowly ovate, margin glandular crenate-serrate.
Cultivated in plantations and shade belt forests.
" 135488 general 593085 Salicaceae "Homalium ceylanicum.Trees, 6-30(-40) m tall, buttressed; bark smooth to coarse; branchlets brown, angular to terete, puberulous to glabrous. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 mm, glabrous or glabrescent, early caducous; petiole 5-12 mm, glabrous or finely hairy; leaf blade variable in shape and size, elliptic to oblong, rarely obovate, excluding acumen 1.5-2.5(-3) × as long as broad, 6-18(-20) × 2.5-8(-9) cm, thinly leathery to thickly papery, abaxially pubescent with appressed short hairs or glabrous, adaxially glabrous or ± glabrescent, midvein raised abaxially, flat or impressed adaxially, lateral veins 7-10 pairs, raised abaxially, base acute with concave sides, acute-cuneate, or subrounded, margin serrate-crenate to practically entire, teeth apices obtuse, leaf apex acute to rounded, contracting (sometimes very abruptly) to an acumen to 1 cm. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, pendulous, 5-20(-30) cm; rachis sparsely to very densely, pale grayish brown shortly pubescent; bracts narrowly triangular, minute, to ca. 2 mm, papery, sparsely hairy, caducous. Pedicels 1-3 mm, articulate at or above middle, densely puberulous to appressed shortly pubescent. Flowers numerous, in fascicles of 3 to ca. 20, sometimes very crowded along rachis, reddish or whitish, 4-6-merous, 2.5-3 mm in diam. at anthesis, fragrant. Calyx tube 0.5-1.5 mm, sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs whitish, appressed, short (0.1-0.2 mm); sepals linear-oblong or spatulate, 0.5-2 × 0.3-0.5 mm, apex acute, indumentum outside as for calyx tube, inside slightly denser, margin densely ciliate, hairs spreading, whitish, length less than 1/2 to 1 × sepal width. Petals whitish or pinkish, ovate-oblong or spatulate, 0.8-2 × ca. 0.6 mm, both surfaces densely appressed whitish pubescent, sometimes more so than sepals, margin densely white-ciliate, apex obtuse. Disk glands truncate at apex, hairy. Stamens 4-6; filaments 2-3 mm, glabrous; anthers ca. 0.4 mm. Free part of ovary gray pubescent; placentas 4-6, each with 3-6 ovules; styles 4-6, free nearly to base, 1-2 mm, sparsely hairy at base; stigmas capitate to slightly peltate. Mature fruit not seen. Fl. Jan-Nov, fr. Feb-Dec.
Homalium ceylanicum is cultivated for ornament, and its wood is used commercially. Yu (in Fu & Jin, China Pl. Red Data Book 1: 304-305. 1992) gave H. laoticum var. glabratum as an accepted taxon and categorized it as vulnerable. They noted it as a rare and valuable timber tree, with small, scattered populations under threat from felling and bush fires. Natural regeneration is poor and seed set is low (despite prolific flowering).
Homalium ceylanicum is treated here in a wide sense as a highly polymorphic species within which various elements show intergrading variation in indumentum, leaf size, and raceme length. Indian floras recognize also H. ceylanicum subsp. minutiflorum (Kurz) Mitra, with H. ciliatum N. Mukherjee in synonymy. Wu Zhengyi (pers. comm., 2005) recommended recognition of H. bhamoense at species level, with a new species to accommodate plants from Xizang. Resolution of the H. ceylanicum complex requires a study across its entire range. Material with mature fruit is apparently scarce. Verdcourt (in Dassanayake & Clayton, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 10: 219. 1996) recommended a field study to investigate fruit production.
Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, 4-15 m tall; bark brown-gray; branches spiny when young, unarmed when old, glabrous or puberulous. Stipules subulate, minute, ca. 0.3 mm, glabrous, in dried material dark brown or blackish, caducous or persistent for some time; petiole short, 2-5 mm, glabrous to quite densely pubescent with spreading hairs; leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 3-8 × 2.5-3.5 cm, leathery, often glaucous below, both surfaces glabrous, or scarcely pubescent along veins below, lateral veins 3 or 4(or 5) pairs, base usually obtuse to rounded, less often acute, margin serrate, apex acute, tip usually acuminate, acumen 5-10 mm. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, short, 0.5-2 cm; rachis densely pubescent, hairs spreading, short; flowers yellowish. Pedicels very short, 1-3 mm in flower and fruit, pubescent. Bracts ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 1-2.5 mm, abaxially pubescent, ciliate, caducous or persistent. Sepals 4-6, broadly ovate with rounded apex, or orbicular, 1-2 mm, outside ± pubescent, inside glabrous, ciliate. Staminate flowers: stamen filaments long, eventually extending to ca. 3 mm; anthers ellipsoid, minute, ca. 0.2 mm, connective usually not projected beyond thecae; disk consisting of several, small, glabrous, closely set or connate glands. Pistillate flowers: disk annular, undulate; ovary ovoid, ca. 4.5 mm; placentas 2; styles 2, very short (to 0.5 mm) to nearly absent, joined in basal half. Berry dark red to black (black when dried), globose, 4-5 mm in diam.; calyx and disk persistent at least while fruit attached to plant; styles persistent. Seeds 2 or 3, reddish brown when dry, ovoid, flattened on one side by mutual pressure, 4-5 mm, completely covered in a thin membranous darkly streaked sheath. Fl. Jul-Nov, fr. Aug-Dec.
The varieties Xylosma racemosa var. glaucescens and X. racemosa var. pubescens are not upheld here. The characters used to distinguish them, glaucescence of the leaves, or hairiness of branchlets and petioles and venation of the abaxial leaf surface, were found to vary continuously throughout the species.
For Xylosma senticosa only three specimens (including the type) were available. Of these, Hance 7437 (type; K) and a specimen numbered "9204" (collector illegible; K) were collected from Victoria Peak, Hong Kong. The third specimen, Ford 579 (K), possibly a cultivated specimen, is also annotated "Victoria Peak." Between them, the specimens bear staminate or structurally bisexual flowers. All are similar to X. congesta but differ in the following combination of characteristics: leaves very small (1.5-3 cm), flowers sometimes structurally bisexual, sepals glabrous outside (margin ciliate), pedicel above the articulation glabrous, lower part of pedicel and inflorescence rachis glabrous or sparsely hairy, anther with connective projected as a fleshy, triangular appendage. After one of us (Yang) examined extensive gatherings of Xylosma from Hong Kong at PE, the inclusion of X. senticosa Hance within X. congesta was recommended.
After publication of this family in FOC 13, the Flora of Japan (1999) treated this as Xylosma japonica based on Apactis japonica Thunberg.
Large shrubs or small trees, 5-10 m tall, deciduous; trunk and older branches usually unarmed, young branches with simple or divaricate spines; bark yellow-brown, reddish brown, or light brown, flaky; young branches smooth, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, lenticellate. Petiole 4-8 mm, pubescent or glabrescent; leaf blade dark green abaxially, shiny adaxially, in fresh state pinkish to reddish or orange-brown when young, narrowly ovate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, rarely oblong-lanceolate or (slightly) obovate-lanceolate, 7-14 × 2-5 cm, thinly leathery to papery, both surfaces practically glabrous, any hairs present very short, midvein slightly raised on both surfaces, lateral veins 3-6 pairs, conspicuous adaxially, base acute, obtuse, or rounded, margin entire or serrate to crenate, apex obtuse or gradually tapering to narrowly acuminate, rarely more abruptly acuminate. Inflorescences axillary, racemose; rachis 0.5-2 cm, puberulous. Pedicels 5-10(-15) mm, very slender, minutely and sparsely puberulous or glabrous; bracts ovate, 0.5-1 mm, outside glabrous or sparsely hairy, inside pubescent, margin entire, ciliate. Flowers appearing with or before young leaves, white to greenish, honey-scented. Sepals 4 or 5, ca. 2 mm, ovate-triangular, apex obtuse, outside practically glabrous, inside pubescent, margin ciliate, hairs very short, often barely visible in female flowers. Staminate flowers: stamen filaments 2-3 mm, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: ovary bottle-shaped to globose, 2-3 mm; styles 4-6, united into a distinct column ca. 1 mm, not or slightly free at their apices; stigmas slightly reniform, dilated, recurved. Fruit brownish red or purple, finally blackish, subglobose, fleshy, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam., in dried material sometimes constricted at equator, style column persistent. Seeds 4 or 5(-10). Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Oct.
According to Sleumer (Fl. Males., ser. 1, 5(1): 73. 1954), Flacourtia jangomas is not known in the wild state. The species is cultivated around villages, and naturalized from them, throughout tropical regions, especially in E Africa and tropical Asia.
Morse 498 (K), from Guangxi, determined as "cf. Flacourtia jangomas" by Sleumer (determination slip dated 1954 on herbarium sheet), has pubescent stamen filaments. The leaves are small, ovate to narrowly elliptic, and possibly young. The specimen might represent immature F. ramontchi.
Floating fronds: lamina oblong to obovate or orbicular, ca. 2.5 × 2.4-3 cm, base rounded or cordate, apex emarginate, flat or often infolded along costa, surface abaxially with sparse pale multicellular hairs, adaxially densely papillate, papillae cylindrical, ca. 1.5(-2) mm, terminated by (2-)4 setae incurved and joined at their tips; submersed frond to 12 cm. Sporocarps in long chains of up to 55, ca. 1 mm in diam., microsporangia up to 53, megasporangia 2(or 3), more densely hairy; most sporangia empty, spores if present deformed.
Salvinia molesta has been reported as occasionally escaping from cultivation in Taiwan. It is a very aggressive weed of hybrid origin that has been declared a noxious weed and banned from cultivation in many countries. Biological control using a weevil has been successful in some areas (R. C. Moran, Fiddlehead Forum 19: 26-28. 1992).
" 69156 general 585434 Santalaceae "Comandra. ""Fls perfect, epigynous; hypanthium well developed, lined with a nectary that is shallowly lobed at the summit alternate with the stamens; tep mostly 5, appearing as lobes on the hypanthium, each bearing a tuft of hairs behind and ± adherent to the stamen; ovary unilocular; placental column geniculate near midlength; stigma capitate; ovules mostly 3; fr a dry drupe, subglobose or with a short neck at the top, surmounted by the persistent sep; glabrous low perennial herbs, colonial by rhizomes, with rather small, alternate or scattered, subsessile or short-petiolate lvs and terminal cymose-paniculiform infls of small fls. 2, the other in Eur.""" 111159 general 584620 Santalaceae "Thesium.Herbs perennial or annual, slender, sometimes subshrubs, often root hemiparasites of grasses, ± evergreen. Stems green. Leaves alternate, usually sessile, usually linear or, sometimes, scale-like, 1-3-veined, lateral veins not apparent. Inflorescences apparently terminal, usually racemelike, often paniculate, less often cymose (or axillary and 1-flowered); bracts and bracteoles leaflike, sometimes partly adnate to pedicels; bracteoles 1 or 2 and opposed, rarely 4, sometimes absent. Flowers bisexual, white or yellowish green; perianth tube connate to ovary, limb campanulate, cylindric, funnelform, or tubular, usually deeply (4 or)5-lobed, lobes valvate, usually with a tuft of hair behind each stamen. Stamens (4 or)5, usually on the base of lobes; filaments not exserted; anthers ovoid or ellipsoid, cells parallel, dehiscence longitudinal. Disk superior, inconspicuous or connate to base of perianth tube. Ovary inferior, stalked or sessile; ovules 2 or 3, pendulous from apex of placenta, usually flexuous or corrugate. Style long or short; stigma capitate or inconspicuously 3-lobed. Fruit a small nut, with persistent perianth at apex, exocarp dry, membranous [rarely fleshy], endocarp bony or slightly rigid, usually ridged; embryo in the middle of fleshy endosperm, erect or slightly curved, usually oblique, terete, radicle as long as or slightly longer than cotyledons.
About 245 species: widely distributed in temperate regions of the Old World, especially numerous in S Africa, a few species in tropical and temperate South America; 16 species (nine endemic) in China.
The inflorescence of Thesium has been interpreted in different ways. In the majority of species it is axillary and 1-flowered with a pair of bracts at the apex of the peduncle, which is often fused to the subtending leaf, and with the pedicel proper very short to almost absent. In practice, botanists have often assumed that the inflorescence is a raceme with the peduncles as pedicels and bracts as bracteoles, and for convenience that interpretation has been maintained here.
Thesium chanetii H. Léveillé and T. glabrum Schindler are both Diarthron linifolium Turczaninow (Thymelaeaceae). A record of Thesium australe R. Brown (Prodr. 353. 1810) from Hainan is probably based on a misidentification of the very similar T. chinense Turczaninow.
Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, usually root hemiparasites, occasionally aerial hemiparasites (Dendrotrophe and Phacellaria); nodes not articulated, mostly glabrous, less often hairy, hairs simple. Leaves usually alternate (opposite in Buckleya), sometimes scale-like (absent in Phacellaria); stipules absent; petiole often indistinct; leaf blade simple, usually pinnately veined, sometimes palmately 3-9-veined (in Dendrotrophe), margin entire. Inflorescences mostly axillary, occasionally terminal (in Buckleya), cymose, umbellate, paniculate, racemelike, spicate, or clustered, sometimes 1-flowered; bracts scale-like, small, sometimes forming involucre, sometimes ± adnate to pedicel (in Thesium); bracteoles sometimes present, paired. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (plants usually dioecious, rarely monoecious), actinomorphic, 3-6(-8)-merous, very small; perianth lobes 3-6(-8), slightly fleshy. Male flowers: perianth lobes valvate or slightly imbricate in bud, incurved or patent when flowering, sparsely hairy or with tongue-shaped appendage at the insertion of the stamens. Disk epigynous or perigynous, sometimes absent, margin sinuate or lobed, sometimes distinct, glandular or scaly. Stamens as many as and opposite to perianth lobes, usually on the base of lobes; filaments filiform, short; anthers gynobasic or dorsifixed near base, 2-celled, parallel or divaricate, dehiscence usually longitudinal. Female and bisexual flowers: perianth tube usually longer than that of male. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 1- or 5-12-loculed; ovules 1-3(-5), anatropous or hemitropous, integument absent. Style 1; stigma capitate, small, truncate or lobed. Fruit a drupe or a nut, exocarp usually fleshy, endocarp crustaceous or bony. Seed 1, without a differentiated testa; endosperm copious, usually white and partitioned, fleshy; embryo cylindric, straight, small, smooth, rugose, or many ridged. 2n = 5, 6, 7, 12, 13+.
About 36 genera and 500 species: widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions; seven genera and 33 species (13 endemic) in China.
Three species of sandalwood, Santalum album Linnaeus, S. myrtifolium Linnaeus, and S. papuanum Summerhayes, have been recorded as cultivated in China. Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) adds that he collected a fruiting specimen of a Santalum in the coastal forests of Taiwan (at KUN).
" 67648 general 577689 Sapindaceae "Acer saccharum. ""Climax tree to 40 m; bark medium-gray, becoming roughened with loose-edged plates; lvs flat, about as wide as long, usually glabrous beneath except for a few tufts of hairs in the vein-axils, (3)5-lobed with rounded sinuses, the lobes usually bearing a few large sharp teeth, the central lobe usually with nearly parallel sides to a pair of large teeth at about mid-length; fls in umbels from the terminal or uppermost lateral buds, appearing as the lf-buds open, drooping on slender, hairy pedicels to 8 cm; cal gamosepalous, 2.5–6 mm, ± hirsute; pet none; disk extrastaminal; ovary and fr glabrous; mericarps of the fr 2.5–4 cm, the seed- bearing basal parts diverging at right angles to the pedicel, the wings curved forward, divergent at an angle of 120° or less; 2n=26. Rich to fairly dry woods, especially in calcareous soils; N.S. and N.B. to Minn. and e. S.D., s. to N.J., Del., w. Va., n. Ga., Tenn., and Mo. (Saccharodendron s.; Acer saccharophorum) Plants intermediate toward A. barbatum, occurring along the s. boundary of our range, have been called var. schneckii Rehder, or var. regelii (Pax) Rehder, the latter name however based on a specimen of A. barbatum. Spp. 2–4 often treated as parts of a single sp.""" 108610 general 578982 Sapindaceae "Acer.Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly simple and palmately lobed or at least palmately veined, in a few species pinnately veined and entire or toothed, or pinnately or palmately 3-5-foliolate. Inflorescence corymbiform or umbelliform, sometimes racemose or large paniculate. Sepals (4 or)5, rarely 6. Petals (4 or)5, rarely 6, seldom absent. Stamens (4 or 5 or)8(or 10 or 12); filaments distinct. Carpels 2; ovules (1 or)2 per locule. Fruit a winged schizocarp, commonly a double samara, usually 1-seeded; embryo oily or starchy, radicle elongate, cotyledons 2, green, flat or plicate; endosperm absent. 2n = 26.
About 129 species: widespread in both temperate and tropical regions of N Africa, Asia, Europe, and Central and North America; 99 species (61 endemic, three introduced) in China.
Acer lanceolatum Molliard (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 50: 134. 1903), described from Guangxi, is an uncertain species and is therefore not accepted here. The type specimen, in Berlin (B), has been destroyed. Up to now, no additional specimens have been found that could help clarify the application of this name.
Worldwide, Japanese maples are famous for their autumn color, and there are over 400 cultivars. Also, many Chinese maple trees have beautiful autumn colors and have been cultivated widely in Chinese gardens, such as Acer buergerianum, A. davidii, A. duplicatoserratum, A. griseum, A. pictum, A. tataricum subsp. ginnala, A. triflorum, A. truncatum, and A. wilsonii. In winter, the snake-bark maples (A. davidii and its relatives) and paper-bark maple (A. griseum) are eye-catching. Maple wood is used for furniture, interior beams in buildings, and wooden tools. The young leaves of A. tataricum subsp. ginnala can be used as a substitute for tea.
Trees or shrubs, usually monoecious. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets opposite or subopposite, entire or serrate. Thyrses usually large, terminal, or fascicles, stellate or tomentose; bracts and bracteoles subulate, small. Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx cupular; sepals 5, imbricate, stellate or tomentose. Petals 5 or 1-4, sometimes absent, usually spatulate or lanceolate, without scales. Disk acetabuliform. Stamens (male flowers) often 8, exserted; filaments hirsute; anthers ellipsoid. Ovary (female flowers) obcordiform, 2- or 3-lobed and 2- or 3-loculed, densely tuberculate, tufted stellate and tomentose on tubercles; ovules 1 per locule; style between ovary lobes; stigma 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit deeply lobed into 2 or 3 schizocarps, usually 1 or 2 developed; fertile schizocarp berrylike, subglobose, with small sterile schizocarps at base, pericarp leathery (crustaceous when dry), endocarp papery. Seeds subglobose or ellipsoid; testa leathery, smooth; hilum elliptic, slightly large; pseudotesta fleshy, embedding all or half of seed; embryo straight, cotyledons thick. 2n = 30.
About seven species: S and SE Asia from Sri Lanka and India to E Malesia; Australia; cultivated in subtropical regions; four species (one endemic) in China.
See the revision by Leenhouts (Blumea 19: 113-131. 1971).
" 110071 general 577803 Sapindaceae "Litchi.Trees, monoecious. Leaves paripinnate, alternate, estipulate. Thyrses terminal, golden tomentose; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx cupular, 4- or 5-lobed, valvate, opening early. Petals absent. Disk acetabuliform, entire. Stamens (male flowers) 6-8, exserted; filaments filiform, pilose. Ovary (female flowers) shortly stalked, obcordiform, 2(or 3)-lobed, 2(or 3)-loculed; ovules 1 per locule; style inserted between ovary lobes; stigma 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit deeply parted into 2 or 3 schizocarps, usually only 1 or 2 developed, ovoid or subglobose; pericarp leathery (crustaceous when dry), abaxially with tortoise-shell-like fissure, with scattered conical prominents, sometimes nearly smooth. Seeds nearly same shape as schizocarps; testa brown, nitid, leathery, arillode fleshy, wrapping all or lower half of seed; embryo erect. 2n = 28, 30.
One species: SE Asia; widely cultivated in subtropical regions.
See the notes on Litchi by Leenhouts (Blumea 24: 398-402. 1978).
" 117741 general 580237 Sapindaceae "Aesculus chinensis.Trees to 25 m tall, to 2.5 m d.b.h. Branchlets glabrous or puberulent to densely villous when young. Petiole 7-15 cm, grayish puberulent or glabrous; leaf blade 5-7(-9)-foliolate; petiolules 0.5-2.5(-3) cm, grayish puberulent or glabrous; leaflet blades oblong-lanceolate, oblong, oblong-oblanceolate, or oblong-obovate, 8-25(-30) × 3-8.5(-10.5) cm, abaxially glabrous, grayish tomentose on veins (sometimes only when young), or ± uniformly grayish tomentose or villous, base cuneate to broadly so, rounded, or slightly cordate, margin serrulate or crenulate-serrulate, apex abruptly acuminate; lateral veins in 13-25 pairs. Inflorescence puberulent or glabrous; peduncle 5-10 cm; thyrse cylindric, 15-35 cm, 2.5-12(-14) cm wide at base; branches 2-4(-6) cm, 5-10-flowered; pedicels 2-8 mm. Flowers fragrant. Calyx 3-7 mm, abaxially puberulent or glabrous. Petals 4, white, with yellow spots, subequal, oblong-obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, 8-14 × 3-5 mm, abaxially puberulent. Stamens 6 or 7, 18-30 mm; filament glabrous; anther 1-1.5 mm. Style glabrous or villous except at apex. Capsule yellowish brown, ovoid, globose, obovoid, or pyriform, 3-4.5 cm, densely dotted but smooth; pericarp 1-6 mm thick after drying. Seeds 1 or 2, brown, globose or subglobose, 2-3.5 cm in diam.; hilum white, occupying less than 1/3 to ca. 1/2 of seed. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Sep-Oct.
Typical Aesculus chinensis, described from Beijing, is planted, especially in temple grounds and by houses, and is not known with certainty in a wild state. Cultivated plants from S Jiangsu and N Zhejiang were described as A. chekiangensis (reduced to varietal rank under A. chinensis in FRPS), but they are scarcely distinguishable from plants in the Beijing region and in fact have some features that were thought to distinguish A. wilsonii, namely a thinner pericarp and a smaller hilum. Aesculus wilsonii was described from wild plants in Chongqing, W Hubei, and Sichuan, and in its typical form differs from A. chinensis in the above features and in having leaves abaxially pubescent (vs. ± glabrous) with a more rounded base (vs. cuneate). Within the range of A. wilsonii occur numerous intermediates with A. chinensis, as was noted by Hardin (Brittonia 12: 34. 1960), who hypothesized that the latter species might only be a cultivated form of the former. The comment in FRPS about native plants of A. chinensis existing in the Qin Ling mountain range (S Shaanxi) was possibly based on a comment by Rehder (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson 1: 500. 1913), which was questioned by Hardin (loc. cit.), who noted that the specimens he examined from Shaanxi "represent a form of A. wilsonii." Indeed, among the intermediates mentioned above are the same gathering seen by Hardin and another from Mianxian in SW Shaanxi. While extreme forms can easily be assigned to either A. chinensis or A. wilsonii, the existence of so many intermediates makes it impossible to delimit species and difficult even to justify infraspecific taxa. We have therefore decided to recognize one variable species, A. chinensis, but nevertheless to retain a separate status for the wild plants, as var. wilsonii.
" 117767 general 577392 Sapindaceae "Litchi chinensis.Trees, evergreen, often less than 10 m tall, sometimes to 15 m tall or more. Bark grayish black; branches brownish red, terete, with dense white lenticels. Leaves with petiole 10-25 cm or longer; leaflets 2 or 3(or 4) pairs; petiolules 7-8 mm; blades adaxially deep green and shiny, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic-lanceolate, 6-15 × 2-4 cm, thinly leathery or leathery, abaxially glaucous, glabrous, lateral veins often slender, conspicuous or slightly prominent abaxially, margin entire, apex cuspidate or shortly caudate-acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, large, many branched. Pedicels 2-4 mm, slender, sometimes short and stout. Calyx golden tomentose. Stamens 6 or 7, sometimes 8; filaments ca. 4 mm. Ovary densely tuberculous
and hispid. Fruit usually dark red to fresh red when mature, globose to subglobose, 2-3.5 cm. Seeds thoroughly covered by fleshy arillode. Fl. spring, fr. summer.
Long cultivated in China, this species is famous for its fruit (litchi, lichee, lychee). Nowadays there are about ten cultivars in China.
" 176650 morphology 581093 Sapindaceae "Chytranthus prieurianus. ""Described from a plant formerly cultivated in a hot house at Paris and said to have been collected by Leprieur possibly in West Africa,""" 70038 general 576102 Sapotaceae "Bumelia lanuginosa. ""Much like no. 1 [Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers.]; lvs oblanceolate to sometimes obovate or elliptic, the larger ones mostly 5–10 × 1.5–3.5 cm, loosely woolly-villous with persistent gray hairs beneath; pedicels often hairy; 2n=24. Dry or rocky woods; Fla. to Tex. and n. Mex., n. to Mo. and Kans. June, July. Our plant, as here described, is var. oblongifolia (Nutt.) R. B. Clark.""" 176874 morphology 574637 Sapotaceae "Synsepalum dulcificum. Often cultivated" 66248 general 570110 Saxifragaceae "Heuchera americana. ""Plants 4–14 dm; scape with a few small, scale-like bracts; petioles glabrous to minutely glandular-puberulent, seldom with a few longer spreading hairs; lvs often white-mottled, variously hairy or glabrous, 5–9-lobed with lobes of various depths, often pentagonal in outline, the teeth rounded to acute, mucronate; stem glandular in the infl, otherwise glabrous; fls only slightly oblique, 3–7 mm (to the sep-tips), the free part of the hypanthium 0.5–1.5 mm; stamens and style long-exserted; pet spatulate, greenish, white, or pink, entire or with small teeth; 2n=14. Dry upland woods; Conn. to Ga., w. to s. Ont., s. Mich., Ind., s. Ill., and e. Okla. Apr.–June (July).""" 67674 general 522403 Saxifragaceae "Saxifraga virginiensis. ""Flowering stems solitary or few together, 1 dm at first flowering, later to 4 dm; basal lvs oblong or ovate, 2–5 cm, entire or serrate, obtuse, cuneately narrowed to a margined petiole; infl branched, at first compact, later lax and open; hypanthium adnate to the base of the carpels; sep spreading or ascending; pet spatulate to obovate, 4–6 mm, white; seeds minutely papillate in longitudinal rows; 2n=20 + several B, 28. Moist or dry open woods and rock-ledges; N.B. to Man., s. to Ga., La., and Okla. Apr., May. (Micranthes v.) Many aberrant forms have been described.""" 69013 general 570091 Saxifragaceae "Heuchera richardsonii. ""Plants 2–9 dm; scape with a few small, scale-like bracts; petioles strongly spreading-hirsute; lvs broadly cordate-ovate, glabrous or nearly so above, hairy at least on the veins beneath, shallowly 7–9-lobed, each lobe with 3–5 rounded to acute, mucronate lobules; stems ± hirsute, becoming glandular above; infl relatively narrow and congested; fls very oblique, 7–10 mm on the upper side, half as long below, with wide sinuses between the sep; free part of the hypanthium 2–6 mm; pet mostly green or greenish-white (pink), 2–4 mm, narrowly spatulate, finely toothed; stamens shortly included to long-exserted; style shortly included to shortly exserted; 2n=14, 28. Prairies and dry woods; s.c. Mich. and nw. Ind. to nw. Ark. and ne. Okla., w. and n. to Colo. and Alta. May–July.""" 108905 general 569483 Saxifragaceae "Bergenia.Herbs perennial, forming large clumps. Rhizomes creeping, large, thick, scaly. Leaves all basal, ± persistent, simple, waxy, often leathery; petiole short, broad, sheathing at base; leaf blade thick, margin entire, crenate, or dentate. Infloresences cymose, bracteate. Flowers showy, large. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, pink, red, or purple. Stamens 10. Carpels 2, basally connate; ovary 1/4 subsuperior, proximally 2-loculed with axile placentation and distally 1-loculed with marginal placentation; styles 2; ovules many. Fruit a capsule. Seeds numerous, dark brown, small.
Ten species: Asia; seven species (three endemic) in China.
At least two species (Bergenia crassifolia and B. pacumbis) are cultivated as ornamentals and for medicinal use, and they have been considerably hybridized. Bergenia is most closely related to Mukdenia and Oresitrophe; other close relatives are Astilboides, Darmera Voss, and Rodgersia.
" 120800 general 561304 Scrophulariaceae "Buddleja lindleyana.Shrubs 1--3 m tall; young branchlets, leaves abaxially, petioles, and inflorescences densely rusty pubescent with stellate and/or glandular hairs. Stems brown, branchlets quadrangular to subquadrangular. Stipules absent. Petiole 1--7 mm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic or narrowly so, 3--11 X 1--5 cm, membranous when dry, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, base cuneate, margin entire to coarsely sinuate-dentate, apex acuminate, lateral veins 6--8 pairs and conspicuous. Inflorescences terminal, spicate cymes, 4--20 X 2--4 cm; lower bracts leaflike, often linear, 1--10 mm. Calyx campanulate to urceolate, 2--4 mm; lobes broadly triangular, 0.2--1 X 0.5--1 mm, outside densely pubescent with glandular and often also with some stellate hairs. Corolla purple, 1.3--2 cm; tube 1.1--1.7 cm, curved below middle, apically 2.5--4 mm in diam., basally 1--1.5 mm wide, outside pubescent with glandular and often also with some stellate hairs; lobes suborbicular, 2--3.5 X 2--3 mm. Stamens inserted at or near base of corolla tube; anthers oblong to ovate. Pistil glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 1.5--2.2 mm. Stigma clavate. Capsules ellipsoid, 4--6 X 1.5--2 mm, glandular-pubescent or less often glabrous. Seeds pale brown, obliquely tetrahedral, narrowly winged at edges. Fl. Apr-Oct, fr. Apr of following year.
Cultivated, medicinal, poisonous.
" 111539 general 560560 Selaginellaceae "Selaginella sanguinolenta.Plants terrestrial or epilithic, xerophytic, seasonally green, creeping, (5-)10-30 cm or more. Rhizophores at intervals throughout length of creeping stem and branches, borne on ventral side in axils of branches. Main stems branched throughout, reddish or brown, 0.36-0.74 mm in diam. in lower part, stem terete, not sulcate, glabrous; branches many, some basal lateral branches developing into rather long branch systems; primary leafy branches 5-8 pairs, 3 or 4 times pinnately branched, branchlets sparse, adjacent primary branches on main stem 2-4 cm apart, ultimate branches 0.7-1.9 mm wide including leaves. Axillary leaves on main stems larger than those on branches, narrowly oblong, base peltate, obtuse; axillary leaves on branches symmetrical, narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, 0.8-2.1 × 0.4-0.8 mm, margin lacerate-ciliolate. Dorsal leaves ± symmetrical, those on main stems slightly larger than those on branches; dorsal leaves on branches imbricate, rhomboid-ovate, 0.8-1.5 × 0.4-0.8 mm, carinate to strongly carinate, base oblique, peltate, margin subentire or lacerate-ciliolate, apex apiculate, parallel to axis. Ventral leaves asymmetrical, those on main stem larger than those on branches; ventral leaves on branches approximate, slightly ascending, oblong-obovate or obovate, 1-2 × 0.4-0.8 mm, basiscopic base decurrent, lacerate-ciliolate, acroscopic margin subentire, membranous, apex shortly aristate or apiculate. Strobili compact, tetragonal, terminal, solitary, 6-30(-80) × 1-1.5 mm; sporophylls similar to sterile leaves, monomorphic, broadly ovate, sharply carinate, not white-margined, margin slightly lacerate, apex acute; megasporophylls and microsporophylls at intervals, or megasporophylls on lower side; microsporangia suborbicular, rather thin, cells uniform; microspores yellowish orange or orange-red, megaspores pale yellow (sometimes 5 or 6 per sporangium, all 5 or 6 spores equal-sized, or 1 larger, or 4 larger).
Selaginella sanguinolenta is a very variable species; the leaves are sometimes subentire or entire in very dry conditions, and the leafy stem, as well as the branches with leaves, can then appear tetragonal.
" 138709 general 561022 Selaginellaceae "Selaginella albocincta.Plants terrestrial or epilithic, xerophytic, seasonally green, erect or long creeping; fertile stems erect, 15-30 cm or more. Rhizophores restricted to base of erect stems or at intervals throughout length of creeping stem and branches, borne on ventral side in axils of branches. Main stems branched throughout or from near base or from lower part upward, pinnately branched, stramineous or brown, 0.5-1 mm in diam. at lower part, stem terete, not sulcate, glabrous, basal lateral branches sometimes developed into rather long branch systems; primary leafy branches 5-8 pairs, 2 or 3 times forked, branchlets sparse, adjacent primary branches on main stem 3-5 cm apart, main stem including leaves 0.5-1 mm wide at middle, ultimate branches 0.5-1.6 mm wide including leaves. Leaves alternate, inconspicuously dimorphic, leathery, shiny, white-margined, veins forked. Axillary leaves on branches symmetrical, oblong, 0.6-1.8 × 0.2-0.5 mm, base exauriculate, margin ciliolate. Dorsal leaves ± symmetrical, those on main stems not obviously larger than those on branches; dorsal leaves on branches elliptic, 0.8-1.4 × 0.4-0.7 mm, contiguous or imbricate, strongly embracing stem and covering ventral leaves, apex mucronate. Ventral leaves asymmetrical, those on main stem not obviously larger than those on branches; ventral leaves on branches slightly ascending, elliptic, 0.8-1.5 × 0.2-0.6 mm, apex mucronate; basiscopic base rounded, margin entire (or minutely denticulate), involute; acroscopic margin minutely ciliolate or denticulate. Strobili solitary, terminal, compact, tetragonal, 4-8 × 1.2-1.8 mm; sporophylls unlike sterile leaves, monomorphic, broadly white-margined, broadly ovate, margin ciliolate, apex acute; strobili with only 1 megasporophyll at base of lower side, elsewhere with microsporophylls; microsporangia orbicular, rather thin, cells uniform; microspores orange-red, megaspores brown.
