Chile [Regions I (Tarapacá), II (Antofagasta), III (Atacama), IV (Coquimbo), and V (Valparaíso)] and Peru (Departments of Ancash, Arequipa, Lima, Ica, La Libertad, Lambayaque, Moquegua, and Tacna). On sandy or rocky lomas, 5–3400 m in elevation.
" 688512 distribution 1374831 "Solanum demissum" "Widely distributed from northern Mexico (Chihuahua and Sonora) to Guatemala, (1900) 2100-3700 m; generally at higher elevations in fir and pine or oak or alder or juniper forests, often in very rich organic soil in clearings or edges of dense forests but sometimes in deep shade, among shrubs and forest undergrowth, roadside thickets, grasslands.
" 688519 distribution 1376949 "Solanum erosomarginatum" "In cloud forests and montane forests in the state of Trujillo in the Venezuelan Andes at 2200 m in forest understory.
" 688521 distribution 1376902 "Solanum esuriale" "Solanum esuriale is widely distributed in Queensland, being absent only in coastal areas and the far north of the state. It occurs in all mainland states. It inhabits heavy clay soils and occurs in several plant communities including grassland, open woodland of Eucalyptus coolabah or E. populnea, open forest of Acacia harpophylla or A. cambagei.
" 688524 distribution 1380263 "Solanum sousae" "Solanum sousae is known only from southern Mexico in the states of Puebla and Oaxaca, in mesophyllous forests and oak-pine-Liquidambar forests on steep slopes with rich soils, from 1600-1900 m.
" 688525 distribution 1380263 "Solanum sousae" "Solanum sousae is known only from southern Mexico in the states of Puebla, Oaxaca and Veracruz from 1600-1900 m. Occurs in mesophyllous forests and oak-pine-Liquidambar L. (Hamamelidaceae) forests on steep slopes with rich soils.
" 688528 distribution 1376607 "Solanum dennekense" "Northeastern and eastern Africa in Ehtiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania; growing in grassland, savanna, roadsides or edges of fields on well-drained sandy soil; 1200 – 2000 m elevation.
" 688530 distribution 1375569 "Solanum leiophyllum" "S Ecuador in open areas in cloud forest and above timberline, 2000-4000 m.
" 688532 distribution 1374772 "Solanum alatirameum" "Known only from SE Brazil, in primary forest, often in the lauraceous understory of Araucaria forests, from 800-1300 m.
" 688538 distribution 1377171 "Solanum galbinum" "Solanum galbinum is endemic to Queensland. It is distributed from Newcastle Range near Einasleigh to Middlemount and Moranbah. It grows on sandstone ridges and lateritised plateaux in open eucalypt woodland or Acacia shirleyi forest in shallow sandy soil.
" 688540 distribution 1370015 "Solanum betaceum" "Apparently native to southern Bolivia and adjacent northwestern Argentina; cultivated throughout the Andes in subtropical climates, 1000-3000 m in elevation; introduced into Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies; in cultivation in Spain, Portugal, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, the Canary Islands, Ghana, Ethiopia, Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.
" 688545 distribution 1375433 "Solanum aureum" "In Andean Ecuador and Peru, growing in montane forests, páramos and páramo margins (“ceja de selva” or “jalca”), from 2500 to 3700 m elevation, most commonly collected around 3000 m.
" 688547 distribution 1370046 "Solanum corymbiflorum" "Solanum corymbiflorum occurs in the understory of Araucaria stands, cloud forest, and disturbed areas such as clearings, fields, and stream margins, 200-2000 m in elevation, southeastern Brazil in the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina and adjacent provinces of Argentina.
" 688549 distribution 1376382 "Solanum salicifolium" "In the eastern slopes and foothills of the Andes in western Argentina, from Mendoza north to Jujuy, Cordoba and Tucumán and adjacent Bolivia, in dry forests and open areas from 900-4100 m.
" 688553 distribution 1370084 "Solanum oxyphyllum" "Tropical moist to wet forest, 200-1600 m, eastern slope of Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and western Brazil.
" 688557 distribution 1381188 "Solanum verecundum" "Along the eastern slopes of the Andes from northern Ecuador to southern Peru (to the Department of Cuzco; see Nee, 2000 for a distribution map). Solanum verecundum occurs in premontane and montane forests, primarily in secondary growth (“purma") and along roads, from 1200–2000 m.
" 688559 distribution 1378130 "Solanum leptopodum" "Upper Amazon basin from Manaus, Brazil (type) to Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia in primary forest and second growth, 100 to 500(-1900) m.
" 688563 distribution 1378307 "Solanum lythrocarpum" "Solanum lythrocarpum is endemic to Queensland. It is known from two small areas near the towns of Monto and Mundubbera. It grows on lateritised plateaux in ironbark-Acacia blakei forest with a dense shrubby understorey including some rainforest species. Associated species include Croton insularis, Phebalium nottii, Bertya opponens and Philotheca ciliata.
" 688565 distribution 1376001 "Solanum celsum" "This species is known from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica in the Cordillera de Talamanca, the Reserva Carara, and the Osa Peninsula. It has been collected in edges and understory of primary and secondary wet forest at 0-1700 m in elevation. It is probably also found in neighboring parts of Panama.
" 688574 distribution 1375801 "Solanum colombianum" "Solanum colombianum occurs in northern South America from western Venezuela (Distrito Federal) to northern Peru (Dept. Cajamarca), in moist habitats, often in rich organic soils, in sunny openings in woods or at forest edges, or in páramo among shrubs, often in disturbed habitats such as streamsides or roadsides or landslides, or in recently burned woods or forest clearings where populations can be extensive; 1800-3950 m in elevation. Plants previously identified as S. colombianum from Panama are now recognized as S. woodsonii.
" 688578 distribution 1378477 "Solanum wendlandii" "Commonly cultivated vine, most cultivated plants are apparently female-sterile clones and do not set fruit. Native to Central American wet forests from southern Mexico to Panama, 400–2200 m.
" 688582 distribution 1375393 "Solanum linnaeanum" "Native to Africa and found in South Africa and in northern Africa around the Mediterrean; naturalised in disturbed, often coastal, habitats worldwide; sand dunes, grass, forest margins, river banks, and roadsides at 0-1200 m elevation.
Solanum linnaeanum is one of Australia’s first recorded introduced weeds. It was found by Robert Brown around Port Jackson in 1802. The first Queensland naturalisation (around Brisbane) was recorded by Bailey (1881). In Queensland, it is naturalised in areas south from Gunalda, within about 50 km of the coast, and then on the Eungella plateau west of Mackay. It is also naturalised in New South Wales and occurs in all Australian states except Northern Territory and Tasmania. Australian S. linnaeanum grows on degraded sites, including pasture and roadsides.
" 688591 distribution 1379500 "Solanum pluviale" "Secondary growth, disturbed areas and clearings in oak forest and montane wet forest in Costa Rica and Panama between 900-2200 m in elevation.
" 688595 distribution 1377150 "Solanum fulvidum" "Solanum fulvidum is a species of rainforests of French Guiana, Surinam, Peru and northern Brazil, occurring on clay and sandy soils from 50-1500 m.
" 688597 distribution 1367983 "Solanum heterodoxum" "Markedly disjunct with the range bisected by the full length of the Chihuahua Desert. Ranging from SW New Mexico and SE Arizona in the USA to Veracruz state in Mexico.
" 688600 distribution 1379112 "Solanum phaseoloides" "Solanum phaseoloides occurs in the understory of wet forests from southern Mexico (Chiapas) to Panama. It is usually terrestrial, but occasionally grows on fallen logs or as an epiphyte, 500-2900 m in elevation.
" 688601 distribution 1379112 "Solanum phaseoloides" "Solanum phaseoloides occurs in the understory of wet forests and in clearings from southern Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, to Panama. It is usually terrestrial, but occasionally grows on fallen logs or as an epiphyte; 500–2,900 m in elevation. A single collection is known from Peru.
" 688604 distribution 1377613 "Solanum hyporhodium" "Understories and openings of pre-montane forests and cloud forests, 700 to 1500 m, in the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela from Carabobo to Distrito Federal and Miranda and in Sucre on the Peninsula de Paria, also in mountains of northern Trinidad.
" 688609 distribution 1376660 "Solanum rubetorum" "Endemic to South Africa; occurring in the Eastern, Northern, and Western Cape as well as Limpopo, Gauteng (ex-Transvaal) and KwaZulu-Natal; forest margins and roadside scrub, 0-2000 m elevation.
" 688611 distribution 1380426 "Solanum stupefactum" "Solanum stupefactum is endemic to Queensland, Australia, and only in the south-east, from Yarraman to Mt. Sylvia. It grows on the edge of notophyll rainforest or in sclerophyll forest close to rainforest.
" 688614 distribution 1375250 "Solanum campylacanthum" "Ubiquitous weed of low altitudes in southern and eastern Africa from Kenya south to South Africa; growing along roadsides, in abandoned cultivation, savanna, bushland, dunes, and forest edges, and in a wide variety of disturbed habitats; 0-2000 (-2300) m.
" 688619 distribution 1376263 "Solanum kurtzianum" "Solanum kurtzianum is found in western and northwestern Argentina (Provs. Mendoza, San Juan, La Rioja and Catamarca), in dry rocky hillsides, desert steppes and among herbs, spiny shrubs and low woods, along streamsides, dry river beds and alluvial cones, (750) 1400-2100 (3000) m in elevation.
" 688621 distribution 1375524 "Solanum barbeyanum" "Eastern Andes to lowland Amazonia (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil); clearings, shaded thickets, riparian forests, and disturbed areas; premontane to montane forests; 200-2000 m.
" 688623 distribution 1380682 "Solanum torvoideum" "Solanum torvoideum is known from New Guinea and the Philippines, at moderate to higher altitudes, from 450-2500 m. It is frequent in disturbed areas, secondary forests and re-growth along roadsides, but also occurs in oak forest.
" 688628 distribution 1375208 "Solanum cutervanum" "Highland Peru from Piura to Puna, in rocky uplands, cloud forests and along trails in forest, from 2500-3300 m.
" 688630 distribution 1376527 "Solanum decompositiflorum" "Endemic to Brazil in the states of Bahia, Distrito Federal, Góias, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in disturbed areas of forest margins and in cerrado, in clay soils from 500-1500 m.
" 688632 distribution 1377583 "Solanum humboldtianum" "Known only from the western slopes of the Andean Cordillera Oriental in Colombia (Departments of Cundinamarca and Santander), in primary, premontane cloud forests from 2400-2700 m.
" 688634 distribution 1374588 "Solanum ×sambucinum" "Mexico (Guanajuato and Querétaro), 1720-2200 m; in and at margin of cultivated fields, tropical deciduous forests, fencerows, rock piles, among thorny bushes, mesquite grasslands.
" 688637 distribution 1375978 "Solanum triste" "In dry forest and secondary growth in coastal eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, Martinique, and Dominica, from sea level to 200 m.
" 688640 distribution 1375244 "Solanum dimidiatum" "Solanum dimidiatum is distributed in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas with a few outlier populations in Illinois, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Mexico. Its native distribution prior to European settlement is not known with certainty because of its weedy, invasive nature and ability to colonize disturbed habitats. It can become a noxious weed locally and has the potential to establish reproducing populations when introduced into suitable habitats. It has been introduced in California and in Australia, but apparently has been successfully eradicated in both areas (Jepson Flora Project 2014; eFloraSA 2014). The California Department of Food and Agriculture rates S. dimidiatum under category 'A' as "a pest of known...environmental detriment" (CDFA 2014). It grows in prairies and oak woodlands as well as disturbed areas such as roadsides, grazed and mowed pastures, ditches, cultivated and urban waste areas, and railroad rights of way in sandy soils or on a variety of other soil types at elevations from 200–600 m.
" 688644 distribution 1375316 "Solanum arenarium" "In forest and second growth in southern Brazil from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, elevation unknown.
" 688646 distribution 1375342 "Solanum chiquidenum" "North and central Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca, Huánuco, La Libertad), on rocky or eroded slopes, poor soils or rich organic soils, margins of crop fields, among shrubs, 1500-3800 m in elevation with the majority of the populations growing between 2500-3300 m.
" 688648 distribution 1378007 "Solanum laevigatum" "In cloud forests and forest edges in Colombia (Cordillera Occidental and Central) and N Peru, 950-2800 m.
" 688652 distribution 1372225 "Solanum aethiopicum" "Cultivated throughout tropical Sub-Saharan Africa and on Madagascar, not known in the wild except as feral individuals; also cultivated in South America and in some parts of Europe and Asia; thrives in full sun and woodland savannah. In temperate zones cultivars apparently cannot tolerate cold or wet conditions and are only grown in greenhouse conditions or in the summer.
" 688655 distribution 1375412 "Solanum atropurpureum" "An often common weedy shrub within forests or more commonly at edges, in second growth, clearings, roadsides, pastures and cultivated ground, at elevations of 1500 to 1900 m in Colombia but below 1000 m in its native range in southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina. A range map is given in Nee (1979).
" 688658 distribution 1378797 "Solanum naucinum" "Only know from the type specimen collected in the montane forests of the Cordillera de Yanachaga (site of Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillen) in the Department of Pasco, Peru, at about 2400 m.
" 688660 distribution 1377786 "Solanum intonsum" "Solanum intonsum is endemic to Queensland. It range is currently known to extend from Cape Melville to just south of Cairns, and west to Mt. Mulligan. There is also an historical record from the Stewart River near Coen. It grows on hilly to mountainous terrain, in shrubby eucalypt woodland or on the margins of rainforest or vine thicket.
" 688665 distribution 1375686 "Solanum candidum" "A low to middle elevation species encountered from sea level to about 1500 m, occurring naturally in open woodlands and thickets and in light gaps near watercourses in quebradas and barrancas; in partial shade or open sun; versatile in soil tolerance, on both limestone and granite derived soils of diverse textures; in seasonally dry to relatively wet situations; commonly occuring as a successional species in human clearings and disturbances. Extending from barranca woodlands and oak forests of southern Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico south along the Sierra Madre Occidental to central Mexico, widespread and common in Southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, apparently less abundant in the remainder of Central America, also in the Chocó of Colombia and lowlands of Ecuador and northern Peru.
" 688668 distribution 1378233 "Solanum stelligerum" "Solanum stelligerum is a widespread species ranging from Bodalla in southern New South Wales to Rockhampton in Queensland, with a disjunct occurrence near Charters Towers. It inhabits margins of notophyll rainforest or shrubby eucalypt open-forest, on many soil types and at low to high altitudes. It is the most commonly encountered native species in eastern coastal Australia.
" 688670 distribution 1378434 "Solanum marantifolium" "On the western slopes of the Andes in wet forest from S Colombia to N Ecuador, from 600 to 2000 m.
" 688672 distribution 1380631 "Solanum thomsonii" "Endemic to the Tanzania, from the Southern Highlands, across the volcanic rocks north of Lake Malawi and on ridges up to Mufindi; forest edges, thickets and roadsides; 1800-2400 m elevation.
" 688674 distribution 1374751 "Solanum agrimoniifolium" "Southern Mexico (Chiapas), southeast through Guatemala and central Honduras, 1800-3400 (3800) m; in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun to partial shade, often in openings of cloud forests. Common habitats include recently logged or otherwise recently disturbed areas in valleys, streamsides, upland marshes, or roadside ditches.
" 688677 distribution 1376220 "Solanum fiebrigii" "From southern Bolivia (Depts. Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz, and Tarija) to northern Argentina (Provs. Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, and Catamarca), and rarely collected in southern Peru (Dept. Cuzco), inhabiting forests with rich and moist soil (Yungas) at high elevations (1050-3700 m) and occasionally at lower altitudes (650-750 m).
" 688679 distribution 1376868 "Solanum schlechtendalianum" "Solanum schlechtendalianum occurs in clearings, gaps, or edges in wet and moist forest, often in secondary habitats, Mexico through Central America and the West Indies to the Guianas and Andean South America as far as northern Argentina; 0-1700 m in elevation.
" 688682 distribution 1374787 "Solanum albidum" "Shrubby ravine slopes, clearings and understories of open seasonal woodlands, margins of watercourses, alluvial flats, and disturbed or overgrazed places, 750–2200 m, in the Andes except for rarely spreading out onto the agricultural plains near Buena Vista in Depto. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 270 m; common at middle elevations in the Andes from Provs. El Oro and Loja in southern Ecuador south to Depts. Ayacucho and Apurimac in Peru, Bolivia, and to Prov. Salta in northwestern Argentina.
" 688684 distribution 1375860 "Solanum leucopogon" "Solanum leucopogon occurs in disturbed habitats including roadsides, forest gaps, and river sides in the eastern Andean foothills and adjacent lowlands from northern Ecuador through Peru to Cochabamba Department, Bolivia with some collections from the Amazon Basin in Peru and Ecuador at 200-2500 m.
" 688686 distribution 1380549 "Solanum taeniotrichum" "This species is found in cloud forests and páramo in the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica and adjacent parts of Panama, 2500-3400 m.
" 688688 distribution 1380325 "Solanum stenopterum" "In Queensland, Solanum stenopterum extends from Gayndah to Moonie, and west to Glenmorgan and Yuleba, and there is an old collection from Ashford in New South Wales. It inhabits grassland, Belah forest or Eucalyptus populnea woodland, on clayey soil.
" 688690 distribution 1374895 "Solanum edmondstonii" "Coastal Peru in Departments of Arequipa and Ica. On sandy or rocky lomas, 300 – 1080 m in elevation.
" 688692 distribution 1372412 "Solanum ochranthum" "Central Colombia (Cordillera Central and Occidental) to southern Peru (Dept. Apurimac); montane forests, 1900-4100 m.
" 688694 distribution 1375380 "Solanum variabile" "Southeastern Brazil from Edo. Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul and one collection with imprecise locality data from Paraguay, growing at edges of various types of humid forests and in clearings, secondary growth, roadsides and shrubby places, from near sea level to 1500 m.
" 688696 distribution 1375551 "Solanum paniculatum" "Known from a wide variety of habitats of disturbed forests, secondary growth, dunes, restingas, disturbed cerrado, rocky soils and roadsides from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil to Mato Grosso do Sul and Rio Grande do Sul in the south; Solanum paniculatum is common in the eastern half of Paraguay and has recently been found in Corrientes, Argentina; from sea level to 1100 m.
" 688698 distribution 1377645 "Solanum inaequilaterum" "Solanum inaequilaterum extends from Springbrook and Lamington National Park in Queensland to Dorrigo in N.S.W. It grows in notophyll rainforest in high rainfall areas. Altitude is often above 750 metres. It is one of the few species that will flower and fruit under very low-light conditions.
" 688700 distribution 1377508 "Solanum schumannianum" "A common species of eastern African mountains, from central Kenya south to Malawi; growing in upland mist forest understory, shade, forest edges, margins of cultivation; 1800-2600 m elevation.
" 688703 distribution 1380647 "Solanum toliaraea" "Endemic to Madagascar, the western coastal forests north of Toliara (Tuléar); thorn scrub on sand close to the sea, often in disturbed areas; 0-20 m elevation.
" 688710 distribution 1376599 "Solanum schenckii" "Mexico (Querétaro south to Puebla and Oaxaca), (1780-) 2420-2900 (-3700) m; rich soil of oak and pine forests, fencerows, among bushes.
" 688715 distribution 1378165 "Solanum limitare" "Solanum limitare extends from the Bunya Mountains in Queensland to Kyogle in New South Wales. It grows in grassy to somewhat shrubby eucalypt woodland, usually not far from a rainforest edge.
" 688717 distribution 1378184 "Solanum litoraneum" "Endemic to southern and southeastern Mozambique, occurring on dunes and littoral vegetation, forest edges, sandy soil and bushland at sea level.
" 688721 distribution 1375397 "Solanum athenae" "Solanum athenae is endemic to New Guinea and known only from the type collection collected from the base of Mt. Missim, in Lithocarpus/Araucaria forest, at 1000 m in elevation.
" 688723 distribution 1372227 "Solanum habrochaites" "Western slopes of the Andes from Central Ecuador to Central Peru, occasionally occurring in lomas formations in northern Peru; in a variety of forest types, from premontane forests to dry forests, 400-3600 m elevation.
" 688725 distribution 1376295 "Solanum mesopliarthrum" "Endemic to Venezuela, occurring in secondary growth and disturbed areas in deciduous and subhumid forests, principally in montane regions from 200-2000 m, but occasionally occurring at lower elevations (to sea level).
" 688727 distribution 1375335 "Solanum marginatum" "Ethiopia and Eritrea, introduced elsewhere in the Americas and Asia; growing in scrub, grassland or open woodland on hillsides, locally common in wasteland and roadsides, on red soil, acidic soil, or limestone; 2100-2900 m elevation.
Solanum marginatum is also found around the world, most likely spread by man (Symon, 1981). It can be fairly common in high-nitrogen habitats around the major cities in the Andes (thought to have been spread from Persian rugs), and has also been reported from the Middle East, Canary Islands, and southern Australia (Symon, 1981). It was introduced to Europe as an ornamental from Palestine by 1775 (Walker, 1817).
" 688730 distribution 1376533 "Solanum decorum" "Endemic to southeastern Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo at elevations above 800 m, growing in open areas and clearings in coastal rainforests.
" 688732 distribution 1376385 "Solanum dallmannianum" "Solanum dallmannianum is endemic to Papua New Guinea, growing in abandoned garden sites, secondary forest, roadside banks and as a vine on river banks at elevations from 90-1300 m (mean in Papua New Guinea 682m, fide Symon).
" 688735 distribution 1374789 "Solanum anguivi" "Throughout tropical sub-Saharan Africa, and Madagascar, but not present south of Transvaal and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa; forest, forest edges, hillsides, savanna, grassland, scrubland, disturbed areas, old cultivation, and roadsides, growing in forests, forest edges, and mountains at 40-3100 m elevation, but the majority of populations occur at 1000-2200 m. For details on habitat and altitude distribution see Dale (1995).
" 688738 distribution 1373332 "Solanum chacoense" "Solanum chacoense is widely distributed from southern Peru (Dept. Puno) to central Argentina (Depts. La Pampa and Buenos Aires), in a wide diversity of habitats, in full sun or in dense shade, in dry or moist areas, among bushes, in scrub or thorn forests or savannas, near the seashore, in moist subtropical forests, on rocky slopes, in cultivated fields, banana plantations, or roadsides, 0-3700 m in elevation. It has also escaped from cultivation outside its native range in the USA and Europe.
" 688742 distribution 1370179 "Solanum unilobum" "Moist forest in Bolivia and southern Peru on eastern slopes of the Andes and adjacent lowlands, 300-1700 m in elevation.
" 688745 distribution 1374587 "Solanum ×rechei" "Solanum ×rechei is only known from western Argentina (Prov. La Rioja), in generally dry rocky areas in the open or among spiny shrubs or cacti, or as a weed in orchards or the edges of cultivated fields; (1200) 1600-2100 (3950) m in elevation.
" 688749 distribution 1377435 "Solanum heleonastes" "Found in swampy forests on the margins and islands of the upper Río Paraná, on the border between Argentina and Paraguay, and in eastern Bolivia, from 100 to 500 m.
" 688751 distribution 1379655 "Solanum pugiunculiferum" "Solanum pugiunculiferum occurs in the Kimberley of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland. In Queensland, is found around the Gulf of Carpentaria near the coast on heavy clay soils, sometimes in areas that are periodically flooded by very high tides. In the latter situation, it is associated with Sporobolus virginicus grassland.
" 688755 distribution 1370187 "Solanum uncinellum" "Widely distributed throughout tropical America from Costa Rica to Argentina, in a wide variety of habitats from lowland rainforest to dry chaco vegetation, from 0-2000 m elevation.
" 688757 distribution 1376407 "Solanum crotonoides" "Known only from the montane cloud forests of central Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), from 1000-1800m elevation.
" 688761 distribution 1376213 "Solanum tomentosum" "Southern South Africa; growing in grassy or rocky areas on hillsides, river beds, coastal bush or roadsides; 0-1500 m elevation.
" 688763 distribution 1379089 "Solanum odoriferum" "In the Atlantic rainforests and seasonal deciduous forests of southeastern Brazil from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul at elevations to 750 m; one collection from Misiones, Argentina (Ekman 1975 cited in Morton, 1976) may be from a cultivated plant.
" 688767 distribution 1374778 "Solanum robustum" "Southern South America from Brazil to Argentina and Paraguay, in dry to mesic forests and chaco formations, from sea level to 1200 m. Naturalized and possibly invasive in the mountains of Tanzania, often forming large monospecific stands in disturbed habitats such as forest plantations, also sporadically introduced in other subtropical areas (e.g., India)..
" 688770 distribution 1375957 "Solanum riparium" "Solanum riparium is distributed in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina along the lower eastern slopes and in the river valleys of the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental from 100-2600 m. It is associated with secondary growth of tropical and subtropical deciduous vegetation, along roadside slopes, river banks, and savannahs.
" 688772 distribution 1376244 "Solanum comarapanum" "Known only from a small area of the mountains at the border of the Departments of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz at (1300-) 2100-2800 m in elevation. It apparently also occurs in the Department of Tarija, but the identification of the single collection is still somewhat doubtful. It occurs in weedy disturbed areas such as along roadsides in the dry forests just below the cloud forest zone but does not descend into the semi-arid valleys,which are dominated by cacti and Schinopsis haenkeana Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Many of the collections are from the highway to Cochabamba between Comarapa and the cloud forest area known as “Siberia.”
" 688778 distribution 1375762 "Solanum bulbo. x cardio." "Only one population is known: MEXICO. Jalisco. Mpio. Tala, road between the ranch and arroyo Presitas, University of Guadalajara School forest “La Primavera.” 1450 m, 1 Aug 1991, A. Rodríguez & O Vargas 2104 (IBUG).
" 688783 distribution 1377974 "Solanum kulliwaita" "Disjunct between Azuay province in southern Ecuador and the type locality in the valley of the Río Urubamba in the Department of Cusco in southern Peru (Mesa Pelada), from 2400-2600 m. Cloud forests.
" 688785 distribution 1379093 "Solanum okadae" "Solanum okadae is endemic to Bolivia (Depts. La Paz, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca), growing in sunny fields, cultivated fields, among bushes, or in shade of trees, in rocky soils of rich soils; 2450-3200 m in elevation.
" 688786 distribution 1379093 "Solanum okadae" "Solanum okadae is endemic to Bolivia (Depts. La Paz, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca), growing in sunny fields, cultivated fields, among bushes, or in shade of trees, in rocky soils of rich soils; 2450-3200 m in elevation.
" 688789 distribution 1380554 "Solanum taitense" "Kenya and Tanzania; growing in bushland and grassland on sandy soil or black clay soil; 0-1500 m elevation.
" 688793 conservation 1379198 "Solanum pacificum" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), S. pacificum is classified as B1a+3iii (Critically Endangered) and D2 (Vulnerable because of restricted area of occupancy). This species is restricted to lowland rainforest habitats of western Ecuador. This habitat type has suffered extreme degradation, and has been reduced from an estimated 32,000 km2 to ca. 1,500 km2 (Dodson and Gentry 1991). The six known collections of S. pacificum are from a small portion of this area, and because of the extensive habitat destruction, it is possible that this species survives only within the 0.87 km2 Centro Científico Río Palenque.
" 688794 distribution 1379198 "Solanum pacificum" "Solanum pacificum occurs in primary and secondary rainforest habitats in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador; 50–380 m in elevation.
" 688796 distribution 1370072 "Solanum fortunense" "Montane rain forest or cloud forest, 900-1800 m, Costa Rica and Panama.
" 688798 distribution 1375822 "Solanum calileguae" "Known only from the montane forests (dominated by Juglans and Podocarpus) of the Altos de Calilegua in the foothills of the Andes in the Province of Jujuy, Argentina, 1600-1700 m; possibly also occurring (sterile voucher only) in similar forests in adjacent Bolivia.
" 688800 distribution 1374583 "Solanum berthaultii" "Western Bolivia (Dept. La Paz), south to northern Argentina (Provs. Catamarca, Jujuy and Salta), in generally dry rocky areas in the open or among spiny shrubs or cacti, along streamsides, or a weed at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, (1200) 1600-2100 (3950) m.
" 688804 distribution 1376544 "Solanum defensum" "Solanum defensum is endemic to Queensland; extending from the tip of Cape York Peninsula to the McIlwraith Range near Coen. It grows in notophyll rainforest, in hilly terrain with infertile soils derived from metamorphic or granitic rocks.
" 688806 distribution 1377627 "Solanum imbaburense" "Known only from N Ecuador, in moist forests from 3500-3600 m.
" 688808 distribution 1381159 "Solanum velutissimum" "Solanum velutissimum is restricted to the Bolivian Andes along the western slopes of the Cordillera Real, Cordillera Central, and western slopes of the Altiplano. It is found along stream banks and in forest openings at elevations between 1100 and 3000 m.
" 688811 distribution 1377254 "Solanum incompletum" "Endemic to the island of Hawaii, on old lava flows or old cinder cones in dry shrubby or forested habitats from 1000–2000 m elevation.
" 688819 distribution 1374826 "Solanum alphonsei" "Solanum alphonsei occurs in Nothofagus forest and forest margins in southern Chile and adjacent Argentina, from sea level to the summit of the Andes at ca. 3000 m.
" 688821 distribution 1378483 "Solanum neoweberbaueri" "Central Peru (Department of Lima) in the coastal lomas, growing among rocks, often on slopes, in sandy or rocky soils, 200-750 m elevation.
" 688823 distribution 1375538 "Solanum nutans" "In the Andes from S Colombia to Bolivia, in high elevation forest and ceja de selva, 1800-3500 m.
" 688827 distribution 1379996 "Solanum saponaceum" "Known only from from Peru on rocky slopes, heavily grazed areas, cloud forests and roadsides, often in disturbed soil.
" 688829 distribution 1376416 "Solanum cucullatum" "In premontane or montane wet forest on the W slope of the Andes in Ecuador and adjacent Peru, from 700 to ca. 2500 m.
" 688831 distribution 1381423 "Solanum zumbense" "Solanum zumbense occurs on eastern Andean slopes in southern Ecuador and Peru, with an outlying collection from Brazil. Clearings and open places in tropical rain forest, (400-) 1500-2255 m in elevation.
" 688834 distribution 1370079 "Solanum endopogon subsp. guianense" "Solanum endopogon subsp. guianensis is found in French Guiana and adjacent areas of eastern Brazil. Disturbed areas in tropical rain forest, 200-400 m in elevation.
" 688838 distribution 1380738 "Solanum trifidum" "Mexico. Jalisco and Michoacán, (1800) 2000-2800 (3050) m; cultivated or fallow fields, grazed fields, in areas of pine and oak forests, in sunny to shady areas.
" 688841 distribution 1378385 "Solanum malacothrix" "In the northwestern corner of the state of Guerrero and adjacent Jalisco, on the slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Rio Balsas drainage, in tropical deciduous forest or dry pine-oak woodland ("bosque tropical caducifolio" or "bosque de Quercus" of Rzedowski, 1978).
" 688845 distribution 1379675 "Solanum punctulatum" "Endemic to montane rainforest and montane rainforest on limestone in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, from 1000-1900 m.
" 688847 distribution 1375763 "Solanum bulbocastanum" "Widespread from northwestern Mexico (Durango and Nayarit) south to Honduras; 1200-2300 m; among grasses, cacti, tropical deciduous forests, scrub and oak forests, pine forests, often in shallow or dry rocky soil, steep rocky slopes, among piles of stones or along fencerows, railroad tracks, sometimes in cultivated fields.
" 688850 distribution 1379368 "Solanum phoxocarpum" "Kenya and Tanzania; woodland, damp forest understory or secondary scrub; 2100-3000 m elevation.
" 688853 distribution 1375274 "Solanum apiculatum" "Endemic to Brazil in the state of Maranhão, in disturbed areas in wet forests and cerrado from 500-1500 m.
" 688855 distribution 1375277 "Solanum stipulatum" "SE Brazil, in coastal rainforest often growing in rocky creek beds, from 100-700 m.
" 688857 distribution 1376652 "Solanum dichroandrum" "In northern South America in the coastal ranges of Colombia and Venezuela, extending to the Andes in Venezuela, growing in cloud forests from 2200 to 3300 m.
" 688859 distribution 1380147 "Solanum setaceum" "Northern Tanzania and southern Kenya, less common to the west in Tanzania; growing in Acacia (Vachellia) bushland, dry thickets and grassland on sandy loam or dark cotton soil; 1000-1500 m elevation.
" 688863 distribution 1379580 "Solanum pseudoamericanum" "Endemic to Peru in the upper zones of seasonally dry tropical forests or in mid-elevation montane forests, usually above 2, 000 m elevation, with only some overlap between the closely related Solanum americanum that occurs from sea level to 2, 200 m in elevation; commonly growing in sandy soils in full sun or partial shade in disturbed sites such as landslides and roadsides or cultivated areas, often in moist depressions in otherwise dry areas, associated with Schinus molle L., Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., Eriotheca sp., Vachellia macracantha (Humb. & Bonpl.) Seigler & Ebinger, Alnus acuminata Kunth, Solanum probolospermum Bitter, and Calceolaria spp.; (930-)1700–3200(-3735) m in elevation. Based on field and herbarium collections Solanum pseudoamericanum occurs in the Departments of Amazonas, Ancash, Apurímac, Cajamarca, Cusco, La Libertad, and Piura, but based on the modelled habitat suitability map (Fig. 2) it is also likely to also occur in the Departments of Lambayeque, Huánuco, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Junín, southwestern San Martín, northernmost areas of Lima, and in the Province of Loja in Ecuador.
" 688865 distribution 1379853 "Solanum roblense" "In primary forest in central montane Costa Rica. Most of the collections are from the slopes of Volcán Barba and Volcán Poas from 1800-2000 m.
" 688867 distribution 1381135 "Solanum valerianum" "In forest and second growth in Nicaragua, W Costa Rica, and adjacent Panama, from sea level to 200 m.
" 688869 distribution 1375531 "Solanum basendopogon" "Solanum basendopogon is found among shrubs on rocky slopes and near old stone fences in Peru, from Dept. La Libertad in the north to Dept. Moquegua in the south, 1100-3800 m.
" 688875 distribution 1374871 "Solanum lanceolatum" "Secondary vegetation and disturbed areas in moist or wet forest, frequently in oak-pine forest, southern Mexico through Guatemala to western Panama, 650-2200 (-3000) m.
" 688878 distribution 1378152 "Solanum lidii" "Only known from the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) near Temisas in xeric areas on S and W facing slopes at 600-900 m elevation. Soils in the Temisas area are derived from Miocene ultrabasic lava and tuff (King, 1982).
" 688880 distribution 1380017 "Solanum saturatum" "Found in the cloud forest along the “old” highway from Santa Cruz to Cochabamba, in the departments of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz, Bolivia at 2200-3000 m in elevation.
" 688882 distribution 1379843 "Solanum ripense" "In cloud forests in the Andes of Venezuela and Colombia, from 1500-2500 m.
" 688884 distribution 1370151 "Solanum rojasianum" "Thickets and forested slopes, 1000-1500 m in elevation, in Belize, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico.
" 688886 distribution 1374683 "Solanum refractum" "Native to deciduous forests in Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Chiquimula, Zacapa, Jalapa), and Honduras (Comayagua, La Paz); 0–1100 m.
" 688888 distribution 1368375 "Solanum caavurana" "In eastern Brazil, Argentina and adjacent Paraguay in pluvial forest, often forming secondary growth thickets. From sea level to 250 m.
" 688890 distribution 1380774 "Solanum truncicola" "Endemic to a wide area of East-central Madagascar: Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, and Toamasina; subhumid montane forest; 1000 – 2000 m elevation.
" 688892 distribution 1370141 "Solanum calidum" "Clearings, paths, and light gaps in primary forest, 100-1850 m in elevation, eastern slopes of the Andes from southern Colombia to Ecuador and Peru.
" 688895 distribution 1375606 "Solanum leucocarpon" "Widely distributed throughout tropical South America to Panama, in second growth situations from sea level to 1500 m.
" 688899 distribution 1368084 "Solanum microphyllum" "In dry forests and xerophytic scrublands on Hispaniola and the Bahamas, usually on limestone soils at around sea level, but up to 200 m elevation.
" 688901 distribution 1374699 "Solanum adenobasis" "Solanum adenobasis is found in clearings and open places in disturbed, lowland to upland tropical rainforest, 180–1200 (–1600) m in elevation, mainly along the eastern Andean slopes in southern Ecuador and northern Peru.
" 688904 distribution 1376324 "Solanum coracinum" "Solanum coracinum is endemic to Queensland, Australia, extending from Wandoan to Texas, and is expected but not yet recorded for New South Wales. It inhabits open forest dominated by Brigalow or Belah, or shrubby eucalypt woodland with Callitris. Soils may be sandy-loams to clays.
" 688906 distribution 1374723 "Solanum palinacanthum" "Weedy, often forming colonies, mostly in unshaded campo and other open grassy places, roadsides, cut over forest, waste and cultivated ground at low to moderate elevations, usually below 1200 m but reported up to 1800 m. Widespread from northwestern Argentina and eastern Bolivia through Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and much of the interior of southern and eastern Brazil. Reported from both wet and dry habitats, but this probably reflects the time of collection in the highly seasonal "campo" and other vegetation types.
" 688909 distribution 1377889 "Solanum julocrotonoides" "Solanum julocrotonoides occurs in the Sierra de Amambay range of Paraguay and adjacent areas of Estado Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, just east of the Chaco Boreal and between the watersheds of the Río Paraguay and Río Paraná, in low mountains, about 300-900 m in elevation.
" 688911 conservation 1377972 "Solanum kriegeri" "(IUCN, 2013). Endangered (EN) B2 ab (iii, iv). The species is known from two localities that are about 30 km away from each other with six points available. The calculated EOO was of 34.3 km2 what would led to the Critically Endangered category while the AOO of 20 km2 led to Endangered. We have chosen here to assign it to Endangered, a less severe category for three reasons: the species occurs in more than one location, it is known from within a effectively protected area (Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca), and the other location where it is found is somewhat remote. Nevertheless, Solanum kriegeri is from a very specific habitat in well-preserved forest fragments and monitoring its populations is strongly recommended. In light of the deforestation pressure surrounding the areas where it is found, we surmise that it might be restricted to its few known localities.
" 688912 distribution 1377972 "Solanum kriegeri" "Endemic to Brazil in southern Minas Gerais state, close to the border with Rio de Janeiro State, where it is known from two adjacent mountain ranges within the Mantiqueira region, Serra do Ibitipoca and Serra Negra. All known collections are from two conservation units, APA Serra da Mantiqueira and Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca. Occasional to rare in the understory of well preserved dwarf cloud forests (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana; Veloso et al. 1991) and normally associated with sandy soils or quartzite outcrops, in elevations of about 1, 500 to 1, 900 meters above sea level. Although few flowers were produced in cultivation, crossing studies suggested this species is self-incompatible, like Solanum bradei.
" 688918 distribution 1376529 "Solanum inodorum" "Only known from the forests of southeastern Brazil from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, occurring in Atlantic rainforest, Araucaria forests and in secondary forests from 800-1600 m.
" 688920 distribution 1377671 "Solanum incarceratum" "Weedy shrub of disturbed forest margins, roadsides, disturbed soil of cerrado, wet campo, at 700 to 2100 m in the subtropical to tropical zone of the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia, at 700–1100 m in eastern Brazil and Paraguay.
" 688927 distribution 1375897 "Solanum canoasense" "In Araucaria forests, cloud forests and forest edges, in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Paraná, from 1300-1400 m.
" 688929 distribution 1370076 "Solanum endopogon" "Solanum endopogon (in the sense of its atuonymic subspecies) is found in the western Amazon basin in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil; the disjunct subspecies guianensis occurs in eastern Brazil and French Guiana. Disturbed areas in tropical rain forest, 100-1000 m in elevation.
" 688931 distribution 1375652 "Solanum stenophyllum" "Páramo, subáramo and cloud forest from N Colombia to S Ecuador, from 2500-3300 m.
" 688933 distribution 1378422 "Solanum torricellense" "Solanum torricellense has been collected along roads in lower and mid-montane forests. It appears to occupy disturbed places like most species of Solanum; however, it might be more habitat specific as it is under represented in collections. The two areas where it has been collected are about 650 km apart, and solanums have been collected from the area in between. Elevation 600–1400 m.
" 688937 distribution 1373325 "Solanum maternum" "Cloud forest at 1350-2600 m elevation in Depts. Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
" 688940 distribution 1377373 "Solanum hypacrarthrum" "Central to northern Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca and Lima), on rocky hills, among bushes and other herbaceous vegetation, 1800-3800 m in elevation.
" 688942 distribution 1376186 "Solanum clandestinum" "Montane rain and cloud forest, especially on slopes or in disturbed areas, western Bolivia in Yungas de La Paz, 2200-3100 m.
" 688947 conservation 1379883 "Solanum rubicaule" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010) Solanum rubicaule is classified as VU-B1a+B2a+B2biii; D2 (Vulnerable). The extent of occupancy is estimated to be approximately 10, 000 km2 and less than five collected locations. This area of the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone has been underexplored, but collections have increased in recent years, largely due to efforts by MO in southern Ecuador and HAO in northern Peru. As this collecting continues and more specimens are determined in herbaria the number of locations should rise. Additionally, although there is continuing decline in forest habitat in this region due to deforestation for the establishment of settlements and farming, the effects of this on Solanum rubicaule are difficult to assess because it occurs in disturbed edges of forest and roadsides. Sicne its description the range of S. rubicaule has been extended to central Peru, but it is still not common.
" 688948 distribution 1379883 "Solanum rubicaule" "Known from southern Ecuador in Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe to northern and central Peru in Depts. Cajamarca, San Martín and Pasco and in open places in disturbed montane tropical forest, 1650–2200 m in elevation.
" 688955 distribution 1370056 "Solanum cylindricum" "Southeastern Brazil in states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and perhaps Rio de Janeiro and in adjacent areas of Prov. Misiones, Argentina; clearings in Araucaria forest; 300-1100 m.
" 688958 distribution 1377566 "Solanum hougasii" "Eastern and central Mexico, states of Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, 1600-3135 m; at edges of cultivated fields, roadsides, grasslands, in areas of alder and fir and pine and oak forests.
" 688961 distribution 1377023 "Solanum felinum" "Understories and openings of cloud forests and pre-montane forests, 1200-2300 m; endemic in northern Venezuela, in the Cordillera de la Costa from Distrito Federal to Yaracuy, also recorded from Mérida in mountains near La Azulita.
" 688964 distribution 1374598 "Solanum abitaguense" "In cloud forests of the E Andean slope in Ecuador and N Peru, from 1000 to 1700 m.
" 688966 distribution 1374624 "Solanum albicans" "Solanum albicans occurs from Ecuador (Prov. Chimborazo), then with a gap in distribution to central Peru (Cajamarca Dept.), and south to southern Peru (Ancash Dept.), on high upland grasslands (lomas) growing among bunchgrasses, Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth, and among shrubs, often in rocky areas, or in rich moist soil; 3340-4800 m in elevation. The gap in distribution between S. albicans populations in Ecuador and Peru is likely caused by the low elevations in the intermediate region (Hijmans et al., 2007).
" 688972 distribution 1376002 "Solanum centrale" "Solanum centrale is widespread in the southern part of Northern Territory and adjacent areas of South Australia and Western Australia in arid sandy desert areas; it also occurs in Queensland, known only from Idalia and Chesterton Range National Parks.. The habitat for Queensland populations is recorded as “Acacia aneura woodland or tall shrubland on red sand”.
" 688974 distribution 1374818 "Solanum zanzibarense" "Coastal areas of southern Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique; wet or dry forest undergrowth, forest edges, and rocky outcrops on sand or sandy loam; 0-700 m elevation.
" 688976 use 1374818 "Solanum zanzibarense" "Local Names. Tanzania: Mlura (Musk 115); Kitulam Vago (Kizigua language, Frontier-Tanzania Coastal Forest Research Programme 558).
" 688979 distribution 1378726 "Solanum wittei" "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania, in the area surrounding Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake Kivu, and the northern part of Lake Tanganyika; growing in grassland, savanna, and dry forests, especially on ant hills and termite mounds; 1200 – 1900 m elevation.
" 688984 distribution 1376458 "Solanum cyclophyllum" "Western Colombia and Ecuador from Antioquia to Esmeraldas, 800-2000 m, in wet cloud forest.
" 688989 distribution 1377393 "Solanum neorossii" "Solanum neorossii occurs in northern Argentina (Provs. Jujuy and Salta), in dry rocky areas along roadsides, among bushes and large tussocks, in the shade of boulders, or on steep grassy slopes, (2530) 3100-3600 (3800) m in elevation.
" 688991 distribution 1378701 "Solanum morellifolium" "Forests or forest clearings of eastern Andean slopes and adjacent lowlands in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, 100-1300 m.
" 688994 distribution 1376194 "Solanum laxissimum" "Endemic to central to southern Peru (Depts. Ayacucho, Cuzco, Huánuco, Junín and Pasco), in moist habitats, at forest edges; 670-4150 m in elevation.
" 688997 distribution 1376105 "Solanum viarum" "Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and Uruguay through much of eastern Brazil; sporadically present in Africa, long naturalized on the Indian subcontinent (Babu 1971), and recently becoming a noxious weed in cattle pastures in the southeastern United States (Wunderlin et al. 1993); often a common weed of campo, pastures, roadsides, waste places, cultivated ground, second growth and edges of forest at low elevations, mostly below 1000 m.
" 688999 distribution 1375399 "Solanum atitlanum" "Endemic to Central America, in south-central Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. This species is occasional to rather common in roadside thickets, field borders and barrancas in the temperate upland vegetation zone, from 1000 to 2000 meters.
" 689001 distribution 1377764 "Solanum raquialatum" "Solanum raquialatum is endemic to northern Peru (Dept. Piura), in very humid soils, among forests of bushes and shrubs, 1350-3100 m in elevation.
" 689006 distribution 1381075 "Solanum umtuma" "Endemic to South Africa in KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces (most specimens from KwaZulu-Natal); 50–1300 m elevation. Solanum umtuma is limited to the Maputaland-Pondoland Floristic Region (van Wyk and Smith 2001) and spans the Maputaland and Pondoland Centres of endemism. Occasional on grassland, scrub, and forest edges, usually growing on sandy soil.
" 689008 distribution 1374875 "Solanum ammophilum" "Solanum ammophilum is found in the Charleville and Cunnamulla districts of Queensland and near Bourke in New South Wales. It inhabits low open woodland with Eucalyptus melanophloia and often with Acacia aneura, Angophora melanoxylon, E. populnea, Triodia sp. on yellow to red sandy soils, often adjacent to shrubland areas featuring Grevillea juncifolia.
" 689010 distribution 1377236 "Solanum infundibuliforme" "Solanum infundibuliforme occurs from central Bolivia to northern Argentina, in dry rocky areas without vegetation, among spiny shrubs or cacti, or at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, occasionally within a cultivated field, in river beds or along streamsides, often in disturbed soil; 2350-4300 m in elevation.
" 689012 distribution 1370026 "Solanum latiflorum" "Coastal rain forest of southeastern Brazil in states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo at elevations between about 800 and 1800 meters.
" 689015 distribution 1368400 "Solanum trizygum" "Montane And premontane forest from Mexico to the Cordillera de la Costa in Venezuela, absent from the Andes, from ca. 600-3200 m.
" 689017 distribution 1379192 "Solanum pachyneurum" "Endemic to eastern Cuba, in forests at about 700 m elevation.
" 689021 distribution 1374639 "Solanum acerifolium" "Weedy shrub of forest clearings, thickets, pastures, roadsides, coffee plantations, ravines, streamsides and perhaps within the forest itself. At moderate altitudes, ranging from 800 to 2400 m, but most collections from between 1200 and 2000 m, in rainforest, cloud forest or oak-pine (only in northern Central America) zones. In the Cordillera from southern Mexico to Peru and easterwards through Venezuela to Trinidad, also in eastern Brazil and eastern Paraguay. Probably more tolerant of shade than its near relative S. atropurpureum.
" 689024 distribution 1375445 "Solanum granuloso-leprosum" "Widespread from southern Brazil ranging westward to the Chaco region of the Paraná river in Paraguay and southward in Uruguay and eastern Argentina from sea level to 1000 m. Solanum granuloso-leprosum is occasional to common in secondary thickets of scrub forest and savannahs in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions.
" 689028 distribution 1374592 "Solanum candolleanum" "Solanum candolleanum is distributed from central Peru (Depts. Ancash and Huanuco), south to extreme northwestern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz , near the border with Peru); in a wide range of habitats from roadsides, fields, in rich and poor soils, among grasses, streamsides, about and invading cultivated fields, in pockets of and bases of cliff faces, fields, and in high altitude grasslands with Stipu ichu; 1600-4400 m.
" 689030 distribution 1375790 "Solanum etuberosum" "Chile: Central Chile, from Región V- Región IX, in the foothills and mid to upper slopes of the Andes Mountains; in areas of low, dry scrub forest, along streams or in the mists of waterfalls, always in full sun and usually in rocky soils, 4340-2500 m.
" 689036 distribution 1377130 "Solanum francisii" "Solanum francisii is endemic to Queensland. It is recorded only from the Eungella area, west of Mackay. It grows in high-rainfall notophyll rainforest at altitudes of 1000-1100 metres.
" 689038 distribution 1375192 "Solanum anfractum" "Solanum anfractum is endemic to the island New Guinea and has been collected from primary forest, montane rainforest, submontane forest, and secondary forest along streams, from 100-2800 m. Solanum anfractum appears to come from less disturbed sites than most species of Solanum on New Guinea.
" 689045 distribution 1375226 "Solanum imamense" "Throughout most of Madagascar except the north and the east, frequent on the higher central areas; open forest and forest edges at low elevation.
" 689051 distribution 1369992 "Solanum roseum" "Cloud forest, 1500-2500 m elevation, western Bolivia in Department of La Paz and perhaps also southern Peru.
" 689056 distribution 1375198 "Solanum multiflorum" "Solanum multiflorum is endemic to the Western part of Tamil Nadu Province in southern India, occurring in the Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Didingul and Madurai districts at forest edges and roadsides, 1700-2300 m elevation.
" 689058 distribution 1374600 "Solanum abortivum" "Solanum abortivum is thus far known only from the type, collected on the slopes of Mt. Missim in the southeast portion of Papua New Guinea in openings in Castanopsis forest.
" 689060 distribution 1374671 "Solanum capsicoides" "A lowland species of humid or seasonally humid warm subtropical or tropical areas nearly or quite free from frost. Throughout its now extensive range (Nee, 1979) an often abundant weed in unshaded disturbed artificial weedy habitats such as roadsides, waste places, pastures, old coffee plantations, stream banks, beaches, cultivated land (presumably the edges), open woods and around dwellings. Probably preferring sandy habitats but also recording from wet alluvial clay and limestone derived soils. Native along the Atlantic coast of Brazil; introduced in the Guianas, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras, common on the Caribbean islands, common in Florida, sporadic in nearby states; sporadically introduced in Hawaii, Africa, India and Sri Lanka, more commonly in southern China, Java, Sumatra, and Australia. It can be expected in to eventually occur as a cultivated plant or as naturalized in any tropical or subtropical area of the world. At elevations up to 1500 m, the great majority of collections from below 1000 m with no geographic trends apparent.
Sporadically introduced and perhaps naturalized in western Africa (Sierra Leone, São Tomé and Principe, and Ghana) and a few collections recorded from East Africa (Ethiopia and Tanzania); native to the Atlantic coast of southern South America (Nee 1979), but now widespread as an introduction, often an abundant weed in unshaded disturbed habitats and around dwellings.
" 689064 distribution 1370101 "Solanum paralum" "Atlantic coastal rain forest along the seashore in southeastern Brazil, in states of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Elevation not known, but probably close to sea level.
" 689069 distribution 1368381 "Solanum deflexum" "Weedy in grazed areas, along roadsides, and disturbed areas in dry forests from southern Arizona, USA through Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica at elevations from 0-1550 m.
" 689073 distribution 1376747 "Solanum dryanderense" "Solanum dryanderense is endemic to Queensland, known only from Mt. Dryander, north of Proserpine. Most collections have been made between 400 and 600 metres altitude, with one collection given as 200 metres altitude. It inhabits sunny breaks in notophyll rainforest on steep ridges.
" 689076 general 1374885 "Solanum amygdalifolium" "Woody vine, scrambling in low vegetation, often along water and semi-aquatic. Stems strongly ridged with 4 whitish green wings along the entire length, completely glabrous; new growth minutely papillose, occasionally pubescent with tangled simple uniseriate trichomes, these soon deciduous. Bark of older stems green to pale yellowish green, the bark not markedly exfoliating.Solanum commersonii is widely distributed in southern Brazil, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina; sandy dunes near the coast, dense grasslands, in woods (low woods as well as among Araucaria angustifolia and palm trees, Butia yatay) at the foot of low hills, sea shore, in harvested fields and roadsides; from sea level to 400 m.
" 689078 general 1374652 "Solanum commersonii" "Herbs 0.15-0.3 m tall in sunny situations, but in shady situations of woodlands or among tall grasslands up to 1 m tall, semi-rosette when low-growing to erect. Stems 1-3 mm in diameter at base of plant, green, unwinged, glabrous to densely puberulent; tubers typically placed one at the end of each stolon.Found along the eastern Andean slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in southern Peru and in Bolivia, Solanum goodspeedii occurs in moist tropical and subtropical regions along margins of open or dense rain forests including the wettest area of Bolivia on the highway above Villa Tunari on the way to Cochabamba to the southern limit of lowland tropical evergreen forest in Dept. Santa Cruz northwest of Buena Vista, at elevations of 200 to 2800 m.
" 689081 distribution 1378712 "Solanum sturtianum" "Solanum sturtianum occurs widely in arid parts of New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territory. In Queensland, it is confined to the far south west, especially around Thargomindah. It also It grows on plains or stony ridges, in chenopod shrubland or Acacia open woodland. Associated species include Acacia aneura, A. cambagei and Senna spp.
" 689083 distribution 1377376 "Solanum habrocaulon" "Known only from the type locality in montane N Peru, at ca. 2200 m.
" 689085 distribution 1375703 "Solanum velutinum" "Solanum velutinum is widely distributed from Costa Rica to northern Brazil. It occurs in secondary growth and open areas in lowland forests and on slopes in montane forests, from 150-3000 m.
" 689089 distribution 1374835 "Solanum boliviense" "Southern Peru (Depts. Apurímac and Cusco) to northwest Argentina, in high dry mountain rocky slopes, among bushes and large tussocks or on bare soil, growing close to and within cattle enclosures, along mountain roads and paths, edge of fields, sometimes as a weed, along streamsides; 1600-4270 m in elevation.
" 689091 distribution 1375484 "Solanum goetzei" "Eastern African lowland species common in Kenya and Tanzania, extending south to Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique; growing in dry forest, coastal forest, thickets, and roadsides on sandy soil, sandy loam, or coral. 0-800 m elevation.
" 689096 distribution 1376223 "Solanum orthacanthum" "Endemic to the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola in the Dominican Republic in moist areas in montane pine forest from 1200-1400 m elevation.
" 689098 distribution 1370174 "Solanum tenuisetosum" "Open to dense rain forest, eastern slopes of Andean Cordillera in eastern Peru and east to Amazonian Brazil and lowland Bolivia at 135-1850 m in elevation.
" 689101 distribution 1375431 "Solanum maturecalvans" "S Ecuador to Bolivia and NW Argentina in montane cloud forests from (1000-)2000-3000 m.
" 689103 distribution 1374654 "Solanum acroscopicum" "Peru (Depts. Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca and Tacna), on rocky cracks and humid places and in the shade, in rich soils, among herbs or shrubs, 2350-3900 m in elevation.
" 689105 distribution 1375323 "Solanum giganteum" "Africa to southern India, in Africa common in northeastern and eastern Africa and south to South Africa, absent towards the west coast; usually noted as occasional and growing singly; edges of forests and re-growth in clearings, disturbed areas, sometimes in rocky places or open grasslands. Usually restricted to 1000-1700 m elevation, but occasionally reported from near sea level in South Africa.
" 689108 distribution 1378682 "Solanum monarchostemon" "In Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, usually growing in terra firme (non-flooded) forests, 100-450 (-1300) m.
" 689113 distribution 1375223 "Solanum anisophyllum" "In Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, in wet forests often growing near streams on rocky ground.
" 689117 distribution 1370018 "Solanum fallax" "Colombia and western Ecuador; forest pockets in dry savanna or scrub, Jauneche forest (tropical moist forest); 20-1300 m.
" 689120 distribution 1377630 "Solanum immite" "Solanum immite occurs in Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca, La Libertad and Lima), among rocks, sandy soils, lomas and around crop fields, 80-3700 m in elevation.
" 689122 distribution 1378762 "Solanum multivenosum" "Mountainous spine of New Guinea, in montane forests, Nothofagus pullei forests and logged areas.
" 689125 distribution 1377078 "Solanum turneroides" "A weedy species of roadsides, grassy pastures, gallery forest, alluvial flats, forest edges, and open shrubby vegetation found from central Bolivia to eastern Paraguay and the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul and south into northwestern Argentina at 300-1950 m in elevation.
" 689127 distribution 1378131 "Solanum leptorhachis" "In wet forest at low and middle elevations on the western slope of the Andes from southern Colombia to northern Peru from 50 to 2000 m, usually growing as an understory shrub.
" 689129 distribution 1376274 "Solanum complectens" "Known only from Bolivia in the Departments of Santa Cruz and southeastermost La Paz, in cloud forests along the eastern Andes, with Podocarpus parlatorei Pilg., Prumnopitys exigua De Laub. & Silba (Podocarpaceae), Ceroxylon parvum G. Galeano (Arecaceae), Ternstroemia asymmetrica Rusby (Theaceae), Weinmannia spp. (Cunoniaceae), Blepharocalyx salicifolius O. Berg (Myrtaceae), and the tree fern Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl) Hook. (Dicksoniaceae), from 1800 to 3330 m.
" 689131 distribution 1380726 "Solanum tribulosum" "Rocky slopes and dry montane meadows, on limestone and limestone-derived soils, from 2000-3000 m, Querétaro to SE Puebla, Mexico; uncommon.