Selaginella albocincta is endemic to China, and its habit is very close to the Indian S. adunca A. Braun ex Hieronymus. They both exhibit forked veins, which might be an adaptation to their dry habitats.
" 111514 general 560434 Selaginellaceae "Selaginella braunii.Plants terrestrial or epilithic, xerophytic, evergreen or seasonally green, erect, 10-45 cm, with creeping subterranean rhizome and stolons. Rhizophores restricted to creeping rhizomes and stolons, very short. Main stems branched from middle or upper part, pinnately branched, usually stramineous, unbranched main stem (3-)8-13(-25) cm tall, 0.5-2(-3) mm in diam., usually subquadrangular, often pubescent; primary leafy branches 4-8 pairs, 2 or 3 times pinnately branched, branchlets sparse, adjacent primary branches on main stem (3-)5-8(-11) cm apart, leafy branches pubescent on both sides, dorsiventrally flattened, ultimate branches 2.5-4.5 mm wide including leaves. Axillary leaves on branches contiguous or imbricate, narrowly elliptic or falcate, 1.6-2.8 × 0.4-1.2 mm, not carinate, base obliquely decurrent, margin subentire, slightly involute when dry, apex acuminate. Ventral leaves on branches slightly ascending, ovate-triangular or oblong-falcate, 1.6-2.2 × 1-1.8 mm, apex acute or mucronate; basiscopic base decurrent, margin subentire, involute; acroscopic base rounded, not overlapping stem and branches, margin subentire. Strobili solitary, terminal, compact, tetragonal, 5-6 × 1.4-2.3 mm; sporophylls unlike sterile leaves, uniform, not white-margined, broadly ovate or suborbicular, margin denticulate, apex acute; megasporophylls throughout lower side of strobili; microsporangia orbicular; microspores yellowish orange or pale yellow, megaspores whitish.
Selaginella braunii is cultivated outside of China, sometimes escaping in widely scattered localities in various parts of the world (Proctor, Ferns Jamaica, 35. 1985).
" 129693 general 560488 Selaginellaceae "Selaginella willdenowii.Plants terrestrial, evergreen, scandent, 100-200 cm or more. Rhizophores restricted to lower part of main stem or up to upper part, with some spinelike protuberances at base (as well as at axes of stems). Main stems branched from near base upward, stramineous or reddish, 2.4-3.5 mm in diam. in lower part, angulate, sulcate, glabrous; primary leafy branches 5-15 pairs, 3 times pinnately branched, ultimate branches simple or forked, branchlets sparse and regular, adjacent primary branches on main stem 6-13 cm apart, ultimate branches 3-7 mm wide including leaves. Axillary leaves on main stems obviously larger than those on branches, oblong, biauriculate (auricles larger than those of Selaginella helferi); axillary leaves on branches symmetrical, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 1.5-2.4 × 1-1.6 mm, base biauriculate, margin entire. Dorsal leaves asymmetrical, those on main stems obviously larger than those on branches; dorsal leaves on branches approximate to imbricate, overlapping at leaf apex, falcate, 0.9-1.4 × 0.4-0.6 mm, not carinate, base obliquely subcordate, margin entire, apex obtusely cuspidate. Ventral leaves asymmetrical, those on main stem obviously larger than those on branches; ventral leaves on branches slightly ascending or spreading, distant or approximate, oblong-falcate, 2.8-4 × 1-1.5 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse; acroscopic base with rounded auricle, not overlapping stem and branches. Strobili solitary, terminal, compact, tetragonal, 5-35 × 1.8-3.8 mm; sporophylls unlike sterile leaves, uniform, white-margined, suborbicular, margin entire, apex acute or cuspidate; megasporophylls in middle on lower side of strobilus; microsporangia orbicular, rather thin, cells regular; microspores pale yellow, megaspores whitish.
Selaginella willdenowii is cultivated and escaped in scattered localities of the American tropics (Proctor, Ferns Jamaica, 35. 1985).
" 178536 morphology 33450 Simaroubaceae "Simaroubaceae. ""Fruit usually indehiscent, dry or drupaceous""" 177142 morphology 557122 Simaroubaceae "Quassia amara. A native species of tropical America is cultivated in our area." 67169 general 555664 Smilacaceae "Smilax rotundifolia. ""Slender woody vine; stems usually quadrangular, diffusely branched and often climbing high, with scattered stout, flattened prickles below; lvs deciduous, thin, green, shining, ovate to rotund or triangular-ovate, 5–10 × 4–9 cm, or smaller in dry soils, acute to cuspidate or obtuse, entire or rarely sparsely roughened on the margins, at base broadly rounded to truncate or cordate, 5- or 7-nerved, reticulate beneath at maturity; peduncles flattened, about as long as the subtending petioles; staminate tep recurved only above the middle; fr black, usually glaucous, mostly 2–3-seeded; 2n=32. Open woods, thickets, and roadsides; N.S. to n. Fla., w. to Mich., se. Mo., e. Okla., and e. Tex., the commonest greenbrier in the ne. part of our range. May, June.""" 67171 general 555745 Smilacaceae "Smilax bona-nox. ""Slender woody vine; stems usually 4-angled, diffusely branched and often climbing high, armed with large, stout, flattened prickles especially on the angles, or distally unarmed; lvs subcoriaceous and ± persistent, ovate to deltoid or hastate, 4–8 cm, green beneath, conspicuously thickened at the entire or spinulose margins; veinlets prominent; peduncles flattened, much longer than the subtending petiole; fr black, 6–8 mm, 1-seeded; 2n=32. Dry woods, thickets, abandoned fields, and roadsides; s. Md. to Mo. and se. Kans., s. to Fla. and Mex. May–July.""" 32775 distribution 1385091 Solanaceae "Solanum diamantinense.Endemic to Brazil, found only in the State of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, in areas of the mountain zone known as Chapada Diamantina at elevations of 900 to 1200 m. It grows in secondary transitional vegetation associated with semi arid formations, called “caatinga”, and “campos gerais” that is a feature of large tracts of upland Bahia around Morro do Chapéu, in which the tree stratum is usually absent.
" 33032 distribution 1384694 Solanaceae "Solanum comarapanum.Known only from a small area of the mountains at the border of the Departments of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz at (1300-) 2100-2800 m in elevation. It apparently also occurs in the Department of Tarija, but the identification of the single collection is still somewhat doubtful. It occurs in weedy disturbed areas such as along roadsides in the dry forests just below the cloud forest zone but does not descend into the semi-arid valleys,which are dominated by cacti and Schinopsis haenkeana Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Many of the collections are from the highway to Cochabamba between Comarapa and the cloud forest area known as “Siberia.”
" 33232 distribution 1384452 Solanaceae "Solanum centrale.Solanum centrale is widespread in the southern part of Northern Territory and adjacent areas of South Australia and Western Australia in arid sandy desert areas; it also occurs in Queensland, known only from Idalia and Chesterton Range National Parks.. The habitat for Queensland populations is recorded as “Acacia aneura woodland or tall shrubland on red sand”.
" 33341 distribution 1387162 Solanaceae "Solanum sturtianum.Solanum sturtianum occurs widely in arid parts of New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territory. In Queensland, it is confined to the far south west, especially around Thargomindah. It also It grows on plains or stony ridges, in chenopod shrubland or Acacia open woodland. Associated species include Acacia aneura, A. cambagei and Senna spp.
" 33477 distribution 1387189 Solanaceae "Solanum multifidum.Coastal Peru in the Departments of Ancash, Arequipa, Ica, La Libertad, Lima, Moquegua and Tacna. On arid sandy soil and dunes, rocky and gravelly hillsides. 0–1200 m in elevation.
" 33522 distribution 1384518 Solanaceae "Solanum chenopodinum.Solanum chenopodinum is found in arid to semi-arid areas of south-west Queensland. It also occurs widely in low rainfall parts of New South Wales, South Australia and Northern Territory. It occurs in shrubland on flats or watercourses on sandy or clayey soil.
" 33594 distribution 1384540 Solanaceae "Solanum chippendalei.Solanum chippendalei widely distributed in semi-arid parts of Northern Territory and Western Australia and in Queensland is confined to the north-west between Winton and Lawn Hill. It grows commonly in low open eucalypt woodland with Spinifex (Triodia spp.) in the understorey, on a variety of substrates. It has also been recorded from alluvium in association with Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
" 33688 distribution 1384815 Solanaceae "Solanum cowiei.Solanum cowiei is presently known from a handful of localities in the sub-arid tropical zone of the Northern Territory (a region known colloquially as the “Top End”), most of these habitats are classified under the Tropical eucalypt woodlands/grasslands Major Vegetation Group (National Land and Water Resources 2002). The species is associated with low sandstone outcrops and open eucalypt woodlands, where it typically grows among small boulders or in sandy grassy areas between or around rock formations. The areas where Solanum cowiei has been collected are fire-prone and burn at semi-regular intervals, allowing for this taxon to compete effectively with species of lesser fire tolerance.
" 33728 distribution 1385939 Solanaceae "Solanum hibernum.Central Bolivia in Depts. Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz; sandy or rocky soil in semiarid inter-Andean valleys, often in thorn scrub communities; 1250-2600 m.
" 33755 distribution 1386454 Solanaceae "Solanum lacunarium.According to Symon (1981), this species has a disjunct distribution with populations on the flood plains of the Frome River and adjacent creeks between Lyndhurst and Marree (a few early collections near Lake Eyre) in South Australia, and an attenuated distribution along the Rivers Darling and Murray, from Dalby on the Condamine in Queensland to Renmark in South Australia. It is found on heavy soils of the river flood plains. It occurs widely in semi-arid parts of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. In Queensland, Solanum lacunarium is known from a single collection near Dirranbandi from a grassy plain with Mitchell Grass (Astrebla spp.) and scattered Eucalyptus coolabah. This habitat is similar to that of S. stenopterum, but S. lacunarium occurs in areas of much lower rainfall.
" 33773 distribution 1387553 Solanaceae "Solanum oligacanthum.Solanum oligacanthum is distributed in the states of Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia in Australia. In Queensland, it is confined to the extreme south-west of the state, near Birdsville. It grows in shrubland, on creek channels, claypans, lake margins and interdunal flats in sandy or clayey soils. According to Symon (1981), this species grows in some of the most arid areas of Australia.
" 33876 distribution 1383685 Solanaceae "Solanum anomalostemon.Solanum anomalostemon occurs in southern Peru on rocky and clayey arid slopes at ca. 2800 m (ca. 13°30’S, 72°40’W) on either side of the Río Apurímac west of Cusco on the road to Abancay.
" 33937 distribution 1378455 Solanaceae "Solanum amotapense.Southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru; cliff edges, dry and rocky stream beds, and under deciduous vegetation, primarily in seasonally arid areas; 600-2300 m.
" 34007 distribution 1380682 Solanaceae "Solanum chilense.On the western slope of the Andes from the Department of Tacna in southern Peru to northern Chile, in hyper-arid rocky plains and coastal deserts from sea level to 3000 m.
" 34017 distribution 1385540 Solanaceae "Solanum remyanum.Endemic to Chile [Insula San Ambrosio, Regions II (Antofagasta), III (Atacama) and IV (Coquimbo)]. Arid, rocky or gravelly slopes, quebradas and coastal lomas formations, 20–2200 m in altitude.
" 34097 distribution 1383167 Solanaceae "Solanum erianthum.Solanum erianthum is a common weedy species throughout most of Mexico, Central America and the West Indies except for the arid interior of northern Mexico, and is the only member of sect. Brevantherum reaching the United States. It is common in southern Florida and found in Cameron County, Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. Frequent in thickets of secondary-growth vegetation, along roadsides and fields and in other disturbed habitats, as well as in forest openings and along riverbanks.
Solanum erianthum is native to North and Central America and is apparently rare in northern South America. It is adventive in India, China, the East Indies, and Australia. It was possibly introduced to the Philippines and thence to China, and elsewhere during the Spanish Galleon trade from Mexico, which commenced in the 16th century.
Solanum erianthum occurs in many vegetation zones, from humid lowland evergreen tropics near sea level to dry Acacia-cactus thorn-scrub and, at higher altitudes (to 2000 m) in Pinus-Quercus forests. It is most common, however, below 1000 m. Individual scattered plants are most commonly seen but large thickets also occur where conditions are favorable.
" 34467 distribution 1383052 Solanaceae "Solanum abutilifolium.Only known from the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia (Departments of La Paz and Cochabamba) in the subtropical and semi-arid forests of the Yungas, above 300 m elevation.
" 34521 distribution 1385302 Solanaceae "Solanum hirtum.A lowland species, usually below 1000 m but occasionally reaching higher elevations; occurring naturally in scrublands, savannas and forest openings and along streambanks and quebradas; common as a weed in secondary thickets, pastures, roadsides and other disturbed sites; in open sun or partial shade; tolerant of many soil types from poorly drained, fine-textured ones to sand and stony soils; in mesic or sometimes semi-arid situations. From Trinidad, Venezuela and northern Colombia through Central America to Yucatán, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Tamaulipas in Mexio.
" 34621 distribution 1386268 Solanaceae "Solanum jabrense.Known only from 800-1010 m on the Pico de Jabre in the Serra de Teixeira in the Brazilian state of Paraíba, near the Pernambuco border. The area is composed of granitic and gneiss outcrops with a caatinga type vegetation locally known as mata serrana, whose elements largely belong to humid forest and semi-arid caatinga (Carvalho & Carvalho, 1985).
" 34654 distribution 1383710 Solanaceae "Solanum rhytidoandrum.Widely distributed in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, occurring in semi-arid areas, from 0 to 1000 m elevation.
" 32776 general 1385091 Solanaceae "Solanum diamantinense. Small erect, branched, perennial shrubs, 0.4-2.0 m tall. Stems terete, tomentose with mostly glandular ferruginous to reddish stellate hairs; densely armed with laterally compressed prickles 2-5 x 2-3 mm, these enlarged at the base, slightly recurved at the apex.Western and South Australia in dry areas of less than 550 m rainfall; solodized solonetz and solodic soils to solonized brown soils (calcareous and sandy earths), usually in disturbed sites on sandy soils.
" 32809 distribution 1384832 Solanaceae "Solanum salicifolium.In the eastern slopes and foothills of the Andes in western Argentina, from Mendoza north to Jujuy, Cordoba and Tucumán and adjacent Bolivia, in dry forests and open areas from 900-4100 m.
" 32858 general 1376440 Solanaceae "Solanum heterodoxum. Prickly, taprooted, spreadingly branched, annual herbs, 3-7 dm high; stems terete, green, prickly, densely or sparsely viscid with gland-tipped, simple hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long; prickles subulate to acicular, 2-8 mm, if subulate then broad based.Solanum kurtzianum is found in western and northwestern Argentina (Provs. Mendoza, San Juan, La Rioja and Catamarca), in dry rocky hillsides, desert steppes and among herbs, spiny shrubs and low woods, along streamsides, dry river beds and alluvial cones, (750) 1400-2100 (3000) m in elevation.
" 32897 distribution 1384428 Solanaceae "Solanum triste.In dry forest and secondary growth in coastal eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, Martinique, and Dominica, from sea level to 200 m.
" 32922 distribution 1386319 Solanaceae "Solanum jubae.Southeastern Ethiopia and Somalia; growing in open bushland and dry limestone flats, sometimes locally common; 100-1100 m elevation.
" 32925 distribution 1384136 Solanaceae "Solanum candidum.A low to middle elevation species encountered from sea level to about 1500 m, occurring naturally in open woodlands and thickets and in light gaps near watercourses in quebradas and barrancas; in partial shade or open sun; versatile in soil tolerance, on both limestone and granite derived soils of diverse textures; in seasonally dry to relatively wet situations; commonly occuring as a successional species in human clearings and disturbances. Extending from barranca woodlands and oak forests of southern Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico south along the Sierra Madre Occidental to central Mexico, widespread and common in Southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, apparently less abundant in the remainder of Central America, also in the Chocó of Colombia and lowlands of Ecuador and northern Peru.
" 32983 distribution 1380678 Solanaceae "Solanum habrochaites.Western slopes of the Andes from Central Ecuador to Central Peru, occasionally occurring in lomas formations in northern Peru; in a variety of forest types, from premontane forests to dry forests, 400-3600 m elevation.
" 32998 distribution 1381783 Solanaceae "Solanum chacoense.Solanum chacoense is widely distributed from southern Peru (Dept. Puno) to central Argentina (Depts. La Pampa and Buenos Aires), in a wide diversity of habitats, in full sun or in dense shade, in dry or moist areas, among bushes, in scrub or thorn forests or savannas, near the seashore, in moist subtropical forests, on rocky slopes, in cultivated fields, banana plantations, or roadsides, 0-3700 m in elevation. It has also escaped from cultivation outside its native range in the USA and Europe.
" 33000 distribution 1383197 Solanaceae "Solanum agrarium.Weedy in usually dry, open soil of roadsides, waste places, cultivated land, thickets and pastures in areas with long and pronounced dry seasons. From Colombia, Venezuela and adjacent Dutch West Indies, rare elsewhere in the Caribbean, disjunct to northeastern Brazil, up to 1000 m in elevation, but the majority of collections from at or near sea level. It likely prefers calcareous or clayey habitats but also reported on sandstone and sandy soil as well as from salty soil.
" 33005 distribution 1383037 Solanaceae "Solanum ?rechei.Solanum ×rechei is only known from western Argentina (Prov. La Rioja), in generally dry rocky areas in the open or among spiny shrubs or cacti, or as a weed in orchards or the edges of cultivated fields; (1200) 1600-2100 (3950) m in elevation.
" 33012 general 1388105 Solanaceae "Solanum pugiunculiferum. Prostrate or sprawling, herbaceous resprouter, 0.2-0.6 m tall. Juvenile stage absent. Stems grey, yellow, or brown, glabrous or sparsely puberulent with very short, gland-tipped hairs; finger hairs absent; prickles straight, acicular or broad-based, 2-16 mm long, 6-8 times longer than wide, with 10-200 prickles per decimetre on adult branches.Widely distributed throughout tropical America from Costa Rica to Argentina, in a wide variety of habitats from lowland rainforest to dry chaco vegetation, from 0-2000 m elevation.
" 33027 distribution 1383228 Solanaceae "Solanum robustum.Southern South America from Brazil to Argentina and Paraguay, in dry to mesic forests and chaco formations, from sea level to 1200 m. Naturalized and possibly invasive in the mountains of Tanzania, often forming large monospecific stands in disturbed habitats such as forest plantations, also sporadically introduced in other subtropical areas (e.g., India)..
" 33060 distribution 1383033 Solanaceae "Solanum berthaultii.Western Bolivia (Dept. La Paz), south to northern Argentina (Provs. Catamarca, Jujuy and Salta), in generally dry rocky areas in the open or among spiny shrubs or cacti, along streamsides, or a weed at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, (1200) 1600-2100 (3950) m.
" 33071 distribution 1385704 Solanaceae "Solanum incompletum.Endemic to the island of Hawaii, on old lava flows or old cinder cones in dry shrubby or forested habitats from 1000–2000 m elevation.
" 33101 distribution 1386835 Solanaceae "Solanum malacothrix.In the northwestern corner of the state of Guerrero and adjacent Jalisco, on the slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Rio Balsas drainage, in tropical deciduous forest or dry pine-oak woodland ("bosque tropical caducifolio" or "bosque de Quercus" of Rzedowski, 1978).
" 33107 distribution 1384213 Solanaceae "Solanum bulbocastanum.Widespread from northwestern Mexico (Durango and Nayarit) south to Honduras; 1200-2300 m; among grasses, cacti, tropical deciduous forests, scrub and oak forests, pine forests, often in shallow or dry rocky soil, steep rocky slopes, among piles of stones or along fencerows, railroad tracks, sometimes in cultivated fields.
" 33119 distribution 1388597 Solanaceae "Solanum setaceum.Northern Tanzania and southern Kenya, less common to the west in Tanzania; growing in Acacia (Vachellia) bushland, dry thickets and grassland on sandy loam or dark cotton soil; 1000-1500 m elevation.
" 33123 distribution 1388030 Solanaceae "Solanum pseudoamericanum.Endemic to Peru in the upper zones of seasonally dry tropical forests or in mid-elevation montane forests, usually above 2, 000 m elevation, with only some overlap between the closely related Solanum americanum that occurs from sea level to 2, 200 m in elevation; commonly growing in sandy soils in full sun or partial shade in disturbed sites such as landslides and roadsides or cultivated areas, often in moist depressions in otherwise dry areas, associated with Schinus molle L., Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., Eriotheca sp., Vachellia macracantha (Humb. & Bonpl.) Seigler & Ebinger, Alnus acuminata Kunth, Solanum probolospermum Bitter, and Calceolaria spp.; (930-)1700–3200(-3735) m in elevation. Based on field and herbarium collections Solanum pseudoamericanum occurs in the Departments of Amazonas, Ancash, Apurímac, Cajamarca, Cusco, La Libertad, and Piura, but based on the modelled habitat suitability map (Fig. 2) it is also likely to also occur in the Departments of Lambayeque, Huánuco, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Junín, southwestern San Martín, northernmost areas of Lima, and in the Province of Loja in Ecuador.
" 33147 general 1383133 Solanaceae "Solanum refractum. Vine, stems subwoody to woody, 0.2 to 0.3 cm in diameter, the internodes (2–) 4–10 cm long, glabrous or puberulent with 0.2 mm long simple hairs; prickles present, stout, 0.5–1.5 mm long, recurved.In dry forests and xerophytic scrublands on Hispaniola and the Bahamas, usually on limestone soils at around sea level, but up to 200 m elevation.
" 33162 general 1383149 Solanaceae "Solanum adenobasis. Tree 3–10 (–20) m × ca. 6–12 cm dbh. Trunk with sharp, stout broad-based prickles, the bark light tan to dark brown; flowering stems unarmed or armed with broad-based prickles, densely pubescent with long-stalked orange-tan porrect-stellate hairs, the stalks 4–5 mm, multiseriate, the base of the stalk with a tuft of small glandular hairs, the stellate apex 2–3 mm in diameter, the rays 3–6, the midpoint ca. 0.5 mm long.Weedy, often forming colonies, mostly in unshaded campo and other open grassy places, roadsides, cut over forest, waste and cultivated ground at low to moderate elevations, usually below 1200 m but reported up to 1800 m. Widespread from northwestern Argentina and eastern Bolivia through Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and much of the interior of southern and eastern Brazil. Reported from both wet and dry habitats, but this probably reflects the time of collection in the highly seasonal "campo" and other vegetation types.
" 33213 distribution 1383049 Solanaceae "Solanum abollatum.Found from sea level to ca. 300 m elevation in dry habitats. The species is primarily known from the island of Lanai. However, there is one specimen from the island of Hawaii, Croft 110, creating an unusual disjunct distribution, but see discussion below.
" 33234 distribution 1383268 Solanaceae "Solanum zanzibarense.Coastal areas of southern Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique; wet or dry forest undergrowth, forest edges, and rocky outcrops on sand or sandy loam; 0-700 m elevation.
" 33237 distribution 1380703 Solanaceae "Solanum chmielewskii.In high dry Andean valleys from the Department of Apurimac in southern Peru to Sorata in northern Bolivia, from 2300-3000 m elevation.
" 33239 distribution 1387176 Solanaceae "Solanum wittei.Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania, in the area surrounding Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake Kivu, and the northern part of Lake Tanganyika; growing in grassland, savanna, and dry forests, especially on ant hills and termite mounds; 1200 – 1900 m elevation.
" 33242 distribution 1388413 Solanaceae "Solanum sambiranense.Endemic to North-west and North-central Madagascar; dry to subhumid woodland on limestone; 500-1500 m elevation.
" 33249 distribution 1385843 Solanaceae "Solanum neorossii.Solanum neorossii occurs in northern Argentina (Provs. Jujuy and Salta), in dry rocky areas along roadsides, among bushes and large tussocks, in the shade of boulders, or on steep grassy slopes, (2530) 3100-3600 (3800) m in elevation.
" 33270 distribution 1385686 Solanaceae "Solanum infundibuliforme.Solanum infundibuliforme occurs from central Bolivia to northern Argentina, in dry rocky areas without vegetation, among spiny shrubs or cacti, or at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, occasionally within a cultivated field, in river beds or along streamsides, often in disturbed soil; 2350-4300 m in elevation.
" 33290 distribution 1384240 Solanaceae "Solanum etuberosum.Chile: Central Chile, from Región V- Región IX, in the foothills and mid to upper slopes of the Andes Mountains; in areas of low, dry scrub forest, along streams or in the mists of waterfalls, always in full sun and usually in rocky soils, 4340-2500 m.
" 33329 distribution 1376838 Solanaceae "Solanum deflexum.Weedy in grazed areas, along roadsides, and disturbed areas in dry forests from southern Arizona, USA through Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica at elevations from 0-1550 m.
" 33331 distribution 1389126 Solanaceae "Solanum torreanum.Southern Mozambique and adjacent South Africa and Swaziland; growing in dry Acacia (Vachellia) woodland, thorn-bush, disturbed vegetation, on sandy or sandy-clay soils; 0-500 m elevation.
" 33342 general 1387162 Solanaceae "Solanum sturtianum. Erect, rhizomatous perennial shrub, 0.3-1.5 (-3) m tall. Juvenile stage unknown. Adult stems white or grey, very densely stellate-pubescent, the stellae 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter, sessile, the lateral rays 12-16, porrect, the midpoints absent; finger hairs absent; very short, gland-tipped hairs absent; prickles present or absent, straight, broad-based, 2-6 mm long, 5-7 times longer than wide, with 0-10 prickles per decimetre.Southern Peru (Depts. Apurímac and Cusco) to northwest Argentina, in high dry mountain rocky slopes, among bushes and large tussocks or on bare soil, growing close to and within cattle enclosures, along mountain roads and paths, edge of fields, sometimes as a weed, along streamsides; 1600-4270 m in elevation.
" 33351 distribution 1383934 Solanaceae "Solanum goetzei.Eastern African lowland species common in Kenya and Tanzania, extending south to Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique; growing in dry forest, coastal forest, thickets, and roadsides on sandy soil, sandy loam, or coral. 0-800 m elevation.
" 33375 distribution 1386042 Solanaceae "Solanum hutchisonii.Northern Peru, Río Marañón valley in Departments Amazonas and Cajamarca; dry slopes; 450-600 m.
" 33377 distribution 1378472 Solanaceae "Solanum fallax.Colombia and western Ecuador; forest pockets in dry savanna or scrub, Jauneche forest (tropical moist forest); 20-1300 m.
" 33391 distribution 1389176 Solanaceae "Solanum tribulosum.Rocky slopes and dry montane meadows, on limestone and limestone-derived soils, from 2000-3000 m, Querétaro to SE Puebla, Mexico; uncommon.
" 33392 general 1389176 Solanaceae "Solanum tribulosum. Dark green, erect to spreading, prickly, perennial herbs, pubescent throughout with stipitate, 8-14-rayed stellae ca. 0.5 mm long; roots becoming somewhat ligneous and usually persisting for several years; stems emerging annually, often dark purple, 3-7 mm in diam., armed with varying densities of dark-based, subulate prickles 4-8 mm long; some of the cauline stellae long-stipitate, to 1 mm long.Solanum brevicaule is distributed in Bolivia (Dept. La Paz, near the border with Peru), south to northwest Argentina (Prov. San Juan); in sunny fields, grasslands, in the partial shade of cacti or bushes or in woodlands, at the border of or sometimes invading cultivated fields, in dry rocky areas, or in alluvial sandy soil, or rich soil, in steep valleys and streamsides, and along roadsides; (1500) 2000-4180 m.
" 33420 distribution 1380898 Solanaceae "Solanum sitiens.On the W Andean slopes in N Chile from 2350-3500 m, on rocky hillsides and dry quebradas.
" 33446 distribution 1386603 Solanaceae "Solanum lignicaule.Solanum lignicaule is endemic to Peru (Dept. Cuzco), among bushes or cacti, among loose stones, on rocky slopes, often in dry environments, in sandy or rocky soil; 2510-3460 m in elevation.
" 33452 distribution 1387675 Solanaceae "Solanum pseudoauriculatum.Known only from a restricted area at the junction of southeastern Bolivia, the Mato Grosso region of Brazil and north central Paraguay. The vegetation varies from dry forest to the northeastern limits of the Chaco vegetation, 80–200 m. The exact habitat within this area is not known, although two collections, Silva 84 and 142 mention “patanal”, so perhaps it associated with periodically inundated areas.
" 33485 distribution 1383244 Solanaceae "Solanum pinnatum.Endemic to Chile [Regions I (Tarapacá), II (Antofagasta), III (Atacama), IV (Coquimbo), V (Valparaíso), VI (Liberador), VIII (Bío-Bío), Metropolitana. On dry, sandy or rocky coastal slopes and dunes, 3–2300 m in elevation.
" 33499 distribution 1384962 Solanaceae "Solanum elaeagnifolium.Native to the Americas, with an amphitropical distribution, occurring in the deserts and dry zones of the northern hemisphere in the southwestern United States and Mexico and in the southern in Argentina and Chile, but widespread and invasive in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as rootstocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants (Invasive Species South Africa 2012). Introduced and invasive in drier habitats in southern (South Africa and Namibia) and northern (Morocco and Egypt) Africa, in South Africa classified as a noxious weed (Henderson 2011; Invasive Species South Africa 2012) and a quarantine pest in northern Africa (OEPP/EPPO 2007); also known from dry areas around the Mediterranean.
" 33526 distribution 1385830 Solanaceae "Solanum pyracanthos.Southeastern Madagascar; dry scrub and roadsides; 0–500 m elevation.
" 33533 distribution 1383835 Solanaceae "Solanum asteropilodes.Known only from dry, rocky slopes with shrubby vegetation in the valleys of the Río León and Río Oña in the vicinity of Oña, at the boundary of Azuay and Loja Provinces, in the mountains of southern Ecuador, 2200–2600 m.
" 33587 distribution 1384928 Solanaceae "Solanum daphnophyllum.In middle elevation dry deciduous forests to higher elevation forests near steppelands on the eastern Andean slope in southern Peru and Bolivia, from 700 to 1550 m.
" 33628 distribution 1383059 Solanaceae "Solanum campechiense.Southernmost Texas, both coasts of Mexico, Guatemala to Costa Rica; Greater Antilles; Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, often along muddy edges of ephemeral lakes and streams in tropical dry forest, 0-100 (-900) m in elevation. There are several records from coastal Brazil, but they remain suspect: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: "data probably doubtful" in handwriting of C. V. Morton and printed label with "Plantae Brasiliae et Indiae occidentales" with the latter crossed out, 4 Dec (fl), Carvalho s.n. (GH). Rio Grande do Sul: Porto Alegre, in ruderalis prope Alfandega, Apr 1897 (fl), E. M. Reineck s.n. (E). The Reineck collection would seem to be a solid record, but there are also specimens of S. persicifolium Dunal collected at Porto Alegre, ad margines viarum prope Arraial da Gloria, Nov 1898 (fl,fr), E. M. Reineck s.n. (E) and cidade da Bahia, ad margines prope Alfandega, Oct 1899 (fl,fr), E. M. Reineck s.n. (E), so that either Reineck was recording stray waifs of these West Indian species at Brazilian port towns, or the labels are incorrect.
" 33633 distribution 1376539 Solanaceae "Solanum tetramerum.In forests and scrub on limestone dry hills on Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica, from sea level to 400 m elevation.
" 33635 distribution 1383216 Solanaceae "Solanum stoloniferum.Southwestern U.S.A. (Arizona, New Mexico, SW Texas); to Oaxaca, Mexico, (1040-) 1440-3400 (-3700) m; among boulders on steep hillsides, sandy alluvial stream bottoms, in gravel along trails or roadways, in thick leaf mulch under trees, at edges of cultivated or fallow fields, along fencerows and railways, in organic moist soil to dry sandy soils, in grasslands, juniper-pinion scrub, desert tropical deciduous forests, to fir, pine, juniper or oak forests.
" 33646 general 1384960 Solanaceae "Solanum davisense. Erect, taprooted, prickly, annual herbs, 4-8 dm tall, branching above, the terete green stems viscid-villous with capitate-glandular hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long and varying quantities of fine, spreading uniseriate hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, cauline prickles straight, 3-7 mm long.A weedy shrub of secondary vegetation, pastures, roadsides, cultivated land, thickets and edges of forest, in zone of subtropical dry forest, tropical evergreen forest, oak-pine forest or cloud forest, from Tamaulipas south through eastern Mexico to Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and northern Nicaragua; sporadic in western Cuba where apparently still present and Louisiana, where it has not persisted. From sea level to 1700 m elevation, rarely higher.
" 33659 distribution 1389485 Solanaceae "Solanum tunariense.In moist to dry deciduous forest on the eastern Andean slope in Bolivia, from 900-2550 m.
" 33718 distribution 1386316 Solanaceae "Solanum johnstonii.Dry, sparsely vegetated limestone areas, mountainsides, canyons and gravelley valley floors, 1200-1800 m; endemic in E Durango, from Dinamita S to Cuencamé and Jimulco, Mexico.
" 33719 general 1386316 Solanaceae "Solanum johnstonii. Erect to spreading, grayish-green, prickly, perennial herb, 4-8 dm tall, stems emerging annually from a stout, woody base; vestiture of closely spaced, short-stipitate, 12-20-rayed, stellate hairs 0.4-0.7 mm long, giving the herbage a distinctive, velvety-farinaceous appearance; stems 3-8 mm in diam., almost unarmed or with scattered, strait-yellow prickles 3-5 mm long and separated at least by their length.Solanum ×viirsooi is known only from northern Argentina (Prov. Jujuy), in generally dry rocky areas or among shrubs or cacti, or at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, in and close to cattle dwellings and enclosures or along streamsides; 3100-4000 m in elevation.
" 33769 distribution 1384497 Solanaceae "Solanum mochiquense.Solanum mochiquense occurs in Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima and Piura), in two disjunct habitats, in lomas on the coast from 150-800 m in elevation and in dry rocky soils on the mountains from 1170-3000 m.
" 33800 general 1376442 Solanaceae "Solanum rostratum. Spreadingly branched, prickly, taprooted, annual herbs, stellate-pubescent throughout; stems to 1 cm in dam., armed with subulate or somewhat broad-based, yellow prickles 38 mm long; cauline stellae partly long-stalked, to 1 mm long, or all essentially sessile.Chile from Quillota south to the island of Chiloé, from 10-2500 m elevation. Solanum crispum is also known from scattered collections in Argentina along the border with Chile. Solanum crispum grows in Nothofagus forest, often in second growth, and in a wide variety of moist microsites in otherwise dry habitats,
" 33815 distribution 1387137 Solanaceae "Solanum monotanthum.NE Tanzania (Tanga Province, T3), Zanzibar, and SE Kenya (Coast Province, K7). Dry forest or forest edges, savannah, shrubland, and roadsides, 0-500 m elevation.
" 33861 distribution 1386680 Solanaceae "Solanum lucens.In secondary growth of dry forest areas in western Venezuela and eastern Colombia, on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes and in the Táchira depression, from 500-1200 m.
" 33875 conservation 1383685 Solanaceae "Solanum anomalostemon.Solanum anomalostemon is known from only a few collections, all collected within 20 km of each other in the Río Apurímac drainage. The species had not been collected for more than half a century until its recent rediscovery in Cusco Department, on the other side of the Apurímac. The dry forests in which it occurs are not widely protected in Peru, and S. anomalostemon does not occur in or near any of the Peruvian network of protected areas (INRENA). Solanum anomalostemon can be added to the list of endemic Peruvian solanums, and using the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2001) it has been given a preliminary conservation status of Endangered (EN B1a[iii], B2a) based on its restricted distribution (extent of occurrence , 5000 km2, area of occupancy , 100 km2), low number of populations (2-3), and threatened and unprotected habitat.
" 33879 general 1386688 Solanaceae "Solanum lumholtzianum. Erect, prickly, divergently branched, annual herbs, 2-7 dm tall; stems bristly, each cm with 20-40 spreading, acicular prickles 4-8 mm long and mostly 0.5 mm or less in diam.Solanum gandarillasii is known from south-central Bolivia (Depts. Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz), among shrubs, spiny scrub and cacti, in forests, typically in dry environments, in humus, clay or rocky soil; 1450-3000 m in elevation.
" 33907 distribution 1384738 Solanaceae "Solanum confertiseriatum.In wet and dry forests as a second growth shrub or tree in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru from sea level to 500 m elevation.
" 33911 distribution 1384224 Solanaceae "Solanum bumeliifolium.Endemic to South-West Madagascar; dry scrubland on sandy soil, often coastal; 0-100 m elevation.
" 33917 distribution 1387281 Solanaceae "Solanum neocardenasii.Solanum neocardenasii is endemic to central Bolivia (Dept. Santa Cruz), dry forests, in shade of thorn trees, 1400-1700 m in elevation.
" 33934 distribution 1383955 Solanaceae "Solanum sisymbriifolium.Native to dry regions in South America from Ecuador to Argentina, but widely introduced in tropical and subtropical areas world wide. Introduced and naturalized sporadically in Africa, in South Africa it is classified as a noxious weed (Henderson 2011) also known from Swaziland and the Kenyan coast.
" 33949 general 1387699 Solanaceae "Solanum paraibanum. Scandent shrub with stems 4-10 m long, the bark greyish and finely fissured. Flowering stems moderately armed with yellowish to reddish-brown recurved broad-based prickles 2-4 mm long, the base 0.5-3 mm wide, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, the rays 6-8, ca. 0.25 mm long, the midpoints 2-3-celled, 1-1.5 mm long, eglandular, longer than the rays.Solanum ×aemulans is found in northern Argentina (Provs. Jujuy, Salta and La Rioja), in generally dry rocky areas, in railway embankments, among spiny shrubs or cacti, at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, along streamsides and ditches, close to stone walls of cattle enclosures as well as on bare soil; (2690) 3000-4000 (4020) m in elevation.
" 34004 general 1376438 Solanaceae "Solanum citrullifolium. Spreadingly branched, taprooted, prickly, annual herbs 3-8 dm high; stems terete, green, 3-9 mm in diam., densely to sparsely bristly or prickly, cauline vestiture of mostly simple, capitate-glandular hairs ca. 0.3 mm long, occasionally with a few longer, uniseriate hairs to 0.7 mm long on the younger stem.A weedy species of roadsides, secondary thickets, alluvial flats, forest edges, and open shrubby vegetation, from mesophytic to relatively dry situations, 200 to 1000 m; seemingly with a spotty distribution in lowlands on the western slope of the Andes in Ecuador, and along the eastern slope of the Andes, from Dept. San Martín in northern Peru to Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and just reaching into Acre in Brazil.
" 34063 distribution 1385883 Solanaceae "Solanum heinianum.Southwestern Madagascar; dry scrub or forest on limestone; 0-300 m elevation.
" 34068 distribution 1387717 Solanaceae "Solanum polyacanthos.Known only from the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in a wide variety of habitat types from dry or thorn forests to cloud forests at higher elevations, 300-1900 m.
" 34086 distribution 1385873 Solanaceae "Solanum raphanifolium.Solanum raphanifolium occurs in southern Peru (Depts. Cuzco, Apurímac, Puno) in a wide variety of habitats, often as a weed in cultivated fields, at the edge of forests, along roadsides, in rock piles or near stone walls, on eroded slopes, in rocky areas, among herbs and mosses, frequently among Stipa ichu, Schinus molle, puya, scrub, cacti, and trees, in full sun to deep shade, often in disturbed soil, also in rich humus or poor gravelly clay, in wet or dry soil; (2000) 2700-4500 m in elevation.
" 34100 distribution 1384147 Solanaceae "Solanum stenophyllidium.Northwestern Mexico (N Chihuahua and Sonora) south along eastern and central Mexico to Michoacán and México; (1100-) 1380-2500 m, cultivated fields, tropical deciduous forests, oak forests, streamsides, savannas, mesquite grasslands, dry rocky hillsides, often in dry sandy rocky soils, or in richer organic soils, in areas of oak, pine, and Acacia forests.
" 34127 distribution 1387943 Solanaceae "Solanum plowmanii.On the western slopes of the Andes in S Ecuador and N Perú, in the general area of the Huancabamba depression, remnants of dry or moist forest from 1500-3200 m.
" 34136 distribution 1383897 Solanaceae "Solanum stipulaceum.Solanum stipulaceum is known principally from the Serra do Espinhaço, Serra de Itiuba, and Serra da Ibiapaba ranges in the eastern Brazilian highlands. It occurs in dry thickets and open roadsides at elevations of about 500 to 1000 m.
" 34138 distribution 1385564 Solanaceae "Solanum hillebrandii.Solanum hillebrandii likely grew in dry habitats on the islands of Hawaii, Lanai and Maui, but the exact conditions and elevation are unknown due to the minimal label information of the collections.
" 34163 general 1381744 Solanaceae "Solanum fructu-tecto. Erect, prickly, taprooted, annual herbs to 1 m tall, symmetrically spreading above, felty or bristly with long-rayed stellae; stems to 2 cm in dam. At the base, armed with scattered or closely spaced prickles, some of them acicular and to 5 mm long, others prominent, yellow, broad-based, usually somewhat flattened and recurved and 4-8 mm long; bristly stalks of some of the cauline stellae reaching 1 mm.Weedy in dry woodlands from northwestern Argentina and the southern half of the eastern Andes of Bolivia, where it is often quite common. It is often found along roads or in pastures at 310–2675 m elevation.
" 34213 general 1383051 Solanaceae "Solanum absconditum. Shrubs 1-1.5 m tall, erect, branched, perennial. Branches and young stems terete, reddish to ferruginous tomentose, with sessile glandular-stellate trichomes, the central rays glandular at the apex, uniseriate, 2-5-celled, strongly armed with ferruginous to dark brown prickles 3-7 mm long, these compressed at the base and recurved at the apex, longer and more numerous in young plants; bark of older stems glabrescent and dark brown.Southern Peru (Department of Apurímac) to southern Ecuador (Department of Azuay) in dry inter-Andean valleys from 1950-3000 m. Often found trailing over rocky banks and roadsides.
" 34284 distribution 1383029 Solanaceae "Solanum ?blanco-galdosii.Solanum ×blanco-galdosii is only known from northern Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca and La Libertad), on eroded slopes, near field crops in dry soils, 2700-3260 m in elevation.
" 34318 distribution 1383768 Solanaceae "Solanum arenicola.In lowland Bolivia and Peru; in lowland moist rain forest in sandbanks and river margins, tree fall gaps, and in disturbed sites near housing and fields in open, sandy soil, with occasional records from seasonally dry semi-deciduous forests with Hura crepitans L. (Euphorbiaceae), Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms (Phytolaccaceae), Bougainvillea modesta Heimer (Nyctaginaceae), and Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (Amaranthaceae); most commonly associated with lowland rain forest pioneer species, including Salix humboldtiana Willd. (Salicaceae), Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. (Asteraceae), Cecropia spp. (Urticaceae), Calliandra sp. (Fabaceae), Neea spp. (Nyctaginaceae), Garcinia spp. (Clusiaceae), and Jacaratia digitata (Poepp. & Endl.) Solms (Caricaceae), and annual herbs such as Glinus radiatus (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohrb. (Molluginaceae), Physalis angulata L., P. peruviana L., and Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanceae); 0–600 (1,300) m elevation.
" 34331 distribution 1384490 Solanaceae "Solanum gardneri.Solanum gardneri occurs in the dry thorn shrub of Venezuela and caatinga of northeastern and southeastern coastal Brazil in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, and Sergipe at elevations of 0-1000 m.
" 34354 distribution 1384144 Solanaceae "Solanum seaforthianum.Probably native to dry forests and thorn scrub of the islands of the West Indies and coastal northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela, but widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics.
" 34362 distribution 1383980 Solanaceae "Solanum baretiae.Solanum baretiae is apparently endemic to the Amotape-Huancabamba zone of southern Ecuador and northern Peru and grows in the understory of montane forests and disturbed roadside and pasture vegetation, 1900–3000 m in elevation. The areas where Solanum baretiae has been collected are seasonally dry.
" 34422 distribution 1384853 Solanaceae "Solanum croatii.Endemic to southeastern Madagascar; growing in dry scrub and forest on sandy soil; 0-200 m elevation.
" 34432 distribution 1386029 Solanaceae "Solanum lignescens.In dry, deciduous forests and thickets in mountainous regions from the Sierra Madre Occidental in the Mexican state of Guerrero to Honduras and Nicaragua, from 1000-1500 m in elevation.
" 34445 distribution 1378569 Solanaceae "Solanum corumbense.In subtropical semi-deciduous forest, usually in disturbed situations, Bolivia and adjacent Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, also north to the dry west coast of Peru and S Ecuador, a considerable disjuntion; 300 to 1500 m.
" 34452 distribution 1388672 Solanaceae "Solanum smithii.In dry forests and scrublands in the Huancabamba depression of northern Peru and southern Ecuador, from 1900 to 2600 m.
" 34478 general 1389040 Solanaceae "Solanum tenuipes. Spreading, prickly, perennial herbs, 2-5 dm tall; stems terete, green, emerging yearly from persistent, corky roots and rhizomes, glabrate or viscid-glandular throughout and with strait, spreading, uniseriate hairs ca. 0.5 mm long scattered along the young stems; cauline prickles 2-8 mm long, separated at least by their length, often more widely spaced.Northern Peru (Piura) to northern Chile (Tarapaca) in dry rocky hillsides and sandy areas from sea level to 3000 m.
" 34544 distribution 1384563 Solanaceae "Solanum umbellatum.Solanum umbellatum is a common weedy species found throughout Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and in South America along the lower Andean slopes from Colombia to Peru and Venezuela. Frequently a member of open secondary-growth vegetation, its habitats include moist ravines, dry savannahs, forest openings, field borders, and thickets along roads and streams at elevations up to 2250 m.
" 34552 distribution 1383068 Solanaceae "Solanum acaule.Solanum acaule is widespread and common in upland habitats from northern Peru (Dept. Cajamarca), south through Bolivia to northern Argentina (Prov. San Juan), and with one record in northern Chile (Antofagasta Region), on dry rocky hillsides, high puna, among herbs, spiny shrubs and low woods, along streamsides, dry river beds and alluvial cones, (2000) 2400-4700 m in elevation.
" 34554 distribution 1380853 Solanaceae "Solanum lycopersicoides.S Peru to N Chile on the W slopes of the Andes on dry rocky hillsides, 2900-3600 m elevation.
" 34584 distribution 1384760 Solanaceae "Solanum conocarpum.Endemic to the island of St. John in the US Virgin Islands (and perhaps also St. Thomas and Virgen Gorda, fide Acevedo-Rodríguez, 1996), growing in seasonally dry, coastal habitat, in forest understory or in open areas from 0-10 m.
" 34594 distribution 1383752 Solanaceae "Solanum medians.Solanum medians is found from central Peru (Dept. Ancash) south to northern Chile in Regions I (Tarapacá) and II (Antofagasta), along the western slopes of the Andes; growing in a variety of sunny habitats along the dry coastal lomas to high frigid areas near snow fields and among Stipa ichu grasses in the puna. The most frequently mentioned habitat characteristics are apparently poor soils in rocky and sandy areas, but it has been collected along field margins and streamsides; 200-3800 m in elevation.
" 34600 distribution 1385409 Solanaceae "Solanum lichtensteinii.In southern Africa from South Africa to Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania; dry grassland, woodland, and thickets; 500-2000 m.
" 34609 distribution 1384229 Solanaceae "Solanum burchellii.South Africa and Namibia; growing on red sand, rocky outcrops and dry stream beds; 500-1300 m elevation.
" 34623 distribution 1378617 Solanaceae "Solanum stuckertii.Southern Andes of Argentina in the Provinces of Catamarca, Córdoba, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, San Luis, Santiago del Estero, and Tucumán; clearings, thickets, and open woodland, often at the borders of streams, in relatively dry areas; 250-2000 m. Several specimens have also collected in Bolivia in low-lying areas east of the Andean slopes in chaco forest, and populations of S. stuckertii are to be expected from suitable habitats in intervening areas of southern and perhaps southeastern Bolivia. According to Cabrera (1983), this species is found in the phytogeographic provinces of Chaco forests and in the transition zone between the Chaco and Yungas provinces.
" 34635 distribution 1385499 Solanaceae "Solanum ferrugineum.Solanum ferrugineum occurs in dry tropical forest, in grassland, sandy sites, pastures, and disturbed areas, western coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica, 0-320 m.
" 34660 distribution 1384918 Solanaceae "Solanum hastifolium.Widespread, mainly inland eastern African species found from Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia to Uganda and northern Tanzania; reported to occur as far west as Chad by Brundu & Camarda (2013, no specimens seen); collected in dry Acacia (Vachellia) scrub, open places, disturbed vegetation and roadsides on sand, clay, loam and black cotton soil, sea level – 1500 m elevation.
" 34686 distribution 1383938 Solanaceae "Solanum glabratum.Arabia and northeastern Africa, commonly collected in Yemen and Ethiopia; growing in open dry places, disturbed ground and roadsides, on limestone, silt, loam, or sand, 1200–2500 m elevation (a few Arabian collections from 400–600 m elevation).
" 34690 distribution 1380878 Solanaceae "Solanum arcanum.Coastal and inland Andean valleys in northern Peru; in lomas, dry valleys and dry rocky slopes; 100 to 2500 m.
" 34694 distribution 1385779 Solanaceae "Solanum grayi.Semixeric to moist, often partially wooded, rocky slopes, arroyos and canyon bottoms, often colonising dry streambeds, roadsides and abandoned fields, 0-2000 m; from S Sonora south along the Pacific slope of the Sierra Madre and thence east to Guerrero and Morelos, Mexico.
" 34695 general 1385779 Solanaceae "Solanum grayi. Erect, divergently branched, prickly, taprooted annual herbs, 3-10 dm high, occasionally persisting into a second year; stems green or purplish-tinged, with varying densities of simple, uniseriate or unicellular hairs 0.15-0.35 mm long, many or a few of them capitate-glandular, cauline prickles strait, subulate, 4-10 mm long, often purple basally, closely spaced, 15-30 per cm of stem.Along the northern coast of South America from Colombia to Trinidad and Martinique, in wet microsites in otherwise dry areas, from sea level to 1000 m.
" 65818 general 1381057 Solanaceae "Nicandra. ""Cal deeply 5-parted, its lobes imbricate, accrescent and reticulate-veiny in fr, much surpassing the berry, with projecting margins and auriculate base; cor broadly campanulate, shallowly 5-lobed; stamens included; filaments hairy below; anthers short, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary 3–5-locular, with a slender style and 3–5-lobed stigma; berry enclosed by the cal, dry, many-seeded, eventually opening irregularly. Monospecific.""" 65849 general 1380005 Solanaceae "Lycium. ""Cal 4–5-lobed, campanulate to tubular, ruptured by the growing fr; cor tubular to funnelform, 4–5-lobed; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, much shorter than the slender filaments; fr a fleshy or dry berry; seeds 2–many, somewhat compressed, with strongly curved embryo; shrubs or small trees, usually thorny, with entire or minutely toothed, often fascicled lvs, the fls mostly 1–4 in the axils. 100, widespread.""" 66474 general 1376442 Solanaceae "Solanum rostratum. ""Coarse branching annual 3–10 dm, stellate-hairy throughout, the stems, cals, and to a lesser extent the lvs also beset with yellow spines 3–12 mm; lvs ovate or oblong in outline, deeply pinnately lobed, or the segments again lobed in larger lvs; racemes short-pedunculate, 3–15- fld, condensed at first, elongating to as much as 15 cm; fls light yellow, 2–3 cm wide; 4 anthers alike, yellow, the fifth much longer, curved, often purplish; cal accrescent and enclosing the berry; 2n=24. Dry prairies and plains; native to the Great Plains, now occasionally intr. throughout much of our range, especially westward.""" 66477 general 1384962 Solanaceae "Solanum elaeagnifolium. ""Coarse, branching, rhizomatous perennial to 1 m, spineless or sparsely spiny, silvery-canescent with stellate hairs throughout; lvs linear to oblong or lance-oblong, 5–15 cm, a sixth to a third as wide, entire or merely sinuate; fls violet, 2 cm wide; 2n=24, 72. Dry soil; Mo. and Kans. to Tex. and Ariz., and occasionally adventive eastward.""" 66488 general 1382248 Solanaceae "Physalis missouriensis. ""Annual to 7 dm, widely branched from the base, the upper parts and petioles viscid-villosulous, the hairs ca 0.5 mm; lvs ovate, 3–6 cm, shallowly and unevenly repand-dentate, broadly acute to rounded at base, often inequilateral; pedicels at anthesis 3–5 mm, to 1 cm at maturity; fls 7–10 mm, yellow; cal-lobes deltoid, about as wide as long; anthers 0.7–1.2 mm; fruiting cal obscurely angled, 2–3 cm. Dry upland woods and barrens; Mo. to se. Neb., Kans., Okla., and Ark. May–Sept. (P. pubescens var. m.)""" 66491 general 1382131 Solanaceae "Physalis heterophylla. ""Erect or spreading, rhizomatous perennial 2–9 dm; pubescence of the upper parts, pedicels, and cal distinctly villous, of slender, spreading hairs; lvs chiefly ovate or rhombic, 3–8 cm, acute, shallowly and irregularly sinuate-dentate or sometimes entire, broadly rounded or subcordate at base, not decurrent, hairy on both sides; pedicels to 1 cm at anthesis, to 3 cm in fr; cal-lobes deltoid or ovate, the margins straight or slightly concave; cor 12–20 mm; filaments dilated at the summit, about as broad as the anthers, these 3–4.5 mm long; fruiting cal ovoid, 3–4 cm, retuse at base; fr green; 2n=24. Dry or sandy soil, upland woods, and prairies, probably our most abundant sp.; Que. and N.S. to Minn., Colo., and Utah, s. to Fla. and Tex. June–Sept. Typical P. heterophylla has the hairs of the stem and lower lf-surface very fine, viscid, and densely crowded, seldom over 0.5 mm, more copious on the lf-veins than across the surface. Plants with sparser, more uniformly distributed pubescence, of jointed hairs 1–2 mm, with a similar range but not extending quite so far n., have been called var. ambigua (A. Gray) Rydb. (P. ambigua; P. nyctaginea), but the difference is only doubtfully significant.""" 66498 general 1378356 Solanaceae "Leucophysalis grandiflora. ""Taprooted, short-lived perennial to 1 m, thinly villous and ± viscid; lvs ovate or lance-ovate, 5–12 cm, acute or short-acuminate, entire; fls commonly 2–4 from the upper nodes, on pedicels 10–15 mm; cal-lobes narrowly triangular, acuminate; cor white with a pale yellow center, 3–4 cm wide; filaments slender; anthers 3 mm; fruiting cal 1.5 cm, round-ovoid, open at the end, nearly filled by the berry. Dry sandy soil; Que. to Sask., s. to Vt., Mich., Wis., and Minn. June–Aug. (Physalis g.; Chamaesaracha g.)""" 66500 general 1378707 Solanaceae "Datura stramonium. ""Coarse, heavy-scented, inconspicuously puberulent annual to 1.5 m, often divaricately branched; lvs petiolate, with large, coarsely few-toothed or sublobate blade to 2 × 1.5 dm; cal 3–5 cm, strongly prismatic and narrowly 5-winged, unequally 5-toothed, the persistent base 4–6 mm and spreading to reflexed; cor white or anthocyanic, 7–10 cm, the limb 3–5 cm wide, shallowly 5-lobed, each lobe with a slender, projecting tooth to 1 cm; fr erect, ovoid, 3–5 cm, generally covered with short prickles, the lower prickles often shorter than the upper (or the fr smooth); 2n=24. Dry soil and waste places; widespread in temperate and warm regions, perhaps of American origin. June–Aug. (D. tatula, with anthocyanic fls)""" 109382 general 1378648 Solanaceae "Datura.Shrubs or annual or perennial herbs; pubescence of simple sometimes glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade simple, entire or sinuate-dentate. Inflorescences solitary flowers in leaf axils or in branch forks; peduncle, bracts, and bracteoles absent. Flowers actinomorphic, large. Pedicel often stout. Calyx long tubular or cylindric, often circumscissile near base. Corolla elongated, funnelform; lobes sometimes cuspidate. Anthers mostly elongated, dehiscing longitudinally, included. Ovary 2-4-locular. Fruit a dry capsule, 4-valved or irregularly dehiscent, prickly or unarmed, often subtended by remnants of persistent calyx. Seeds numerous, laterally compressed; embryo curved.
About 11 species: North and South America, three species in China.
" 110344 general 1381057 Solanaceae "Nicandra.Herbs, with simple and glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade simple. Flowers solitary, axillary or in branch forks, pedicellate, actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, shallowly lobed; lobes ovate. Stamens included, inserted on corolla tube; filaments slender; anthers elliptic, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 3-5-locular; ovules numerous. Style filiform; stigma subcapitate, 3-5-lobed. Fruiting calyx conspicuously enlarged, persistent, enclosing fruit, lobes cordate-sagittate, each with 2 basal auriculate lobes. Berry globose, dry. Seeds reniform-discoid, compressed, pitted; embryo much curved, subperipheral, cotyledons subcylindric.
Monotypic: widely cultivated or naturalized, also in China.
" 110345 general 1381075 Solanaceae "Nicotiana.Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; pubescence of simple and glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate or sessile, entire or subentire. Inflorescences paniculate, racemose, or reduced to solitary flowers; peduncle mostly erect; bracts mostly present. Flowers sometimes showy, mostly fragrant, zygomorphic, 4- or 5-merous, pedicellate. Calyx regular or irregular, tubular or tubular-campanulate, lobed. Corolla tubular, funnelform, or salverform; tube lobed to subentire. Stamens inserted below middle of corolla tube; filaments slender; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Disc ringlike, nectariferous. Ovary 2-locular. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruiting calyx persistent, slightly inflated, partially or completely enveloping fruit. Fruit a dry capsule dehiscing by apical valves. Seeds numerous, minute; embryo erect or slightly bent; cotyledons linear.
About 95 species: Africa, Americas, Australia, and Oceania; three species are cultivated in China as drug plants or as ornamentals, at least one is naturalized.
" 110542 general 1381808 Solanaceae "Petunia.Herbs, usually glandular hairy. Stems erect or reclining, branched. Leaves petiolate, simple, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, somewhat actinomorphic. Calyx tubular-campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Corolla funnelform or salverform, tube gradually inflated upwards; lobes short, rounded or short pointed. Stamens inserted in corolla tube, included; filaments slender; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; disc glandular, entire or lobed. Ovary 2-locular; stigma indistinctly 2-lobed; ovules numerous. Fruit a dry, 2-valved capsule. Seeds minute, subglobose or ovoid, reticulate-pitted; embryo slightly curved or erect.
About three species: South America, one cultivated in China.
" 122682 general 1383169 Solanaceae "Solanum americanum.Herbs annual or short-lived perennial, glabrescent or puberulent with simple hairs. Stems green or purple, mostly erect, 25-100 cm tall. Petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade ovate, 4-8 × 2-4 cm, membranous, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent, base truncate to cuneate, margin entire or sparingly dentate, apex acute. Inflorescences extra-axillary, subumbellate, 3-6(-l0)-flowered; peduncle 1-2.5 cm. Pedicel 5-10 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, 1.5-2 mm in diam., lobed nearly halfway; lobes ovate, pubescent abaxially, ciliate. Corolla white, rarely bluish or purplish, sometimes with a yellow eye, 3-5 mm, lobed halfway or more; lobes ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm, pubescent abaxially, ciliate. Filaments short, ca. 0.5 mm, puberulent; anthers 1-1.5 mm. Fruiting pedicel erect or nodding; fruiting calyx strongly reflexed. Berry shiny black, occasionally ripening green, globose, 5-8 mm in diam. Seeds discoid, 1.5-2 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Oct, Fr. Jul-Jan.
The leaves are used as a vegetable, yielding a heat-clearing effect. Whole plant can be used for treating inflammation, dissipating blood stasis, and promoting the subsidence of swelling, also clearing away heat and detoxifying.
This species was reported in FRPS as Solanum nigrum and S. photeinocarpum. However, S. nigrum is actually a different species, treated below. A variant of S. americanum wasreported for China by Wessely (Feddes Repert. 63: 293. 1960) as S. nigrum L. var. violaceum Chen and in FRPS as S. photeinocarpum var. violaceum (Chen) C. Y. Wu & S. C. Huang,but we were unable to locate the original description of this variety or material of it.
Solanum ganchouenense was based on a specimen from Guizhou, which was not seen for this treatment. The original description separates the species from S. nigrum in havingnarrower leaves, larger umbellate inflorescences with more flowers, and revolute anthers that dry green. The anther description more resembles Capsicum than Solanum.
Some material of this species was recorded in FRPS as Solanum suffruticosum Schousboe. The type of the latter (B-W 4363), with its slender, slightly elongated inflorescences andsparingly dentate leaves, resembles S. americanum, but from the microfiche copy available, this determination is not certain.
Solanum opacum A. Braun & Bouché, which resembles S. americanum except for its yellowish green fruit, may also occur in Yunnan.
Solanum paucissectum occurs in northern Peru (Depts. Cajamarca, Piura), among bushes, in moist or poor soils, in slopes near crop fields, 2350-3360 m in elevation.
" 32906 distribution 1383792 Solanaceae "Solanum chiquidenum.North and central Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca, Huánuco, La Libertad), on rocky or eroded slopes, poor soils or rich organic soils, margins of crop fields, among shrubs, 1500-3800 m in elevation with the majority of the populations growing between 2500-3300 m.
" 33172 distribution 1386422 Solanaceae "Solanum kriegeri.Endemic to Brazil in southern Minas Gerais state, close to the border with Rio de Janeiro State, where it is known from two adjacent mountain ranges within the Mantiqueira region, Serra do Ibitipoca and Serra Negra. All known collections are from two conservation units, APA Serra da Mantiqueira and Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca. Occasional to rare in the understory of well preserved dwarf cloud forests (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana; Veloso et al. 1991) and normally associated with sandy soils or quartzite outcrops, in elevations of about 1, 500 to 1, 900 meters above sea level. Although few flowers were produced in cultivation, crossing studies suggested this species is self-incompatible, like Solanum bradei.
" 33380 distribution 1386080 Solanaceae "Solanum immite.Solanum immite occurs in Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca, La Libertad and Lima), among rocks, sandy soils, lomas and around crop fields, 80-3700 m in elevation.
" 33545 distribution 1386619 Solanaceae "Solanum linearifolium.Southeastern Australia in eastern Victoria and south eastern New South Wales, in coastal ranges and table lands. Often in disturbed sites in wetter regions, forests tracks, rocky outcrops, creek and river gorges and on roadsides in eucalypt woodlands.
" 33555 distribution 1384252 Solanaceae "Solanum caelicolum.Solanum caelicolum inhabits the understory or shaded forest edges of well-preserved fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic coastal rainforest, and is known only from Espírito Santo state from 150 to 850 m. Despite the fact that the type collection was from an outcrop, the species is believed to inhabit only shaded environments and the reference might be to a granitic boulder in the forest understory, a common situation in Espírito Santo forests.
" 33584 conservation 1384164 Solanaceae "Solanum bradei.(IUCN, 2013). Endangered (EN) B1; B2 ab (ii, iii, iv). The EOO and AOO calculated were 4, 076.04 km2 and 48 km2respectively resulting in the assessment of the Endangered category. The species is known from eight localities only, most of which are subject to urban expansion and deforestation due to tourism and agriculture. Although the species is known to occur in three protected areas [Área de Preservação Ambiental Serra da Mantiqueira (APA Mantiqueira), Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional de Itatiaia] we suggest to maintain it as Endangered due to: the effectiveness of APAs in protecting the species is doubtful, the Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão have considerable areas with exotic species, and both it and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia have considerable areas with habitats not suitable to Solanum bradei (such as outcrops and highland grassfields). Although Solanum bradei is known to grow on secondary fragments and in a wide elevation range, threats to it are clear, considering that the southern Mantiqueira range, where most collections are from, is situated between the two main urban centers in Brazil and has become a tourism hub. In addition, over the past few decades the montane forests and the highland fields of Mantiqueira have been increasingly converted to pastures, monocultures or urban centers.
" 33649 distribution 1388769 Solanaceae "Solanum stenandrum.On disturbed soil or naturally open rocky and gravelly slopes and outcrops in the campo or cerrado, perhaps also along streams, restricted to northeastern Brazil at moderate elevations from 800–1800 m.
" 33822 use 1385173 Solanaceae "Solanum diversifolium subsp. diversifolium.The fruits, though acidulous, are pleasant-tasting and perhaps merit investigation as a fruit crop.
" 34118 distribution 1387687 Solanaceae "Solanum papaverifolium.Solanum papaverifolium has been recorded from between Jimbour and Warwick in Queensland. In New South Wales, it has been found from Inverell to Quirindi and Singleton, and west to Narrabri and Moree. It grows on heavy clay soil, in grassland or open eucalypt woodland. It is frequently described as a weed of cereal crops (Symon, 1971).
" 34367 distribution 1385435 Solanaceae "Solanum evolvuloides.Solanum evolvuloides is known only from the southeastern part of Bahia state (Fig. 3 in Giacomin & Stehmann 2012), Brazil, occurring in the transition zone between deciduous forests and xeric formations of shrubby Caatinga (as defined by Velloso et al. 2002). Ecology. Solanum evolvuloideswas recently recollected by Giacomin in the municipality of Jequié in a typical shrubby Caatinga formation, that is associated in this region with large granitic outcrops. The occurrence on the banks of the Rio de Contas near the city of Itacaré [Jardim, J.G. 1843 (CEPEC)] might be an occasional case of water dispersal by the river, which arises in a xeric environment near the center of the state in the Caatinga biome. Despite having been found in environments with marked seasonality, the species is apparently not annual, as evidenced by the woody stem bases.
" 34573 distribution 1387101 Solanaceae "Solanum mitchellianum.Solanum mitchellianum extends from Springsure and Blackwater in Queensland to Warialda in New South Wales, Australia. It inhabits semi-evergreen vine thickets, brigalow-belah communities or shrubby eucalypt woodlands often with rock outcrops.
" 34607 distribution 1386667 Solanaceae "Solanum lucani.Solanum lucani is endemic to Australia in Western Australia and Northern Territory. The species occurs from about Willeroo Stn. in N.T. westward to near Derby and Broome and mainly south of the King Leopold Range. It occurs on disturbed sites and particularly on sand bars and levees of the river systems and less often on rocky outcrops and in the gravelly washes between rock masses; sandy and clayey soils.