" 689135 distribution 1376689 "Solanum dimorphispinum" "Solanum dimorphispinum is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It is known only from the Mt. Lewis and Mt. Spurgeon areas, in notophyll rainforest at altitudes above 900 m.
" 689139 distribution 1374810 "Solanum aldabrense" "Endemic to the Aldabra island group of coral islands in the Seychelles, ca. 400 km north of Madagascar, which includes Aldabra Atoll (including Esprit Island, Michel Island, Middle Island, Polymnie Island, South Island, and West Island), Assumption Island, Cosmoledo Atoll, Astove Atoll, and St. Pierre (Fosberg 1978). Common on South Island (F.R. Fosberg 48847, K000441524) but rare on West Island (F.R. Fosberg 48702, K000441525). Mixed scrub and open scrub forest behind the coastline, on limestone. Sea level to 500 m elevation.
" 689146 distribution 1374769 "Solanum brevicaule" "Solanum brevicaule is distributed in Bolivia (Dept. La Paz, near the border with Peru), south to northwest Argentina (Prov. San Juan); in sunny fields, grasslands, in the partial shade of cacti or bushes or in woodlands, at the border of or sometimes invading cultivated fields, in dry rocky areas, or in alluvial sandy soil, or rich soil, in steep valleys and streamsides, and along roadsides; (1500) 2000-4180 m.
" 689148 distribution 1381099 "Solanum unifoliatum" "Found only in the pluvial forest in the department of Chocó in Colombia, near sea level. All known collections are from the upper Río Atrato basin. Apparently a plant of both primary and secondary forest.
" 689150 distribution 1379461 "Solanum platycypellon" "In southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, in subtropical moist forest at ca. 1600-1700 m elevation.
" 689154 distribution 1377033 "Solanum ferocissimum" "Solanum ferocissimum is distributed throughout much of inland Queensland south of about 20o latitude, and extends well into New South Wales and Northern Territory. It is also recorded by Symon (1981) for Western Australia. It inhabits stony ridges or flats, on red earths or loamy soil, in woodlands often dominated by Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia or Acacia aneura.
" 689156 distribution 1379045 "Solanum oblongum" "In the mid to high elevation forests of central Peru, from 1400 to 3000 m.
" 689160 distribution 1372447 "Solanum sitiens" "On the W Andean slopes in N Chile from 2350-3500 m, on rocky hillsides and dry quebradas.
" 689162 distribution 1377646 "Solanum inaequiradians" "Endemic to Tanzania, known only from the Morningside region of the Uluguru Mountains, growing in forest at 1500-2000 m elevation.
" 689165 distribution 1379720 "Solanum septemlobum" "Solanum septemlobum is a boreal species in China, from sea level to 1200 m; it perhaps extends to adjacent Mongolia but all specimens seen so far are from the Chinese Autonomous Region of Nei Mongol, previously known as “Inner Mongolia”. Its southerly distribution overlaps with S. pittosporifolium, from which it is sometimes difficult to distinguish. Growing in open areas and secondary forests.
" 689168 distribution 1380027 "Solanum scabrifolium" "Solanum scabrifolium is endemic to central Peru (Dept. Huánuco), on rocky slopes among bushes, 2800-3340 m in elevation.
" 689170 distribution 1377152 "Solanum venosum" "Northern Colombia to central Ecuador in montane forest and forest margins, 2000-3500 m.
" 689172 distribution 1376152 "Solanum circaeifolium" "Solanum circaeifolium is endemic to Bolivia, from Dept. La Paz south to Dept. Chuquisaca, occuring in a wide range of habitats, in full sun or in partial shade, typically in moist areas, on rocky slopes, among bushes, in scrub or thorn forests, in or at the edges of forests, in cultivated fields; 2000-4000 m in elevation.
" 689174 distribution 1375247 "Solanum madagascariense" "Throughout Central and East Madagascar; humid and subhumid forest; sometimes found on disturbed vegetation by the roadside; 0 – 1500 m elevation.
" 689176 distribution 1376475 "Solanum humile" "West coast of southern Africa, Angola, Namibia, and South Africa; locally common in rocky places, growing on granite or shale, often found on river banks or by the roadside; 500-1200 m elevation.
" 689178 distribution 1375712 "Solanum nigricans" "In cloud forests and pine-oak forests from central Mexico to Honduras, from 1000-3200 m.
" 689184 distribution 1380965 "Solanum wittmackii" "Solanum wittmackii is endemic to central Peru (Dept. Lima), on the lomas and uplands on the western slopes of the Andes. The lomas populations may now be extinct (Ochoa, 1999). In open areas or at the borders of forests, in sandy clay or rocky soil, on cliffs or hillsides; 30-500 m in elevation in the coastal lomas, and 2200-3400 m in elevation in the uplands.
" 689186 distribution 1378153 "Solanum lignicaule" "Solanum lignicaule is endemic to Peru (Dept. Cuzco), among bushes or cacti, among loose stones, on rocky slopes, often in dry environments, in sandy or rocky soil; 2510-3460 m in elevation.
" 689188 distribution 1375773 "Solanum bullatum" "Solanum bullatum occurs along the southern Brazilian coastal plain, in the highlands of the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar ranges and upper drainage basin of the Rio Paraná, Solanum bullatum is a plant of forest margins and thickets from 300 to 1000 m. In semi-desert vegetation it is associated with Araucaria sp.
" 689190 distribution 1378499 "Solanum megalonyx" "Solanum megalonyx is endemic to Brazil, occurring in Bahia, northern Minas Gerais and Sergipe in campos rupestres, restingas and forest edges, from 0-800 m.
" 689192 distribution 1379225 "Solanum pseudoauriculatum" "Known only from a restricted area at the junction of southeastern Bolivia, the Mato Grosso region of Brazil and north central Paraguay. The vegetation varies from dry forest to the northeastern limits of the Chaco vegetation, 80–200 m. The exact habitat within this area is not known, although two collections, Silva 84 and 142 mention “patanal”, so perhaps it associated with periodically inundated areas.
" 689194 distribution 1380019 "Solanum savanillense" "S Ecuador in cloud forest, 2300-3000 m.
" 689201 distribution 1376711 "Solanum dissimile" "In the Andes of eastern Colombia and Venezuela, on both sides of the Táchira depression, in forests along streams, from 1500 to 3000 m elevation.
" 689203 distribution 1370022 "Solanum obliquum" "Solanum obliquum occurs in clearings and open places in tropical rain forest, 100-1000(-1850) m in elevation, from the Amazon Valley west to river valleys of eastern Andean slopes in Colombia, Peru, and Brazil.
" 689204 distribution 1370022 "Solanum obliquum" "Solanum obliquum occurs in clearings and open places in tropical rain forest, 100-1000(-1850) m in elevation, from the Amazon Valley west to river valleys of eastern Andean slopes in Colombia, Peru, and Brazil.
" 689208 distribution 1376188 "Solanum clarum" "Mexico: Chiapas; Guatemala; 2740-3800 m; typically growing in moss in upland pine and fir forests, frequently associated with Acaena elongata L., Alchemilla pectinata HBK, or Pernella ciliata (Schltdl. and Cham.) Small. Populations often contain hundreds of individuals in all stages of development, from emerging plants to plants with mature fruits, but fruiting plants can be scarce.
" 689211 distribution 1375279 "Solanum spirale" "Paleotropical, in mid-elevation forests from southern China to Queensland, Australia.
" 689213 distribution 1374889 "Solanum bahamense" "In coastal forests, forest margins and on beach margins, often on coral or calcareous soils, from 0-100 m, all around the Caribbean, from Florida and onto both the Greater and Lesser Antillean chains to Dominica and Martinique. Absent from Hispaniola, but found on Ile la Tortue and Ile La Navasse off the NW coast of Haiti.
" 689215 distribution 1375617 "Solanum microdontum" "Central Bolivia (Dept. Cochabamba) to northern and western Argentina (Provs. Catamarca, La Rioja, Jujuy, Tucumán and Salta), in narrow humid quebradas, on the banks of streams, under the shade of trees and bushes, at the border of cultivated fields, in dense forests and woods, growing on dead trees or branches, high grassy mountain plains, in forests and woods; (1400) 1600-2900 (3850) m in elevation.
" 689217 distribution 1378739 "Solanum multifidum" "Coastal Peru in the Departments of Ancash, Arequipa, Ica, La Libertad, Lima, Moquegua and Tacna. On arid sandy soil and dunes, rocky and gravelly hillsides. 0–1200 m in elevation.
" 689219 distribution 1377205 "Solanum gertii" "Atlantic and interior forests in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Apparently a shrub of both the forest interior and of margins, 800 to 900 m.
" 689221 distribution 1381398 "Solanum youngii" "In wet montane and cloud forest, often in forest patches above timberline, in S Ecuador and N Peru, from 2500-3500 m.
" 689223 distribution 1378195 "Solanum urens" "Only known from montane areas on the island of St. Vincent, at approximately 1000 m elevation.
" 689225 distribution 1374794 "Solanum pinnatum" "Endemic to Chile [Regions I (Tarapacá), II (Antofagasta), III (Atacama), IV (Coquimbo), V (Valparaíso), VI (Liberador), VIII (Bío-Bío), Metropolitana. On dry, sandy or rocky coastal slopes and dunes, 3–2300 m in elevation.
" 689229 distribution 1376016 "Solanum pubigerum" "Common in montane pine-oak forests, secondary forests and forest margins from San Luis Potosí, Mexico to Costa Rica, occurring from 2000-3200 m. Solanum pubigerum is very common in central Mexico and in the mountains around Mexico City.
" 689235 distribution 1375661 "Solanum boldoense" "Endemic to Cuba, where it is found in forests and forest edges at low to middle elevations.
" 689237 distribution 1370093 "Solanum luridifuscescens" "Eastern to southeastern Brazil in states of Espirito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo; moist forest, often in wet or swampy areas; 1100-2650 m.
" 689239 distribution 1376512 "Solanum elaeagnifolium" "Native to the Americas, with an amphitropical distribution, occurring in the deserts and dry zones of the northern hemisphere in the southwestern United States and Mexico and in the southern in Argentina and Chile, but widespread and invasive in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as rootstocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants (Invasive Species South Africa 2012). Introduced and invasive in drier habitats in southern (South Africa and Namibia) and northern (Morocco and Egypt) Africa, in South Africa classified as a noxious weed (Henderson 2011; Invasive Species South Africa 2012) and a quarantine pest in northern Africa (OEPP/EPPO 2007); also known from dry areas around the Mediterranean.
" 689242 distribution 1379185 "Solanum pabstii" "In the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, in Atlantic forests and forest margins, from 600-1300 m.
" 689244 distribution 1379903 "Solanum rugosum" "Solanum rugosum is common in Central America and the West Indies in moist coastal lowlands and montane rain forests, and in South America in coastal regions and the lowlands of the Amazon basin in roadside thickets, forest clearings and along river banks, at elevations from sea level to 1000 to 1300 m in the Andean foothills of Colombia and Venezuela.
" 689254 distribution 1375908 "Solanum sodomeodes" "Endemic to South Africa; growing in open high altitude grassland, sometimes in disturbed areas; 1200-2000 m elevation.
" 689258 distribution 1373269 "Solanum nava" "Endemic to the Canary Islands, only known from Tenerife in laurisylva (laurel) forest at low elevations; probably introduced to the Azores.
" 689260 distribution 1378065 "Solanum latens" "Solanum latens is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It is confined to subcoastal south-eastern region, extending from Duaringa to Warra, and near Kingaroy. It occurs as an understory plant in Brigalow-Belah communities, or in microphyll vine forest, or in Eucalyptus or Acacia dominated woodland on Tertiary-aged plateaus.
" 689262 distribution 1376068 "Solanum chenopodinum" "Solanum chenopodinum is found in arid to semi-arid areas of south-west Queensland. It also occurs widely in low rainfall parts of New South Wales, South Australia and Northern Territory. It occurs in shrubland on flats or watercourses on sandy or clayey soil.
" 689266 distribution 1377380 "Solanum pyracanthos" "Southeastern Madagascar; dry scrub and roadsides; 0–500 m elevation.
" 689269 distribution 1377278 "Solanum gonyrhachis" "Known only from middle to high elevations in NW Bolivia, in cloud forest, perhaps occasionally growing as a hemiepiphyte.
" 689273 distribution 1375385 "Solanum asteropilodes" "Known only from dry, rocky slopes with shrubby vegetation in the valleys of the Río León and Río Oña in the vicinity of Oña, at the boundary of Azuay and Loja Provinces, in the mountains of southern Ecuador, 2200–2600 m.
" 689275 distribution 1378720 "Solanum moxosense" "The few collections to date show Solanum moxosense is adapted to weedy or disturbed areas around cattle pens, but the original adaptation is probably to natural disturbances of the seasonally inundated savanna in which Trinidad, Bolivia is situated. So far it is only known from the immediate vicinity of the city at ca. 200 m in elevation. It is a weed in the city of Trinidad and was also seen commonly on dirt roads and near cattle yards near Puerto Almacén, 7 km SW of the city, but not yet blooming there, so no specimens were collected. No collections have been seen from the Estación Biológica del Beni, ca. 150 km to the west, one of the few areas of the Beni plains that has been thoroughly explored botanically.
" 689279 distribution 1377057 "Solanum usaramense" "Southern Kenya to Mozambique; coastal bushland, thickets, savanna and disturbed places; 0-500 m elevation.
" 689281 distribution 1380106 "Solanum semiarmatum" "Solanum semiarmatum is found in Australia along the “scenic rim” of south-eastern Queensland, from Lamington N.P. to Mt. Mistake, and adjacent areas of New South Wales south to Kyogle. It inhabits open areas within or on the margins of tall notophyll rainforest, at altitudes generally above 800 metres.
" 689285 distribution 1378169 "Solanum linearifolium" "Southeastern Australia in eastern Victoria and south eastern New South Wales, in coastal ranges and table lands. Often in disturbed sites in wetter regions, forests tracks, rocky outcrops, creek and river gorges and on roadsides in eucalypt woodlands.
" 689287 distribution 1381058 "Solanum umalilaense" "Mbeya region, Tanzania, at elevations between 1952 and 2052 m (Fig. 4 in van den Berg et al. 2012). During our collecting trip in the Umalila area (July 7–10, 2010) we found many plants in cultivated fields (Fig. 3E, F in Manoko et al. 2012) on the slope of mountains, or left in abandoned cultivated plots (Fig. 3H), which also contained maize and beans. According to the information on Gereau et al. 5084 the species is frequent on the ash layer in charcoal-burning areas. The Umalila area is located in the Mbeya region, in the South West of Tanzania at the border with Malawi and Zambia (Figure 3). Because of its elevation, the region is also known as the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, with volcanic type of soil, temperatures ranging from 12 to 23°C, and annual rainfall levels from 1500 to 2700 mm. The vegetation is mountainous, with cool temperature grasslands and the region is good for cultivation of coffee, maize, beans and vegetables (Anon. 1997).
" 689290 distribution 1377650 "Solanum incanoalabastrum" "Solanum incanoalabastrum is distributed across New Guinea in the mountains from 1000 m to 2440 m elevation. It is has been collected in Papua New Guinea but not Papua, Indonesia where it most likely also occurs. It is found in rainforest in disturbed areas including roadsides, along river, forest edges, clearings, and old gardens.
" 689292 distribution 1378379 "Solanum mahoriense" "Madagascar, endemic to northern Antsiranana; growing in tropical forest on limestone; 0-300 m elevation.
" 689294 conservation 1375802 "Solanum caelicolum" "Endangered B1 a,b (i, ii, iii). Solanum caelicolum is known from four localities very close to each other in the state of Espírito Santo, and its calculated extent of occurrence using the MCP is 31 km2. At the municipality of Santa Teresa, the locality of three of the collections, there still are several well preserved forest remnants, some of them within protected reserves. One of the collections was found at a city reserve (Estação Biológica de São Lourenço) and therefore we are not treating this species as critically endangered. The populations from further north in the Colatina region are more susceptible to changes in the species area of occupancy due to urban expansion and farming.
" 689295 distribution 1375802 "Solanum caelicolum" "Solanum caelicolum inhabits the understory or shaded forest edges of well-preserved fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic coastal rainforest, and is known only from Espírito Santo state from 150 to 850 m. Despite the fact that the type collection was from an outcrop, the species is believed to inhabit only shaded environments and the reference might be to a granitic boulder in the forest understory, a common situation in Espírito Santo forests.
" 689299 distribution 1376580 "Solanum stramoniifolium" "A lowland species usually encountered between 0 and 600 m, occurring naturally in savannas, ecotones between forest and savanna, forest openings, and along riverbanks, in open sun or partial shade; tolerant of diverse soil types from rich to relatively sterile sandy soils, usually on well drained substrata and not ordinarily found in swampy situations. Common as a weed in man-made clearings, pastures, fields, secondary thickets, trailsides, roadsides, and about human habitations. Extending from lowlands east of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru east across the northern Amazon Basin, the upper Orinoco Basin, and lower elevations of the Guyana Shield to eastern Venezuela and Belém, Brazil. Occasionally cultivated in Colombia and Peru for the edible fruits. Sporadically adventive elsewhere in the tropics.
" 689302 distribution 1374784 "Solanum forskalii" "Fairly common in the Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa southwards to Kenya. The few collections from India and Pakistan may represent accidental introductions. The distribution appears disjunct with one known collection from Senegal and no records between Senegal and Sudan; this may be due to the relative paucity of West and Central African Solanum collections examined. Occurs in scrub on stony ground and rocky slopes, often on granite from 0-2000 m elevation.
" 689308 distribution 1379455 "Solanum platacanthum" "Solanum platacanthum is native to Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It is widespread on the escarpment between 1500 and 2800 m from Turbah north to J. R?zih in Yemen (Wood 1997), but is otherwise difficult to find in the wild (Abdul Wali A. Al Khulaidi, pers. comm.). It is found on forest edges, hillsides, roadsides, and abandoned cultivation at 1500-2800 m altitude but more common between 2000-2500 m.
" 689311 distribution 1377922 "Solanum vaccinioides" "Solanum vaccinioides is restricted to a single ultramafic formation which forms Mt. Koniambo and Mt. Katépahié on the Grande Terre, New Caledonia. It is found in lino-herbaceous scrub on hypermagnesian brown soils (Brooks, 1987) from 10–500 m elevation.
" 689313 distribution 1376569 "Solanum delicatulum" "Brazil (Santa Catarina and São Paulo) and Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes), forests and forest edges at ca. 800 m.
" 689315 distribution 1375598 "Solanum dianthophorum" "Solanum dianthophorum is endemic to Queensland, Australia. The type collection is from Port Clinton, now part of the Shoalwater Bay Military Reserve, N of Rockhampton. On the specimen label the habitat is recorded as “arenosus prope littus” (sandy area near beach).
" 689321 distribution 1368363 "Solanum mapiriense" "Known only from moist forest of western Bolivia in the Department of La Paz, 850-1700 m.
" 689324 conservation 1375714 "Solanum bradei" "(IUCN, 2013). Endangered (EN) B1; B2 ab (ii, iii, iv). The EOO and AOO calculated were 4, 076.04 km2 and 48 km2respectively resulting in the assessment of the Endangered category. The species is known from eight localities only, most of which are subject to urban expansion and deforestation due to tourism and agriculture. Although the species is known to occur in three protected areas [Área de Preservação Ambiental Serra da Mantiqueira (APA Mantiqueira), Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional de Itatiaia] we suggest to maintain it as Endangered due to: the effectiveness of APAs in protecting the species is doubtful, the Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão have considerable areas with exotic species, and both it and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia have considerable areas with habitats not suitable to Solanum bradei (such as outcrops and highland grassfields). Although Solanum bradei is known to grow on secondary fragments and in a wide elevation range, threats to it are clear, considering that the southern Mantiqueira range, where most collections are from, is situated between the two main urban centers in Brazil and has become a tourism hub. In addition, over the past few decades the montane forests and the highland fields of Mantiqueira have been increasingly converted to pastures, monocultures or urban centers.
" 689325 distribution 1375714 "Solanum bradei" "Solanum bradei is restricted to the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The known specimens are mainly from the Mantiqueira mountain range in the border area between those states, with one disjunct collection from Serra do Mar, in the Bocaina region of northeastern São Paulo State. Occasional in the understory or shaded forest edges of well-preserved or secondary fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic coastal rainforest (Floresta Ombrófila Densa of Veloso et al. 1991), normally close to water courses, in elevations ranging from 1, 000 to 2, 000 m. In cultivation in Belo Horizonte, Solanum bradei flowered year round. Preliminary crossing studies suggested it was self-incompatible as no fruits were produced in selfed plants, but more individuals should be used for a definitive conclusion.
" 689327 distribution 1376478 "Solanum daphnophyllum" "In middle elevation dry deciduous forests to higher elevation forests near steppelands on the eastern Andean slope in southern Peru and Bolivia, from 700 to 1550 m.
" 689329 distribution 1378199 "Solanum longiconicum" "Central Costa Rica to western Panama, (1050-) 1400-3300 m; in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun or partial shade, in openings of cloud forests, often among oaks or pines, marshy grasslands, including disturbed habitats such as landslides, streamsides, road cuts, moist garbage heaps, recently plowed soil in forest clearings, recently burned forests, roadside ditches, forest edges, or on rotting tree stumps. When growing in primary forests, it occurs near sunny openings such as paths or streams or tree falls.
" 689332 distribution 1379419 "Solanum pillahuatense" "Solanum pillahuatense is only known from southern Peru (Depts. Apurímac and Cuzco), along roadsides and disturbed forests; 2700-2850 m in elevation.
" 689336 conservation 1380020 "Solanum savannarum" "According to IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2001), Solanum savannarum should be regarded as Least Concern (LC). Nine populations are known across a relatively wide geographic range, within a habitat probably exceeding 20,000 km2, although this habitat has suffered continuous reduction in size and quality (Klink & Machado, 2005).
" 689337 distribution 1380020 "Solanum savannarum" "Solanum savannarum is distributed through highland areas of the Brazilian Shield, in Goia´s, Minas Gerais, and the Distrito Federal, Brazil, ranging between ca. 148 and 188S and between 48° and 53°W. Within this area, the taxon is probably restricted to areas above 1000 m. In the state of Goiás, S. savannarum is known from the Serra dos Cristais, Cristalina; Chapada dos Veadeiros, Alto Pará?so de Goiás; São João da Alian¸ca; Serra de Catalão, Catalão; and Serra dos Caiapós, south of Caiapônia. In the Distrito Federal it occurs in several disturbed cerrado sites above 1000 m. There is some evidence that this species flowers after burning, which may be why it has persisted in disturbed cerrado areas in the Distrito Federal; these areas burn more frequently than well-preserved areas.
" 689339 distribution 1378856 "Solanum nigriviolaceum" "Endemic to southeastern Kenya; open ground, grassland and forest edges on hillsides, often locally common, 2500-3000 m elevation.
" 689344 distribution 1376061 "Solanum dolichocremastrum" "Peru (Depts. Ancash and Huánuco), on rocky slopes and among boulders; 3400-4400 m in elevation.
" 689346 distribution 1377577 "Solanum huaylasense" "On the rocky slopes around Callejón de Huaylas along the Río Santa in the Department of Ancash, Peru and in the adjacent Río Fortaleza drainage; 1700-3000 m.
" 689350 distribution 1375663 "Solanum bolivianum" "Solanum bolivianum is known only from a restricted area in the Yungas zone of Bolivia north and east of La Paz, southeastward to Deptos. Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. Information on habitats is scanty; evidently a species of open, seasonal woodlands, especially in disturbed sites, as along watercourses, 1000–2000 m.
" 689356 distribution 1376337 "Solanum mammosum" "Solanum mammosum is a weedy shrub native in northern South America and possibly the Caribbean; common on the Caribbean islands; in Central America from southern Mexico to Panama and in an arc around the Amazon basin from northwestern Bolivia to the Guyanas, rare and sporadic in the Amazon valley and east coast of Brazil. Sporadically introduced elsewhere; rare in Africa, more common in the East Indies. As an ornamental plant and curiosity it can be expected to be cultivated anywhere in the tropics and has the potential to escape; the label data of many of the older specimens are not explicit on the status of the plants. Grows in grasslands, pastures, roadsides, waste places, secondary growth and cultivated land in warm tropical areas with at least seasonally heavy precipitation, mostly from sea level to 100 m elevation but reaching at least 1800 m.
In Africa known from Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi; introduced and probably cultivated or occasionally escaped, found in disturbed areas near houses and around towns, 0-1500 m elevation.
" 689362 distribution 1376072 "Solanum chiapasense" "Solanum chiapasense is an occasional to common weed in roadside thickets throughout the Chiapas highlands, extending into Guatemala. It is most often associated with Quercus scrub and thorn-scrub vegetation from 600 to 2100 m.
" 689366 distribution 1374682 "Solanum aculeolatum" "Native to deciduous forests in Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Chiquimula, Zacapa, Jalapa), and Honduras (La Paz); 0-1100 m.
" 689368 distribution 1374609 "Solanum campechiense" "Southernmost Texas, both coasts of Mexico, Guatemala to Costa Rica; Greater Antilles; Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, often along muddy edges of ephemeral lakes and streams in tropical dry forest, 0-100 (-900) m in elevation. There are several records from coastal Brazil, but they remain suspect: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: "data probably doubtful" in handwriting of C. V. Morton and printed label with "Plantae Brasiliae et Indiae occidentales" with the latter crossed out, 4 Dec (fl), Carvalho s.n. (GH). Rio Grande do Sul: Porto Alegre, in ruderalis prope Alfandega, Apr 1897 (fl), E. M. Reineck s.n. (E). The Reineck collection would seem to be a solid record, but there are also specimens of S. persicifolium Dunal collected at Porto Alegre, ad margines viarum prope Arraial da Gloria, Nov 1898 (fl,fr), E. M. Reineck s.n. (E) and cidade da Bahia, ad margines prope Alfandega, Oct 1899 (fl,fr), E. M. Reineck s.n. (E), so that either Reineck was recording stray waifs of these West Indian species at Brazilian port towns, or the labels are incorrect.
" 689373 distribution 1368082 "Solanum tetramerum" "In forests and scrub on limestone dry hills on Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica, from sea level to 400 m elevation.
" 689375 distribution 1374766 "Solanum stoloniferum" "Southwestern U.S.A. (Arizona, New Mexico, SW Texas); to Oaxaca, Mexico, (1040-) 1440-3400 (-3700) m; among boulders on steep hillsides, sandy alluvial stream bottoms, in gravel along trails or roadways, in thick leaf mulch under trees, at edges of cultivated or fallow fields, along fencerows and railways, in organic moist soil to dry sandy soils, in grasslands, juniper-pinion scrub, desert tropical deciduous forests, to fir, pine, juniper or oak forests.
" 689378 distribution 1378355 "Solanum verrucosum" "Widely distributed throughout Mexico from the northeast (Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí), to central Mexico and south to Oaxaca, (1870) 2100-3500 (4000) m; often in cloud forests, in rich soil in alder, fir, pine, and oak forests, among bushes, roadsides, clearings in woods, among grasses.
" 689381 distribution 1375808 "Solanum cajamarcense" "Northern Peru (Dept. Cajamarca), rocky slopes, among bushes; 2200-3000 m in elevation.
" 689383 distribution 1377004 "Solanum falconense" "Only known from the cloud forests of the Sierra San Luis in the state of Falcón, Venezuela, at 1300-1400 m. Grows in open places in forest, but not in full sun.
" 689389 distribution 1380319 "Solanum stenandrum" "On disturbed soil or naturally open rocky and gravelly slopes and outcrops in the campo or cerrado, perhaps also along streams, restricted to northeastern Brazil at moderate elevations from 800–1800 m.
" 689391 distribution 1376111 "Solanum myriacanthum" "A weedy shrub of secondary vegetation, pastures, roadsides, cultivated land, thickets and edges of forest, in zone of subtropical dry forest, tropical evergreen forest, oak-pine forest or cloud forest, from Tamaulipas south through eastern Mexico to Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and northern Nicaragua; sporadic in western Cuba where apparently still present and Louisiana, where it has not persisted. From sea level to 1700 m elevation, rarely higher.
" 689393 distribution 1380717 "Solanum tovarii" "In high-elevation savanna areas in the Peruvian departments of Huancavelica and Junín, from 2700-3300 m.
" 689395 distribution 1370086 "Solanum pseudoquina" "Common in the forests of southeastern Brazil, from Espíritu Santo to Santa Catarina, and in Argentina and Paraguay, from 100 to 800 m, in a variety of habitats.
" 689397 distribution 1377390 "Solanum hamulosum" "Solanum hamulosum is endemic to the Atherton Tableland in the state of Queensland, Australia. It grows in notophyll rainforest on basaltic soils, between 600-1100 m.
" 689399 distribution 1381035 "Solanum tunariense" "In moist to dry deciduous forest on the eastern Andean slope in Bolivia, from 900-2550 m.
" 689402 distribution 1377138 "Solanum friburgense" "Narrowly endemic in southern Brazil, known from only two localities in the municipality of Nova Friburgo in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Both localities are within conservation units, one public (Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima) and one private (RPPN Bacchus). Rare in the understory of well-preserved fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic coastal rainforest, at elevations of about 1, 500 m. The species always shows a well-developed rhizome system. This suggests the plant invests heavily in vegetative propagation, which is consistent with the few flowering specimens found in the field. In cultivation, so few flowers were produced that no crossing studies were performed.
" 689406 distribution 1375971 "Solanum cassioides" "SE Brazil in Araucauria forest, from 300 to 1200 m.
" 689408 distribution 1374869 "Solanum amicorum" "Restricted to the island nation of Tonga in coastal thickets, edges of littoral forest, and disturbed areas from sea level to 7 m elevation.
" 689410 distribution 1377510 "Solanum pectinatum" "A low- to mid-elevation species of streambanks, secondary thickets, and forest openings in rain forest and premontane forest, 0-1500 m, in Costa Rica through Panama, apparently absent from northern Colombia, in lowlands east of the Andean Cordillera in southern Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. This species has been recently reported from Mexico in the state of Veracruz.
" 689413 distribution 1370161 "Solanum occultum" "Disturbed areas of tropical rain forest, sometimes on inundated soil, 100-1200 m in elevation, western Amazon basin of southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and northeastern Peru.
" 689416 distribution 1376075 "Solanum chilliasense" "Solanum chilliasense is endemic to southern Ecuador (Prov. El Oro), in grasslands and among bushes in the Andes, 3200-3450 m in elevation.
" 689419 distribution 1376327 "Solanum cordicitum" "Solanum cordicitum is known only from Jeff Davis Co., Texas (USA) from 1350?1820 m in elevation. The vegetation where it is found is typical of the northern Chihuahua Desert flora, with low scrub and grasses.
" 689421 conservation 1377003 "Solanum falciforme" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), Solanum falciforme is classified asVU-B1a+biii; A2c (Vulnerable). Populations of this species are located near expanding population centers leading to highly fragmented populations. The extent of occupancy is estimated to be less than 20, 000 km2. There is also a continuing decline in suitable habitat in these regions due to deforestation and the establishment of new settlements.
" 689425 distribution 1376236 "Solanum maglia" "Solanum maglia is known from western Argentina (Prov. Mendoza); central and south Chile (Regions V, VII, VIII, IX, X). In Argentina S. maglia is found in a humid gorge close to a river that carries water the whole year, under the shade of the vegetation, bushes or ferns, in sandy and stony soil, 1400-1820 m. This gorge, unlike other gorges in that area, is deep and narrow with habitats shaded throughout the day. It is possible that the species is limited in Argentina to this locality. In Chile, it is found in coastal humid valleys, among rocks and sand, sea level to (estimated) 1200 m.
" 689428 distribution 1376365 "Solanum cowiei" "Solanum cowiei is presently known from a handful of localities in the sub-arid tropical zone of the Northern Territory (a region known colloquially as the “Top End”), most of these habitats are classified under the Tropical eucalypt woodlands/grasslands Major Vegetation Group (National Land and Water Resources 2002). The species is associated with low sandstone outcrops and open eucalypt woodlands, where it typically grows among small boulders or in sandy grassy areas between or around rock formations. The areas where Solanum cowiei has been collected are fire-prone and burn at semi-regular intervals, allowing for this taxon to compete effectively with species of lesser fire tolerance.
" 689430 distribution 1375900 "Solanum cantense" "Central Peru (Depts. Ancash and Lima), rocky slopes, on poor soil, among herbs or shrubs; 2350-3400 m in elevation.
" 689432 distribution 1377588 "Solanum humectophilum" "Northern Peru (Dept. Amazonas), in humid forests or brushy slopes, 2750-3200 m in elevation.
" 689434 distribution 1374797 "Solanum tettense" "Mid-elevation areas of sub-Saharan Africa from Ethiopia to Transvaal; growing in Acacia (Vachellia)-Commiphora bushland, Brachystegia woodland, savanna, open areas and on rocky slopes, common on termite mounds; (450-) 650 – 1600 m elevation.
" 689437 distribution 1374653 "Solanum acropterum" "Endemic to Jamaica, where it occurs in woods on limestone hills in the cloud forests of primarily the John Crow Mountains from 100-500 m.
" 689439 distribution 1375300 "Solanum arachnidanthum" "Solanum arachnidanthum occurs in seasonally flooded savannas of the Llanos de Moxos of Depts. Beni, Pando, and Santa Cruz, Bolivia, at 125-275 m in elevation.
" 689441 distribution 1376339 "Solanum cornifolium" "Woods, paramo edges and cloud forest second growth, 2300-3000 m, from Mérida, Venezuela to Carchi, Ecuador.
" 689443 distribution 1370005 "Solanum pendulum" "Understories and openings of tropical rain forests, 200-2850 m, eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador, the valleys of the rivers Huallaga and Ucayali in Peru, the Rio Beni in Bolivia, and adjacent Amazonian Brazil.
" 689446 distribution 1375559 "Solanum pampaninii" "Somalia to Kenya, commonly collected on the Somalian coast and apparently locally abundant; growing in sand, bushland, dunes or secondary scrub on limestone or coral. 0-300 m elevation.
" 689449 distribution 1378989 "Solanum nobile" "In Queensland, Solanum nobile is known only from the Killarney area, but several populations are known in New South Wales as far south as Bellingen River. It grows in notophyll rainforest, or in tall wet sclerophyll forest dominated by Eucalyptus saligna.
" 689451 distribution 1378732 "Solanum muenscheri" "Mountains of NW Guatemala and SW Mexico, from 2500-4000 m in montane or cloud forests. Most collections come from the Sierra de Cuchumatanes in Guatemala.
" 689453 distribution 1378401 "Solanum malletii" "On the W margin of the Amazon basin in Colombia, Ecuador and Perú, in tropical wet forest, from 200-1300 m.
" 689455 distribution 1374585 "Solanum ×michoacanum" "Mexico (Michoacán), 1900-2100 m; in area of tropical deciduous forest among grasses and shrubs and cacti of old lava fields, growing in areas where S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum grow.
" 689460 distribution 1374590 "Solanum ×viirsooi" "Solanum ×viirsooi is known only from northern Argentina (Prov. Jujuy), in generally dry rocky areas or among shrubs or cacti, or at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, in and close to cattle dwellings and enclosures or along streamsides; 3100-4000 m in elevation.
" 689462 distribution 1377771 "Solanum insidiosum" "Eastern Brazil from Pernambuco and the Distrito Federal to Rio de Janeiro, in disturbed areas and forest margins in littoral forests, cerrados and restingas, in sandy or calcareous soils, from 500-1500 m.
" 689464 distribution 1376118 "Solanum chomatophilum" "Ecuador (Provs. Azuay and Pichincha), north and central Peru (Depts. Amazonas, Ancash, Cajamarca, Huánuco, La Libertad, Lima, Junín, Pasco and San Martín). Solanum chomatophilum is found in a wide diversity of habitats: along streamsides, on rocky or eroded slopes, poor soils or rich organic soils, on wet shrubby habitats, or in the sub-paramos, punas and grasslands, among herbs, shrubs or trees; 1950-4800 m in elevation, with the majority of the populations growing between 3200-4000 m.
" 689468 distribution 1377489 "Solanum hibernum" "Central Bolivia in Depts. Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz; sandy or rocky soil in semiarid inter-Andean valleys, often in thorn scrub communities; 1250-2600 m.
" 689473 conservation 1370450 "Solanum dulcamara" "Least Concern (LC); EOO >100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO >10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.Solanum dulcamara has a circumboreal distribution and is very common so it is not of conservation concern. Peripheral populations such as those in eastern Russia, however, may harbour interesting genetic variation (see Knapp 2011).
" 689474 distribution 1370450 "Solanum dulcamara" "Solanum dulcamara is widely distributed across Eurasia and northern North America, where it is also common; sea level to ca. 2000 m. The North American populations are thought to be introductions, but it is possible that the species has a truly circumboreal distribution. Solanum dulcamara is a weedy species and grows in a wide variety of temperate habitats, often associated with water and open places with abundant light. Although somewhat woody, it rarely reaches into the canopy but is more often found in thickets and sprawling in other low vegetation.
" 689478 distribution 1376823 "Solanum dunalianum" "Solanum dunalianum occurs in Indonesia (Sulawesi and the Malukus), New Guinea (Irian Jaya and Papua), Vanuatu (previously know as New Hebrides) and the Australian mainland, where it is known only from the vicinity of Weipa on Cape York Peninsula. It is found in secondary habitats along the edges of semi-deciduous rainforest (on ‘red lateritic ridges’ in Queensland), from sea level to 700 m.
" 689479 distribution 1376823 "Solanum dunalianum" "Solanum dunalianum is the most widespread member of section Dunaliana and one of the most often collected. It is found from Sulawesi east through New Guinea and south to the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. It typically occurs in disturbed habitats and has been found in secondary rainforest, along roads, in clearings, along streams, and gardens from sea level to 1200 m elevation.
" 689482 distribution 1375930 "Solanum cardiophyllum" "Rare in northern Mexico (Durango), then widespread from central Mexico (Jalisco, Aguascalientes, and Zacetecas), south to Oaxaca; 1320-2800 m; in and about cultivated fields, or in sandy or rocky ground, or rich soil, streamsides, grassy fields, in areas of tropical deciduous forests, or mesquite grasslands, or oak or pine or alder forests, xerophytic scrublands.
" 689485 distribution 1370146 "Solanum premnifolium" "Secondary vegetation and openings or margins of primary forest, southeastern Brazil and Paraná and Rio de Janeiro and possibly also in Bahia and São Paulo, at about 50-700 m in elevation.
" 689491 distribution 1375623 "Solanum cordifolium" "Solanum cordifolium is endemic to southeastern Brazil (Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro), occurring in sandy soils in restingas, openings in forest, coastal dunes and secondary habitats, from 0-200 m.
" 689497 distribution 1377070 "Solanum flahaultii" "Solanum flahaultii occurs from southwestern to northeastern Colombia (Depts. Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Meta, Santander and Cauca), in moist habitats, at forest edges and along roadsides; 2500-4310 m in elevation.
" 689499 distribution 1375467 "Solanum vescum" "Southeastern Australia from southern Queensland through New South Wales and Victoria to Tasmania, in wet areas. Subcoastal in consolidated coastal dunes, stream banks and forest margins.
" 689501 distribution 1374636 "Solanum accrescens" "A Central American species with two recognised subspecies occurring from Nicaragua to Panama in humid to subhumid and gallery forests from 100-1700 m.
" 689505 distribution 1381127 "Solanum vacciniiflorum" "In the cloud forests of montane Costa Rica, Panama and northern Colombia, from 2000 to 3000 m.
" 689507 distribution 1375648 "Solanum laxum" "Native to southeastern Brazil from the states of Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul to the mouth of the Río de la Plata in Argentina and Uruguay, in Atlantic rainforest, Araucaria forests, gallery forests and open forest margins, from nearly sea level to above 500 m elevation; widely cultivated worldwide in both temperate and subtropical zones, often escaped and naturalized.
" 689509 distribution 1376047 "Solanum mochiquense" "Solanum mochiquense occurs in Peru (Depts. Ancash, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima and Piura), in two disjunct habitats, in lomas on the coast from 150-800 m in elevation and in dry rocky soils on the mountains from 1170-3000 m.
" 689511 distribution 1374595 "Solanum schulzianum" "Known only from the eastern portion of the island of Hispaniola (currently collections only seen from the Dominican Republic) growing in forests from 300-1300 m elevation.
" 689513 distribution 1379103 "Solanum oligacanthum" "Solanum oligacanthum is distributed in the states of Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia in Australia. In Queensland, it is confined to the extreme south-west of the state, near Birdsville. It grows in shrubland, on creek channels, claypans, lake margins and interdunal flats in sandy or clayey soils. According to Symon (1981), this species grows in some of the most arid areas of Australia.
" 689515 distribution 1381215 "Solanum vicinum" "Solanum vicinum is known from the states of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. It is uncommon in Queensland, known from just a few locations as far north as Conondale Ranges. It is reasonably widespread in north-eastern New South Wales, as far south as Wauchope. It grows in notophyll rainforest, or on the margins of same, usually at relatively high altitude.
" 689517 distribution 1368300 "Solanum anceps" "Columbia to Bolivia and into Brazil, from 100-nearly 3000 m, in a wide range of wet forest habitats.
" 689519 distribution 1376603 "Solanum dendroicum" "Endemic to the Samaná Peninsula of the Dominican Republic in northeastern Hispaniola, in matorrales and forests on limestone derived from ancient corals from sea level to 350 m elevation.
" 689522 distribution 1377068 "Solanum flagellare" "Solanum flagellare is restricted to São Paulo state in Brazil in the coastal area near Mogi das Cruzes. One collection (Riedel s. n.) records the habitat as grasslands.
" 689523 distribution 1380773 "Solanum truncatum" "In primary and secondary forest, often in disturbed areas at 900-1900 m in elevation in mountainous regions of Costa Rica and Panama, possibly also extending into northwestern South America.
" 689525 distribution 1374612 "Solanum richardii" "Southeastern Africa and Madagascar, extending inland to Zimbabwe and the southernmost corner of Democratic Republic of the Congo [Jaeger (1985) cites Pooley 1672 from KwaZulu-Natal as evidence for occurrence in South Africa but this is a misidentification, Pooley 1672 is a specimen of S. torreanum] growing in disturbed areas, open bushland with grass, open forest, thickets and roadsides at 500 – 1300 m elevation.
" 689530 distribution 1375368 "Solanum aspersum" "Solanum aspersum occurs in widely separated and isolated populations along the Andes from central Ecuador into Colombia, from 1600 to 2500 m. Montane forests and forest margins.
" 689533 distribution 1380558 "Solanum tanysepalum" "In the cloud forests of the Cordillera de la Costa in Venezuela, from 1000-1700 m.
" 689537 distribution 1377693 "Solanum incurvum" "Eastern slopes of the Andes from S. Ecuador to S. Peru, montane forest and forest edges, 1540-3000 m.
" 689538 general 1377693 "Solanum incurvum" "Climbing herb, up to 2 m in length at maturity, often trailing along the forest floor. Stems ca. 8 mm in diameter, minutely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes 0.3-1.0 mm long.Endemic to the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania; growing in closed forest understory; 1500-1800 m elevation.
" 689546 distribution 1375344 "Solanum erythrotrichum" "Solanum erythrotrichum is a widespread and abundant species in southern Mexico, Central America and across northern South America to Trinidad, occurring in disturbed areas and clearings in rainforest on clayey soils, at elevations from 40-1500 m.
" 689549 distribution 1379117 "Solanum olympicum" "Weedy species of roadsides, rocky slopes, grassy areas, and forests in central southwest to easternBrazil, eastern to central Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, and northwestern Argentina between 115-2700 m in elevation.
" 689551 distribution 1374881 "Solanum viscosissimum" "In forests and forest margins from the cerrados of the Federal District to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 500-1200 m.
" 689553 distribution 1375214 "Solanum crispum" "Chile from Quillota south to the island of Chiloé, from 10-2500 m elevation. Solanum crispum is also known from scattered collections in Argentina along the border with Chile. Solanum crispum grows in Nothofagus forest, often in second growth, and in a wide variety of moist microsites in otherwise dry habitats,
" 689555 distribution 1378687 "Solanum monotanthum" "NE Tanzania (Tanga Province, T3), Zanzibar, and SE Kenya (Coast Province, K7). Dry forest or forest edges, savannah, shrubland, and roadsides, 0-500 m elevation.
" 689557 distribution 1376463 "Solanum viridifolium" "Solanum viridifolium is found along the coast of the state of Queensland, Australia and in southern Papua New Guinea. It inhabits notophyll rainforests in high rainfall areas, especially above 300 m, but also on the lowlands.
" 689558 distribution 1376463 "Solanum viridifolium" "Solanum viridifolium primarily occurs on the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia; however, it can also be found in the southernmost part of New Guinea. It is the only abundant species in Solanum section Dunaliana in Australia. Solanum viridifolium is adapted for disturbed sites. It is found in rainforest especially in rainforest regrowth and margins, in open areas, along roads, along streams, in old garden sites, in old village sites, along the inner edge of mangroves, and in lowland grasslands near old gardens from sea level to 1220 m elevation.
" 689561 distribution 1376723 "Solanum diversifolium subsp. diversifolium" "Solanum diversifolium subsp. diversifolium occurs in disturbed areas and light gaps in cloud forest, 500-1900 m, coastal Venezuela.
" 689563 distribution 1379020 "Solanum nubicola" "Solanum nubicola is endemic to central Peru (Huánuco and La Libertad Departments), in moist habitats, often in rich organic soils, in sunny openings in woods or at forest edges, or in puna among shrubs, often in habitats such as streamsides or mountain slopes; 3260-3600 m in elevation.
" 689565 distribution 1377374 "Solanum gympiense" "Solanum gympiense is endemic to Queensland where it extends along the coast from Woondum (near Gympie) to Rosedale (west of Bundaberg), with disjunct occurrences in the Carnarvon Range north of Injune. It grows in shrubby eucalypt forest in sandy to loamy soil.
" 689567 distribution 1379274 "Solanum pastillum" "Found only in the cloud forests of montane S Nicaragua, and Costa Rica from (75-)1000 to 1700 m.
" 689569 distribution 1377277 "Solanum goniocaulon" "In rainforest in N Perú and S Ecuador, from 2000-3000 m.
" 689575 distribution 1380168 "Solanum simile" "Along the southern coast of Australia from Western Australia to northern New South Wales, in drier areas, nearly corresponding to the principal areas of mallee eucalypt woodlands; wide variety of soil types, often after fires.
" 689577 distribution 1376716 "Solanum ditrichum" "Solanum ditrichum is a widespread species in Australia extending from Dungog in New South Wales to M.t Mee in Queensland (plus historical records from Yandina, Kin Kin and Gympie). It grows in wet sclerophyll eucalypt forest or on rainforest margins.
" 689579 distribution 1379453 "Solanum placitum" "Solanum placitum is found in northeastern Bolivia and adjacent western Brazil and grows in tropical forest edges, clearings and abandoned fields (“capoeiras”) at elevations of 175 to 300 m.
" 689583 distribution 1380757 "Solanum triplinervium" "In primary forest along streams on Isla Gorgona (Colombia) and the adjacent mainland of Ecuador.
" 689587 distribution 1376329 "Solanum cordovense" "Roadsides, forest edges, pastures, and secondary growth in moist to wet forest, Mex. – Pan., S. Amer.; 100-1750 m
" 689589 conservation 1374647 "Solanum achorum" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010) Solanum achorum is classified as VU- B2a+B2biii; D2 (Vulnerable). The extent of occupancy is estimated to be approximately 30, 000 km2 with less than 10 collected locations. The conservation status of Solanum achorum is similar to that of Solanum rubicaule with respect to the potential of more unidentified specimens in herbaria, more specimens as a result of increased collecting efforts, and the difficulty of assessing future habitat as deforestation continues.
" 689590 distribution 1374647 "Solanum achorum" "Known from northern Peru in Depts. Amazonas and Cajamarca and southern Ecuador in Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe in disturbed open places in montane tropical forest, 700–2100 m in elevation.
" 689592 distribution 1370003 "Solanum pinetorum" "Secondary vegetation and disturbed areas in primary forest, coastal cloud forest and Araucaria forests of southeastern Brazil at elevations of 750-2100 m in the provinces of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina.
" 689595 distribution 1376042 "Solanum chalmersii" "In the understory of montane forest in northern Bolivia, on eastern Andean slopes from 1900-2200 m. Plants of Solanum chalmersii grow both in the forest understory and in disturbed areas along roads and streams, attaining higher population densities in open areas.
" 689597 distribution 1379602 "Solanum pseudodaphnopsis" "Restricted to the coastal sandy habitats of restinga vegetation (see Mentz & Stehmann, 2003) in Santa Catarina and Paraná, S Brazil; growing in open places, gaps of the borders of coastal rain or swamp forest at about sea level.
" 689599 distribution 1380156 "Solanum shirleyanum" "Solanum shirleyanum occurs in high rainfall areas of southeastern Queensland, and extends to near Murwillumbah in New South Wales. It grows on the margins of notophyll rainforest where Eucalyptus grandis is often prominent. Soils are infertile, and associated species may include Caldcluvia paniculosa and Callicoma serratifolia. It occurs at relatively low altitudes, although reaching 560 metres in the Conondale Ranges.
" 689601 distribution 1378230 "Solanum lucens" "In secondary growth of dry forest areas in western Venezuela and eastern Colombia, on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes and in the Táchira depression, from 500-1200 m.
" 689603 distribution 1378702 "Solanum morelliforme" "Widespread throughout central Mexico (southern Jalisco to Querétato and Veracruz), south to southeastern and south-central Guatemala, to southern Honduras; 1870-3050 m; growing almost exclusively as an epiphyte on horizontal branches of mature Arbutus, cyprus, elm, juniper, pine, or oak trees, often in moss and organic litter. Occasionally the species is found on the ground in the woods, in rotting wood of fallen trees, or in moss, like its sister taxon S. clarum. Spooner et al. (1998) were unable to locate S. morelliforme at some previously documented localities that had been logged and reforested, and the range of this species may have been reduced by deforestation. The southernmost record of S. morelliforme, Molina & Molina 26100, was collected in Honduras in 1961, the only record for that country. Antonio Molina (EAP) kindly led Spooner and collaborators back to the exact spots where he originally collected it in small valleys off the main road from Tegucigalpa to Lapaterique. One of these was at a place called Las Tablas at 1600 m, at 14º03.95’N, 87º22.73’W, and the other at Quebrada Honda, at 1610 m, at 14º03’56”N, 87º24’44”W. The species was no longer present in this area and Spooner et al. (2004) could not find it in other nearby sites.
" 689607 distribution 1374714 "Solanum adscendens" "The majority of collections of S. adscendens are from Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil. A few collections exist from Misiones and Corrientes Provinces in Argentina, but these are found nearly on the border between the two countries. Solanum adscendens is a weedy species of interior forests and river banks as well as fields and roadsides (commonly ruderal) in seasonal deciduous forests at elevations from 0-600 (900) m.
" 689611 distribution 1377816 "Solanum ivohibe" "Known only from the type locality in the forest of the Ivohibe area of Fianarantsoa.
" 689615 conservation 1375235 "Solanum anomalostemon" "Solanum anomalostemon is known from only a few collections, all collected within 20 km of each other in the Río Apurímac drainage. The species had not been collected for more than half a century until its recent rediscovery in Cusco Department, on the other side of the Apurímac. The dry forests in which it occurs are not widely protected in Peru, and S. anomalostemon does not occur in or near any of the Peruvian network of protected areas (INRENA). Solanum anomalostemon can be added to the list of endemic Peruvian solanums, and using the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2001) it has been given a preliminary conservation status of Endangered (EN B1a[iii], B2a) based on its restricted distribution (extent of occurrence , 5000 km2, area of occupancy , 100 km2), low number of populations (2-3), and threatened and unprotected habitat.
" 689616 distribution 1375235 "Solanum anomalostemon" "Solanum anomalostemon occurs in southern Peru on rocky and clayey arid slopes at ca. 2800 m (ca. 13°30’S, 72°40’W) on either side of the Río Apurímac west of Cusco on the road to Abancay.
" 689622 distribution 1380097 "Solanum selachophyllum" "Solanum selachophyllum is known from southern Ecuador to central Peru in the Cordillera Central at elevations of 1800 to 3200 m. It occurs in humid subtropical evergreen forest openings.
" 689624 distribution 1374708 "Solanum volubile" "Solanum volubile is a weedy species of forest edges, light gaps, and roadsides from Veracruz, Mexico through Central America and the northern coast of South America in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and French Guiana and Trinidad and Tobago, commonly at sea level to 500m (1600 m).
" 689626 distribution 1380616 "Solanum tetrathecum" "Solanum tetrathecum is endemic to Queensland. It is known from two separate areas: the main area is on the western Darling Downs from Allies Creek to Westmar; the other is around Kingaroy and Yarraman. It usually inhabits heavy clays soils in Brigalow-Belah forest, but also grows on the margins of notophyll rainforest, in Eucalyptus populnea woodland or (rarely) on stony ironbark ridges.
" 689628 distribution 1375372 "Solanum asperum" "In humid lowland tropical forests of Belize, Panama, and Trinidad; occasional to common in secondary growth thickets. In South America, a coastal species reaching inland along major rivers and to 1000 m in the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela.
" 689630 distribution 1377176 "Solanum gandarillasii" "Solanum gandarillasii is known from south-central Bolivia (Depts. Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz), among shrubs, spiny scrub and cacti, in forests, typically in dry environments, in humus, clay or rocky soil; 1450-3000 m in elevation.
" 689632 distribution 1380190 "Solanum simplicissimum" "Central Peru (Dept. Lima), among rocks, 1600-2720 m in elevation.
" 689634 distribution 1379026 "Solanum symmetricum" "In mid elevation forests and the eastern Andean slope in Bolivia and Argentina, also in Misiones, Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay in hilly areas, from 400 to 1000 m.
" 689636 distribution 1369994 "Solanum confusum" "Bolivia and northwestern Argentina; cloud forest, open areas, or secondary vegetation, often on slopes and in groves of aliso (Alnus acuminata); ca. 900-4000 m.
" 689643 distribution 1378786 "Solanum myrsinoides" "Endemic to North-East Madagascar, in Toamasina and Antsiranana; wet montane forests; 500-1500 m elevation.
" 689645 distribution 1376314 "Solanum contumazaense" "Peru (Dept. Cajamarca), on rocky or eroded slopes, poor or rich soils; 2150-2900 m in elevation.
" 689647 distribution 1376288 "Solanum confertiseriatum" "In wet and dry forests as a second growth shrub or tree in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru from sea level to 500 m elevation.
" 689649 distribution 1376936 "Solanum paludosum" "A widely distributed species in eastern South America, from 0-1000m, occurring in coastal areas, forests, restingas and tabuleiros on sandy, sandy clay or salty soils.
" 689651 distribution 1375774 "Solanum bumeliifolium" "Endemic to South-West Madagascar; dry scrubland on sandy soil, often coastal; 0-100 m elevation.
" 689655 distribution 1379180 "Solanum oxapampense" "Endemic to the valley of the Río Huancabamba (Río Pozuzo) in central Peru; found within the Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillen. Montane forests from 1500 to 2500 m elevation; as with many members of the Brevantherum group, often found along roadsides and in open areas.
" 689657 distribution 1378831 "Solanum neocardenasii" "Solanum neocardenasii is endemic to central Bolivia (Dept. Santa Cruz), dry forests, in shade of thorn trees, 1400-1700 m in elevation.
" 689661 distribution 1375556 "Solanum macracanthum" "Endemic to Ethiopia, primarily in the highlands; growing in montane forest, forest edges, open spaces and steep slopes; 2100-3300 m elevation.
" 689663 use 1375556 "Solanum macracanthum" "Local Names. Ethiopia: Umboy (SW Ethiopia Forest Inventory 430).
" 689664 distribution 1380495 "Solanum sumacaspi" "In high secondary forests near steppeland in S Peru, from 2100-3400 m, most collections from the vicinity of Cuzco.
" 689666 distribution 1370061 "Solanum diploconos" "Clearings and edges of forest in Atlantic coastal rain forest and Araucaria stands of southeastern Brazil in the states of Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul and in Paraguay (Dept. Alto Paraná) at elevations of 50-1000 m.
" 689669 distribution 1376605 "Solanum ternatum" "Tropical wet forest to humid cloud forest, in deep shade or forest edges from 100-2800 m. In Andean region from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia.
" 689671 distribution 1378642 "Solanum minutifoliolum" "Solanum minutifoliolum occurs in Ecuador (Napo south to Cañar), in forests and mountains, 2200-3400 m in elevation.
" 689674 distribution 1375505 "Solanum sisymbriifolium" "Native to dry regions in South America from Ecuador to Argentina, but widely introduced in tropical and subtropical areas world wide. Introduced and naturalized sporadically in Africa, in South Africa it is classified as a noxious weed (Henderson 2011) also known from Swaziland and the Kenyan coast.
" 689677 distribution 1370001 "Solanum amotapense" "Southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru; cliff edges, dry and rocky stream beds, and under deciduous vegetation, primarily in seasonally arid areas; 600-2300 m.
" 689682 distribution 1376822 "Solanum dumicola" "Solanum dumicola is endemic to Queensland. It is known from a few scattered locations in south central Queensland. It usually grows in semi-evergreen vine thicket or Belah (Casuarina cristata) forest on clayey soil, but there is one record from ironbark woodland on sandy soil.
" 689684 distribution 1375625 "Solanum pycnanthemum" "A rare species, known only from mountainous areas in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in southeastern Brazil, in humid forests at elevations above 1000 m.
" 689688 distribution 1379249 "Solanum paraibanum" "Solanum paraibanum is endemic to the Atlantic coastal rainforest in northeastern Brazil in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Paraíba, and Pernambuco at 0-40 m in elevation.
" 689690 distribution 1381362 "Solanum woodsonii" "Endemic to western Panama on the E-facing slope of Volcán de Barú (Volcán de Chiriquí), 3000-3500 m; clearings in dense rainforests with Chusquea, in rich organic soil.