" 32900 distribution 1383694 Solanaceae "Solanum dimidiatum.Solanum dimidiatum is distributed in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas with a few outlier populations in Illinois, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Mexico. Its native distribution prior to European settlement is not known with certainty because of its weedy, invasive nature and ability to colonize disturbed habitats. It can become a noxious weed locally and has the potential to establish reproducing populations when introduced into suitable habitats. It has been introduced in California and in Australia, but apparently has been successfully eradicated in both areas (Jepson Flora Project 2014; eFloraSA 2014). The California Department of Food and Agriculture rates S. dimidiatum under category 'A' as "a pest of known...environmental detriment" (CDFA 2014). It grows in prairies and oak woodlands as well as disturbed areas such as roadsides, grazed and mowed pastures, ditches, cultivated and urban waste areas, and railroad rights of way in sandy soils or on a variety of other soil types at elevations from 200–600 m.
" 32942 distribution 1383237 Solanaceae "Solanum albidum.Shrubby ravine slopes, clearings and understories of open seasonal woodlands, margins of watercourses, alluvial flats, and disturbed or overgrazed places, 750–2200 m, in the Andes except for rarely spreading out onto the agricultural plains near Buena Vista in Depto. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 270 m; common at middle elevations in the Andes from Provs. El Oro and Loja in southern Ecuador south to Depts. Ayacucho and Apurimac in Peru, Bolivia, and to Prov. Salta in northwestern Argentina.
" 34317 conservation 1383768 Solanaceae "Solanum arenicola.he preliminary IUCN (2010) conservation status of S. arenicola is here considered of least concern (LC) based on the relatively large EOO (c. 412,600 km2), although the small AOO (56 km2) would merit listing with endangered (EN) status. The species grows in disturbed sites along rivers, tree falls, and cultivations where bare sandy soils are available, and its association with other pioneer species indicates that the species is not sensitive to human disturbance from expanding construction and agriculture.
" 34575 conservation 1386679 Solanaceae "Solanum loxophyllum.According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), S. loxophyllum is classified as B1a+biii (Endangered). Although this species is quite common in the habitats where it occurs – deep shade of low to mid-elevation rainforests in western Ecuador – less than 1,500 km2 of these habitats remain, and they continue to be converted to agricultural lands (Dodson and Gentry 1991; C. Aulestia, Bilsa Biological Station, pers. comm.).
" 34674 conservation 1383672 Solanaceae "Solanum anisocladum.Endangered B1 a,b (i, ii, iii, iv). Solanum anisocladum is known from only three localities and its calculated extent of occurrence using the MCP is 834 km2. Despite the fact that the Bahia registry is far from the one in Pernambuco state, the MCP reflects the narrow range of coastal rainforest where the species is expected to occur. Although the type locality is now part of a private reserve owned by a sugar company (RPPN Frei Caneca), it consists of a small group of forest fragments in a severely damaged landscape mainly modified by extensive agriculture based on monoculture (plantations). Generally, the Atlantic coastal rainforest has been severely damaged in northeastern Brazil in the past decades due to urban expansion and extensive farming.
" 32800 distribution 1378469 Solanaceae "Solanum betaceum.Apparently native to southern Bolivia and adjacent northwestern Argentina; cultivated throughout the Andes in subtropical climates, 1000-3000 m in elevation; introduced into Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies; in cultivation in Spain, Portugal, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, the Canary Islands, Ghana, Ethiopia, Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.
" 32831 distribution 1385497 Solanaceae "Solanum repandum.Cultivated and occurring as a weed about human clearings and habitations, predominantly in moist situations, from Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga east to the Society and Marquesas Islands.
" 32832 general 1385497 Solanaceae "Solanum repandum. Divergently branched, lignescent perennials, 0.5-1.5 m tall. Young stems stellate- (or simple-) pubescent but soon becoming glabrous or glabrescent, the stellae sessile intermixed with short-stalked, the stalks 0.1-0.3 (-0.5) mm long, the lateral rays 6-9, slightly ascending, 0.3-0.6 mm long. the midpoints shorter than the rays, 0.1-0.3 mm long; in simple pubescent form, the stellae absent and young stems diffusely hirsute with scattered, spreading, uniseriate hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long; these sometimes capitate-glandular; unarmed.Commonly cultivated vine, most cultivated plants are apparently female-sterile clones and do not set fruit. Native to Central American wet forests from southern Mexico to Panama, 400–2200 m.
" 32874 distribution 1383700 Solanaceae "Solanum campylacanthum.Ubiquitous weed of low altitudes in southern and eastern Africa from Kenya south to South Africa; growing along roadsides, in abandoned cultivation, savanna, bushland, dunes, and forest edges, and in a wide variety of disturbed habitats; 0-2000 (-2300) m.
" 32894 distribution 1383038 Solanaceae "Solanum ?sambucinum.Mexico (Guanajuato and Querétaro), 1720-2200 m; in and at margin of cultivated fields, tropical deciduous forests, fencerows, rock piles, among thorny bushes, mesquite grasslands.
" 32912 distribution 1380676 Solanaceae "Solanum aethiopicum.Cultivated throughout tropical Sub-Saharan Africa and on Madagascar, not known in the wild except as feral individuals; also cultivated in South America and in some parts of Europe and Asia; thrives in full sun and woodland savannah. In temperate zones cultivars apparently cannot tolerate cold or wet conditions and are only grown in greenhouse conditions or in the summer.
" 32915 distribution 1383862 Solanaceae "Solanum atropurpureum.An often common weedy shrub within forests or more commonly at edges, in second growth, clearings, roadsides, pastures and cultivated ground, at elevations of 1500 to 1900 m in Colombia but below 1000 m in its native range in southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina. A range map is given in Nee (1979).
" 32960 distribution 1385958 Solanaceae "Solanum schumannianum.A common species of eastern African mountains, from central Kenya south to Malawi; growing in upland mist forest understory, shade, forest edges, margins of cultivation; 1800-2600 m elevation.
" 32995 distribution 1383239 Solanaceae "Solanum anguivi.Throughout tropical sub-Saharan Africa, and Madagascar, but not present south of Transvaal and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa; forest, forest edges, hillsides, savanna, grassland, scrubland, disturbed areas, old cultivation, and roadsides, growing in forests, forest edges, and mountains at 40-3100 m elevation, but the majority of populations occur at 1000-2200 m. For details on habitat and altitude distribution see Dale (1995).
" 33023 distribution 1387539 Solanaceae "Solanum odoriferum.In the Atlantic rainforests and seasonal deciduous forests of southeastern Brazil from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul at elevations to 750 m; one collection from Misiones, Argentina (Ekman 1975 cited in Morton, 1976) may be from a cultivated plant.
" 33045 distribution 1387543 Solanaceae "Solanum okadae.Solanum okadae is endemic to Bolivia (Depts. La Paz, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca), growing in sunny fields, cultivated fields, among bushes, or in shade of trees, in rocky soils of rich soils; 2450-3200 m in elevation.
" 33046 distribution 1387543 Solanaceae "Solanum okadae.Solanum okadae is endemic to Bolivia (Depts. La Paz, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca), growing in sunny fields, cultivated fields, among bushes, or in shade of trees, in rocky soils of rich soils; 2450-3200 m in elevation.
" 33076 distribution 1384727 Solanaceae "Solanum comptum.Solanum comptum is distributed in Chaco, Corrientes, and Formosa provinces of northeastern Argentina and in the Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Misiones, and Ñeembucú departments of Paraguay at elevations from 30 to 160 m. This weedy species grows in the Chaco vegetation formation and is commonly found on roadsides and other disturbed environments. It has been reported growing in clays, sands, and in inundated areas such as river banks. Disturbance of its bud-producing roots seems to promote its propagation, and it often becomes a pest in areas such as roadsides, waste areas, and cultivated areas.
" 33098 distribution 1389188 Solanaceae "Solanum trifidum.Mexico. Jalisco and Michoacán, (1800) 2000-2800 (3050) m; cultivated or fallow fields, grazed fields, in areas of pine and oak forests, in sunny to shady areas.
" 33218 distribution 1386016 Solanaceae "Solanum hougasii.Eastern and central Mexico, states of Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, 1600-3135 m; at edges of cultivated fields, roadsides, grasslands, in areas of alder and fir and pine and oak forests.
" 33257 distribution 1384555 Solanaceae "Solanum viarum.Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and Uruguay through much of eastern Brazil; sporadically present in Africa, long naturalized on the Indian subcontinent (Babu 1971), and recently becoming a noxious weed in cattle pastures in the southeastern United States (Wunderlin et al. 1993); often a common weed of campo, pastures, roadsides, waste places, cultivated ground, second growth and edges of forest at low elevations, mostly below 1000 m.
" 33288 distribution 1383042 Solanaceae "Solanum candolleanum.Solanum candolleanum is distributed from central Peru (Depts. Ancash and Huanuco), south to extreme northwestern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz , near the border with Peru); in a wide range of habitats from roadsides, fields, in rich and poor soils, among grasses, streamsides, about and invading cultivated fields, in pockets of and bases of cliff faces, fields, and in high altitude grasslands with Stipu ichu; 1600-4400 m.
" 33320 distribution 1383121 Solanaceae "Solanum capsicoides.A lowland species of humid or seasonally humid warm subtropical or tropical areas nearly or quite free from frost. Throughout its now extensive range (Nee, 1979) an often abundant weed in unshaded disturbed artificial weedy habitats such as roadsides, waste places, pastures, old coffee plantations, stream banks, beaches, cultivated land (presumably the edges), open woods and around dwellings. Probably preferring sandy habitats but also recording from wet alluvial clay and limestone derived soils. Native along the Atlantic coast of Brazil; introduced in the Guianas, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras, common on the Caribbean islands, common in Florida, sporadic in nearby states; sporadically introduced in Hawaii, Africa, India and Sri Lanka, more commonly in southern China, Java, Sumatra, and Australia. It can be expected in to eventually occur as a cultivated plant or as naturalized in any tropical or subtropical area of the world. At elevations up to 1500 m, the great majority of collections from below 1000 m with no geographic trends apparent.
Sporadically introduced and perhaps naturalized in western Africa (Sierra Leone, São Tomé and Principe, and Ghana) and a few collections recorded from East Africa (Ethiopia and Tanzania); native to the Atlantic coast of southern South America (Nee 1979), but now widespread as an introduction, often an abundant weed in unshaded disturbed habitats and around dwellings.
" 33335 distribution 1383335 Solanaceae "Solanum amygdalifolium.In chaco vegetation along streams and rivers, in thickets and in open vegetation in the Río de la Plata drainage from Buenos Aires, Argentina and adjacent Uruguay to the upper Río Pilcomayo in Paraguay, and in coastal Brazil from Bahia south to Rio Grande do Sul, from 0-700 m elevation. Solanum amygdalifolium is also cultivated outside of its native range for its showy flowers (Bolivia, Andean Argentina).
" 33432 distribution 1384602 Solanaceae "Solanum circaeifolium.Solanum circaeifolium is endemic to Bolivia, from Dept. La Paz south to Dept. Chuquisaca, occuring in a wide range of habitats, in full sun or in partial shade, typically in moist areas, on rocky slopes, among bushes, in scrub or thorn forests, in or at the edges of forests, in cultivated fields; 2000-4000 m in elevation.
" 33475 distribution 1384067 Solanaceae "Solanum microdontum.Central Bolivia (Dept. Cochabamba) to northern and western Argentina (Provs. Catamarca, La Rioja, Jujuy, Tucumán and Salta), in narrow humid quebradas, on the banks of streams, under the shade of trees and bushes, at the border of cultivated fields, in dense forests and woods, growing on dead trees or branches, high grassy mountain plains, in forests and woods; (1400) 1600-2900 (3850) m in elevation.
" 33528 use 1385830 Solanaceae "Solanum pyracanthos.Local Names. Madagascar: Kokomba, rohingivy, vangivy, vontaka (D’Arcy and Rakotozafy 1994).
Uses. Ornamental plant cultivated in glasshouses worldwide.
Mbeya region, Tanzania, at elevations between 1952 and 2052 m (Fig. 4 in van den Berg et al. 2012). During our collecting trip in the Umalila area (July 7–10, 2010) we found many plants in cultivated fields (Fig. 3E, F in Manoko et al. 2012) on the slope of mountains, or left in abandoned cultivated plots (Fig. 3H), which also contained maize and beans. According to the information on Gereau et al. 5084 the species is frequent on the ash layer in charcoal-burning areas. The Umalila area is located in the Mbeya region, in the South West of Tanzania at the border with Malawi and Zambia (Figure 3). Because of its elevation, the region is also known as the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, with volcanic type of soil, temperatures ranging from 12 to 23°C, and annual rainfall levels from 1500 to 2700 mm. The vegetation is mountainous, with cool temperature grasslands and the region is good for cultivation of coffee, maize, beans and vegetables (Anon. 1997).
" 33559 distribution 1385030 Solanaceae "Solanum stramoniifolium.A lowland species usually encountered between 0 and 600 m, occurring naturally in savannas, ecotones between forest and savanna, forest openings, and along riverbanks, in open sun or partial shade; tolerant of diverse soil types from rich to relatively sterile sandy soils, usually on well drained substrata and not ordinarily found in swampy situations. Common as a weed in man-made clearings, pastures, fields, secondary thickets, trailsides, roadsides, and about human habitations. Extending from lowlands east of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru east across the northern Amazon Basin, the upper Orinoco Basin, and lower elevations of the Guyana Shield to eastern Venezuela and Belém, Brazil. Occasionally cultivated in Colombia and Peru for the edible fruits. Sporadically adventive elsewhere in the tropics.
" 33565 distribution 1387746 Solanaceae "Solanum pauperum.Endemic to Angola; growing in secondary vegetation and abandoned cultivation; elevation not known.
" 33568 distribution 1387905 Solanaceae "Solanum platacanthum.Solanum platacanthum is native to Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It is widespread on the escarpment between 1500 and 2800 m from Turbah north to J. R?zih in Yemen (Wood 1997), but is otherwise difficult to find in the wild (Abdul Wali A. Al Khulaidi, pers. comm.). It is found on forest edges, hillsides, roadsides, and abandoned cultivation at 1500-2800 m altitude but more common between 2000-2500 m.
" 33585 distribution 1384164 Solanaceae "Solanum bradei.Solanum bradei is restricted to the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The known specimens are mainly from the Mantiqueira mountain range in the border area between those states, with one disjunct collection from Serra do Mar, in the Bocaina region of northeastern São Paulo State. Occasional in the understory or shaded forest edges of well-preserved or secondary fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic coastal rainforest (Floresta Ombrófila Densa of Veloso et al. 1991), normally close to water courses, in elevations ranging from 1, 000 to 2, 000 m. In cultivation in Belo Horizonte, Solanum bradei flowered year round. Preliminary crossing studies suggested it was self-incompatible as no fruits were produced in selfed plants, but more individuals should be used for a definitive conclusion.
" 33616 distribution 1384787 Solanaceae "Solanum mammosum.Solanum mammosum is a weedy shrub native in northern South America and possibly the Caribbean; common on the Caribbean islands; in Central America from southern Mexico to Panama and in an arc around the Amazon basin from northwestern Bolivia to the Guyanas, rare and sporadic in the Amazon valley and east coast of Brazil. Sporadically introduced elsewhere; rare in Africa, more common in the East Indies. As an ornamental plant and curiosity it can be expected to be cultivated anywhere in the tropics and has the potential to escape; the label data of many of the older specimens are not explicit on the status of the plants. Grows in grasslands, pastures, roadsides, waste places, secondary growth and cultivated land in warm tropical areas with at least seasonally heavy precipitation, mostly from sea level to 100 m elevation but reaching at least 1800 m.
In Africa known from Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi; introduced and probably cultivated or occasionally escaped, found in disturbed areas near houses and around towns, 0-1500 m elevation.
" 33631 distribution 1383031 Solanaceae "Solanum ?edinense.Mexico, Distrito Federal and states of Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, 2050-3560 m; a weed in and at the edges of cultivated potato fields, in areas where S. demissum grows, or spread away from these fields along roadsides or fencerows, or among bushes.
" 33647 distribution 1383207 Solanaceae "Solanum ajanhuiri.In cultivated fields in the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia, at elevations between 3700 and 4100 m.
" 33662 distribution 1385588 Solanaceae "Solanum friburgense.Narrowly endemic in southern Brazil, known from only two localities in the municipality of Nova Friburgo in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Both localities are within conservation units, one public (Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima) and one private (RPPN Bacchus). Rare in the understory of well-preserved fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic coastal rainforest, at elevations of about 1, 500 m. The species always shows a well-developed rhizome system. This suggests the plant invests heavily in vegetative propagation, which is consistent with the few flowering specimens found in the field. In cultivation, so few flowers were produced that no crossing studies were performed.
" 33742 distribution 1384380 Solanaceae "Solanum cardiophyllum.Rare in northern Mexico (Durango), then widespread from central Mexico (Jalisco, Aguascalientes, and Zacetecas), south to Oaxaca; 1320-2800 m; in and about cultivated fields, or in sandy or rocky ground, or rich soil, streamsides, grassy fields, in areas of tropical deciduous forests, or mesquite grasslands, or oak or pine or alder forests, xerophytic scrublands.
" 33767 distribution 1384098 Solanaceae "Solanum laxum.Native to southeastern Brazil from the states of Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul to the mouth of the Río de la Plata in Argentina and Uruguay, in Atlantic rainforest, Araucaria forests, gallery forests and open forest margins, from nearly sea level to above 500 m elevation; widely cultivated worldwide in both temperate and subtropical zones, often escaped and naturalized.
" 33804 distribution 1376864 Solanaceae "Solanum tuberosum.Landrace populations of Solanum tuberosum grow from western Venezuela south to northern Argentina (Andean populations), and then with a gap of distribution in south-central Chile in the islands of the Chonos Archipelago and the adjacent mainland Chile (lowland Chilean populations), as cultivated plants; with the Andean populations growing from 1000-4300 m in elevation, and the lowland Chilean populations at or near sea level. Landrace populations are still maintained out of their natural range, introduced in post-Colombian times, in Mexico and Central America, the Shimla Hills of India, and in the Canary Islands. The modern cultivated potato (also classified as Solanum tuberosum), is cultivated worldwide.
" 33814 general 1383664 Solanaceae "Solanum crispum. Shrubs or small trees, occasionally (especially in cultivation) lax and scrambling, 0.4-5 m tall; young stems glabrous or pubescent with tiny dendritic trichomes; leaf scars somewhat prominent, the stems not strongly winged from decurrent leaf bases; bark of older stems pale brownish-yellow, glabrous, and shiny. New growth glabrous to densely pubescent with fine, dendritic trichomes.Apparently native to coastal areas from northern Peru to central Chile, 0-500 m, although populations are found to central coastal Ecuador (but see below). Solanum pimpinellifolium grows in wet places and on the edges of cultivated fields throughout its native range and has apparently escaped from cultivation in the Galápagos (see Darwin et al. 2003).
" 33880 distribution 1383963 Solanaceae "Solanum vernei.Solanum vernei occurs in northern Argentina (Provs. Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán and Catamarca), in steep grassy mountain slopes, under bushes, growing in the sun but also in shaded valleys, in rich humid soil, at the edge of cultivated fields, along ditches; 2270-3600 m in elevation.
" 33899 distribution 1384883 Solanaceae "Solanum curtilobum.Throughout the highlands of northern Peru to central Bolivia and very rarely in northern Argentina, in cultivated fields, above 3800 m. in elevation.
" 33976 distribution 1383667 Solanaceae "Solanum viride.Solanum viride is distributed across the Pacific from Fiji to the Pitcairn Islands and in Hawaii from sea level–300 m elevation. This species is both cultivated and feral in forests, thickets, and along beaches.
" 34037 distribution 1384538 Solanaceae "Solanum violaceum.Solanum violaceum occurs across Asia, from India to China, Vietnam and Malaysia, from the coasts to inland mountains between ca. 3-27º latitude. It is commonly found in India, southern China, and Thailand. The westernmost recorded occurrence is the Indian Western Ghats. Chinese populations are restricted to the more southern regions of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Sichuan Taiwan, and Yunnan (Zhang et al. 1994). There are occasional collections from Sumatra and Java but it is not clear whether these are natural. It also occurs in Mauritius (Mauritius Island and Rodrigues Island) and on Reunion Island. Solanum violaceum does not seem to occur in the Philippines, New Guinea, or Australia. It is found in open places, abandoned cultivation, and roadsides from sea level to 2000 m elevation.
" 34079 distribution 1383159 Solanaceae "Solanum adoense.In northeastern Africa in Sudan, Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, around the Red Sea, also in the Arabian peninsula; growing in scrub and abandoned cultivation; 1700-3000 m elevation.
" 34149 distribution 1383861 Solanaceae "Solanum macrocarpon.Cultivated across tropical Africa; particularly common in western Africa, frequent in central and eastern Africa, occasional in southern Africa; also recorded in cultivation in Brazil, West Indies and Guadeloupe; not known in the wild.
" 34206 distribution 1376432 Solanaceae "Solanum lycopersicum.Solanum lycopersicum is distributed worldwide, but is really known only from cultivation, specimens collected from natural habitats are, in our opinion, feral escapes and not truly wild populations.
" 34214 distribution 1387885 Solanaceae "Solanum pinnatisectum.Central Mexico, states of Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, Querétaro, 1500-2200 m; frequently in cultivated or fallow fields, roadsides, tropical deciduous forests, mesquite-grasslands.
" 34233 distribution 1384384 Solanaceae "Solanum ehrenbergii.Central Mexico, states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, and Distrito Federal, (800) 1450-2500 m; in and about cultivated fields, xerophytic scrublands, tropical deciduous forests, mesquite grasslands, or in areas of oak and pine forests.
" 34252 distribution 1384480 Solanaceae "Solanum malmeanum.Solanum malmeanum occurs widely in Argentina (Provs. Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fé), Brazil (Río Grande do Sul), Paraguay (Boquerón, Central, Presidente Hayes, Itapará, Cordillera), Uruguay (Colonia, Maldonado). In palm forests, in or at the edges of woods, in cleared woods or inundated savannas, or as a weed in cultivated fields of maize, manioc, sweet potato, cotton, potato, sorghum, or Citrus plantations, in disturbed soil, coasts of rivers, 0-330 m in elevation.
" 34268 distribution 1384155 Solanaceae "Solanum iopetalum.Widely distributed from central Mexico (Jalisco to Querétaro), south to Oaxaca, 1700-3350 m; in rich organic soil, along roadsides, among bushes, edges of cultivated fields, in areas of alder, pine, oak, and fir forests.
" 34279 distribution 1382542 Solanaceae "Solanum diphyllum.Mexico to Pacific Costa Rica in drier lowland areas from 0 to 250 m. Escaped from cultivation in many tropical and subtropical areas: e.g; Florida, Java, and the Antilles.
" 34288 distribution 1383650 Solanaceae "Solanum quitoense.Cultivated between 1000 and 2400 m in mountains of Colombia and Ecuador; recently introduced and becoming a successful weed in montane regions of Costa Rica and Panama.
" 34310 distribution 1381022 Solanaceae "Solanum melongena.Cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas (in the temperate zone under glass); the greatest diversity of landraces and cultivars is found in Asia (India, China and southeast Asia), with secondary centres in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean.. The origin of Solanum melongena is in Asia, but the exact place of domestication in not clear (see references in Knapp et al. 2013).
" 34361 conservation 1383980 Solanaceae "Solanum baretiae.According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2011), Solanum baretiae is classified as Data Deficient (DD). Although Solanum baretiae occurs over a broad geographic range (> 60, 000 km2), it has been collected at fewer than 10 localities (localities within a few kilometers of each other have been grouped for this assessment) and from a narrow elevational band within its range. The relatively small number of collections of this species suggests that it is rare in the habitats where it occurs. Furthermore, these localities are near expanding population centers and habitats in these areas are highly fragmented and degraded. Nevertheless, Solanum baretiae seems to be well suited to habitat change caused by human activities, since EJT and LB observed thriving populations along roadsides and among shrubs between the town of Guzmango (Dept. Cajamarca, Peru) and the cultivated and pasture lands that surround the town. Further data regarding the distribution and abundance of Solanum baretiae are needed before we can make a more solid assessment of its conservation status.
" 34369 distribution 1385481 Solanaceae "Solanum hjertingii.Mexico: northeastern Mexico, states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, (1230) 1650-3210 m; growing in and at borders of cultivated fields, in pine, oak, juniper, or Opuntia forests, bushy hillsides, grasslands, fencerows.
" 34376 distribution 1386921 Solanaceae "Solanum mauense.Kenya and Tanzania, common in the Kenyan highlands on the Aberdares, Mount Elgon, and Narok; growing in scrub, forest edges, grassland, and old cultivated plots, also common along roadsides; 1800-3000 m elevation.
" 34388 distribution 1384901 Solanaceae "Solanum cyaneopurpureum.Inland central Africa, from Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda to Uganda and western Tanzania, with a few outlying Tanzanian collections that are possibly cultivated (Burtt 1185, Bidgood et al. 1023, Clair-Thompson 399, and Tanner 1956); growing in savannah, forest margins, and thickets, often found on termite mounds or ant hills; 800-1500 m elevation.
" 34398 distribution 1384653 Solanaceae "Solanum coagulans.Northeastern Africa with limited occurrence on the Arabian Peninsula; reported from Chad by Brundu & Camarda (2013); common weed of cultivated land, grazed ground, roadsides, coastal plains, and savanna; usually on sand, silt or loam; 0-1700 m elevation.
" 34440 distribution 1389018 Solanaceae "Solanum tarnii.Mexico: only widely scattered collections are known from Hidalgo, Querétaro and Veracruz, 2000-2600 m; in and at margins of cultivated fields, pine and oak forests, among maguey, among scrub vegetation and rocks, roadsides.
" 34443 distribution 1376958 Solanaceae "Solanum pseudocapsicum.In drier microhabitats in Central and South America, from Mexico to southern Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, from sea level to 2600 m. Widely cultivated throughout the world, often escaped in tropical and subtropical areas.
" 34444 general 1376958 Solanaceae "Solanum pseudocapsicum. Small shrubs, prostrate to 1 m tall; young stems and leaves glabrous to densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes 0.1-0.5 mm long; stems erect or prostrate, soon glabrous; bark of older stems pale golden brown.A lowland species, usually growing between 0 and 500 m but occasionally cultivated at somewhat higher elevations, mostly in open sun, apparently found only in association with man, intentionally cultivated or spontaneous in human disturbances and about habitations. Frequent in the upper Amazon Basin of southern Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru, cultivated sporadically in settlements along the Amazon and Orinoco River systems of Brazil and Venezuela as far east as Belém.
" 34615 distribution 1386356 Solanaceae "Solanum juzepczukii.In the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia, in cultivated fields, 3700-4100 m in elevation.
" 34638 distribution 1383809 Solanaceae "Solanum arundo.). Endemic to eastern Africa, in Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania; common on grassland, savannah, open woodland, or sand dunes, calcareous or volcanic soil, often found on roadsides and abandoned cultivated land; 0–2000 m elevation.
" 34677 distribution 1383756 Solanaceae "Solanum bonariense.Native in the lower Rio de la Plata area of South America. It has been cultivated for centuries in Europe, and is now naturalized in Spain and the Balearic and Canary Islands, where it forms thickets in disturbed areas.
" 69326 general 1380707 Solanaceae "Lycopersicon. ""Differing from Solanum chiefly in its anthers, which are connate into a slender cone, elongate, tapering to a long sterile tip, and opening by longitudinal slits; ovary in cultivated forms usually with more than 2 (commonly 4) locules; seeds winged by agglutinated hairs; unarmed herbs with pinnate compound lvs and yellow fls. 7, Pacific S. Amer.""" 108551 general 33455 Solanaceae "Solanaceae.Herbs, shrubs, small trees, or climbers. Stems sometimes prickly, rarely thorny; hairs simple, branched, or stellate, sometimes glandular. Leaves alternate, solitary or paired, simple or pinnately compound, without stipules; leaf blade entire, dentate, lobed, or divided. Inflorescences terminal, overtopped by continuing axes, appearing axillary, extra-axillary, or leaf opposed, often apparently umbellate, racemose, paniculate, clustered, or solitary flowers, rarely true cymes, sometimes bracteate. Flowers mostly bisexual, usually regular, 5-merous, rarely 4- or 6-9-merous. Calyx mostly lobed. Petals united. Stamens as many as corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted within corolla, all alike or 1 or more reduced; anthers dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores. Ovary 2-5-locular; placentation mostly axile; ovules usually numerous. Style 1. Fruiting calyx often becoming enlarged, mostly persistent. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds with copious endosperm; embryo mostly curved.
About 95 genera with 2300 species: best represented in western tropical America, widespread in temperate and tropical regions; 20 genera (ten introduced) and 101 species in China.
Some species of Solanaceae are known in China only by plants cultivated in ornamental or specialty gardens: Atropa belladonna Linnaeus, Cyphomandra betacea (Cavanilles) Sendtner, Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, Nicotiana alata Link & Otto, and Solanum jasminoides Paxton.
Shrubs or annual or perennial herbs; pubescence of simple hairs. Stems branched. Leaves solitary or paired, petiolate; leaf blade simple, entire or sinuate. Inflorescences solitary or few-flowered clusters at branch forks or leaf axils; peduncle absent. Flowers nodding or erect, actinomorphic. Pedicel erect or nodding. Calyx broadly campanulate to cup-shaped, denticulate, sometimes slightly enlarged. Corolla white, blue, or violet, campanulate or rotate, divided halfway or more. Stamens inserted near distal end of corolla tube; filaments slender; anthers yellow or purplish, ovoid, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2- (or 3)- locular; ovules numerous. Style slender; stigma small, capitate. Fruit a moist berry, sometimes large, erect, nodding, or reflexed. Seeds yellowish, discoid; embryo coiled, subperipheral.
About 25 species: all in South America, two or three cultivated and naturalized worldwide; one species in China.
" 109120 general 1377591 Solanaceae "Cestrum.Shrubs or trees, glabrous or pubescent with simple or branched hairs. Leaves solitary, simple, petiolate, entire. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose or paniculate, sometimes clustered in leaf axils, often bracteate or bracteolate. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx campanulate or tubular. Corolla long tubular; tube sometimes expanded or contracted around anthers, sometimes pubescent abaxially; limb lobed, usually spreading. Stamens inserted at various levels in corolla tube; filaments sometimes pubescent or appendaged at or below point of insertion; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; disc mostly evident. Ovary 2-locular; ovules few to several, rarely to 20. Style slender; stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely exserted. Fruit a berry, mostly white or blackish, globose, ovoid, or oblong, often juicy. Seeds 1 or several, oblong; embryo straight or slightly curved; cotyledons ovate, oblong and much wider than radicle, or cylindric.
About 175 species: North America, South America; three cultivated for ornament in China.
" 109897 general 1379233 Solanaceae "Hyoscyamus.Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, erect or sprawling; pubescence of simple glandular hairs. Leaves sometimes forming a rosette, short petiolate or sessile; leaf blade sinuate, coarsely dentate or pinnately lobed, rarely entire. Inflorescences of solitary axillary flowers, sometimes condensed into scorpioid racemes or spikes. Flowers 5-merous, zygomorphic, sessile or short pedicellate. Calyx tubular-campanulate, urceolate, or obconical, becoming enlarged, lobes erect or spreading, needlelike. Corolla campanulate or funnelform, lobes unequal. Stamens inserted in corolla tube, usually slightly exserted; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Disc sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-locular; ovules numerous. Fruiting calyx enveloping and longer than capsule, lobes with strong marginal veins produced into mucros. Capsules dehiscent by an operculum slightly distal to middle. Seeds reniform or discoid, minutely pitted; embryo ringlike or coiled.
About 20 species: N Africa, Asia, Europe; two species in China, also cultivated.
" 110109 general 1380707 Solanaceae "Lycopersicon.Herbs annual or perennial, unarmed; pubescence of simple or glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate, mostly compound with interstitial leaflets. Inflorescences appearing axillary or lateral, racemose; peduncle sometimes forked. Flowers pedicellate, 5-9-merous. Calyx campanulate, slightly enlarged or not. Corolla yellow, rotate, deeply lobed. Stamens inserted in corolla tube; filaments short; anthers slender, coherent, attenuate and long apiculate at apex, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-5-loculed. Style filiform; stigma minute, capitate. Fruiting calyx hardly enlarged. Berry red, orange, yellow, or green, mostly globose, rarely grooved, sometimes pubescent. Seeds numerous, discoid, sometimes pubescent; embryo strongly curved.
Nine species: South and North America, one species widely cultivated in China.
" 122623 general 1377298 Solanaceae "Capsicum annuum.Shrubs or annual or perennial herbs, 20-80 cm tall. Stems glabrescent. Leaves solitary or paired; petiole 4-7 cm; leaf blade oblong-ovate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 4-13 × 1.5-4 cm, glabrescent, base narrowed, margin entire, apex short acuminate or acute. Inflorescences solitary flowers or few-flowered clusters. Pedicel bent at apex, 1-2 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, undulate, 2-3 × 3 mm. Corolla white, ca. 1 cm. Anthers purplish, 1.8-2 mm. Berry mostly red (orange, yellow, or purple in cultivation), variously shaped, up to 15 cm. Seeds pale yellow, discoid or reniform, 3-5 mm. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jul-Nov.
The species includes forms with sweet or pungent fruits. The fruits are an important vegetable and flavoring, and the seed oil is edible. Fruits are used medicinally for inducing sweat. Plants are sometimes cultivated as ornamentals. During its long cultivation, many cultivars have been selected with very different fruit appearance.
The practice of referring woody plants of this species to Capsicum frutescens Linnaeus has little merit since herbaceous plants often become woody with age, and other characterssupposed to distinguish the two species occur in various populations in both herbaceous and woody plants.
Shrubs. Stem copiously pubescent. Petiole 6-12 mm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, ca. 8 × 3 cm. Inflorescences erect, terminal or axillary, congested racemose panicles; bracts ovate, minutely tomentose, 4-5 mm. Flowers odorless. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 6-8 mm, glabrous, unribbed; teeth ca. 3 mm, ciliate. Corolla red, pink, or violet, ca. 2 cm, expanded upward, abruptly contracted at throat, glabrous; lobes deltoid, ca. 2 mm. Filaments glabrous, unappendaged, slightly bent at point of insertion. Fruiting calyx not splitting. Berry dark pink, globose, 0.8-1.3 cm. Seeds ca. 8.
Cultivated for ornament
" 122629 general 1378767 Solanaceae "Datura stramonium.Herbs or subshrubs, sometimes robust, 0.5-1.5 m tall, glabrescent. Petiole 3-5.5 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, 8-17 × 4-14 cm, membranous, glabrescent, base asymmetric, cuneate, irregularly sinuous or dentate-lobed, apex acuminate, veins 3-5 pairs. Flowers erect. Pedicel 5-12 mm. Calyx tubular, 5-angular, 3-5 cm. Corolla white or pale purple, greenish at base, sometimes purple distally, funnelform; limb 3-5 cm in diam.; lobes 6-10 cm, mucronate at apex. Filaments ca. 3 cm; anthers 3-4 mm. Capsules erect, globose or ovoid, 3-4.5 × 2-4 cm, with copious prickles, rarely smooth, dehiscent by 4 equal valves, subtended by remnants of persistent calyx. Seeds black, ovate or discoid, ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Oct, fr. Jul-Nov.
Cultivated in gardens as a medicinal and decorative plant.
The whole plant is toxic and is used medicinally as anaesthetic and for sedating and relieving muscular spasm. Seed oil can be used for soap making.
Shrubs (small tree in cultivation) 0.8-2 m tall. Stems and branches glabrous, branches thorny. Leaves solitary or fasciculate, lanceolate or long elliptic, 2-3 cm × 3-6 mm. Inflorescences solitary or clustered flowers. Pedicel 1-2 cm. Calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm, usually 2-lobed, lobes 2- or 3- toothed at apex. Corolla purple, funnelform; tube 8-10 mm, obviously longer than limb and lobes; lobes 5-6 mm, spreading, margin glabrescent. Stamens and style slightly exserted. Berry red or orange-yellow, oblong or ovoid, 0.4-2 cm × 5-10 mm. Seeds usually 4-20, brown-yellow, ca. 2 mm.
" 122646 general 1380085 Solanaceae "Lycium chinense.Shrubs erect or sprawling, 0.5-1(-2) m tall. Stems much branched; branches pale gray, slender, curved or pendulous, with thorns 0.5-2 cm. Leaves solitary or in clusters of 2-4; leaf blade ovate, rhombic, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 1.5-5 × 0.5-2.5 cm (to 10 × 4 cm in cultivation). Inflorescences solitary or paired flowers on long shoots or fasciculate among leaves on short shoots. Pedicel 1-2 cm. Calyx campanulate, 3-4 mm, 3-5-divided to halfway, lobes densely ciliate. Corolla pale purple, 0.9-l.2 cm; tube funnel-form, shorter than or subequaling lobes, lobes pubescent at margin. Stamens slightly shorter or longer than corolla, with a villous ring slightly above filament base and adjacent corolla tube. Berry red, ovoid or oblong, 0.7-1.5 cm × 5-8 mm (ca. 2.2 × 1 cm in cultivation). Seeds numerous, yellow, 2.5-3 mm.
" 122681 general 1380676 Solanaceae "Solanum aethiopicum.Herbs annual, ca. 70 cm tall, pubescent with stalked or sessile, 5-9-rayed stellate hairs. Stem and branches prickly; prickles 2-5 mm, 1-2 mm broad at base, straight or slightly curved. Upper leaves often unequal paired; petiole 2-7 cm; leaf blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 10-20 × 6-14 cm, with mixed simple and many-rayed hairs abaxially, stellate tomentose along veins and often with subulate prickles 3-7 mm, irregularly sinuate-parted, apex acuminate or obtuse. Inflorescences extra-axillary, few flowered, race-mose; peduncle 1-1.5 cm. Flowers 5-merous, (6-9-merous in cultivation). Pedicel 5-12 mm, with prickles 0.2-2 mm. Calyx campanulate; lobes slightly unequal, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-7 × 3-4 mm. Corolla white or slightly purplish, stellate or stellate-rotate, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam.; limb ca. 6.5 mm. Filaments 0.5-1 mm, glabrous; anthers lanceolate-elliptic, 4-5 × 0.7-1 mm, emarginate at apex and base. Ovary 4-8-locular. Style 5.7-7.5 mm. Berry orange or red, 1.5-3(-5) cm in diam., often longitudinally 4-6-grooved. Seeds reniform, 2-3.5 mm in diam.
The fruits are used medicinally and for food in some countries.
" 122685 general 1383121 Solanaceae "Solanum capsicoides.Herbs or subshrubs, erect or sprawling, 30-60(-100) cm tall, copiously armed with pale yellow, needlelike prickles, pubescent with coarse, many-celled simple hairs. Stems conspicuously white lenticellate, glabrescent to pilose; prickles straight to slightly recurved, 0.5-1.8 cm. Leaves paired; petiole stout, 2-7 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, 5-13 × 4-12 cm, with many-celled simple hairs adaxially, glabrous or hairy only along veins abaxially, prickly along veins on both surfaces, base cordate, margin 5-7-lobed to halfway, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescences extra-axillary, racemose, 1-4-flowered; peduncle unbranched. Pedicel 5-12 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 5 × 8 mm; lobes ovate, pubescent as on stems. Corolla white, greenish at base; lobes lanceolate, ca. 12 × 4 mm. Filaments 2.5 mm; anthers lanceolate, ca. 6 mm. Ovary minutely stipitate glandular. Style 7-8 mm. Fruiting pedicel 2-2.5 cm. Fruiting calyx copiously armed, somewhat enlarged, not covering fruit. Berry orange-red, subglobose, 3.5-6 cm in diam., mesocarp white, spongy. Seeds yellowish, discoid, with a conspicuous, thin orbicular wing, 4-6 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Aug-Oct.
Sometimes cultivated for its bright, ornamental fruits that are poisonous.
" 122707 general 1376958 Solanaceae "Solanum pseudocapsicum.Shrubs erect, branched, unarmed; pubescence of simple and branched hairs. Petiole 2-5 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 1-6 × 0.5-1.5 cm, pubescent or glabrous, base cuneate, decurrent, margin entire or sinuate, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences leaf opposed or extra-axillary, solitary or rarely paired flowers or short racemes; peduncle short or obsolete. Pedicel 3-4 mm. Calyx green, ca. 4 mm in diam., prominently lobed; lobes ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla white or mauve, 0.8-1.5 cm in diam., lobed about half way. Filaments less than 1 mm, glabrous; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 2 mm. Fruiting pedicel ca. 1 cm, expanded at apex. Berry orange-red, fleshy, 1.2-1.5(-2) cm in diam. Seeds discoid, 2-3 mm in diam.
Cultivated for ornamental use
" 122721 general 1386777 Solanaceae "Solanum wrightii.Trees to 12 m tall, sometimes armed with straight prickles, pubescent with stalked stellate hairs. Petiole 5-10 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, 30 × 15-20 cm, scabrid with dispersed simple or stellate hairs adaxially, with sparse to dense, stalked stellate hairs and prickles abaxially, often with straight yellow or green prickles, base oblique, margin entire or sinuate-lobed, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary many-flowered racemes; peduncle mostly unbranched. Flowers showy, andromonoecious. Pedicel 0.6-1.5 cm, often leaving a conspicuous scar, with dense, bristlelike, long-stalked hairs. Calyx 1-1.5 cm, deeply lobed; lobes lanceolate, hispid with mostly simple hairs. Corolla opening deep purple, fading through blue to white over several days, 6-9 cm in diam., lobed ca. 1/3 way down, stellate hairy abaxially. Filaments 2-3 mm, glabrous; anthers oblong, apex narrowed, beaklike, 1.2-1.5 cm. Style dimorphic. Berry red, sometimes remaining green, globose, 3-4 cm in diam. Seeds lenticular, 2-3 mm in diam.
As no material from China was seen, the description was based on American plants. The species was originally described from a plant cultivated in Hong Kong.
" 128444 general 1380083 Solanaceae "Lycium barbarum var. barbarum.Leaves broad, membranous or papery. Berries red, 6-10 mm in diam. Seeds more than 15. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Aug-Nov.
Widely cultivated for medicine in N and S China, especially in Ningxia and Tianjin Shi. The fruits are used medicinally as a tonic.
" 128445 general 1380221 Solanaceae "Lycium chinense var. chinense.Leaves mostly broad. Corolla lobes densely ciliate, with distinct basal auricles. Stamens slightly shorter than corolla. Fl. May-Sep, fr. Aug-Nov.
Widely cultivated in China as a medicinal plant or vegetable. The fruits are used as a tonic, the root bark is used for relieving cough and reducing fever, the young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and the seed oil is used as a lubricant and for cooking. The species is also grown for controlling erosion.
" 129172 general 1388048 Solanaceae "Solanum pseudocapsicum var. pseudocapsicum.Stems, leaves, and inflorescences glabrescent. Fl. early summer, fr. late autumn.
Cultivated for ornamental use
" 177150 morphology 1377298 Solanaceae "Capsicum annuum. Cultivated." 177155 morphology 1377093 Solanaceae "Datura metel. ""White or wine-purple, sometimes (in cultivation) double flowers.""" 177173 morphology 1382824 Solanaceae "Schwenckia americana. Weed of cultivation." 177203 morphology 1383861 Solanaceae "Solanum macrocarpon. Often cultivated." 177206 morphology 1383854 Solanaceae "Solanum nigrum. ""A weed 1-2 ft. or more high, sometimes cultivated""" 177222 morphology 1386777 Solanaceae "Solanum wrightii. ""Cultivated at Njala, Sierra Leone.""" 117654 general 553599 Staphyleaceae "Euscaphis japonica.Small deciduous trees or shrubs, (2-)3-6(-8) m tall; bark grayish brown, striped. Twigs and buds dark purple. Branches glabrescent. Leaves with pale green rachis, (8-)12-32 cm; stipule linear, pilose, base broad, tapering to tip; leaflets 5-9, rarely 3-11, with unpleasant odor when crushed; petiolule 1-2 mm, glabrescent; leaflet blades elliptic to oblong-ovate or sometimes oblong-lanceolate, rarely ovate, 4-6(-9) × 2-3(-4) cm, papery, glabrous or pilose along veins, adaxially green, abaxially pale, main vein impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially, lateral veins 8-11, conspicuous on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin sparsely serrulate with glandular teeth, apex acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, up to 21 cm. Flower small, yellowish white, 4-5 mm in diam.; pedicel ca. 2 mm. Sepals oval, ca. 2 mm, base united, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals yellowish green, obovate, slightly longer than sepals. Stamens shorter than petals; anthers oval. Ovary ovoid; carpels 3, free or base slightly united. Follicle 1-2 cm, 1-3-locular; pericarp softly leathery, red-brown with irregular ribs. Seeds shining black, subglobose, ca. 5 mm in diam.; arils fleshy. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Nov.
This species is grown as an ornamental. The wood is used for making furniture, oil from the seeds is used for making soap, and tannin is extracted from the bark. The roots and dry fruits are used medicinally.
" 117664 general 553578 Staphyleaceae "Turpinia formosana.Small trees; branches dry brown-black, nodes swollen. Leaves simple; petiole (2-)3-5 cm, base greatly swollen; leaf blade oblong or oval to lanceolate, 8-12(-25) × 4-7 cm, leathery, glabrous, midvein prominent abaxially, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, rarely obvious adaxially and conspicuous abaxially, base cuneate, margin sparsely serrate, apex acuminate or blunt. Panicle terminal or axillary, with flowers sparsely arranged, ca. 15 cm, glabrous; bracteoles caducous. Flowers ca. 5.5 mm in diam., yellowish white. Sepals oblong-oval, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Petals spatulate, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Stamens inserted in floral disk; filaments ca. 4.5 mm, slightly pubescent. Ovary superior, 3-locular, pubescent, as well as style; stigma capitate. Fruit globose, green or yellowish purple, 8-15 mm in diam. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun.
" 65638 general 551596 Styracaceae "Styrax. ""Fls 5-merous; cal obconic, its lower half adherent to the ovary; cor-lobes equaling or (ours) longer than the tube, eventually spreading or recurved; stamens 10, inserted at the base of the cor, monadelphous at base; ovary 3-locular below, unilocular above; ovules few in each locule; fr dry, crustaceous, usually 1-seeded, often irregularly dehiscent, its lower third adherent to the persistent cal. 120, widespread.""" 108556 general 33475 Styracaceae "Styracaceae.Trees or shrubs, usually stellate pubescent or scaly, rarely glabrous. Leaves usually alternate, simple; stipules absent or very minute. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, panicles, or cymes, rarely 1-flowered or several flowers in a fascicle; bracteoles minute or absent. Flowers bisexual, rarely polygamous dioecious, actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate, obconical, or cup-shaped; tube completely or partially adnate to ovary; teeth or lobes 4 or 5(or 6), sometimes very small or obsolete. Corolla mostly white, gamopetalous; lobes (4 or)5(--7), basally ± connate, rarely free, imbricate or valvate, rarely slightly induplicate. Stamens twice, sometimes equal in number to corolla lobes, inserted at base of corolla; filaments mostly flattened, basally partially or completely connate into a tube; anthers introrse, 2-locular, locules parallel and opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, half inferior, or inferior, 3--5-locular or apically 1-locular and basally 3--5-locular; ovules few or solitary in each locule, erect, pendulous, or anatropous, integument 1 or 2, placentation axile or parietal. Style slender, linear or subulate; stigma truncate, capitate or 2--5-lobed. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule, exocarp fleshy to dry. Seeds sometimes winged, often with a broad hilum; embryo straight or slightly curved; endosperm copious; cotyledons flattened or subterete.
Eleven genera and ca. 180 species: tropical and temperate America, Asia, and Mediterranean; 10 genera (two endemic) and 54 species (32 endemic) in China.
Hwang Shu-mei in Wu Rong-fen (as Wu Young-fen) & Hwang Shu-mei, eds. 1987. Styracaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 60(2): 77-150.
Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Winter buds enclosed by scales. Leaves alternate; stipules absent; leaf blade margin serrate. Flowers fasciculate or in short racemes at nodes of one year old branchlets. Pedicel slender, jointed. Flowers opening before leaves. Calyx tube obconical, adnate to ovary, 4-ribbed expanding in fruit; teeth 4, short. Corolla campanulate; lobes 4(or 5), imbricate, base shortly connate. Stamens 8--16, in 1 series, almost separate from petals, basally slightly connate; anthers oblong. Ovary often inferior, 2--4-locular; ovules 4 per locule, basally pendulous, apically ascending, placentation axile. Style elongated; stigma 4-lobed. Drupes almost dry, 2--4-winged, indehiscent, apex with persistent calyx teeth and style base forming a beak. Seeds oblong, terete; seed coat crusty; cotyledons oblong.
Five species: E North America, China; one species in China.
" 110740 general 551583 Styracaceae "Pterostyrax.Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Winter buds naked. Leaves alternate; stipules absent; leaf blade margin serrate or serrulate. Inflorescences pendulous, branches one-sided, many-flowered; bracteoles early deciduous. Pedicel short, jointed. Flowers bisexual. Calyx tube campanulate, 5-ribbed, completely adnate to ovary, 5-toothed. Corolla lobes 5, shortly coherent at base, imbricate. Stamens 10, 5 short and 5 long or subequal in length, 1 series; filaments flattened, basally connate into a membranous tube. Ovary mostly inferior, 3--5-locular; ovules 4 per locule, erect or pendulous, placentation axile. Style elongated, subulate; stigma capitate or obscurely 3-lobed. Fruiting pedicel short. Drupes dry, ribbed or winged, with a persistent style forming distinct beak, exocarp crusty, endocarp woody. Seeds 1 or 2, fleshy; endosperm thin.
Four species: E Asia; two species in China.
" 111093 general 551596 Styracaceae "Styrax.Trees or shrubs, stellate pubescent or scaly, rarely glabrous. Leaves usually alternate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemes, panicles, or cymes, sometimes 1-flowered or several-flowered in a fascicle; bracteoles small, early deciduous. Flowers bisexual. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed, rarely 2--6-lobed or truncate. Corolla campanulate; lobes 5(--7), imbricate or valvate. Stamens (8--)10(--13), equal or rarely unequal in length; filaments flattened, free, sometimes basally adnate to corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary superior, 3-locular when young, becoming 1-locular; ovules 1--4 per locule, placentation parietal. Style subulate or filiform; stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Drupe, indehiscent or 3-valvate dehiscent, exocarp fleshy to dry. Seeds 1(or 2); seed coat almost bony, with a large basal hilum; endosperm fleshy or almost bony; embryo straight.
About 130 species: E Asia, N and S America, Mediterranean; 31 species in China.
Note: missed species (not treated in FOC): Styrax bracteolatus Guillaumin (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 883. 1924 [1923 publ. 1924]: type (Ducloux 2137, P)).
Trees to 15 m tall; trunk to 25 cm d.b.h.; main branches spreading to form a broad, ovoid crown. Leafy branchlets ascending, broadly oblong-ovate in outline, ca. 8 × 12 cm, axis green in 1st year, thereafter light yellow to light yellowish brown, ridged. Leaves borne at ca. 60° to branchlet axis, subsessile, linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, usually straight, sometimes slightly falcate distally, 3.5-10(-15) × 0.8-1.5 cm, thick and leathery, midvein prominently raised adaxially, 1-2 mm wide abaxially, stomatal bands brown or pale yellowish white when dry, 3-4 mm wide, at least 2 × as wide as marginal bands, very dense, in ca. 40 rows, marginal bands 1.5-2 mm wide, base broadly cuneate or obtuse, margin slightly downcurved, apex obtuse on basal 1-3 leaves of each branchlet, tapered on others. Pollen-cone racemes borne 4-6 together, 10-15 cm; bracts 16-20 in 4 rows of 4(or 5), keeled, distal bract 8-9 × 4-5 mm; pollen sacs (4-)6 or 7(or 8). Aril reddish purple when ripe, slightly white powdery, 2.2-3 × 1.4-1.5 cm. Seed ellipsoid, shortly beaked at apex; peduncle ca. 1.5 cm, relatively thick, flattened proximally but quadrangular distally. Pollination Apr, seed maturity Oct.
An endangered species in China. The wood is used in house building, in making furniture and agricultural implements, and as a carving material; the species is also cultivated as an ornamental tree.
" 112516 general 549468 Taxaceae "Taxus wallichiana.Trees or shrubs to 30 m tall; trunk to 1.3 m d.b.h.; bark variably colored, grayish brownish, reddish, or purplish, peeling off in strips or cracking and falling off as thin scales; winter bud scales early deciduous or some persistent at base of branchlets, triangular-ovate, with or without longitudinal ridges abaxially. Leafy branchlets ± flat in living state, 3-9 × 1.5-6 cm in outline. Leaves borne at (50-)60-90° to branchlet axis, subsessile or with petiole to 1 mm; blade dark green and glossy adaxially, paler abaxially, linear to lanceolate, gradually tapered distally, usually falcate, (0.9-)1.5-3.5(-4.7) cm × (1.5-)2-4(-5) mm, midvein slightly elevated adaxially, 0.1-0.2 mm wide, densely and evenly papillate abaxially, or with papillae scattered on midvein or in 1-several lateral rows adjacent to stomatal band, or midvein not papillate, stomatal bands pale yellowish, 0.6-0.9 mm wide, densely and evenly papillate, marginal bands 0.1-0.4 mm wide, base cuneate or attenuate, asymmetric, margin flat to revolute, apex gradually acuminate or abruptly tapered and indistinctly mucronate, mucro 0.1-0.5 mm. Pollen cones scattered along 2nd year branchlet axis, ± sessile or shortly pedunculate (peduncle ca. 0.5 mm), pale yellowish, ovoid, 5-6 × ca. 3 mm; bracts usually 6, broadly ovate, pale green; microsporophylls 8-14, each with (4 or)5 or 6(-8) pollen sacs. Seed-bearing structures borne toward distal end of branchlet axis. Aril red or orange when ripe, often ± translucent. Seed ovoid or obovoid, occasionally columnar-oblong, sometimes slightly flattened, 5-8 × 3.5-5 mm, usually with obtuse ridges (sometimes trigonous and 3-ridged); apex with small mucro; hilum elliptic to suborbicular or rounded-trigonous. Pollination Sep-Apr, seed maturity Aug-Dec.
Can be used within its native range for afforestation. The wood is an excellent building material, and is also used in making vehicles, agricultural implements, furniture, and stationery. Acompound recently isolated from the leaves may prove promising as an antitumor agent.
" 112519 general 549511 Taxaceae "Torreya jackii.Trees to 12 m tall; trunk to 20 cm d.b.h.; bark gray or dark gray, falling off in thick flakes exposing pale brown cortex. Leafy branchlets horizontal or pendulous, rhombic-elliptic, ± flabellate or broadly obovate in outline, 7-9 × 5-10 cm, axis green turning greenish brown in 1st year, thereafter reddish brown and glossy. Leaves borne at 20-60° to branchlet axis, adjacent leaves (especially distal ones), with blades twisted through ca. 90° so that their surfaces nest within each other; petiole 1-2 mm, twisted; blade deep shining green adaxially, linear to linear-lanceolate, very gradually tapered from proximal 1/3 into apex, distally ± falcate, (2.5-)3-7(-9) cm × (2.5-)3-3.8(-4) mm, leathery, with 2 raised ridges extending from base to near apex, midvein extremely indistinct adaxially, strongly raised abaxially with a flat band on either side, whole midvein band ca. 1.2 mm wide, stomatal bands with silver-gray powder initially but finally brown, 0.1-0.2 mm wide, ca. 12 rows, marginal bands 0.5-0.7 mm wide, base cuneate, slightly asymmetric, strongly twisted, margin thickened abaxially and slightly downcurved but not revolute, apex cuspidate, cusp slender, tapered, 1-1.5 mm, often breaking off. Aril white powdery, with small mucro. Seed obovoid, 2-3 × ca. 1.2 cm; female gametophyte tissue deeply ruminate within. Seed maturity autumn.
A vulnerable species. Torreya jackii is unlike the other Chinese members of the genus and is remarkably similar to Cephalotaxus fortunei, from which it can be distinguished by itssessile seed-bearing structures and by the peculiar, strongly twisted leaf arrangement.
The wood is very fragrant, and is used to make agricultural implements, utensils, and handicrafts. The leaves are also very aromatic when bruised or burned, giving off a fragrance likesandalwood oil.
Lectotypified by LIN Qi & CAO Ziyu. 2007. Acta Bot. Yunnan. 29(3): 292. 2007.
Trees to 10 m tall; trunk to 3 cm d.b.h.; main branches few. Leafy branchlets broadly ovate-rectangular in outline, (2.5-)7-12 × 14-18 cm, axis green in 1st and 2nd years, becoming brown striped in 3rd year, quadrangular or subterete. Leaves borne at 55-70° to branchlet axis, subsessile; petiole (if present) thick, to 1 mm; blade dark green adaxially, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, usually slightly but distinctly falcate, 5-8.5 cm × 5-10 mm, leathery, midvein 1-1.5 mm wide abaxially, with a narrow, green band ca. 0.5 mm wide on either side, stomatal bands white, ca. 2 mm wide, very dense (ca. 30 rows), ca. 2 × as wide as marginal bands, marginal bands 0.6-1.6 mm wide, base broadly cuneate or obtuse, margin revolute, apex long acuminate. Pollen-cone racemes borne (1-)3 or 4(or 5) together, ca. 3 cm; cones in 7-9 pairs, close together, subsessile (peduncle less than 1 mm), subglobose; bracts usually 7(-11) in 2-4 rows, keeled distal ones ca. 15 × 5 mm; microsporophylls ca. 10, 1.5-2 cm, recurved at maturity, each with 5-8 pollen sacs. Aril reddish yellow when ripe. Seed finally reddish purple, obovoid-ellipsoid, 2-2.5 × 0.9-1.1 cm, apex mucronulate; peduncle 1.5-2 cm, recurved at maturity; 2 rows of basal scales persistent. Pollination Feb, seed maturity Dec.
The wood is used for making furniture, farm implements, utensils, and handicrafts; the species is a also cultivated as an ornamental tree.
" 133076 general 546138 Theaceae "Camellia drupifera.Shrubs or trees, 2-8 m tall, 9-30 cm d.b.h. Young branches grayish brown; current year branchlets reddish brown, glabrous. Petiole 5-7 mm, glabrous; leaf blade elliptic to broadly elliptic, 5-12 × 3-5 cm, leathery, abaxially pale green and glabrous, adaxially dark green, shiny, and hirtellous along midvein or glabrescent, midvein raised on both surfaces, secondary veins 7-9 on each side of midvein, abaxially slightly raised, and adaxially visible, base rounded to obtuse, margin serrulate, apex acute to shortly acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers solitary, axillary, fragrant, 6-7.5 cm in diam., subsessile. Bracteoles and sepals 10-12 or more, caducous, glabrous, margin ciliolate; outer bracteoles and sepals semiorbicular, 1-2 mm; inner bracteoles and sepals sepaloid, ovate to suborbicular, to 1 cm. Petals 5-8, white, nearly distinct, obovate, 3-6 × 1.5-3.5 cm, apically 2-parted for 7-10 mm. Stamens 1.2-1.7 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for 1-2 mm to nearly distinct. Ovary tomentose, 3-5-loculed; styles 3-5, 1-1.5 cm, glabrous, distinct nearly to base. Capsule globose to ovoid, 4-7 cm in diam., 3-5-loculed with 1-4 seeds per locule; pericarp 6-8 mm thick, woody, splitting into 3-5 valves. Seeds brown. Fl. Dec-Jan, fr. Oct. 2n = 30, 105, 120.
This species is grown as a seed oil crop. It is often uncertain if particular collections are wild, cultivated, or escaped. As is the case with several other Camellia species that are cultivated, the original distribution is uncertain.
The identity of Camellia drupifera has long been uncertain. It is an older name than either C. oleifera (1818) or C. kissii (1820) and has been considered to possibly be conspecific with one or the other of these species. Loureiro stated that for C. drupifera the capsule ("Drupa") is 4-loculed and the style 4-parted, which features do not agree with either C. oleifera or C. kissii. All of the characters described by Loureiro as well as its being grown as a seed oil plant are consistent with it being conspecific with C. gauchowensis (probably the wild ancestor with 2n = 30) and C. vietnamensis (cultivated plants with 2n = 105, 120). Although there is no extant type, the Loureiro plant was collected from a cultivated plant in Cochinchina (S Vietnam). To stabilize the nomenclature we are neotypifying the species name here: Camellia drupifera Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 411. 1790. TYPE: China. Guangxi: Liucheng Xian, Satang Forest Station in cultivation, Jul 1956, Huang Tso-Chieh [Huang Zuo-Jie] 2042 (neotype designated here, PE) based on the holotype of C. vietnamensis T. C. Huang ex Hu (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 138. 1965).
Trees or shrubs, (2-)4-15 m tall. Young branches grayish brown; current year branchlets green to pale brown, thick, pubescent but glabrescent. Petiole 6-13 mm, pubescent or glabrescent; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, rarely elliptic to broadly elliptic, (4-)6-10(-14) × (2.5-)3-5(-6.3) cm, leathery, abaxially pale green and sparsely appressed pubescent or glabrescent, adaxially dark green, shiny, and glabrous, midvein yellowish green, abaxially elevated, and adaxially level, secondary veins 6-8 on each side of midvein and raised on both surfaces, reticulate veins visible to slightly raised on both surfaces or adaxially impressed, base cuneate, broadly cuneate, or rarely rounded, margin serrulate, apex acute to shortly acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers axillary or subterminal, solitary or to 3 in a cluster, 7-10 cm in diam. (to more than 20 cm in diam. for some cultivars), subsessile. Bracteoles and sepals 9-11, caducous after anthesis, green, imbricate, increasing in size from outer to inner, thinly leathery, both surfaces velutinous, margin narrowly membranous; outer bracteoles and sepals orbicular, 3-5 mm; inner bracteoles and sepals broadly ovate, to 2 cm. Petals 5-7 (often more for some cultivars), rose to pink, rarely almost white, obovate to broadly obovate, 4-6 × 3-4.5 cm (larger for some cultivars), apex emarginate; inner petals connate for ca. 1 cm. Stamens 3-4 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for 1-2 cm. Ovary globose, 3-4 mm in diam., tomentose, 3(-5)-loculed; style 2.5-3.5 cm, glabrous or basally with pubescence, apically 3(-5)-lobed or parted. Capsule green turning pale brown, globose to oblate, 3.5-4 × 4-5 cm, 3(-5)-loculed with 1 or 2 seeds per locule; pericarp ca. l cm thick and firmly fleshy when fresh but 5-6 mm and stiffly leathery to woody when dry. Seeds brown, semiglobose to globose, 1-1.5 cm in diam. Fl. Jan-Mar, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30*, 60*, 90*.
This species is cultivated or semicultivated in W Yunnan as a seed oil crop. Selected forms, particularly with large, double or semidouble flowers, have been propagated for hundreds of years as garden plants in Dali, Kunming, Lijiang, Tengchong, and adjacent areas. Some extant cultivars date back to at least the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 C.E.).
"Camellia brachygyna" as given in FRPS (49(3): 74. 1998) was a typographical error for C. brevigyna included in synonymy here.
Shrubs or small trees, rarely large trees, evergreen. Leaves petiolate or rarely sessile and amplexicaul; leaf blade leathery to thinly leathery, margin serrate, serrulate, or rarely entire. Flowers axillary or subterminal, solitary or rarely to 3 in a cluster. In C. subg. Thea flowers clearly pedicellate; bracteoles differentiated from sepals, 2-10, spirally arranged, persistent or caducous; sepals 5(or 6), persistent, distinct or basally connate. In C. subg. Camellia flowers apparently sessile, actually with a short stout pedicel completely covered by bracteoles and sepals at anthesis; bracteoles and sepals not differentiated, ca. 10, caducous or persistent. Petals 5-8(-12), white, red, or yellow, basally ± connate. Stamens numerous, in 2-6 whorls; outer filament whorl basally ± connate into a tube and adnate to petals; anthers dorsifixed, 2-loculed, longitudinally and laterally cleft. Ovary superior, 3-5-loculed, placentation axile. Capsule globose or oblate, 3-5-loculed, sometimes reduced to 1- or 2-loculed by abortion, loculicidal into (1-)3-5 valves from apex; columella persistent or lacking. Seeds globose, semiglobose, or polygonal; testa hornlike; hilum umbilicate; cotyledons full and fleshy with high oil content; endosperm absent.
About 120 species: Bhutan, Cambodia, China, NE India, Indonesia, S Japan, S Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; 97 species (76 endemic) in China.
Camellia renshanxiangiae C. X. Ye & X. Q. Zheng (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 39: 160. 2001) is not treated here because we have been unable to see the type or other authentic material and are unable to evaluate the species. Camellia renshanxiangiae is described as having pilose anthers, which are otherwise unknown in Camellia but do occur in Adinandra.
Some of the varieties of Camellia used in this treatment may represent extremes in a range of variation that in reality is continuous and would be better treated by just describing the pattern of variation within an overall species. Additional study may show that fewer varieties are justified in being recognized than are represented in the present treatment.
The main economic value of Camellia is the production of tea made from the young leaves of C. sinensis var. sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. The next most economically important species is C. oleifera which has the longest history of cultivation and utilization in China for oil, used primarily in cooking, extracted from its seeds. Other species used locally for seed oil production include C. chekiangoleosa, C. drupifera, and C. reticulata.
Camellia species are of great ornamental value, especially C. japonica, C. reticulata, and C. sasanqua Thunberg, with by far the greatest number of named cultivars being those of C. japonica, although many other species have ornamental potential. Other species have been used ornamentally for hybridization, particularly with C. japonica, to incorporate desirable characteristics such as the yellow petal color of C. petelotii, the frost hardiness of C. oleifera, or the fragrance of C. grijsii and C. lutchuensis. The species C. hiemalis Nakai, C. maliflora Lindley, C. rosiflora Hooker, C. sasanqua, and C. uraku Kitamura were treated in FRPS (49(3). 1998) but occur in China only as cultivated plants and are therefore not treated here.