" 689695 distribution 1378162 "Solanum limbaniense" "Solanum limbaniense is endemic to southern Peru (Dept. Puno), in moist habitats, road sides and disturbed forests; 2900-3750 m in elevation.
" 689697 distribution 1374656 "Solanum actephilum" "Restricted to the Grande Terre of New Caledonia, Solanum actephilum is found across a wide elevation range from ca. sea level to 1000 m elevation in humid forest. Whalen (1984) reported this species as a serpentine endemic. It is a scandent shrub adapted to scramble up surrounding vegetation with its prickles. McKee 34476 reported it as scrambling to 6 m up neighboring vegetation.
" 689699 distribution 1376473 "Solanum magnifolium" "Solanum magnifolium is endemic to Queensland, Australia, distributed from Cooktown to S of Ravenshoe, with historical records (including the type) from the Ingham and Cardwell areas. It inhabits rainforest margins or where rainforest is invading adjacent eucalypt forest from 100-900 m.
" 689701 distribution 1376633 "Solanum pancheri" "Restricted to the Grande Terre of New Caledonia, S. pancheri is found in low forest from 5–200 m elevation. This species can be an understory shrub in intact forest which is very unusual for Solanum on New Caledonia. Solanums in general prefer disturbance such as forest edges or openings. Whalen (1984) listed at a serpentine endemic, but several specimens indicate it growing on calcareous substrates as well.
" 689703 distribution 1374705 "Solanum cookii" "Solanum cookii is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It is sporadically distributed along the east coast from Coen to Townsville. It grows on disturbed sites in microphyll or tall notophyll rainforest, or on the margin with woodland communities. It has been recorded from vine forests on soils derived from basalts and granodiorite, usually between 500-1100 metres, but it has occasionally been found near sea level.
" 689705 distribution 1370037 "Solanum diversifolium subsp. chloranthum" "Solanum diversifolium subsp. chloranthum occurs in cloud forest, (90-)600-3000 m in elevation (20-400 m in Costa Rica and Panama), Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, and Colombia.
" 689707 distribution 1378309 "Solanum macbridei" "Boulder fields and among rocks in moist puna from S Peru to N Bolivia, 3800-4600 m.
" 689711 distribution 1374577 "Solanum ×aemulans" "Solanum ×aemulans is found in northern Argentina (Provs. Jujuy, Salta and La Rioja), in generally dry rocky areas, in railway embankments, among spiny shrubs or cacti, at the edges of cultivated fields or roadsides, along streamsides and ditches, close to stone walls of cattle enclosures as well as on bare soil; (2690) 3000-4000 (4020) m in elevation.
" 689713 distribution 1376611 "Solanum densevestitum" "Solanum densevestitum is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It occurs from the north-western outskirts of Brisbane to Gympie and west to Gallangowan, with a remarkable outlying collection at Eungella, west of Mackay. It inhabits dense eucalypt forest with a shrubby understorey of rainforest species, often in areas that have been disturbed e.g. by roadworks.
" 689716 distribution 1375217 "Solanum viride" "Solanum viride is distributed across the Pacific from Fiji to the Pitcairn Islands and in Hawaii from sea level–300 m elevation. This species is both cultivated and feral in forests, thickets, and along beaches.
" 689719 distribution 1375581 "Solanum betroka" "Endemic to southern half of Toliara and southern Fianarantsoa; open forest and scrub on limestone or sand. Elevation not recorded.
" 689721 distribution 1375421 "Solanum aturense" "Solanum aturense occurs along disturbed roadsides, forest edges, and in forest gaps from Veracruz, Mexico through Central America to eastern Colombia and Ecuador at 100-2500 m. S. aturense is not found in the Caribbean.
" 689723 distribution 1370091 "Solanum fusiforme" "Argentina, Paraguay, and southeastern Brazil in drainages of rivers Paraná and Uruguay; Araucaria forests, clearings, and thickets in “mata branca” zone (fide Smith & Downs, 1966), riparian forests, and disturbed areas; 500-850 m.
" 689726 distribution 1376413 "Solanum valdiviense" "Solanum valdiviense is found in Nothofagus forests and woods in southern Chile and adjacent Argentina, from 100-2000 m. The altitudinal range of S. valdiviense is from almost sea level to the high Andes and it is apparently relatively common.
" 689728 distribution 1374890 "Solanum anamatophilum" "Central Peru (Dept. Ancash), in xerophytic habitats, on poor rocky soils, among cactus and bromeliads, 1720-2800 m in elevation.
" 689730 distribution 1370082 "Solanum cacosmum" "Open or disturbed places in rain forest on terra firme, 200-700 m in elevation, eastern slope of Andes in Ecuador and Peru and lowlands of Amazonian Brazil.
" 689733 distribution 1380292 "Solanum sporadotrichum" "Solanum sporadotrichum is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It ranges from west of Townsville to Airlie Beach, and on Calder Island. It grows in semi-evergreen vine thicket, margins of littoral notophyll rainforest and (at Airlie Beach and Mt. Dryander) in well-developed Argyrodendron-dominated rainforest.
" 689736 distribution 1377777 "Solanum insulae-pinorum" "Solanum insuale-pinorum is restricted to the forest understory and forest edge of ocean-side Pandanus-Arocaria forest ca. 10 m elevation, Solanum insulae-pinorum is a calciferous endemic (Morat et al. 2001). It is restricted to a small area on Île des Pins, New Caledonia, in the vicinity of" la piscine naturelle".
" 689738 distribution 1379209 "Solanum palmillae" "Known only from the state of Veracruz in Mexico, in rocky or sandy areas on the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The species is known from so few collections that little is known about its habitat preferences and distribution.
" 689745 distribution 1380411 "Solanum storkii" "'False' páramo, cloud forests and high elevation grasslands in the Cordillera de Talamanca from Volcán Poas in Costa Rica to W Panama, from 2300-3300 m.
" 689747 distribution 1372231 "Solanum chilense" "On the western slope of the Andes from the Department of Tacna in southern Peru to northern Chile, in hyper-arid rocky plains and coastal deserts from sea level to 3000 m.
" 689748 general 1372231 "Solanum chilense" "Robust perennial herbs, erect becoming decumbent, woody at the base, to 1 m tall, to 1 m in diameter , occasionally spreading in rocky habitats. Stems 8-12 mm in diameter at base, grayish, densely velvety pubescent with simple uniseriate eglandular white trichomes to 0.5 mm long from a unicellular base and bent at the tip, much more abundant on young stems, andscattered short, uniseriate glandular trichomes with 4-celled heads and 8 celled heads amongst the eglandular trichomes.India to southeastern Asia (east to the Philippines), also found in Madagascar and Mauritius; degraded scrubland and secondary vegetation, 0–500 m elevation.
" 689757 distribution 1377090 "Solanum remyanum" "Endemic to Chile [Insula San Ambrosio, Regions II (Antofagasta), III (Atacama) and IV (Coquimbo)]. Arid, rocky or gravelly slopes, quebradas and coastal lomas formations, 20–2200 m in altitude.
" 689759 distribution 1374668 "Solanum aculeatissimum" "Solanum aculeatissiumu is a weedy shrub, in Brazil in disturbed or pastured forest, roadsides or campo, from Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina, with a few collections from further north, at elevations from 400–1200 m; in Africa at edges of gallery, sclerophyll, rain or mountain forest, secondary vegetation, roadsides, savannas or secondary bamboo forest, entirely south of the Sahara, mostly in the eastern uplands of the lakes region, scattered through the rain forest to the west and into South Africa, at elevations from 1000–2400 m, rarely almost to sea level. There are only sporadic collections from Asia since the type of S. khasianum was collected in 1847–1851. It is significant that when Sen Gupta published S. khasianum var. chatterjeeanum (= S. viarum) in 1971, he already had more collections of his new variety than of S. khasianum var. khasianum (=S. aculeatissimum). He had access to the larger Indian herbaria, but all seven collections of var. khasianum were from Assam State and all were collected in the period of 1850–1900. Solanum viarum is almost certainly a very recent introduction to Asia, perhaps mostly during the Second World War (Babu, 1971), although there is a collection from West Bengal dated 1932 (Parker 3195). While this latter species is fast becoming a common and widespread weed,it is possible that S. aculeatissimum was introduced during the early colonial period from Africa and has not been able to successfully establish itself.
" 689764 distribution 1374617 "Solanum dasyphyllum" "Common throughout the highlands of western, central and eastern Africa, between ca. 15°N and ca. 10°S, sometimes found as far south as South Africa; usually a forest species but also found on hillsides, savannah, grassland, or wasteland, frequently near water; 600-1600 m elevation, although sometimes found at sea level.
" 689768 distribution 1378234 "Solanum luculentum" "Solanum luculentum occurs in the Andes of Colombia (Depts. of Antioquia, Cundinamarca and Nariño) and Venezuela (from the Colombian border to the Federal District around Caracas) in cloud forests from 1500 to 3200 m.
" 689769 distribution 1378234 "Solanum luculentum" "Solanum luculentum occurs in the Andes of Colombia (Depts. Antioquia, Cundinamarca and Nariño) and Venezuela (from the Colombian border to the Federal District around Caracas); 1500 to 3200 m. Cloud forests, forest margins.
" 689772 distribution 1370030 "Solanum diversifolium" "Light gaps and disturbed areas in cloud forest in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela at elevations of 500-3000 m in South America, 20-400 m in Central America.
" 689780 distribution 1379497 "Solanum plumense" "Known only from the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, from rather inaccessible and poorly collected montane habitats.
" 689784 distribution 1375948 "Solanum caricaefolium" "A weedy species of roadsides, secondary thickets, alluvial flats, forest edges, and open shrubby vegetation, from mesophytic to relatively dry situations, 200 to 1000 m; seemingly with a spotty distribution in lowlands on the western slope of the Andes in Ecuador, and along the eastern slope of the Andes, from Dept. San Martín in northern Peru to Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and just reaching into Acre in Brazil.
" 689786 distribution 1376199 "Solanum clivorum" "N Peru in the province of Cajamarca, in montane forest from 2000-2600 m.
" 689788 distribution 1376735 "Solanum pyrifolium" "Known only from the island of Hispaniola, primarily in the Dominican Republic, along forest edges on limestone and in cloud forests, from 120-1600 m elevation.
" 689790 distribution 1377112 "Solanum narcoticosmum" "In wet forests (with Cheiranthodendron and Alnus or Quercus) at high elevations (1800-2300 m) in southern Mexico (Chiapas), northwestern Guatemala, and the Talamanca range of Costa Rica and Panama, often common where it occurs.
" 689792 distribution 1381122 "Solanum urubambaense" "Solanum urubambaense is endemic to the Department of Cuzco, Peru, above 2000 to 2600 m in montane forest and along forest margins.
" 689794 distribution 1375370 "Solanum bicolor" "Primarily a South American species but reaching Trinidad, Tobago, and St. Vincent. In South America, it is mainly a coastal species of northern Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, reaching inland along river basins. Occasional in secondary growth thickets of humid lowland forest regions.
" 689796 distribution 1381039 "Solanum turgidum" "Known only from the ridges of the Peninsula de Paria in eastern Venezuela, in cloud forest at ca. 800 m.
" 689798 distribution 1374658 "Solanum aculeastrum" "Upland areas across East and Southern Africa, with some occurrence in West Africa. Solanum aculeastrum appears to be most abundant across Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, and Tanzania, with a second area of common occurrence in eastern South Africa; this may be an artifact of uneven collecting, however. Forest margins, grassland, scrub, and open disturbed places at 1200-2100 m elevation, occasionally found up to 3200 m elevation.
" 689803 distribution 1377433 "Solanum heinianum" "Southwestern Madagascar; dry scrub or forest on limestone; 0-300 m elevation.
" 689807 general 1374876 "Solanum amnicola" "Shrubs growing along the rocky, gravelly, or sandy banks of streams and rivers, 0.5-1.5 m tall; young stems and leaves minutely and densely red-papillose; older stems glabrate; bark greyish, faintly longitudinally striate.Known only from the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in a wide variety of habitat types from dry or thorn forests to cloud forests at higher elevations, 300-1900 m.
" 689810 distribution 1376984 "Solanum evolvulifolium" "Solanum evolvulifolium occurs from Costa Rica into northern South America as an epiphyte on tree trunks in rain and cloud forest, 500-2500 m in elevation.
" 689811 distribution 1376984 "Solanum evolvulifolium" "Solanum evolvulifolium occurs in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru as an epiphyte on tree trunks in rain and cloud forest habitats; (200–)800–2,600 m in elevation.
" 689819 distribution 1374709 "Solanum adoense" "In northeastern Africa in Sudan, Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, around the Red Sea, also in the Arabian peninsula; growing in scrub and abandoned cultivation; 1700-3000 m elevation.
" 689822 distribution 1377571 "Solanum huancabambense" "Northern Peru (Depts. Cajamarca, Lambayeque and Piura), among bushes, in forests, on rocky slopes, 1650-3460 m in elevation.
" 689824 distribution 1378709 "Solanum morii" "Central Surinam and the central plateau of French Guiana, with most collections from near Saül, at ca. 200 m; also recenly collected from the Guiana Shield in southern Venezuela. Usually growing in secondary growth forest.
" 689826 distribution 1377423 "Solanum raphanifolium" "Solanum raphanifolium occurs in southern Peru (Depts. Cuzco, Apurímac, Puno) in a wide variety of habitats, often as a weed in cultivated fields, at the edge of forests, along roadsides, in rock piles or near stone walls, on eroded slopes, in rocky areas, among herbs and mosses, frequently among Stipa ichu, Schinus molle, puya, scrub, cacti, and trees, in full sun to deep shade, often in disturbed soil, also in rich humus or poor gravelly clay, in wet or dry soil; (2000) 2700-4500 m in elevation.
" 689830 distribution 1376322 "Solanum incomptum" "Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica and Panama from 1200 to 2500 m, often in the understory of oak forests.
" 689834 distribution 1376208 "Solanum incanum" "Sub-Saharan Africa north of the equator, from Senegal, Mali, and Niger, to Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, and northern Kenya west to Burkina Faso and northern Nigeria; reported from Chad by Brundu & Camarda (2013); also common across the Middle East to western Pakistan; growing in thickets, scrubland, and savanna; 0-1900 m.
" 689837 distribution 1374717 "Solanum erianthum" "Solanum erianthum is a common weedy species throughout most of Mexico, Central America and the West Indies except for the arid interior of northern Mexico, and is the only member of sect. Brevantherum reaching the United States. It is common in southern Florida and found in Cameron County, Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. Frequent in thickets of secondary-growth vegetation, along roadsides and fields and in other disturbed habitats, as well as in forest openings and along riverbanks.
Solanum erianthum is native to North and Central America and is apparently rare in northern South America. It is adventive in India, China, the East Indies, and Australia. It was possibly introduced to the Philippines and thence to China, and elsewhere during the Spanish Galleon trade from Mexico, which commenced in the 16th century.
Solanum erianthum occurs in many vegetation zones, from humid lowland evergreen tropics near sea level to dry Acacia-cactus thorn-scrub and, at higher altitudes (to 2000 m) in Pinus-Quercus forests. It is most common, however, below 1000 m. Individual scattered plants are most commonly seen but large thickets also occur where conditions are favorable.
" 689840 distribution 1375697 "Solanum stenophyllidium" "Northwestern Mexico (N Chihuahua and Sonora) south along eastern and central Mexico to Michoacán and México; (1100-) 1380-2500 m, cultivated fields, tropical deciduous forests, oak forests, streamsides, savannas, mesquite grasslands, dry rocky hillsides, often in dry sandy rocky soils, or in richer organic soils, in areas of oak, pine, and Acacia forests.
" 689843 distribution 1378679 "Solanum monanthemon" "Only known from two specimens collected in cloud forests in Parque Nacional Amboró and Parque Nacional Carrasco on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia at ca. 2000 m. The cloud forests where S. monathemon grows have Podocarpaceae and Myrtaceae as canopy trees (fide Vargas et al. 3138).
" 689845 distribution 1377360 "Solanum guerreroense" "Known only from the type in Guerrero, Mexico; elevation not recorded; in pine-oak forests.
" 689848 distribution 1377503 "Solanum hintonii" "Central Mexico, states of Colima, Guanajuato, México, 1700-2800 m; along stream banks in areas with pine and oak forests, rocky hills in juniper woods.
" 689851 distribution 1375753 "Solanum buesii" "Solanum buesii is endemic to southern Peru (Dept. Cuzco), in moist habitats, on forest margins; 2400-3650 m in elevation.
" 689858 distribution 1379237 "Solanum papaverifolium" "Solanum papaverifolium has been recorded from between Jimbour and Warwick in Queensland. In New South Wales, it has been found from Inverell to Quirindi and Singleton, and west to Narrabri and Moree. It grows on heavy clay soil, in grassland or open eucalypt woodland. It is frequently described as a weed of cereal crops (Symon, 1971).
" 689860 distribution 1376333 "Solanum corifolium" "Solanum corifolium is common in south-eastern Queensland as far north as Bundaberg and Biloela, and with disjunct occurrences near Proserpine, Ingham and Mareeba. There is an old record from far north-eastern New South Wales. It grows in Araucarian or other mixed notophyll rainforest, in hilly to mountainous terrain, usually on basaltic soils.
" 689864 distribution 1375585 "Solanum bicorne" "Native to deciduous forests, grasslands, and humid montane forests in Mexico (States of Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Sinaloa, and Zacatecas), 0–2000 m.
" 689867 distribution 1379493 "Solanum plowmanii" "On the western slopes of the Andes in S Ecuador and N Perú, in the general area of the Huancabamba depression, remnants of dry or moist forest from 1500-3200 m.
" 689869 distribution 1375284 "Solanum appressum" "Occurring along the upper Amazon and its tributaries, reaching into the eastern Andean forest thickets along streams and rivers. This species is rare to common in forest clearings, thickets, roadsides, river banks, pastures, and other disturbed, open habitats from low elevations (ca. 100 m) to ca. 2000 m.
" 689871 distribution 1379941 "Solanum sagittantherum" "Only known from the type locality on the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes, in pristine cloud forest from 2700-2900 m.
" 689880 distribution 1377395 "Solanum hapalum" "Solanum hapalum extends from the extreme south-east of Queensland (Mt. Barney, Mt. Ballow, Mt. Lindesay) to around Port Macquarie in New South Wales, and with a disjunct occurrence near Batemans Bay. It grows on rainforest margins or in “wet sclerophyll” eucalypt forest, preferring disturbed areas such as roadsides or recently logged sites.
" 689882 distribution 1379608 "Solanum pseudolulo" "A predominantly weedy species of pastures, roadsides and other disturbed places, growing naturally in open savannas and streambank thickets, preferring full sun, occasionally in partial shade; in mesic to somewhat xeric situations, at middle elevations in and around the Colombian Andes, 200-2000 m, from Antioquia and Santander south to Valle and Huila. Also found in Ecuador, but it is not known whether it grows wild there.
" 689885 distribution 1378317 "Solanum macoorai" "Solanum macoorai is endemic to Queensland, Australia; extending from Windsor Tableland (near Mount Carbine) to the Kirrama Range near Cardwell. It occurs in notophyll rainforest or the ecotone between eucalypt forest and rainforest, in high rainfall areas, growing most commonly between 500 and 1500 m, but extending almost to sea level in some places.
" 689887 distribution 1380722 "Solanum trachytrichium" "In southeastern Brazil (Paraná and Santa Catarina), northeastern Argentina, and Paraguay in secondary forests and areas with high light intensity, 100-600 m.
" 689889 distribution 1375411 "Solanum macrocarpon" "Cultivated across tropical Africa; particularly common in western Africa, frequent in central and eastern Africa, occasional in southern Africa; also recorded in cultivation in Brazil, West Indies and Guadeloupe; not known in the wild.
" 689892 distribution 1376915 "Solanum eminens" "Solanum eminens is endemic to Queensland. It is apparently confined to the highest altitudes (above 1500 metres) on Mt Bellenden Ker, in wet microphyll to notophyll fern forest.
" 689894 distribution 1375242 "Solanum nudum" "Widely distributed in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, from sea level to occasionally 2500 m, usually in secondary forest, often growing in dense stands.
" 689896 distribution 1375945 "Solanum schimperianum" "Northeastern Africa and across the Middle East to India; fairly common around the Red Sea; growing in roadside thickets, rocky slopes, and disturbed areas, on sand or clay, usually in the shade; 1500-2800 m elevation.
" 689900 distribution 1377548 "Solanum sandwicense" "Solanum sandwicense occurs in rainforest on the islands of Kauai and Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, from 230–1100 m elevation.
" 689905 distribution 1378803 "Solanum neei" "Southern Brazil in the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Brazil, and in Prov. Misiones, Argentina; 100–1000 m elevation. Solanum neei inhabits the Atlantic Forest region (Alto Paraná Atlantic forest, Araucaria humid forest and Serra do Mar coastal forest), in areas with 1200–2000 mm of annual precipitation. In clearings of semideciduous primary forests and in secondary forest.
" 689909 distribution 1370132 "Solanum proteanthum" "Clearings or along streams in tropical rain forest, on varzea or terra firme, 0-350 m in elevation, tributaries of Amazon in Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil; also in Suriname.
" 689912 distribution 1374745 "Solanum agnewiorum" "Endemic to Kenya; found in wet montane forest understory, Croton–Brachylaena–Calodendrum and Ocotea forests; 1800–2500 m elevation.
" 689914 distribution 1377148 "Solanum fulgens" "Solanum fulgens is known from the type collected in of the Peruvian Department of Junín at middle elevation, probably in premontane forest.
" 689918 distribution 1375732 "Solanum fernandezianum" "Chile: Masatierra Island; in mesic habitats of woods edges, shaded rock walls, valley bottoms; 100-610 m.
" 689921 distribution 1377865 "Solanum johnsonianum" "Solanum johnsonianum is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It extends from north-west of Theodore to north of Biloela, a distance of around 100 kilometres. All specimens have been found in communities dominated or co-dominated by Acacia harpophylla (Brigalow), on heavy cracking clay soils. In some cases, the specimen labels say “recently burnt” or “recently cleared Brigalow scrub”.
" 689923 distribution 1372398 "Solanum juglandifolium" "Open areas and roadsides or the edges of forest clearings, sometimes occurring in páramo in southern Ecuador; northeastern Colombia (Department of Santander) in all three Cordilleras to southern Ecuador; 1200-3100 m.
" 689927 distribution 1375891 "Solanum canense" "Solanum canense is typically found growing along rivers and streams on gravel bars in wet forested areas of low mountains, Guatemala to northwestern South America (Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador), 0-1000 m in elevation.
" 689930 distribution 1376003 "Solanum cerasiferum" "Across northern Sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Cameroon, Chad (fide Brundu & Camarda 2013), South Sudan, Sudan, and Ethiopia, very common in Sudan; growing in fallow land, scrubland, and woodland; 450-1200 m elevation.
" 689933 distribution 1379885 "Solanum rubiginosum" "In lowland forests and forest margins in northern South America, in Surinam, French Guiana and northern Brazil in the Territory of Amapá,
" 689935 distribution 1381123 "Solanum usambarense" "Tanzania and Kenya, centered in the Tanzanian West Usambara mountains, and extending to northern Kenya; forests, forest edges, and grassy areas; 1800 – 2200 m elevation.
" 689938 distribution 1376312 "Solanum consimile" "Weedy in dry woodlands from northwestern Argentina and the southern half of the eastern Andes of Bolivia, where it is often quite common. It is often found along roads or in pastures at 310–2675 m elevation.
" 689944 distribution 1380242 "Solanum sogarandinum" "Solanum sogarandinum is known from northern Peru (Dept. Cajamarca), south to central Peru (Dept. Lima), growing in grasslands, jalca formations, brush fields, or altiplano, often with Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth, among rocks, in clay or sandy soil; 2800-4100 m in elevation.
" 689948 distribution 1374702 "Solanum adenophorum" "Solanum adenophorum is endemic to Queensland, Australia, in the Dingo-Nebo-Clermont area, west and north-west of Rockhampton. It is recorded mainly from Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) communities, but also from Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) woodland. Soils are deep cracking clays.
" 689950 distribution 1379352 "Solanum pertenue" "In montane Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama from 700-2000 m, in understory of primary pre-montane or montane cloud forest.
" 689952 distribution 1374601 "Solanum absconditum" "Endemic to northeastern and northern Brazil, from 300 to 1,000 m, with most specimens were collected in the mountains of Ceará known as “the Ibiapaba-Araripe complex” composed of the plateaus of Ibiapaba and Araripe; and also in patches of the Amazonian savannas, called “cerrado” in Brazil, in areas of deep, sandy, well drained soils that are very poor in nutrients.
" 689954 distribution 1379435 "Solanum pinnatisectum" "Central Mexico, states of Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, Querétaro, 1500-2200 m; frequently in cultivated or fallow fields, roadsides, tropical deciduous forests, mesquite-grasslands.
" 689958 distribution 1375544 "Solanum bauerianum" "Known only from Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, this species is now extinct on both islands. Green (1994) cited Boorman s.n. (NSW not seen by me) which indicated the species occurred “near Ned's Beach in rocky formation of land overlooking the ocean” at ±sea level. Based on this locality, S. bauerianum likely grew on on calcareous substrate.
" 689963 distribution 1375472 "Solanum axillifolium" "Known from the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca along the southern slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur below 600 m and the Pacific coastal plain. This species is associated with tropical deciduous and thorn-scrub vegetation. It is an occasional to locally common weed in roadside thickets and field borders.
" 689965 distribution 1375725 "Solanum brevipedicellatum" "A rather rare species occurring mostly as scattered individual trees in forest openings and in secondary growth thickets in Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico. It is associated with the semi-deciduous vegetation along the Pacific escarpment “bocacosta” of the Guatemalan uplands from 1300 to 2000 m. In Jalisco, Mexico, occasional to locally abundant, occurring in moist barrancas and on talus slopes in Pinus-Quercus forests from 1600 to 2200 m.
" 689967 distribution 1376986 "Solanum evonymoides" "Coastal Atlantic forests of SE Brazil, in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, from 0-550(-1800) m.
" 689969 distribution 1379452 "Solanum piurae" "Solanum piurae is endemic to northern Peru (Dept. Piura), among bushes and rocks but also in humid soils, 2000-3360 m in elevation.
" 689971 distribution 1372414 "Solanum neorickii" "Southern Peru (Department of Apurímac) to southern Ecuador (Department of Azuay) in dry inter-Andean valleys from 1950-3000 m. Often found trailing over rocky banks and roadsides.
" 689973 distribution 1375934 "Solanum ehrenbergii" "Central Mexico, states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, and Distrito Federal, (800) 1450-2500 m; in and about cultivated fields, xerophytic scrublands, tropical deciduous forests, mesquite grasslands, or in areas of oak and pine forests.
" 689976 distribution 1376873 "Solanum eitenii" "Solanum eitenii is endemic to the northeastern Brazil state of Maranhão at ca. 200 m. The limited distributional range and the lack of recent collections suggest that this species is rare and probably endangered. The cerrado biome is the second largest Brazilian phytogeographic province, originally occupying 23% of Brazil’s land area (Ratter et al. 1997). Cerrado vegetation presents a wide physiognomic range, from grasslands to woodlands, but is mostly tropical savanna.
" 689980 distribution 1375203 "Solanum angustialatum" "Middle elevation premontane forests in NE Peru, 700-1200 m, only known from Maynesian Andes (see Spruce, 1908).
" 689982 distribution 1375912 "Solanum capillipes" "In forests of southern Trinidad and the Península de Paria of Venezuela, from sea level to 800 m.
" 689984 distribution 1378327 "Solanum wrightii" "Native to the eastern Andean slopes of Bolivia (Nee 1999; F. Farruggia, pers. comm.) from in primary and secondary tropical forest and savanas, in the floodplain or in terra firme, disturbed areas and riparian areas. Widely planted as a shade tree in mid-elevation regions in eastern Africa, apparently not escaping and naturalizing; originally described from Hong Kong and commonly escaped in South China.
Solanum acanthodapis is endemic to the extreme north-east of New South Wales, around Lismore. It grows in canopy-gaps in notophyll rainforest, usually on basaltic clay-loams, but also on meta-sediments. It is endemic to the area formerly covered by the Tweed Shield Volcano, centered on the plutonic complex of Mount Warning.
" 689990 distribution 1376316 "Solanum flaccidum" "In forests and along forest margins and riversides from coastal Brazil inland to Paraguay, from 40-1800 m.
" 689992 distribution 1376030 "Solanum malmeanum" "Solanum malmeanum occurs widely in Argentina (Provs. Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fé), Brazil (Río Grande do Sul), Paraguay (Boquerón, Central, Presidente Hayes, Itapará, Cordillera), Uruguay (Colonia, Maldonado). In palm forests, in or at the edges of woods, in cleared woods or inundated savannas, or as a weed in cultivated fields of maize, manioc, sweet potato, cotton, potato, sorghum, or Citrus plantations, in disturbed soil, coasts of rivers, 0-330 m in elevation.
" 689993 general 1376030 "Solanum malmeanum" "Herbs 0.15-0.3 m tall in sunny situations, but in shady situations of woodlands or among tall grasslands up to 1 m tall, erect to semi-rosette when low-growing. Stems 1-3 mm in diameter at base of plant, green, unwinged, glabrous to densely puberulent; tubers typically borne singly at the end of each stolon.Cloud forests of Honduras (Lempira, Comayagua), Nicaragua (Estelí), and Guatemala (Alta Verapaz and Huehuetenango) from 900–2550 m.
" 689998 distribution 1370158 "Solanum sibundoyense" "Cloud forest, 1400-2300 m in elevation, endemic to Sibundoy, Colombia and surrounding areas.
" 690001 distribution 1375432 "Solanum aureitomentosum" "Southern Africa, from southern Democratic Republic of the Congo to Angola, southern Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; edges of roadsides, Brachystegia woodland, and grassland; 800-1600 m elevation.
" 690004 distribution 1368076 "Solanum peruvianum" "In lomas formations and occasionally in coastal deserts from central Peru to northern Chile, sea level to 600 m; occasionally occurring as a weed at field edges in coastal river valleys.
" 690008 distribution 1375705 "Solanum iopetalum" "Widely distributed from central Mexico (Jalisco to Querétaro), south to Oaxaca, 1700-3350 m; in rich organic soil, along roadsides, among bushes, edges of cultivated fields, in areas of alder, pine, oak, and fir forests.
" 690011 distribution 1379517 "Solanum polhillii" "Kenya and Tanzania; savanna, rocky hillsides, bushland and scrub, on granite, volcanic rocks or red sandy soil; 1800-2200 m.
" 690014 distribution 1377050 "Solanum fervens" "Solanum fervens is endemic to Queensland, and its range is confined to the Cape York Peninsula, from the Bamaga area to Bolt Head and Temple Bay. It grows on siliceous sand dunes in semi-deciduous vine-forest.
" 690016 distribution 1379523 "Solanum polyadenium" "Widespread throughout central Mexico (Jalisco to Querétaro and Hidalgo) to southern Mexico (Oaxaca), 1900-2900 m; deciduous tropical forests, fallow fields, in grassy areas among bushes, Agave, and Opuntia and along fencerows, in areas of fir, oak, and pine forest.
" 690019 distribution 1374092 "Solanum diphyllum" "Mexico to Pacific Costa Rica in drier lowland areas from 0 to 250 m. Escaped from cultivation in many tropical and subtropical areas: e.g; Florida, Java, and the Antilles.
" 690021 distribution 1377123 "Solanum myoxotrichum" "Eastern and northern Madagascar with some collections from the east of Antananarivo and eastern Mahajanga; growing in wet montane forest; 1000–3000 m elevation.
" 690028 distribution 1375200 "Solanum quitoense" "Cultivated between 1000 and 2400 m in mountains of Colombia and Ecuador; recently introduced and becoming a successful weed in montane regions of Costa Rica and Panama.
" 690031 distribution 1376688 "Solanum dimorphandrum" "In low to middle elevation forests on the northern and western coasts of Colombia and adjacent Panama, 0-1000 (-1750) m.
" 690033 distribution 1376326 "Solanum cordatum" "Northeastern Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya), the Arabian Peninsula to Afghanistan and the northern Indian subcontinent; growing in grassland, bushland and open woodland on silty, sandy or stony soli, 0-1500 m elevation.
" 690036 distribution 1378743 "Solanum violaceimarmoratum" "Solanum violaceimarmoratum occurs in southern Peru (Dept. Cuzco) to central Bolivia (Dept. Cochabamba), in moist habitats, often in rich organic soils, in sunny openings in woods or at forest edges, or montane forest shrubs, often in disturbed habitats such as streamsides or roadsides or landslides; 1800-3800 m in elevation.
" 690039 distribution 1376686 "Solanum dillonii" "Southern Ecuador (Prov. Loja) and northern Peru (Dept. Cajamarca), in the Amotape-Huancabamba phytogeographic zone (see Weigend 2002, 2004). Tropical moist forest along the western slopes of the Andes and the valley of the Río Marañon, from 1500–2200 m. Often found along roads and small streams in secondary situations.
" 690041 distribution 1376708 "Solanum mentiens" "Solanum mentiens is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It is confined to the Boonah and Beenleigh areas in the far southeast of the area and inhabits Araucarian notophyll vineforest.
" 690043 distribution 1375367 "Solanum asperrimum" "Solanum asperrimum occurs along disturbed roadsides and forest edges in the eastern arm of the Andes in the Colombian departments of Boyaca, Santander, and Norte del Santander and throughout the mountains in the northwest of Venezuela at (100) 500-2600 m in elevation. It does not appear to enter the Maracaibo lowlands, the Gran Sabana, or the Guiana Shield.
" 690045 distribution 1370032 "Solanum melissarum" "Primary or secondary forest, often in Araucaria groves, coastal rain forest region of southeastern Brazil in the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo at elevations of 50-800 m.
" 690048 distribution 1375824 "Solanum callianthum" "In cloud forest and paramo edges in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Santander, 2000 to 3500 m (but see discussion).
" 690050 distribution 1372571 "Solanum melongena" "Cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas (in the temperate zone under glass); the greatest diversity of landraces and cultivars is found in Asia (India, China and southeast Asia), with secondary centres in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean.. The origin of Solanum melongena is in Asia, but the exact place of domestication in not clear (see references in Knapp et al. 2013).
" 690052 use 1372571 "Solanum melongena" "Local Names. Eggplant (aubergine) (English). [Africa] Sierra Leone: ponibuji, okpotokpobo (Thomas 4357); kobo kobo, kupe (Thomas 456); kojoi (Mende language, Fisher 91). Ghana: Atropo (Ga language, Hall & Bukenya 47135). Madagascar: Yundahl (Lunt 164). [Asia] China: qie
Uses. The fruit is cooked. The aubergine (eggplant) is the economically most important member of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum with numerous commercial cultivars adapted to a range of tropical and temperate climates. In global terms 90% of production is concentrated in China, India, Egypt, Turkey, and Japan (Lucier & Jerardo 2006). Cultivars grown in Africa are seldom used by the local population and are mainly consumed by foreign visitors or exported to Europe (Lester et al. 1990).
" 690055 distribution 1370049 "Solanum corymbiflorum subsp. mortonianum" "Subsp. mortonianum is restricted to two localities in southeastern Brazil, on in Paraná southeast of Curitiba and the other in the southeastern Serra do Mar region in Santa Catarina around São Joaquim, 950-2000 m in elevation, in clearings, thickets, and waste places in dwarf forest in the mountains.
" 690058 distribution 1375318 "Solanum arenicola" "In lowland Bolivia and Peru; in lowland moist rain forest in sandbanks and river margins, tree fall gaps, and in disturbed sites near housing and fields in open, sandy soil, with occasional records from seasonally dry semi-deciduous forests with Hura crepitans L. (Euphorbiaceae), Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms (Phytolaccaceae), Bougainvillea modesta Heimer (Nyctaginaceae), and Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (Amaranthaceae); most commonly associated with lowland rain forest pioneer species, including Salix humboldtiana Willd. (Salicaceae), Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. (Asteraceae), Cecropia spp. (Urticaceae), Calliandra sp. (Fabaceae), Neea spp. (Nyctaginaceae), Garcinia spp. (Clusiaceae), and Jacaratia digitata (Poepp. & Endl.) Solms (Caricaceae), and annual herbs such as Glinus radiatus (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohrb. (Molluginaceae), Physalis angulata L., P. peruviana L., and Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanceae); 0–600 (1,300) m elevation.
" 690060 distribution 1380137 "Solanum serpens" "Solanum serpens is found from Mt. Tamborine in Queensland to Byron Bay in N.S.W., although the Byron Bay population is probably extinct. It inhabits notophyll rainforest on fertile loams or clay-loams, especially where there are canopy gaps. It is endemic to the area formerly covered by the Tweed Shield Volcano, centered on the plutonic complex of Mount Warning.
" 690062 distribution 1376474 "Solanum damarense" "Endemic to rocky slopes in the area surrounding Windhoek, Namibia.
" 690064 distribution 1380623 "Solanum thelopodium" "Amazonia in Coombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil, usually in flooded forest (igapó or tahuampa), but occasionally in terra firme forests, 100-450 m.
" 690066 distribution 1375236 "Solanum anomalum" "Liberia in the west to Democratic Republic of the Congo in the east and to southern Angola; fairly common across the wet western African coastline and adjacent highland areas; growing in forest margins, thickets, beaches, roadsides and disturbed vegetation; sandy or rocky soil; 0-2000 m elevation.
" 690069 distribution 1380588 "Solanum tuerckheimii" "In the understory of premontane cloud forest from Mexico to Panama, from 100 to 1500 m.
" 690073 distribution 1369988 "Solanum abutiloides" "In scrub thickets on rocky or sandy stream banks and open waste lands along the Cordillera Central of Bolivia and the eastern Andean slopes of Argentina. Generally found at higher elevations from 900 to 3600 m.
" 690075 distribution 1379789 "Solanum reitzii" "Found only in the mountains of Santa Catarina and adjacent Paraná states, southeastern Brazil, in Araucaria angustifolia forests at ca. 800 m.
" 690077 distribution 1376276 "Solanum compressum" "In Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná) and adjacent Argentina and Paraguay, in open forests on the planalto, interior Atlantic forests and Araucaria forests, from 750-1400 m.
" 690079 distribution 1370106 "Solanum rovirosanum" "From southern Mexico to western Panama and northwestern Colombia, sea level to 1500 m, in both primary and secondary forests.
" 690081 distribution 1368312 "Solanum allophyllum" "Forest and disturbed areas, especially in drier sites, Honduras to Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, 0-900 m. All collections from Panama are from Tropical Moist Forest, sensu Holdridge et al. (1971).
" 690084 distribution 1379965 "Solanum sanchez-vegae" "Endemic to the Andes of northern Peru south of the Huancabamba Depression around the middle Río Marañon valley, from 2500 to 3250 m. Solanum sanchez-vegae occurs in cloud forest, montane forest (“ceja de selva” and “jalca”).
" 690085 distribution 1379965 "Solanum sanchez-vegae" "Solanum sanchez-vegae occurs in cloud forest, montane forest (“ceja de selva” and “jalca”) in the Andes of northern Peru south of the Huancabamba Depression around the central Río Marañon valley, from 2500 to 3250 m.
" 690088 distribution 1376460 "Solanum cymbalariifolium" "Endemic to Somalia, rare and restricted to a small area in the northeastern part of the country; growing in scrub on limestone; ca. 700 m elevation.
" 690092 distribution 1378750 "Solanum multiglochidiatum" "Solanum multiglochidiatum is endemic to Queensland, Australia; extending from Lakeland Downs to Forty Mile Scrub. It usually grows in shrubby eucalypt woodland dominated by Eucalyptus cullenii, E. leptophleba or E. dallachiana, on gently undulating terrain, in clay-loam soils. There is one record from deciduous microphyll vine thicket.
" 690094 distribution 1375694 "Solanum seaforthianum" "Probably native to dry forests and thorn scrub of the islands of the West Indies and coastal northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela, but widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics.
" 690097 distribution 1377894 "Solanum junctum" "Solanum junctum is known from premontane forests and roadsides, usually in secondary situations, in Amazonas, Ayacucho, Junín, Pasco, and San Martín Departments in Peru from 600–1800 m in elevation.
" 690102 distribution 1375530 "Solanum baretiae" "Solanum baretiae is apparently endemic to the Amotape-Huancabamba zone of southern Ecuador and northern Peru and grows in the understory of montane forests and disturbed roadside and pasture vegetation, 1900–3000 m in elevation. The areas where Solanum baretiae has been collected are seasonally dry.
" 690104 distribution 1376923 "Solanum endoadenium" "In forests on the eastern Andean slopes in central to northern Argentina, from 1500-3000 m.
" 690106 conservation 1376985 "Solanum evolvuloides" "Endangered (EN) B1 a, b (i, ii, iii, iv). Solanum evolvuloides is known from only two localities, where the landscape has been strongly modified in the last decades due to the expansion of urban centers and extensive farming. The region has been focus of several surveys undertaken by the CEPEC group, in association with the New York Botanical Garden; despite this, only a few collections of this species have been made. Although one collection was made in a very disturbed area (Jardim 1843), the most recent collection is from a well-preserved forest fragment, and the species was not found in surrounding areas. There are no collections from within conservation units.
" 690107 distribution 1376985 "Solanum evolvuloides" "Solanum evolvuloides is known only from the southeastern part of Bahia state (Fig. 3 in Giacomin & Stehmann 2012), Brazil, occurring in the transition zone between deciduous forests and xeric formations of shrubby Caatinga (as defined by Velloso et al. 2002). Ecology. Solanum evolvuloideswas recently recollected by Giacomin in the municipality of Jequié in a typical shrubby Caatinga formation, that is associated in this region with large granitic outcrops. The occurrence on the banks of the Rio de Contas near the city of Itacaré [Jardim, J.G. 1843 (CEPEC)] might be an occasional case of water dispersal by the river, which arises in a xeric environment near the center of the state in the Caatinga biome. Despite having been found in environments with marked seasonality, the species is apparently not annual, as evidenced by the woody stem bases.
" 690109 distribution 1377031 "Solanum hjertingii" "Mexico: northeastern Mexico, states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, (1230) 1650-3210 m; growing in and at borders of cultivated fields, in pine, oak, juniper, or Opuntia forests, bushy hillsides, grasslands, fencerows.
" 690114 distribution 1376728 "Solanum dolichosepalum" "In disturbances and clearings in wet montane forests and in open montane scrub or grasslands, 1400–2500 m; in all three principal cordilleras of the northern Andes, extending from Antioquia and Táchira (southwestern Venezuela) south to Valle and southern Huila in Colombia.
" 690116 distribution 1378471 "Solanum mauense" "Kenya and Tanzania, common in the Kenyan highlands on the Aberdares, Mount Elgon, and Narok; growing in scrub, forest edges, grassland, and old cultivated plots, also common along roadsides; 1800-3000 m elevation.
" 690119 distribution 1377624 "Solanum iltisii" "Solanum iltisii is apparently a local species, known only from the Apurimac and Limatambo Valleys of Abancay and Cuzco, Peru. It can be found on moist slopes in cloud forests, often in disturbed areas, from approximately 1800 to 3500 m in elevation.
" 690121 distribution 1377045 "Solanum lasiocarpum" "Low to middle elevations, 0-1000 m, in forest openings, disturbed sites and second growth thickets; extending from tropical India east through Indochina, extreme southern China, Malaysia and Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea.
" 690125 distribution 1378203 "Solanum longifilamentum" "Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia on the eastern slopes of the Andes growing in mid-elevation montane forests in moist areas, along roadsides, often amongst mosses and small herbs, associated with Ericaceae and Asteraceae shrubs and herbs, Lauraceae, Alnus acuminata Kunth, Cecropia (Urticaceae), Clusia (Clusiaceae), Fuchsia (Onagraceae), Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae), Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae), Miconia (Melastomataceae), and tree ferns; between (800-) 1,000–2,800 (-3,500) m elevation.
" 690128 distribution 1376451 "Solanum cyaneopurpureum" "Inland central Africa, from Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda to Uganda and western Tanzania, with a few outlying Tanzanian collections that are possibly cultivated (Burtt 1185, Bidgood et al. 1023, Clair-Thompson 399, and Tanner 1956); growing in savannah, forest margins, and thickets, often found on termite mounds or ant hills; 800-1500 m elevation.
" 690131 distribution 1378665 "Solanum moense" "Known only from the Sierra de Moa in the eastern mountain ranges of Cuba, in cloud forest and degraded cloud forest.
" 690134 distribution 1379918 "Solanum ruvu" "Known only from the type locality in Tanzania; growing in wet coastal forest understory; ca. 200 m elevation.
" 690138 distribution 1376203 "Solanum coagulans" "Northeastern Africa with limited occurrence on the Arabian Peninsula; reported from Chad by Brundu & Camarda (2013); common weed of cultivated land, grazed ground, roadsides, coastal plains, and savanna; usually on sand, silt or loam; 0-1700 m elevation.
" 690141 distribution 1376328 "Solanum cordioides" "In Southern Atlantic wet forest in coastal Bahia, only known from the Reserva do Mico-Leão in the muncipio of Una at sea level or slightly above.
" 690143 distribution 1380026 "Solanum vestissimum" "A species of cloud forest understories and openings, from 1200 to 2800 m. From Distrito Federal in Venezuela, west along the Cordillera de la Costa and Cordillera de Mérida to Tachira; in Colombia, from Boyacá to Norte de Santander in the Cordillera Oriental, in Antioquia in the Cordillera Central, and on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
" 690146 distribution 1379186 "Solanum pachyandrum" "Native to moist forests along western Andean slopes of Ecuador (Manabí) and Peru (Cajamarca, La Libertad, Tumbes); 200–900 m.
" 690149 distribution 1373271 "Solanum trisectum" "Extremely rare endemic of Madeira, known only from laurisylva (laurel forest) in the north of the island.
" 690151 distribution 1376537 "Solanum velleum" "Solanum velleum is found in southeastern Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in forests and forest margins from 1100 to 2100 m.
" 690156 distribution 1374851 "Solanum lanceifolium" "Solanum lanceifolium is common in disturbed areas and forest gaps from central Mexico through Central America and the Caribbean into northwestern South America at 100 -1600 (2900) m.
" 690158 distribution 1375443 "Solanum mauritianum" "Solanum mauritianum is a native of Uruguay and southeastern Brazil, but now it is introduced into tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It was possibly first introduced to Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, and India by way of the Portuguese trade route, Manila-São Paulo-Capetown-Goa, beginning in the early 16th century. A species of disturbed forest openings, roadsides, or field borders, S. mauritianum is found from sea level to 2000 m. It may occur sporadically or in large thickets and has become a troublesome weed in some areas of Australia and South Africa. Its range is spreading, and it is targeted for chemical and biological control in some areas where it has become a noxious pest.
" 690162 distribution 1376403 "Solanum croatii" "Endemic to southeastern Madagascar; growing in dry scrub and forest on sandy soil; 0-200 m elevation.
" 690165 distribution 1378359 "Solanum macrothyrsum" "Endemic to the wet forests of Mayotte.
" 690169 distribution 1375495 "Solanum bahianum" "In wet forest (mata higrófila) near the coast in southern Bahia. Only known from the type locality.
" 690172 distribution 1377579 "Solanum lignescens" "In dry, deciduous forests and thickets in mountainous regions from the Sierra Madre Occidental in the Mexican state of Guerrero to Honduras and Nicaragua, from 1000-1500 m in elevation.
" 690174 distribution 1375425 "Solanum augustii" "Central Peru, Dept. Ancash, on rocky slopes, 3200-3800 m in elevation.
" 690176 conservation 1374605 "Solanum torvum" "Least Concern (LC); Solanum torvum is a widespread, circumtropical weed.
" 690177 distribution 1374605 "Solanum torvum" "Probably native to the Caribbean and Central America, Solanum torvum is naturalized in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, usually at low elevations.
" 690180 distribution 1380568 "Solanum tarnii" "Mexico: only widely scattered collections are known from Hidalgo, Querétaro and Veracruz, 2000-2600 m; in and at margins of cultivated fields, pine and oak forests, among maguey, among scrub vegetation and rocks, roadsides.
" 690183 distribution 1368501 "Solanum pseudocapsicum" "In drier microhabitats in Central and South America, from Mexico to southern Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, from sea level to 2600 m. Widely cultivated throughout the world, often escaped in tropical and subtropical areas.
" 690185 distribution 1370115 "Solanum corumbense" "In subtropical semi-deciduous forest, usually in disturbed situations, Bolivia and adjacent Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, also north to the dry west coast of Peru and S Ecuador, a considerable disjuntion; 300 to 1500 m.
" 690187 distribution 1381330 "Solanum warmingii" "Found only in SE Brazil, states of Minas Gerais and possibly adjacent Rio de Janeiro, in primary and secondary forest from 650 to 1200 m.
" 690192 distribution 1380222 "Solanum smithii" "In dry forests and scrublands in the Huancabamba depression of northern Peru and southern Ecuador, from 1900 to 2600 m.
" 690199 distribution 1377554 "Solanum pseuderanthemoides" "Solanum pseuderanthemoides occurs along streams in humid forest from 100–200 m elevation in the southwestern part of the Grande Terre of New Caledonia.
" 690204 distribution 1370020 "Solanum tobagense" "Primary wet forest or cloud forest, 400-1300 (-2255) m elev., eastern Venezuela (distribution disjunct due to the Orinoco delta), adjacent Guyana, and Tobago.
" 690207 distribution 1374602 "Solanum abutilifolium" "Only known from the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia (Departments of La Paz and Cochabamba) in the subtropical and semi-arid forests of the Yungas, above 300 m elevation.
" 690211 distribution 1373286 "Solanum angustifolium" "A weed of floodplains, abandoned fields, overgrazed places and roadsides, versatile in soil tolerance, throughout tropical Mexico, E to Honduras.
" 690217 distribution 1380590 "Solanum tenuipes" "Inopen desert and smi-desert vegetation, on calcareous or gypsum hills, bajadas and flats in the N Chihuahuan Desert and adjacent regions; N Mexico and SW Texas, USA.
" 690219 conservation 1376373 "Solanum crassinervium" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), S. crassinervium is classified as B1a+biii (Endangered). This species is restricted to rainforest habitats in northwestern Ecuador and extreme southwestern Colombia, covering an area estimated to be considerably less than 5,000 km2. This area is one of the more inaccessible parts of Ecuador, but increasing exploitation of this area continues to decrease the amount of suitable habitat for S. crassinervium (C. Aulestia, Bilsa Biological Station, pers. comm.).
" 690220 distribution 1376373 "Solanum crassinervium" "Solanum crassinervium occurs west of the Andes in southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador in lowland and premontane rainforest habitats, including the Mache-Chindul mountain range in northwestern Ecuador; 150–600(–1,800) m in elevation
" 690224 distribution 1379948 "Solanum salasianum" "Solanum salasianum is endemic to central Peru (Dept. Huánuco, Prov. Pachitea), in moist and humid habitats, in forest margins associated with other Solanum species; 2600-3000 m in elevation.
" 690226 distribution 1376749 "Solanum ensifolium" "Endemic to Puerto Rico, known only from the area around Las Tetas de Cayey in the southwestern part of the island in upland forests, from 200 to 800 m.
" 690228 distribution 1372416 "Solanum pennellii" "Northern Peru (Piura) to northern Chile (Tarapaca) in dry rocky hillsides and sandy areas from sea level to 3000 m.
" 690230 distribution 1375590 "Solanum lepidotum" "Solanum lepidotum occurs in wet forest, often in secondary habitats, from tropical Mexico through Central America to northwestern South America at 150-1400 m in elevation. This species was not included in the recent Flora of Nicaragua (D’Arcy, 2000) although its range apparently extends throughout the rest of Central America.
" 690233 distribution 1376926 "Solanum endopogon subsp. endopogon" "Disturbed areas in tropical rain forest at 100-1000 m in elevation, east of the Andean cordillera in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru, and western Brazil.
" 690235 distribution 1375252 "Solanum chrysotrichum" "Solanum chrysotrichum is indigenous to humid montane forests from southern Mexico to Panama. In much of Central America it is found in secondary growth, disturbed areas and clearings in oak forest and montane wet forest at (900-)1300-2800 m in elevation. It is also naturalised in many subtropical parts of the world such as Indochina, Sri Lanka, Africa, and Australia. In Australia, it occurs in south-eastern Queensland and extreme north-eastern New South Wales where it inhabits degraded places in association with a range of other weedy species. According to Welman (2003), it has been collected in West Africa (Nigeria), Zimbabwe, Malawi, and in South Africa. The oldest specimen seen from South Africa dates to 1909.
" 690236 distribution 1375252 "Solanum chrysotrichum" "Native in montane forests of Mesoamerica from southern Mexico to Panama at middle to high elevations, occurring in oak-pine woodland and other mesic formations. It has been introduced and is naturalized in South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, and Democratic Republic of the Congo; originally introduced as an ornamental or fence post tree (Henderson 2011); the oldest specimen we have seen from South Africa dates to 1909 and from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to 1903, so the introduction is relatively recent.
" 690246 distribution 1377604 "Solanum hypocalycosarcum" "In rainforests on the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, from sea level to ca. 600 m.
" 690248 distribution 1378525 "Solanum melastomoides" "Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya; occasional or locally common in open bushland or rocky places, growing on limestone or red sand; 200-1700 m elevation.
" 690251 distribution 1377993 "Solanum nemorense" "Eastern Andes (Ecuador) to Western Andes and lowland Amazonia (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil); clearings, shaded thickets, and riparian forests; lowland to premontane forests; 200-1500 m.
" 690253 distribution 1375351 "Solanum armentalis" "This species is has been collected only from the Pacific slope of the southern Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica around General Viejo, San Vito, and on the continental divide near Cerro Kasir, in edges and understory in wet forest between 700-1200 (-3000) m in elevation. It is probably also found in neighboring parts of Panama.
" 690255 distribution 1381371 "Solanum xanthophaeum" "The upper Huallaga basin (with one collection from adjacent Pasco department) in primary forest from 500-800(2000) m.
" 690257 distribution 1374771 "Solanum conicum" "Premontane and montane forests, 200-2000 m, S. Ecuador to SE Peru.
" 690259 distribution 1380720 "Solanum trachycyphum" "Solanum trachycyphum is scattered to common in secondary growth thickets, stream borders, and forest clearings in warm temperate and tropical evergreen forests in the river valleys of the Andean foothills in the Cordillera Oriental, Cordillera Central, and Cordillera Occidental of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru at elevations of 300 to 2800 m.
" 690261 distribution 1376852 "Solanum hirtum" "A lowland species, usually below 1000 m but occasionally reaching higher elevations; occurring naturally in scrublands, savannas and forest openings and along streambanks and quebradas; common as a weed in secondary thickets, pastures, roadsides and other disturbed sites; in open sun or partial shade; tolerant of many soil types from poorly drained, fine-textured ones to sand and stony soils; in mesic or sometimes semi-arid situations. From Trinidad, Venezuela and northern Colombia through Central America to Yucatán, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Tamaulipas in Mexio.
" 690264 distribution 1378016 "Solanum lamprocarpum" "Coastal Tanzania and northern Mozambique; growing in shrubland and disturbed areas; 0-300 m elevation..
" 690266 conservation 1380748 "Solanum trifolium" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), S. trifolium is classified as D2 (Vulnerable). The nine known collections of this species are from two to three closely clustered localities within a narrow elevational band (2,500-3,000 m) between San José de Chimbo and Chillanes, Bolívar Province, Ecuador. Solanum trifolium appears to be well suited to the disturbed habitats in the area, and has been collected in disturbed forest fragments, along roadsides, and in cow pastures. Nevertheless, it seems prudent to list it as vulnerable, because of the extremely narrow distribution of this species.
" 690275 distribution 1376826 "Solanum peekelii" "Solanum peekelii is spread across the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands. It is the only species of Solanum section Dunaliana to be found in the Solomon Islands. It has been collected in disturbed places such as old village gardens, forest edges, and secondary forest. Rechinger (1912) listed it as occurring in strand forest and rainforest on Bougainville Island; sea level–170(–1070) m elevation.
" 690277 distribution 1378503 "Solanum megaspermum" "Solanum megaspermum is endemic to Peru, Departments of Cajamarca, Amazonas and Lambayeque from1,000 to 2,800 m, in disturbed areas of premontane and lower montane forests.
" 690282 distribution 1381048 "Solanum uleanum" "Eastern slopes of the Andes from central Ecuador to central Peru, from 200-1200 m elevation, usually growing in primary forest or at the edges of clearings.
" 690284 distribution 1376113 "Solanum umbellatum" "Solanum umbellatum is a common weedy species found throughout Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and in South America along the lower Andean slopes from Colombia to Peru and Venezuela. Frequently a member of open secondary-growth vegetation, its habitats include moist ravines, dry savannahs, forest openings, field borders, and thickets along roads and streams at elevations up to 2250 m.
" 690286 distribution 1368378 "Solanum lindenii" "On the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia, from 1500 to 3000 m, in forest or secondary growth,often along streams.
" 690292 distribution 1374618 "Solanum acaule" "Solanum acaule is widespread and common in upland habitats from northern Peru (Dept. Cajamarca), south through Bolivia to northern Argentina (Prov. San Juan), and with one record in northern Chile (Antofagasta Region), on dry rocky hillsides, high puna, among herbs, spiny shrubs and low woods, along streamsides, dry river beds and alluvial cones, (2000) 2400-4700 m in elevation.
" 690294 distribution 1372402 "Solanum lycopersicoides" "S Peru to N Chile on the W slopes of the Andes on dry rocky hillsides, 2900-3600 m elevation.
" 690298 distribution 1370170 "Solanum tegore" "Forest clearings, 70-700 m, Suriname, French Guiana, and eastern Brazil.
" 690301 distribution 1377246 "Solanum glaucescens" "Native to deciduous forests of southern Mexico (States of Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Puebla); 10-1400 m.
" 690304 conservation 1379622 "Solanum pseudosycophanta" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), Solanum pseudosycophanta is classified asVU-B1a+biii; A2c; D1 (Vulnerable). Populations of this species are located near expanding population centers leading to highly fragmented populations. The extent of occupancy is estimated to be less than 20, 000 km2, less than 10 locations, and there are estimated to be less than 1, 000 mature individuals across its range. There is also a continuing decline in suitable habitat in these regions due to deforestation and the establishment of new settlements.
" 690305 distribution 1379622 "Solanum pseudosycophanta" "Restricted to northern Peru and southern Ecuador in clearings and open places in disturbed, transitional and montane tropical forest, 900–1900 m in elevation.
" 690308 distribution 1376908 "Solanum senticosum" "Solanum senticosum is endemic to Queensland. Most collections are from the Mount Isa area, but it extends to Winton and Aramac. It is most often recorded from rocky ridges dominated by Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa with Triodia understorey.
" 690310 distribution 1376929 "Solanum stipitatostellatum" "Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, and high elevation areas in Kenya and Mozambique; growing in rainforest understory, open forest, forest edges or disturbed ground; 700-2000 m elevation.
" 690313 distribution 1378651 "Solanum mitchellianum" "Solanum mitchellianum extends from Springsure and Blackwater in Queensland to Warialda in New South Wales, Australia. It inhabits semi-evergreen vine thickets, brigalow-belah communities or shrubby eucalypt woodlands often with rock outcrops.
" 690315 conservation 1378229 "Solanum loxophyllum" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), S. loxophyllum is classified as B1a+biii (Endangered). Although this species is quite common in the habitats where it occurs – deep shade of low to mid-elevation rainforests in western Ecuador – less than 1,500 km2 of these habitats remain, and they continue to be converted to agricultural lands (Dodson and Gentry 1991; C. Aulestia, Bilsa Biological Station, pers. comm.).
" 690319 distribution 1376293 "Solanum oppositifolium" "Widely distributed in the Amazon basin, from the Guianas to Bolivia, from sea level to 800 m. This species grows in a variety of habitats from inundated forest to upland rainforest.
" 690320 general 1376293 "Solanum oppositifolium" "Shrubs or small trees, 1-5 m tall, occasionally quite small (ca. 30 cm) in inundated forest; young stems and leaves densely hirsutulous with erect uniseriate trichomes, the trichomes to 0.2 mm long; older stems remaining puberulent, the new growth soon glabrous except on the veins; bark of the older stems greyish-brown.Solanum cyathophorum is found in clearings and open places in disturbed, transitional and lowland tropical rainforest, 200-1100 m in elevation, mainly along the eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador, but extending into southern Colombia and northern Peru.
" 690324 distribution 1376310 "Solanum conocarpum" "Endemic to the island of St. John in the US Virgin Islands (and perhaps also St. Thomas and Virgen Gorda, fide Acevedo-Rodríguez, 1996), growing in seasonally dry, coastal habitat, in forest understory or in open areas from 0-10 m.
" 690328 distribution 1375861 "Solanum camptostylum" "Solanum camptostylum occurs in humid forest from 500–850 m elevation on the Grande Terre of New Caledonia.
" 690330 distribution 1378114 "Solanum ramonense" "In primary forest in montane Costa Rica and western Panama from 600-2000 m.
" 690332 distribution 1376489 "Solanum dasyneuron" "Endemic to the upper slopes of Volcán Tacaná, on the border of Mexico and Guatemala, in wet forest from 2500 to 3000 m.
" 690334 distribution 1375302 "Solanum medians" "Solanum medians is found from central Peru (Dept. Ancash) south to northern Chile in Regions I (Tarapacá) and II (Antofagasta), along the western slopes of the Andes; growing in a variety of sunny habitats along the dry coastal lomas to high frigid areas near snow fields and among Stipa ichu grasses in the puna. The most frequently mentioned habitat characteristics are apparently poor soils in rocky and sandy areas, but it has been collected along field margins and streamsides; 200-3800 m in elevation.
" 690336 distribution 1375849 "Solanum nitidum" "Moist microhabitats in puna (high elevation grassland) and montane cloud forests from central Ecuador to Bolivia, 3000-4000(-4500) m.
" 690338 distribution 1373289 "Solanum vespertilio" "Endemic to the Canary Islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria, to ca. 500 m. Known from only a few populations in semi-mesic habitats in remnant laurel forests (laurisilva).
" 690340 distribution 1376959 "Solanum lichtensteinii" "In southern Africa from South Africa to Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania; dry grassland, woodland, and thickets; 500-2000 m.
" 690342 distribution 1374801 "Solanum catombelense" "Southern Africa, from Angola and Namibia to Botswana and the northern part of South Africa; growing in grassland, savanna or mixed woodland, on sand or limestone; 0-1000 m elevation.
" 690345 distribution 1376816 "Solanum dulcamaroides" "From central Mexico (Estado Colima) to Nicaragua, in deciduous and evergreen forests from almost sea level to 2100 m.
" 690347 distribution 1378217 "Solanum lucani" "Solanum lucani is endemic to Australia in Western Australia and Northern Territory. The species occurs from about Willeroo Stn. in N.T. westward to near Derby and Broome and mainly south of the King Leopold Range. It occurs on disturbed sites and particularly on sand bars and levees of the river systems and less often on rocky outcrops and in the gravelly washes between rock masses; sandy and clayey soils.
" 690349 distribution 1375779 "Solanum burchellii" "South Africa and Namibia; growing on red sand, rocky outcrops and dry stream beds; 500-1300 m elevation.
" 690353 distribution 1378468 "Solanum matadori" "Southeastern Brazil, state of Santa Catarina; Araucaria forest; 800-1200 m.
" 690359 distribution 1377163 "Solanum furfuraceum" "Solanum furfuraceum is endemic to Queensland, Australia. It occurs in subcoastal areas extending from west of Townsville to the Gayndah area, and with a disjunct occurrence west of Mitchell. Most records come from within 200 km of Rockhampton. It grows in vine thicket, communities dominated by Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) or Bottle Trees (Brachychiton rupestris), or in nearby shrubby eucalypt woodland. Soils are moderately to very fertile.
" 690361 distribution 1377818 "Solanum jabrense" "Known only from 800-1010 m on the Pico de Jabre in the Serra de Teixeira in the Brazilian state of Paraíba, near the Pernambuco border. The area is composed of granitic and gneiss outcrops with a caatinga type vegetation locally known as mata serrana, whose elements largely belong to humid forest and semi-arid caatinga (Carvalho & Carvalho, 1985).
" 690363 distribution 1370163 "Solanum stuckertii" "Southern Andes of Argentina in the Provinces of Catamarca, Córdoba, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, San Luis, Santiago del Estero, and Tucumán; clearings, thickets, and open woodland, often at the borders of streams, in relatively dry areas; 250-2000 m. Several specimens have also collected in Bolivia in low-lying areas east of the Andean slopes in chaco forest, and populations of S. stuckertii are to be expected from suitable habitats in intervening areas of southern and perhaps southeastern Bolivia. According to Cabrera (1983), this species is found in the phytogeographic provinces of Chaco forests and in the transition zone between the Chaco and Yungas provinces.
" 690366 distribution 1380730 "Solanum trichopetiolatum" "Endemic to the area around mountain Marojejy, Antsiranana. Wet montane forest; 500 to 1500 m elevation.
" 690370 distribution 1379799 "Solanum restingae" "Only known from the restinga arborea forest on sandy soils near the coast in southern Bahia.
" 690375 distribution 1377049 "Solanum ferrugineum" "Solanum ferrugineum occurs in dry tropical forest, in grassland, sandy sites, pastures, and disturbed areas, western coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica, 0-320 m.
" 690378 distribution 1375359 "Solanum arundo" "). Endemic to eastern Africa, in Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania; common on grassland, savannah, open woodland, or sand dunes, calcareous or volcanic soil, often found on roadsides and abandoned cultivated land; 0–2000 m elevation.
" 690381 distribution 1379116 "Solanum olmosense" "Solanum olmosense is known from Ecuador (Loja), and Peru (Lambayeque) amongst bushes in mist rain forests; 1200-2650 m in elevation.
" 690383 distribution 1377069 "Solanum flagelliferum" "Unrecorded localities in Madagascar and the Majimbini Forest in Mayotte. Ecological information not available due to lack of recent collections.
" 690385 distribution 1374635 "Solanum parvifolium" "Solanum parvifolium is widespread from the northwestern plains of New South Wales to Atherton in Queensland. It grows in Brigalow scrubs, vine thickets, in shrubby eucalypt woodland,at rainforest margins or in “wet sclerophyll” forest with shrubby understorey on a variety of soils.
" 690387 conservation 1378166 "Solanum limoncochaense" "According to the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2010), S. limoncochaense is classified as B1a+biii (Critically endangered) and D2 (Vulnerable because of restricted area of occupancy). This species is only known from the terra firme forest near the northwest part of the Laguna de Limoncocha in western Ecuador. The four known collections of this species are all from this area, where it is quite common, but exploration of much of the Reserva Biológica Limoncocha did not reveal any additional populations (E.J. Tepe, pers. obs.). There is also a continuing decline in suitable habitats in the area due to deforestation for additional oil exploration, and an increase in the local population resulting from oil-associated jobs (H. Moya, Reserva Biológica Limoncocha, pers. comm.).
" 690388 distribution 1378166 "Solanum limoncochaense" "Solanum limoncochaense appears to be endemic to Sucumbíos Provinces (historically part of Napo Province), Ecuador, near the Laguna de Limoncocha, where it grows in terra firme primary forests and clearings; 240–300 m in elevation
" 690392 distribution 1370040 "Solanum aligerum" "Common in a wide variety of forest habitats from Mexico to Argentina, from 1500-3300 m. Solanum aligerum has been collected in pine-oak forests in Mexico and adjacent Central America, and in cloud forests in the Andes.
" 690396 distribution 1377425 "Solanum hazenii" "Known from the Pacific coastal lowlands of Mexico and the lowlands of Central and South America, reaching the West Indies in Trinidad and Grenada. In South America Solanum hazenii ranges along the coastal plains and Andean foothills of Colombia, Ecuador, northern Peru, and is also found along the coastal lowlands of Venezuela. This species occurs most abundantly below 100 m altitude in humid lowland cohune palm forests and in zones of tropical deciduous vegetation, often associated with Bursera, Cassia, Acacia, and Orbignya. Occasional to common in roadside thickets and recently disturbed, open habitats.
" 690398 distribution 1376305 "Solanum conglobatum" "Found along the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in central Bolivia (Yungas) and southern Peru, Solanum conglobatum is found in open disturbed habitats associated with xerophytic subtropical vegetation at elevations of 340 to 2800 m. The type locality, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, was politically a part of Brazil at the time of original collection and description of the species.
" 690400 distribution 1376468 "Solanum hastifolium" "Widespread, mainly inland eastern African species found from Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia to Uganda and northern Tanzania; reported to occur as far west as Chad by Brundu & Camarda (2013, no specimens seen); collected in dry Acacia (Vachellia) scrub, open places, disturbed vegetation and roadsides on sand, clay, loam and black cotton soil, sea level – 1500 m elevation.
" 690403 distribution 1376724 "Solanum doddsii" "Solanum doddsii occurs in central Bolivia (Depts. Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz), growing in sunny areas or in shade, on steep rocky slopes, sandy soil by streams; 2050-2600 m in elevation.
" 690406 distribution 1375258 "Solanum antisuyo" "Andean Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; growing in secondary vegetation, disturbed roadsides, landslides, and gravely slopes in ceja de Selva, montane cloud forest and Polylepis forests, associated with Chusquea (Poaceae). Gunnera (Gunneraceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae) and Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae); 2,000–3,600 (-3,900) m in elevation.
" 690408 distribution 1370120 "Solanum luteoalbum" "Andean slopes from southern Ecuador to southern Peru; gravelly or rocky slopes and cliffs to moist river valleys; 2200-3300 m.
" 690414 conservation 1375222 "Solanum anisocladum" "Endangered B1 a,b (i, ii, iii, iv). Solanum anisocladum is known from only three localities and its calculated extent of occurrence using the MCP is 834 km2. Despite the fact that the Bahia registry is far from the one in Pernambuco state, the MCP reflects the narrow range of coastal rainforest where the species is expected to occur. Although the type locality is now part of a private reserve owned by a sugar company (RPPN Frei Caneca), it consists of a small group of forest fragments in a severely damaged landscape mainly modified by extensive agriculture based on monoculture (plantations). Generally, the Atlantic coastal rainforest has been severely damaged in northeastern Brazil in the past decades due to urban expansion and extensive farming.
" 690415 distribution 1375222 "Solanum anisocladum" "Solanum anisocladum occurs in forest edges of the Atlantic coastal rainforest of northeastern Brazil in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, and Pernambuco, in partial to complete shade, at elevations of 500–700 m. Primary wet forest fragments at this elevation are quite rare in northeastern Brazil today, and the type collection, despite the fact that it was found in a forest edge, was from a well preserved fragment.
" 690420 distribution 1379848 "Solanum rixosum" "Solanum rixosum has a rather limited extent, from the Bunya Mountains and Mt Glastonbury in Queensland to the Kyogle district of far north-eastern New South Wales. It grows in disturbed areas of notophyll rainforest, or in shrubby eucalypt forest close to rainforest.
" 690422 distribution 1377790 "Solanum iodotrichum" "High Andean scrub and puna vegetation, 2400–3000 m, known only from several localities in the Bolivian Andes from near the La Paz-Cochabamba department boundary north to southernmost Peru. It is has notably not been collected in the heavily botanized area of the provinces of Sud Yungas and Nor Yungas to the east of the city of La Paz.
" 690424 distribution 1376548 "Solanum robustifrons" "In primary forests of the upper Amazon basin in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and adjacent Brazil, 100 to 600 m. Quite common in eastern Peru in lighter areas along streams and rivers.
" 690428 distribution 1375557 "Solanum bellum" "In middle elevation forests in eastern Ecuador and adjacent Peru, 900 to 1500 m.
" 690430 distribution 1372427 "Solanum arcanum" "Coastal and inland Andean valleys in northern Peru; in lomas, dry valleys and dry rocky slopes; 100 to 2500 m.
" 690432 distribution 1376953 "Solanum erythracanthum" "Madagascar, a common weed throughout; growing in disturbed vegetation and open forest; 0–1000 m elevation.
" 690434 distribution 1377329 "Solanum grayi" "Semixeric to moist, often partially wooded, rocky slopes, arroyos and canyon bottoms, often colonising dry streambeds, roadsides and abandoned fields, 0-2000 m; from S Sonora south along the Pacific slope of the Sierra Madre and thence east to Guerrero and Morelos, Mexico.
" 690450 distribution 1377829 "Solanum jamesii" "U.S.A.: southern Utah and S Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Texas; Mexico: N Sonora and N Chihuahua, and disjunct populations in Querétaro and San Luis Potosí; among boulders on hillsides, sandy alluvial stream bottoms, in gravel along trails or roadways, rich organic soil of alluvial valleys, sandy fallow fields, grasslands, juniper-pinyon scrub deserts, oak thickets, coniferous and deciduous forests; 1370-2870 m.
" 690453 distribution 1374589 "Solanum ×vallis-mexici" "Mexico (Distrito Federal and state of México), 2280-3000 m; among grasses and bushes or abandoned fields in areas of pine or oak forests.
" 690457 distribution 1379992 "Solanum santosii" "In wet forest ("mata higrófila") in southern Bahia, near sea level. Only known from the type locality.
" 690459 distribution 1379717 "Solanum quebradense" "Cloud forests in the Venezuelan Andes in the states of Mérida and Trujillo, from 2200-3200m.
" 690461 distribution 1376297 "Solanum oxycarpum" "Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz), (1520) 1870-2870 m; in wet habitats, often in openings of cloud forests, often in pine and oak, in organic soils, in full sun to partial shade, growing among shrubs and in pine-oak-alder forests, frequently in pockets of volcanic rocks, often growing among ferns and mosses.
" 7 general 1295740 "Selaginella pilifera" "Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming rosettes. Main (central) stem spirally compact, branched, branches 2--3-forked, prostrate, flat when moist, almost flat when dry, not articulate, glabrous. Rhizophores borne on underside of stems, restricted to base of rosette, 4--5 mm diam. Leaves thick and stiff. Lateral leaves overlapping, ascending, green, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, (2--)3--3.5 X 0.8--1 mm; base cordate, with 2 ciliate lobes or auricles; margins transparent, acroscopic margins short-ciliate at base, dentate toward apex; basiscopic margins entire to scattered dentate; apex bristle 1/3--1/2 length of leaf blade. Median leaves peltate, oblique-lanceolate, 2--3 X 0.7--1 mm; base rounded to truncate, pubescent; margins green to slightly transparent, inner margins dentate, outer margins entire or slightly dentate; apex bristle 1/3 length of leaf blade. Strobili solitary, 5--10 mm; sporophylls monomorphic, lanceolate-ovate, slightly keeled, keel not dentate, base pubescent, margins transparent to greenish, short-ciliate to denticulate, apex long-bristled. 2 n = 20.
Selaginella lepidophylla Mettenius is a misapplied name.
The long-bristled leaf apex of Selaginella pilifera is unique among New World xerophytic members of subg. Stachygynandrum series Circinatae Spring. The closest relative of S . pilifera is S . gypsophila A. R. Smith & T. Reeves, which is from Nuevo León, Mexico, and differs by having obtuse leaf apices. Further studies are needed to determine whether S . gypsophila represents a well-differentiated species or an environmental variant of S . pilifera .
Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming discrete long-spreading mats or seldom cushionlike mats. Stems radially symmetric, creeping or decumbent, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem indeterminate, lateral branches conspicuously or inconspicuously determinate, often strongly ascending, 1--3-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.2--0.37 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in alternate pseudowhorls of 5, tightly appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 2--3.5 X 0.35--0.5 mm (smaller on lateral branches); abaxial ridges prominent; base cuneate and decurrent to rounded and adnate on young lateral branches or buds, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; margins long-ciliate, cilia transparent, spreading to ascending, 0.07--0.17 mm; apex keeled, truncate in profile, obtuse to attenuate; bristle white to whitish or transparent, puberulent, 0.45--0.8 mm. Strobili solitary, 0.5--2.5 cm; sporophylls deltate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins ciliate, apex truncate in profile, bristled. 2 n = 18.
Selaginella sibirica is most closely allied to S . rupestris . In addition to differences noted in the descriptions, it can be distinguished from S . rupestris by the numerous marginal cilia on the leaves and by the transparent sporophyll margins; S . rupestris has a variable number (usually few) of marginal cilia and nontransparent sporophyll margins.
" 9 general 1295755 "Selaginella tortipila" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming compact clumps or mounds. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; aerial stems erect or ascending to decumbent, budlike branches throughout. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to rhizomatous stems or to lowermost base of aerial stems, 0.2--0.3 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, in alternate pseudowhorls of 5. Rhizomatous stem leaves strongly appressed, overlapping, scalelike. Aerial stem leaves tightly appressed, ascending, green, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (2.5--)3--4.5 X 0.4--0.7 mm; abaxial ridges inconspicuous or more visible from apex to middle of leaf; base cuneate, decurrent, glabrous; margins short-ciliate to denticulate or entire, cilia transparent, spreading, 0.02--0.06(--0.08) mm; apex keeled (more so in dry leaves); bristle transparent or yellowish to brownish near base, puberulent, twisted, persistent or falling off early, 1.2--1.7 mm (1/3--1/2 length of leaves). Strobili solitary, 4--6 mm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, abaxial ridges obvious, base glabrous, margins denticulate, apex keeled, long-bristled, bristle twisted.
Selaginella tortipila , a very distinct species, is probably without close relatives in the flora but may be distantly related to S . rupestris . The two irregularly forked branches are particularly unusual: the larger one forms the strobilus while the smaller becomes arrested and forms either a budlike branch or grows and divides again to form a vegetative shoot.
" 10 general 884719 "Botrychium lunaria" "Trophophore stalk 0--1 mm; blade dark green, oblong, 1-pinnate, to 10 × 4 cm, thick, fleshy. Pinnae to 9 pairs, spreading, mostly overlapping except in shaded forest forms, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae not or slightly more than between 2d and 3d pairs, basal pinna pair approximately equal in size and cutting to adjacent pair, broadly fan-shaped, undivided to tip, margins mainly entire or undulate, rarely dentate, apical lobe usually cuneate to spatulate, notched, approximate to adjacent lobes, apex rounded, venation like ribs of fan, midribs absent. Sporophores 1--2-pinnate, 0.8--2 times length of trophophore. 2 n =90.
Botrychium lunaria grows with many other species of Botrychium , occasionally hybridizing with them. This species, geographically the most widespread of the moonworts, has notably uniform morphology.
" 12 general 884667 "Botrychium simplex" "Trophophore stalk 0--3 cm, 0--1.5 times length of trophophore rachis; blade dull to bright green to whitish green, linear to ovate-oblong to oblong to fully triangular with pinnae arranged ternately, simple to 2(--3)-pinnate, to 7 × 0.2 cm, fleshy to thin, papery or herbaceous. Pinnae or well-developed lobes to 7 pairs, spreading to ascending, approximate to widely separated, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae frequently greater than between 2d and 3d pairs, basal pinna pair commonly much larger and more complex than adjacent pair, cuneate to fan-shaped, strongly asymmetric, undivided to divided to tip, basiscopic margins ± perpendicular to rachis, acroscopic margins strongly ascending, basal pinnae often divided into 2 unequal parts, margins usually entire or shallowly sinuate, apex rounded, undivided and boat-shaped to strongly divided and plane, venation pinnate or like ribs of fan, with midrib. Sporophores mainly 1-pinnate, 1--8 times length of trophophores. 2 n =90.
The many environmental forms and juvenile stages of Botrychium simplex have resulted in the naming of numerous, mostly taxonomically worthless, infraspecific taxa. The western montane populations in the flora from Colorado to north Saskatchewan and westard are evidently distinctive, however, and may warrant subspecies or species status.
Mature, full-sized plants of these can be distinguished as follows:
Eastern Botrychium simplex : Sporophore 1--4 times length of trophophores, arising from well-developed common stalk from below middle to near top, well above leaf sheath; trophophore nonternate or if subternate, lateral pinnae smaller than central pinnae and simple to merely lobed (rarely pinnate); pinnae usually adnate to rachis, rounded and ovate to spatulate, segment sides at angles mostly less than 90°; trophophore tip undivided; texture papery to herbaceous; common in upland fields.
Western Botrychium simplex : Sporophore 3--8 times length of trophophore, mostly arising directly from top of leaf sheath, common stalk much reduced to absent; trophophore ternate with 3 equal segments (rarely nonternate, then resembling single segment of ternate blade); pinnae usually strongly contracted at base to stalked, angular to fan-shaped, segment sides at angles mostly more than 90°, like those of B . lunaria ; trophophore tip divided, usually in 3 parts including narrow central lobe; texture thin, herbaceous; habitats mainly along marshy margins and in meadows.
The eastern, typical Botrychium simplex has a common woodland and swamp shade form ( B . tenebrosum A.A. Eaton) that appears to be a persistent juvenile. It is small and extremely slender, the trophophore simple, rudimentary, and attached near the top of an exaggerated common stalk. Many intermediates between this and more typical forms exist, however, and the variation appears to be the result of different growing conditions. The persistent western juvenile counterpart differs in the generally lower attachment of the trophophore (not necessarily on the top of the sheath), greater length of the trophophore, and more herbaceous texture.
Plants on rock or epiphytic. Stems long-creeping, threadlike, and intertwining, bearing scattered leaves, covered with dark hairs of 2 types, 2-celled glandular hairs and elongate rhizoidlike hairs; roots absent. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, simple, 0.5--2 cm × 2--5 mm, ± entire, bearing simple or 2-cleft dark hairs on margin and 2-celled glandular hairs on petioles and veins; petioles nearly as long as blades. Venation weakly pinnate with numerous unconnected false veins. Soral involucres usually 1 per leaf, terminal on blades, short-conic, flaring widely at mouth; involucre lips not dark edged. Gametophytes composed entirely of branched filaments. Gemmae composed of short filaments of undifferentiated cells. 2 n = ca. 102.
Trichomanes petersii has irregular meiosis and generally misshapen spores, but it produces some large and viable spores, presumably unreduced in chromosome number. Gametophytes, identified as this taxon by enzyme electrophoresis, have been observed to produce apogamous sporophytes. Therefore, the species seems capable of some reproduction by an apogamous life cycle. Sporophytes also reproduce vegetatively by dispersible buds formed on the leaves. Although some gametophytes in the vicinity of sporophytes have been shown to be Trichomanes petersii , most of the independent Trichomanes gametophyte populations of the eastern United States are T . intricatum .
Sporophytes of Trichomanes petersii and other species of subg. Didymoglossum form dense mats of imbricated leaves, often excluding all other vegetation. In this habit, as well as in their reduced size and absence of roots, they have adopted a growth form mimicking and successfully competing with bryophytes. In Louisiana and Mississippi, T . petersii occurs on trunks of Fagus and Magnolia . Elsewhere it is on noncalcareous rocks, but in Florida, T . petersii also occurs on chert boulders in limestone sinks and cliffs.
Herbs , 15-50 cm. Rhizomes with tough fibrous roots. Stems erect, unbranched, pubescent. Leaves: basal leaf often quickly deciduous, 1; cauline leaves, 2, similar to basal. Leaf blade 3-10 cm wide at anthesis, to 25 cm wide in fruit; lobes variously incised, margins singly or doubly serrate. Flowers 8-18 mm wide; peduncle 5-38 mm, ± closely subtended by distalmost cauline leaf; sepals not clawed, 3.5-7 mm, glabrous; stamens strongly exserted, white showy, 4-8 mm; pistils 1-carpellate, distinct; stigma 2-lipped. Berry aggregates dark red, 10-15 × 8-15(-20) mm, each berry 5-8 × 1.5-5 mm. Seeds 1-2 per pistil, 2.5-4.5 mm.
A decrease in undisturbed, deciduous woodlands and commercial harvesting of the rhizomes for herbal medicine have contributed to a decline of this species. The species is considered very infrequent in Canada (G. W. Argus and K. M. Pryer 1990) and in some U.S. states (D. J. White and H. L. Dickson 1983). The raspberrylike fruit is considered inedible.
Native Americans used Hydrastis canadensis medicinally for treating cancer, whooping cough, diarrhea, liver trouble, earaches, sore eyes, fevers, pneumonia, heart trouble, tuberculosis, chapped or cut lips, and dyspepsy; to improve appetite; and as a tonic, and as a wash for inflammation (D. E. Moerman 1986).
Shrubs or small trees , to 6(-10.6) m, suckering, forming dense clumps, not aromatic and resinous. Leaves not persistent in winter; petioles 6-15(-20) mm. Leaf blade broad-elliptic to nearly rounded or obovate, 3.7-16.7 × 2.5-13 cm, base strongly oblique and rounded, sometimes somewhat cuneate and weakly oblique, apex acute to short-acuminate or broadly rounded; surfaces abaxially pale green, not glaucous. Flowers appearing in autumn, faintly fragrant; calyx adaxially yellow-green to yellow; petals pale to deep yellow, rarely reddish, 10-20 mm; staminodes conspicuously dilated. Capsules 10-14 mm. Seeds 5-9 mm. 2 n = 24.
Hamamelis virginiana exhibits a complex range of variation, not easily reconciled taxonomically, especially in the leaves and flowers. In the northern part of the range, the leaves are larger, averaging 9 × 2.6 cm, the petals are bright yellow, and the plants are normally shrubby. In South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the leaves are usually smaller, averaging 6.2 × 4.1 cm, the petals are distinctly pale yellow, and the plants sometimes attain small tree proportions, to 30 cm in trunk diameter. Such plants have been referred to as H . virginiana var. macrophylla . On the Ozark Plateau, H . virginiana and H . vernalis are sympatric. There the petals of H . virginiana are often reddish at the base, indicating the role of hybridization in that part of the range. Infraspecific taxa are not recognized for H . virginiana because no consistently defined pattern of variation or geographic correlation can be identified with this plant.
Hamamelis virginiana was well known as a medicinal plant by Native Americans. Cherokee, Chippewa, Iroquois, Menominee, Mohegan, and Potowatomi tribes used it as a cold remedy, dermatological aid, febrifuge, gynecological aid, eye medicine, kidney aid, and in other ways (D. E. Moerman 1986).
Witch-hazel was subsequently used by the early European settlers in similar ways. A tea of the leaves was employed for a variety of medicinal purposes. The twigs were used as divining rods (water-witching), thus giving the vernacular name to the plant. Modern uses employ both the bark and leaves, and a good demand still exists for the pleasant-smelling water of witch-hazel, derived from the leaves and bark. The products are used in skin cosmetics, shaving lotions, mouth washes, eye lotion, ointments, and soaps.
Hamamelis virginiana is sometimes cultivated, largely for its autumn flowering.
The largest known tree of Hamamelis virginiana , 10.6 m in height with a trunk diameter of 0.4 m, is recorded from Bedford, Virginia (American Forestry Association 1994).
Plants terrestrial, less often on rock, forming close clumps. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; rhizomatous stems with budlike branches, these sometimes inconspicuous; aerial stems erect or ascending, lateral branches conspicuously determinate. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to rhizomatous stems or lowermost base of aerial stems (seldom on distal 2/3, if so, short), mostly aerial, 0.25--0.43 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in pseudowhorls of 4 or 5, tightly appressed, ascending, green, narrowly triangular-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 2--3.25 X 0.4--0.6(--0.7) mm; abaxial ridges present; base rounded to cuneate, slightly decurrent to adnate, pubescent; margins ciliate, cilia transparent, spreading at base, dentiform, ascending toward apex, 0.02--0.1 mm; apex plane, attenuate or seldom slightly keeled; bristle white or whitish to transparent, sometimes with brownish to reddish band at base marking breaking point (in old leaves), straight, puberulent, (0.35--)0.5--1.4 mm. Strobili solitary, (0.5--)1--3(--3.5) cm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, abaxial ridges not prominent, base pubescent, margins ciliate, apex bristled.
Selaginella acanthonota is a member of the S . arenicola complex, a taxonomically difficult group. Specimens of S . acanthonota from the northern part of its range (e.g., North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) tend to have rather prostrate underground (rhizomatous) stems, with ascending to erect, short aerial stems. Those from Florida have rather ascending underground (rhizomatous) stems and more slender aerial stems. Selaginella acanthonota , in addition to features given in the description, is characterized by having hairs running lengthwise along or at least to the proximal half of the ridges bordering the abaxial groove of the leaves and sporophylls, and, usually, puberulent leaves and sporophyll apices. The hairs on the ridges sometimes break off easily or are somewhat enclosed within the abaxial groove (when the ridges close as a response to dryness), but they can be seen under a microscope. More systematic studies are needed within S . acanthonota and the entire S . arenicola complex.
" 46 general 1295712 "Selaginella densa" "Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming cushionlike or loose mats. Stems decumbent or creeping, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem upperside and underside structurally slightly different, conspicuously indeterminate, lateral branches radially symmetric, conspicuously or inconspicuously determinate, strongly ascending, 2--3-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.2--0.35 mm diam. Leaves essentially monomorphic, in poorly defined pseudowhorls of 5 or 6, tightly appressed, ascending, green, linear to linear-lanceolate, (2.7--)3--5 X 0.4--0.7 mm (upperside leaves smaller than underside ones, also smaller on ascending buds); abaxial ridges present; base long-decurrent, oblique, and glabrous on underside leaves, slightly decurrent, oblique, and sometimes pubescent on upperside leaves; margins long-ciliate, cilia transparent, mostly ascending or spreading on proximal 1/2, ascending on distal 1/2, 0.07--0.17(--0.2) mm; apex slightly keeled to plane, rather obtuse, abruptly long-bristled; bristle white or transparent, puberulent, (1--)1.25--1.9 mm. Strobili solitary, (0.5--)1--3(--4) cm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate, seldom ovate, abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins ciliate entire length or dentate near tip, apex usually long-bristled.
Selaginella densa has been treated as including three varieties: var. densa , var. scopulorum (Maxon) R. M. Tryon, and var. standleyi (Maxon) R. M. Tryon (R. M. Tryon 1955), which are recognized here at the species level. Intermediates between S . densa and the other two species of the group may represent ecological variations of the species, hybrids between species within the complex, or hybrids with other closely related species, such as S . watsonii . This group is in need of detailed systematic studies. Megasporangia with only two well-developed megaspores have been observed, which may indicate apogamy and the presence of different races as found in S . rupestris .
" 47 general 1295717 "Selaginella douglasii" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming loose mats. Stems long-creeping, branched, branches 2--3-forked, flat, not articulate, glabrous. Rhizophores borne on underside of stems throughout stem length or restricted to proximal ± 2/3 of main stem or axillary throughout stem, 0.2--0.4 mm diam. Leaves delicate and papery. Lateral leaves spreading or slightly ascending, distant, shiny green becoming shiny brown, with orange or red spot or entirely reddish, ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong, 1.5--3.2 X (1--)1.5--2.2 mm; base auriculate, basiscopic auricle conspicuous, acroscopic auricle inconspicuous or base ± rounded; margins green, ciliate toward auricles, otherwise entire; apex rounded to obtuse or truncate. Median leaves ovate-oblong, (1.8--)2--2.2 X 1--1.3 mm; base auriculate, outer auricle larger than inner one; margins green, ciliate at auricles, otherwise entire; apex abruptly cuspidate to bristled. Strobili paired, 0.6--1.1 cm; sporophylls monomorphic, ovate-lanceolate, keeled, keel not dentate, base glabrous, margins green, entire or with a few scattered, short cilia, apex acute to acuminate.
Selaginella douglasii , with no close relatives in the flora, is easy to identify by its shiny green leaves when young, turning shiny light brown when old, with an orange to red spot at the base, or totally reddish. Its closest relative is the Mexican S . delicatissima Linden ex A. Braun.
" 50 general 1295721 "Selaginella eremophila" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming dense mats. Stems not readily fragmenting, prostrate, upperside and underside structurally different, irregularly forked; branches determinate, tips upturned. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.2 mm diam. Leaves conspicuously dimorphic, in 8 ranks, tightly appressed, ascending, green; abaxial ridges present; apex with deciduous, twisted, transparent bristle ± 0.3 mm, becoming acute to slightly mucronate in oldest branches. Underside leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic (on central ranks) or falcate (on marginal ranks), 2--2.7 X 0.5--0.7 mm; base decurrent, glabrous; margins ciliate, cilia transparent to opaque, spreading, 0.04--0.1 mm. Upperside leaves lanceolate, 1.3--1.4 X 0.3--0.4 mm; base abruptly adnate, pubescent, hairs often running along groove; margins ciliate, cilia transparent to opaque, spreading, ca. 0.1 mm. Strobili solitary, 3--8 mm; sporophylls ovate-deltate, abaxial ridges not prominent, base glabrous, margins ciliate, apex acute to mucronate.
Selaginella eremophila is most closely related to the Mexican S . parishii L. Underwood and S . landii Greenman & Pfeiffer. In S . eremophila and the following two species, S . arizonica and S . peruviana , the leaves are arranged in 8 conspicuous ranks: 3 underside (2 marginal, 1 central), 2 lateral, and 3 upperside (2 marginal, 1 central).
" 52 general 1295738 "Selaginella peruviana" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming loose mats. Stems not readily fragmenting, prostrate, upperside and underside structurally different, irregularly forked, branches determinate, tips upturned. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.23--0.33 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, arranged in 8 ranks, tightly appressed, ascending, green; abaxial ridges present; apex with persistent, whitish, terete bristle 0.3--0.8 mm. Underside leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate (on central ranks) to falcate (on marginal ranks), 2.5--4 X 0.4--0.6 mm; base decurrent (oblique on marginal ranks), pubescent (sometimes glabrous); margins ciliate, cilia transparent to opaque, spreading at base, ascending toward apex, 0.1--0.15 mm. Upperside leaves linear-lanceolate (on central ranks) to falcate (on marginal ranks), 2.3--2.75 X 0.5--0.55 mm; base abruptly adnate, pubescent; margins ciliate, cilia transparent to opaque, ascending or spreading, 0.08--0.16 mm. Strobili solitary, 0.5--2 cm; sporophylls ovate-deltate to ovate, abaxial ridges not prominent, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate, apex bristled.
R. M. Tryon (1955) reported an elevation range of 600--3000 m for Selaginella peruviana in the United States.
" 53 general 1295747 "Selaginella rupincola" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming loose clumps. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; both rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; rhizomatous stems hard to distinguish on wholly creeping plants; aerial stems erect or ascending, sometimes decumbent to slightly creeping, budlike arrested branches restricted mostly near stem base. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to lower stems or throughout stem length, 0.3--0.5 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, not clearly ranked. Rhizomatous stem leaves persistent or deciduous, tightly appressed, scalelike. Aerial stem leaves appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate, 3--4.7 X 0.45--0.65 mm; abaxial ridges present; base abruptly adnate, rounded, pubescent; margins long-ciliate, cilia white to whitish, spreading, 0.1--0.2 mm; apex not keeled to slightly keeled; bristle white to whitish or yellowish to greenish near base, puberulent, 0.65--1.85 mm (1/3--1/2 length of leaves). Strobili solitary, 0.5--2.5(--3.5) cm; sporophylls lanceolate, strongly tapering toward tip, abaxial ridges prominent, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate, apex long-bristled.
Selaginella rupincola is allied to S . bigelovii . It is one of the presumed parents of S . × neomexicana (see discussion). In addition to characteristics given, it can be separated from S . bigelovii in having hairs often running along the ridges of the abaxial groove, whereas S . bigelovii has nonhairy ridges on the abaxial groove.
" 54 general 1295769 "Selaginella utahensis" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming cushionlike mats. Stems decumbent to short-creeping, dry stems readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem upperside and underside structurally slightly different, inconspicuously indeterminate, lateral branches radially symmetric, determinate, strongly ascending, 1-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.2--0.33 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in alternate pseudowhorls of 4, tightly appressed, ascending, green, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, seldom lanceolate-elliptic, sometimes falcate on lateral ranks (on main stem), 2--4.25 X 0.45--0.75(--1) mm (smaller on young ascending branches); abaxial ridges present; base cuneate and decurrent, rarely rounded and adnate, glabrous, seldom slightly pubescent; margins short-ciliate or denticulate to entire, cilia few, transparent, scattered, ascending to spreading, 0.02--0.1 mm; apex keeled, attenuate or obtuse, blunt or acute or ending in a very short bristle or mucro; bristle or mucro transparent to opaque, yellowish or whitish, smooth, 0--0.4 mm. Strobili solitary, 0.5--2 cm; sporophylls lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, abaxial ridges moderately defined, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate to denticulate, apex short-bristled.
Selaginella utahensis is very closely related to, and can be easily confused with, S . leucobryoides . The leaf apex of S . utahensis is sometimes blunt, smooth, and rather opaque, or with a very short bristle or mucro, and its leaves are in defined alternate pseudowhorls of four. In contrast, S . leucobryoides has obvious whitish, puberulent
(rough) bristles, and the leaves are not in well-defined alternate pseudowhorls. The two species overlap in range and expressions of morphologic characters. They are treated here as separate species until additional studies can be carried out to determine whether or not they represent ecological variations of the same species or distinct species.
Plants on rock, forming clumps or mounds. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; aerial stems mainly erect, seldom ascending, with budlike arrested branches throughout stem length. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to rhizomatous stems and lower 1/4 of aerial stems, 0.16--0.3 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, not clearly ranked. Rhizomatous stem leaves loosely appressed, straight, scalelike. Aerial stem leaves appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1.8--2.1 X 0.49--0.56 mm; abaxial ridges prominent; base cuneate and decurrent to slightly rounded and adnate, glabrous; margins denticulate to very short-ciliate, cilia transparent, spreading to ascending toward apex, 0.02--0.04 mm; apex acute or seldom blunt. Strobili solitary, 0.5--1.2(--2.5) cm; sporophylls deltate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, abaxial ridges prominent, base glabrous, margins denticulate, apex acute to obtuse.
In Texas Selaginella viridissima is known only from the Chisos Mountains.
" 56 general 1295759 "Selaginella wallacei" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming loose or compact mats. Stems radially symmetric, creeping or decumbent, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem long, indeterminate, lateral branches determinate, ascending, 1--2-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.23--0.36(--0.4) mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in ± alternate pseudowhorls of 4, tightly or loosely appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate, (1.5--)1.8--3.5 X 0.39--0.66 mm; abaxial ridges well defined; base rounded and adnate or cuneate and slightly decurrent on fleshy, loosely appressed stem leaves (from wet places), pubescent, seldom glabrous; margins short-ciliate to denticulate, cilia transparent, spreading at base, dentiform, and ascending toward apex, 0.03--0.06(--0.1) mm; apex keeled and obtuse, sometimes attenuate or plane and attenuate, abruptly short- to long-bristled; bristle transparent to whitish, puberulent, sometimes breaking off, (0.16--)0.2--0.46(--0.9) mm. Strobili often paired, 1--4.5(--9) cm; sporophylls deltate-ovate (mostly on exposed and compact mats) or lanceolate-ovate (on loose, spreading mats from wet places), abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate to denticulate, apex keeled, abruptly short-bristled, seldom tapering into bristle.
Selaginella wallacei is extremely variable depending on its habitat (R. M. Tryon 1955). Plants in dry, exposed conditions have short stems, form compact mats with tightly appressed leaves adnate to the stem, and have a rather keeled, abruptly bristled apex. Plants from moist habitats have long stems, form rather moderately long-creeping mats, and have less appressed, decurrent, fleshy leaves, with a more plane-attenuate apex that gradually tapers into a bristle. Plants from exposed, dry conditions sometimes are confused with S . scopulorum , but they have a keeled apex with well-defined ridges on the abaxial groove whereas in S . scopulorum the leaf apex is ± plane and attenuate, and the ridges on the abaxial groove are not prominent. Plants from moist habitats somewhat resemble plants of S . underwoodii .
R. M. Tryon (1955) found strobili 9 cm long in Selaginella wallacei , the longest strobili known within subg. Tetragonostachys and comparable only to those of S . oregana .
Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming long or compact cushionlike mats. Stems radially symmetric, decumbent to long-creeping, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem conspicuously determinate, lateral branches conspicuously or inconspicuously determinate, strongly ascending, 1--3-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.35--0.55 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in alternate pseudowhorls of 4, tightly or loosely appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate, (2.5--)3--4 X 0.5--0.7 mm; abaxial ridges prominent; base cuneate, decurrent, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; margins entire or short-ciliate, cilia transparent, scattered, spreading, 0.05--0.1 mm; apex strongly keeled, obtuse, abruptly bristled; bristle whitish to transparent, smooth, 0.25--0.5 mm. Strobili solitary, 0.5--3(--3.5) cm; sporophylls lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins entire, rarely dentate, apex strongly keeled to truncate in profile, short-bristled.
R. M. Tryon (1955) suggested that Selaginella watsonii is a possible ancestor of (or shares a common ancestor with) S . leucobryoides , S . asprella , and S . utahensis (see discussion).
" 61 general 1163911 "Thalictrum cooleyi" "Stems erect to reclining, slender, 60-200 cm. Leaves: proximal cauline petiolate, distal cauline sessile to nearly sessile; petioles and rachises glabrous, neither pubescent nor glandular. Leaf blade: proximal cauline mostly 2×-ternately compound, distal cauline usually ternately compound; leaflets linear to narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, apically occasionally 2-3-lobed, 12-68 × 1-12 mm, length (2.6-)4-26 times width, membranous to leathery, margins sometimes revolute, lobe margins entire; surfaces abaxially glabrous. Inflorescences racemes to panicles, elongate, few flowered; peduncles and pedicels neither pubescent nor glandular. Flowers usually unisexual, staminate and pistillate on different plants; sepals 4-5, white to yellowish in staminate flowers, greenish in pistillate flowers, obovate, 1.5 mm; filaments white to purple, 2.5-6 mm; anthers 0.9-2.5 mm. Achenes 5-6, sessile or nearly sessile; stipe 0-0.4 mm; body ellipsoid, 4.5-6 mm, prominently veined, glabrous; beak 1.3-2.4 mm. 2 n = 210.
Thalictrum cooleyi occurs commonly on Grifton soil and is associated with some sort of disturbance, including clearings, edges of frequently burned savannahs, roadsides, and powerline rights-of-way that are maintained by fire or mowing. Silvicultural and agricultural practices and their associated suppression of fire have seriously affected populations of T . cooleyi . Furthermore, fruit production appears to be quite low in the species (S. W. Leonard 1987).
Leaves of Thalictrum cooleyi have fewer leaflets than other species of Thalictrum sect. Leucocoma .
Plants on rock, occasionally epiphytic. Sporophytes not known. Gametophytes entirely filamentous, much branched, persistent. Gemmae composed of short filaments of undifferentiated cells.
Throughout the eastern uplands of the United States, gametophytes of Trichomanes intricatum form feltlike populations covering up to a square meter or more of rock surface in climatically moderated rock shelters and narrow canyons. Sporophytes are not produced, and reproduction is by gemmae and by perennial gametophyte growth and branching.
Filamentous gametophytes of the various Trichomanes species have not been distinguished morphologically. Enzyme electrophoresis, however, has shown the vast majority of independent Trichomanes gametophyte populations, as well as all of those existing beyond the range of sporophytes of T . boschianum and T . petersii , to be T . intricatum . (All populations of gametophytes tested in Arkansas and several populations in the immediate vicinity of sporophytes of T . petersii and T . boschianum in eastern states have enzyme banding patterns identical to one or the other of those species.) The adaptation of T . intricatum to far northern habitats and its inability to produce sporophytes suggest that this is a distinct taxon, possibly derived from a pre-Pleistocene North American species possessing a normal alternation of generations (D. R. Farrar 1985, 1992).
Plants epiphytic or on rock. Stems long-creeping, threadlike, bearing scattered leaves; stems covered with dark hairs of 2 types: 2-celled glandular hairs and elongate rhizoidlike hairs; roots absent. Leaves oblong, 1--2-pinnatifid, 1--5 × 0.5--1.5 cm, with dark, stellate marginal hairs between lobes, 2-celled glandular hairs on petioles and veins, and dark rhizoidlike hairs on petioles and sometimes abaxially on blades; petioles shorter than blades. Venation pinnate with unconnected false veins. Soral involucres terminal on lobes near leaf apices, conic, flaring at mouth; involucre lips narrowly dark edged. Gametophytes composed entirely of branching filaments. Gemmae composed of short filaments of undifferentiated cells. 2 n = 136.
Trichomanes krausii is fairly common in and around limestone sinks in hardwood forests in Dade County, Florida. Gametophytes may be found occasionally in the vicinity of sporophytes, but they do not form large independent colonies.
" 80 general 617425 "Trichomanes lineolatum" "Plants on rock. Stems long-creeping, threadlike, bearing scattered leaves, covered with dark hairs of 2 types, 2-celled glandular hairs and elongate rhizoidlike hairs; roots absent. Leaves round to obovate, simple to irregularly lobed, 1--3 × 0.5--1.5 cm, with dark stellate hairs on margin, 2-celled glandular hairs on petioles and veins, and dark rhizoidlike hairs on petioles; petioles shorter than blades. Venation repeatedly forking from the base; unconnected false veins few or absent. Soral involucres 1--5 per leaf, terminal on blades, narrowly conic, not flaring at mouth; involucre lips with conspicuous dark marginal band 2--5 cells wide. Gametophytes unknown, presumed to be as others of subgenus. 2 n = 68.
Trichomanes lineolatum leaves have unusually thick veins that are enlarged toward the margin and conspicuous in dried specimens.
" 81 general 617440 "Trichomanes membranaceum" "Plants epiphytic, on rock, or terrestrial. Stems long-creeping, threadlike, bearing scattered leaves, covered with dark hairs of 2 types, multicellular gland-tipped hairs and elongate rhizoidlike hairs. Leaves subsessile, irregularly ovate to oblong and often irregularly cleft, 2.5--6.5 × 1--3 cm, bearing multicellular gland-tipped hairs and elongate rhizoidlike hairs on petiole; margin fringed with minute, paired, roundish scales. Blades 2 cell layers thick between veins. Venation flabellate with many unconnected false veins. Soral involucres 5--15 per leaf, marginal on leaf apices, narrowly conic with flaring lips. Gametophytes unknown. 2 n = 68.
Trichomanes membranaceum resembles species of subg. Didymoglossum in its growth form and chromosome number, and it has been considered by some authors to be of that subgenus. Its marginal scales, absence of stellate hairs, and leaf blades 2 cell layers thick set it apart from other species of subg. Didymoglossum and all other American Trichomanes .
The single population reported from Harrison County, Mississippi, in 1929 (E. T. Wherry 1964) may be extirpated, and no other occurrences of Trichomanes membranaceum are currently known in the flora. Because it is a common and adaptable species of varied habitats throughout tropical America, occurrences along the Gulf Coast and in Florida are not unlikely.
Plants in low, dense tufts, green, dull. Stems 1-2(-4) cm. Leaves mostly falcate-secund, lanceolate, gradually subulate, 2-3(-4 mm), margins distally 1-stratose; costa 50-60 µm wide at base; distal laminal cells mostly rectangular (1-2:1), occasionally subquadrate, 7-9 µm wide, slightly papillose; basal laminal cells elongate, smooth, sometimes porose, alar cells gradually differentiated. Perichaetial leaves similar to the cauline. Perigonia sessile, located just below or occasionally distant from perichaetia. Capsule not ribbed when dry, urn 0.8-1.2 mm. Spores 12-19 µm.
Kiaeria falcata is often found on horizontal rock surfaces in late-summer snowmelt areas. It grows in denser tufts than any other species of the genus. The epithet “falcata” refers to its falcate leaves, a character shared with K. starkei separating both species from K. blyttii. It is distinguished from K. starkei by its shorter, non-ribbed capsules and horizontal rather than vertical rock habitat.
" 108 general 1151127 "Campylostelium saxicola" "Plants glossy. Leaves 2-3 mm, often circinately curled when dry, margins entire, erect; apices acute, subcucullate. Seta 5-7 mm, twisted below the capsule and often flexuous when dry, often recurved when wet. Capsule 1-1.2 mm, smooth or slightly wrinkled when dry; operculum red proximally, 0.5-0.7 mm; peristome teeth red. Calyptra 0.7 mm, mostly shallowly lobed proximally. Spores 8-10 µm.
Campylostelium saxicola is a tiny moss with glossy, crisped, or sometimes circinate leaves; it grows on shaded boulders in forests over most of its range but in rock shelters in the southern portion. Campylostelium saxicola is wide-spread in the flora area but infrequently collected due to its inconspicuous nature. Its small delicate stature, smooth calyptra, and usually flexuous-curved seta distinguish it from Ptychomitrium.
" 111 general 1124378 "Didymodon fallax" "Plants green to red-brown. Stems to 2.5 cm, central strand present. Stem leaves appressed to weakly spreading when dry, spreading to spreading-recurved and keeled when moist, monomorphic, ovate-triangular to lanceolate, adaxially grooved along costa, 0.6-2(-2.5) mm, base scarcely differentiated in shape to ovate, margins nearly plane to recurved at mid leaf, entire, apex acute, not fragile; costa short-excurrent in an often papillose mucro, tapering and considerably wider at the base, pad of cells absent, adaxial costal cells elongate, 2-4 cells wide at mid leaf, guide cells in 1 layer; basal laminal cells little differentiated, walls usually thickened, quadrate or very short-rectangular; distal laminal cells 13-15 µm wide, 1:1, papillae absent or simple, 1-3 centered over lumens, lumens usually rounded and often angular, walls thin to irregularly thickened, convex on both sides, 1-stratose. Specialized asexual reproduction specialized structures absent. Seta 0.6-1.2 cm. Capsule 0.8-1.5 mm; peristome teeth 16, linear, cleft to near base, twisted counterclockwise once or occasionally twice, 800-1500 µm. Spores 7-9 µm. Distal laminal KOH reaction red-or yellow-brown, occasionally orange-brown.
In Didymodon fallax, the elongate cells on the adaxial surface of the costa and the usually rounded lumens of the distal laminal cells are characteristic. Hymenostylium recurvirostrum is similar in these respects and could be mistaken for D. fallax when sterile, but that species lacks a stem central strand (at least in temperate areas) and the median laminal cells are larger than those of the marginal. Ditrichum flexicaule may be mistaken for this species but has rather strongly serrulate distal margins and is always clear yellow in KOH, never with an orange cast. Didymodon asperifolius is similar in general morphology but has quadrate or short-rectangular adaxial costal cells. Didymodon fallax intergrades to some extent with D. ferrugineus and D. maximus. Thick laminal cell walls are correlated with lack of papillae in all these species. Robust collections from hyperoceanic areas, e.g., Newfoundland and British Columbia, with long (to 2.5 mm) leaves and proximally very broad costae (to 150 µm) have much the appearance of the European D. spadiceus (Mitten) Limpricht, but differ by the long (to 800 µm) twisted peristome and margins recurved commonly to near the apex. The leaves of D. fallax, being somewhat keeled though not strongly recurved, have the grooved costa of D. vinealis but plants may be placed correctly by the elongate adaxial costal cells. Ceratodon purpureus may be mistaken for D. fallax, but the former has a deep, clear yellow color in KOH solution and weakly serrulate distal leaf margins.
" 119 general 1123173 "Leptodontium flexifolium" "Stems to 1 cm. Leaves 0.7-0.9 mm, ligulate to short-lanceolate, bordered distally by 1-5 rows of less papillose, thick-walled cells; apex broadly acute; costa ending 2-4 cells before the apex, abaxially papillose; distal laminal cells 10-12 µm wide, 1:1, walls thin in medial portion of leaf, lumens quadrate, proximal cells thin-walled throughout.
Leptodontium flexifolium is a rare species found in rocky places at higher elevations in the southern Appalachians and in the southwestern states. The gemmae that are commonly found on stalks in leaf axils elsewhere were not seen in the flora area. The dentate, bordered leaves are immediately diagnostic of this species, while the anatomical characters of the genus will confirm the identification. Subfossils 40,000 years old have been found (J. A. Janssens and R. H. Zander 1980) at a site in the Yukon. Dichodontium pellucidum is commonly mistaken for this species, but is easily distinguished by the dentate distal abaxial surface of the costa. Barbula convoluta is also similar but has quadrate adaxial costal cells and a distinct stem central strand.
" 120 general 1125878 "Luisierella barbula" "Plants inconspicuous, nearly stem-less. Stems mostly unbranched, rhizoids or tomentum not evident. Leaves rosulate, 1-1.5(-2) mm, younger leaves nested in a rosette of older leaves, which extends to 1/2 the length of the younger leaves; distal laminal cells deep green in sharp contrast with colorless proximal cells region, irregularly rounded-hexagonal, 8-11 µm. Sexual condition with bulbous vaginula; antheridia tiny, 1/3 the length of the archegonia; plants with only perigonia not seen. Capsule 1-2.5 mm; operculum 0.6-1 mm; peristome teeth short, irregular, sometimes appearing absent.
Luisierella barbula usually grows in a thin crust associated with cyanobacteria, Hyophiladelphus agrarius, and Weissia jamaicensis, the minute black plants contrasting starkly with the usually chalky white rock surface. The somewhat elevated cells on the adaxial surface of the costa may resemble a differentiated structure (a pad of cells), but the cells appear to be otherwise undifferentiated from those of the lamina.
" 122 general 1124205 "Pterygoneurum subsessile" "Leaves with distal lamina smooth; awn smooth or sharply serrulate; lamellae 10-12 cells in height, not lobed, sometimes bearing fila-ments. Capsule stegocarpous (or stegocarpous but bursting irregu-larly), immersed to emergent, short-ovoid, annulus present, operculum cells in straight rows; eperistomate. Calyptra mitrate.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): North Temperate Zone, s South America.
Pterygoneurum subsessile is an abundant moss in the arid West, often occurring with P. ovatum. In some specimens, the perigoniate plants appear separate, but this species and doubtless others are apparently occasionally rhizautoicous. Following the reasoning of R. T. Wareham (1939), var. henrici is placed with the typical variety. The characters associated with P. californicum (H. A. Crum 1967) are poor: the spores are finely papillose, the leaf cells do have weak collenchymatous thickenings, and the calyptra is long-mitrate.
" 125 general 1124395 "Syntrichia sinensis" "Stems 4-15 mm. Leaves longitu-dinally folded and spirally twisted around the stem but little crisped when dry, wide-spreading when moist, oblong-lingulate to spatu-late, 2-4.5 × 0.6-1.6 mm; margins revolute in the proximal 1/2, entire; apices acute; costa excurrent into a smooth to slightly toothed, hyaline awn, brown or reddish, smooth; basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins; distal cells polygonal, or quadrate, 12-20 µm, with 8-10 papillae per cell; marginal cells not differentiated. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta red, 15-25 mm. Capsule red, 3-3.8 mm, straight or slightly curved, with a distinct neck; operculum 1.2-1.5 mm, red; peristome 0.8-1.1 mm, red, the basal membrane pale, about 1/4 the total length. Spores 12-18 µm, papillose.
Only recently discovered in the Rocky Mountains, Syntrichia sinensis may have been overlooked elsewhere in the flora area. For example, it is to be expected in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada of California where limestone is exposed.
" 146 general 1108657 "Persicaria amphibia" "Plants perennial, 2-12 dm in terrestrial plants, to 30 dm in some aquatic plants; roots also sometimes arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes or stolons usually present. Stems prostrate to ascending or erect, simple or branched, ribbed, glabrous or strigose to hirsute. Leaves: ocrea tan to dark brown, cylindric or flared distally, 5-50 mm, chartaceous or, sometimes, foliaceous distally, base inflated, margins truncate to oblique, glabrous or ciliate with hairs 0.5-4.5 mm, surface glabrous or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, not glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1-3(-7) cm, glabrous or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15(-23) × 1-6(-8) cm, base usually tapered to acute or rounded, rarely cordate, margins antrorsely scabrous, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or sparingly strigose, midveins glabrous or strigose, not glandular-punctate. Inflorescences terminal, ascending to erect, uninterrupted or interrupted proximally, 10-150 × 8-20 mm; peduncle 10-50 mm, glabrous or strigose to hirsute, often stipitate-glandular; ocreolae overlapping except sometimes proximal ones, margins ciliate with bristles to 1 mm. Pedicels ascending, 0.5-1.5 mm. Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, some plants having only staminate flowers, others with only pistillate flowers, 1-3(-4) per ocreate fascicle, heterostylous; perianth roseate to red, glabrous, not glandular-punctate, slightly accrescent; tepals 5, connate ca. 3 their lengths, obovate to elliptic, 4-6 mm, veins prominent, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex rounded to acute; stamens 5, included or exserted; anthers pink or red, elliptic; styles 2, included or exserted, connate 2- 3 their length. Achenes included, dark brown, biconvex, (2-)2.2-3 × (1.5-)1.8-2.6 mm, shiny or dull, smooth or minutely granular. 2n = 66, 132.