Shrubs or trees, 1-5(-8) m tall. Young branches grayish brown; current year branchlets reddish brown, pubescent. Petiole 5-10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, 3-10(-12) × 2-4(-5) cm, leathery to rigidly leathery, abaxially pale green, sparsely pilose along midvein or glabrous, and becoming yellowish green when dry, adaxially dark green, shiny, and hirtellous along midvein, midvein raised on both surfaces, secondary veins 5-8 on each side of midvein, abaxially obscure, and adaxially raised, base broadly cuneate to cuneate, margin serrate to serrulate, apex acute to acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers axillary or subterminal, solitary or paired, 4-6 cm in diam., subsessile. Bracteoles and sepals 8-11, caducous; outer bracteoles and sepals lunate to semiorbicular, scalelike, 1-3 mm, glabrous or subglabrous; inner bracteoles and sepals obovate to suborbicular, 0.9-1.2 cm, outside yellow tomentose, inside glabrous, margin membranous and ciliolate. Petals 5-7, white, nearly distinct, obovate, oblong-obovate, or oblanceolate, 2.5-3.5(-4.5) × 1.5-2.5(-3) cm, apically 2-parted. Stamens ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for ca. 5 mm. Ovary globose, 2-3 mm in diam., white tomentose, 3-loculed; style 0.8-1.2 cm, glabrous or base tomentose, apically 3-lobed to 3-parted. Capsule globose to ellipsoid, 2-4 cm in diam., 1-3-loculed with 1 or 2 seeds per locule; pericarp 3-6 mm thick, villous, splitting into 2 or 3 valves. Seeds brown to reddish brown, globose to semiglobose, 1.5-2 cm in diam. Fl. Dec-Jan, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30, 45, 60, 90.
This species is extensively cultivated as an oil seed. Because of its long cultivation in China, it is often difficult to know if particular collections are wild, cultivated, or escaped. For this reason the original wild distribution is uncertain although it is possibly in the region of S Qin Ling to the Huai He valley. Camellia oleifera is the hardiest species in the genus and has the farthest north distribution.
" 118322 general 545921 Theaceae "Camellia sinensis.Shrubs or trees, 1-5(-9) m tall. Young branches grayish yellow, glabrous; current year branchlets purplish red, white pubescent; terminal buds silvery gray sericeous. Petiole 4-7 mm, pubescent, glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or oblong, 5-14 × 2-7.5 cm, leathery, abaxially pale green and glabrous or pubescent, adaxially dark green, shiny, and glabrous, midvein ± raised on both surfaces, secondary veins 7-9 on each side of midvein and ± raised on both surfaces, reticulate veins visible on both surfaces, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin serrate to serrulate, apex bluntly acute to acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers axillary, solitary or to 3 in a cluster, 2.5-3.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 5-10 mm, recurved, pubescent or glabrous, thickened toward apex; bracteoles 2, caducous, ovate, ca. 2 mm. Sepals 5, persistent, broadly ovate to suborbicular, 3-5 mm, outside glabrous or white pubescent, inside white sericeous, margin ciliolate. Petals 6-8, white; outer 1-3 petals sepaloid; inner petals obovate to broadly obovate, 1.5-2 × 1.2-2 cm, basally connate, apex rounded. Stamens numerous, 0.8-1.3 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for ca. 2 mm. Ovary globose, densely white pubescent, tomentose, or subglabrous, 3-loculed; style ca. 1 cm, glabrous or base pubescent, apically 3-lobed. Capsule oblate, 2-coccal, or rarely globose, 1-1.5 × 1.5-3 cm, 1- or 2-loculed with 1 seed per locule; pericarp ca. l mm thick. Seeds brown subglobose, 1-1.4 cm in diam. Fl. Oct-Feb, fr. Aug-Oct.
Tea is made from the vegetative buds and young leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. There is a long history of the use and cultivation of tea in China. Tea is usually distinguished by the Chinese people as small leaf tea (var. sinensis) with a more northern distribution and large leaf tea (var. assamica) with a more southern distribution. However, the other varieties of C. sinensis and even some other species of Camellia are locally used as tea. The distinction between green tea and black tea concerns the processing of the leaves whether they are just wilted before drying (green tea) or wilted and then fermented before drying (black tea).
Because of extensive cultivation, it is often difficult to know for certain whether specific collections of var. sinensis and var. assamica are wild, cultivated, or escaped. For this reason, the actual wild distribution of these two varieties is uncertain.
Shrubs or trees, 3-8 m tall. Year-old branchlets grayish white; current year branchlets reddish brown, glabrous. Petiole 1-1.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 7-13 × 3-6 cm, leathery to thickly leathery, abaxially pale green to yellowish green, adaxially green, shiny, and becoming yellowish green when dry, both surfaces glabrous, midvein abaxially elevated and adaxially level or slightly raised, secondary veins 7 or 8 on each side of midvein and slightly raised on both surfaces, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute to acuminate. Flowers solitary or paired, subterminal or axillary, 7-10 cm in diam., subsessile. Bracteoles and sepals 9-11, brown at anthesis; outer 4 bracteoles and sepals semiorbicular, 4-8 mm; inner 5 or 6 bracteoles and sepals ± persistent in young fruit, orbicular, 2-2.5 cm in diam., outside silvery gray villous, inside silvery sericeous, margin membranous. Petals 6-8, roseate or rarely white, broadly obovate, 4-6 × 3-4.5 cm, apex emarginate; inner petals basally connate for 5-8 mm. Stamens 2.5-3 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for 5-10 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm, glabrous, 3-loculed but sometimes to 5-loculed in cultivation; style ca. 2.5 cm, glabrous, apically 3-lobed. Capsule globose, 4-7.5 cm in diam., 3-loculed with 3-8 seeds per locule; pericarp to 1 cm thick, woody, splitting into 3 valves. Seeds brown, glabrous. Fl. Nov-Dec, fr. Oct. 2n = 30*, 90*.
" 133157 general 546746 Theaceae "Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent only when young, apex bluntly acute. Sepals outside glabrous. Ovary densely white pubescent. Fl. Oct-Dec, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30, 45, 60.
This taxon is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Because of its extensive long-term cultivation, the original wild distribution in E Asia is obscure although certainly much more restricted than the current distribution.
" 177455 ecology 543293 Thelypteridaceae "Cyclosorus quadrangularis. ""In shade usually, in secondary growth or cultivated areas; at low elevations.""" 69496 general 536454 Thymelaeaceae "Thymelaea. ""Hypanthium urceolate or tubular, persistent about the dry, indehiscent fr; sep 4; pet none; stamens 8, included; style slightly eccentric; lvs small, sessile; most spp. dioecious or polygamous evergreen shrubs, but ours an annual herb with perfect fls. 20, Medit., temp. Asia.""" 108562 general 33499 Thymelaeaceae "Thymelaeaceae.Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs, evergreen or deciduous. Bark tough and fibrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, rarely some ternate, estipulate; blade simple, entire, pinnately veined, articulate at base. Plants mostly bisexual, sometimes dioecious. Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, less often axillary, sometimes on brachyblasts, sessile or pedunculate, basically racemose, sometimes capitate, spicate, umbelliform, or fascicled. Flowers usually actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual (plants then mostly dioecious), bracteate (sometimes bracts forming an involucre) or ebracteate, sessile or pedicellate. Calyx tubular, campanulate, or infundibuliform, usually corollalike, 4- or 5(or 6)-merous, mostly caducous, sometimes circumscissile, or persistent; lobes imbricate. Petals absent or represented by 4-12 scales, inserted at or near throat of calyx tube (Aquilaria). Stamens 2 to many, usually as many as calyx lobes and opposite them or twice as many. Hypognous disk usually present at base of ovary, scalelike, annular or cup-shaped, sometimes absent. Ovary superior, 1- or 2-loculed, sessile or shortly stipitate; ovules solitary in each locule, pendulous, anatropous; style filiform, caducous, sometimes very short or obscure, terminal or eccentric; stigma capitate, globose, subglobose, subclavate, or pyramidal, sometimes papilose. Fruit mostly indehiscent, dry or fleshy, sometimes a loculicidal capsule (Aquilaria). Seeds with or without endosperm, embryo straight.
About 48 genera and ca. 650 species: widely distributed in both hemispheres; nine genera and 115 species (89 endemic) in China.
The phloem contains very strong fibers, which make the bark of many species very suitable for the manufacture of high-quality paper such as that used for bank notes. The stems are extremely supple and difficult to break and are used as a substitute for string. Most species are poisonous and some are important medicinally.
"Stellera formosana" (H. L. Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan, 619. 1963) and "Daphne formosana" (Halda, Genus Daphne, 83. 2001) were not validly published because they were based on "Chamaejasme formosana" (Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6 [Gen. Ind. Fl. Formos.]: 64. 1917), which was itself not validly published because it lacked a description or diagnosis. The illustrations suggest that this plant is a species of Daphne. It was described as having a circumscissile calyx, which, if true, would exclude it from Daphne, and 4-merous flowers not enclosed in any bracts, which would place it in Diarthron. The specimens listed by Hayata proved to be Daphne arisanensis, but the material described and illustrated by Li and Halda is clearly not that species nor any of the other species recorded from Taiwan. This apparently distinctive endemic must remain effectively nameless until authentic material can be located to serve as a type and a validating description can be published in the appropriate genus.
Huang Shuchung & Zhang Zerong. 1999. Thymelaeaceae. In: Ku Tsuechih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 52(1): 287-400.
Shrubs or subshrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes opposite; petiole short. Inflorescence usually terminal, sometimes axillary, capitate or shortly racemose, sometimes paniculate, racemose, or spicate, with or without involucre; peduncle short or absent. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (plants sometimes dioecious), 4- or 5-merous. Calyx tube white, pink, or yellow, rarely mauve, campanulate, cylindric, or slightly funnel-shaped, exterior glabrous or pubescent; lobes 4 or 5, erect or spreading, alternately longer and shorter. Petaloid appendages absent. Stamens twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series; filaments short or absent; anthers oblong, included; connectives indistinct. Disk absent or annular, cup-shaped, sometimes elongated on one side. Ovary usually sessile or slightly stipitate, ovoid, 1-loculed; style terminal, short; stigma capitate. Fruit a succulent berry or dry and leathery, sometimes enclosed by persistent calyx, sometimes naked, usually red or yellow. Seed testa crustaceous, endosperm scanty or absent; cotyledons fleshy.
About 95 species: Asia, Europe; 52 species (41 endemic) in China.
Species of Daphne have long been valued by gardeners for their extremely fragrant flowers.
See the comments made in the account of the previous genus, Wikstroemia, on the problems of distinguishing Daphne and Wikstroemia. Halda (Genus Daphne. 2001) also included Eriosolena and Rhamnoneuron within Daphne.
Daphne argyi H. Léveillé is a synonym of Myrica rubra Siebold & Zuccarini in the Myricaceae (see Fl. China 4: 276. 1999). Daphne bodinieri H. Léveillé (1914, not 1915) is a synonym of Alyxia schlechteri H. Léveillé in the Apocynaceae (see Fl. China 16: 162. 1995).
Annual or perennial herbs, or small deciduous shrubs. Leaves alternate; leaf blade elliptic, linear, or lanceolate, herbaceous. Inflorescence usually terminal, sometimes apparently axillary, laxly racemose to capitate, without involucre. Flowers bisexual, small, 4(or 5)-merous. Calyx reddish, white, or green; tube persistent, slender, urceolate, funnel-shaped, or cylindric, contracted and articulate at apex of ovary; lobes 4, erect and slightly spreading. Petaloid appendages absent. Stamens as many as or twice as many as calyx lobes, in one or two series, opposite to calyx lobes when in one series; filaments absent; anthers oblong, included. Disk annular, oblique, sometimes tiny or absent. Ovary ± stipitate, glabrous, 1-loculed; style excentric or subterminal, short; stigma subclavate, thick. Fruit dry, enclosed by persistent calyx base; pericarp thin, glossy black.
Sixteen species: C and SW Asia, SE Europe (European Russia); four species in China.
The authors have accepted the view of Kit Tan (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40: 219-220. 1982) that the difference in habit used to separate the annual herbs of Diarthron sensu stricto from the perennial herbs traditionally placed in Stelleropsis and the small shrubs in the C Asian genus Dendrostellera (C. A. Meyer) Tieghem are outweighed by the similar 4-merous flowers and ebracteate inflorescences combined with the continuous range of variation in habit.
" 109531 general 537761 Thymelaeaceae "Edgeworthia.Shrubs, deciduous, much branched. Leaves alternate, usually clustered apically; petiole short; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, thickly membranous. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, densely capitate; peduncle long or short; involucre present; bracts caducous, small. Flowers bisexual, 4-merous; pedicel present, articulate. Calyx tube cylindric, incurved, interior yellow or white, exterior densely white pilose; lobes 4, spreading. Petaloid appendages absent. Stamens twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series; filaments very short. Disk cup-shaped, lobed. Ovary sessile, pilose, 1-loculed; style long, sometimes puberulous; stigma rounded or clavate, papillose. Fruit dry or slightly succulent, base enclosed by persistent calyx.
Five species: Asia; four species (three endemic) in China.
" 111053 general 538532 Thymelaeaceae "Stellera.Perennial herbs or shrubs, caespitose. Stems usually unbranched. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite; leaf blade lanceolate, entire. Inflorescence terminal, capitate or spicate, with involucre; peduncle absent. Flowers bisexual, 4(-6)-merous. Calyx tube persistent, white, yellow, or light red, cylindric or funnel-shaped, contracted at apex of ovary; lobes 4(-6), spreading, subequal. Petaloid appendages absent. Stamens twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series, included. Disk at one side, acerose- or linear-scale, membranous, entire or 2-lobed. Ovary almost sessile, 1-loculed; style short; stigma capitate, ellipsoid, hirsute-papillose. Fruit dry, enclosed by persistent calyx; pericarp membranous.
Between ten and twelve species: C and E Asia; one species in China.
" 111311 general 536369 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia.Shrubs or subshrubs, occasionally small trees or rarely a herbaceous perennial (W. linoides), evergreen or deciduous. Leaves opposite or alternate. Inflorescence usually terminal and subterminal, rarely axillary, fascicled or solitary, spicate, racemose, umbelliform or capitate, sometimes in compound terminal panicles, often without involucre; peduncle long or short. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (Hawaii), 4- or 5-merous, subsessile or distinctly pedicellate; pedicel articulate. Calyx tube yellow or green, less often purplish, red or white, cylindric or tubular, sometimes slightly funnel-shaped, often caducous after anthesis, sometimes persistent; lobes 4 or 5, spreading. Petaloid appendages absent. Stamens twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series; filaments very short; anthers oblong, upper sometimes slightly exserted; connectives indistinct. Disk with 2 or 4, very rarely 1 or 5, scales, rarely joined at base by very narrow annulus, membranous. Ovary sessile, rarely shortly stipitate, usually ellipsoid, glabrous or hairy at apex, 1-loculed; style terminal, short, distinct or obscure; stigma large, capitate, globose, or discoid. Fruit a succulent berry or rather dry. Endosperm scanty or absent; cotyledons fleshy.
About 70 species: E Asia, Malaysia, Australia, and Pacific islands with a significant minor center of diversity in Hawaii where many species are dioecious; 49 species (43 endemic) in China.
The separation of Wikstroemia from the following genus, Daphne, is problematic. Features such as leaf arrangement, inflorescence type, and flower color are all clearly paralleled within the two genera and are of no diagnostic value, although they are mentioned in most keys to these genera. In most cases, the nature of the hypogynal disk is diagnostic, but even here there are species where the interpretation of the structure of the disk is difficult. For example, the distinction between the lateral ± square disk seen in several species of Daphne and species of Wikstroemia with a single large disk scale, or species of Wikstroemia in which the disk scales are connected by a narrow annulus, or species of Daphne with very deeply divided disks makes the division seem rather arbitrary, such that there must be a good case for combining these two genera, as was done by Halda (Genus Daphne. 2001). A review of generic delimitations in the family based on molecular data would be very desirable.
Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold & Zuccarini) Maximowicz was indicated by Halda (loc. cit.: 158, as Daphne ganpi (Siebold & Zuccarini) Halda) to occur in Taiwan, but this species has not been recorded by botanists from Taiwan, and the basis of the record was not indicated.
Wikstroemia bodinieri H. Léveillé is a synonym of Alyxia schlechteri H. Léveillé in the Apocynaceae (see Fl. China 16: 162. 1995). Wikstroemia hemsleyana H. Léveillé is a synonym of Alstonia mairei H. Léveillé also in the Apocynaceae (loc. cit.: 156).
Shrubs 1.6-2 m tall, often much branched toward apex. Primary branches purple-black, turning grayish brown, pubescent; leaf buds subglobose, white pubescent. Leaves alternate; petiole short, 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf blade green adaxially, slightly whitish abaxially, lanceolate, 2.5-5.5 × 0.8-2.5 cm, abaxially villous, adaxially appressed sericeous, base broadly cuneate or rounded, apex acute; lateral veins 4-7 pairs, conspicuous, reticulate veins obvious abaxially. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, many, capitate, elongating into racemes after anthesis, 4-10-flowered; peduncle 1-2 cm, sometimes with 2 tiny leaflike bracts. Pedicel persistent, ca. 2 mm, articulate. Calyx yellow, ca. 15 mm, 8-ribbed inside, exterior gray villous, similar to abaxial leaf surface; lobes 4, oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 8, inserted above middle of calyx tube; filaments very short; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Disk scales 1-4, unequal in size, margin incised. Ovary clavate, ca. 5 × 1 mm, stipitate, pubescent; style short, completely hidden by hairs; stigma capitate, papillose. Drupe dry. Fl. autumn. 2n = 12, 18, 20, 26.
" 118578 general 538671 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia chamaedaphne.Shrubs to 1(-1.5) m tall, much branched. Branches green, becoming brown, nearly 4-angled, slender, ± tomentose, soon glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole very short to almost absent; leaf blade pale green adaxially, glaucous abaxially, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 × 0.2-1 cm, thinly leathery, rugulose when dried, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute; lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, spicate, often paniculate, axes lengthening in fruit, densely gray pubescent. Pedicel persistent, very short, articulate. Calyx greenish yellow or creamy-yellow, 8-10 mm; tube 5-8 mm, exterior gray sericeous-pubescent; lobes 4, in two pairs: one large, other one small, ovate to oblong, 1-2 mm, apex rounded. Stamens 8, inserted above middle of calyx tube; filaments short to absent; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm. Disk scales 2(or 3), linear or oblong, ca. 0.8 mm, connate at base, apex obtuse. Ovary clavate, stipitate, apex minutely pubescent; style short; stigma globose, flattened. Drupe dry, brownish, ovoid, ca. 6 mm, enclosed by persistent calyx. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Sep.
" 118582 general 538589 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia monnula.Shrubs 0.5-0.8 m tall. Branches yellowish green, turning dark purple, angular, pubescent. Leaves opposite to alternate; petiole short, 1-1.5 mm; leaf blade dark brown adaxially when dried, light brown abaxially, ovate-elliptic to elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 1-3.5 × 0.5-1.5 cm, papery or stiffly so, abaxially puberulous at least on veins, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate or subrounded, apex acute; lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, slender. Inflorescences terminal, often on short lateral branches, densely shortly racemose, (8-)12-flowered, pedunculate. Pedicel short. Calyx purplish red; tube 9-12 mm, slender, exterior white pubescent; lobes 4, ovate, 1-2 mm, apex slightly obtuse. Stamens 8, lower whorl inserted at middle of calyx tube, upper whorl at throat; upper anthers almost exserted from calyx tube. Disk scales 1-3, unequal, linear-oblong to broadly ovate, apex 3-lobed or -dentate. Ovary narrowly obovoid, ca. 4 mm, stipitate, apex puberulous; style very short; stigma depressed-globose. Drupe dry, ovoid-globose, enclosed by persistent calyx. Fl. and fr. Apr-Aug.
" 134140 general 537122 Thymelaeaceae "Daphne championii.Shrubs evergreen, 0.3-1(-2) m tall, erect. Older branches with leaf scars; branches yellowish green or grayish green, turning blackish brown, slender. Leaves alternate; petiole 1-2 mm, densely white sericeous; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 1.5-4.5 × 0.6-1.8 cm, papery or membranous, abaxially white sericeous, adaxially more sparsely so, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse or subacute, apiculate; veins 5 or 6 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 3-7-flowered; peduncle very short to almost absent, bracts usually absent, sometimes small and leaflike. Pedicel absent. Calyx white; tube cylindric, 5-9 mm, exterior appressed yellow- or white sericeous; lobes 4, broadly ovate, 1-3 × ca. 0.5 mm, abaxially densely white sericeous, apex obtuse. Stamens 8, inserted above middle of calyx tube; filaments short; anthers oblong, ca. 0.6 mm. Disk acuminate, lateral to ovary. Ovary ellipsoid, sessile or with a short stipe, apex sericeous; style slender, ca. 4 mm; stigma capitate. Drupe semidry, ovoid, ca. 6 mm, densely pubescent. Fl. Feb-Apr.
This species was first misidentified (Bentham, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 196. 1853) as Daphne fortunei (i.e., D. genkwa in this treatment).
" 139565 general 538570 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia leptophylla.Shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, densely branched. Branches green, becoming grayish or brownish with age, 4-angled, slender, glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate; petiole almost absent; leaf blade green or black-purple adaxially, slightly paler abaxially, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-6 × 0.3-0.6 cm, stiffly papery, abaxially smooth, adaxially rugose when dried, both surfaces glabrous, base gradually narrowed, margin revolute in dry conditions, apex ± acute; midrib raised abaxially, lateral veins obscure or conspicuous, 5 or 6 pairs. Inflorescences terminal and subterminal, racemose, 3-7 cm, often 10-20-flowered; peduncle 2-3 cm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, articulate. Calyx yellowish green, exterior sometimes very dark; tube narrowly cylindric, 10-13 × ca. 2 mm, exterior glabrous; lobes 5, ovate-oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse-rounded. Stamens 10, lower whorl inserted at middle of calyx tube, upper whorl in throat; filaments much shorter than anthers; anthers ca. 1 mm; upper ones exserted from calyx tube. Disk scale 1, linear, apex acute. Ovary oblong, 3-4.5 mm, base slightly narrowed, apex pubescent; style ca. 0.5 mm; stigma globose, papillose. Drupe reddish, ovoid, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. winter.
" 139568 general 539219 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia linearifolia.Shrubs 0.6-0.8 m tall, densely branched. Branches turning gray or grayish brown or pale yellow, angular, grayish pubescent, glabrous by second year. Leaves alternate, dense; petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf blade dark green adaxially, paler abaxially, linear, 0.6-1.5 × 0.1-0.15 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base tapering into petiole, margin revolute, apex acute or slightly obtuse; midrib raised abaxially, concave adaxially; lateral veins obscure. Inflorescences terminal, fascicled, 3(-5)-flowered; peduncle absent. Pedicel ca. 3 mm, grayish pubescent. Calyx yellow; tube narrowly tubular, ca. 10 mm, exterior glabrous; lobes 5, broadly ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 × 2-3 mm, conspicuously veined, apex slightly obtuse. Stamens 10, lower whorl inserted above middle of calyx tube, upper whorl in throat; filaments 1-1.2 mm; anthers linear-oblong; upper ones exserted from calyx tube. Disk scale 1, broadly oblong, apex erose. Ovary clavate, upper part hairy; style short; stigma swollen, globose. Drupe semidry, brownish yellow, ca. 5 mm.
" 141934 general 538669 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia capitatoracemosa.Shrubs 0.5-2 m tall, much branched. Primary branches grayish brown or dark brown in second year, densely grayish white pubescent, glabrescent; leaf buds subglobose, white pubescent. Leaves alternate; petiole 1-2 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 × 0.5-1.5 cm, stiffly papery, both surfaces appressed grayish white sericeous-pubescent, glabrescent, base broadly cuneate or rounded, apex acute; lateral veins 4-7 pairs, conspicuous, raised abaxially, reticulate veins conspicuous and dense. Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, densely racemose, 5-10-flowered; peduncle 0.6-1.2 cm. Pedicel articulate at apex. Calyx yellow, 8-9 mm, exterior grayish white pubescent; lobes 4, oblong, 1-1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 8, lower whorl inserted slightly above middle of calyx tube, upper whorl at throat. Disk scale 1, linear-lanceolate, square, or oblong, apex irregularly dentate. Ovary ellipsoid, 1.5-2 mm, sessile, sericeous-pubescent; style short, hidden by hairs; stigma globose. Drupe dry. Fl. autumn.
" 141937 general 538803 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia fuminensis.Shrubs 0.8-1.2 m tall. Branches pale green, turning dark purple-brown, glabrous. Leaves opposite or subopposite; petiole 1-2 mm; leaf blade ovate or broadly so, 1.7-3 × 0.7-1.4 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous, midrib impressed adaxially, elevated abaxially, base rounded or slightly attenuate, margin slightly revolute in dry state, apex acute, rarely obtuse; lateral veins 5-7 pairs, conspicuous abaxially. Inflorescences terminal, capitate, 6-10-flowered; peduncle absent. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx yellow; tube cylindric, 11-13 mm, exterior glabrous; lobes 5, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2-2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, lower whorl inserted slightly above middle of calyx tube, upper whorl in throat; anthers linear. Disk scale 1, ca. 2 mm, membranous, apex irregularly deeply or shallowly lobed. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; style ca. 0.2 mm; stigma globose, papillose. Fruit not seen.
This species needs careful comparison with the poorly known Wikstroemia fargesii. The original authors also compared it with W. huidongensis.
" 141942 general 536362 Thymelaeaceae "Daphne holosericea.Shrubs evergreen, 0.3-1 m tall. Branches slender, grayish green sericeous. Leaves alternate or opposite to whorled, usually clustered at apices of branches; petiole very short to absent; leaf blade linear or linear-oblanceolate, 0.8-1 × 0.15-0.25 cm, leathery or subleathery, abaxially densely gray sericeous when young, adaxially sericeous or glabrous, base cuneate, margin strongly revolute, apex apiculate; veins obscure. Inflorescences terminal, many flowered; bracts absent. Pedicel absent. Calyx exterior white, interior yellow; tube cylindric, 4-5 × ca. 2 mm, exterior gray sericeous; lobes 5, ovate or triangular-ovate, ca. 2 mm, apex acuminate or obtuse. Stamens 10, lower whorl inserted just above middle of calyx tube, upper whorl just below throat; filaments short; anthers triangular-oblong, ca. 0.7 mm. Disk obliquely shallowly discoid, lateral to ovary, and irregularly lobed or 1-3-lobed. Ovary narrowly ovoid-conic or ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm, apex sericeous or papillose; style short, ca. 0.5 mm; stigma globose. Drupe dry, conic, enclosed in persistent calyx. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct.
" 141948 general 538572 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia delavayi.Shrubs erect, 1-2 m tall, much branched. Young branches pale green, turning purplish or brownish, subterete, glabrous. Leaves opposite, larger toward stem apex; petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade pale green adaxially, paler abaxially, lanceolate-obovate, obovate, or oblanceolate, 3-5.5 × 1.6-2.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or slightly cordate, apex rounded, shortly apiculate, or acuminate; lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, dark, slender, very oblique. Inflorescences terminal, paniculate, 3-4(-12) cm, to 9 cm wide, axes elongating considerably in fruit; peduncle stout, soon glabrous. Pedicel short, ca. 1 mm, articulate. Calyx carmine-purple to yellowish green with purple at apex; tube tubular, 8-10 × ca. 1 mm, exterior scattered puberulous; lobes 4, oblong, (1-)2 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 8, lower whorl inserted at middle of calyx tube, upper whorl at throat; filaments short; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm. Disk annular, extended on one side into 1(-3) scale(s), scales obovate, apex 2-lobed. Ovary cylindric-obovoid, 2.5-3 mm, stipitate, apex pubescent; style obscure; stigma capitate. Drupe dry or semidry, cylindric, ca. 4 × 1.2 mm, enclosed by persistent calyx. Fl. and fr. autumn.
The calyx color can be strongly influenced by the environment: the type gathering of Wikstroemia mekongensis was described in the field as having deep purple-crimson flowers, whereas plants propagated in Europe from the same gathering had greenish yellow flowers, tipped with purple in bud.
" 141989 general 538654 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia trichotoma.Shrubs evergreen, 0.5-2.5 m tall. Bark brown, rugose; main stem stout, strong, much branched; branches erect, glossy, slightly yellow, turning purple-red or reddish, extended, slender, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole ca. 0.2 cm; leaf blade brown adaxially when dried, light brown to whitish abaxially, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (0.8-)1.2-3.5(-8) × (0.5-)1-2.2(-4) cm, thinly papery, both surfaces glabrous, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or truncate, apex acute; lateral veins 6-8(-11) pairs, slender, more conspicuous abaxially. Inflorescences terminal, erect, a panicle of spikes, rachis 0.2-1.5(-3.5) cm, few to 10(-26)-flowered, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 1-2.5 cm, often branched, glabrous. Pedicel 0.5-1 mm or obscure. Calyx yellow or white; tube 6.5-20 mm, exterior glabrous; lobes 5, broadly elliptic, 1.7-2 mm, margin undulate, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, lower whorl inserted above ca. 1/3 way up calyx tube, upper whorl at throat; anthers linear, ca. 1 mm. Disk scale 1, linear or linear-oblong, ca. 1/2 as long as ovary, membranous, lobed or truncate. Ovary obovoid, 2-3 mm, stipitate, glabrous or apex sparsely puberulous; style short, ca. 0.5 mm; stigma globose, large. Drupe dry, ovoid, ca. 5 mm, usually glabrous, enclosed in persistent calyx. Fl. summer.
This sp ecies has been misidentified by some authors as Wikstro emia nutans. There seem to be discrepancies between evergreen Chinese plants with white flowers and a single linear hypogynal scale and deciduous Japanese plants with larger leaves (to 8 × 3.5 cm), yellow flowers, and up to 3 dissected scales. We therefore recommend more detailed investigations.
" 142106 general 537230 Thymelaeaceae "Daphne wangeana.Shrubs to 0.3 m tall. Branches with very dense leaf scars. Leaves alternate; leaf blade linear or linear-oblanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, glabrous except for midrib abaxially. Inflorescences terminal. Calyx green; tube 3-6 × ca. 1.5 mm, exterior sparsely pubescent; lobes 4, unequal, triangular-ovate, 1.4-3 × 1.5-2 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 8, lower whorl inserted at middle of calyx tube; anthers linear-oblong, included within calyx tube. Disk obliquely cupular, irregularly 2- or 3-lobed, margin minutely serrate. Ovary pubescent at apex; style short; stigma globose, tiny. Drupe semidry, yellowish green, obovoid, ca. 5 mm.
The 4-merous flowers of Daphne holosericea var. wangiana, when coupled with other differences in calyx indumentum and anther shape, support Halda’s elevation of this taxon to species rank.
" 177509 ecology 536673 Thymelaeaceae "Synaptolepis retusa. On dry stony soil in savannah." 140297 general 538552 Thymelaeaceae "Wikstroemia lanceolata.Shrubs to 4 m tall. Young branches appressed puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves opposite; petiole 1-2.5 mm, glabrous; leaf blade lanceolate, 4-6(-8.5) × 0.8-1.2(-2.5) cm, membranous to papery, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate; lateral veins 8-10(-16) pairs, slightly prominent abaxially. Inflorescences umbellate or shortly racemose, (1-)3-6(-20)-flowered; peduncle 0.2-0.3(-1.5) cm. Pedicel 1-1.5 mm. Calyx green or yellow-green; tube 5-14 mm, exterior puberulous, glabrescent; lobes 4, ca. 1 mm, puberulous, apex obtuse. Stamens 8, lower whorl inserted at middle of calyx tube, upper whorl at throat. Disk scales 2, linear. Ovary ovoid, apex sparsely pubescent; style short; stigma subglobose. Drupe ovoid, ca. 8 × 5 mm, usually glabrous, sometimes with apex sparsely hairy.
Wikstroemia lanceolata is being investigated as a potential fiber crop in the Philippines.
" 118568 general 537203 Thymelaeaceae "Daphne giraldii.Shrubs deciduous, 0.45-0.8 m tall. Branches glabrous. Leaves alternate; petiole very short to absent; leaf blade oblanceolate, 3-6(-8) × 0.7-1.2(-1.5) cm, membranous or papery, both surfaces glabrous, base narrowly cuneate, apex obtuse, often apiculate; veins 8-10 pairs. Inflorescences terminal, capitate, 3-8-flowered; peduncle very short to absent; bracts absent. Flowers slightly fragrant; pedicel shorter than 1 mm. Calyx golden-yellow; tube cylindric, 6-8(-10) × 2-3 mm, exterior glabrous; lobes 4, ovate-triangular, 3-4(-5) mm, glabrous, apex acute or acuminate. Stamens 8, lower whorl inserted above middle of calyx tube, upper whorl in throat; filaments ca. 0.5 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.2 mm. Disk shallow, entire. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; style absent; stigma capitate. Drupe red, ovoid or subglobose, 5-6(-8) mm. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul-Aug.
This species is widely cultivated and sometimes used as a rootstock for grafting.
" 108565 general 33517 Tropaeolaceae "Tropaeolaceae.Herbs, annual or perennial. Roots sometimes tuberous. Stems ± succulent, often climbing. Stipules sometimes present especially in seedlings. Leaves alternate; petiole long; leaf blade peltate or palmately lobed or divided. Inflorescences indeterminate, racemose, elongate, and stemlike or condensed and umbellate, with each flower subtended by a single leaf. Flowers bisexual, solitary, zygomorphic, large, on a long axillary pedicel. Sepals 5, imbricate, adaxial 1(or 3) extended into a long slender nectariferous spur. Petals 5 or some aborted, yellow, orange, blue, or purple, clawed, imbricate, 2 upper petals larger and connate with spur, others usually smaller and inserted in opening of spur. Stamens 8, 2-verticillate, distinct, unequal; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-loculed, placentation axile; ovule 1 per locule, pendulous from axile apex, anatropous; style 1, apical; stigma linear, 3-lobed. Fruits separating into 3 1-seeded mericarps, fleshy or dry. Seed without endosperm; embryo straight.
Three genera and ca. 90 species: Central and South America; one species (introduced) in China.