Persicaria amphibia is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere and naturalized in Mexico, South America, and southern Africa. It is highly polymorphic and the most hydrophytic of the native North American smartweeds (R. S. Mitchell 1976). In recent decades, botanists have tended to follow Mitchell (1968) in recognizing two endemic, intergrading North American varieties. Studies by G. Turesson (1961) and Mitchell (1968, 1976) have shown that phenotypic extremes in the species are part of a cline of nearly continuous morphological variation that is strongly correlated with submergence, but also with some genetic integrity. Formal recognition of varieties is even less tenable when Eurasian elements also are considered.
Aquatic-adapted plants, which bloom in water or are sometimes stranded on land, have been called var. stipulacea (although that epithet may not be the oldest one available for the taxon). They produce ovoid-conic to short-cylindric inflorescences 10-40(-60) mm, prostrate aerial stems, and leaf blades that are glabrous with acute to rounded apices. Terrestrial forms of this ecotype usually are spreading-pubescent and often bear ocreae that are foliaceous, green, and flared distally, characters found only in North American plants (R. S. Mitchell 1968).
Terrestrial-adapted plants, referred to var. emersa, bloom on moist soil and produce short- to elongate-cylindric inflorescences 40-110(-150) mm, spreading or erect aerial stems, and leaf blades that are appressed-pubescent with acute to acuminate apices. They produce ocreae that are entirely chartaceous and not flared distally. Emergent and terrestrial plants of this ecotype exhibit less phenotypic plasticity and a lower frequency of heterostyly than do plants of the aquatic ecotype (R. S. Mitchell 1968).
R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean (1978) and H. R. Hinds (2000) recognized var. amphibia, the Eurasian element, as introduced in New York and New Brunswick, respectively. These plants are morphologically intermediate between the North American ecotypes and often indistinguishable from North American plants (Mitchell and Dean).
The Meskwaki and Ojibwa used leaves, stems, and roots as a drug to treat a variety of maladies, the Potawatomi used roots to treat unspecified ailments, and the Lakota and Sioux used plants for food (D. E. Moerman 1998).
Trophophore stalk 0--3(--10) mm, to 1/4 length of trophophore rachis; blade ± gray-green, dull, oblong-linear to deltate, 1--2-pinnate, to 6 × 5 cm, firm. Pinnae to 6 pairs, ascending, usually approximate or overlapping except in shade forms, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae not or slightly more than between 2d and 3d pairs, basal pinna pair commonly much larger and more divided than adjacent pair, lobed to tip, basal pair oblong to oblong-lanceolate with lobed margins, remainder broadly spatulate with entire margins or 1 or more shallow lobes, apex rounded, venation pinnate. Sporophores 1--3 pinnate, 2--3 times length of trophophore. 2 n =180.
In the Rocky Mountains Botrychium hesperium grows often with B . echo , and in the Lake Superior region, with B . acuminatum and B . matricariifolium .
" 168 general 609286 "Ribes missouriense" "Plants 1.3-2 m. Stems erect to sprawling, glabrous or puberulent; spines at nodes sometimes absent or 1-3, 7-18 mm; prickles on internodes absent or scattered. Leaves: petiole 0.7-2 cm, hairy, with longer and often plumose hairs and elongated glands near base, short-stipitate glands absent; blade roundish, 3-lobed, cleft nearly to midrib, 1.7-3 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded or subcordate, sometimes truncate, surfaces not glandular, villous-tomentose abaxially, puberulent to hirsute, glabrescent adaxially, lobes straight-sided to sometimes cuneate, margins toothed, apex rounded. Inflorescences pendent, solitary flowers or 2-4-flowered corymbs, 3-5 cm, axis glabrous or sparsely lanate to pilose and puberulent, sparingly stipitate-glandular, flowers evenly spaced. Pedicels not jointed, 5-13 mm, glabrous; bracts broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm, ciliate. Flowers: hypanthium greenish white, narrowly tubular, 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous; sepals not overlapping, spreading to reflexed, pale green to white, linear-oblong, 5-7 mm; petals connivent, erect, pale green to nearly white, becoming pink tinged, cuneate-obovate, not conspicuously revolute or inrolled, 2-3.5 mm; nectary disc not prominent; stamens 3-5 times as long as petals; filaments linear, 15 mm, glabrous; anthers cream to pale pink, oblong-sagittate, 2 mm, apex rounded; ovary glabrous; styles connate nearly 7/8 their lengths, 10-14 mm, glabrous. Berries palatable, red to purple, globose, 7-12 mm, glabrous. 2n = 16.
In Ribes missouriense and some other species (e.g., R. americanum, R. cynosbati, R. oxyacanthoides), the filaments are attached in a "pocket" of the anthers; the anthers have a sagittate appearance although the bases do not spread away from the main axis (A. F. Cholewa, pers. comm.).
In the Midwest, Ribes missouriense often is an indicator of woodlands that have experienced grazing pressure (G. Yatskievych, pers. comm.). The eastern North American populations in Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia are probably escapes from cultivation.
Stems short-creeping, usually 4--8 mm diam.; scales uniformly brown, linear-subulate, strongly contorted, loosely appressed, persistent. Leaves clustered, 6--30 cm; vernation circinate. Petiole dark brown, flattened or slightly grooved distally on adaxial surface. Blade narrowly oblong to linear, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid at base, 1--4 cm wide; rachis flattened or slightly grooved adaxially, lacking scales, with monomorphic pubescence. Pinnae not articulate, dark color of stalk continuing into pinna base, basal pair slightly smaller than adjacent pair, ± equilateral, appearing glandular pubescent adaxially. Costae green adaxially for most of length; abaxial scales absent. Ultimate segments oblong to lanceolate, not beadlike, the largest 3--4 mm, abaxially and adaxially glandular-pubescent with short, sticky, capitate glands. False indusia marginal, weakly differentiated, 0.05--0.25 mm wide. Sori usually discontinuous, concentrated on apical and lateral lobes. Sporangia containing 64 spores.
Cheilanthes viscida is confined to a relatively small region in the deserts of California. Variations in spore size among populations suggest that the species may include more than one cytotype.
" 190 general 472555 "Cupressus macrocarpa" "Trees to 25 m; crown generally broadly spreading, especially on exposed headlands, fairly sparse, often composed of few major limbs from near ground, more upright in sheltered locations. Bark rough, fibrous. Branchlets decussate, 1.5--2 mm diam. Leaves without gland or sometimes with inconspicuous, shallow, pitlike, abaxial gland that does not produce drop of resin, not glaucous. Pollen cones 4--6 ´ 2.5--3 mm; pollen sacs 6--10. Seed cones oblong, 2.5--4 cm, grayish brown, not glaucous; scales 4--6 pairs, smooth, umbo nearly flat at maturity. Seeds mostly 5--6 mm, dark brown, not glaucous. 2 n = 22.
The geographically most restricted taxon recognized here, Cupressus macrocarpa is confined today to two picturesque groves near Monterey, but it is also known from fossils to have been in other regions. It is much planted and commonly naturalized near the coast from central California north to Washington and in warm temperate and subtropical regions worldwide.
" 193 general 1163941 "Delphinium stachydeum" "Stems (40-)70-150(-200) cm; base reddish, puberulent. Leaves mostly on proximal 1/2 stem; basal leaves absent at anthesis; cauline leaves 8-16 at anthesis; petiole 0.5-17 cm. Leaf blade light green, ± round, 2-8 × 3.5-11 cm, sparsely pubescent; ultimate lobes 7-19, width 1-8 mm, apex tapering to point; veins obscure. Inflorescences (14-)30-60(-102)-flowered, dense, cylindric; pedicel spreading, 0.8-2(-3) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 1-4 mm from flowers, green, linear, 2-7(-10) mm, puberulent. Flowers: sepals bright blue, puberulent, lateral sepals spreading, 9-13 × 4-7 mm, spurs straight, within 30° above or below horizontal, 11-17 mm; lower petal blades ± covering stamens, 4-8 mm, clefts 0.5-2 mm; hairs sparse, centered, mostly near junction of blade and claw above base of cleft, white. Fruits 10-15 mm, 3.5-4.5 times longer than wide, puberulent. Seeds wing-margined; seed coat cells with margins straight, surfaces ± roughened.
Populations of Delphinium stachydeum are widely scattered in isolated mountain ranges surrounded by desert or grassland. The species has been reported (visual sightings) from northwestern Utah; no specimens have been seen from there. Hybrids between D . stachydeum and D . glaucum have been reported. Although D . stachydeum has been seen flowering within 30 m of flowering D . depauperatum , no hybrids have been observed.
Delphinium stachydeum may possibly be confused with D . geyeri , from which it may be distinguished by its usually greater plant size, less pubescent foliage, and later flowering date. Delphinium stachydeum also may be confused with D . glaucum ; see discussion under that species.
Stems long-creeping, 3--10 mm diam. Leaves clustered to well separated to distant, erect or arching, 2--3 × (1--)2(--3) m. Petiole yellowish to brown throughout, lustrous, ca. 1/3 length of blade, sparsely pubescent with soft, jointed hairs. Blade green, dull, ovate to deltate, 3(--4)-pinnate, nearly as wide as long, base truncate, apex acute, with reddish jointed hairs on veins abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Basal segments of pinnules alternate; ultimate segments ovate to elliptic, base ± equilateral, margins lobed ca. 1/2 distance to midrib. Sori globose; indusia globose. Spores trilete, strongly 3-lobed, surface coarsely verrucose. 2 n = ca. 94.
The tropical Dennstaedtia globulifera and D . bipinnata are among the largest ferns in the flora. In the flora Dennstaedtia globulifera is found only in Val Verde County, Texas.
" 198 general 789134 "Diphasiastrum tristachyum" "Horizontal stems deeply (5--12 cm) buried, 1.5--3.2 mm wide; leaves spatulate to somewhat obovate, 1.8--3.5 X 1.1--1.5, apex faintly erose to irregularly lobed. Upright shoots clustered, branching near base, 17--36 cm; leaves monomorphic, appressed, subulate, 1.9--3.4 X 0.6--1 mm, apex acute. Branchlets square with rounded angles in cross section, 1--2.2 mm wide, annual bud constrictions abrupt and conspicuous; upperside convex, bluish to whitish green. Leaves on branchlets 4-ranked, upperside leaves appressed, needlelike, free portion of blade 1--1.7 X 0.5--0.9 mm; lateral leaves appressed, 3.4--7.2 X 1.1--2 mm; underside leaves appressed, somewhat decurrent, 1--2 X 0.4--0.7 mm. Peduncles (1--)3, 4--15 X 0.4--1 mm; leaves remote, scattered, decurrent, free tips ascending, subulate, 2--3 X 0.2--0.25 mm. Stalks mostly formed by successive forking of peduncle, branches uniformly spaced. Strobili (2--)3--4(--7), 10--28 X 2--3 mm, apex round-tipped, sterile tips absent. Sporophylls deltate, 2.2--3.5 X 1.6--3 mm, apex gradually tapering. 2 n = 46.
The distinctive Diphasiastrum tristachyum has narrow, rounded branches and dull, bluish white color. It is a parent in more hybrid combinations than any other North American Diphasiastrum .
The reticulogram shows the known pattern of interspecific hybridization in Diphasiastrum . The hybrids are discussed in detail by J. H. Wilce (1965), and their cytology is summarized by F. S. Wagner (1992). The best known North American hybrids are the four involving D . tristachyum . All of the hybrids have apparently normal meiosis and spores.
Diphasiastrum × zeilleri (Rouy) Holub (= D . complanatum X tristachyum ) is a frequent plant in areas of distributional overlap between the parents, especially in north central and western Minnesota jackpine forests.
Diphasiastrum × habereri (House) Holub (= D . digitatum X tristachyum ) has been overlooked and confused with both parents in zones of overlap. It is found occasionally to frequently in habitats like those of the parents, not necessarily growing close to them.
Diphasiastrum × issleri (Rouy) Holub (= D . alpinum X tristachyum ) is a rare hybrid in North America, reported only from Maine, but much more widespread in Europe.
Diphasiastrum × sabinifolium (Willdenow) Holub (= D . sitchense X tristachyum ) is widespread and frequent in eastern Canada. This hybrid is commonly confused with D . sitchense . It is highly variable, and some individuals approach one or the other parent in morphology (W. J. Cody and D. M. Britton 1989). In the flora, the populations are mainly disjunct from the main range of D . sitchense , including those in Ontario, Quebec, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.
Two other North American nothospecies are Diphasiastrum complanatum X digitatum and D . alpinum X sitchense .
Stems erect; scales brown, linear-lanceolate, margins dentate. Petiole 30--60 cm. Blade ovate, 2-pinnate to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 50--100 × 15--50 cm, base ± narrowed, apex abruptly acuminate. Pinnae 1-pinnate to 1-pinnate-pinnatifid. Pinnules oblong, base ± truncate, ± auriculate, apex acuminate, incised or lobed halfway to costule. Veins pinnate, anastomosing. Sori elongate, single or double, indusiate; indusia vaulted, thin, erose. 2 n = 82.
Originally a tropical Eastern Hemisphere species, Diplazium esculentum is introduced in North America. This fern is used as a vegetable in eastern and southeastern Asia.
" 219 general 617792 "Hymenophyllum tayloriae" "Plants on rock. Leaves (single juvenile specimen known less than 1 cm), with prominent stellate hairs on midrib and margins. Gametophyte gemmae platelike, abundant.
This species is described from gametophyte plants. A juvenile sporophyte collected in 1936 by M. S. Taylor is presumed to be this species. * It consists of a short stem with 4 leaves, the largest of which is less than 1 cm. The plant lacks mature characteristics including sori, but the leaves bear stellate hairs typical of subg. Leptocionium sect. Sphaerocionium of C. V. Morton (1968). Gametophytes collected with the sporophyte occur commonly in the area and differ from those of H . tunbrigense both morphologically, especially in bearing copious gemmae, and in enzyme electrophoretic patterns. Therefore, they are here considered to be a distinct species, H . tayloriae (C. A. Raine et al. 1991).
D. B. Lellinger (1985) and G. R. Proctor (1985) have considered the South Carolina sporophyte to be Hymenophyllum hirsutum (Linnaeus) Swartz. Although the characters of the single sporophyte do not exclude this possibility, they are insufficient to permit definite assignment of the plant to this species. Furthermore, adaptations of the gametophytes to independent existence in temperate habitats of the southern Appalachian Mountains suggest genetic differentiation sufficient to warrant species recognition.
* As this volume goes to press, additional juvenile sporophytes identical to those collected by Taylor were found growing with gametophytes of H . tayloriae in Lawrence County, Alabama.
Plants on rock. Leaves oblong, 2--3-pinnatifid, 2--6 × 0.5--1.5 cm, with minute, 2-celled, glandular hairs scattered on veins; margins distantly dentate. Gametophyte gemmae absent. 2 n = 26.
About two dozen small populations of Hymenophyllum tunbrigense exist in a single river gorge in Pickens County, South Carolina. It is slow to recover from disturbance, and its numbers have been substantially reduced by collecting since its initial discovery in 1936. Gametophytes characteristic of the genus but lacking gemmae have been described from Great Britain, where populations are more vigorous and where spore production and sexual reproduction via gametophytes are more common (F. J. Rumsey et al. 1990; C. A. Raine et al. 1991). In plants in the flora, spore production is relatively rare, and gametophytes have not been observed.
" 221 general 617420 "Hymenophyllum wrightii" "Plants on rock or epiphytic. Leaves triangular-ovate, 2--3-pinnatifid, 2--5 × 1--1.5 cm, nearly glabrous with a few multicellular, gland-tipped hairs; margins entire. Gametophyte gemmae platelike, abundant. 2 n = 56, 84.
Although sporophytes of Hymenophyllum wrightii are known from only a single locality on Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, gametophytes are more generously distributed along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia (T. M. C. Taylor 1967). The gametophytes reproduce vegetatively and are capable of persisting and dispersing via gemmae without the intervention of the sporophyte generation.
" 222 general 1367660 "Isoetes prototypus" "Plants aquatic, submerged. Rootstock nearly globose, 2-lobed. Leaves evergreen, dark green, pale reddish brown toward base, spirally arranged, to 12 cm, rigid, gradually tapering to tip. Velum covering entire sporangium. Sporangium wall unpigmented, entirely enclosed in translucent saccate membrane. Megaspores white, 425--575 µm diam., obscurely rugulate with molded and wavy ridges; girdle obscure. Microspores light brown in mass, 24--32 µm, spinulose. 2n = 22.
" 243 general 1146885 "Notholaena greggii" "Stem scales strongly bicolored, margins brown, broad and well defined, thin, erose to denticulate. Leaves 4--20 cm. Petiole light brown, equal to or somewhat shorter than blade, grooved or flattened adaxially, bearing scattered glands and a few scales near base. Blade narrowly deltate, 2--3-pinnate, 2--4 times longer than wide, abaxially with conspicuous whitish farina, scales absent, adaxially glandular; basal pinnae slightly larger than adjacent pair, ± equilateral, proximal basiscopic pinnules not greatly enlarged. Ultimate segments sessile or subsessile, narrowly adnate to costae or free; segment margins strongly revolute, often concealing sporangia. Sporangia containing 64 spores. 2 n = 60.
Notholaena greggii is rarely collected in the flora area, and all known localities lie within 25 km of the Mexican border in the Big Bend region of Texas. It is most closely related to N . bryopoda Maxon, a gypsophile endemic to the southern Chihuahuan Desert.
" 266 general 1114027 "Phlebodium aureum" "Stems creeping, ca. 8--15(--30) mm diam., densely scaly; scales reddish to golden, long-attenuate, 10--20 mm. Leaves bright green or glaucous, arching to pendent, scattered, 3--13 dm. Petiole 1.5--5 dm, smooth, with a few scales near base. Blade pinnately and deeply lobed, 3--8 × 1--5 dm, glabrous, terminal segment conform. Segments lanceolate to elliptic, or linear-lanceolate to linear, 6--20 × 1--4 cm, margins entire or sometimes undulate. Sori in 1 line on each side of costae, occasionally 2d row present, sori terminal or at junction of free included veinlets. 2 n = 148.
Phlebodium aureum occurs north to Dixie and Nassau counties in Florida, and it is disjunct in Franklin County. It is also found in Georgia (W. H. Duncan 1954; L. H. Snyder Jr. and J. G. Bruce 1986). Two varieties (or subspecies) have been recognized, Phlebodium aureum var. aureum and P . aureum var. areolatum (Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow) Farwell. The latter is now often elevated to species rank and given the name P . pseudoaureum (Cavanilles) Lellinger. Phlebodium pseudoaureum is widespread in Central America and South America (D. B. Lellinger 1987) and has been reported as rare in Florida by G. R. Proctor (1985). I have not seen specimens that could be convincingly referred to P . pseudoaureum .
Phlebodium aureum , a tetraploid species, is believed to have arisen through allopolyploidy following hybridization between P . pseudoaureum and P . decumanum (Willdenow) J. Smith, a widespread species in tropical America.
Stems erect or ascending. Leaves monomorphic, arching or erect, 2--8 dm; bulblets absent. Petiole 1/5--1/3 length of leaf; scales light brown, abruptly diminishing in size distally, falling off early distally. Blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, base slightly narrowed. Pinnae oblong to lanceolate to falcate, shallowly to deeply divided, pinnae overlapping or not, in 1 plane, 2--10 cm; base oblique, acroscopic auricle lobed; margins not incised to costae, serrulate-spiny with teeth ascending; apex acute-attenuate, subapical and apical teeth same size (southern form) or obtuse and cuspidate with subapical teeth smaller than apical teeth (northern form); microscales filiform, dense abaxially, sparse adaxially. Indusia ciliate. Spores brown. 2 n = 164.
Polystichum californicum is restricted to the Coast Ranges and the Sierra-Cascade axis. It is most abundant in the Coast Range north of San Francisco.
Polystichum californicum is an allopolyploid, the evolutionary roots of which include P . dudleyi as the 2-pinnate ancestor. Morphologic and ecological data indicate P . imbricans is ancestor to the northern forms and P . munitum is ancestor to southern forms, suggesting P . californicum is an amalgam of interfertile tetraploids with polyphyletic origins (D. H. Wagner 1979). Cytological analysis corroborates this (A. D. Callan 1972; W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973), but chloroplast DNA studies have detected only the involvement of P . imbricans in the ancestry of P . californicum (P. S. Soltis et al. 1991).
The more xeric, rock-inhabiting members of the complex (showing the parental influence of P . imbricans ) occupy the northern half of the range whereas plants of more mesic habitats are found to the south. Hybrids with both P . dudleyi and P . munitum are found frequently, because these three species are often sympatric (W. H. Wagner 1973). The hybrid with P . dudleyi (a triploid) will key to that species. The hybrid with P . munitum resembles a less-incised form of P . californicum with aborted sporangia. Polystichum californicum × imbricans has been found only once, in Oregon (A. D. Callan 1972). Another hybrid that will key here, based on its overall appearance, is P . munitum × scopulinum . It lacks filiform microscales and also has malformed sporangia. Such a specimen was the basis of the report of Polystichum californicum in eastern Washington (C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955--1969, vol. 1). The sterile diploid hybrid between P . dudleyi and P . munitum is indistinguishable from P . californicum except for aborted sporangia and chromosome number (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973).
Plants usually unbranched (branched with age, forming large clumps to 80 cm diam. at low elevation in Brewster County, Texas), usually relatively smooth except for protruding abaxial central spine, stem largely obscured by spines. Roots diffuse or short taproots. Stems spheric (ovoid or conic with age) to cylindric, 3-15(-20) × 3-7.6 cm; tubercles 8-12 × 6-11 mm, firm; areolar glands seasonally conspicuous; parenchyma not mucilaginous; pith 1/4-1/3 of lesser stem diam.; medullary vascular system absent. Spines 16-34 per areole, drab whitish, pale yellowish tan, or pale purplish gray, overlying relatively bright yellow to dark yellow-brown inner layers, later gray with dark tips; radial spines 15-25(-29) per areole, 16-24 × 0.2-0.6 mm; subcentral spines (0-)2-3(-4) per areole, erect; central spines (0-)1-4(-11) per areole, larger spines and abaxial central spine porrect, straight or slightly curved downward (rarely strongly recurved), others appressed, abaxial (or only) central spine 11.5-25 × 0.3-0.9 mm, rigid, others slightly longer and thinner. Flowers nearly apical, 25-65 × 25-65 mm; outer tepals entire; inner tepals 20-37 per flower, bright yellow, sometimes proximally reddish, 22-34 × 4.5-12 mm; outer filaments reddish, reddish orange, or yellow; anthers bright yellow-orange; stigma lobes 10-13, whitish or greenish yellow, 3-4 mm. Fruits green, ovoid, 12-28 × 10-19 mm, slimy; floral remnant strongly persistent . Seeds reddish brown, somewhat comma-shaped, 1.7-1.9 mm, smooth, shiny. 2n = 22 (as C. cornifera var. echinus).
Mature plants of Coryphantha echinus are dimorphic with respect to presence/absence of porrect (inner or abaxial) central spines. Immature plants of most populations lack central spines, except in the southern and western populations where some individuals produce central spines even before sexual maturation. The name C. pectinata (Engelmann) Britton & Rose was used for plants lacking central spines. Coryphantha echinus was recombined as variety of central Mexican C. cornifera (L. D. Benson 1969c); however, they belong to different species groups.
The showy flowers of Coryphantha echinus are among the most ephemeral in the Cactaceae. They are fully expanded at high noon (if in brilliant sunlight) and wilt after only an hour or two. By mid afternoon, when most Chihuahuan Desert cacti are at the peak of anthesis, the flowers of C. echinus are tightly closed.
Plants unbranched, protruding relatively little above soil. Roots obconic taproots; secondary roots diffuse. Stems top-shaped, flat-topped (aerial part sometimes hemispheric in old age or in dense subtropical vegetation), protruding above ground 0-2 × (4-)7.5-15 cm, firm; tubercles 9-15(-20) × 3-7 mm; axils with short wool, bristles absent; cortex and pith not mucilaginous; latex abundant in healthy tissue throughout cortex of stem, tubercles, and sometimes flower receptacle, sticky, white. Spines (8-)10-18(-27) per areole, usually brownish, darker at tip, glabrous; radial spines (8-)10-22(-26) per areole, white to white-and-brown or brown , needlelike, 6-15(-16) mm, stiff, abaxial spines longest; central spines (0-)1(-4) per areole, porrect or ascending, not hooked, (0.5-)2-8 × 0.15-0.45 mm; subcentral spines 0. Flowers 1.9-3.8 × 1.5-3 cm; outermost tepal margins entire; inner tepals white, greenish or cream to pale pink, with tan, pink, greenish, or brownish midstripes, 11-19 × 2-2.5 mm; stigma lobes externally green, internally green or red (or pink), 2.5-3 mm. Fruits brilliant red: scarlet, carmine, or crimson, obovoid to clavate, 10-35(-40) × 5-8 mm, juicy only in fruit walls; floral remnant weakly persistent. Seeds reddish brown, sometimes yellowish when fresh, 1-1.2 mm, deeply pitted; testa thin, relatively flexible; anticlinal cell walls sinuate, interstices narrower than pit diameters; pits cavernous or deeply concave. 2n = 22.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): sw United States, n Mexico.
Green fruits of Mammillaria heyderi with fully mature, viable seeds precede the ripe (elongate) fruits by six months to a year.
" 329 general 6944573 "Nitrophila mohavensis" "Stems 3-10 cm, base often buried with long internodes and scalelike leaves, above-ground portion densely leafy with overlapping leaves. Leaves of main stems often auriculate-clasping at base; blade flat (not terete) with keel-like midrib, broadly ovate, 2.3-4(-4.7) × 2.5-3.5 mm at base, apex mucronate or apiculate. Inflorescences solitary, sessile flowers. Flowers: perianth segments erect, pinkish, ovate, 2.3-3.5 mm; stamens included; filaments shortly connate basally; style equaling stigma branches. Utricle concealed by persistent calyx. Seeds black, ca 1.2 mm, shiny.
Nitrophila mohavensis is endemic to the Amargosa Desert and occurs with Distichlis stricta, Cordylanthus tecopensis, and Cleomella brevipes.
" 334 general 97830 "Nolina greenei" "Plants acaulescent, cespitose; rosettes from vertical, subterranean, branched caudices. Leaf blades wiry, stiff or slightly lax, concavo-convex, 45–90(–110) cm × (4–)5–8 mm, not glaucous; margins remotely serrulate with close-set, cartilaginous teeth, or sometimes entire; apex lacerate; scape and inflorescence leaf blades curling, 10–40 cm. Scape curling, 0.5–2 dm. Inflorescences paniculate, (3–)3.5–6 (–6.5) dm × 8–14(–20) cm; bracts persistent, lower bracts to 40 cm; bractlets 2–5 mm, apex lacerate. Flowers: tepals white, sometimes with purple midveins, 2.2–3.3 mm, margins hyaline; pedicel erect, proximal to joint 1–1.5 mm, distal to joint 2.5–4.5 mm. Capsules hyaline, thin-walled, inflated, 2.1–3.8 × 3.8–5.2 mm, distinctly notched distally. Seeds becoming bronze with red tinge, rounded, bursting ovary walls, 3–3.9 mm diam.
Nolina greenei is resurrected for the plants of Nolina that occur from central New Mexico north to the Black Mesa region of Oklahoma and just into southeastern Colorado. They are similar to N. texana with respect to the inflorescence contained within the leaves, persistent elongated bracts, and seeds that burst the ovary wall and remain attached. They differ primarily in their broader, slightly serrulate leaves (although some leaves may be entire), copper-colored seeds, and an open woodland-grassland habitat.
" 335 general 963944 "Pelexia adnata" "Plants cespitose, to 70 cm. Roots 3–8 mm diam. Leaves 2–7, erect; petiole 12–16.5 cm; blade elliptic to lanceolate, 7.5–14 × 3–5.5 cm, margins entire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences scapose racemes, pubescent; floral bracts linear-lanceolate, as long as flower or longer, apex acuminate. Flowers: dorsal sepal green, broadly ovate to elliptic, 5–6 × 3–4 mm, apex obtuse, pubescent; sepals gently recurved, narrowly elliptic, 5–6 × 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, pubescent; lateral sepals adnate to column foot forming spurlike mentum, mentum adnate to ovary, only partially free near tip, 6–7 mm; petals green, linear to linear-oblanceolate, 5 mm, apex obtuse, glabrous; lip white with yellowish throat, constricted at or distal to middle; apical half abruptly geniculate, fleshy, 5–6 mm, tip recurved, glabrous; column to 6 mm, column foot produced basally, decurrent along ovary, to 7 mm; viscidium ovate; pedicellate ovary erect-spreading, 10–11 mm, pubescent. Capules ellipsoid, 12–17 mm.
Phenology is based on observations in the Greater Antilles.
Plants of Pelexia adnata formerly found in a tropical hardwood hammock in Florida have not been seen recently and are probably extirpated (Edwin Bridges, pers. comm.).
Stems usually erect, green with red or purple at base and apex of segments and around flowers, often becoming completely red in fruit, simple or with primary and secondary branches, more elaborately branched if damaged, (1-)5-25 cm, ultimate branches usually short; leaf and bract apices obtuse to subacute, not mucronate. Spikes weakly torulose, 0.5-3(-5) cm, with 4-10(-19) fertile segments; bracts covering only base of cymes. Fertile segments (2d-4th in main spikes) 2.1-4.4 × 1.8-3.2 mm, about as long as wide or slightly longer, widest distally, margins (0.1-)0.2-0.3(-0.4) mm wide, scarious. Central flowers usually semicircular distally, 1.1-2.2 × 1-1.7 mm, about as long as wide or a little longer, usually not or scarcely larger than lateral flowers; anthers commonly not exserted, (0.2-)0.3-0.4 mm, usually dehiscing within flowers. 2n = 18.
Salicornia rubra has been introduced into Quebec and Michigan. Populations of S. rubra from Hudson Bay, growing above mean high water in saltmarshes and estuaries in the vicinity of Churchill, Manitoba, have been described as a distinct species, S. borealis, but they are now known from several localities in N. Ontario and Yukon. They are on average smaller in all their parts than typical S. rubra, but they fall within the lower limits of the range of variation for that species. These populations possess one apparently unique feature in that many of the plants branch at the cotyledonary node, a characteristic not known from other North American populations of Salicornia.
Salicornia rubra is very similar to the Eurasian species S. prostrata Pallas, which occurs in very similar inland habitats. No direct comparison of these two species has been possible and it is not at all clear how they differ from each other.
Taproots gradually ramified distally or shortly fusiform, rarely subnapiform. Stems ± prostrate or suberect, becoming reflexed in fruit, 1-6 cm. Leaves: basal leaves withering at or soon after anthesis, ± sessile or gradually tapered to long petiole, blade linear to linear-oblanceolate, ± flattened, 3-9 cm, margins entire, apex acute to obtuse; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescences 2-4(-7)-flowered in racemose cymes or with flowers borne singly; bracts 2, opposite, plus 1 subtending each successive flower if more than 1 flower, linear-oblong, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate, (2-)4-10 mm, margins glandular-toothed, sometimes eglandular-toothed, apex acute. Flowers pedicellate, not disarticulate in fruit, 1.5-2 cm diam.; sepals 2, suborbiculate, broadly ovate, or obovate, 2-6 mm, herbaceous at anthesis, margins usually glandular-toothed, sometimes eglandular-toothed or rarely ± entire, apex usually truncate, sometimes rounded, obtuse, subacute, or apiculate; petals 5-9, white, pink, or magenta, sometimes green at base, narrowly oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 4-10 mm; stamens (4-)5-8; stigmas 3-6; pedicel 2-5(-10) mm. Capsules 4-5 mm. Seeds 15-24, 1-2 mm, shiny, smooth. 2n = ca. 66.
The circumscription and diagnosis of Lewisia pygmaea is problematic because of morphologic variability, intermediacy, and/or hybridization with L. nevadensis (see L. T. Dempster 1990). In the range of typical forms of L. nevadensis (see discussion under 11. L. nevadensis), one or more forms of L. pygmaea will also occur, but at higher elevations. Segregates of L. pygmaea recognized elsewhere as species include L. glandulosa, which occurs in rocky substrates above 3000 m in the central and southern Sierra Nevada and is characterized by elongate, sinuous taproots (L. T. Dempster 1990); and L. sierrae, which occurs in moist flats above 2400 m in the central Sierra Nevada and includes diminutive plants with irregularly eglandular-toothed (occasionally entire) sepals (B. Mathew 1989b). Dempster postulated that the variable and widely distributed L. pygmaea represents a hybrid species derived from L. nevadensis and L. glandulosa.
" 367 general 1121628 "Portulaca biloba" "Plants annual, fleshy; roots fibrous. Stems prostrate to sub-erect, somewhat woody toward base; trichomes sparse at nodes, sparse to moderate in inflo-rescence; branches to 25 cm. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, terete, 6-14 × 0.5-3 mm, apex obtuse; involucrelike leaves 5-7. Flowers 20-25 mm diam.; petals connate basally, purple-red, narrowly obovate-cuneate, 10-12 × 6-9 mm, apex deeply 2-lobed; stamens 40 or more; stigmas 4-6(-7). Capsules subglobose, 2.5-5 mm diam. Seeds gray, 0.7-0.8 mm diam.; surface cells mostly stellate, tuberculate. 2n = 18.
Portulaca biloba, previously known only from Cuba, is presently known from five sites in three Georgia counties. The infrequency of chasmogamous flowers suggests that it is "out of habitat." The earliest collection is from 1965, but the date of its first introduction to the United States is unknown. One theory of introduction suggests seeds brought in by tropical storms (J. F. Matthews et al. 1991).
" 408 general 1302987 "Sphagnum tundrae" "Plants small to moderately robust, green to yellow green, with a brownish tinge in hummocks; forms mats and cushions. Stems yellowish green with some brown bands; 2-3 layers of superficial cells. Stem leaves shorter than branch leaves, 0.8-1.6 mm, lingulate, hyaline cells non-septate above and commonly 1-septate below. Branches short and blunt, branch leaves imbricate. Branch fascicles typically with 2 spreading and 2 hanging branches. Branch stems with single layer of cortical cells. Branch leaves 0.9-2 mm, ovate, with conspicuously truncate apex, hyaline cells bulging on both surfaces, with 1-4 large circular to elliptic pores per cell on convex surface and 4-7 elliptic pores per cell on concave surface, internal commissural walls faintly papillose, cholrophyll cells elliptical to elliptical-ovate withn the broadest part typically some distance from convex surface. Sexual condition unknown.
Sphagnum tundrae can be separated from other species in sect. Squarrosa most readily by its truncate branch leaves.
" 417 general 1302912 "Sphagnum viride" "Plants slender and weak-stemmed, moderate-sized, flaccid and plumose when submerged and stiffer and more compact when emergent; green to yellow, usually not tinged with brown or red; capitulum well defined, flat in submersed forms and more rounded in emergent forms. Stems green; superficial cortex of 2-3 layers of enlarged thin-walled cells. Stem leaves long triangular-ovate, 1-2 mm; usually appressed; apex acute to apiculate, hyaline cells only rarely septate or aporose but often fibrillose in apical region. Branches unranked, straight to slightly curved, leaves somewhat elongated at distal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2-3 pendent branches. Branch stems green, cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort cells. Branch leaves 1.5-2.7 mm, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; straight to falcate toward branch tips; when dry often undulate and lightly recurved, margins entire to rarely weakly toothed along the margins in flaccid aquatic forms, hyaline cells on convex surface with 0-1 small round pores at apex, on concave surface with faint round wall thinnings in cell apices and angles; chlorophyllous cells triangular to trapezoidal in transverse section, broadly exposed on the convex surface and exposed slightly to broadly on the concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 30-43 µm; the superficial surface coarsely papillose to papillose reticulate.
The sporophytes of Sphagnum viride are uncommon. See discussion under 27. S. cuspidatum for taxonomic distinctions. Spore characters are taken from Flatberg’s description.
" 421 general 1302584 "Sphagnum pylaesii" "Plants slender and delicate, aquatic or prostrate, with a conspicuous terminal bud; dark greenish to purplish brown in submerged plants to deep salmon-red in prostrate plants, capitulum quite indistinct but with distinct terminal bud. Stems pale green to brown; superficial cortex of 1-2 layers of thin-walled enlarged cells. Stem leaves broadly ovate, 1.5-2(2.5) mm; straight; hyaline cells fibrillose and nearly aporose, with single small pores occasionally found in the distal cell ends on the concave surface. Branches lacking or short and slender. Branch fascicles none or 1 spreading branch. Branch leaves when present similar to stem leaves but smaller, 0.8-1.2 mm, hyaline cells fibrillose and mostly aporose, 1-6 irregularly round-shaped membrane gaps in some cells near apex on convex surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule usually immersed in perichaetiale leaves, but may be slightly emergent, pseudostomata absent from capsule surface. Spores 29-41 µm, coarsely papillose on both surfaces, indistinct raised sculpture on distal surface; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius.
Sporophytes rare in Sphagnum pylaesii. This species is distributed as a pioneer on wet rocks associated with S. tenellum and S. papillosum, or in poor fens with S. pulchrum, S. majus, and S. papillosum. See also discussion under 53. S. cyclophyllum.
" 430 general 607150 "Coscinodon cribrosus" "Plants 4.5-7 mm, dark olivaceous. Leaves oval to ovate-lanceolate, 1.1-1.9 × 0.4-0.7 mm, margins incurved distally, apex plane, awn 0.1-1.1 mm, lamina 2-plicate, plications not always reaching base; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, 20-47 × 8-12 µm, evenly thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to rectangular, 12-34 × 6-12 µm, thin or thick end walls and thin lateral walls; medial laminal cells 1-stratose; distal laminal cells 2-stratose. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta 0.8-1.2 mm. Capsule emergent, ovoid to campanulate; peristome present, cribrose, hygrocastique.
Coscinodon cribrosus is an uncommon moss known from widely disjunct sites across North America. It has been suggested that this distribution is due to a restricted occurrence on mineral-rich rocks. The sites from Ellesmere Island, Tennessee, Colorado, South Dakota, Thunder Bay, and Alaska support this contention, as they are all reported to be either heavy-metal- or copper-bearing deposits or the specimens are associated with the “copper-moss,” Mielichhoferia mielichhoferi. However, specimens from other areas have been collected on sandstones and shales. The distribution appears to have been largely controlled by the extent of the Cretaceous epicontinental seaway that flooded much of central North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Yukon (R. I. Hastings 1999). The species does not occur within the boundaries of the seaway except on isolated granodiorite outcrops that were exposed subsequent to the retreat of the seaway. Coscinodon cribrosus is recognized by its 2-plicate, 2-stratose leaves with incurved margins and emergent capsule with a well-developed cribrose peristome. It is the only species of the genus that has a hygrocastique peristome, i.e., its peristome opens when wet and is closed when dry.
" 432 general 607627 "Grimmia montana" "Plants in hoary cushions, yellow-green to dark blue-green, sometimes almost black. Stems 1-1.2(-1.5) cm, central strand weak. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 × 0.3-0.6 mm, concave-keeled, not plicate, margins plane, usually narrowly incurved distally, awn 0.2-1.3 mm, costal transverse section not prominent to prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short- to long-rectangular, straight, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thick-walled, not hyaline; medial laminal cells rounded, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, not bulging, marginal cells 2-stratose, not bulging. Sexual condition dioicous, perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, 2-3 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, yellow to brown, oblong, exothecial cells rectangular, thin-walled, stomata absent, annulus of 1 row of quadrate, thick-walled cells, operculum rostellate, peristome present, fully developed, split and perforated in distal half.
Grimmia montana is widespread and common on acidic rock in the warm, dry, western interior of North America from southern British Columbia and Alberta southward to California and Colorado. It is very rare at higher latitudes, with outliers known from Alaska, southern Yukon, and northern British Columbia, and a few populations from Greenland and Baffin Island. It is not known from the interior Great Plains, which are largely calcareous. As reported by J. Muñoz (1998b), it is surprisingly absent from seemingly suitable sites in eastern North America. Because its leaf margins can be either plane and/or incurved, it is most commonly confused with G. donniana and G. alpestris, which have plane and incurved margins, respectively. Grimmia montana is readily separated from G. donniana because it is dioicous and lacks stomata, whereas G. donniana is autoicous and has stomata. Gametophytically, G. montana has quadrate to short-rectangular basal marginal laminal cells with thickened transverse walls, while G. donniana has long-rectangular cells with thin walls. Separating G. montana and G. alpestris can be difficult; they have broadly overlapping distributions and both are dioicous and lack stomata. Grimmia alpestris often has bulging, mammilose laminal cells that easily separate it from G. montana, but some stems have leaves that lack this feature. Specimens of G. montana can then be identified by their basal leaf areolation. The basal juxtacostal laminal cells of G. montana tend to be significantly longer than the marginal cells and the two regions are usually distinct. In contrast, G. alpestris tends to have a uniform basal areolation, composed of quadrate to short-rectangular cells.
" 435 general 607652 "Grimmia teretinervis" "Plants in loose tufts, green-brown to reddish brown, shiny. Stems 2-3 cm, central strand strong. Leaves ovate-cordate to lanceolate, 0.6-1.2 × 0.2-0.5 mm, keeled, not plicate, margins plane, awn to 0.3 mm, often just hyaline tipped, commonly long-decurrent, costal transverse section prominent, circular distally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin- to thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells oblate to quadrate, straight, thick-walled, not hyaline; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, bulging, marginal cells 2-stratose, bulging. Sexual condition dioicous, perichaetial leaves unknown. Seta unknown. Capsule unknown.
As reported by R. R. Ireland (1982b), Grimmia teretinervis is widely scattered across North America, but nowhere is it common. R. I. Hastings (2002) added several more Western collection locations to those reported by Ireland. Based on field observations and by correlating collecting localities with bedrock geology, Hastings proposed that the distribution of G. teretinervis in North America is largely correlated with the boundaries of ancient epicontinental seaways. These deposits have subsequently undergone faulting or were subjected to glacial-fluvial erosion. The ancient oceans provided the calcareous sediments, and the faulting and erosion created the steep exposures preferred by G. teretinervis. Sporophytes have never been observed for this species and, until reported by Ireland, antheridial plants also were unknown. Despite the lack of sporophytes, this species is readily identified by its unique costal structure, which is circular in transverse section. It commonly has thick-walled, bulging laminal cells and very short awns that are none-the-less often long-decurrent. These features give the plants a blackish brown, shiny thread-like appearance.
" 436 general 607634 "Grimmia arizonae" "Plants in hoary tufts, olivaceous to dark blue-green. Stems 1-3 cm, central strand strong. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-3 × 0.6-0.7 mm, keeled, one margin recurved proximally (occasionally both), sheathing, awn 0.5-1.5 mm, costal transverse section prominent, reniform to semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular to linear, sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells short-rectangular, straight, thick transverse and thin lateral walls, hyaline; medial laminal cells short-rectangular, sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, not bulging, marginal cells 2-stratose, not bulging. Sexual condition dioicous, perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, 0.5-0.7 mm. Capsule occasionally present, immersed, yellow, oblong-ovoid, exothecial cells quadrate, thin-walled, stomata present in 2-3 rows, annulus of 2 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, operculum long-rostrate, peristome present, perforate in middle, split in distal half.
Grimmia arizonae is endemic to the American Southwest and northern Mexico. It has a highly restricted distribution in North America, being found in mountainous areas in southeastern Arizona to the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges of western Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. It has disjunct sites in western Oklahoma and central California.
Grimmia arizonae is part of a group that includes G. longirostris and G. pilifera. Its sheathing leaf bases, dioicous sexuality and immersed capsules will separate it from G. longirostris. The separation of G. arizonae from G. pilifera, however, has often proven problematic. Grimmia pilifera has been described as having strongly keeled leaves and margins 2-3-stratose, thicker than the medial lamina. (e.g., H. A. Crum 1994c). H. C. Greven (1999) added usually with short-awned, ovate-lanceolate leaves. Grimmia arizonae has less keeled leaves and margins 2-stratose, not thicker than lamina. Greven noted its usually long awns and broadly lanceolate leaves. J. Muñoz (1999), however, synonymized these species, attributing any differences to geographical variations and sexual development. He reported that in eastern North America, and in shade, G. pilifera has long, acuminate apices and distinct ovate bases. In the West, and in sun, its leaves are lanceolate and without distinct bases. We would call these specimens G. arizonae. To Muñoz, the presence or absence of a central strand, is “too variable to be reliable;” he reported that fertile stems have a distinct strand, sterile stems have none. In contrast, in the present study, Hastings found the stem central strand reliable to separate these species. There is no correlation between sexual maturity and strand development; specimens of G. pilifera lack a central strand. Further, the stem epidermis is consistently twice as thick as it is in G. arizonae. Hastings found western specimens, in full sun, that lack a central strand typical of eastern specimens named G. pilifera. Many sterile specimens from Arizona have a central strand, but sterile or fertile, specimens in eastern North America do not have one. Based on these observations, G. arizonae and G. pilifera are not synonymous. Grimmia arizonae differs from G. pilifera by having a central strand, a thin epidermis, and 2-stratose distal lamina with 2-stratose not-thickened margins.
Plants in tufts, yellowish green, blackish proximally. Stems 1.5-3.5 cm, small central strand pre-sent. Leaves irregularly imbricate when dry, erect when moist, oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a blunt chlorophyllose point, 1.5-2.5 × 0.4-0.8 mm, keeled, margins recurved on one or both sides, awns absent to very short, costa projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular with thickened transverse walls; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate, walls slightly sinuose, thin- or thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose, in places 2-stratose, margins 1-stratose. Gemmae in clusters, globular, yellowish green to orange, multicellular, on hyaline, deformed leaf apices. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta straight to slightly arcuate when moist, 3-5 mm. Capsule extremely rare, exserted, brownish, oblong-ovoid, smooth, exothecial cells isodiametric, thick-walled, annulus present, operculum with long straight beak, peristome teeth orange, fully-developed, smooth proximally, perforated and papillose distally. Calyptra mitrate.
Because of the always abundant gemmae on leaf apices, Grimmia anomala has often been confused with G. hartmanii. Indeed, it has frequently been treated as a variety of that species (G. N. Jones 1933; E. Lawton 1971). However, as pointed out by O. Vitikainen (1969), the ecological and morphological features of G. hartmanii are so constant and distinct that there is no doubt that it can be treated as a separate species. Special features of G. anomala are stems with central strands, and longitudinal ridges on cell walls in the distal part of the leaf that resemble papillae in transverse section. It tends to prefer upland habitats. In contrast, G. hartmanii is principally a lowland species, frequently growing on boulders in forests. It lacks a central strand, and longitudinal ridges are absent. Its spreading, secund distal leaves taper to long, sharply keeled apices.
" 441 general 607971 "Grimmia moxleyi" "Plants in frequently extended mats, blackish green. Stems 1-1.5 mm high, small central strand present. Leaves erect with slightly incurved tips when dry, erect-spreading when moist, oblong, broadly rounded and muticous at apex, 1.5-2 × 0.4-0.6 mm, keeled, margins plane to recurved, awns absent, only present in perichaetial leaves, costa weak proximally, projecting at abaxial side, perichaetial leaves longer and with awns; basal juxacostal laminal cells short- to long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells short- to long-rectangular, thin-walled; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate, ± sinuose, thin- or thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose. Gemmae absent. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta flexuose to arcuate, 1-1.5 mm. Capsule usually present, exserted, chestnut brown, oblong-ovoid, wrinkled-plicate when dry, exothecial cells thin- to thick-walled, annulus present, operculum conical, peristome teeth yellowish, split and perforated, papillose. Calyptra cucullate.
Grimmia moxleyi is endemic to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. A thermophilous species from acidic rock, it is autoicous and usually richly provided with capsules. The species is characterized by growing in flat, easily disintegrating patches with short, keeled, muticous stem leaves that contrast with its much larger awned perichaetial leaves. J. Muñoz (2000) synonymized G. moxleyi with G. orbicularis. Although there are some similarities, G. orbicularis is much larger, grows in dense cushions on basic rock, has setae 2-3 mm, shiny, spherical capsules, and a mammilate operculum. Only the most proximal stem leaves of G. orbicularis are muticous and the basal juxtacostal cells have thick, nodulose walls.
" 443 general 608057 "Grimmia torquata" "Plants in soft, readily disinte-grating cushions, yellow-green to brownish, occasionally light green, blackish to red-brown inside. Stems 1-4 cm, small central strand present. Leaves contorted when dry, patent when moist, lanceolate, 1.5-2 × 0.3-0.5 mm, keeled, margins slightly recurved proximally, plane distally, awns very short and smooth, occasionally absent, costa weak proximally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells linear, extremely sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells long rectangular, thin-walled, hyaline; medial laminal cells rectangular, extremely sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose. Gemmae brown, multicellular, present on the abaxial side of distal leaves. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta slightly curved, straight when dry, 3-5 mm. Capsule sporadically present, exserted, ovoid, brown, smooth, striate when dry and empty, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum rostrate, peristome teeth yellowish, short, split in distal part, weakly papillose. Calyptra mitrate.
Grimmia torquata is a montane-alpine species with a preference for shaded habitats. It grows in hemispherical cushions on steep, damp rock walls. Preferred substrates are granite, gneiss, quartzite, and schist. Its distribution reaches from near sea level in the Arctic to above 4000 m on Mexican and Hawaiian volcanoes. The species is easily recognized by its yellow-brown cushions of plants, which have contorted leaves when dry, and their brown gemmae, which are borne at the bases of older leaves. In densely shaded habitats, the cushions are light green; on exposed rock, they are usually brown. Although the species has a wide distribution, it is seldom present in quantity, usually growing in a small number of cushions in one habitat. Sporophytes are very rare worldwide and have not been found in eastern North America (H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson 1981).
" 445 general 608328 "Scouleria aquatica" "Stem leaves ligulate to lanceolate, (2.8-)3-5 × 0.8-2.5 mm, margins 1-stratose or partially (rarely fully) 2-stratose, serrate distally; basal laminal cells isodiametric to shortly rectangular or juxtacostal cells linear to long-rectangular, 15-36 × 10-12 µm; medial and distal laminal cells 10-25 µm; marginal laminal cells similar to the medial or appearing differentiated, darker and walls thicker, 1-stratose to partially to nearly entirely 2-stratose. Peristome present.
The present concept of Scouleria aquatica is broad, encompassing several forms. Virtually all the variation is found in the gametophyte. Leaves vary in size and in particular marginal differentiation: 1-stratose with cells similar or slightly thicker and darker in color, to partially or nearly fully 2-stratose to near the leaf apex. Smaller plants are found in the northern range of the species (and also in Russia). Further studies, particularly molecular, could very well differentiate some of these populations as distinct taxa (at the subspecific or specific level).
" 450 general 1296637 "Seligeria polaris" "Plants small, black to red-black. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, subulate from oblong-ovate base, bluntly acute to narrowly obtuse; costa ending in apex, filling subula; margins entire; leaf cells (1-)2:1; perichaetial leaves somewhat larger, similar to vegetative leaves, not much differentiated. Seta 2-3 mm, straight, slightly flexuose or curved, slender. Capsule ovate to obovate, slightly longer than wide, widest at mouth; peristome of 16 well-developed teeth; columella immersed. Spores (16-)17-25(-27) µm.
Seligeria polaris is known from the Canadian Arctic Islands and from northern Alaska and Yukon, and is disjunct in southwestern Northwest Territories. It is easily recognized by relatively large-sized, blackish plants; recurved-twisted leaves; long and slightly curved seta; and spores that are 17-25 µm. This species somewhat resembles Blindia acuta in color and the presence of somewhat differentiated alar cells, but is distinguished by calcareous habitat (versus acidic rock habitat in Blindia) and smaller plant size.
" 451 general 1296689 "Seligeria pusilla" "Plants delicate, light green. Leaves linear, sometimes from slightly widened base, gradually nar-rowed, slenderly acute; costa ending just below apex; margins entire to ± crenulate; leaf cells (2-)3:1; perichaetial leaves acu-minate from ovate sheathing base. Seta 1.5-3 mm, slender, long, flexuose. Capsule oblong-ovate to ovate-pyriform when old; peristome of 16 well-developed teeth; columella immersed. Spores 10-13 µm.
Seligeria pusilla is a rare species with a highly scattered distribution, having occurrences in northern Alaska, Ellesmere Island, and in temperate eastern North America from Minnesota south and east to Tennessee. It has linear leaves with a relatively narrow costa that does not fill the apex. The acute leaf tips have cells that are thin-walled and somewhat longer than wide. The plants are light green and have a delicate aspect to them. Seligeria brevifolia and S. acutifolia both have differentiated perichaetial leaves whereas S. pusilla has capsules surrounded by leaves similar to (although somewhat longer than) those farther down the stem.
" 465 general 511615 "Oncophorus rauei" "Plants in loose tufts or extensive mats, dark green to dark yellow-brown. Stems 1.5-3 cm. Branch leaves flexuose-spreading moist or dry, ovate-lanceolate, abruptly subulate from ovate base, finely serrate, 2.5-5 mm, subtubulose above, sheathing at base, margins plane; costa stout, mostly percurrent; laminal cells 2-stratose; distal laminal cells mostly subquadrate; basal laminal cells elongate, rectangular, incrassate, alar slightly differentiated. Seta 5-8 mm. Capsule yellow-brown, nearly smooth at maturity, 1-1.5 mm. Spores 16-19 µm.
Oncophorus rauei, a rare species, has a south temperate distribution and is distinguished by its dark color and rocky habitat. Although O. virens is also saxicolous, that species is distinguished by its folded leaves, which have revolute margins, and are gradually subulate, wihtout a sheathing base. Onchophorus wahlenbergii is an epixylic species with leaves strongly contorted when dry, the lamina is only 2-stratose at the margins, and the seta is usually longer.
" 501 general 871436 "Mirabilis albida" "Stems 1 -many, erect to decumbent, few or highly branched, sparsely to densely leafy in basal 1/2 or throughout, 0.8-15 dm, glabrous to puberulent basally in 2 lines or throughout, hairs often awned, or stems villous and often viscid, or sometimes hirsute, hair types often mixed, spreading pubescent. Leaves ascending to spreading at 10-90°; petiole 0-4 cm; blade green to glaucous blue-gray, linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or deltate, 1-11 × 0.6-2.5 cm in lanceolate leaves, 2-9 × 1-6.5 cm in ovate leaves, thin and fleshy to thick and coriaceous, base cuneate to round, truncate, or cordate, apex acute, obtuse, or round, surfaces glabrous or viscid-puberulent, viscid-villous, or hirsute. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, few branched, ± evenly forked and open, or, when axillary, often consisting only of single involucres (and then flowers commonly cleistogamous); peduncle 1-25 mm, puberulent with curled hairs, hispid, villous, or viscid-villous, crosswalls of hairs pale; involucres pale green or sometimes blushed with purple when young, widely bell-shaped, 4-7 mm in flower, 5-15 mm in fruit, sparsely to densely pubescent with small curled hairs or long spreading hairs, often viscid, 50-80% connate, lobes ovate, triangular-ovate, broadly ovate, or occasionally round. Flowers (1-)3 per involucre; perianth white, pink, or deep red-violet, 0.8-1.5 cm. Fruits brown to dark brown with pale tan, brown, or dark brown ribs, obovoid to narrowly obovate and tapering at both ends, 3.5-5.5 mm, pubescent with tufted spreading hairs 0.1-0.5 mm, with or without minute glandular hairs; ribs round or round-angled, (0.3-)0.7-1.5 times width of sulci, 0.5-1 times as wide as high, with tall shelflike tubercles (eastern part of range), smooth or somewhat rugose or moderately tuberculate (western part of range); sulci with prominent, pale, shelflike tubercles (eastern), minutely rugose or with small low warts (western). 2n = 58.
In the eastern half of the continent, Mirabilis albida is reasonably uniform, usually erect, with lanceolate or narrowly oblong leaves, and fruits with large, wartlike tubercles on ribs and sulci. These fruits are very similar to those of M. nyctaginea, except they are usually yellowish brown rather than reddish brown. On the western plains, M. albida intergrades with M. linearis. R. Spellenberg (1998), in attempting to maintain a fairly uniform M. albida, provided a table distinguishing among it, M. oblongifolia, and M. melanotricha. Distinguishing leaf forms of M. oblongifolia as circumscribed by C. F. Reed (1969) from western races of M. albida becomes untenable, as proposed by B. L. Turner (1993b). Individual specimens are sometimes very different, but in a series of populations distinctions merge. The minute glandular hairs beneath the tufts of larger hairs and the presence of large, shelflike tubercles are fairly consistent throughout the eastern half of the continent. In the southwestern mountains, where M. oblongifolia in the broad sense occurs, and in the northern Rocky Mountains, where M. lanceolata occurs (as these phases in the complex have been named), both features are either inconsistent or absent, the fruits becoming much less warty and more like those of M. linearis. Some phases, such as M. comata, and Allionia pratensis, seem to form reasonably recognizable geographically and ecologically restricted populations and may be worthy of taxonomic recognition, perhaps at the infraspecific level. The type of M. hirsuta has the general form of broad-leaved plains races of M. albida is lightly hispid on basal parts. The exceedingly hispid, broad-leaved forms commonly identified as M. hirsuta from near the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains are here recognized as M. rotundifolia; the hispid narrow-leaved phases from the southwestern plains are included within M. linearis.