Huang Chengchiu, Huang Baoxian & Xu Langran. 1998. Tropaeolaceae. In: Xu Langran & Huang Chengchiu, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 43(1): 90-92.
" 179235 morphology 33518 Typhaceae "Typhaceae. ""Fruit dry, at length splitting""" 177615 ecology 535239 Typhaceae "Typha elephantina. Growing on the edge of permanent water and invading bare or cultivated land." 66211 general 534863 Ulmaceae "Ulmus alata. ""Tree to 15 m, the thinly hairy twigs commonly developing 2 opposite plates of cork, beginning the first or second season; buds glabrous or finely pubescent; lvs oblong or somewhat obovate, mostly 4–7 cm, less than half as wide, scarcely cordate at base, glabrous to scabrellous above; fls in short racemes seldom 1 cm; fr narrowly ovate, 1 cm incl. the 2 mm stipe, ciliate, pubescent on the sides; 2n=28. Moist or dry uplands; se. Va. to s. Ind., s. Ill., and Mo., s. to Fla. and Tex.""" 178696 morphology 33519 Ulmaceae "Ulmaceae. ""Fruit usually compressed, membranous, dry or thinly fleshy, often winged or appendiculate""" 108567 general 33519 Ulmaceae "Ulmaceae.Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Winter buds with scales, rarely naked; axillary buds developed; terminal bud usually dying back early. Stipules usually membranous, caducous. Leaves simple, alternate or rarely opposite, usually distichous, petiolate; leaf blade pinnately veined, basally 3(or 5)-veined, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences axillary. Flowers monochlamydeous, bisexual, or rarely unisexual or polygamous. Perianth lobes 4-9, imbricate or rarely valvate, persistent or caducous. Stamens usually equal in number to and opposite perianth lobes, opposite, basally adnate to tepals; filaments distinct; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally fissured. Pistil 2-carpellate; ovary superior, 1(or 2)-loculed; ovule 1, suspended, anatropous; integuments 2. Style very short; stigmas 2, linear. Fruit samara, drupes, or winged nutlets, apically usually with persistent stigmas. Endosperm scanty or absent; embryo erect, curved, or involute; cotyledons flat, curved, or flexed. Seedling epigeous.
About 16 genera and ca. 230 species: widespread in temperate and tropical areas; eight genera (one endemic) and 46 species (23 endemic) in China.
Recent research strongly suggests that the subfamily Celtidoideae (Aphananthe, Celtis, Gironniera, Pteroceltis, and Trema) is not the closest relative of the subfamily Ulmoideae (Hemiptelea, Ulmus, and Zelkova). It would probably be more accurate to exclude Celtidoideae from Ulmaceae, and move it to Cannabaceae, rather than treating it as a separate family, Celtidaceae. More data are needed before a stable, new classification of the Urticales can be produced. Until these data are available, it is more practical to retain the traditional circumscription of Ulmaceae.
Most species of this family yield fine timber, the cortex is a good substitute for hemp, the fruit are edible, and the seed oil is used medicinally and industrially. Many species of Ulmaceae are cultivated, and it is not always certain whether specimens are from wild or cultivated plants.
Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen. Branchlets never spinose, sometimes with a thick and irregularly longitudinally fissured corky layer or with 2 flat opposite corky wings. Bud scales imbricate, glabrous or pubescent. Stipules 2, lanceolate-ovate to linear, membranous, caducous, leaving a short transverse scar on each side of leaf base. Leaves distichous, blade base ± oblique, margin doubly or simply serrate; venation pinnate; secondary veins extending to margin, each ending in a tooth. Bracteoles at base of pedicels, membranous. Pedicel shorter than to almost as long as perianth, pubescent or rarely glabrous. Flowers bisexual or polygamous, appearing in spring before leaves, rarely in autumn or winter. Perianth 4-9-lobed, usually campanulate; tepals membranous, usually persistent, apex usually lacinulate. Stamens equal in number to tepals; filaments flat; anthers extrorse. Ovary flat; ovule pendulous, amphitropous. Style very short or rarely slightly elongate and bifid; stigmas 2, linear, pubescent. Samara flat, orbicular, obovate, oblong, elliptic, or rarely shuttle-shaped, wings membranous, apex with notch and persistent stigmas. Seed at center or toward apex of samara, compressed or ± convex, without endosperm; embryo erect; cotyledon flat or ± convex.
About 40 species: Asia, Europe, North America; 21 species (14 endemic) in China.
Many species yield fine woods, edible fruit, and medicinal products.
Many Chinese Ulmus species are cultivated in areas beyond their native range. In addition, the non-native species Ulmus americana Linnaeus, U. densa Litvinov, and U. laevis Pallas are grown as cultivated plants in China.
Trees, to 25 m tall, d.b.h. to 1 m, deciduous. Bark dark gray, irregularly longitudinally fissured. Branchlets yellowish gray, glabrous or pubescent, unwinged and without a corky layer, with scattered lenticels. Winter buds dark brown to red-brown, ± globose to ovoid; inner bud scale margin usually white ciliate. Petiole 4-10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-8 × 1.2-3.5 cm, abaxially pubescent when young but glabrescent or with tufts of hairs in vein axils or sometimes a few hairs on midvein and in forks of secondary veins, adaxially glabrous, base obliquely to symmetrically obtuse to rounded, margin simply or sometimes doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins 9-16 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second year branchlets, appearing before leaves. Perianth 4-lobed, margin ciliate. Samaras whitish tan, ± orbicular to rarely broadly obovate or elliptical, 1-2 × 1-1.5 cm, glabrous except for pubescence on stigmatic surface; stalk 1-2 mm; perianth persistent. Seed at center of samara or occasionally slightly toward apex but not reaching the apical notch. Fl. and fr. Mar-May. 2n = 28.
This species is cultivated throughout China.
" 139328 general 534925 Ulmaceae "Ulmus gaussenii.Trees, to 25 m tall, d.b.h. to 80 cm, deciduous. Bark dark gray to blackish, longitudinally fissured, scabrous. Branchlets densely pubescent in first or second year, sometimes with opposite flat corky wings, with scattered yellowish brown lenticels. Winter buds ± globose to ovoid; bud scale margin ciliate. Petiole 4-8 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong-obovate, elliptic-obovate, or rhombic-elliptic, 3-11 × 1.8-5.5 cm, abaxially scabridulous and densely pubescent when young but only on veins with age, adaxially scabrous and densely hirsute, base oblique, margin simply or doubly serrate, apex obtuse-acuminate to acute; secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midvein. Flowers from floral buds, rarely from mixed buds. Perianth campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed, pubescent, margin ciliate. Samaras orbicular to obovate-orbicular, 1.8-2.8 × 1.7-2.7 cm, pubescent, base broadly rounded to rounded; stalk 1-2 mm, densely pubescent; perianth persistent. Seed at center of samara. Fl. and fr. Mar-Apr.
This species is cultivated in Jiangsu (Nanjing).
" 139331 general 534934 Ulmaceae "Ulmus lamellosa.Trees, 8-12 m tall, d.b.h. 15-20 cm, deciduous. Bark gray to grayish white, exfoliating in irregular flakes. Branchlets brown to grayish brown, glabrous, unwinged, sometimes with a corky layer. Winter buds ovoid-orbicular to ± orbicular; bud scales ± pubescent, margin ciliate. Stipules linear to lanceolate, pubescent, caducous. Petiole 3-8 mm; leaf blade obovate, 5-10 × 2.5-5.5 cm, abaxially ± scabrous and densely pubescent when young, adaxially scabrous and densely hirsute or with trichome scars, base ± oblique, margin simply or doubly serrate with blunt teeth, apex caudate to cuspidate. Flowers from mixed buds, appearing at same time as leaves. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed, pubescent. Samara usually scattered near base of branchlets, orbicular to ± orbicular, 2.5-3.5 × 2-2.7 cm, densely pubescent, apically concave; stigmas beak-shaped, densely pubescent; stalk 3-4 mm, densely pubescent or with elongate glandular hairs; perianth persistent. Seed at center of samara. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Apr-May.
This species is cultivated in Beijing and Liaoning (Xiongyuecheng).
" 108568 general 33520 Urticaceae "Urticaceae.Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, rarely trees, very rarely climbing, stems often fibrous, sometimes succulent. sometimes armed with stinging hairs; epidermal cells of leaves, sometimes stems, perianths mostly with prominent cystoliths punctiform to linear; Leaves alternate or opposite, stipules present, rarely absent; leaf blade simple. Inflorescences cymose, paniculate, racemose, spicate, or cluster-capitate, usually formed from glomerules, sometimes crowded on common enlarged cuplike or discoid receptacle, rarely reduced into a single flower. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious), rarely bisexual in partial flowers; actinomorphic, very small, (1-)4- or 5-merous, rarely perianth absent in female flowers. Calyx absent. Perianth lobes imbricate or valvate. Male flowers: stamens as many as and opposite to perianth lobes, filaments inflexed in bud; anthers 2-locular, opening lengthwise, rudimentary ovary often present. Female flowers: perianth lobes free or connate, usually enlarged in fruit and persistent, occasionally absent; staminodes scarious, opposite to the perianth lobes, or absent. Ovary rudimentary in male flowers, sessile or shortly stipitate, free or adnate to the perianth; 1-locular, ovule solitary, erect from the base; style simple, or absent; stigma diverse, capitate, penicillate-capitate (brushlike), subulate, filiform, ligulate, or peltate. Fruit usually a dry achene, sometimes a fleshy drupe, often enclosed by the persistent perianth. Seed solitary, endosperm usually present; embryo straight; cotyledons ovate elliptical or orbicular.
About 47 genera and 1300 species: most numerous in wet tropical regions, extending into temperate regions; 25 genera and 341 species (163 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Plants in this family have numerous uses. The stem fiber of some genera and species is of high quality and used to make cloth, fishing nets, and ropes and for some industrial materials. In central and southern China, Boehmeria nivea is widely cultivated for ramie fiber and Girardinia diversifolia subsp. triloba is widely cultivated for “red huo ma” fiber. Boiled young shoots of Girardinia, Laportea, and Urtica are eaten as vegetables. Some species are used in local Chinese medicine. Pellionia repens, Pilea cadierei, P. microphylla, and P. peperomioides, among other species, are widely cultivated as ornamentals in China and elsewhere. Some genera, such as Elatostema, Pellionia, and Pilea, occur frequently in shady, moist habitats of subtropical forests and become dominant elements of the forest floor vegetation. Plants of the first five genera belong to tribe Urticeae, which is usually characterized by the distinctive stinging hairs.
" 110482 general 530494 Urticaceae "Parietaria.Herbs, annual or perennial, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate; stipules absent; leaf blade 3-veined or triplinerved, margin entire; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences axillary, clusters or cymes of unisexual or bisexual flowers (plants monoecious); bracts calyxlike. Bisexual flowers: perianth lobes 3 or 4, linear, valvate. Male flowers: perianth lobes 3 or 4; rudimentary ovary minute. Female flowers: perianth lobes 3 or 4, connate to a tube at base, much shorter than male lobes. staminodes absent. Ovary straight, free from perianth; style short or absent; stigma penicillate or spatulate; deciduous, ovule orthotropous. Achene ovoid, slightly compressed, with lustrous and crustaceous pericarp, enclosed by dry persistent perianth. Seeds with endosperm; cotyledons oblong-ovate.
About 20 species: temperate and subtropical regions; one species in China.
" 178678 morphology 33520 Urticaceae "Urticaceae. Fruit a dry achene or fleshy drupe" 113140 general 531424 Urticaceae "Boehmeria japonica.Subshrubs or herbs perennial, simple or few branched, 0.7-1.5 m tall; upper stems and branchlets densely appressed or patent strigose. Dioecious. Leaves opposite, subequal in size; stipules lanceolate, 0.8-1.2 mm; petiole 6-8 cm, appressed or patent strigose; leaf blade dark green or black when dry, suborbicular, orbicular-ovate, or ovate, 7-17(-26) × 5.5-13(-20) cm, papery, secondary veins 1-3 pairs along midvein, abaxial surface pubescent or sericeous along veins and veinlets, adaxial surface roughish, strigillose, base broadly cuneate, subrounded, or truncate, margin coarsely 7-14-dentate, teeth 6-20 mm, gradually larger distally, distal ones often biserrate, apex sometimes inconspicuously tricuspidate, lateral cusps shorter than terminal one. Glomerules on axillary unbranched, or sometimes few-branched, spikelike branches; male spikes 3-15 cm; female spikes 7-20(-30) cm. Male flowers 4-merous, sessile; perianth lobes elliptic, ca. 1 mm, strigose, connate at base. Fruiting perianth rhomboid-obovoid, compressed, ca. 1.8 mm, smooth, strigose on shoulder, base stipitate or cuneate, apex with short neck, 2-toothed. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Sep-Nov.
The fibers are used to make ropes and cloth. The leaves are used agriculturally as fodder and medicinally to relieve internal fever.
The earliest reference to this species is an excellent plate published by Houttuyn (Nat. Hist. 11: 291, pl. 72, f. 2. 1779), but that author did not ascribe any binomial to the plant in question. Boehmeria japonica and the following four species in this account, B. tricuspis, B. silvestrii, B. spicata and B. allophylla, make up a complex containing intermediate forms, because of which the status of the species remains uncertain.
Herbs, sometimes subshrubs, often prostrate, 50-100(-160) cm, monoecious or dioecious. Stems 4-angled distally, pubescent. Leaves opposite, stipules broadly ovate, ca. 2.5 mm; petiole 1-4 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, rarely narrowly ovate or elliptic, (1.2-)3-10 × (0.7-)1.2-2.8 cm, herbaceous or thinly papery, 3(or 5)-veined, adaxial surface sparsely strigillose or subglabrous, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent along veins or subglabrous, base subcordate or rounded, apex acuminate or acute. Glomerules often bisexual or sometimes unisexual, 2-9 mm in diam. Male flowers: pedicel 1-5 mm; buds ca. 2 mm in diam.; perianth lobes 5, oblanceolate, 2-2.5 mm, apex acute. Female flowers sessile; perianth tube ovoid, ca. 1.6 mm, longitudinally 10-winged, apex 2-toothed. Achene white to black, ovoid, ca. 1.4 mm. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.
The plants are used agriculturally as fodder for pigs and medicinally as treatment for boils and bone dislocations and fractures.
" 113142 general 529594 Urticaceae "Boehmeria nivea.Subshrubs or shrubs simple or few branched, 0.5-1.5 m tall; upper stems, branchlets, and petioles densely patent hirsute, appressed strigose or only strigose. Monoecious. Leaves alternate; stipules lanceolate, free or connate and 2-cleft, 7-11 mm; petiole 2.5-10 cm; leaf blade often orbicular or broadly ovate, sometimes ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-15 × 3.5-13 cm, herbaceous, secondary veins ca. 3 each side of midvein, abaxial surface snowy tomentose, sometimes light green with strigose hairs on veins, or thinly white tomentose, adaxial surface slightly rough and sparsely hispid, base subtruncate, rounded, cordate, or cuneate, margin dentate from base, apex cuspidate or acuminate. Glomerules unisexual, on specialized, unisexual flowering branches in the axils of current or recently fallen leaves, these paired and much branched, usually shorter than petioles and often congested in fruit, male branches proximal or sometimes absent, female distal. Male glomerules few-flowered, 2-4 mm in diam.; female glomerules many-flowered, 2-3 mm in diam. Male flowers 4-merous, sessile; perianth lobes connate to middle, ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent. Female flowers rhomboid-ellipsoidal, 0.6-0.8 mm; stigma ca. 1 mm. Fruiting perianth rhomboid-obovoid, compressed, ca. 1 mm, strigose on shoulder, base constricted and stalklike, apex almost without neck, 2-3-toothed; achenes subovoid, ca. 0.6 mm, base stipitate. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Sep-Nov.
This species is extremely variable, but can be distinguished easily by its alternate leaves, cymose inflorescences, and stipitate achenes. Two varieties are recognized: var. nivea is known only from cultivation or from naturalized populations; it is a stout plant with dense, long, spreading hairs, free stipules, and broadly ovate to suborbicular leaf blades with the abaxial surface densely, rarely more thinly, white or gray tomentose. Naturalized plants are often smaller with smaller, relatively narrower leaves and shorter inflorescences. Truly wild populations are very variable in stature and indumentum, but can be consistently distinguished by the appressed to assurgent hairs on the stems and leaves and the connate stipules, and are here distinguished as var. tenacissima. The plants are sometimes cultivated. Such plants with concolorous leaves have been variously named as var. concolor, var. tenacissima, var. viridula, and Boehmeria thailandica, but the diagnostic characters seem inconsistent, with many intermediate forms, even within local populations, and so all have been included here within var. tenacissima. More field work and molecular studies are needed to understand more fully this complex species.
Boehmeria nivea is cultivated widely in China, mainly in Jiangxi, but also in S Gansu, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Shaanxi, and Sichuan. The history of the cultivation of this species in China can be traced back at least 3000 years. Ramie, which provides high-quality fiber, is used to make ropes, cloth, and some industrial materials. Ramie was introduced to Europe and North and South America in the early 18th century. Ramie plants are used medicinally to relieve internal fevers and treat infections of the urethra. In addition, young leaves are used as fodder for silkworms.
Shrubs to 2.5 m, most parts densely patent hirsute. Stipules free, linear, 9-11 mm; leaf blade suborbicular or broadly ovate, 7-15 × 4-13 cm, abaxial surface densely white tomentose, base subtruncate or broadly cuneate, apex cuspidate. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct.
This variety is cultivated in S Gansu, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, and Sichuan. The fibers are used to make ?? (xia bu, literally “summer cloth”).
" 132876 general 531527 Urticaceae "Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima.Plants 0.5-2.5 m tall; stems and petioles sparsely appressed strigose, occasionally hairs dense and assurgent. Stipules connate at base or rarely to middle; leaf blade usually ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-13 × 3.5-12 cm, abaxial surface greenish, sparsely appressed strigillose or patent pubescent, sometimes thinly canescent-tomentose on veinlets, base rounded, broadly cuneate or abruptly narrowly cuneate.
This variety is cultivated in Anhui, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, and Zhejiang. It is perhaps the original wild form of the species.
" 137217 general 530445 Urticaceae "Pilea cadierei.Herbs perennial or subshrubs, rhizomatous, glabrous, dioecious. Stems erect, 15-40 cm tall, somewhat succulent, woody at base; stems, stipules, petioles, and leaves densely covered with cystoliths. Stipules caducous, green, brownish when dry, oblong, 10-13 mm, papery, longitudinally 2-ribbed; petiole subequal in length, 0.7-1.5 cm; leaf blade obovate, subequal in size, 2.5-6 × 1.5-3 cm, papery, 3-veined, lateral veins 3 each side, external secondary veins anastomosing by margin, adaxial surface with 2 interrupted white grooves, base broadly cuneate or subrounded, margin obscurely dentate or erose, apex mucronate. Inflorescences in pairs; male inflorescence a capitulum, peduncle 1.5-4 cm; glomerules 6-10 mm in diam.; bracts broadly ovate, ca. 3 mm. Male flowers: pedicel 2-3 mm, in bud pear-shaped, ca. 2.5 mm; perianth lobes 4, cymbiform, connate 1/2 of length, subapically corniculate; stamens 4; rudimentary ovary conic. Female flowers subsessile; persistent perianth lobes 0.5-0.7 mm, 1/2 as long as achene; staminodes oblong. Achene ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, compressed. Fl. Sep-Nov, fr. Nov-Dec.
This species is commonly cultivated as an ornamental.
" 137255 general 533687 Urticaceae "Pilea peperomioides.Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, glabrous, often dioecious, sometimes monoecious. Stems greenish to dark brownish, often simple, erect, ascending, or climbing, 15-40 cm tall, 0.6-2 cm in diam., thick, woody at base, succulent distally, internodes 0.3-1 cm, rough; leaf scars conspicuous, semiorbicular, 3-4 mm in diam., Leaves spirally opposite, crowded on upper nodes; stipules persistent, light green, becoming brownish when dry, triangular-ovate, caudate-acuminate, squamose, 7-12 mm, with dense linear cystoliths; petiole unequal in length, 2-17 cm; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, suborbicular, peltate, unequal in size, 2.5-9 × 2-8 cm, succulent, papery when dry, 3-veined, lateral veins 3 or 4 on each side, inconspicuous, external secondary veins numerous, anastomosing by margin, finely honeycombed abaxially, cystoliths fusiform, often conspicuous adaxially, base rounded or emarginate, margin entire, rarely inconspicuously undulate, apex rounded or obtuse. Inflorescences solitary, in upper nodes, male inflorescence a cymose panicle, 18-28 cm overall, peduncle thick, 5-14 cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 0.5 mm; female inflorescence shorter. Male flower purplish, pedicellate, in bud obovoid, ca. 2.5 mm; perianth lobes 4, obovate, connate at base, subapically corniculate; stamens 4; rudmentary ovary oblong. Female perianth lobes unequal, largest lobe cymbiform, 1/2 as long as achene. Achene purplish, broadly ovoid, ca. 0.8 mm, slightly compressed, oblique, verrucose, enclosed by persistent perianth. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
This species is very rare and possibly endangered in the wild, but is widely cultivated as an ornamental pot plant in China and other countries.
" 179647 morphology 33523 Velloziaceae "Velloziaceae. ""Fruit a dry or hard capsule, often flat or concave on the top, crowned with the scar of the perianth, or 6-toothed, sometimes spiny, loculicidally dehiscent""" 66206 general 528143 Verbenaceae "Verbena bipinnatifida. ""Diffusely branched perennial 1–4 dm, the stems hispid- hirsute, the lvs appressed-hirsute, the cal hispid-hirsute along the nerves; lvs petiolate, 2–6 cm, pinnatifid, or ternate with ± bipinnatifid segments; spikes pedunculate, short at anthesis, later elongating; bracts linear- subulate, mostly longer than the cal; cal 8.5–10 mm, the slender lobes unequal; cor pink to purple, the tube half again as long as the cal, the limb 7–10 mm wide, the lobes emarginate; nutlets 3 mm; 2n=30. Dry plains and other open places; S.D. to Ariz. and La., barely entering our range in nw. Mo. Feb.–Dec.""" 68263 general 526508 Verbenaceae "Verbena simplex. ""Perennial; stems chiefly erect, 1–7 dm, the few branches ascending, usually sparsely strigillose; lvs linear to narrowly oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate, 3–10 cm, to 1.5 cm wide, tapering to a short petiole or a subsessile base, obtuse or subacute, toothed, rugose above and veiny beneath, glabrate or sparsely strigillose; spikes slender, solitary on the stem and branches, usually rather dense; bracts lance-subulate, commonly shorter than the cal; mature cal 2(–5) mm, sparsely hairy, its lobes acuminate; cor deep lavender or purple, the tube scarcely longer than the cal, with scattered hairs at the mouth, the limb 4–6 mm wide; nutlets linear, 2–3 mm, raised-reticulate above, striate toward the base; 2n=14. Dry soil of woods, fields, rocky places and roadsides; Ont., Vt. and Mass. to Minn., s. to Fla. and Tex. June–Aug. (V. angustifolia Michx., not Mill.) A hybrid with V. stricta is V. ×moechina Moldenke.""" 68268 general 526510 Verbenaceae "Verbena brasiliensis. ""Stout annual to 2.5 m, the stem 4-angled, somewhat scabrous-hairy above; lvs elliptic to linear-elliptic or lanceolate, tapering to a subsessile or petiolar base, sharply serrate or incised, at least above the middle, strigillose above, sparsely hairy beneath; spikes compact, mostly short, usually sessile in open cymes, not crowded; bracts scarcely equaling the cal, lance-subulate, ciliate; cal 3–4 mm; cor purple or lilac, its tube a little longer than the cal, hairy outside, the inconspicuous limb 2.5 mm wide; nutlets 1.5–2 mm; 2n=28. Native of S. Amer., intr. in dry sandy soil and waste places from Va. to Fla. and La. Mostly Apr.–Sept.""" 108569 general 33524 Verbenaceae "Verbenaceae.Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing shrubs, rarely herbs. Indumentum of simple, stellate, and/or other complex hairs. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, without stipules, simple or 3-foliolate, less often palmately [or pinnately] compound. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose, cymose, spicate, or thyrses. Flowers bisexual or polygamous by abortion, zygomorphic or rarely actinomorphic. Calyx persistent. Corolla 4- or 5- or more lobed; lobes usually spreading, aestivation overlapping. Fertile stamens inserted on corolla tube, alternate with lobes; filaments free; anthers dorsifixed, 1- or 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or sometimes a circular pore. Ovary entire or 4-grooved, 2-8-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, erect or pendulous. Style terminal, simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or indehiscent capsule, sometimes breaking up into nutlets. Seeds (1 or)2-4, endosperm usually absent, seed coat thin; embryo straight, as long as seed; radicle short, inferior.
Some 91 genera and ca. 2000 species: primarily tropical and subtropical, 20 genera and 182 species in China.
Chinese genera of economic importance include Tectona (timber), Vitex (gum, oil, tannin, timber), Premna and Gmelina (fine wood), Callicarpa and Clerodendrum (ornamental), Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Caryopteris, Premna, etc. (medicinal).
Some species are only known in China as introduced ornamentals. Among these are Vitex agnuscastus Linnaeus and Holmskioldia sanguinea Retzius. According to H. Keng (pers. comm.), Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kostermans, a species characterized by indehiscent 1-seeded dry fruits, was collected near the Guangxi-Vietnam border and is expected to be found in China.
The classification of Verbenaceae is in a state of flux, especially regarding its relationship to Lamiaceae. There is evidence to suggest a significant division between members of subfamily Verbenoideae, genera 1-5 in this account, and the remaining genera, including genera 6-20, which for convenience are here referred to as subfamily Viticoideae s.l. The latter are more closely allied to each other and to genera traditionally kept within Lamiaceae (including genera 1-8 in this Flora). Avicennia is often placed in a family of its own, but its affinities are clearly with Viticoideae, especially genera 17-19 in this account which have traditionally been placed in a separate subfamily, Symphorematoideae.
P'ei Chien & Chen Shou-liang, eds. 1982. Verbenaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 1-229.
Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial. Branches 4-veined. Leaves opposite, sessile, dentate, lobed, or pinnatifid. Spikes usually terminal, simple or branched; bracts small. Flowers alternate, nearly zygomorphic. Calyx membranous, 5-dentate. Corolla with a distinct tube; lobes 5, unequal, spreading. Stamens 4, fertile, didynamous, inserted at middle of corolla tube, included; anthers ovate. Ovary 4-locular; ovules erect, 1 per locule. Capsules dry, included in calyx, dehiscing into 4 1-seeded pyrenes.
About 250 species: chiefly in tropical America, one species in China.
Additional species grown as ornamentals.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 7-20 cm tall. Rhizome slightly obliquely ascending, short, 6-20 mm, with numerous red-brown roots. Leaves basal, long petiolate; stipules greenish, ovate-lanceolate, over 1/2 adnate to petioles, free part long acuminate at apex, margin entire or remotely fimbriate-denticulate, dry membranous; petiole to 15 cm, usually white puberulous in lower part, glabrescent; leaf blade 5-palmatisect, segments oblong, oblong-ovate, or broadly lanceolate, 3-4 × 0.5-1 cm (slightly accrescent at fruiting), abaxially more densely puberulous along veins and margin, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulous, base acuminate and shortly stipitate, stipes white puberulous or glabrous, margin remotely serrate or slightly repand, or shallowly emarginate-dentate, sometimes some segments shallowly or deeply 2- or 3-lobed, apex ± acute. Flowers purplish, large, fragrant, long pedicellate; pedicels deep green, usually not exceeding leaves, glabrous, 2-bracteolate below middle; bracteoles linear, small, 5-8 mm, margin entire or few denticulate. Sepals oblong or lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, apex slightly obtuse, basal auricles short, only 1-1.5 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex truncate. Upper petals broadly obovate, ca. 1.6 × 0.85 cm, claw ca. 4.5 mm; lateral petals oblong-obovate, ca. 1.5 × 0.7 cm, conspicuously bearded; anterior petal obovate, 2-2.3 cm (spur included), spur long, 5-6 mm, stout, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., slightly curved upward, apex obtuse. Anthers ca. 2 mm, appendage of connectives ca. 2 mm, spur of 2 anterior stamens long, ca. 4 mm, slender, 0.2-0.6 mm in diam. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; styles slender at base and geniculate forward, conspicuously thickened in upper part; stigmas 2-lobed, slightly thickened and narrowly margined on lateral sides, margin erect, slightly concave in central part, shortly beaked in front, beak obliquely ascending and larger, with a small stigma hole at tip. Capsule purplish (immature), ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm, glabrous, apex acute. Seeds brown-red, ovoid-globose, ca. 2.5 mm, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. 2n = 24.
" 118496 general 523695 Violaceae "Viola muehldorfii.Herbs perennial. Rhizome procumbent, yellow-brown to whitish, long, slender, with small, dry, white membranous scales, and white rootlets. Stems erect, simple, 20-60 cm tall, spreading white villous or subglabrous in lower part, usually with 1 small, white, ovate, membranous scale at base. Basal leaves 1-3, petiole to 10 cm; leaf blade cordate or reniform, both surfaces sparsely puberulous, more densely puberulous on veins abaxially, base cordate, margin serrate and ciliate, apex mucronate. Cauline leaves usually 3, rarely 4; stipules free, opposite, ovate, margin entire or glandular serrate, apex acute; petiole of lower one ca. 3 cm, densely minutely villous, blade of lower one orbicular-cordate, ca. 4 × 4.5 cm, base broadly cordate, apex acuminate; upper two short petiolate or subsessile, leaf blade of upper two at apex of stem, subopposite, ovate, both surfaces white puberulous, base shallowly cordate, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers in second leaf axil at apex of stem, golden-yellow, 1.5-2 cm; pedicels glabrous, 2-bracteolate in upper part; bracteoles broadly ovate. Sepals narrowly ovate or lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, usually glabrous, 3-veined, margin entire, basal auricles short, ca. 0.3 mm. Petals obovate, purple striate, lateral petals inside barbate at base, anterior one subspatulate, 1.5-2 cm (spur included); spur ca. 2 mm, stout, apex obtuse; spur of anterior stamens undeveloped, short, broad. Ovary glabrous; styles gradually thickened upward; stigmas capitate, with a series of white beards on each lateral side, shortly beaked in central part, with a rounded stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm, apex ± acute, usually with persistent style. Seeds glaucous, globose, ca. 2 mm in diam., with white appendage. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep.
" 118519 general 523954 Violaceae "Viola thomsonii.Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome long, longest to 10 cm, stout, 4-6 mm in diam.; internodes 2-4 cm. Stolon long, to 15 cm, slender, flagellate, with alternate small leaves, often producing new plant at top. Leaves basal; stipules deep brown, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm, dry membranous, margin fimbriate-dentate, glabrous; petioles unequal in length, 6-11 cm, very narrowly winged in upper part, glabrous; lower leaves cordate, smaller, upper ones larger, ovate-cordate, 6-8 × 4-4.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely white puberulous or glabrous adaxially, base deeply cordate, margin densely and shallowly crenate, apex acuminate. Flowers white or light violet; pedicels usually not exceeding leaves, glabrous, 2-bracteolate tightly near flower; bracteoles brown, linear, 1-1.3 cm, dry membranous. Sepals lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 × 1.2-1.8 mm, apex acute, basal auricles longer, ca. 2 mm, apex shallowly 2- or 3-dentate, sparsely ciliate, 3-veined. Petals oblong-obovate, ca. 1.5 cm, lateral ones shortly bearded, anterior one shorter, inside purple striate, shortly spurred; spur saccate, shorter than basal auricles of sepals, ca. 2 mm in diam.; spur of 2 anterior stamens shortly angular, subequaling anthers. Ovary ovoid-globose, glabrous; styles clavate; stigmas narrowly margined on lateral sides, shortly beaked in front, beak erect, with smaller stigma hole at tip. Capsule ellipsoid. Seeds dark brown, globose, 7-10 mm. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Aug.
" 67895 general 517442 Vitaceae "Vitis rupestris. ""Rarely climbing, the stems prostrate or ascending or merely reclining on bushes; tendrils commonly none, or a few produced opposite the uppermost lvs only; lvs firm, paler beneath, often ± folded, reniform to depressed-ovate, 5–10 cm, somewhat wider, unlobed, coarsely toothed, with a broad basal sinus, glabrous on both sides or sparsely hairy along the larger veins; infls small, rarely to 10 cm; fr 6–10 mm, black; 2n=38. Dry hills and rocks; s. Ill. to Okla., s. to Tenn., Ark., and Tex.; also se. Pa., where perhaps only escaped.""" 67897 general 517322 Vitaceae "Vitis aestivalis. ""High-climbing vine, the pith interrupted by nodal diaphragms; twigs terete; tendrils or infls lacking opposite each 3rd lf; lvs broadly cordate-ovate to subrotund, with narrow (45°) to broad basal sinus, usually shallowly to deeply 3–5-lobed, when young covered with a reddish or rusty cobwebby tomentum on both sides, sometimes also with straight hairs on the veins, glaucous and persistently ± floccose-tomentose beneath; petioles and stems glabrous or sparsely pilose after disappearance of the tomentum; infl usually long (5–15 cm) and slender; fr dark purple or black, 5–10 mm; 2n=38. Moist or dry soil, open forests, roadsides, and thickets; Mass. to Ont. and s. Minn., s. to Ala. In var. aestivalis, occurring over most of the range of the sp., the persistent tomentum tends to obscure the glaucescence of the lower surface of the lvs. In var. argentifolia (Munson) Fernald (V. bicolor), occurring chiefly inland and in the n. part of the range, the tomentum is more completely deciduous, leaving the lower surface of the lf distinctly blue-green or silvery.""" 164617 ecology 519555 Vitaceae "Rhoicissus revoilii. In dry types of forest." 111298 general 517101 Vitaceae "Vitis.Lianas, woody, usually polygamo-dioecious, rarely hermaphroditic. Bark usually shedding; tendrils leaf-opposed, usually bifurcate. Leaves simple, often lobed, sometimes palmately compound; stipules usually caducous. Inflorescence a thyrse. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx saucer-shaped; sepals minute. Petals united at apex and shed as a cap (calyptra) at anthesis. Stamens opposite to petals, undeveloped and abortive in female flowers. Disk conspicuous, 5-lobed or ring-shaped. Pistil 1; style slender; stigma slightly expanded. Berry globose, 2-4-seeded. Seeds obovoid or obovoid-elliptic, base rostrate, abaxially 1-furrowed with a rounded or suborbicular or elliptic chalazal knot, adaxially 2-furrowed; endosperm M-shaped in cross-section.