" 511 general 1260558 "Sesuvium verrucosum" "Plants perennial, papillate with crystalline globules abundant, glabrous. Stems prostrate, to 1 m, forming mats to 2 m diam., branched from base, finely verrucose; not rooting at nodes. Leaves: blade linear to widely spatulate, to 4 cm, base tapered or flared and clasping. Inflorescences: flowers solitary; pedicel absent or to 2 mm. Flowers: calyx lobes rose or orange adaxially, ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 mm, margins scarious, apex hooded or beaked, papillate abaxially; stamens 30; filaments connate in proximal 1/2, reddish; pistil 5-carpellate; ovary 5-loculed; styles 5. Capsules ovoid-globose, 4-5 mm. Seeds 20-40, dark brown to black, 0.8-1 mm, shiny, smooth.
Sesuvium verrucosum is widespread and variable, with habitat preferences extending from coastal, saline wetlands to reservoir margins and desert alkali playas in North America and South America. Several names, including S. sessile Persoon, have been applied or misapplied to this species, which can resemble S. portulacastrum. It differs from S. portulacastrum in having sessile or occasionally pedicellate flowers and in lacking roots at stem nodes. Plants from coastal environments such as margins of estuaries are usually smaller in stature, with smaller morphological features than interior desert plants; plants at some coastal sites may function as annuals. Further investigation of this variation could provide useful insight into the relationships of different populations now assigned to S. verrucosum.
" 513 general 1295700 "Selaginella arenicola" "Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming clumps. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; rhizomatous stems mostly ascending; aerial stems erect or ascending. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to rhizomatous stems, 0.2--0.33 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, in pseudowhorls of 4. Rhizomatous stem leaves persistent, appressed, scalelike. Aerial stem leaves tightly or somewhat loosely appressed, ascending, green, narrowly triangular-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 2--3 X 0.4--0.5 mm; abaxial ridges present; base cuneate, strongly decurrent, pubescent or glabrescent; hairs restricted to base; margins short-ciliate, cilia transparent, scattered, spreading at base, dentiform and ascending toward apex, 0.02--0.07 mm; apex plane, attenuate; bristle white to whitish, straight, coarsely puberulent, 0.25--0.85(--0.9) mm. Strobili solitary, (0.5--)1--3(--3.5) cm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, often abruptly tapering toward apex, abaxial ridges not prominent, base glabrous, rarely with few hairs, margins ciliate, apex often recurved, bristled.
Subspecies 2: only in the flora.
Selaginella arenicola and related species have been considered as forming a species complex. This interpretation has been the center of much taxonomic controversy (R. M. Tryon 1955; G. P. Van Eseltine 1918). Tryon recognized one species in the complex, S . arenicola , with three subspecies: subsp. arenicola , subsp. riddellii , and subsp. acanthonata . Other authors (e.g., R. T. Clausen 1946) treated the subspecies as species. I recognize two well-defined species within this complex, S . arenicola and S . acanthonota , which are readily distinguishable by the characteristics given in the key. Some specimens reported by R. M. Tryon (1955) as intermediate between S . arenicola and S . acanthonota appear to be hybrids between S . acanthonota and S . rupestris . In particular, more detailed studies are needed to assess whether populations from Georgia are hybrids or variants of S . acanthonota or of S . rupestris . Future studies are also needed to determine relationships and proper taxonomic rank of Selaginella arenicola subsp. arenicola and subsp. riddellii , which are provisionally recognized here.
" 514 general 1295728 "Selaginella lepidophylla" "Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming rosettes. Main (central) stem spirally compact, branched, branches 2--3-forked, prostrate, flat when moist, curling inward when dry (ball-like), not articulate, weakly puberulent. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to basal part of rosette, 0.3--0.5 mm diam. Leaves thick and stiff. Lateral leaves yellow to reddish on abaxial surface, green on adaxial surface, overlapping, ascending, deltate to deltate-ovate, 2--2.2 X (1--)1.7--1.8 mm; base nearly cordate, pubescent; margins transparent, ciliate toward base, dentate to ciliate toward apex; apex rounded. Median leaves broadly ovate, 1.5--1.7 X 1.4--1.5 mm; base nearly cordate to truncate, pubescent; margins transparent, ciliate toward base, dentate to ciliate toward apex; apex abruptly acuminate (short-cuspidate) to obtuse. Strobili solitary, 3--12 mm; sporophylls monomorphic, deltate-ovate, slightly keeled, keel not dentate, base pubescent, margins transparent, short-ciliate at base, denticulate toward apex, apex acuminate to acute.
Selaginella lepidophylla is sold as a commonly grown house plant and is cultivated in greenhouses. When dry, lateral branches of desiccated plants curl inward; upon rehydration, they uncurl and resume normal growth, even after years of being dry. Among the species in the flora, it is allied to S . pilifera .
" 516 general 1295744 "Selaginella rupestris" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming long or spreading mats or rarely cushionlike mats. Stems radially symmetric, long to moderately short-creeping to decumbent, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem indeterminate, lateral branches conspicuously or inconspicuously determinate, sometimes ascending, 1--3-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.25--0.45 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in alternate pseudowhorls of 6 (on main stem) to 4 (on lateral branches), tightly appressed, ascending, green, occasionally reddish, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5--4(--4.5) X 0.45--0.6 mm; abaxial ridges well defined; base cuneate and decurrent on underside to rounded and adnate on upperside, pubescent or glabrous; margins long-ciliate, cilia transparent, spreading, (0.05--)0.07--0.17 mm; apex slightly keeled, mostly attenuate; bristle white, whitish, or transparent, puberulent, 0.45--1(--1.5) mm. Strobili solitary, 0.5--3.5 cm; sporophylls deltate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, strongly tapering or not toward apex, abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins ciliate to slightly dentate, apex slightly keeled, not truncate in profile, long-bristled. 2 n = 18.
Selaginella rupestris has the widest range of any selaginella in the flora. It is variable in many characteristics, e.g., the hairiness of the margins (which sometimes are not hairy), leaf base pubescence, and shape of sporophylls. The variation in sporangial distribution pattern in the strobili and the number of megaspores per megasporangium are important for understanding reproduction and relationships in this species. Very often the strobili are wholly megasporangiate, with only 1--2 megaspores per megasporangium, suggesting asexual reproduction. In other cases, both types of sporangia are present in a strobilus, suggesting sexual reproduction. R. M. Tryon (1971) correlated sporangial and spore distribution patterns in S . rupestris with distributional ranges and concluded that there are four races. Race A has 4 megaspores per megasporangium, has microsporangia, is sexual, and is distributed from southeastern Pennsylvania south to Georgia and Alabama. Race B has 1--2(--4) megaspores per megasporangium, has microsporangia, has an unknown type of reproduction, and has the same range as Race A, but it extends into New York. Race C has 1--2 megaspores per megasporangium, has microsporangia, is probably asexual, and is distributed throughout the species range. Race D has 1--2 megaspores per megasporangium, lacks microsporangia, is therefore asexual, and is found throughout the species range except where Race A occurs. These patterns suggest the presence of more than one species within S . rupestris in the broad sense. More studies, especially cytologic, are needed, as well as fieldwork, in order to understand these relationships and the variability in S . rupestris . Among the species in the flora, S . rupestris seems to be most closely related to S . sibirica (see discussion) and may also be allied to the S . arenicola complex (see discussion).
" 517 general 884713 "Botrychium dissectum" "Trophophore stalk 3--15 cm, 1.5--2.5 times length of trophophore rachis; blade shiny green, often bronze in winter, plane to convex, 3--4-pinnate, to 20 × 30cm, leathery. Pinnae to 10 pairs, approximate to remote, slightly ascending, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae not or slightly more than between 2d and 3d pairs, undivided except in proximal 2/3--3/4. Pinnules usually obliquely angular--trowel-shaped to widely trowel-shaped to obliquely round-lanceolate to ovate and pointed, margins denticulate to lacerate to coarsely cut halfway or wholly into linear-divergent segments in some populations, venation pinnate. Sporophores 2--3-pinnate, 1.5--2.5 times length of trophophore. 2 n =90.
Botrychium dissectum is highly variable, even within the same population. In Florida and along the Gulf Coast, the extremely lacerate form is absent, and the blade segments are usually strongly angular, trowel-shaped, and dentate. In eastern Kentucky and central Tennessee in forested valleys, on shale and limestone soils, plants have narrowly linear, somewhat blunt-tipped segments with a more or less whitish gray central line above the veins. This variant, which grows with B . dissectum , may deserve recognition as a distinct species.
" 524 general 617422 "Trichomanes boschianum" "Plants on rock. Stems long-creeping, slender, bearing widely spaced leaves; stems covered with dark multicellular hairs of 2 kinds, unbranched gland-tipped hairs and branched or unbranched rhizoidlike hairs, sparsely rooted. Leaves lanceolate, 1--2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 4--20 × 1--4 cm, bearing scattered short, unbranched, glandular hairs on principal veins; petioles shorter than blades. Venation pinnate, without unconnected false veins. Soral involucres terminal on lateral veins at base of lobes, conic, not flaring at mouth; involucral lips not dark-edged. Gametophytes composed entirely of branching filaments. Gemmae composed of short filaments of undifferentiated cells. 2 n = 72, 108, 144.
Although earlier treated as synonymous with the tropical American Trichomanes radicans Swartz, recent authors have agreed that Trichomanes boschianum is a distinct taxon endemic to eastern North America. It exists as fertile diploids and tetraploids with occasional sterile triploids. Diploid cytotypes are prevalent in western localities, and polyploids are more common to the east. Although occurring in climatically moderated habitats, most populations suffer heavy mortality from sporadic droughts. The plants are very slow to regrow, and many populations are currently but a fraction of their size of 20 years ago. They seldom show evidence of sexual reproduction although gametophyte colonies of this species may be found in the vicinity of fertile sporophytes. Identity of these gametophytes has been confirmed by enzyme electrophoresis, but most occurrences of independent Trichomanes gametophytes in the eastern United States have been shown by this method to be those of T . intricatum (D. R. Farrar 1985).
" 526 general 505922 "Pteridium aquilinum" "Petioles scattered along creeping stems, 0.3--3.5 m, shallowly to deeply grooved adaxially, base not strongly distinct from stem. Blades broadly deltate, papery to leathery, sparsely to densely hairy abaxially, rarely glabrous. Pinnae often opposite to subopposite [alternate]; proximal pinnae often prolonged basiscopically, each proximal pinna nearly equal to distal part of leaf in size and dissection (except in var. caudata ). Segments alternate, numerous.
Varieties 12 (4 in the flora): almost worldwide.
In accord with the most recent revision (R. M. Tryon 1941) of the genus, Pteridium is treated here as a single widespread species composed of two subspecies with 12 varieties. So treated, it is probably the most widespread species of all vascular plants, with the exception of a few annual weeds (F. H. Perring and B. G. Gardner 1976). The plants are generally aggressive, invading disturbed areas as weeds in pastures, cultivated fields, and roadsides. In Europe, it was harvested and burned to produce potash. Although croziers are eaten in many temperate cultures, bracken has been shown to contain thiaminase (and other compounds with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties).
Disagreement exists among taxonomists regarding the rank that should be accorded to the taxa treated herein as varieties. In a survey of the genus, C. N. Page (1976) noted uniform chromosome numbers and flavonoid compositions of the varieties. D. B. Lellinger (1985) separated the genus into at least two species based on morphology, recognizing as species the subspecies of R. M. Tryon (1941). J. T. Mickel and J. M. Beitel (1988) reported sympatric occurrence in Mexico of three taxa that maintained consistent characteristics and only rarely produced plants with combined characteristics. They suggested that these three taxa should be considered as species that occasionally hybridize. P. J. Brownsey (1989) reported that two different brackens in Australia formed sterile hybrids and should be treated as species. Modern systematic studies are needed to evaluate the status and rank of the four North American varieties. As treated below, Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens , var. latiusculum , and var. pseudocaudatum are in subsp. aquilinum , and var. caudatum is in subsp. caudatum (Linnaeus) Bonaparte.
Stems slender, creeping, sparingly scaly; scales dark brown to chestnut brown. Leaves clustered to closely spaced, to 1 m. Petiole straw-colored to light brown distally, darker proximally, 10--50 cm, base sparsely scaly. Blade irregularly ovate, primarily and irregularly pedately divided, 10--30 × 6--25 cm; rachis not winged; only terminal pinna decurrent on rachis. Pinnae 1--3 pairs, well separated, blade often 5-parted with terminal pinna and 2 lateral pairs of pinnae remaining green through winter, not articulate; sterile pinnae to 25 × 0.8--1.5 cm, serrulate; fertile pinnae narrower than sterile pinnae, to ca. 11 mm wide, spiny-serrate; base acute acroscopically and decurrent (sometimes narrowly and barely so) basiscopically, glabrous; proximal pinnae with 1 (rarely 2) basiscopic lobes. Veins free, simple or forked. Sori narrow, blade tissue exposed abaxially.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): widely scattered in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Pteris cretica is almost pantropical in distribution (C. V. Morton 1957). Because this species is so commonly and widely cultivated and appears to escape easily in warmer regions, its native range is uncertain.
Young leaves of young plants of Pteris multifida may key to P . cretica because only the terminal pinnae may be decurrent on the rachis as in P . cretica . Juveniles of P . multifida can be separated by proximal pinnae with long-attenuate apices and thinner-textured leaves than P . cretica . Juveniles of P . cretica have proximal pinnae with acute to blunt or nearly rounded apices and thicker-textured leaves.
Stems compact, ascending, stout, 5--10 mm diam.; scales bicolored, linear-subulate, 0.1--0.3 mm wide, centers black, thick, margins brown, thin, erose-dentate. Leaves somewhat dimorphic, sterile leaves shorter and less divided than fertile leaves, clustered on stems, 8--40 cm; croziers sparsely villous. Petiole dark brown, lustrous, flattened or slightly grooved adaxially, without prominent articulation lines. Blade ovate-deltate, usually 2-pinnate proximally, 4--18 cm wide; rachis brown throughout, straight, shallowly grooved adaxially, usually glabrous. Pinnae perpendicular to rachis to slightly ascending, not decurrent on rachis, usually with 9--25 ultimate segments; costae straight, 20--70 mm, much longer than fertile ultimate segments. Ultimate segments narrowly oblong, 4--10 mm, leathery, glabrous; margins recurved on fertile segments, usually covering less than 1/2 abaxial surface, borders whitish, nearly entire; apex mucronate. Veins of ultimate segments obscure. Sporangia long-stalked, containing 64 spores, intermixed with abundant farina-producing glands. 2 n = 58.
Most manuals refer to Pellaea truncata as P . longimucronata , a name shown to be invalid by A. Cronquist et al. (1972+, vol. 1). Populations located near the range of P . mucronata in the Mojave Desert are often difficult to identify because of the subtlety of the characters involved and an apparent tendency to produce sterile (and possibly fertile) hybrids. Morphologically intermediate hybrids between P . truncata and P . wrightiana are common in regions where the ranges of the two species overlap, but these are easily identified by their malformed spores.
" 539 general 504349 "Cystopteris bulbifera" "Stems creeping, not cordlike, internodes very short, less than 0.5 cm, heavily beset with old petiole bases, hairs absent; scales uniformly brown to somewhat clathrate, lanceolate, radial walls brown, luminae clear. Leaves monomorphic, clustered at stem apex, to 75 cm, seasonally bearing sori (earliest leaves lack sori, subsequent leaves with sori). Petiole reddish when young, usually green or straw-colored throughout (occasionally darker) in mature specimens, shorter than blade, base sparsely scaly. Blade broadly to narrowly deltate, 2-pinnate to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, almost always widest at base, apex long-attenuate; rachis and costae usually densely covered by unicellular, gland-tipped hairs, often with bulblets; axils of pinnae occasionally with multicellular, gland-tipped hairs. Pinnae mostly perpendicular to rachis, not curving toward blade apex, margins serrate; proximal pinnae pinnate-pinnatifid to pinnatifid, ± equilateral, basiscopic pinnules not enlarged, basal basiscopic pinnules sessile to short-stalked, bases truncate to obtuse; distal pinnae ovate to oblong. Veins directed into notches. Indusia cup-shaped, apex truncate, typically invested with unicellular, gland-tipped hairs. Spores spiny, usually 33--38 µm. 2 n = 84.
Cystopteris bulbifera usually occurs on moist calcareous cliffs, but it also grows on rock in dense woods and occasionally occurs terrestrially in northern swamps. Blades on most individuals are narrowly deltate and distinctively long-attenuate. The rachises, costae, and indusia are densely beset with gland-tipped, unicellular hairs. Mature specimens often have deciduous bulblets. These characteristics readily distinguish C . bulbifera from other diploid species.
Hybridization and allopolyploidy involving Cystopteris bulbifera and other North American Cystopteris species have generated several species. In the eastern portion of its range, C . bulbifera and C . protrusa are the diploid progenitors of the tetraploid C . tennesseensis (C. H. Haufler et al. 1990). In northeastern North America, C . bulbifera has hybridized with tetraploid C . fragilis , ultimately resulting in the hexaploid C . laurentiana (R. F. Blasdell 1963). In the southwest, the diploid C . reevesiana and disjunct representatives of C . bulbifera are the progenitors of the tetraploid C . utahensis (C. H. Haufler and M. D. Windham 1991). In addition to these fertile allopolyploids, sterile hybrids are also possible when C . bulbifera is sympatric with its polyploid derivatives. Sterile hybrids between C . bulbifera and C . tennesseensis have been identified from several localities. Cystopteris bulbifera may hybridize with C . tenuis to form C . × illinoensis (C. H. Haufler et al. 1990; R. C. Moran 1982b). Diploid sexual C . bulbifera may be distinguished from these allopolyploid species and sterile hybrids because the hybrid-derived taxa (1) will normally have less prominent glandular hairs, (2) will have misshapen bulblets, (3) will more likely have blades that are widest above the base, and (4) will have large spores (in sexual allopolyploids) or malformed spores (in sterile hybrids).
Stems creeping, not cordlike, internodes short, beset with old petiole bases, hairs absent; scales tan to light brown, lanceolate, radial walls thin, luminae tan. Leaves monomorphic, clustered at stem apex, to 40 cm, nearly all bearing sori. Petiole dark at base, mostly green to straw-colored distally, shorter than or nearly equaling blade, base sparsely scaly. Blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1(--2)-pinnate-pinnatifid, widest at or just below middle, apex acute; rachis and costae lacking gland-tipped hairs or bulblets; axils of pinnae lacking multicellular, gland-tipped hairs. Pinnae usually perpendicular to rachis, not curving toward blade apex, margins serrate to sharply dentate; proximal pinnae pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatifid, ± equilateral, basiscopic pinnules not enlarged; basal basiscopic pinnules sessile, base truncate to obtuse, distal pinnae deltate to ovate. Veins directed mostly into teeth. Indusia ovate to lanceolate, without gland-tipped hairs. Spores spiny or verrucate, usually 39--60 µm. 2 n = 168, 252.
Cystopteris fragilis is most often confused with C . tenuis in the east and C . reevesiana in the southwest. Habitat and geography, as well as the morphologic features discussed in the key, usually serve to separate these taxa. For instance, C . fragilis is more likely to be found on cliffs whereas the other species prefer boulders and soil ( C . fragilis occurs at higher elevations and/or latitudes than the other species). These distinctions can be confounded when C . fragilis forms hybrids with sympatric species. Sterile pentaploid plants have been discovered where C . fragilis overlaps with C . laurentiana , tetraploid hybrids are likely where C . fragilis occurs with C . tenuis , and triploids may form where C . fragilis is found with C . reevesiana . Even after segregating relatively distinct elements such as Cystopteris protrusa , C . reevesiana , and C . tenuis , and identifying sterile hybrids, C . fragilis still remains a polymorphic and complex taxon that probably contains a number of natural, cryptic evolutionary units. For example, morphologically distinct hexaploid cytotypes have been reported (C. H. Haufler and M. D. Windham 1991). These occur as isolated and disjunct populations in Ontario, Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming. Isozymic profiles of each of these populations indicate that the hexaploids are polyphyletic and should not be accorded species status.
The presence of verrucate spores (as opposed to the normal spiny spores) has been used to circumscribe Cystopteris dickieana . Although genetic analyses have not been undertaken, we think the verrucate spore is probably a recessive feature controlled by one or a few genes. While present at low frequency in much of the range of C . fragilis , verrucate spores are particularly prominent in the Great Plains. Perhaps in this region the genetic combinations specifying verrucate spores have been fixed. Following R. F. Blasdell (1963), C . dickieana is also considered here to be conspecific with C . fragilis because (1) early stages in the development of spiny spores can appear verrucate (A. C. Jermy and L. Harper 1971), (2) the hexaploid cytotypes discussed above always have verrucate spores, regardless of their parentage, (3) individuals with verrucate spores can be found in populations that are otherwise uniformly spiny-spored, and (4) individuals and populations that have verrucate spores are not otherwise (morphologically, ecologically, or genetically) distinct from those that have spiny spores.
Especially in the western portion of its North American range (British Columbia, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, California), Cystopteris fragilis appears to be developing morphologically and ecologically distinctive variants. Hybrid individuals with aborted spores have been discovered, and plants from these areas increasingly tend to grow on both soil and rock and to have slightly different morphologies on the two substrates. These variants intergrade, however, and are not sufficiently distinct to warrant species status. This polymorphic polyploid is probably actively speciating at the tetraploid level, perhaps through gene silencing (C. R. Werth and M. D. Windham 1991).
Stems long-creeping, cordlike, internodes 1--2(--4) cm, old petiole bases few, hairs absent; scales usually tan to light brown, ovate-lanceolate, radial walls tan to brown, thin, luminae tan. Leaves monomorphic, at stem apex but not tightly clustered, to 45 cm, sori production about equal on all leaves (fairly independent of season). Petiole dark brown to black at base, gradually becoming green or straw-colored distally, (1--)2--3 times length of blades, sparsely scaly throughout. Blade elongate-pentagonal, 3(--4)-pinnate-pinnatifid; rachis and costae lacking gland-tipped hairs or bulblets; axils of pinnae with occasional multicellular gland-tipped hairs. Pinnae ascending, typically at acute angle to rachis, only proximal pinnae occasionally curving toward blade apex, margins serrate; proximal pinnae pinnate-pinnatifid, inequilateral, basal basiscopic pinnule stalked, enlarged, base truncate to obtuse; distal pinnae deltate to ovate. Veins directed into notches. Indusia cup-shaped, apex truncate, hairs gland-tipped only along margin. Spores spiny, usually 37--42 µm. 2 n = 168.
Cystopteris montana , the most distinctive of the Cystopteris in the flora, probably is allied to Asian species. Although this boreal species is restricted primarily to high latitudes, it occurs disjunctly at high elevations in Colorado, where its habitats are being threatened by development. Cystopteris montana does not hybridize with any other Cystopteris in the flora, but it has been implicated in the origin of the European allopolyploid C . alpina (Roth) Desvaux.
" 543 general 504341 "Gymnocarpium dryopteris" "Stems 0.5--1.5 mm diam.; scales 1--4 mm. Fertile leaves usually 12--42 cm. Petiole 9--28 cm, with sparse glandular hairs distally; scales 2--6 mm. Blade broadly deltate, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 3--14 cm, lax and delicate, abaxial surface and rachis glabrous or with sparse glandular hairs, adaxial surface glabrous. Pinna apex entire, rounded. Proximal pinnae 2--12 cm, ± perpendicular to rachis, with basiscopic pinnules ± perpendicular to costa; basal basiscopic pinnule usually sessile, pinnatifid or rarely pinnate-pinnatifid, if sessile then with basal basiscopic pinnulet often equaling or longer than adjacent pinnulet; 2d basal basiscopic pinnule sessile, with basal basiscopic pinnulet equaling or longer than adjacent pinnulet; basal acroscopic pinnule sessile, with basal basiscopic pinnulet longer than or equaling adjacent pinnulet. Pinnae of 2d pair usually sessile with basal basiscopic pinnule longer than or equaling adjacent pinnule and about equal to basal acroscopic pinnule; basal acroscopic pinnule equaling or slightly shorter than adjacent pinnule, often with entire, rounded apex. Pinnae of 3d pair sessile with basal basiscopic pinnule equaling adjacent pinnule and equaling basal acroscopic pinnules; basal acroscopic pinnule equaling or slightly shorter than adjacent pinnule. Ultimate segments of proximal pinnae oblong, entire to crenate, apex entire, rounded. Spores 34--39 µm. 2 n = 160.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris is a fertile allotetraploid species that arose following hybridization between G . appalachianum and G . disjunctum (see reticulogram). Its wide distribution over much of the north temperate zone has provided ample opportunity for secondary contact between G . dryopteris and each of its diploid parents, thereby resulting in a wide-ranging composite of abortive-spored triploid crosses ( G . disjunctum × G . dryopteris and G . appalachianum × G . dryopteris ). These relationships are shown on the diagram. Sterile triploid plants are not restricted only to areas where the range of the tetraploid overlaps with that of either diploid. Their broad distribution could be explained in part by their spores, which are of two types: malformed, black, and with very exaggerated perispores, or round with extensive netted perispores (K. M. Pryer and D. M. Britton 1983). The latter spore type is capable of germination and presumably permits the plants to reproduce apogamously. The name G . × brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler has been applied to the G . disjunctum × G . dryopteris hybrid formula (K. M. Pryer and C. H. Haufler 1993). The type of G . × brittonianum has aborted and round spores, and leaves that strongly resemble those of G . disjunctum . They are large, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, and the second and third pairs of pinnae are sessile with basal basiscopic pinnules markedly longer than the basal acroscopic pinnules. Sterile triploid plants with a morphology similar to the type of G . × brittonianum are frequent. The biology of both of these cryptic hybrid taxa needs further study, which should lead to detailed morphologic descriptions and distribution maps.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris also hybridizes with both G . jessoense subsp. parvulum and G . robertianum .
Subspecies numerous (1 in the flora): boreal North America, Europe, Asia.
" 549 general 985844 "Roemeria refracta" "Plants to 6 dm, glabrescent to sparsely setose. Stems simple or usually branching. Leaves to 10 cm; petiole to 2 cm; blade with margins entire; ultimate lobes lanceolate to linear, usually tipped with short, delicate bristles. Inflorescences: peduncle to 15 cm. Flowers: petals to 4 cm, bright red with black basal spot sometimes edged white; filaments dark violet to blackish. Capsules to 10 cm, straight to slightly curved, glabrous to sparsely hirsute or setose, valves usually tipped with distinct awns extending beyond stigmas. Seeds gray, reticulate-pitted.
Roemeria refracta has been introduced in Cache and Box Elder counties in Utah, and perhaps elsewhere in temperate and subtropical North America. It is closely related to, and not always clearly distinct from, R . hybrida (Linnaeus) de Candolle, which also ranges from southern Europe to south-central Asia and could be introduced into North America. The most obvious difference between the two species is in petal coloration--bright red with a blackish basal spot sometimes edged with white in R . refracta , and violet with or without a blackish basal spot in R . hybrida --a distinction that apparently is consistent throughout their generally overlapping native ranges. However, some Asian and southeast European plants, and some of the North American introductions, are intermediate in one or both of the other characters that have been used to separate the two species: the nature of any capsule pubescence, and the presence of awns on the tips of the capsule valves. Typical R . refracta has capsules that are either glabrous or appressed-bristly, with valves bearing distinct terminal awns that clearly extend beyond the level of the stigmas, whereas typical R . hybrida has capsules that are either glabrous or spreading-bristly, with valves not awn-tipped. In some specimens of R . refracta , though, capsule pubescence is spreading or even patent rather than appressed, and in some the valve awns are reduced or absent. As well, some plants otherwise attributable to R . hybrida have capsule pubescence that is more appressed than spreading.
" 551 general 848571 "Moringa oleifera" "Plants 1-10 m, to 40 cm diam. Roots tuberous when young, woody with age. Bark pale gray or tan, smooth or finely rugose. Stems often canelike, becoming pendent with age, glabrous or finely puberulent. Leaves with pungent odor of horseradish; 30-60 cm, leaflets distributed on 4-8 pairs of pinnae; pinnae largest near base of leaf, 2 or 3 pinnate; leaflets 75-150, distalmost pairs represented by pairs of single leaflets along main rachis; blades bright to dark green, (0.5-)1-2(-3) × (0.3-) 0.5-1.5(-2) mm, base rounded to cuneate, apex rounded to emarginate, glands 3-5 mm (smaller at blade apex). Panicles (5-)10-25(-35) cm, each flower subtended by glandular bract. Pedicels 5-10(-20) mm; bracteoles 2. Flowers sweet-scented, 2-3 cm; sepals 10-20 × 3-4 mm, proximal ones usually reflexed, usually puberulent, distalmost pair usually largest, ± erect, enclosing banner petal, or ± reflexed; petals cream, 1-2 cm, distalmost banner petal ± erect, others usually ± reflexed; filaments and staminodes 7-10 mm, basally pubescent, adherent distally proximal to banner petal and anthers in a 3-tiered presentation; receptacle cup-shaped, 3-4 mm; gynophore 2-3 mm, appressed to banner petal; ovary 3-5 mm, with 3 ridges. Capsules tan, 10-30(-55) × 1.5-3 cm, apex beaked, 3 (or 4)-angled; valves silvery inside. Seeds pale to dark brown, globular, 3-winged; cotyledons exuding oil when compressed.
Moringa oleifera is probably native to lowland dry tropical forests of northwestern India; recent collection information is lacking. It is cultivated in tropical countries as an ornamental and agricultural crop. It is occasionally reported as re-seeding along roadways and in other disturbed areas; there are no reports of M. oleifera invading intact habitats.
Moringa oleifera is often mistaken for a papilionoid legume or for a member of the Bignoniaceae. It is easily distinguished from both by stalked glands at the leaf base and at rachis articulations and by its pungent horseradish odor. The three-valved fruits with three-winged seeds also readily distinguish M. oleifera from both of those families. All parts of the plant are of economic importance: leaves are highly nutritious, flowers are edible, seeds contain large quantities of high-quality oil, and presscake remaining after oil extraction contains one of the most powerful plant-derived flocculants known, used for clarifying turbid water. Roots are used as a horseradishlike condiment. Moringa oleifera is extremely fast growing (to 7 m in first year from seed), with fruit yields ca. 10 tons/ha/yr.
Moringa pterygosperma Gaertner is a commonly cited synonym of M. oleifera. However, the name is illegitimate as it is based on Guilandia moringa.
Leaves commonly distant and exposing the stem; short-lanceolate to ligulate, (0.4-)1-1.5(-1.8) mm; apex narrowly to broadly acute, apiculus short-triangular; margins 1-stratose; costa percurrent in distal leaves, ending in a clear, sharp cell. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule 0.5-1 mm, exceeding the theca in length, ovoid, inclined.
Plants of Anoectangium aestivum often exhibit a comal tuft, and have leaves with multifid or occasionally 2-fid papillae, these dense and obscuring the cell lumens. Specimens from Massachusetts identified as this species are Hymenostylium recurvirostrum. Sporophytes are rare in the flora area. Arizona specimens with blunt leaves have been named A. euchloron, representing a morphologically somewhat intergrading, wide-ranging tropical variant.
" 566 general 1126050 "Scopelophila ligulata" "Stems with sparse brown rhizoids. Cauline leaves brownish black proximally; margins usually bordered by thick-walled cells; apex obtuse to acute; costa with 1 layer of parenchymatous cells adaxial to the stereid band. Sporophytes not seen in area of the flora.
The blackened proximal leaves and nearly isodiametric distal laminal cells help separate Scopelophila ligulata from Tortula. Leaf blackening, possibly associated with iron in the soil, also occurs in the common species Barbula unguiculata, which, however, has lanceolate leaves. Two variants are weakly distinguishable, a “hydric” form with a loosely pulvinate habit and flaccid, spreading leaves with the distal laminal cells thin-walled and the enlarged basal cells often extending beyond mid leaf, and a “montane” form with a densely pulvinate habit and narrow, firm, appressed leaves with the distal laminal cells mostly thick-walled and the enlarged basal cells mostly confined to the proximal third of the leaf (R. H. Zander 1967).
" 573 general 607572 "Grimmia anodon" "Plants in small cushions, dark green to brown. Stems 0.5-1 cm. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 0.9-2 × 0.4-0.8 mm, concave-keeled, awn 0.1-1.2 mm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; medial laminal cells quadrate, sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose with 2-stratose patches, marginal cells 2-stratose. Sexual condition gonioautoicous. Seta sigmoid, 0.2-0.3 mm. Capsule usually present, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus of 1-2 rows of quadrate, thin-walled cells, not revoluble, operculum mammillate, peristome absent.
Grimmia anodon is widespread and common across the western United States and the mountains of southern Alberta and British Columbia. It is absent from eastern North America except around the Great Lakes and individual sites in the Gaspé Peninsula and New Brunswick. It extends sparsely into the Yukon and Alaska. These high latitude sites are strongly correlated with glacial refugia or areas of early deglaciation. Most eastern United States collecting localities are near the margin of the Wisconsinan continental ice sheet. The west-east disjunction of the species suggests the disruption of a more continuous distribution by Wisconsinan glacial events. It is widespread elsewhere in the northern hemisphere on calcareous outcrops and disturbed sites. Usually fertile, G. anodon is recognized easily by its immersed, gymnostomous capsule, on a sigmoid seta. The other widespread species in the subgenus, G. plagiopodia, has peristome teeth. When sterile these species can be difficult to differentiate, but G. anodon has leaves that are more concave with 2-stratose margins, while leaves of G. plagiopodia tend to be more keeled and are more uniformly 1-stratose. Grimmia anodon is rather similar to Schistidium flaccidum. However, the latter is characterized by a short, straight seta, leaves sharply keeled distally, and leaf margins plane at base but recurved distally on both sides.
" 574 general 607186 "Grimmia donniana" "Plants in dense cushions, dark green to almost black. Stems 0.8-1.2(-1.5) cm, central strand pre-sent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.2 × 0.3-0.6 mm, keeled, not plicate, margins plane, awn 0.3-1.3 mm, costal transverse section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled (rarely somewhat thick-walled); basal marginal laminal cells long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled, typically hyaline; medial laminal cells short-rectangular, sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells commonly 2-stratose, occasionally only 1-stratose, not bulging, marginal cells 2-stratose, not bulging. Sexual condition autoicous, perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, 2-3 mm. Capsule usually abundantly present, exserted, pale yellow-brown, oblong, exothecial cells quadrate, thin-walled, stomata present, annulus of 2 rows of quadrate, thick-walled cells, operculum mammillate to rostellate, peristome present, fully-developed, perforated in distal half.
Grimmia donniana is widespread but relatively uncommon and sporadic along the front ranges of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta south to southern Utah and Colorado. West of the Rockies it is known from a few locations in central Washington, northern Idaho, and northern Oregon. It is rare at higher latitudes, with a few records from Alaska, the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Greenland. There are three disjunct populations in eastern North America: one in Michigan, one in the New England states and southern Quebec, and one in Labrador. Most specimens reported from British Columbia (R. R. Ireland et al. 1987) actually represent G. alpestris. Grimmia donniana is usually recognized by: (1) leaves with plane margins and (2) a hyaline rather uniform basal lamina with long-rectangular, thin-walled cells. The leaves of G. montana, while often incurved distally, may also have plane margins. The latter species, however, has quadrate to short-rectangular basal marginal cells that have thick end-walls and are rarely hyaline. It is also dioicous and lacks stomata. Grimmia sessitana can also have leaves with plane margins, but often one margin is recurved. Its basal marginal laminal cells are rectangular, like those of G. donniana, but they have thick rather than thin walls and are typically not hyaline. The leaf cells of G. sessitana are most often bulging, mammillose; those of G. donniana are not.
" 576 general 607166 "Grimmia laevigata" "Plants in hoary, dense tufts, dark green to dark brown. Stems 0.5-2 cm. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 × 0.4-0.6 mm, both margins plane, intermarginal bands absent, awn 0.3-2 mm, decurrent, broadly attached, acute, costa broad proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells elongate, straight, thick lateral walls, green; basal marginal laminal cells oblate to quadrate, straight, thick transverse and thin lateral walls, green, not hyaline; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate, straight, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, quadrate, thick-walled. Perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, 1.5-3 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, brown, oblong-ovoid to cylindric, exothecial cells quadrate, thick-walled, stomata present, annulus of 2-3 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, operculum short rostrate, peristome irregularly perforate distally, irregularly split. Calyptra mitrate.
Grimmia laevigata is widespread and relatively common on the southern Great Plains, into the Ozarks, and along the Appalachians from northeastern Alabama to New England. There is also an extensive outlier in southern Minnesota and adjacent states. In western North America, it is abundant in California and the Pacific Northwest region into south central British Columbia. Although it occurs in the Rocky Mountain region it is not common there, being found mostly in lower elevation sites and along the east slopes. With the exception of a few disjunct sites in southern Georgia and Florida, it is unknown from the coastal plains of the American southeast. This is probably related to the extensive cover of calcareous Cretaceous and more recent bedrock. The northern limit of G. laevigata suggests a distribution influenced by the winter position of the Arctic airmass. Although known from high elevations, it is most often found below treeline on granite and acidic sandstones. It is an early successional invader of granitic rocks in the southeastern piedmont (H. J. Oosting and L. E. Anderson 1937, 1939; C. Keever et al. 1951). Classic specimens of G. laevigata are recognized by their broad leaves with almost no shoulder separating the proximal and distal lamina, and by their robust, broadly attached and long-decurrent awns. However, G. laevigata is quite variable with respect to leaf shape and awn attachment, with some specimens having bases approaching ovate and then often with rather narrowly attached awns. These specimens may be assigned to G. laevigata by the wide costa and oblate to quadrate basal marginal cells. Sterile specimens may be separated from G. crinitoleucophaea by the wide costa and thick-walled basal cells.
" 577 general 607116 "Grimmia ovalis" "Plants in loose tufts, dark green to brownish black. Stems 1-3 cm. Leaves ovate-lanceolate from an ovate base, 1.7-4 × 0.4-0.8 mm, both margins plane, incurved distally, intermarginal bands absent, awn 0.5-1 mm, not decurrent, typically narrowly attached, acute, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells usually elongate (sometimes short-rectangular), usually sinuose, and usually with thick lateral walls; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, straight, with thick transverse and thin lateral walls, green, not to distinctly hyaline; medial laminal cells rounded to quadrate, straight, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, quadrate, thick-walled. Perichaetial leaves enlarged. Seta straight, 4-6 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, yellow-brown, oblong-ovoid, exothecial cells short-rectangular, thin-walled, stomata present, annulus of 2-3 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, operculum long-rostrate, peristome solid, split in distal half. Calyptra cucullate.
Grimmia ovalis is common and widespread in high elevation sites in western North America from southern British Columbia along the Rocky Mountain corridor to southern New Mexico and south central California. H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) rejected all reports of G. ovalis from eastern North America. However, we have seen specimens from that area, although scattered and rare. It is not surprising that the species occurs in the eastern part of the continent given that it is widespread across the Laurasian continental plates and in India. Outlier sites in the Yukon and southern Greenland connect the North American populations to those in Asia and Europe, respectively. In western North America, G. ovalis is most often confused with G. longirostris and G. laevigata. While superficially similar to G. longirostris, G. ovalis has concave leaves with plane margins and is dioicous, while G. longirostris has keeled leaves with a recurved margin and is autoicous. Other points of separation are discussed under G. longirostris. Typical specimens of G. ovalis are readily separated from G. laevigata by their ovate-lanceolate leaves with a well-defined ovate base and narrowly attached awns. However, both of these species are variable in leaf shape, and while the awn of G. ovalis is usually narrowly attached, sometimes it is quite broad and may border on being decurrent. These specimens can be identified by the width of the costa and the basal areolation. Grimmia ovalis has a costa that is narrow at the base, while G. laevigata has a distinctly broad costa covering up to 1/3 of the base. The basal marginal cells of G. ovalis are most often short- to long-rectangular and hyaline while those of G. laevigata are always oblate to quadrate and not hyaline. In eastern North America, specimens of G. ovalis have been misidentified as G. olneyi. Aside from seta and capsule differences, G. ovalis has rectangular basal marginal laminal cells and its basal juxtacostal cells are long-rectangular to elongate; see also under G. olneyi.
Based on identifications by Greven, W. A. Weber et al. (2003) reported Grimmia bernoullii in the United States. That species differs from G. ovalis by its more ovate leaves without shoulders and with plane margins, costa broad at the base and disappearing in mid leaf, and sporophytically by its ellipsoid capsule with long-rostrate, straight operculum, and mitrate calyptra. Hastings has examined duplicate specimens from Missouri of those cited by Weber et al. and has determined that they do not deviate significantly from G. ovalis, having rather narrow leaves, costa narrow at the base and remaining strong in mid leaf, and with many leaves having incurved margins. The specimens were sterile and therefore sporophytic characters could not be determined. Based on these observations Hastings excludes G. bernoullii from the North American flora, although Greven would still retain the species.
Plants in robust, loose tufts, dark olivaceous to black. Stems 1-4 cm, central strand absent. Leaves narrowly lanceolate from an ovate base, 2-4.5 × 0.4-0.8 mm, keeled, both margins recurved proximally, often narrowly, sheathing, awn 0.2-0.6(-1.5) mm, costal trans-verse section prominent, usually semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular to linear, sinuose, thin transverse and thick lateral walls; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight to sinuose, thick transverse and thin lateral walls, hyaline; medial laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, not bulging, marginal cells (2-)3(-4)-stratose, not bulging. Sexual condition dioicous, perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, 0.5-1 mm. Capsule occasionally present, immersed, yellow, oblong-ovoid, exothecial cells quadrate to short-rectangular, thin-walled, stomata present in 2-3 rows, annulus of 2 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, operculum long-rostrate, peristome present, fully developed, perforate in middle, split in distal half.
Grimmia pilifera is most commonly found in the Appalachian Mountains from Nova Scotia to New York and south to northern Georgia and Alabama. It extends into the Midwest on the Ozark Plateau northward to southern Illinois and Indiana. It is rare in western North America, being found in mountainous areas in southeastern Arizona to the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges of New Mexico and Colorado, with disjunct sites in Montana, western South Dakota, and Minnesota. It occupies a broader range of habitats than does either G. longirostris or G. arizonae in that it is common on limestone and sandstone, as well as granites, in shaded as well as exposed sites, and at much lower elevations throughout much of its range, while still reaching the alpine in Colorado. Grimmia pilifera is most closely related to a group that includes G. longirostris and G. arizonae. Its lack of a central strand, and its leaves with a small, well-defined ovate base recurved on both margins, which are also distinctly thick, will separate it from G. arizonae.
" 579 general 607156 "Grimmia plagiopodia" "Plants in dense cushions to hoary tufts, dark green to brown. Stems 0.3-0.5(-1) cm. Leaves oblong-ovate, 1-1.7 × 0.4-0.8 mm, concave-keeled, awn 0.3-1 mm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; medial laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, slightly sinuose, slightly thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose, marginal cells 1-2-stratose. Sexual condition gonioautoicous. Seta sigmoid, 0.2-0.3 mm. Capsule usually present, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus absent, operculum mammillate, peristome present, fully developed, perforated and split in distal half.
Grimmia plagiopodia has a widespread and continuous distribution on calcareous rock across the northern Great Plains, reaching as far east as Illinois. It is rare in eastern North America, with a disjunct site in southern Ontario. In the west it reaches into the mountains on limestone and basic sandstone deposits, but its continuous range does not extend west of a line from Utah to south-central British Columbia. There is a disjunct location near Carson City, Nevada and Lake Tahoe, California. In the Arctic it is known from a few scattered localities extending from northwestern Greenland and nearby Ellesmere Island to the North Slope of Alaska. Compared to G. anodon, G. plagiopodia tends to occupy more prairie-like sites and is typically found at lower elevations. Commonly fertile, it is recognized by its immersed, peristomate capsule on a sigmoid seta with fully-developed teeth that are perforated and split distally. Grimmia americana is similar but has a short, straight to arcuate seta and a large annulus. The other widespread species in the group, G. anodon, has an annulus and is gymnostomous.
" 581 general 607990 "Grimmia unicolor" "Plants in dense to loose patches, pale green to red-brown. Stems 1.5-4(-5) cm. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate to ligulate from an ovate base, 1.5-2.5 × 0.5-0.7 mm, both margins incurved, intermarginal bands absent, often sheathing, muticous, cucullate, obtuse-rounded, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular, straight, thick lateral walled, pale yellow; basal marginal laminal cells short-rectangular, straight, thick lateral walled, pale yellow, hyaline; medial laminal cells rounded to quadrate, straight, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-3-stratose, rounded, thick-walled. Perichaetial leaves enlarged. Seta straight to slightly sigmoid, 2-4 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, brown, oblong-ovoid, exothecial cells short-rectangular, thin-walled, stomata present, annulus of 2-3 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, operculum long-rostrate, peristome perforate and split in distal half. Calyptra mitrate.
In Canada, Grimmia unicolor is found predominantly around the Great Lakes of southern Ontario eastward into southwestern Quebec, with a disjunct site in Newfoundland. In the United States, it is also commonly found in the Great Lakes region and extending eastward into southwestern Maine. The disjunct sites in British Columbia and on the Seward Peninsula may be a Beringial link with populations in Asia, where this species is widely distributed, and in northern Europe. Grimmia unicolor is often found in the splash zone of rocky shorelines, especially cliffs, and along rivers. This habitat is rarely occupied by other species of the genus, except for G. olneyi. Grimmia unicolor is readily distinguished from other species in the subgenus by its leaf morphology. Its leaves are oblong-lanceolate to ligulate, with an obtuse, rounded apex which is muticous. Grimmia olneyi has an acute leaf apex with long awns, and its basal marginal cells are quadrate, contrasting with the rectangular cells of G. unicolor. Sporophytically, G. unicolor typically has a straight seta while that of G. olneyi is sigmoid. Grimmia unicolor has a much narrower costa proximally and lacks an awn, in marked contrast to the broad costa and robust awn of G. laevigata. The leaf shapes of these two species are distinct, with G. unicolor having a pronounced ovate base and narrow leaves tending towards being ligulate, while G. laevigata has broadly oblong-ovate leaves without a shoulder separating the distal and proximal lamina.
" 582 general 607145 "Racomitrium lanuginosum" "Plants forming dark or grayish to yellowish green, yellowish to blackish brown tufts or patches, usually hoary when dry. Stems to 15 cm or more, radiculose at the base or not. Leaves crowded, erect-appressed when dry, erectopatent when wet, straight to falcate-secund, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 × 0.6-0.9 mm; margins recurved to revolute for 1/2-2/3 the leaf length, entire proximally the echlorophyllose part formed by decurrencies from the awn; apices gradually tapering to a long and slender awn, not decurrent, canaliculate distally, concave to broadly carinate proximally, awn hyaline, densely papillose, broadly and evenly decurrent to 1/4-1/3 along the margins, with decurrencies consistently flat, erosodentate to nearly entire and short, to 30 µm, sharp or blunt teeth, distinctly papillose throughout, spreading at a 40-90º angle; costa in tranverse-section rectangular to reniform in outline, strongly convex abaxially, 75-100 µm wide basally; basal laminal cells long-rectangular, 40-90 × 7-8 µm, strongly nodulose, forming a broad orange strip along the insertion; medial cells becoming long-rectangular to linear, 50-60 × 6-8 µm wide; distal laminal cells short-rectangular, (10-)15-40 × 7-9 µm. Seta 1-3 per perichaetium, brown to reddish brown, 3-7(-10) mm, erect, flexuose. Capsule brown, 1-1.7 mm, smooth, glistening; peristome teeth (300-)500-700(-900) µm, reddish brown, arising from a low basal membrane, 2-fid almost to the base into filiform, terete, densely spiculate-papillose divisions. Spores 8-12 µm.
Racomitrium lanuginosum is widely distributed throughout the Nearctic and Greenland, where it reaches the highest possible latitudes, becoming rare and scattered southwards. It usually occupies habitats of varying moisture regimes, but exhibits a tendency for growing in exposed, dry, and insolated situations. The often extensive and tumid patches of it found on rocks and soil are mostly hoary when dry. This is due to the very long hyaline awns that at once separate it from all other species of the broadly conceived Racomitrium. The shape of the hair-points is unique not only in the Grimmiaceae but among the mosses. Niphotrichum species often have a similar hoary appearance due to their long, papillose, hair-pointed leaves, but they differ from R. lanuginosum in having non-decurrent awns and tall, stout, conical papillae distributed over the leaf cell lumina, as well as large and often decurrent hyaline alar cells.
The laminal papillae of Racomitrium lanuginosum are identical to those of the genus Codriophorus, but species of that genus are usually readily distinguished by their muticous leaves. The only exception is C. varius, which often has pilose leaves but the awns are non-decurrent, smooth to faintly denticulate, and never papillose. Moreover, it has long-cylindric capsules, smooth setae, and very long, 1-1.8 mm peristome teeth, but in general sporophytes are produced infrequently in R. lanuginosum.
Plants small to large, green or rarely reddish, dull. Stems 0.5-3.5(-10) cm. Leaves erect to ± spreading, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm; ; margins subentire or more often serrulate to serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent, percurrent, or rarely short-excurrent; distal medial laminal cells hexagonal to rhomboidal, , 50-90 µm, walls moderately thick. Specialized asexual reproduction typically absent. Sexual condition paroicous, rarely dioicous; perigonial leaves ovate-lanceolate; perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated, ± long-lanceolate. Seta orange to orange-brown. Capsule inclined 80-100°, orange to orange-brown, slender-pyriform, neck 1/2 urn length; exothecial cells elongate-rectangular, walls straight; stomata superficial; annulus present; operculum conic; exostome teeth yellow to orange-brown, acute-triangular; endostome hyaline or rarely orange-brown, basal membrane 1/2 exostome length, segments , broadly keeled, broadly perforate, cilia short to long. Spores 16-22 µm, finely to distinctly roughened.
Pohlia nutans is the most common species of Pohlia in North America, Europe, and elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast to the treatment by A. J. Shaw (1982), P. sphagnicola is not separated here from P. nutans; the type of P. sphagnicola is European. Plants referable to P. sphagnicola, including North American collections, differ in being dioicous and having entire leaves, slightly shorter laminal cells, and smaller spores. The habitat in Sphagnum hummocks is not diagnostic; at least 80% of plants growing in Sphagnum are P. nutans. Pohlia schimperi, a northern form with reddish leaves, also dioicous, is not recognized, as per Shaw.
The peristome of Pohlia nutans is as well developed as any in Pohlia, with long, tapered, trabeculate exostome teeth and well-developed endostomes with broadly keeled, widely perforate segments and short to long cilia. The laminal cells are short- to elongate-hexagonal with thickened walls. The only other North American species with relatively thick-walled laminal cells is P. elongata; the cells of P. elongata are typically longer, but there is extensive overlap in sizes. Plants without sporophytes have generally been named P. nutans, although some collections from montane regions may actually be P. elongata; sporophytes of P. elongata have longer necks, as long as or longer than the urns, and reduced peristomes with endostome segments narrowly split along the keel and (usually) no cilia.
Plants medium-sized, green, glossy. Stems 0.5-3.5 cm. Leaves ± erect, lanceolate, 0.6-1.6 mm; margins serrulate to serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to linear-rhomboidal, 60-105 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae in dense clusters, oblong-linear to linear-vermicular, white, pale green, or rarely pale orange, hyaline, leaf primordia restricted to apex, , peglike, . Sexual condition dioicous; perigonial leaves ovate; perichaetial leaves weakly differentiated, narrowly lanceolate. Seta orange-brown. Capsule inclined 95-180°, brown to stramineous, pyriform, neck 1/3 urn length; exothecial cells short-rectangular, walls sinuate; stomata superficial; annulus present; operculum convex-conic; exostome teeth yellow-brown, narrowly triangular-acute; endostome hyaline, basal membrane 1/2 exostome length, segments distinctly keeled, broadly perforate, cilia short to rudimentary. Spores 16-21 µm, finely roughened.
Pohlia proligera is a relatively common species in boreal and high-montane habitats. The leaves are glossy, with dense, feltlike clusters of whitish, pale green, or sometimes pale orange gemmae in their axils. The gemmae are linear-vermicular with one or two peglike apical leaf primordia.
Plants 3-8 cm, in dense erect cushions or prostrate mats, green, yellow-green, or fuscous green. Stems yellow; cross section pentagonal, cortical cells in 2-5 irregular layers, medulla cell walls thick to thin, central strand present; rhizoids usually covered by leaves except in older parts of plants. Leaves imbricate, not twisted when dry or moist, oblong to elliptic, widest above base, concave; base not rounded or narrowed to insertion; margins revolute 1-2 times to just before apex, entire; apex rounded-cucullate; costa flexuose toward apex; laminal cells round to oblong, papillae low; basal cells usually 2-stratose, often brown. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Perigonia as terminal discoid splash platforms; paraphyses of 6-9 cells. Perichaetia with paraphyses absent. Seta 0.2-0.3 cm. Capsule horizontal, 3-5 mm; operculum conic, rostrum short, blunt; endostome cilia nodose. Spores 8-13 µm, smooth.
Aulacomnium turgidum often grows in pure mats or cushions and is distinctive in having broad cucullate leaf apices and closely imbricate leaves (hiding the rhizoids); the stems are julaceous and irregularly branched, the branching often associated with gametangial formation. Fossils of A. turgidum have been found at high elevations well south of its present range in eastern North America in sediments recording episodes of late Pleistocene tundra vegetation (N. G. Miller 1980). The alar regions on leaves of A. turgidum are sometimes excavate. The basal laminal cells of the inner perigonial leaves are irregular and smooth with walls evenly thickened. The outer perichaetial leaves are oblong; the inner leaves have serrulate margins at the apex and oblong to rhomboidal laminal cells with evenly thickened walls.
Plants in lax to dense tufts, greenish to yellowish brown. Stems 15 cm. Leaves crisped when dry, erect-spreading or sometimes secund when moist, narrowly lanceolate to linear, 4-7 mm; base laxly sheathing, shoulders well developed, firm; margins revolute from shoulders to high in acumen, denticulate in shoulders, spinose-dentate distally, teeth paired; apex long-subulate; costa excurrent, prominent, distal abaxial surface rough; basal laminal cell walls thin; medial and distal cells 5-12 × 4(-10) µm, prorulae high. Sexual condition autoicous or synoicous. Seta 0.2(-0.8) cm, curved. Capsule inclined, subglobose to pyriform, asymmetric, 1.5(-2.5) mm; operculum conic convex; peristome double; exostome teeth 500-550 µm, granulose proximally, papillose distally; endostome basal membrane high, segments slightly shorter than teeth, striate papillose, cilia rudimentary. Spores 15-24 µm. mature Jun-Sep. Crevices of shaded cliffs, rock outcrops in humid forests; moderate elevations (200-500 m); Alta., B.C.; s South America; Europe; Asia; Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand); Australia (Tasmania).
Bartramia halleriana quite similar vegetatively to robust forms of B. pomiformis. However, the short, curved seta as long as or slightly longer than the capsule is distinctive.
Plants in lax to dense tufts, soft green to glaucous. Stems 1-3(-5) cm. Leaves stiffly erect when dry, spreading when moist, linear, 4-5 mm; base sheathing, shoulders well developed, firm; margins plane, serrulate to serrate distally, teeth paired distally; apex acuminate, subulate; costa excurrent, obscure in distal limb; basal laminal cell walls thin; medial and distal cells 25-45 × 5-7 µm, prorulae relatively low. Sexual condition synoicous; perichaetial leaves somewhat longer than stem leaves, 6 mm, more strongly clasping. Seta 0.8-3 cm, straight. Capsule inclined, subglobose to ovoid, asymmetric, 1 mm; operculum short-conic; peristome double; exostome teeth 300-400 µm, strongly transversely barred, finely papillose proximally, smooth distally; endostome basal membrane present, segments 1/2-2/3 length of teeth and somewhat adherent to them, smooth, cilia absent or rudimentary. Spores 25-40 µm.
Bartramia ithyphylla is essentially an arctic-alpine species with disjunct populations in austral South America and the high mountains of Africa. In the flora area, the species frequents tundra and montane forest habitats with occasional occurrence at low to moderate elevations at northern latitudes. The glistening white leaf base is distinctive. The obscure costa in the distal limb and elongate distal laminal cells bearing low prorulae distinguish B. ithyphylla from other small species of the genus in the flora area. The distal leaves are sometimes divergent. Reports of Bartramia breviseta Lindberg [B. ithyphylla var. breviseta (Lindberg) Kindberg by some authors] from high elevations in Colorado likely represent misidentifications. In B. breviseta the capsules are overtopped by the perichaetial leaves (the seta is 1-3 mm), and the costa fills the acumen. As presently understood, B. breviseta is an arctic-alpine species of the Old World.
Plants small to large, in tufts, mats, or sods, light to dark green or yellowish, sometimes reddish or glaucous, reddish brown proximally. Stems 1-16(-20) cm, erect, simple, irregularly branched, or with a subfloral whorl of innovations, tomentose proximally. Leaves (with distalmost rarely spiraled around stem), stiffly erect to erect or erect-spreading, less commonly catenulate, erect to erect-spreading when dry, erect to spreading or occasionally secund when moist, lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate or ovate-subulate, 0.6-3 mm; margins revolute, serrulate throughout, teeth paired, appearing 2-fid due to their apposing position from contiguous cells, sometimes margins plane, teeth unpaired; apex gradually to abruptly acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse; costa short- to long-excurrent (often subpercurrent in obtuse leaves), <320 µm wide at base>, distal abaxial surface smooth or weakly prorulose; laminal cells prorulose at proximal ends on abaxial side and at proximal and distal ends on adaxial side; basal cells rectangular to oblong-hexagonal, 15-30 × 5-8 µm; ; distal cells linear to oblong-linear, 15-40 × 3-5 µm. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia discoid. Seta 2-5(-7) cm, straight. Capsule 1-3.5 mm. Spores ovoid to reniform, 18-30 µm.
Varieties ca. 40 (3 in the flora): North America, Mexico, Europe, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands (Iceland).