About 60 species: mostly in temperate regions, extending to the subtropics with the species diversity primarily in China and E North America; 37 species (30 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Vitis vinifera Linnaeus, the well-known source plant for grapes and wine, has a long history of cultivation all over the world. The wild grape species are primarily distributed in three centers of diversity: East Asia, North to Central America, and Europe to Central Asia. In China, Vitis occurs naturally in all provinces except Xinjiang, Qinghai, Nei Mongol, and Ningxia. The roots, stems, and leaves of several wild species are used as medicine; the berries are edible or used to make wine; and the seeds are sometimes used for oil.
Vitis chrysobotrys H. Léveillé & Vaniot (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 350. 1907) is a synonym of Iodes vitiginea (Hance) Hemsley, and V. seguinii H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 331. 1907, "seguini") is the basionym of I. seguinii (H. Léveillé) Rehder, both in the Icacinaceae (see Fl. China 11).
Vitis mairei H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 299. 1912, not 7: 338. 1909) and V. martini H. Léveillé & Vaniot (Bull. Soc. Agric. Sarthe 40: 41. 1905) are synonyms of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunberg) Makino in the Cucurbitaceae (see Fl. China 19).
The following species were described from China but could not be treated here because no material was seen by the authors:
Vitis adenoclada Handel-Mazzetti (Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 145. 1925), described from Hunan.
Vitis jinzhainensis X. S. Shen (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 304. 1989), described from Anhui.
Vitis shifunensis Hayata (Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 31. 1915; V. triphylla Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 63. 1911, not Noronha, 1790), described from Taiwan.
Vitis yuenlingensis W. T. Wang (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(1): 75. 1989), described from Hunan.
Branchlets terete, nearly glabrous or sparsely pilose; tendrils 5-9-branched, young apex expanded and ball-shaped. Leaves simple, usually 3-lobed on short branches, or small and unlobed on long branches; petiole 4-12 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; blade obovoid, 4.5-17 × 4-16 cm, abaxially glabrous or midvein abaxially sparsely pubescent, basal veins 5, lateral veins 3-5 pairs on each side, veinlets slightly raised abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, base cordate, margin with rough teeth on each side, apex acute. Polychasium 2.5-12.5 cm; rachis inconspicuous; peduncles 1-3.5 cm, nearly glabrous. Pedicel 2-3 mm, glabrous. Buds obovoid-elliptic, 2-3 mm, apex rounded. Calyx entire or undulate. Petals elliptic, 1.8-2.7 mm, glabrous. Filaments 1.5-2.4 mm; anthers ovoid-elliptic, 0.7-1.4 mm. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary oval; style conspicuous, base thick; stigma not enlarged. Berry 1-1.5 cm in diam., 1-3-seeded. Seeds obovoid, base with a sharp, short rostrum, apex rounded. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 40.
This species is widely cultivated as an attractive ornamental climber in China and in many other countries. Its roots have been used to cure lumps and ecchymosis.
" 108572 general 33537 Woodsiaceae "Woodsiaceae.Plants epilithic, sometimes xerophytic (growing in dry habitats), small or medium-sized. Rhizomes short, erect, decumbent, or ascending, simple dictyostelic, covered with scales. Fronds clustered, monomorphic, deciduous or sometimes evergreen; stipe mostly shorter than lamina, ± scaly and hairy, articulate or not articulate; lamina 1-pinnate to bipinnatifid, elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, herbaceous or papery, frequently covered with articulate multicellular hairs, sometimes with glandular hairs or capitate glands. Veins free, pinnate, usually ending in enlarged hydathodes. Sori orbicular, consisting of 3-18 sporangia, borne at middle or apex of veinlets; indusia inferior, saucer-shaped to cup-shaped, margin long ciliate, or indusia absent, degenerated into curly, multicellular hairs (Woodsia), or sphaeropteroid (bladderlike) with openings at tip (Protowoodsia), sometimes also covered with false indusia, i.e., reflexed leaf margins (Cheilanthopsis). Spores ellipsoid or somewhat spherical, monolete, wall surface folded, cristate, tuberculate, or echinate.
About four genera (including the Caucasian Hymenocystis C. A. Meyer) and ca. 43 species: widely distributed in the N temperate and frigid zones, rarely in Central and South America, Africa (Angola, South Africa), and Madagascar; three genera and 24 species (nine endemic) in China.
The current classification of the genera requires evaluation by molecular phylogenetic evidence.
Wu Shiew-hung. 1999. Woodsiaceae. In: Wu Shiew-hung, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 4(2): 166-191.
Plants to 1 m tall, deciduous in winter. Roots rather stout, fleshy, usually with oblong, swollen, tuberous part near tip. Leaves linear, 50--130 × 0.5--2.5 cm; leaf sheath with reddish margin. Scape usually slightly longer than leaves, solid; main axis indistinct. Inflorescence branched; helicoidal cymes 3--5 or more, 2--5-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 3--7 cm × 3--6 mm. Pedicel less than 1 cm. Flowers large, fragrant, opening in afternoon or evening and lasting 12--24 hours, purplish black apically in bud. Perianth lemon-colored; tube long, 3--5 cm; segments (6--)7--12 cm, inner ones 2--3 cm wide, slightly wider than outer ones. Filaments 7--8 cm; anthers yellow, 8--10 mm. Capsule ellipsoid, 2--2.5 × 1.2--1.5 cm. Fl. May--Aug. 2 n = 22.
Widely cultivated for its edible flowers, especially in Hunan.
" 177890 ecology 237825 Xyridaceae "Xyris rubella. In seasonal flushes on rock outcrops and sand-dunes." 178004 ecology 237734 Xyridaceae "Xyris straminea. In seasonal wet flushes on rock outcrops." 108574 general 33542 Zingiberaceae "Zingiberaceae.Herbs perennial, terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, aromatic, with fleshy, tuberous or non-tuberous rhizomes, often with tuber-bearing roots. Stems usually short, replaced by pseudostems formed by leaf sheaths. Leaves distichous, simple, those toward base of plant usually bladeless and reduced to sheaths; leaf sheath open; ligule usually present; petiole present or not, located between leaf blade and sheath, cushionlike in Zingiber; leaf blade suborbicular or lanceolate to narrowly strap-shaped, rolled longitudinally in bud, glabrous or hairy, midvein prominent, lateral veins usually numerous, pinnate, parallel, margin entire. Inflorescence terminal on pseudostems or on separate, short, sheath-covered shoots arising from rhizomes, cylindric or fusiform, sometimes globose, lax to dense, few to many flowered, sometimes with bracteolate cincinni in bract axils and then a thyrse, sometimes a raceme or spike; bracts and bracteoles present, often conspicuous, colored. Flowers bisexual, epigynous, zygomorphic. Calyx usually tubular, thin, split on 1 side, sometimes spathelike, apex 3-toothed or -lobed. Corolla proximally tubular, distally 3-lobed; lobes varying in size and shape. Stamens or staminodes 6, in 2 whorls. Lateral 2 staminodes of outer whorl petaloid, or forming small teeth at base of labellum, or adnate to labellum, or absent. Median staminode of outer whorl always reduced. Labellum formed from lateral 2 staminodes of inner whorl. Fertile stamen median, of inner whorl; filament long or short; anther locules 2, introrse, dehiscing by slits or occasionally pores; connective often extended basally into spurs and/or apically into a crest. Ovary inferior, 3-loculed initially, 1- or 3-loculed when mature; ovules ± numerous per locule; placentation parietal, basal, or axile. Developed style 1, very thin, placed in a furrow in filament and between anther locules; stigma appearing above anther, funnelform, papillose, ± wet, margin often ciliate. Stylodes 2, reduced to nectaries at apex of ovary. Fruit a capsule, fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes berrylike. Seeds few to many, arillate; aril often lobed or lacerate.
About 50 genera and 1300 species: pantropical with center of diversity in S and SE Asia, some species in America and subtropical and warm-temperate Asia; 20 genera (one endemic) and 216 species (141 endemic, four introduced) in China.
Wu Te-lin, Chen Sen-jen, Tsai Hsi-tao, Tong Shao-quan, Chen Pei-shan & Zhao Shi-wang. 1981. Zingiberaceae subfam. Zingiberoideae. In: Wu Te-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(2): 22--148.
" 108709 general 233728 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia.Rhizomes creeping, thick. Pseudostems many, well developed, rarely absent. Leaves many, rarely 1--4; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, raceme, or spike, dense or lax, covered by 1--3 spatulate involucral bracts when immature; bracts (when present) open to base, rarely hooded, each subtending 1 flower or a cincinnus of 2 to many flowers; bracteoles open to base or tubular, rarely hooded, sometimes absent. Calyx usually tubular, sometimes split on 1 side. Corolla central lobe ± hooded, usually wider than lateral lobes. Lateral staminodes small or absent, subulate or toothlike, adnate to base of labellum. Labellum often showy, usually larger than corolla lobes, sometimes inconspicuous, margin variously lobed or entire. Filament present or absent; connective crested or not. Ovary usually 3-loculed and placentation axile. Stigma usually well expanded, sometimes clavate, rarely geniculate. Stylodes often massive. Capsule usually globose, dry or fleshy, indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds numerous, often angled, arillate.
About 230 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands; 51 species (35 endemic) in China.
" 110618 general 236350 Zingiberaceae "Plagiostachys.Rhizomes on or just below ground, producing closely grouped pseudostems. Ligule usually deeply 2-lobed; leaf blade lanceolate or linear. Inflorescences breaking through leaf sheaths, ovoid, oblong, or conical; bracts densely arranged, margin entire or fimbriate; bracteoles tubular, at least distal ones becoming slimy and decaying early. Calyx tubular or funnelform, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla fleshy; tube shorter than or equaling calyx; lobes oblong or ovate, central one erect, hooded. Lateral staminodes toothlike or subulate. Labellum oblong, flat, apex 2-lobed or entire. Filament thickened, short; anther oblong, apex emarginate; connective appendage absent. Ovary small. Stylodes short. Capsule ovoid or ellipsoid; pericarp dry, brittle. Seeds 3 or 4 per valve, angled.
About 18 species: SE Asia; one species (endemic) in China.
" 127023 general 233797 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia blepharocalyx.Pseudostems 1--3 m. Ligule ca. 6 mm, apex villous; petiole to 2 cm; leaf blade adaxially dark green, abaxially pale green, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 45--60 × 4--15 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely villous or glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate, mucronate. Racemes drooping, 20--30 cm; rachis hirsute; bracteoles green, elliptic, 3--4 cm, dry and brittle, sparsely villous or glabrescent, 1-flowered, early deciduous at anthesis. Pedicel 4--8 mm, slightly elongate in fruit. Calyx ellipsoid, 2--2.5 cm, split on 1 side, margin ciliate, apex 3-toothed. Corolla flesh-colored; tube ca. 1 cm, pubescent at throat; central lobe suborbicular, ca. 2 cm wide; lateral lobes broadly lanceolate, 2--2.5 cm. Lateral staminodes subulate, 6--7 mm. Labellum red with yellow center, ovate, 3--3.5 × ca. 3 cm, apex acute. Filament ca. 7 mm; anther ca. 1.7 cm. Ovary oblong, tomentose. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 3 × 2 cm, pubescent. Seeds gray-yellow to dull brown, forming globose clumps 1.2--1.6 cm in diam. Fl. Mar--Jul, fr. Apr--Dec.
Medicinal.
" 127038 general 234003 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia intermedia.Pseudostems ca. 1 m. Ligule 5--6 mm, dry membranous, margin ciliate; petiole to 2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate, 20--50 × 5--12 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Panicles erect or pendent, 10--15 × 2--4 cm, glabrous; branches 0.8--1.3 cm, apically 3--5-flowered; bracteoles oblong, 7--10 mm, deciduous. Flowers white, glabrous. Calyx tubular, 3.5--4.5 mm, apex crenate. Corolla tube shorter than calyx; lobes narrow. Lateral staminodes horn-shaped. Labellum ovate, ca. 1.8 cm, base attenuate, apex acute, 2-cleft. Anther ovate, slightly hairy. Fl. Jun. 2 n = 48*.
" 127049 general 234171 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia pinnanensis.Pseudostems ca. 1.5 cm. Ligule 2-cleft, abaxially villous, lobes deltoid, 2--4 mm; petiole 2.5--4.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 30--60 × 5--9 cm, glabrous except golden velvety along midvein abaxially and at margin, base attenuate, apex acuminate, caudate-mucronate. Spikes pendent, cylindric, 7--9 × 1.5--2.5 cm; bracts ovate, less than 8 mm, densely golden velvety; bracteoles ca. 5 mm, densely golden velvety. Flowers yellow. Calyx ca. 3 mm, split to base on 1 side. Corolla tube ca. 5 mm, pubescent at throat; lobes ovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm, central one larger than lateral ones. Labellum subequaling corolla lobes, narrow, apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 4 mm; anther ca. 3 mm. Ovary obconical, ca. 1 mm. Capsule red, globose, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., dry and brittle. Fl. Jul, fr. Sep--Nov.
" 108732 general 234352 Zingiberaceae "Amomum.Rhizomes widely creeping. Pseudostems elongate. Leaf sheath long; ligule entire or 2-lobed; leaf blade usually oblong-lanceolate, oblong, or linear. Inflorescence arising from rhizomes, a densely flowered spike or spikelike raceme or panicle; peduncle short or rather long, clothed with imbricate, scalelike sheaths; involucre absent; bracts imbricate, persistent, sometimes soon disintegrating; bracteoles usually tubular. Calyx usually tubular, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube cylindric; lobes oblong or linear-oblong, central one erect, usually wider and more convex than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes subulate, small, or absent. Labellum conspicuous, usually yellow or orange at center, with some red veins or marks, often white at margin, usually obovate, broadly concave. Filament well developed; anther locules parallel or diverging; connective appendage extending beyond apex of anther, entire or 3-lobed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule, superposed. Style filiform; stigma usually funnelform, small, ciliate. Capsule irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent, smooth, prickly, or winged. Seeds oblong or many angled; aril fleshy or membranous, apex laciniate.
About 150 species: tropical Asia and Australia; 39 species (29 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Amomum krervanh Gagnepain (in FRPS, as “A. kravanh”) is locally cultivated in China and is also imported for medicinal use; however, it is not known to be naturalized. It may be conspecific with A. testaceum Ridley, in which case the latter name would have priority.
" 109802 general 235833 Zingiberaceae "Hedychium.Herbs terrestrial or epiphytic, with tuberous rhizomes. Pseudostems erect, leafy. Ligule conspicuous; leaf blade usually oblong or lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal spike, densely numerous flowered; bracts imbricate or lax, 1- or more flowered; bracteoles tubular. Calyx tubular, usually split on 1 side, apex truncate or 3-toothed. Corolla tube long, slender; lobes reflexed at anthesis, linear. Lateral staminodes petaloid, larger than corolla lobes. Labellum suborbicular, large, apex usually 2-cleft; claw long or short. Filament usually long, rarely absent; anther dorsifixed, base divaricate; connective appendage absent. Ovary 3-loculed; placentation axile. Capsule globose, 3-valved. Seeds numerous; aril lacerate.
About 50 species: Africa (Madagascar), tropical to warm-temperate Asia; 28 species (18 endemic) in China.
Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe, which is cultivated in China as an ornamental, is not described in this account.
" 111045 general 236704 Zingiberaceae "Stahlianthus.Rhizomes tuberous. Pseudostems absent. Leaves few, arising directly from rhizomes, petiolate; leaf blade obovate- or lanceolate-oblong or lanceolate. Inflorescences pedunculate, capitate, surrounded by a campanulate involucre, several flowered. Calyx tubular, apex slightly 3-toothed. Corolla white, tubular, distally 3-lobed. Staminodes white, petaloid. Labellum white, rarely purple, with a central, yellow blotch, apex emarginate or shortly 2-lobed. Filament short, flat; connective appendage flat or absent. Ovary 3-loculed. Stylodes absent. Seeds globose.
Six species: Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; one species in China.
Stahlianthus rubromarginatus S. Q. Tong (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 499. 1995) was described from a cultivated plant introduced to Mengla, S Yunnan from N Myanmar. It was transferred to Kaempferia by Searle (Telopea 8: 375. 1999), as K. rubromarginata (S. Q. Tong) R. J. Searle, but, according to Wu and Chen (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 204. 1996), it is a synonym of K. parviflora Wallich ex Baker, which is distributed in India, Myanmar, and Thailand.
" 111347 general 236724 Zingiberaceae "Zingiber.Rhizomes branched, tuberous, aromatic. Pseudostems erect, leafy. Leaves distichous, held in plane parallel to rhizome; petiole swollen, cushionlike; leaf blade oblong, lanceolate, or linear. Inflorescences conical, arising from rhizomes on peduncle clothed with scalelike sheaths, rarely breaking through leaf sheaths without peduncle; bracts closely imbricate, green or other color, 1-flowered, persistent; bracteoles not tubular. Calyx tubular, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube slender; central lobe white or cream, usually wider than lateral lobes. Lateral staminodes adnate to labellum, forming a 3-lobed labellum; central lobe retuse or cleft at apex. Filament short; connective with elongate appendage wrapped around style. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule; placentation axile. Style slender, extending beyond anther locules; stigma not expanded. Capsule dehiscent loculicidally or irregularly. Seeds black, covered by aril; aril white, margin irregularly lacerate.
Between 100 and 150 species: tropical to warm-temperate Asia; 42 species (34 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Zingiber purpureum Roscoe, which is cultivated in Yunnan (Jinghong Xian) for medicinal purposes, is not described in this account.
" 127043 general 234074 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia malaccensis.Pseudostems ca. 3 m or more. Ligule 2-cleft, to 1 cm, slightly tomentose; petiole ca. 2 cm, grooved; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, to 90 × 15 cm, abaxially pubescent, base acute, apex acuminate. Racemes erect, to 35 cm; rachis stout, densely yellow pubescent; bracteoles white, broadly elliptic, 3.5--4 cm. Pedicel ca. 7 mm, densely yellow pubescent. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm, densely sericeous. Corolla white, sericeous; tube ca. 1 cm; lobes oblong-lanceolate, 2.5--3 cm. Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum yellow with red stripes, ovate, ca. 3.5 cm, apex emarginate. Stamen ca. 2.4 cm. Ovary villous. Capsule yellow, globose, ca. 2 cm in diam., dehiscing irregularly. Fl. Apr. 2 n = 48*.
Cultivated as an ornamental.
" 127048 general 234137 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia oxyphylla.Pseudostems 1--3 m. Ligule brownish, 2-cleft, 1--2 cm, rarely longer, membranous, sparsely puberulent; petiole short; leaf blade lanceolate, 25--35 × 3--6 cm, base subrounded, margin hispid, glabrescent, apex attenuate, caudate. Racemes enclosed in bud by a hat-shaped involucral bract deciduous at anthesis; rachis very shortly puberulent. Pedicel 1--2 mm. Calyx tubular, ca. 1.2 cm, split to middle on 1 side, abaxially pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube 8--10 mm; lobes oblong, ca. 1.8 cm, central one white, wider than lateral ones, abaxially sparsely puberulent. Lateral staminodes subulate, ca. 2 mm. Labellum white with red stripes, obovate, ca. 2 cm, apical margin crisped. Filament ca. 1.2 cm; anther ca. 7 mm. Ovary densely tomentose. Capsule globose when fresh, fusiform when dry, 1.5--2 × ca. 1 cm, with elevated, vascular stripes, pubescent, apex with persistent calyx. Seeds irregularly oblate; aril brownish. Fl. Mar--May, fr. Apr--Sep. 2 n = 48*.
Both wild and cultivated plants are used for medicine.
" 127060 general 233884 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia zerumbet.Pseudostems 2--3 m. Ligule 5--10 mm, abaxially hairy; petiole 1--1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 30--60 × 5--10 cm, glabrous except pubescent at margin, base attenuate, apex acuminate with a spiral mucro. Panicles drooping, to 30 cm, enclosed by 2 long sheaths when young; rachis purple-red, velvety; branches very short, 1- or 2(or 3)-flowered; bracteoles enclosing flower buds, white with pink apex, elliptic, 3--3.5 cm, glabrous. Pedicel 1--2 cm. Calyx white, subcampanulate, ca. 2 cm, split on 1 side, apex toothed. Corolla tube shorter than calyx; lobes milky white with pink apex, oblong, ca. 3 cm; central lobe larger than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes subulate, ca. 2 mm. Labellum yellow with purple-red stripes, broadly ovate-spatulate, 4--6 cm, apex crisped. Stamen ca. 2.5 cm. Ovary golden yellow hirsute. Capsule vermilion, globose, ca. 2 cm in diam., ribbed, apex with persistent calyx. Seeds angled. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Jul--Oct. 2 n = 48*.
Cultivated for ornament, including plants with variegated leaves.
" 127073 general 234557 Zingiberaceae "Amomum longiligulare.Plants 1--1.5 m tall. Ligule lanceolate, 2--4.5 cm, membranous, glabrous; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate or linear, 20--30 × 2.5--3 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex caudate-apiculate. Spikes with 1--3 cm long peduncle; bracts brown, lanceolate, 2--2.5 cm; bracteoles tubular, ca. 2 cm. Calyx white, 2--2.2 cm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla slightly longer than calyx; lobes oblong, ca. 1.5 cm. Labellum white with purple midvein and yellow apex, orbicular-spatulate, ca. 2 × 2 cm, midvein convex, apex with 2-lobed point. Stamen ca. 1 cm; connective appendage 3-lobed, central lobe orbicular, lateral ones suborbicular. Capsule ovoid, 1.5--2.2 × 0.8--1.2 cm, obtusely 3-angled, with branched, soft, flaky spines to 1 mm. Seeds purple-brown, enclosed in a brown, membranous aril. Fl. Apr--May, fr. Jun--Sep.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 127117 general 235839 Zingiberaceae "Hedychium bijiangense.Pseudostems 1.2--1.7 m. Leaves sessile; ligule elliptic, 2--3 cm, membranous, glabrous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 25--35 × 6--8 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex acute. Spikes ca. 30 cm; bracts 50--60, lanceolate, 3--3.5 cm × ca. 5 mm, (1 or)2-flowered, margin involute; bracteoles linear, ca. 2.5 cm. Flowers yellow. Calyx 2.5--3 cm. Corolla tube ca. 4.5 cm; lobes linear, ca. 3.5 cm × 2--3 mm. Lateral staminodes lanceolate, ca. 3 cm × 5--7 mm. Labellum obovate-cuneate, ca. 3 × 1.5--2 cm, base attenuate into a 6--8 mm long claw, apex rounded, emarginate, or minutely 3-toothed. Filament ca. 5 cm; anther ca. 1 cm. Ovary oblong, ca. 2 mm. Stigma ciliate. Fl. Sep.
Cultivated as an ornamental.
" 127120 general 235480 Zingiberaceae "Hedychium coccineum.Pseudostems 1.5--2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule 1.2--2.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly linear, 25--50 × 3--5 cm, glabrous, base subrounded or attenuate, apex caudate-acuminate. Spikes cylindric, usually dense, glabrous or sparsely villous; bracts oblong, 3--3.5 cm, leathery, sparsely pubescent, rarely glabrous, 3-flowered, margin involute or rather flat, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers red. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, sparsely pubescent especially at 3-toothed apex. Corolla tube slightly longer than calyx; lobes reflexed, linear, ca. 3 cm. Lateral staminodes lanceolate, ca. 2.3 cm. Labellum orbicular, ca. 2 cm wide or rather small, apex deeply 2-cleft. Filament ca. 5 cm; anther 7--8 mm. Ovary sericeous, 2.5--3 mm. Capsule globose, ca. 2 cm in diam. Seeds red. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Oct. 2 n = 68.
Cultivated as an ornamental.
" 127122 general 234466 Zingiberaceae "Hedychium coronarium.Pseudostems 1--3 m. Leaves sessile; ligule 2--3 cm, membranous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 20--40 × 4.5--8 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially finely pubescent or thinly hairy, base acute, apex long acuminate. Spikes ellipsoid, 10--20 × 4--8 cm; bracts imbricate, ovate, 4.5--5 × 2.5--4 cm, 2- or 3-flowered. Flowers white, fragrant. Calyx ca. 4 cm, split on 1 side. Corolla tube ca. 8 cm, slender; lobes lanceolate, ca. 5 cm, central one spatulate, apex mucronate. Lateral staminodes oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 cm. Labellum white, pale yellow at base, obcordate, 4--6 × 4--6 cm, apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 3 cm; anther ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary sericeous. Fl. Aug--Dec. 2 n = 34.
Cultivated as an ornamental and for medicine and aromatic oil.
" 127125 general 235489 Zingiberaceae "Hedychium flavum.Pseudostems 1.5--2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule lanceolate, 2--5 cm, membranous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 25--45 × 5--8.5 cm, glabrous, base acute, apex acuminate. Spikes oblong, ca. 10 × 5 cm; bracts imbricate, oblong-ovate, 4--6 × 1.5--3 cm, 3- or 4-flowered; bracteoles ca. 2 cm, tubular. Flowers yellow. Calyx ca. 4 cm, hirsute, split on 1 side. Corolla tube longer than calyx; lobes linear, ca. 3 cm. Lateral staminodes oblanceolate, ca. 3 cm × 8 mm. Labellum yellow, obcordate, wider than long, ca. 4 cm, apex emarginate; claw short. Filament ca. 3 cm; anther 1.2--1.5 cm. Ovary hirsute. Stigma funnelform. Fl. Aug--Sep.
Cultivated as an ornamental and for aromatic oil.
" 127174 general 234366 Zingiberaceae "Zingiber officinale.Rhizomes branched, yellowish inside, thickened, fleshy, strongly aromatic. Pseudostems 50--100 cm. Leaves sessile; ligule slightly 2-lobed, 2--4 mm, membranous; leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 15--30 × 2--2.5 cm, glabrescent. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, ovoid, 4--5 × ca. 1.5 cm; peduncle to 25 cm; bracts pale green, sometimes yellowish at margin, ovate, ca. 2.5 cm, apex mucronate; bracteoles equaling bracts. Calyx ca. 1 cm. Corolla yellowish green; tube 2--2.5 cm; lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm. Central lobe of labellum with purple stripe and cream blotches, oblong-obovate, shorter than corolla lobes; lateral lobes ovate, ca. 6 mm, free nearly to base. Stamen dark purple; anther ca. 9 mm; connective appendage curved, ca. 7 mm. Fl. Oct. 2 n = 22*.
Widely cultivated for medicine and spice.
" 127186 general 234701 Zingiberaceae "Zingiber zerumbet.Rhizomes yellowish inside, tuberous. Pseudostems 0.6--2 m. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; ligule entire, 1.5--2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 15--40 × 3--8 cm, glabrescent or abaxially somewhat pilose, base narrowed, apex acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, conical or ovoid-oblong, 6--15 × 3.5--5 cm, apex obtuse; peduncle 10--30 cm, scalelike sheaths 5--7; bracts closely imbricate, green when young, red when old, slightly hairy, slimy adaxially, margin membranous; bracteoles ca. 1.5 cm. Calyx 1.2--2 cm, membranous, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube 2--3 cm, slender; lobes pale yellow, lanceolate, central one 1.5--2.5 cm. Labellum pale yellow, ca. 1.5 × 2.5 cm; central lobe suborbicular or subobovate, 1.5--2 × ca. 1.5 cm, apex emarginate; lateral lobes obovate, ca. 1 cm, free nearly to base. Stamen ca. 1 cm; connective appendage beaklike, ca. 8 mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Capsule ellipsoid, 0.8--1.2 cm. Seeds black. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Oct. 2 n = 22*.
Widely cultivated, medicinal.
" 129741 general 237164 Zingiberaceae "Alpinia galanga var. galanga.Leaf blade and panicle rachis glabrous.
Cultivated throughout SE Asia; medicinal.
" 129767 general 234518 Zingiberaceae "Amomum tsao-ko.Plants to 3 m tall, aromatic. Rhizomes gingerlike. Ligule entire, 0.8--1.2 cm, apex obtuse; petiole absent or short; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or oblong, 40--70 × 10--20 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, margin drying membranous, apex acuminate. Spikes 13--18 × ca. 5 cm, 5--30-flowered; peduncle at least 10 cm, scalelike sheaths dense, brown when dry, oblong or narrowly elliptic, 5.5--7 × 2.3--3.5 cm, leathery, apex rounded; bracts lanceolate, ca. 4 cm × 6 mm, apex acuminate; bracteoles tubular, ca. 3 cm, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Calyx equaling bracteoles, apex obtusely 3-toothed. Corolla orange-red; tube ca. 2.5 cm; lobes oblong, ca. 2 cm × 4 mm. Labellum elliptic, ca. 2.7 × 1.4 cm, apex slightly toothed. Anther ca. 1.3 cm; connective appendage 3-lobed, ca. 4 × 11 mm, central lobe quadrilateral, lateral ones narrower. Capsule red, drying brown and longitudinally striate, oblong or elliptic, 2.5--4.5 × ca. 2 cm, glabrous. Seeds 4--6 mm in diam., many angled, strongly aromatic. Fl. Apr--Jun, fr. Sep--Dec. 2 n = 48*.
Both wild and cultivated plants are used for medicine.
" 129827 general 235248 Zingiberaceae "Curcuma wenyujin.Plants 0.8--1.6 m tall. Rhizomes yellowish inside, whitish outside, ovoid, robust, fleshy; roots fusiform tuberous at tip. Petiole ca. 30 cm; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, 35--75 × 14--22 cm, glabrous, base subrounded or broadly cuneate, apex acute or shortly caudate. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes; peduncle 15--20 cm; spike 20--30 cm; coma bracts tinged with red, oblong, 5--8 cm, apex acute; fertile bracts green, ovate, 3--5 cm. Calyx white, 1--1.2 cm. Corolla white; tube ca. 2.8 cm, white villous at throat; lobes ca. 1.5 × 1.2 cm. Lateral staminodes yellow, petaloid, oblong, ca. 1.7 cm. Labellum reflexed, yellow with deeply colored center, obovate, ca. 2.2 cm, apex emarginate. Filament very short; anther with 2 spurs at base. Ovary densely hirsute. Fl. May--Jun. 2 n = 63*.
Cultivated for medicine.
" 130019 general 237154 Zingiberaceae "Kaempferia galanga var. galanga.Leaves 7--13 × 4--9 cm, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely villous abaxially. Labellum deeply 2-cleft at apex. 2 n = 22.
Cultivated for medicine and spice.
" 178036 ecology 233655 Zingiberaceae "Aframomum melegueta. ""In shade, often cultivated.""" 111356 general 242747 Zygophyllaceae "Zygophyllum.Shrubs, perennial herbs, or rarely annuals. Leaves opposite, even-pinnate or rarely simple; petiole herbaceous or membranous; leaflet blades plane or sticklike, fleshy. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired. Sepals 4 or 5, sometimes caducous. Petals as many as sepals, orangish red, white, or yellow, sometimes with an orange claw or pale along margin, rarely apetalous. Stamens 8-10, abaxially with scale-form appendages. Ovary 3-5-locular. Capsule winged or not, dehiscent or indehiscent, with 1 to several seeds per carpel.
More than 100 species: arid and semiarid regions of N Africa, C, N, and W Asia, Australia, S Europe; 19 species (two endemic) in China.
" 66188 general 243373 Zygophyllaceae "Kallstroemia parviflora. ""Annual; stems 3–6 dm, finely pubescent with incurved ascending hairs and ± coarsely hirsute; lvs 3–6 cm, short-petioled; lfls usually 4 pairs, elliptic or oblong, pubescent; peduncles 1–3 cm; fls 1 cm wide; fr-body ovoid, strigose, 4 mm, the beak slightly longer. Disturbed dry places, often along railways; Ill. to Ariz., s. to Mex. and C. Amer. (K. intermedia)""" 111142 general 242981 Zygophyllaceae "Tetraena.Shrubs. Young branches and leaves with T-shaped trichomes. Stipules dry membranous. Leaves opposite or fascicled. Flowers axillary, solitary. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 8, in 2 whorls; filaments with white membranous appendages at base. Ovary 4-carpellate; stigma persistent. Fruit 4-valved. Seeds without endosperm.
● One species: China.
B.-A. Beier et al. (Pl. Syst. Evol. 240: 11-39. 2003) proposed a new phylogenetic system in the subfamily of Zygophylloideae based on molecular and morphological data. This treatment recognized 40 species under the genus Tetraena, most of which were new combinations transferred from the genus Zygophyllum. According to this concept, Tetraena is distributed from Africa to Asia in a very wide range, which contrasts with the traditional concept that recognizes Tetraena as a unispecific genus endemic to Nei Mongol.
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