Philonotis fontana has a Holarctic distribution with limited penetration into the montane tropics of both Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The leaves are plane, 2- or pluriplicate, sometimes falcate or falcate-secund. Even given its membership in seepage communities, where morphological plasticity is not uncommon, the extent of variation in this species is excessive. Many variants have been recognized but with little firm evidence to support the majority of them. E. Nyholm (1954-1969) was convinced that only through a series of cultivation, cytological and genetic studies could the immense variability within this polymorphic complex be properly evaluated. W. M. Zales (1973) was able to show by a comparison of cultured and field-derived plants which of the morphological characters were relatively stable and which were subject to environmental influence. His treatment of this complex, with minor deviation, is followed here. The core characters for the species complex are laminal cells prorulose at proximal ends on the abaxial side, juxtacostal cells near the leaf base 24-40 µm, teeth of the leaf margin typically paired and appearing 2-fid, and costa 320 µm wide at the leaf base.
Leaves with acute apex; laminal cells (except rhizoid initials at apex) ± homogeneous; marginal cells narrower than medial cells. Capsule not or little contracted below mouth when dry.
Hookeria acutifolia is a species of warm-temperate and tropical distribution, rare and scattered in eastern North America, and disjunct to British Columbia and Washington state. The leaves may be more lanceolate (broadest below the middle) than those of H. lucens. The oceanic habitat appears conducive to fruiting in this species. A. J. Grout (1934b) indicated that spores were rarely produced in winter.
In Hookeria acutifolia, when the leaf apex lacks rhizoids, the apex is sharply acute and tipped with a small sharp apical cell; when rhizoids are present, the apical cells are digested and the apex becomes erose and bluntly rounded-acute, but never smoothly rounded-obtuse as in H. lucens. Hookeria acutifolia was reported as autoicous in Mexico (F. D. Bowers 1994), eastern North America (H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson 1981), England (A. J. E. Smith 1978), and China (Lin B. J. and B. C. Tan 2002). A. J. Grout (1934b) described the sexual condition of the species as dioicous, and E. Lawton (1971) described specimens from the Pacific Northwest as having perichaetia and gemmiform perigonia on separate plants. Fruiting plants seen from British Columbia were autoicous; however, many separate plants in the same collection had only male buds.
Plants somewhat small to large, in thin to thick mats, yellowish green. Stems 2-3(-6) cm, 0.5- 1 mm thick when dry, sparingly branched, primary branches prostrate or pendulous; central strand cells well differentiated, smaller; pseudoparaphyllia foliose; rhizoids many distally. Branch leaves appressed to almost recurved when dry, in slender forms julaceous to imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, long-lanceolate, somewhat plicate at base, 2.1-2.8+ mm in robust forms, 0.3-0.5(-0.6) mm in slender forms; base broadly decurrent; margins revolute near shoulder, entire to serrulate, often with shorter and wider cells near apex; apex subulalike, intact; costa strong, percurrent, obscured by laminal cells distally, yellowish, abaxial costa cells often scabrous distally; basal laminal cells not hyaline, smooth, region extending less than 1/4 length of leaf base; medial cells rectangular, 5-13 µm, papilla 1, central, unbranched. Perichaetia on distalmost portions of branches (with minute or flagelliform branches produced distally from inflorescences), leaves with laminal cells smooth near apex. Sporophytes unknown.
Asingle collection of Anomodon longifolius from the Adirondack Mountains is the only record for the New World. This species is the only one in the genus with one central papilla on each side of the laminal cells. It is also the only species in the genus, other than A. rugelii, with pseudoparaphyllia. Distinctive characters are the incrassate, isodiametric, irregular or shortly rectangular abaxial costa cells. The stems are fasciculate or irregularly pinnate; the secondary branches are attenuate, flagelliform, and/or frequently club-shaped or recurved at the apices. Although the specimen from New York has no sporophytes, the exostome of A. longifolius is unique in being irregularly striolate, alternating with sometimes finely punctate areas, otherwise smooth distally, sometimes divided into two verruculose-papillose filaments. Anomodon longifolius may be sought on tree bark and ledges, in calcareous regions, shady places, and moist deciduous montane or boreal forests.
Plants soft, yellow-green, sometimes with rusty mottling, or less often yellow-brown, bright green, or blackish green, regularly grading from one color to another within same plant. Stems to 6 cm, usually leafy throughout, irregularly branched; hyalodermis absent, epidermal cells small, walls thick, similar to subadjacent cortical cells, central strand well developed. Leaves usually imbricate, often julaceous, straight or falcate, rarely almost circinate, little different when dry or moist, often oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, ovate, or occasionally broadly ovate, not deeply concave, (0.5-)1-1.5(-2.5) × (0.3-)0.4-0.8(-1.1) mm; margins regularly involute, not recurved at apex, entire; apex acute or slightly short-apiculate; costa single and short to percurrent, double and short, or ecostate, often within same plant; alar cells many, quadrate, short-rectangular, or irregular, , region usually clearly differentiated; basal laminal cells wider, shorter than medial cells; medial cells short-rhombic to linear-flexuose, (28-)30-55(-95) × (4-)5-7(-12) µm; apical cells shorter; marginal cells rarely longer than 55 µm. Sexual condition autoicous; perichaetial inner leaves lanceolate, . Seta yellow-brown, 0.8-2.4 cm. Capsule with endostome cilia 1-3.
Hygrohypnum luridum is a highly variable species in which many infraspecific taxa have been recognized; there are, however, no reliable distinguishing features among them. In North America, three forms are regularly seen, to which no taxonomic recognition is given here. Two have falcate leaves and differ essentially in size, one large and one small. A third form has leaves that are essentially straight and vary in stance from imbricate to julaceous. Complicating this is the fact that the small, falcate-leaved forms intergrade with those having straight leaves and may occur as alternating regions on the same stem. In all cases, however, the costa varies from double and short to single and either short or long and is coupled with a well-defined group of quadrate, short-rectangular or irregularly shaped alar cells. In large, falcate-leaved forms in the West, the costa is often strong and single to almost percurrent. Hygrohypnum luridum is the only calcicole in the genus; it occurs on calcareous rock or on other substrates irrigated with calcareous water.
Stems with epidermal cells smooth. Stem leaves 0.6-1 mm; alar cells small, subquadrate; distal laminal cells curved. Seta0.5-1.5 cm. Capsule 1-2.5 mm, smooth; peristome diplolepidous; exostome teeth 16, lanceolate, short; endostome segments 16, linear, stout. Spores 11-13 µm.
Pterigynandrum filiforme is characterized by its slender, sleek, braided stems trailing down the sides of acidic rock. The somewhat curved, ovate, rather blunt leaves, and rhombic, coarsely prorulose laminal cells are additional identifying features.
Plants small to large, golden green, yellow-green, or pale green. Stems 1-5 cm, reddish brown to yellowish green, brown with age, suberect to creeping, irregularly to sparsely branched to somewhat pinnate, branches0.2-2 cm; hyalodermis present, central strand well developed; pseudoparaphyllia foliose. Leaves falcate-secund (sometimes weakly so), oblong-ovate, , tapering gradually to apex, 0.5-2 × 0.5-1 mm; base decurrent; margins plane, entire to bluntly serrate especially in apex; acumen slender or broad; costa double, short; alar cells , region well defined, in 2-4 rows along margins, ; basal laminal cells wider, shorter than medial cells, yellowish, walls porose; medial cells 60-100 × 5-6 µm. Sexual condition dioicous; . Seta reddish, 2.5-4 cm. Capsule inclined, pale brown, cylindric, 2-3 mm; annulus 2- or 3-seriate; operculum conic-convex; endostome cilia 2-4.
Hypnum lindbergii is a species largely of temperate climates, most frequent in boreal and warm temperate regions, less frequent in the Arctic, occurring from sea level to alpine elevations; sporophytes are infrequently produced in spring and summer. Plants of H. lindbergii have few or no rhizoids; the supra-alar cells are shorter than the alar cells, in one to three rows; the capsules are furrowed when dry; and the endostome cilia are as long as the segments. The hyalodermis cortical cells, leaves usually curved to insertion, usually well-defined alar regions of swollen thin-walled cells, and often wide acute apex of many stem leaves usually separate this species from similar taxa. Hypnum pratense resembles H. lindbergii somewhat, but H. pratense tends to be very glossy, with stem leaves often complanate, and thin-walled alar cells absent.
Plants small, yellowish, golden green, dark green, or brownish. Stems 2-5 cm, yellowish to golden green, usually creeping, regularly to irregularly pinnate, branches 0.2-0.4(-6) cm; hyalodermis absent, central strand weakly developed; pseudoparaphyllia lanceolate. Stem leaves falcate-secund, rarely straight, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to apex, 0.6-1.1 × 0.4-0.6 mm; base not or weakly decurrent, not auriculate; margins usually broadly or narrowly recurved proximally, sometimes to apex, serrulate to nearly entire proximally, serrate distally; acumen short, slender to relatively wide; costa double, rarely single, faint to distinct; alar cells (subquadrate or transversely rectangular, subopaque), region not well defined, , 8-15(-20) cells in marginal row; basal laminal cells broader than medial cells, often yellowish, walls pitted; medial cells 30-50 × 4-5 µm, . Branch leaves with margins frequently strongly serrate; apex more gradually acuminate. Sexual condition autoicous; . Seta yellowish brown to red, 0.7-1.5 cm. Capsule inclined to horizontal, rarely suberect, yellowish to dark brown, oblong to subcylindric, 1-2.3 mm; annulus 1- or 2-seriate; operculum conic; endostome cilia 2 or 3.
Hypnum pallescens occurs from sea level to higher elevations in eastern North America, mainly in forested areas. In western North America, it is less frequent, found from near sea level to subalpine elevations of 2000 m. Plants of this species are firmly affixed to the substrate by rhizoids and usually produce abundant sporophytes in summer; the slightly flattened to somewhat julaceous branches emerge in a horizontal plane; pseudoparaphyllia are infrequent; and the laminal cells are weakly papillose at the ends. Hypnum recurvatum is similar in size, but the alar cells are more numerous than in H. pallescens, and the leaves are hamate to circinate in H. recurvatum, falcate in H. pallescens; pseudoparaphyllia are foliose and mainly four or more cells wide in H. pallescens, while those in H. recurvatum are filamentous, often
1-seriate but generally lanceolate. Hypnum recurvatum occurs mainly on limey rock while H. pallescens is found usually on acid rock.Plants medium-sized, brownish to golden green. Stems 3-6 cm, yellowish brown, creeping to suberect, irregularly to somewhat regularly pinnate, branches 0.3-1.5 cm; hyalodermis absent, central strand present; pseudoparaphyllia broadly foliose. Stem leaves erect to falcate-secund, ovate to broadly oblong-lanceolate, gradually to abruptly narrowed to apex, 1.2-1.5 × 0.4-0.5 mm; base not auriculate; margins broadly recurved to almost plane basally, nearly entire to serrulate distally; acumen comparatively short; costa distinct, single or 2-fid; alar cells , region well defined, , with few enlarged hyaline cells at basal margin; basal laminal cells shorter, somewhat wider than medial cells, unpigmented, walls pitted; medial cells 30-50 × (3-)4-5(-6) µm, . Sexual condition dioicous; . Seta yellowish to reddish, 1-1.5 cm. Capsule inclined, brown, oblong-cylindric, 1.8-2.2 mm; annulus 2- or 3-seriate; operculum conic; endostome cilia (1-)2-3.
Hypnum vaucheri is widely distributed in boreal and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere; the plants are usually not firmly attached to the substrate, and sporophytes are infrequent; the branches emerge in one plane; the stem epidermal cells are not enlarged, with thin outer walls collapsing inward; the pseudoparaphyllia are few, with bluntly to sharply toothed margins; and the alar cells are shorter and wider than the laminal cells, in a triangular region. Hypnum vaucheri is readily confused with H. cupressiforme; the most reliable distinguishing feature is the blunt foliose pseudoparaphyllia of the former (filamentous to lanceolate in H. cupressiforme); in H. vaucheri the medial laminal cells are often short-elliptic rather than linear-flexuous, especially in straight leaves. Hypnum vaucheri is predominantly continental in distribution in North America, while H. cupressiforme is frequent near the coasts.
Plants to 10 cm, yellowish green to golden brown. Stems 2-3 mm wide across leafy stem, turgid from crowded leaves, often hooked at apices, branches to 10 mm. Stem leaves 2.8-4.5 × 0.8-1.5 mm; alar cells many, 8-20 × 8-12 µm, region broad, triangular, along margin; medial laminal cells 25-55 × 4-6 µm. Branch leaves 1.2-2.3 × 0.4-0.8 mm. Seta 2-2.5 cm. Capsule 2-2.5 mm.
Though widespread, Rhytidium rugosum is infrequent, presumably because of a preference for exposed calcareous or mafic bedrock in a cool habitat. The plants are rarely found with sporophytes; perhaps almost total reliance on asexual reproduction explains the strong morphological uniformity seen among specimens of R. rugosum collected from across its broad range.
Plants to 16 cm. Stems reddish, distinctly visible through wet leaves. Stem leaves moderately concave, 0.8-1.5 mm wide; apex often recurved; alar cells few, orange-brown, quadrate to oblong, slightly enlarged, 18-40 × 12-28 µm; medial laminal cells 50-100 × 6-9 µm; apical cells obviously shorter. Branch leaves concave, 0.8-1.9 × 0.3-0.8 mm. Seta 1.5-4.3 cm. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.5-2.5 mm.
Plants of Pleurozium schreberi are generally forest dwellers and rarely inhabit Arctic tundra. Arctic specimens often have long, slender, sparsely branched stems. An extreme example is the nomenclatural type of the var. tananae. In addition to the reduced branching and slender stems, its leaves are appressed-imbricate and somewhat smaller than the typical range for the species given in the description above. The distal leaf margins are slightly inrolled, so the apex appears obtuse to rounded rather than apiculate. Such specimens from Arctic tundra may be interpreted as rare forms of the species induced by the lower nutrient and harsher climatic conditions present outside of the normal forest habitat.
Plants bright green, somewhat glaucous, becoming reddish brown with age. Stems 1-2.5(-3) cm. Leaves 2.5-5 mm, lanceolate from a weakly sheathing base, broadly incurved and subtubulose when dry, somewhat spreading but remaining incurved and strongly channeled distally when moist; margins entire to finely and distantly serrulate; costa percurrent or shortly excurrent as a short mucro, the adaxial surface with several low continuous or interrupted abaxial lamellae; abaxial surface of lamina smooth or sporadically with scattered short lamellae near the apex of leaf; adaxial lamellae 8-20, 6-13 cells high, restricted to the costa, crispate-undulate, extending to the middle of the leaf or below, the margins finely and irregularly crenulate with bulging marginal cells, smooth; median cells of lamina 15-20 µm, somewhat smaller towards the margins, rounded subquadrate, thick-walled; marginal teeth distant, minute, unicellular; perichaetial leaves 3-3.5 mm, narrowly lanceolate. Seta stout, pale brown, 2-4 cm. Capsule 2-4 mm, cylindric, slightly larger at the base, terete or irregularly angled or ridged; peristome teeth 32, double, somewhat irregular. Spores 10-15 µm.
An arctic-alpine species widespread in northern latitudes, Oligotrichum hercynicum is a pioneer species, typically forming bright green patches on disturbed soil but, like O. falcatum, also in aquatic habitats.
" 685 general 99928 "Asplenium platyneuron" "Roots not proliferous. Stems short-creeping, unbranched; scales dark brown to black throughout, narrowly linear-deltate, 2--4 × 0.3--0.6 mm, margins entire. Leaves ± dimorphic; fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile leaves. Petiole reddish brown throughout, lustrous, 1--10 cm, 1/4--1/3 length of blade; indument of dark brown to black, filiform scales at base. Blade lustrous, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 1-pinnate throughout, 4--50 × 2--5(--7) cm, thin, glabrous, or occasionally sparsely pubescent; base gradually tapered; apex acute, not rooting. Rachis reddish or purplish brown throughout, lustrous, glabrous. Pinnae in 15--45 pairs, oblong to quadrangular; medial pinnae 1--2.5 × 0.3--0.5 cm; base with conspicuous acroscopic and sometimes basiscopic auricle, this overlapping rachis; margins crenate to serrulate, sometimes more deeply incised in robust specimens; apex acute to obtuse. Veins free, evident. Sori 1--12 pairs per pinna, on both basiscopic and acroscopic sides. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 72.
The combining author for Asplenium platyneuron is often given as Oakes ex D. C. Eaton; see D. B. Lellinger (1981) for justification of the authorship employed here.
Asplenium platyneuron is remarkable in that it occurs in southern Africa as well as in North America. No other North American fern has this distribution. Asplenium platyneuron is an ecological generalist and is particularly characteristic of disturbed woodlands. This species is migrating northward on the northern portions of its range in the upper Great Lake states (W. H. Wagner Jr. and D. M. Johnson 1981). Proliferous buds on the lowest pinnae allow formation of clumps with stems at several layers in the litter. Asplenium platyneuron hybridizes with A . rhizophyllum , A . trichomanes (producing A . × virginicum Maxon), A . pinnatifidum , A . ruta-muraria (producing A . × morganii W. H. Wagner & F. S. Wagner), A . bradleyi , and A . montanum (producing sterile A . bradleyi ).
Roots proliferous. Stems erect, unbranched; scales blackish throughout, narrowly deltate, 0.4--1.1 × 0.3--0.7 mm, margins entire to denticulate. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole blackish throughout, dull, 2--6(--10) cm, 1/4--2/5 length of blade; indument absent. Blade lanceolate, 1--2-pinnate, (4--)8--12(--15) × 1.5--5 cm, thin, glabrous; base not tapered; apex gradually narrowing. Rachis mostly green except occasionally blackish at base, dull, glabrous. Pinnae in (5--)10--20(--25) pairs, oblong-deltate, 1--3.5 × 0.5--1.8 cm; base excavate on basiscopic side; apex pointed. Pinnules linear to oblong, 4--10 mm; apex mostly notched. Veins free, not conspicuous. Sori mostly 1 per segment, 1--3 mm. Spores mostly abortive, some viable. 2 n = 144.
Asplenium plenum occurs with its parents on limestone rocks in shaded forests and is known only from Florida, although it could occur in the Antilles, Central America, and South America (D. B. Lellinger 1981). It is noteworthy for constituting one of the first known examples of backcrossing and formation of a new taxon by unreduced spores from a sterile hybrid. According to V. M. Morzenti (1967) and G. J. Gastony (1986), hybridization between A . abscissum and A . verecundum produced A . × curtissii . An unreduced spore of the hybrid gave rise to a 3 x gametophyte. This gametophyte produced a 3 x sperm that backcrossed with an x egg of A . abscissum producing the 4 x allotetraploid, A . plenum , that is not only capable of propagation by minute root proliferations like those of the parents but also to some extent by spores. This complex hypothesis was confirmed by electrophoretic comparisons of the plants involved (G. J. Gastony 1986).
" 690 general 1146878 "Astrolepis cochisensis" "Stems compact; stem scales uniformly tan or somewhat darker near base, to 10 mm, margins ciliate-dentate to entire. Leaves 7--40 cm. Blade 1-pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid, pinna pairs 20--50. Pinnae oblong, largest usually 4--7 mm, entire or asymmetrically lobed, lobes 1--4, broadly rounded, separated by shallow sinuses; abaxial scales completely concealing surface, ovate, usually 0.5--1 mm, ciliate with coarse marginal projections; adaxial scales sparse, deciduous, stellate to coarsely ciliate, mostly circular to elliptic, peltate, body more than 5 cells wide. Sporangia containing 32 or 64 spores.
Astrolepis cochisensis is reported to be toxic to sheep (F. P. Mathews 1945). Three cytotypes that occupy different ranges and/or habitats have been identified and are treated here as subspecies. These include a sexual diploid (subsp. chihuahuensis ) found on calcareous substrates in the Chihuahuan Desert; an apogamous triploid (subsp. cochisensis ), which inhabits primarily calcareous substrates in the Sonoran, Mojavean, and western Chihuahuan deserts; and an apogamous tetraploid (subsp. arizonica ), which occupies primarily noncalcareous substrates in southern Arizona. Isozyme analyses suggest that subsp. cochisensis is an autotriploid derivative of the diploid subsp. chihuahuensis (D. M. Benham 1989). Both the isozymes and substrate preferences of subsp. arizonica indicate, however, that it is not a simple autotetraploid and that other taxa remain to be discovered within the Astrolepis cochisensis complex.
" 704 general 884748 "Botrychium pinnatum" "Trophophore stalk 0--2 mm, 0 to 0.1 times length of trophophore rachis; blade bright shiny green, oblong-deltate, 1--2-pinnate, to 8 × 5 cm, papery. Pinnae to 7 pairs, only slightly ascending, approximate to overlapping, distance between 1st and 2d pinnae not or slightly more than between 2d and 3d pairs, basal pinna pair approximately equal in size and cutting to adjacent pair, obliquely ovate to lanceolate-oblong, to spatulate, deeply and regularly lobed or pinnulate, lobed to tip, margins entire to very shallowly crenate, apex truncate to somewhat acute, venation pinnate. Sporophores 2-pinnate, 1--2 times length of trophophore. 2 n =180.
Botrychium pinnatum is most commonly associated with B . lanceolatum and B . lunaria . Specimens of B . pinnatum have been misidentified as Botrychium boreale .
" 705 general 447648 "Baileya multiradiata" "Plants mostly 20–100 cm. Leaves: basal (rosette) leaves mostly 3–10 × 1–5 cm; petioles 1–4 cm; blades ovate, usually pedately to pinnately lobed (cauline leaves in vernal forms much reduced; autumnal forms often leafy throughout and cauline leaves not much reduced). Heads borne singly. Peduncles 10–30 cm (vernal forms, often shorter on autumnal forms). Involucres hemispheric (vernal forms), mostly 5–10 × 10–25 mm. Phyllaries mostly 21–34, floccose-tomentose. Rays (vernal forms) mostly 34–55; laminae linear-oblanceolate, mostly 10–20 × 5 mm, apices moderately to deeply 3-toothed. Disc florets (vernal forms) 100+; corollas 4 mm, tubes 1 mm, lobes 0.25 mm; style-branch apices truncate to slightly rounded. Cypselae 4 mm. 2n = 32.
Baileya multiradiata is an attractive and bountiful wild flower over a large part of the desert Southwest. It has been touted as a promising plant for landscaping, and research on its nursery production has begun (D. J. Cotter et al. 1980, 1982).
Both Baileya multiradiata and B. pleniradiata produce an antineoplastic pseudoguaianolide, radiatin, which might prove useful in cancer therapy (J. J. Einck et al. 1978). In addition, the antibiotic sesquiterpene lactone, baileyolin, from B. multiradiata inhibits tumor formation (X. A. Dominguez et al. 1977).
Baileya multiradiata is reportedly toxic to livestock, especially to sheep and goats, where losses as high as 25% have been reported on overgrazed rangeland in Texas (D. W. Hill et al. 1979, 1980). Cattle and horses seem to be unaffected, or at least poisoning of these animals has gone unreported. The chemical agent responsible is believed to be hymenoxon, a sesquiterpene lactone originally found in the genus Hymenoxys, where it is also toxic.
The poorly known desert marigold moth, Schinia minima (Grote), appears to be endemic on Baileya multiradiata, using the heads of this species for its larval development (T. G. Myles and B. F. Binder 1990).
The autumnal blossoms of Baileya multiradiata, with smaller heads, fewer rays, and shorter peduncles, greatly resemble those of B. pleniradiata. This has caused much confusion in the distinction between these two species. The shape of the style apex is a useful character to distinguish between fall-blooming specimens.
Plants compact, short-branched and small; strongly reddish to golden brown, glossy when dry; flat-topped capitulum with moderately differentiated terminal bud. Stems dark brown; super-ficial cortex of 3-4 layers of enlarged thin-walled cells. Stem leaves lingulate,small, equal to or less than 0.8 mm, appressed to stem; apex with strong lacerate split in the middle; hyaline cells efibrillose, aporose, and nonseptate. Branches strongly 5-ranked, short and blunt, not much elongated at distal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2-3 pendent branches. Branch stems green, with cortex enlarged with retort cells. Branch leaves ovate; usually less than 1.5 mm; stiff and slightly reflexed, straight to slightly subsecund; margins entire; hyaline cells moderately long and narrow (6-8:1), convex surface with one small round pore per cell at apex and numerous pseudopores on the margin, concave surface with large round wall thinnings in the cell angles and ends; chlorophyllous cells triangular in transverse section, with apex reaching concave surface. Sexual condition unknown. Spores not seen.
Sporophytes are rare in Sphagnum lenense. This species is easily distinguished from the similar S. lindbergii by its compact growth form and reddish brown color. Sphagnum lenense also is a hummock former in the tundra whereas S. lindbergii forms carpets.
" 736 general 509041 "Dicranum fulvum" "Plants in loose tufts, dark green above, blackish green below, dull. Stems 1.5-3.5 cm, sparsely tomentose with light- to reddish brown rhizoids. Leaves erect-spreading, some weakly falcate-secund, crisped when dry, smooth, (3-)4-5(-7) × 0.5-0.8 mm, some leaf tips broken off, concave below, subtubulose above, narrowly lanceolate to a long, narrow subula occupied mainly by the excurrent costa, apex acute; margins serrate to serrulate in distal half; laminae 1- or 2-stratose above, sometimes 2-stratose in patches; costa excurrent, 1/4-1/3 the width of the leaves at base, abaxially toothed or papillose in distal half, abaxial ridges absent, with a row of guide cells, two stereid bands not extending above the leaf middle, adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers of cells somewhat differentiated or with a few cells enlarged in both layers, cell walls between lamina cells strongly bulging in distal part of leaf lamina; leaf cells smooth or abaxially prorate above; alar cells mostly 1-stratose or sometimes with a few 2-stratose cells, distinctly differentiated, often extending to costa; proximal laminal cells elongate-rectangular, not pitted or with few pits, (19-)24-33(-42) × (4)5-6(9) µm; distal laminal cells regularly quadrate to short-rectangular, not pitted, (5-)10-11(-16) × (4)5-6(9) µm. Sexual condition dioicous; male plants as tall as female plants but usually more slender; interior perichaetial leaves abruptly long-acuminate, convolute-sheathing. Seta 1-2 cm., solitary, brown or reddish brown. Capsule 1.5-3 mm, straight and erect, smooth, slightly furrowed when dry, reddish brown; operculum 1.5-2 mm. Spores 14-28 µm.
Dicranum fulvum has dull, blackish green plants, especially evident from the leaves on the basal part of the stems, leaves crisped when dry, broad costae that cover 1/4-1/3 the width of the leaves at base, laminae that are mostly 2-stratose in the distal half of the leaf, and erect, cylindrical capsules that are slightly furrowed when dry. It is sometimes confused with D. fuscescens but that species has keeled leaves in the distal half, with 2-stratose regions restricted to the margins, and horizontal capsules, whereas D. fulvum has subtubulose leaves, with almost entirely 2-stratose laminae above, and erect capsules. When D. fulvum has some of its leaf apices broken off, which is not uncommon, it can be confused with D. viride, which has the majority of its leaf tips absent. The usual occurrence on rock of plants of D. fulvum as opposed to the usual occurrence on bases of tree trunks of D. viride often gives some clue to their identity. Morphologically, the proximal leaf cells of the two differ: D. fulvum has shorter cells, averaging 24-33 µm, compared to the longer cells of D. viride, averaging 33-42 µm.
" 742 general 508668 "Dicranum undulatum" "Plants in dense compact tufts, green to yellowish brown, shiny, rarely somewhat dull. Stems 3-8(-17) cm, densely tomentose with reddish brown rhizoids. Leaves erect-appressed or sometimes slightly falcate or flexuose, somewhat contorted when dry, the apex often twisted, weakly to strongly undulate, (4.5-)5-7.5(-11) × 0.7-1.2 mm, concave proximally, keeled above, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, broadly acute, rarely narrowly acute; margins plane, sometimes involute at base, broadly recurved at apex, entire proximally, serrulate to serrate in the distal half; laminae 1-stratose, sometimes with a few 2-stratose regions; costa strong, ending before the apex, sometimes nearly percurrent, 1/6-1/3 the width of the leaves at base, smooth to serrulate above on abaxial surface, with a row of guide cells, two stereid bands extending to apex, adaxial epidermal layer of cells not differentiated, the abaxial layer diffferentiated; cell walls between lamina cells weakly to strongly bulging abaxially and adaxially; leaf cells smooth to ± papillose near apex on abaxial surface; alar cells 2-stratose, differentiated, not extending to costa; proximal laminal cells elongate, incrassate, pitted, (22-)38-61(-79) × (2-)4-6(-8) µm; median laminal cells rectangular, pitted; distal laminal cells short-rectangular to irregularly angled, not pitted, (7-)11-14(-28) × (4-)11-12(-17) µm. Sexual condition pseudomonoicous; dwarf males on stem rhizoids of female plants; interior perichaetial leaves abruptly acuminate, convolute-sheathing. Seta 2-4 cm, solitary, yellow to brown. Capsule 2-2.8 mm, arcuate, inclined, furrowed when dry, ± contracted below mouth, yellow to yellowish brown or reddish brown; operculum 2-3 mm. Spores 14-28 µm.
R. R. Ireland (1971b) recorded Dicranum undulatum from Colorado, but W. Weber (pers. comm.) believes this is a misidentification for D. polysetum. Dicranum undulatum is primarily a boreal species that is distinctive because of the yellowish green or yellowish brown, shiny, erect-appressed, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, undulate, keeled leaves, the leaf margins that are serrulate to serrate, and broadly recurved in the distal half, the leaf apices that are usually broadly acute, rarely narrowly acute, and the costae that are mostly subpercurrent or sometimes percurrent, smooth to serrulate above on abaxial surface. When the leaf apices are narrow, ± acute, and the costa percurrent, as some D. undulatum plants are on rare occasion, the species when sterile can be confused with D. ontariense. Dicranum undulatum has shiny leaves with twisted apices when dry compared to the more dull leaves that are variously contorted in D. ontariense. When sporophytes are present the aggregate setae (2-5 per perichaetium) of D. ontariense will immediately distinguish it from D. undulatum which has solitary setae. This species recently has been introduced on the University of California Berkeley Campus in a lawn-landscaping area; this is the only California locality where it has been found. The plants are sterile but appear morphologically similar to those growing in native habitats in other parts of North America. Dicranum undulatum of G. F. Weber & C. Mohr (1803) is not a synonym of the taxon treated here.
" 744 general 507589 "Paraleucobryum longifolium" "Plants whitish green to grayish green, sometimes yellowish, lighter in color at leaf bases. Stems 1-4(-7) cm. Leaves spreading, usually falcate-secund, 4-8 × 0.2-0.8 mm, margins usually serrulate in distal half; costa covering 1/2-2/3 of leaf base, with longitudinal striations (ridges), appearing as rows of teeth at high magnifications, on abaxial surface, especially conspicuous in distal half, in cross section with adaxial hyalocysts, median chlorocysts and abaxial hyalocysts with scattered chlorocysts in some abaxial cells. Seta 8-20 mm. Capsule 1.5-3 mm; operculum 1-2 mm. Spores 22-35 µm.
Paraleucobryum longifolium is best distinguished by its 4-8 mm, whitish green to grayish green, glossy leaves that are falcate-secund, particularly at stem tips, slenderly subulate with margins usually serrulate in distal half. The costa has conspicuous fine striations or ridges, formed by small teeth when viewed at high magnifications, that are especially noticeable in the distal half even at low magnifications with a dissecting microscope. The capsules are common, 1.5-3 mm, erect, cylindric, straight, smooth, with a 1-2 mm long-rostrate operculum. This species and the next somewhat resemble a Dicranum because of the falcate-secund leaves. The species was reported from Alabama and Ohio by P. Müller and J.-P. Frahm (1987).
Paraleucobryum sauteri (Bruch & Schimper) Loeske has been considered a synonym by some bryologists (e.g., C. Barnes 1958; E. Lawton 1971). Gametophytically, it is distinguished by the costa (R. S. Williams 1913, as Dicranum sauteri Bruch & Schimper; P. Müller and J.-P. Frahm 1987) that is less than 1/3 the width of the leaf base compared to the costa that is more than 1/2 the width of the leaf base in P. longifolium, which also means more rows of laminal cells in P. sauteri than in P. longifolium. Müller and Frahm further distinguished P. sauteri by its leaf cross section which has large median cells compared to the smaller adaxial and abaxial layers of cells. Paraleucobryum longifolium, in contrast, according to them, has small median cells in comparison to the larger adaxial and abaxial layers of cells. They also found that the peristome teeth of P. longifolium are divided only to the middle and inserted at the mouth, whereas in P. sauteri the teeth are divided nearly to the base and inserted below the mouth of the capsule. Williams also used a peristome difference to distinguish the two taxa. He found that in P. sauteri the peristome teeth are punctate or nearly smooth on the exterior surface, whereas they are obliquely striate in P. longifolium. Müller and Frahm reported specimens of P. sauteri only for western North America through the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Colorado, South Dakota, Arizona and New Mexico. I have found the costa width in P. longifolium, however, to be quite variable in plants in eastern North America but some of the western North American plants do have a narrow costa that fits the description of P. sauteri. I also could not confirm the cross section difference between the two taxa in the few North American specimens that could be referred to P. sauteri. I have decided not to recognize P. sauteri for this flora because I believe that a detailed study of the P. longifolium-P. sauteri complex is necessary, especially in regard to the plants from the western part of the continent.
Plants to 100 × 3.5 mm wide. Stem usually profusely branched; axillary hyaline nodules present; central strand absent. Leaves in as many as 60 or more pairs, lanceolate, obtuse to rounded, to 3 × 0.5 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending at insertion; vaginant laminae 1/2-2/3 leaf length, acute, equal; margin ± entire to crenulate, elimbate; costa usually difficult to discern, ending a few cells before apex, variable in structure, basically taxifolius-type; lamina cells 1- to 4-stratose at leaf margin, 2- to pluristratose in interior of dorsal and ventral laminae, 1- to 4-stratose in vaginant laminae, smooth, ± plain, quadrate to hexagonal, 7-13 µm long. Sexual condition dioicous (?); perigonia not seen; perichaetia on short axillary branches in medial leaves. Seta 13-19 mm. Capsule theca slightly arcuate, bilaterally symmetric, astomatose, exothecial cells quadrate to oblong, vertical walls thicker than horizontal walls, 1.5-2 mm; peristome taxifolius-type. Spores 20-23 µm.
Fissidens grandifrons is the only species in the flora area with pluristratose laminal cells. It is a robust aquatic species, usually coarse to the touch. The plants are often brown-black, the result of deposition of organic matter. Reproduction in North America, where sporophytes have never been found, is by vegetative means. According to E. J. Hill (1902), multiplication is by small, radiculose branches that are easily detached in the rapidly running streams. Although the gametophyte of F. grandifrons is specialized to an aquatic habitat (thick, lanceolate leaves and long archegonia; Z. Iwatsuki and T. Suzuki 1982; R. A. Pursell and B. H. Allen 1994), the species has retained a distinctly terrestrial type of sporophyte. The description of the sporophyte given here is based on three specimens: Lai 8699 (NY) and Lin 12831 (NICH) from Taiwan; and Higuchi 20161 (NICH) from Pakistan. A. J. Grout (1943) stated that the operculum is “conic-rostrate, about 1 mm long,” and Iwatsuki and Suzuki reported that the calyptra is “cucullate, about 1.6 mm long, smooth.”
" 753 general 99919 "Asplenium montanum" "Roots proliferous. Stems horizontal, often arching upward, unbranched (although clusters of stems often form from root proliferations, giving false appearance of single much-branched stem); scales dark brown throughout, narrowly deltate, 2--4 × 0.2--0.4 mm, margins entire. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole dark brown to purplish black, lustrous proximally, fading to green distally, 2--11 cm, 1/2--1 1/2 length of blade; indument of blackish, narrowly lanceolate scales only at very base and of minute hairs. Blade deltate to lanceolate, 1--2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 2--11 × 1--7(--10) cm, thick, essentially glabrous; base truncate or obtuse; apex acuminate to acute, not rooting. Rachis green throughout, dull, sparsely pubescent. Pinnae in 4--10 pairs, deltate to lanceolate; proximal (longest) pinnae 6--35 × 4--20 mm; base obtuse to acute; margins coarsely incised; apex acute to rounded. Veins free, obscure. Sori 1--15 per pinna, on both basiscopic and acroscopic sides. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 72.
Asplenium montanum occurs principally in the Appalachian region, with outlying localities in the Shawnee Hills of western Kentucky (R. Cranfill 1980) and adjacent Indiana (D. M. Smith 1956). A report of its disjunct occurrence on the northern edge of the Ozarks is based on a single specimen whose label indicates the collection locality near Graham Cave, Montgomery County, Missouri. Efforts by several botanists to relocate the population have failed. Reports of a disjunct station in the upper peninsula of Michigan are doubtful.
Asplenium montanum is an ecological specialist. It is typically the sole vascular plant species in the siliceous rock crevices in which it is found. It may occur, however, with two allotetraploid species, A . bradleyi and A . pinnatifidum , which were derived from hybrids of A . montanum with A . platyneuron and A . rhizophyllum , respectively. In addition, A . montanum crosses frequently with A . pinnatifidum producing A . × trudellii and rarely with allotetraploid individuals of A . bradleyi producing A . × wherryi .
Roots proliferous. Stems erect, unbranched; scales black with pale margins, linear, extremely narrow, 2--3 mm, only several cells wide. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole green in small leaves, black abaxially and green adaxially in large leaves, (1--)2--7(--16) cm, 1--2 times length of blade; indument of fine, nonglandular hairs on veins. Blade deltate, simple to 2-pinnate, 1---8(--12) × 1--6(--8) cm, thin, papery with scattered hairs on both surfaces; base truncate; margins crenate-dentate; apex pointed, not rooting. Rachis green, dull, glabrous. Pinnae in 0--5 pairs, ovate to deltate, simple to lobed to pinnate proximally, 1--6 × 1--3.5 cm, proximal pinna pair largest; base broadly cuneate to truncate; margins irregularly crenate; apex rounded to pointed. Veins free, evident. Sori 1--15(--35) per pinna, on both basiscopic and acroscopic sides. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 72.
Asplenium pumilum is a widespread tropical American fern known only from a few spots in north central Florida. It is a very distinct species, readily recognized by its hairy blades and deltate leaves. Fertile forms vary from simple and only 2 cm to 2-pinnate and 28 cm, and all stages between the two extremes exist. Extreme forms are different enough to suggest that two species might be present.
" 762 general 543898 "Menziesia ferruginea" "Shrubs erect, branching, often forming thickets, 1-2.5 m, malodorous when bruised, bark of older branches loosely shredding or glabrous, young twigs finely hairy or somewhat glandular-pilose. Leaves: petiole 2-4 mm; blade light green abaxially, oblong-elliptic to obovate or ovate-elliptic to elliptic-obovate, 3-6 cm, base cuneate, margins glandular-ciliate, apex acute or rounded with mucronate tip ca. 0.1-0.2 mm, tapering to petiole, abaxial surface stipitate-glandular and/or hairy, midvein scales lanceolate-glandular, not cleft or, rarely, 2-cleft, adaxial surface pilose and/or sparsely stipitate-glandular. Pedicels spreading to drooping, spreading to erect in fruit, filiform, 1-3 cm, stipitate-glandular with ± minute pilose hairs. Flowers appearing with leaves; calyx lobes broadly triangular, 0.5-1 mm, margins lacerate-ciliate, apex rounded to subacute, stipitate-glandular; corolla greenish or yellowish tinged with red or bronze, 6-10 × 5 mm, lobes 1.5 mm; nectariferous disc obscurely 8-crenate; filaments subulate, flattish, slightly dilated proximally, hairy near base; anthers linear; ovary globose, glandular but not hairy. Capsules ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 5-8 mm, glabrous or very sparsely stipitate-glandular and/or puberulent. Seeds pale brown, linear, 2.5-3 mm including 2 appendages 1 mm each. 2n = 26.
Menziesia ferruginea is prized as an ornamental, especially because of its autumn coloration. The common name false azalea refers to its habit, in particular the leaves, which bear some resemblance to those of azalea. Native peoples from coastal regions used the leaves and twigs for medicinal, structural, and other purposes. Poisonings due to the andromedotoxins in the leaves have been reported in livestock and humans. NatureServe lists M. ferruginea as secure or apparently secure in most of its range but critically imperiled in Wyoming. There is an unvouchered report in the literature for Minnesota.
Two infraspecific taxa have been recognized and are still in use in some floras. Neither chemical (B. A. Bohm et al. 1984) nor morphological (J. C. Hickman and M. P. Johnson 1969) analyses have unequivocally supported the recognition of these infraspecific taxa. Character differences between var. ferruginea of coastal areas and the Cascade Mountains and var. glabella of the Rocky Mountains are most noticeable between specimens from the extremes of their ranges. Heterogeneity in character states is seen throughout the geographic range of Menziesia ferruginea and intermediate specimens are noticeable, particularly in the more southerly Cascade portion of the range.
Stems compact, erect to ascending, with few to many persistent petiole bases of unequal lengths; scales uniformly brown or bicolored with dark central stripe and pale brown margins, ovate to narrowly lanceolate. Leaves 9--35 × 1--8 cm. Petiole usually reddish brown to dark purple proximally when mature, not articulate above base, relatively brittle and easily shattered. Blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-pinnate proximally, moderately glandular, rarely somewhat viscid; most glandular hairs with thick stalks and distinctly bulbous tips; rachis usually with abundant glandular and nonglandular hairs. Pinnae lanceolate-deltate to ovate, longer than wide, abruptly tapered to a rounded or broadly acute apex, occasionally attenuate; largest pinnae with 5--14 pairs of pinnules; abaxial and adaxial surfaces glandular and sparsely villous, with flattened, multicellular hairs concentrated along midribs. Pinnules dentate, often shallowly lobed; margins nonlustrous, thin, slightly glandular and occasionally ciliate with isolated, multicellular hairs, lacking translucent projections. Vein tips slightly (if at all) enlarged, barely visible adaxially. Indusia of filamentous or nonfilamentous segments, these multiseriate proximally, often uniseriate distally, composed of ± isodiametric cells, concealed by or slightly surpassing mature sporangia. Spores averaging 39--57 µm.
Subspecies 3: only in the flora.
Woodsia scopulina shows substantial variation in leaf size, shape, and dissection, and in the abundance of multicellular hairs on the pinnae. Although much of this variation seems to be environmentally induced, recent studies (M. D. Windham 1993) have identified three chromosomal/morphologic variants that are treated here as subspecies. Diploid populations of W . scopulina are divisible into two groups, one of which (subsp. scopulina ) is scattered throughout the mountainous regions of western North America while the other (subsp. appalachiana ) is confined to montane habitats in the southeastern United States. These taxa seem amply distinct (T. M. C. Taylor 1947) and might be considered separate species if not for the existence of populations in the Great Lakes region and western cordillera that tend to bridge the morphologic and geographic gap between them. These intermediate populations (subsp. laurentiana ) appear to be uniformly tetraploid and may have arisen through ancient hybridization between subsp. scopulina and subsp. appalachiana . In regions where subsp. laurentiana is sympatric with subsp. scopulina , the two taxa are rarely found growing together, suggesting that they differ in their ecological tolerances and/or habitat requirements.
" 766 general 120539 "Blechnum serrulatum" "Stems stout, horizontal and long-creeping, branched, partly erect at tip, rarely climbing tree trunks. Leaves ± monomorphic, widely spaced, erect to arching. Petiole dull yellow or grayish brown or light brown, 10-55 cm, finely scaly proximally. Blade broadly linear to elliptic-lanceolate, 1-pinnate throughout, with conform terminal pinnae, 25-70 × 5-28 cm, base truncate, glabrous. Rachis lacking indument abaxially. Pinnae articulate to rachis except for terminal pinna, subsessile to short-stalked; larger pinnae ± straight, linear to linear-elliptic or linear-lanceolate, 3-15 × 0.5-1.8 cm, fertile pinnae often slightly smaller and contracted; margins serrulate; costae with indument of scales abaxially. 2 n = 72.
Plants of Blechnum serrulatum occurring in open sun are often dwarfed and stiffly erect. Those occurring in brackish conditions or perennially flooded areas may become hemiepiphytes.
" 774 general 521986 "Polystichum scopulinum" "Stems ascending. Leaves erect, 1--3(--5) dm; bulblets absent. Petiole 1/5--1/3 length of leaf, densely scaly but scales falling off distally; scales light brown, abruptly diminishing in size distally. Blade narrowly lanceolate, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, base narrowed. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, overlapping, folded inward and twisted horizontally, 1--3 cm; base oblique; margins serrulate with teeth curved inward; apex obtuse to cuspidate with subapical teeth smaller than apical tooth; microscales narrowly lanceolate, with stout projections, sparse, on abaxial surface only. Indusia entire-ciliate. Spores brown. 2 n = 164.
Polystichum scopulinum is widely distributed in the United States west of the 110th meridian, where it occurs in sporadic, usually small populations. The species is abundant only on montane serpentine outcrops. The populations in Newfoundland and Quebec are dramatically disjunct.
Polystichum scopulinum is an allopolyploid, believed on morphologic grounds to be derived from P . imbricans × lemmonii (D. H. Wagner 1979). Based on putative hybridization between P . scopulinum and P . munitum (P. S. Soltis et al. 1989; W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973), however, P . munitum may also be involved. This hybrid is discussed under P . californicum .
Plants forming diffuse or dense clones. Roots arising at nodes. Petioles 2--20 cm, sparsely pubescent. Pinnae 4--19 × 4--16 mm, pubescent to glabrous. Sporocarp stalks erect, unbranched, attached at base of petiole (occasionally up to 3 mm above it), not hooked at apex, 0.5--25 mm. Sporocarps perpendicular or slightly nodding, 3.6--7.6 × 3--6.5 mm, 1.5--2 mm thick, elliptic to nearly round in lateral view, pubescent but soon glabrate, scars left by fallen trichomes often appearing as purple or brown specks; raphe 1.1--1.7 mm, proximal tooth 0.3--0.6 mm, blunt, distal tooth 0.4--1.2 mm, acute, often hooked at apex. Sori 14--22.
A number of segregate species have been named and recognized in regional floras in North America: Marsilea mucronata A. Braun (less hairy, found east of Rocky Mountains), M . uncinata (glabrous, sporocarp stalks long, distal tooth of sporocarp hooked, south central United States), M . tenuifolia (pinnae very narrow, central Texas), and M . fournieri (small plants and pinnae, southwest). The features upon which these species are based intergrade into one another. The species are therefore best treated as conspecific with M . vestita (D. M. Johnson 1986).
Putative hybrids between Marsilea macropoda and this species are discussed under the former.
Herbs, annual, multi-stemmed from base, glabrous. Stems erect, diffusely branching from base (hypocotyl extremely long), not bearing rosettes. Leaves (proximal leaves soon falling), alternate, ascending to nearly erect, petiolate (petiole 0.5-1.5 mm); blade light green, often reddish tinged, not glaucous, oblong-elliptic or ovate to lanceolate, terete, 1.6-4.3(-12) × 1.1-1.8 mm, base short-spurred, not scarious, apex rounded with minutely papillose tip, (surfaces minutely papillose). Flowering shoots erect, simple or branched, 2.5-6 cm; leaf blades oblong-elliptic or ovate to lanceolate, base short-spurred; offsets not formed. Inflorescences terminal cymes, (2-)3-6-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary, simple or 1-branched; branches recurved in bud, becoming erect in flower, forked; bracts similar to leaves. Pedicels 0.6-3.1 mm, (continuous with calyx tube). Flowers (3-)4(-7)-merous; sepals erect, connate basally, green, broadly ovate to reniform, equal, ca. 0.5 × 1 mm, apex rounded; petals divergent, distinct, white, ovate-elliptic, slightly channeled, 1.4-4.2 mm, apex obtuse; filaments white to pale reddish; anthers dark red; nectar scales white or pale yellow, subquadrate. Carpels widely divergent in fruit, distinct, pale brown. 2n = 8.
Sedum pusillum is known only from thin soil on granite flatrocks of the southeastern Piedmont. The name Diamorpha cymosa has been incorrectly applied to D. smallii Britton (R. L. Wilbur 1988).
" 786 general 265926 "Wislizenia refracta" "Annuals, 40-200 cm. Stems glabrous or glabrate (sometimes smooth when dry). Leaves: petiole 0.2-3.1 cm; leaflets 3, green, blade ovate or obovate, (0.4-)1-4.9 × 0.4-2 cm, 1.5-4(-5.5) times as long as wide, margins entire, apex acute to rounded. Racemes 1-1.5 cm (2-3 cm in fruit). Flowers: sepals green, lanceolate, 0.4-1.7 × 0.2-0.7 mm, more than 1.75 times as long as wide, margins entire, glabrous; petals yellow, oblong, 1.4-4.6 × 0.5-1.8 mm; stamens yellow, 2-6 mm; anthers 0.5-1.7 mm; gynophore (reflexed in fruit), 2-12 mm in fruit, usually shorter than pedicel. Schizocarps 1.2-3.3 × 1 mm. Seeds 0.5 × 0.3 mm. 2n = 40.
Wislizenia refracta is known from trans-Pecos Texas, and from the Mojave Desert (San Bernardino County and Little San Bernardino Mountains in Riverside County) in California.
Plants 0.7--2.5 m. Leaves: basal 2--5, cauline 0; sheath pruinose, glabrous; petiole pruinose, glabrous; pulvinus yellowish brown to red or purple-brown, 0.6--2.5 cm, glabrous; blade ovate, occasionally narrowly elliptic, 17--55 ´ 7--22 cm, firm, stiff-papery, base rounded, rarely obtuse, apex acuminate, abaxial surface pruinose, appearing whitish, glabrous, adaxial surface pilose to nearly villous in basal 0.5--1 cm of blade, including midrib, at apex, and along margin of broader side. Inflorescences erect, tightly clustered, compact array, 9--31 ´ 7--18 cm; scapes 0.5--1.9 m; rachis pruinose; internodes 2--3 mm; bracts markedly pruinose, appearing whitish, red-brown to red-purple beneath waxy coating, orbiculate, strongly cupped, 0.8--1.5 cm, stiff, leathery, glabrous. Flowers: sepals 1.5--2.5 mm; outer staminode dark purple, 12--15 ´ ca. 6 mm; callose staminode base white to pale purple, margins and apex dark purple, apical rim reduced, petal-like. Fruits nearly globose to broadly obovoid, 9--12 ´ 8--11 mm. Seeds dark brown to black, nearly globose to broadly ellipsoid, 8--10 ´ 7--9. 2n = 12 (in cultivation).
Thalia dealbata is the only species of Marantaceae endemic to North America and the only one not found in the tropics. Its sister species, T. multiflora Horkel ex Körnicke, is similarly restricted, but to the southernmost part of the range, southern Brazsil to Uruguay. It is possible that our species is the result of an early, chance long-distance dispersal event from a South American population. This might partially explain why the plants are autogamous in spite of the elaborate floral mechanism.
Thalia dealbata is grown as an ornamental in tropical and temperate gardens and is hardy as far north as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Vancouver, British Columbia when the rhizome is submersed during winter.
Roots fleshy, contractile. Rhizomes thick, to 30 cm or more. Leaves: petiole sheathed basally, 5--57 cm; blade thick, 10--60 ´ 7--40 cm; primary lateral veins parallel, branching apically, interprimary veins anastomosing. Inflorescences at ground level; spathe hoodlike, 6--13(--18) cm, fleshy, apex acuminate, twisted or incurved, not persisting in fruit; spadix short-stipitate, somewhat flattened dorsiventrally, 2--3 ´ 1.5--3 cm. Flowers covering spadix; tepals 4, yellowish to dark red-purple; stamens 4, dehiscing longitudinally; ovaries 1-locular; ovules 1. Infructescences dark purple-green to dark red-brown, globose to oblong or ovoid, 4--7(--10) cm. Seeds brown, 7--15 mm diam. 2n = 60.
Disagreement exists regarding correct author citation of the combination Symplocarpus foetidus. According to J. T. Kartesz and K. N. Gandhi (1992), concluded that the correct citation is S. foetidus (Linnaeus) Nuttall. The citation I have adopted is S. foetidus (Linnaeus) Salisbury ex W. Barton because Barton, in his 1817 publication, did not specifically attribute this combination to Nuttall; he did cite Salisbury in his first mention of the name S. foetidus.
Symplocarpus foetidus was included as occurring in Manitoba (H. J. Scoggan 1957) based on a misidentified specimen (B. Boivin 1967--1979, part 4). Although the species has been listed for Georgia (W. H. Duncan and J. T. Kartesz 1981), I have seen no specimens from that state. A specimen collected by S. B. Buckley labeled Hab. Florida is probably an error.
When bruised or broken, all parts of Symplocarpus foetidus give off an unpleasant odor. Various species of insects, including those from the orders Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera, many of which are attracted by the odor, have been collected from the inflorescences (W. W. Judd 1961), but the specific mechanism of pollination remains unknown. Although insects are likely pollen vectors, wind tunnel observa tions of the inflorescence suggest a capacity also for wind pollination (S. Camazine and K. J. Niklas 1984). Whatever the pollination mechanism, fertilization is limited, and few inflorescences develop into infructescences (J. A. Small 1959, personal observation).
Symplocarpus foetidus, in various forms and often combined with other plants, was used medicinally by Nnative Americans for a variety of ailments, including swellings, coughs, consumption, rheumatism, wounds, convulsions, cramps, hemorrhages, toothaches, and headaches (D. E. Moerman 1986). Skunk cabbage was officially listed as the drug "dracontium" in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia from 1820 to 1880 for treating diseases of respiratory organs, nervous disorders, rheumatism, and dropsy (A. Henkel 1907). Plants are sparingly cultivated as a curiosity in North American gardens and are reported to be highly prized in aquatic gardens in European estates and public parks (F. W. Case 1992).
Flowering stems 8–16.5 cm, distal internode 3–15 mm. Sessile leaves up to 5 cm, blade linear, apex acuminate. Petiolate leaves: stipule 3.5–5.7 cm; petiole 7–28 cm, rigid; blade cordate, 4–8 × 1.8–5.2 cm. Inflorescences paniculate, 3–8-flowered, all flowers opening same day; spathes 1.9–4 cm, sometimes with lanceolate to ovate extension. Perianth: limb lobes blue or white, narrowly ovate, 10–14 mm; larger stamen with hook, 4–6 mm, shorter stamens 3–4 mm; filaments linear, glabrous; style glabrous. Seeds 10–11-winged, 0.8–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm.
By the 1970s, Monochoria vaginalis had become part of the rice-field flora of California (S. C. H. Barrett and D. E. Seaman 1980). C. D. K. Cook (1989) described this species as characteristic of rice fields; however, no records are known from the rice fields of Missouri to Louisiana.
As is typical of many aquatic annuals, plant size, leaf shape, and flower number are highly variable in relation to the amount of water (C. D. K. Cook 1989). Specimens from California typically have three to eight flowers, while descriptions of those from other parts of the world (H. Aston 1977; C. D. K. Cook 1989) suggest that the inflorescences of this species may have up to 20 flowers.
Plants moderate to large-sized, dense and compact, pale green, brownish white, golden brown to variegated golden brown, can be reddish in rocky seep habitats; forms small, tufted compact cushions. Stems brown. Stem leaves small, 0.3-0.7 mm, triangular-lingulate with broad rounded apex, Branches short, crowded, and unranked. Branch fascicles 4-6 branches per fascicle, 2-3 spreading and 2-3 pendent, but plants frequently unbranched in young clones. Branch leaves large, 1.4-3 mm, semi-squarrose to squarrose, ovate and abruptly involute in distal portion, appearing cucullate with toothed apex, usually no more than 6 teeth; hyaline cells with 5 or more ringed, round to elliptical pores on convex surface, numerous pseudopores on concave surface with 3-ringed corner pores occurring in 3s at adjacent cell angles; chlorophyllous cells elliptic in transverse section, entirely included by hyaline cells, slightly nearer to convex surface. Sexual condition monoicous. Capsule with abundant pseudostomata. Spores 25-35 µm; finely papillose on proximal surface, coarsely papillose on distal surface with raised Y-mark sculpture; proximal laesura short, 0.3-0.5 spore radius.
Sphagnum compactum is usually easily recognized by its combination of golden brown color and involute, cucullate branch leaves. Sphagnum strictum is paler and usually strongly squarrose.
" 806 general 1301828 "Sphagnum magellanicum" "Plants moderate-sized to robust, somewhat lax in shade forms to quite compact and stiff in open grown forms; green to pinkish green to reddish purple; forms lawns in shaded habitats and low to moderately tall, dense hummocks in open habitats. Stems green to purplish red, superficial cortical cells with spiral reinforcing fibrils clearly visible, usually 1 or 2 pores per cell, comb-fibrils lacking on interior wall. Stem leaves to 2 × 0.7 mm; rarely hemiisophyllous; hyaline cells non-ornamented, mostly nonseptate. Branches long and tapering to short and pointed, leaves loosely imbricate. Branch fascicles with 2-3 spreading and 2-3 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented; no or weak funnel-like projections on the interior end walls, large round pores on superficial cell walls. Branch leaves broadly ovate, to 2 × 1 mm or more wide, broadly ovate, hyaline cells non-ornamented, convex surface with round to elliptic pores along the commissures; chlorophyllous cells short-elliptic in transverse section and well-enclosed on both surfaces. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule with numerous pseudostomata. Spores 22-30 µm; roughly papillose to nearly smooth, with distinct Y-mark sculpture on distal surface; proximal laesura 0.5-0.8 spore radius.
As the only boreal species of the section with a reddish purple color, Sphagnum magellanicum is usually easy to identify. The branch leaf chlorophyll cells are capable of being confused only with those of S. alaskense, which are less enclosed on both surfaces, and S. centrale, which has thickened end walls on the chlorophyll cells that give them a narrow exposure on the concave surface.
" 809 general 1302058 "Sphagnum squarrosum" "Plants robust, stiff; green, pale green, yellow-green; large terminal bud; typically as loose carpets in coniferous forests. Stem green to red-brown; 2-3 superficial cortical layers. Stem leaves shorter than branch leaves, ovate-lingulate to oblong-lingulate, 1.6-1.8 × 1-1.2 mm; hyaline cells mostly nonseptate. Branches long and tapering with distinct squarrose spreading leaves, often terete in tundra forms. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2-3 pendent branches. Branch stems with 1-2 layers of cortical cells. Branch leaves larger than stem leaves, 1.9-2.8 mm, conspicuously squarrose from ovate-hastate base and abruptly narrowed 1/2-1/3 distance from apex into involute-concave acumen, often terete in tundra forms; hyaline cells convex on both surfaces, non-ringed pores at ends and corners of cells, ringed pores on concave surface (4-8/cell) and nonringed pores (2-4/cell) on convex surface, internal commissural walls smooth or indistinctly papillose, chlorophyllous cells ovate triangular with widest part at or close to the convex surface. Sexual condition monoicous. Spores 17-30 µm; proximal surface finely papillose, distal surface smooth with raised bifurcated Y-mark sculpture; proximal laesura more than 0.5 spore radius.
In its typical robust form with strongly squarrose branch leaves, Sphagnum squarrosum is unmistakeable. Smaller forms such as occur in the higher mountains may be difficult to identify accurately without careful examination of microscopic details. In the tundra there sometimes occur large, terete forms of S. squarrosum but these are usually considerably more robust than S. teres. See also discussion under 14. S. strictum.
" 817 general 507762 "Arctoa fulvella" "Plants small, in compact, moderately shiny, yellow-brown or green tufts. Stems (0.5-)1-2(-4) cm. Leaves erect or falcate-secund, lanceolate, subulate, 2-3 mm; costa 30-60 µm wide at base, very long-excurrent, rough near tip; distal laminal cells mostly rectangular (2-5:1), incrassate; basal laminal cells elongate, alar cells differentiated. Seta long, (3-)4-6(-7) mm. Capsule exserted, slightly curved, obscurely to distinctly ribbed when dry, annulus of 2 rows of cells; peristome red, spreading outward when dry. Spores 16-28 µm.
Arctoa fulvella occurs frequently on mountain summits and exposed ledges, and is often found in late snowbed communities with Kiaeria falcata. Superficially it resembles Blindia acuta, which is distinguished by enlarged, orange alar cells and dark brown peristome teeth that do not flare conspicuously outward. Dicranella heteromalla vegetatively resembles A. fulvella, but its inclined capsules and boreal rather than alpine habitat will separate them. The long-excurrent costa distinguishes this species from other Arctoa species.
" 818 general 507967 "Arctoa hyperborea" "Plants in compact, dark green tufts. Stems 1-3(-5) cm. Leaves erect-spreading, lanceolate, subulate, 2-3 mm; costa 30-55 µm wide at base, short-excurrent, rough near tip; distal laminal cells mostly subquadrate (1-2:1), incrassate; basal laminal cells elongate, alar cells differentiated, quadrate or slightly enlarged. Seta 4-6(-8) mm. Capsule exserted, slightly curved, obscurely to distinctly ribbed when dry, annulus developed, separating; peristome large, not spreading outward when dry. Spores 18-30 µm.
Arctoa hyperborea is a rare arctic-alpine moss found on rock ledges or crevices at high elevations. It is distinguished from other species of the genus by its short-excurrent costa, shorter seta (the length is highly variable), and peristome not spreading when dry.
" 819 general 509024 "Campylopus flexuosus" "Plants in dense, 1-3 cm, dark green mats, usually reddish tomentose below. Leaves 5-7 mm, erect-patent when wet, flexuose when dry, the distal leaves sometimes curved and secund, lanceolate, ending in a straight concolorous tip, which is serrate in the distal part; alar cells hyaline or reddish; basal laminal cells thick-walled, rectangular, ca. 4-5:1, narrower toward the margins; distal laminal cells quadrate to oblique or short rhombic; costa filling 1/2-2/3 of leaf width, in transverse section showing abaxial groups of stereids and adaxial small substereidal hyalocysts which are smaller than the median deuters. Specialized asexual reproduction by microphyllous branches in the axils of the distal leaves. Sporophytes not known in North America.
Campylopus flexuosus has been only found in a few localities in the coastal lowlands of British Columbia and a single locality in the Appalachian Mountains. The occurrences in East Asia and British Columbia may be interpreted as relictual from the Tertiary, from which area C. flexuosus was—in contrast to Europe—not able to spread after the Pleistocene. The only record from the Appalachian Mountains on Flat Rock, Blue Ridge Parkway, North Carolina, is difficult to explain because many similar habitats exist near that vicinity in which the species has not been found. Before 1980, all specimens from North America, except for three labelled as C. flexuosus, belonged in fact to C. tallulensis or rarely to C. surinamensis. Campylopus flexuosus, however, differs from C. tallulensis by thick-walled, chlorophyllose basal laminal cells and small adaxial hyalocysts and in appearence by dark green color. Campylopus tallulensis has hyaline thin-walled basal laminal cells, large adaxial hyalocysts (even visible in surface view of the costa) and commonly a golden yellowish color. Campylopus surinamensis has longer distal laminal cells and the costa ends in a strongly dentate often subhyaline awn.
" 826 general 508790 "Dicranum bonjeanii" "Plants in loose tufts, yellow to yellowish green, glossy. Stems 2-8 cm, scarcely tomentose with whitish to reddish brown rhizoids. Leaves erect-spreading, sometimes nearly appressed, flexuose, little changed when dry, undulate or rugose, (3.5-)4-5.5(-6) × 1-1.5 mm, flat to ± concave proximally, subtubulose above, from a lanceolate base to a short, broadly acute apex, distal part of stem often with ovate, short-subulate, blunt leaves; margins serrate in the distal half; laminae 1-stratose; costa ending just before the apex, sometimes with two poorly developed toothed ridges above on abaxial surface, 1/13-1/8 the width of the leaves at base, row of guide cells, two thin stereid bands, adaxial epidermal layer of cells not differentiated, the abaxial layer with a few (usually 2) cells differentiated in distal part of the leaves; cell walls between lamina cells not bulging; leaf cells smooth; alar cells 2-stratose, well-differentiated, sometimes extending to costa; proximal laminal cells long, sinuose, pitted, (28-)47-71(-113) × (5-)9-11(-14) µm; distal laminal cells short-linear, sinuose, pitted, (25-)36-51(-73) × (5-)8-14(-20) µm. Sexual condition pseudomonoicous; dwarf males on rhizoids of female plants; interior perichaetial leaves abruptly long-acuminate, convolute-sheathing. Seta 2.5-3.5 cm, solitary, rarely two per perichaetium, yellowish brown to reddish brown. Capsule 2.5-3 mm, arcuate, inclined to horizontal, striate when dry, yellow-brown; operculum 1.7-3 mm. Spores 14-28 µm.
Dicranum bonjeanii was recorded from Maine by B. H. Allen (1998b). It is difficult to distinguish from the myriad forms of the polymorphic D. scoparium. Indeed, few of the many herbarium collections from North America named D. bonjeanii are actually that species or at least what is known as that species. It has been noted before (R. R. Ireland 1982) that it may be merely an enviromental form growing in a calcareous, often hydric habitat. Most Europeans (e.g., A. J. E. Smith 1978; E. Nyholm 1986+, fasc. 1) recognize the species as it occurs in Europe, and some that come to North America to collect (e.g., R. K. Tuomikoski et al. 1973) find the species to be distinct on this continent. However, H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) and other North American bryologists have synonymized the species with D. scoparium. D. Briggs (1965), who cultivated and studied British plants of both D. bonjeanii and D. scoparium under controlled environmental conditions, found that while they show wide intraspecific variation, especially in regard to the leaf habit and undulation, and thought that they should be kept as separate taxa because each maintains a distinctive array of gametophytic characters. Also, both species are distinctive ecologically: D. bonjeanii prefers eutrophic fens, whereas D. scoparium usually grows in decidedly dry to mesic woodlands, on soil, humus, humus over rock, stumps and logs, tree bases, etc.
Dicranum bonjeanii is best known by its glossy, mostly erect, nearly straight, undulate leaves with broadly acute apices, weakly developed marginal teeth and, what is most important, two poorly developed ridges present only near the leaf apex on the abaxial surface of the costa. The two ridges on the costa, best seen in cross section, will distinguish the species most of the time from D. scoparium which usually has four ridges on its costae. Its preference for eutrophic fens and other calcareous habitats, while avoiding acid substrates, is important from an ecological standpoint and helps give a clue to the identity of the species.
Plants in loose tufts, green to yellow-brown. Stems 1-5(-8) cm. Leaves folded and sometimes crisped when dry, flexuose when moist, ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed from ovate base, sometimes coarsely serrated above, 2.5-5 mm, keeled distally, not sheathing at base, margins revolute from base to leaf middle; costa stout, mostly percurrent; laminal cells mostly 2-stratose; distal laminal cells mostly subquadrate; basal laminal cells elongate, shorter at the margins, rectangular, incrassate, alar cells enlarged and pellucid. Seta (7-)10-20(-22) mm. Capsule yellow-brown, slightly furrowed when dry, 1.5-2 mm. Spores 18-25 µm.
A form of Oncophorus virens with coarsely toothed distal margins, was once treated as var. serratus and is often found on rocks in or near streams. The North American material examined (as noted also by A. J. Grout 1928-1940, vol. 2) varies considerably in the shape of the leaf base, the extent of the revolute leaf margins, and the presence or absence of alar cells in young plants.
" 837 general 99898 "Asplenium ebenoides" "Roots not proliferous. Stems ascending to erect, rarely branched; scales dark brown to blackish throughout, narrowly deltate, 2--4 × 0.25--0.45 mm, margins entire. Leaves weakly subdimorphic, fertile leaves taller and more erect than sterile leaves. Petiole reddish or purplish brown throughout, lustrous, 1--10 cm, 1/5--1 times length of blade; indument of dark brown to black scales, narrowly deltate at very base, grading into hairs distally. Blade highly variable and typically irregularly shaped, narrowly deltate to lanceolate, pinnatifid or 1-pinnate in proximal 1/3, 2--20 × 1--6(--13) cm, medium thick, sparsely pubescent adaxially only; base ± truncate; apex acute to long-attenuate, apical buds borne occasionally but not known to root in nature. Rachis reddish or purplish brown abaxially, fading to green distally, lustrous, glabrous. Pinnae in 0--3 pairs, often irregular in size and shape, deltate to narrowly deltate; proximal pinnae 5--30(--80) × 3--10(--15) mm; base truncate to obtuse, auriculate on both sides; margins entire to finely serrate or crenulate; apex obtuse to acute or occasionally attenuate. Veins somewhat evident, mostly free, rarely anastomosing. Sori 1--10(--15+) pairs per pinna, on both acroscopic and basiscopic lobes. Spores malformed (sterile form) or 64 per sporangium (fertile form). 2 n = 72, 144.
The above description applies to the sterile hybrid Asplenium platyneuron × rhizophyllum and its allopolyploid derivative. The allotetraploid form is known only from Hale County, Alabama, where it occurs with A . platyneuron (but not with A . rhizophyllum ) on conglomerate boulders (K. S. Walter et al. 1982). The sterile diploid form of A . ebenoides occurs at elevations of 70 to 500 m within the region where the ranges of the parental species overlap, always occurring with both parents on limestone, sandstone, or other rock strata. A hybrid between the allopolyploid and A . platyneuron [ A . × boydstoniae (K. S. Walter) J. W. Short] was discovered at Havana Glen. An unnamed hybrid between the sterile diploid (presumably via unreduced spores) and A . rhizophyllum is known from West Virginia and Missouri (K. S. Walter et al. 1982).
This fern has been pivotal in the study of fern hybridization. Called the "most famous hybrid fern," it was one of the first crosses to be synthesized deliberately in culture (M. Slosson 1902) and the first to be converted from the sterile diploid state to the fertile tetraploid state experimentally (W. H. Wagner Jr. and R. S. Whitmire 1957).
Roots not proliferous. Stems short-creeping to erect, frequently branched; scales dark reddish brown, narrowly deltate, 3--5 × 0.3--0.5 mm, margins entire. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole dark reddish brown at base, fading to green in distal 1/3--1/2, lustrous, 1--10 cm, 1/5--1 times length of blade; indument of dark reddish brown, narrowly deltate scales at very base, grading distally into hairs. Blade narrowly deltate, often irregular in outline, pinnatifid or often with single pair of pinnae proximally, 2--17(--20) × 1--4(--13) cm, thick, pubescent abaxially only; base truncate, cordate, or auriculate; apex acute to long-attenuate, proliferous bud very rare, not known to root in nature. Rachis green, sometimes drying to tan, dull; hairs on abaxial surface only, scattered, minute. Pinnae 0--1 pair, ovate to deltate, sometimes narrowly so, 5--20(--90) × 0.4--1(--1.2) mm; base truncate to acute; margins crenate to serrate; apex rounded to attenuate. Veins free (rarely anastomosing), obscure. Sori 1--6(--40+) per segment, usually confluent with age. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 144.
Asplenium pinnatifidum is an allotetraploid derived from the hybrid A . montanum × rhizophyllum . Although isozyme studies indicate that this species originated at more than one site (C. R. Werth et al. 1985b), the sterile diploid hybrid is unknown. The species is uncommon in the eastern part of the Appalachian region and becomes much more frequent in the Cumberland and Interior Low plateaus, extending westward into the Ozarks and Ouachitas. It is disjunct in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin in Iowa County (M. G. and R. P. Hanson 1979). It crosses frequently with A . montanum (producing A . × trudellii Wherry), with A . bradleyi (producing A . × gravesii Maxon), with A . platyneuron (producing A . × kentuckiense McCoy), and with A . trichomanes (producing A . × herb-wagneri W. C. Taylor & Mohlenbrock).
" 840 general 99955 "Asplenium trichomanes" "Roots not proliferous. Stems short-creeping, often branched; scales black throughout or with brown borders, lanceolate, 2--5 × 0.2--0.5 mm, margins entire to denticulate. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole reddish brown or blackish brown throughout, lustrous, 1--4(--7) cm, 1/6--1/4 length of blade; indument absent or of black, linear-lanceolate or filiform scales at base. Blade linear, 1-pinnate, 3--22 × 0.5--1.5 cm, thin, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; base gradually tapered; apex narrowly acute, not rooting. Rachis reddish brown throughout, lustrous, glabrous or nearly so. Pinnae in 15--35 pairs, oblong to oval; medial pinnae 2.5--8 × 2.5--4 mm; base broadly cuneate, with or without low, rounded acroscopic auricle; margins shallowly crenate to serrate or ± entire; apex obtuse. Veins free, evident. Sori 2--4 pairs per pinna, on both basiscopic and acroscopic sides. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 72, 144.
Subspecies 4 (2 in the flora): worldwide.
In North America, as in Europe, Asplenium trichomanes consists of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes, treated here as subspecies. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes , the diploid, is found on noncalcareous rocks. In the southwestern United States it occurs at high elevations. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens , the tetraploid, grows on calcareous substrates and has a more northern distribution (R. C. Moran 1982). Triploid hybrids are known between the diploids and tetraploids (R. C. Moran 1982; W. H. Wagner Jr. and F. S. Wagner 1966).
" 849 general 521893 "Dryopteris filix-mas" "Leaves monomorphic, dying back in winter, 28--120 × 10--30 cm. Petiole less than 1/4 length of leaf, scaly at least at base; scales scattered, brown, of 2 distinct kinds, 1 broad, 1 hairlike (only this species has 2 distinct forms of scales without intermediates). Blade green, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate at base, firm but not leathery, not glandular. Pinnae ± in plane of blade, lanceolate; basal pinnae ovate-lanceolate, much reduced, basal pinnules or segments ± same length as adjacent pinnules, basal basiscopic pinnule and basal acroscopic pinnule equal; pinnule margins serrate to lobed. Sori midway between midvein and margin of segments. Indusia lacking glands. 2 n = 164.
The taxonomy of Dryopteris filix-mas is not well understood. In North America, this fern has been considered both an auto- and an allopolyploid and may be composed of at least two closely related taxa. Plants in the northeast and northwest are tetraploid. These differ morphologically and ecologically from a taxon of unknown chromosome number in the southwestern Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain taxon closely resembles the Mexican D . pseudofilix-mas (Fée) Rothmaler. Dryopteris filix-mas also occurs in Europe, and it is known to be an allopolyploid of D . caucasica (A. Braun) Fraser-Jenkins & Corley × oreades Fomin.
" 852 general 521962 "Polystichum acrostichoides" "Stems erect. Leaves dimorphic (only in this species); fertile pinnae distal, much contracted; sterile leaves arching, 3--8 dm; bulblets absent. Petiole 1/4--1/3 length of leaf, densely scaly; scales light brown, diminishing in size distally. Blade linear-lanceolate, 1-pinnate; base narrowed. Pinnae oblong to falcate, not overlapping, in 1 plane, 2--6 cm; base oblique, acroscopic auricles well developed; margins serrulate-spiny with teeth ascending; apex acute or blunt with subapical and apical teeth same size; microscales filiform, lacking projections, dense, on abaxial surface only. Sori confluent, completely covering abaxial surface of pinnae (only in this species); indusia entire. Spores light brown. 2 n = 82.
Polystichum acrostichoides is a common species most closely related to P . munitum (G. Yatskievych et al. 1988), which also occurs extensively on forest floors.
The dimorphic pinnae of Polystichum acrostichoides are not unique to the genus; they are found also in some Asian species. Numerous variants have been named, mostly as forms, but none are of taxonomic consequence. Hybrids are known with P . braunii ( P . × potteri Barrington) and P . lonchitis ( P . × hagenahii Cody). The latter hybrid is rare, known only from its type locality in Ontario, where it grows with both parents. It is recognized by its intermediate morphology (leaves wider than P . lonchitis , narrower than P . acrostichoides , with slightly contracted sorus-bearing pinnae) and malformed sporangia and spores. Polystichum × potteri is much more widespread, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec through New England to Pennsylvania. It resembles P . braunii but has narrower leaves bearing malformed sporangia.
Plants dark green or with margins of bright crimson or whole plants dark red, free-floating or forming multilayer mat to 4 cm thick under good conditions; plants infrequently fertile. Stems prostrate, 0.5--1 cm. Largest hairs on upper leaf lobe near stem with 2 or more cells; broad pedicel cell often 1/2 or more height of hair, apical cell curved, with tip nearly parallel to leaf surface. Megaspores without raised angular bumps or pits, densely and uniformly covered with tangled filaments.
The sporophyte of Azolla caroliniana commonly survives throughout the year in temperate areas (with hard frosts and prolonged ice cover). It is the best adapted of all species for subsistence on mud. Azolla caroliniana is rarely collected with sporocarps.
" 861 general 1269518 "Azolla filiculoides" "Plants green to yellowish green or dark red, with 2 growth stages; plants fertile only in mature stage, generally in late spring. Stems prostrate when immature, 1--3 cm, internodes elongate to 5 mm, becoming nearly erect to 5 cm or more when mature and crowded. Hairs on upper leaf lobes strictly unicellular. Megaspores warty with raised angular bumps, each with a tangle of filaments.
Azolla filiculoides is cold tolerant, surviving even in fragmented parts under thin ice. It usually reaches a climax population in late spring, becomes fertile, collapses, and is replaced by other more heat-tolerant aquatics such as Lemna spp. Hybrids between this species (male) and A . microphylla Kaulfuss (female), a species of Central America, South America, and the West Indies, have been reported (Do V. C. et al. 1989). V. M. Bates and E. T. Browne (1981) reported A . filiculoides from Georgia, far removed from its main range in western North America. The most likely explanation is that the plants represent escapes from horticulture.
" 875 general 1146975 "Acrostichum danaeifolium" "Stems usually erect, infrequently branched. Leaves ascending or erect, 1.5--5 m × 15--60 cm. Rachis shallowly grooved abaxially, flat or shallowly grooved adaxially. Pinnae 20--32(--64), distant to closely spaced, usually overlapping, 7--37 × 1.5--5.5 cm, tapering toward apex, abruptly acute at tip; costal areoles less than 3 times longer than wide; most pinnae of fertile leaves bearing sporangia. Sporangia spread over abaxial surface of fertile pinnae; paraphyses stalked, ending with horizontally extended, smooth or little-lobed cell. Spores (44--)54(--72) µm diam., surface minutely roughened with small projecting papillae. 2 n = 60.
These species frequently can be distinguished by the distribution of pinnae, the distribution of fertile pinnae, the shape of the costal areoles, and the structure of the paraphyses. In parts of Florida, their distributions are contiguous and abruptly separated by habitat. Acrosticum aureum is more frequently found in coastal shaded areas, in saline black-mangrove communities, and in the southern and southwestern parts of the state. Acrostichum danaeifolium grows vigorously in full sun and is common and widely distributed in Florida, where it has been collected in virtually every county throughout the southern two-thirds of the state. Hybrids have been produced in the laboratory, although these have not been analyzed cytologically. Hybrids are apparently rare in the field and have been reported only in the Dominican Republic (I. García de López 1978).
" 884 general 580376 "Fissidens zollingeri" "Plants to 5.5 × 3.0 mm. Stem unbranched and branched; axillary hyaline nodules absent; central strand weak or absent. Leaves as many as 12 pairs, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate, acute or infrequently obtuse, to 2.5 × 0.5 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending at insertion, not decurrent; vaginant laminae ± 1/2 leaf length, equal; margin entire but serrulate distally, limbate on all laminae, limbidium confluent at apex or ending slightly before, limbidial cells 1- or 2-stratose; costa percurrent to short-excurrent, bryoides-type; laminal cells 1-stratose, distinct, smooth, slightly bulging, firm-walled, irregularly hexagonal, 6.5-18 µm, greatly enlarged, ± oblong, ± pellucid in juxtacostal patches in proximal portions of vaginant laminae. Sexual condition rhizautoicous and synoicous. Sporophytes 1-2 per perichaetium. Capsule theca erect, radially symmetric to slightly arcuate, bilaterally symmetric, 0.5-0.8 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum to 0.8 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.6 mm. Spores 10-13 µm.
Fissidens zollingeri is best distinguished by its usually palmately arranged leaves, limbidium present on all laminae of the leaf, and juxtacostal patches of enlarged, oblong, pellucid cells in the proximal parts of the vaginant laminae. The distal laminal cells are distinct, smooth, and slightly bulging. It is closely related to two other tropical species, F. angustifolius Sullivant and F. yucatanensis Steere, both of which have limbate leaves and groups of enlarged, pellucid cells in the proximal parts of the vaginant laminae. The distal laminal cells of those species, however, are mammillose. Axillary, stalked, multicellular, clavate gemmae have been observed in tropical specimens of F. zollingeri.
" 885 general 201002 "Calymperes tenerum" "Plants gregarious or tufted, pale green to brownish, straight or curved at tips when dry, to 5 mm or more but mostly much shorter. Leaves dimorphic; vegetative 1-3 mm; distal lamina oblong to broadly linear-lanceolate; margins 1-stratose or slightly thickened distally, entire; costa in cross section showing ad- and abaxial bands of stereid cells; medial cells distinct, 7-8 µm, slightly bulging adaxially, smooth or minutely papillose abaxially; teniolae absent; cancellinae ending in broad angles distally, adaxial cells smooth distally; gemmiferous leaves with apex of costa excurrent, bearing gemmae in pale golfball-like spheres all around on costa apex.
Calymperes tenerum is very rare in the flora area, where it is known only from a few specimens from southern peninsular Florida. Its absence of teniolae, narrow cancellinae, and gemmae in golfball-like spheres make it distinctive. This species has a very wide distribution in the tropical parts of the world and is very common in the paleotropics; it is extremely scarce in the Neotropics, suggesting that it is an introduction there.
" 891 general 1123918 "Barbula unguiculata" "Stems 1-2 cm. Leaves firm when wet, long-ligulate to broadly lanceolate from an oblong base, 1-2.5 mm, base often oblong and widened, not strongly sheathing, margins recurved in the proximal 1/2-2/3, rarely to near apex or plane, apex broadly acute to rounded; costa excurrent as a short or long mucro, seldom muticous, abaxial costal surface with scattered solid papillae, hydroids present; distal laminal cells firm-walled, quadrate, 8-12 µm wide, 1:1, papillose. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Perichaetial leaves weakly differentiated. Seta 1-2.5 cm. Theca 1-2.5 mm. Spores 8-11 µm.
Barbula unguiculata is common in eastern North America and Europe, and elsewhere in the North and South Temperate zones, but rare in the tropics and the Arctic, with, for instance, only two known sites in Mexico and a single one north of the Arctic tree line. The leaves are often blackened. Forms with strongly mucronate leaf apices have been referred to var. apiculata though modern authorities generally treat this as a form. Barbula indica is often confused with this species, but differs immediately in the leaves conduplicate but not contorted when dry, with plane or weakly recurved margins, and prorate abaxial surface of the costa. Barbula convoluta is similar but has plane margins, costa not excurrent as a mucro and seta yellow rather than reddish brown.
" 895 general 1127416 "Gymnostomum calcareum" "Plants light to dark green, loosely cespitose, crowded or sometimes forming a dense turf. Cauline leaves long-rectangular or less commonly lanceolate, straight to weakly reflexed apically, 0.4-0.6(-0.8) mm, apex rounded to broadly acute, occasionally apiculate; distal marginal cells sometimes 2-stratose in patches, distal laminal cells 5-8(-10) µm in width, 1-2:1; distal adaxial costal cells elongate, occasionally short-rectangular or quadrate in robust plants. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Perichaetia often multiple on an axis, terminating short or rather elongate lateral branches; perichaetial leaves usually stiff and often secund, narrowly lanceolate to triangular, commonly with all cells elongate, rectangular to rhomboidal, smooth or weakly papillose, occasionally quadrate distally but then perichaetial leaves lanceolate or very strongly sheathing in proximal half. Capsule elliptical, with a circumstomal collar and bulging exothecial cells, usually 30-40(-50) µm wide.
Gymnostomum calcareum has been widely reported for North America, but H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1958), after considerable study, indicated that all reports were G. aeruguinosum. R. H. Zander (1977) synonymized the two species, citing intergradation of important features. With recent discoveries of material widely distributed in California, the question was reopened and a re-examination of authentic material from Europe revealed apparently overlooked traits. Vegetatively, G. aeruginosum grades into G. calcareum at least in North America, with G. calcareum more often in tight turfs, being generally a smaller plant, often with strict leaves having rounded leaf apices and sides nearly parallel, and distal laminal cells slightly smaller. The perichaetia, however, are usually lateral on the main axis, terminating a short branch (though this branch is somewhat longer than that found in Anoectangium, e.g., A. handelii also known for California) and the bracts are much like those of Anoectangium. The capsules of most specimens have bulging exothecial cells, but occasional specimens of what are clearly G. calcareum have capsules typical of G. aeruginosum. The perigonia of G. aeruginosum have rather acute, somewhat modified bracts, and these should not be mistaken for the perichaetia of G. calcareum. A general survey of Gymnostomum in North America indicates it is restricted to California, one station in Missouri (Clayton), one in North Carolina, and is confirmed for Tamaulipas in Mexico. The collection from Missouri has the characteristic small, strict, long-rectangular, apiculate cauline leaves, and well-differentiated perichaetial leaves of G. calcareum, but the capsule of G. aeruginosum; this intergrades with the concept of G. boreale Nyholm & Hedenäs, reported for Quebec by P. Boudier (2003), which is not here recognized for the flora area. The North Carolina material has long been reported as Anoectantium euchloron, a synonym of A. aestivum, being a warm-temperate and tropical blunt-leaved variant, but differs in the flattened U-shaped leaf section, perichaetia born on stalks longer than those of Anoectangium in series near the end of a stem, not directly from a lateral leaf axil, and perichaetial leaves mainly differentiated in proximal 1/2, not throughout except for the innermost.
" 898 general 1124199 "Molendoa hornschuchiana" "Stems to 2 cm, sclerodermis present. Leaves long-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, proximal shoulders denticulate by projecting corners of marginal cells, apex subulate; leaf base much widened, ovate-rectangular, sheathing the stem; costa excurrent as a mucro, semilunar in section at mid leaf, guide cells 4-9; distal laminal cells often longitudinally elongate medially, 1-2:1, rarely 2-stratose in patches.
Molendoa hornschuchiana is known (R. H. Zander 1979b) from only one site in the flora area, in southern Alaska (Valdez Area, Chugach Mountains, between Delta Junction and Valdez, Keystone Canyon, alongside Hwy. 4, near Bridal Veil Falls). This distinctive species is the largest of the genus, with stems reaching several centimeters in European specimens seen, and perichaetial leaves to 3 mm. The Alaskan material lacks sporophytes but has lateral perichaetia. Worldwide, the species is disjunctive between mountainous areas with high annual precipitation in temperate climates.
" 910 general 607164 "Grimmia atrata" "Plants in variable loose patches, dark green to black, frequently rust colored proximally. Stems 2-7 cm, central strand absent. Leaves lanceolate to ligulate, 1.5-3 × 0.3-0.6 mm, keeled, margins recurved proximally, incurved distally, tapering to a blunt cucullate apex, muticous, costal transverse section prominent, usually semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells rectangular, straight to slightly sinuose walled; basal marginal laminal cells in 1-3 rows quadrate, hyaline with straight to slightly sinuose, thick transverse walls; medial laminal cells rectangular, nearly straight to sinuose or nodulose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose with 2-stratose ridges, to completely 2-stratose. Sexual condition dioicous, perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, 2-6 mm. Capsule occasionally present, long-exserted, yellow-brown, oblong to cylindric, exothecial cells rectangular, thick-walled, annulus of 3-4 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, stomata present, operculum conic to rostrate, peristome present, fully-developed, perforated and split distally, weakly papillose.
Grimmia atrata is rare in North America, being known only from three widely scattered areas. It is known to geologists as one of the “copper-mosses,” i.e., it is an indicator of heavy-metal-bearing rock. Because it prefers damp gneiss and mica schists, the tufts are often orange inside on account of the presence of heavy-metal oxides. The placement of G. atrata has been problematic. Because of the curved distal leaves and the absence of awns, it does not immediately appear to be a Grimmia. As a result it has previously been placed in a separate genus, Dryptodon, intermediate between Grimmia and Racomitrium. Following Cao T. and D. H. Vitt (1986b), Hastings placed it in subg. Guembelia based on its thick, keeled leaves, long, straight setae, and smooth capsules. With its recurved margin, rectangular, thick-walled, sometimes sinuous basal laminal cells, prominent annulus, and mitrate calyptra, it would seem closest to the group including G. longirostris and G. pilifera. However, its large size and muticous, cucullate leaves, which are often ligulate, coupled with its preference for moist habitats, readily separate this species from other members of this group. Sterile specimens with 1-stratose laminae may be confused as belonging to the subg. Rhabdogrimmia. In densely shaded habitats, it grows in loose patches and the areolation shows a near absence of sinuosity. On dry rock, however, the plants have extremely thick, nodulose cell walls that place the species firmly in Grimmia.
" 911 general 607143 "Grimmia elatior" "Plants in robust, dark green to blackish green, loose, hoary, readily disintegrating tufts. Stems 1-5 cm, central strand absent. Leaves loosely appressed to slightly twisted when dry, erectopatent when moist, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, tapering to acute apex, 2-3.0 × 0.5-0.7 mm, keeled, margin broadly recurved on one side, awns short to long and weakly denticulate, costa weak at base, channeled distally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short- to long-rectangular, sinuose-nodulose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, thin- to thick-walled; medial laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose with thick, prominent multistratose bands, margins multistratose and thick, areolation very opaque with rounded thick-walled cells, occasionally papillose. Gemmae absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta arcuate, 2-3 mm. Capsule occasionally present, emergent to exserted, brown, obloid, striate, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum rostrate, peristome teeth purple, deeply split, papillose. Calyptra mitrate.
Grimmia elatior is fairly common in the Canadian Rockies and in the western United States. It is predominantly bound to the Rocky Mountain area in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. In eastern North America it is known only from a site in New Jersey. It can be recognized easily by its robust habit, usually growing in dark green, extended patches on various types of acidic rock, like gneiss, granite, and sandstone. While it is often described as having papillae, most North American specimens do not have them. E. M. Mair (2002) reported that papillae were strongly expressed in harsh conditions but many specimens from the alpine in both the Yukon and Colorado lack papillae. The widespread but uncommon western species G. leibergii is commonly mistaken for G. elatior. However, the former has both leaf margins recurved, its lamina is 1-stratose with only 2-stratose margins, and its basal juxtacostal cells are elongate to linear; in G. elatior there is only one recurved leaf margin, its lamina is 2-stratose with multistratose bands and margins, and its basal juxtacostal cells are only short- to long-rectangular. The length of the awn in G. elatior is quite variable; plants with nearly muticous leaves and plants with very long awns may be found growing close together. There is also some resemblance to G. pilifera, widespread in Asia and eastern North America. The latter, however, has immersed capsules, both margins are recurved, and its lamina does not have multistratose bands.
" 915 general 1303318 "Splachnum ampullaceum" "Plants light green or yellow-green. Stems 1-2 cm. Leaves crowded at stem apices, long-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-obovate, 3.5-4 mm; margins deeply spinose-dentate distally, not bordered; apex slender-acuminate; costa disappearing in acumen somewhat before apex. Seta red or red-brown, 1.5-6.5 cm, flexuose. Capsule urn yellow-brown distally, 1-1.2 mm; hypophysis yellow or pink, rarely reddish, dark red with age, turbinate, much wider than urn, rugose; operculum hemispheric, blunt; exostome teeth inserted near mouth, connate in pairs, pale brown or orange-brown. Spores subspheric, 7-10 µm, yellow-green.
Splachnum ampullaceum is the most common species of the genus in boreal North America; the plants sometimes grow with S. luteum in western North America and S. pensylvanicum in eastern North America. Splachnum ampullaceum is easily recognized by both sporophyte and gametophyte morphology. The name of the species is derived from its ampulla-shaped capsules with abruptly dilated bases. The hypophysis is broad, 2-6 mm wide, top-shaped, and ranges in color from yellow to pink and dark red with age. The leaves, unlike those of other North American species in the genus, have deeply spinose-dentate margins.
Plants 2-8 cm, yellow-green to brown. Leaves long-lanceolate, concave, 3-4 × 0.5 mm; margins with large teeth or occasionally entire; apex slenderly long-acuminate; costa nearly filling subula; distal laminal cells rectangular or oblong-hexagonal, 20 × 30 µm. Sexual condition autoicous or dioicous. Seta brownish, 0.2-0.4 cm. Capsule stegocarpous, brown, dark brown with age, ovate-cylindric; hypophysis wider than urn; stomata in distal hypophysis; operculum hemispheric or bluntly conic. Calyptra conic-mitrate. Spores 9-10 µm, smooth.
Tetraplodon angustatus, like T. mnioides, is mainly boreal in distribution and occurs on similar substrates; it is easily distinguished from T. mnioides by lanceolate-acuminate, irregularly serrate leaves that narrow to a slender, elongate acumen, shorter seta, and green (brown with age) hypophysis. In Alberta, sporophytes mature in spring prior to the maturation of T. mnioides sporophytes, resulting in the temporal separation of spores of these two species on fresh droppings and thus the physical separation of T. angustatus and T. mnioides on droppings where these two species occur together regionally.
Leaves loosely foliate, weakly differentiated in 1-3 dorsal rows and 2 or 3 lateral and ventral rows; dorsal leaves narrower; distal medial laminal cells 65- 110 × 12-20 µm, walls thin. Capsule with endostome yellow to yellow-brown, basal membrane 1/2 exostome length or slightly longer, cilia long, nodulose. Spores 16-20 µm, finely roughened.
Epipterygium tozeri is a characteristic species of soil banks in redwood forests of the Pacific coast. The soft pale bluish color is distinctive when plants are growing in well-developed turfs. Epipterygium tozeri can be distinguished from any Pohlia by the (sometimes subtle) complanate foliation with smaller dorsal than lateral and ventral leaves, broad, nearly elliptic leaves, weak costa ending about 2/3 up the leaf, and by marginal laminal cells differentiated from the medial as longer, narrower, and more thick-walled.
Plants (0.5-)2-3 cm. Stems erect, arcuate, or ± plagiotropic, simple or irregularly and sparingly branched; micronemata present. Leaves crisped when dry, 1-2 mm; base not or short-decurrent; apex obtuse, rounded, or sometimes acute, apiculate; costa percurrent or subpercurrent; medial laminal cells (22-)25-35(-45)µm; marginal cells linear, sometimes short-linear, or rarely rhomboidal, in (1-)2-3 rows. [Capsule straight or cernuous; exostome lamellae 20. Spores 13-18 µm].
Cyrtomnium hymenophylloides is a circumpolar arctic-alpine(-montane) species, in North America restricted to glaciated terrain. It is present southward in mountainous areas and sometimes in the lowlands under temperate deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous forest on shaded gorge walls. The species is disjunct in low elevation sites in New York and New England. It sometimes grows in dense colonies but more often is found scattered among other bryophytes. The pseudodistichous leaf arrangement is expressed in mesic, shaded habitats, whereas leaves are often spirally arranged and contorted in drier fully illuminated sites; this latter expression may resemble small plants of C. hymenophyllum. The bluish green, apiculate, flat, ovate, not or short-decurrent leaves are diagnostic in the field. Sporophytes are unknown in North America. Male plants are rare (N. G. Miller and G. S. Mogensen 1997, 2000), whereas female plants occur throughout the range. Capsules and peristomes are poorly known and have been found once in Sweden (N. P. H. Persson 1915). The collection by Persson was reexamined by E. Nyholm (1954-1969, no. 2), who reported phaneropore stomata. Characteristics of the capsule, as presented here, are taken from Persson and Nyholm. A few adaxial stereids are shown in illustrations in T. J. Koponen (1993), and the authors have observed them in some leaf sections.
Plants 2-7(-20) cm. Stems erect, simple or branched distally; micronemata absent. Leaves not or lightly crisped when dry, 1.5-2(-2.5) mm; base long-decurrent; apex obtuse, acute, or rarely rounded, rarely short-apiculate; costa subpercurrent or rarely percurrent; medial laminal cells (25-)30-35(-40) µm; marginal cells short-linear or occasionally rhomboidal, in 1 (or 2) rows. Capsule arcuate; exostome lamellae 25-40. Spores 15-25 µm.
Cyrtomnium hymenophyllum often grows in pure stands in circumarctic and subarctic regions, in far northern North America, central west and central east Greenland, Europe, and Asia. It is readily recognized in the field by flat, bluish green leaves that are appressed against the dark brown stems. Plants growing in less optimal dry tundra are shorter and usually not matted together. The leaves are strongly heterophyllous, reflecting periods of fast and slow growth. Female plants are common throughout the range, and male plants occur more widely than those of C. hymenophylloides. Sporophytes are rare and have only been found in the Yukon (D. H. Vitt and D. G. Horton 1979), Northwest Territories, and British Columbia.
Leaves 1.5-3 mm; margins broadly recurved to 1/3 leaf length, narrowly recurved to apex on one or both sides, or plane mid leaf and plane, erect, and/or incurved in acumen on same plant, teeth in apex broad, irregularly papillose to smooth; apex erect, erect-spreading, or often secund when dry, broad and hyaline, muticous, or acuminate with acumen narrow-based, 1/10 -1/5 leaf length, broadly or narrowly, shallowly or deeply channeled, extreme apex flat; medial and distal laminal cells with papillae (1-)2(-4), small, simple, sessile, or low-stalked, variously branched; laminal cells in hyaline area with papillae low, simple, in linear rows throughout or sparsely to coarsely and irregularly papillose proximally and smooth to minutely rounded-papillose distally; apical cell short-rhomboidal, obtuse to truncate, (40-)50-75(-80) µm, multipapillose-coronate. Perichaetia with leaves plane, margins long-ciliate distally. Vaginula sparsely to densely pilose. Calyptra naked, sparsely pilose proximally, or densely pilose throughout.
In plants of Hedwigia ciliata with dense paraphyses extending onto the calyptra, the paraphyses are sparsely papillose and have sharp lateral teeth on one side at the distal ends of some cells. In the eastern to northeastern part of the flora area, the typical facies have vaginula and calyptra that are densely pilose. The hyaline apices are absent to short or to 1/3 the leaf length.
Although the type of Hedwigia ciliata var. leucophaea has apparently been lost, L. Hedenas (1994) gave formal synonymy for var. leucophaea. W. R. Buck and D. H. Norris (1996) proposed the name H. nivalis for a facies of what was formerly called H. ciliata in the southwestern United States, and for all tropical American material.
B. H. Allen (2010) accepted this suggestion. M. Lueth and A. Schaefer-Verwimp (2004) reported var. leucophaea as new to South America and that the two specimens of the variety were collected from the type locality of H. nivalis. The leaves in var. leucophaea are more oblong (less ovate) than in H. nivalis, the acumina are narrower, and the calyptra is pilose. These characters in the flora area are present and variable throughout the range of H. ciliata, especially in areas west of mid-continent.
Stem leaves spreading to squarrose, undulate-lunate when dry or moist, oblong-ligulate, 1.5-2(-3) mm; base strongly ovate-auriculate; costa 3/4 leaf length. Sexual condition autoicous or sometimes synoicous.
Neckeropsis undulata is easily recognized by the leaves that are lunate-undulate moist or dry, with a truncate apex and a broadly auriculate base. Outside the flora area, the species occurs from lowland to lower montane forests, from sea level to 1800 m.
Plants pale green to yellow-green. Stem leaves erect to spreading, distant, round to ovate, 0.3-0.4 mm; margins serrulate; apex shortly acuminate-apiculate; distal laminal cells faintly prorulose abaxially.
Myurella tenerrima is an Arctic and northern boreal species. This species is similar to M. julacea in color and general habit, but has widely spaced leaves that end in a well-developed, often recurved apiculus. The species differs from M. sibirica in features of the leaf papillae and margins.
Plants medium-sized to large, in thick mats, green, yellow-green, orange-green, or rarely black-green. Stems with branches robust, julaceous, apices curving up; central strand present; paraphyllia many, filamentous to foliose, branched. Leaves appressed to somewhat erect when dry, erect-spreading when moist, glossy or dull, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, asymmetric, usually falcate to falcate-secund, 0.8-2(-2.5) mm; margins strongly and narrowly recurved to near acumen; apex abruptly acute to short- or rarely long-acuminate, hair-point absent; costa subpercurrent to percurrent, orange-green, sometimes sinuate; alar cells transversely elongate to quadrate, region large; medial laminal cells , elliptic or isodiametric, to 25 µm, 1-2(-3):1, opaque or sometimes pellucid, prorate to near base, , walls firm to strongly incrassate, not pitted; ; juxtacostal cells somewhat shorter than more distal cells, walls not pitted. Capsule erect to suberect, symmetric, 1-2.5 mm; endostome basal membrane 1/4-1/3 exostome length, segments shorter than exostome, cilia 1 or 2. Spores 10-20 µm.
Varieties 11 (3 in the flora): North America, Eurasia; North Temperate Zone, moderate to high elevations.
Pseudoleskea incurvata is a complex and highly variable species; the capsules mature in summer. Most plants can be distinguished from P. radicosa by the thick-walled proximal and medial laminal cells that are mostly short, and by the relatively short cells in the acumen. Although there are intermediate specimens, the three varieties are often quite distinct. Combined ecological, molecular and morphological studies of the varieties are needed to determine their distinctiveness.
Plants large, in thick mats, green. Stems 6-8+ cm, 1-1.8 mm thick when dry, somewhat branched, primary branches erect-ascending to arcuate; central strand cells not differentiated; pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids few. Branch leaves erect when dry, secund, somewhat flexuose, spreading to reflexed when moist, oblong-ligulate, 2.2-4 mm; base broadly decurrent; margins plane, entire; apex obtuse, rounded, or sometimes acute, intact; costa strong, ending sharply before apex, occasionally obscured by laminal cells distally, rarely asymmetrically 2-fid at end, pellucid, lighter green, abaxial costa cells papillose, papillae thick, in rows; basal laminal cells hyaline, papilla 1, region barely extending beyond 1/4 length of leaf base; medial and distal cells hexagonal, 8-12 µm, papillae many, branched. Perichaetia borne distally from last branching points, leaves similar to vegetative leaves, costa ending closer to apex, laminal cells papillose. [Seta 1-2 cm. Capsule long-elliptic, urn (1.7-)2-3.1(-3.3) mm; stomata absent; annulus well differentiated; operculum obliquely rostrate, 0.7-1 mm; exostome teeth irregular, 0.3-0.5 mm, nearly smooth, faintly striolate, not trabeculate, papillae inconspicuous toward apex; endostome basal membrane 2-4 cells high, segments moderately developed. Spores very variable in diam. between capsules, in some (19-)20-23(-25) µm, in others 15-16 µm, densely papillose].
Anomodon viticulosus is the most robust species of the genus, forming thick mats on rocks and sometimes on tree trunks. The robust habit and thickness distinguish it from other species. When depauperate, A. viticulosus is distinguished from A. rugelii by its falcate-secund leaves, decurrent and tapering from the shoulders toward the apex; A. rugelii has leaves incurved when dry, lingulate beyond the shoulders, with characteristic auricles at the insertion. Unlike those of A. minor or A. rugelii, the apex of A. viticulosus is never rounded, nor are its terminal branches complanate. Anomodon viticulosus is sometimes mistaken for A. attenuatus; the latter has more prostrate stems and profuse branching in a pattern of successive orders of branching, with the terminal branches attenuate, complanate, crowded, and somewhat fasciculate. Anomodon viticulosus seldom fruits in North America (only one fruiting specimen seen) or Asia, most likely because of the lack of male gametophytes in these regions (Í. Granzow-de la Cerda 1989). Only one North American specimen was seen with sporophytes; the description is from European and Asian material.
Plants soft, yellowish or olive green. Stems to 10 cm, leafy throughout, irregularly branched; hyalodermis absent, epidermal cells small, walls thick, similar to subadjacent cortical cells, central strand present. Leaves loosely imbricate, straight, young branch leaves slightly twisted at apex when dry, otherwise leaves little different when dry or moist, broadly ovate, rarely ovate to almost orbicular, shallowly to deeply concave, (0.8-)1-1.7(-2) × (0.6-)0.7-1.2(-1.3) mm; margins plane, entire, undulating or finely denticulate distally, especially in apex; apex gradually tapered to acute, blunt tip; costa usually double and short, arms slender, one reaching mid leaf or just beyond; alar cells few, quadrate, short-rectangular, or irregular, region not or scarcely differentiated; basal laminal cells longer than medial cells, ; medial cells rhomboid to linear-flexuose, (24-)32-52(-74) × (3-)5-6(-8) µm; apical cells similar to medial cells; marginal cells 30-60 µm, rarely reaching 60 µm. Sexual condition autoicous; . Seta orangish red, reddish brown, or deep maroon, 0.6-1.5 cm. Capsule with endostome cilia rudimentary or absent.
Irrigated or seepy acidic rock in or along montane streams; moderate to high elevations (600-3300 m); B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Oreg., Wash.; Europe.
Hygrohypnum molle has been much confused with H. bestii and H. duriusculum, less so with H. alpinum. The essential features of H. molle are the undifferentiated alar cells and broadly ovate, distinctly concave leaves, which taper to an acute, blunt, slightly denticulate apex. In addition, the leaves are essentially straight and loosely imbricate, little differing moist or dry. The stems are procumbent with widely spaced branches that are often as long as the stems.
Plants in flat, loose, long trailing mats, light green to yellow-brown. Stems 6-20 cm, flaccid, irregularly branched. Leaves erect- to wide-spreading or appearing distichous, somewhat complanate especially in branches, often obliquely attached to stem, slightly contorted when dry, 2.5-6 mm; margins entire; apex broadly short- to gradually long-acuminate; costa (45-)52-114 µm wide at base; alar region differentiated; basal laminal cell walls lax; distal cells (34-)42-117 × 7-12(-13) µm. Seta single, light to dark brown, 0.8-2.6 cm. Capsule brown to reddish, 2.2-2.5 mm; annulus deciduous, 2- or 3-seriate, cells large; operculum conic, apiculate; peristome yellow to brown. Calyptra naked.
As the specific epithet implies, Leptodictyum riparium occurs along rivers, often in flooded areas where the plants are stranded on tree bases in hardwood forests. The species is sometimes confused with another wetland species, Drepanocladus aduncus, which differs by its axillary hairs with 1-3 hyaline distal cells. There is tremendous morphological variability among the North American specimens of L. riparium, suggesting the existence of several ecotypes, which have been erroneously named as many varieties and forms in Leptodictyum, Amblystegium, and Campylium; these synonyms are summarized by A. J. Grout (1928-1940, vol. 3), H. S. Conard (1959), and H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981).
Plants large, in moderate to dense mats, green, light green, or yellowish to brownish. Stems to 10 cm, creeping to ascending, with many upright shoots in dense growth, terete-foliate, irregularly pinnate, branches to 15 mm, straight, terete-foliate. Stem leaves erect-appressed or sometimes erectopatent, closely to loosely imbricate, ovate to ovate-triangular, broadest at 1/9-1/5 leaf length, slightly to occasionally strongly concave, not to weakly plicate, 1.8-3 × 0.8-1.6 mm; base rounded, broadly or sometimes narrowly decurrent; margins plane, often recurved proximally, occasionally elsewhere, serrulate to serrate; apex short to moderately acuminate; costa to 50-75% leaf length, moderately strong, terminal spine absent, sometimes small tooth present; alar cells short-rectangular, enlarged, 30-45 × 18-23 µm, walls thin, region conspicuous, of 5-10 × 5-10 cells, ; laminal cells linear, 60-140 × 7-11 µm; basal cells to 11-14 µm wide, region in 2-4 rows. Branch leaves with base often asymmetric; margins usually recurved below broadest part of leaf. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta reddish orange, 1.5-2.5(-3) cm, rough. Capsule strongly inclined to horizontal, red-brown, ovoid to elongate, curved, 2-2.5 mm; annulus separating by fragments; operculum conic. Spores 12-18 µm.
Brachythecium rutabulum is a large forest moss forming rather dense, shiny mats with many crowded sympodial branches. Its robust stature and the frequent presence of sporophytes with rough setae often allow for confident field identification. Brachythecium rivulare is equally robust, but can be distinguished in the field by the somewhat dendroid appearance; the sympodial shoots in B. rivulare are usually only slightly branched proximally. Under a microscope, the distinctive inflated alar cells readily separate B. rivulare from B. rutabulum. Alar cells in B. rutabulum have a quite different appearance: they are enlarged in a group just proximal to decurrencies, whereas close to marginal cells, they are narrow and chlorophyllose. More slender plants of B. rutabulum are easy to confuse with Sciuro-hypnum curtum (see discussion under 10. S. curtum).
Plants medium-sized, pale green to golden green. Stems 0.5-1.5 (-3) cm, green to yellowish, erect to creeping, , irregularly branched to unbranched, branches 0.1-0.3 cm; hyalodermis present, central strand present; pseudoparaphyllia foliose. Leaves sometimes falcate, not strongly secund, ovate, , tapering to apex, 0.5-1.8 × 0.3-0.5 mm; base decurrent; margins plane, entire; apex broadly acute; costa double and short or ecostate; alar region not conspicuously differentiated; basal laminal cells shorter, wider than medial cells, yellowish, walls porose; medial cells 80-100 × 4-5 µm. Sexual condition dioicous; . Seta reddish, 2-4 cm. Capsule inclined to arcuate, pale brown, short-cylindric, 1-2 mm; annulus 2- or 3-seriate; operculum conic; endostome cilia 2-4.
Hypnum pratense is a temperate to boreal circumpolar species, scattered largely north of the 35± parallel of latitude, but not frequent in the Arctic; plants produce sporophytes infrequently in spring and summer. Plants of H. pratense are strongly glossy with few or no rhizoids, the apical laminal cells are considerably shorter than the medial cells, and the capsules are furrowed when mature and dry. For additional comments, see discussion under 14. H. lindbergii.
Plants to 20 cm. Stems with innovations usually forming ascending series of flat, frondose tiers, fronds 20-35(-50) mm wide (1-pinnate, fronds as narrow as 8 mm in reduced arctic-alpine forms). Stem leaves 1-1.7 mm wide; acumen long, crimped (reduced forms ovate, 1-1.8 × 0.7-1 mm; apex rounded to obtuse or often abruptly acute); medial laminal cells 30-70 × 4-6 µm. Primary branch leaves erect-spreading, ovate to elliptic, concave, 0.8-1.3(-2) × 0.3-0.6(-0.9) mm; margins reflexed basally, broadly incurved near apex; apex short-acuminate, bluntly acute, or obtuse. Branchlet leaves ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, concave, 0.3-0.8 × 0.2-0.4 mm. Seta 0.5-2.5 cm. Capsule mostly bent horizontal at neck, ovoid to ellipsoid, neck distinct, 1.7-2.8 mm.
Hylocomium splendens is one of the most common and widespread mosses of the circumboreal forest and Arctic tundra, covering large areas of Canada, Alaska, northern Europe, and Siberia. Variation in nutrients and climate produces variation in size, growth pattern, and leaf morphology over this broad range. Plants from coniferous rainforests of the Pacific Northwest are robust, 3-pinnate, and form deep wefts of stair-step innovations. The stem leaves have long, crimped acumens. Plants from the Arctic tundra, however, are much smaller, only 1- or 2-pinnate, and usually lack the arching innovations. The stem leaves have obtuse or abruptly acute apices. Although these two forms are quite distinct and could easily be named as separate species, between the temperate rainforest and the Arctic tundra there exist plants of every intermediate form. It is best, therefore, to treat this continuum as a single variable species; it does not seem worthwhile to apply names to the infraspecific variants.
Plants medium to robust, in loose tufts or scattered among other mosses, green to glaucous green, brownish with age. Stems 2-5 cm, commonly branching by inno-vations, frequently dendroid. Leaves 2.5-6 mm, densely imbricate and crowded toward the stem and branch tips, erect-appressed and somewhat incurved when dry, reflexed and widely spreading when moist, gradually to rather abruptly contracted to the blade, the hinge-cells sharply differentiated; sheath ovate to obovate, hyaline-margined on the flanks, with a wedge of incrassate hinge cells at the shoulders and extending a short distance up the blade margin; blade broadly oblong-lanceolate to narrowly linear-lanceolate, only slightly concave, toothed from apex almost to the shoulders, or sometimes subentire; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent as a subulate, serrate to smooth point, smooth abaxially or sparingly toothed towards the tip; lamellae 30-46, entire in profile, 4-7 cells high, the marginal cells enlarged, thick-walled and coarsely papillose, in section rounded to elliptical, broader than high, the distal wall broadly convex, the lumen rounded pentagonal; sheath cells short-rectangular to ± isodiametric approaching the blade; cells on abaxial surface of blade 24-27 µm, irregularly quadrate, ± isodiametric, thick-walled, the transverse walls often thicker. Seta 1-4 cm, typically one per perichaetium but several per plant at the tips of branches. Capsule 2-3 mm, short-cylindric to ovate-cylindric, erect to inclined, light brown to reddish brown to blackish with age; exothecium mammillose, densely areolate, the cells rounded quadrate, incrassate, with slit-like pits in the outer wall; peristome 300-350 µm, divided to 0.6, the teeth rather broad, reddish brown with hyaline margins. Spores 10-18 µm.
The most widely distributed species of the genus, Pogonatum urnigerum is notably absent from Middle America and south-temperate South America. In Nunavut, it is known from Baffin, Ellesmere, and Melville islands. The plants are usually more robust than are those of P. dentatum, often repeatedly branched, and the crowding of the leaves at the tips of the branches produces a distinctive tiered effect. The marginal cells of the lamellae are rounded in section, and the lumen is pentagonal, resembling the gable end of a house. Fruiting plants of the two species can be easily distinguished also by the peristome, which in P. dentatum is deeply divided almost to the base. Polytrichastrum alpinum also branches repeatedly, but the plants are generally larger and absent the bluish glaucous appearance characteristic of P. urnigerum in the field.
" 1010 general 1147135 "Vittaria lineata" "Plants epiphytic. Stems short-creeping, branched, densely scaly; scales brown, apex attenuate, filiform. Leaves 10--60 cm × 1--3 mm, petioles indistinct. Sporangia protected by soral paraphyses that lack dilated terminal cells. Spores monolete. Gametophytes much branched. Gemmae tapering at ends, end cells not swollen; body cells 4--16, rhizoid primordia on each end cell, often on 1--2 medial cells. 2 n = 120.
Sporophytes, now extirpated, once occurred on rock cliffs at a single site in Lincoln County, east central Georgia. Vittaria lineata is now known outside of Florida only in Camden County, in southeastern Georgia. Gametophytes commonly form the dominant cover on moist logs and tree trunks, especially the bases of Sabal palmetto palms, within the range of the sporophyte. Such populations usually contain numerous small, sexually produced sporophytes.
" 1012 general 102295 "Athyrium filix-femina" "Stems short-creeping or ascending. Petiole straw-colored distally, 7--60 cm, base dark red-brown or black, swollen, with 2 rows of teeth; scales light to dark brown, linear- to ovate-lanceolate, 7--20 × 1--5 mm. Blade elliptic, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 2-pinnate to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 18--30 × 5--50 cm, herbaceous but with cartilaginous margin, narrowed to base, apex acuminate. Pinnae sessile to short-stalked, linear-oblong to lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pinnules pinnatifid, segments oblong-linear to narrowly deltate, margins serrate. Rachis , costae, and costules glabrous or with glands or hairs. Veins pinnate. Sori straight, hooked at distal end, or horseshoe-shaped; indusia dentate or ciliate.
Varieties ca. 5 (4 in the flora): North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia.
Athyrium filix-femina is circumboreal, and this or closely related species extend into Mexico, Central America, and South America. The delimitation and infraspecific classification of A . filix-femina need detailed study.
" 1032 general 1147056 "Adiantum aleuticum" "Stems short-creeping or suberect; scales bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins entire. Leaves lax-arching to stiffly erect or pendent, often densely clustered, 15--110 cm. Petiole 0.5--3 mm diam., glabrous, often glaucous. Blade fan-shaped to funnel-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 5--45 × 5--45 cm; proximal pinnae (1--)2--7-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, often with glaucous bloom. Segment stalks 0.2--0.9(--1.3) mm, dark color entering into segment base or not. Ultimate segments oblong, long-triangular, or occasionally reniform, ca. 2.5--4 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin straight to oblique, or occasionally excavate; acroscopic margin lobed, lobes separated by narrow to broad incisions 0.2--3 mm wide; apex acute to obtuse, obtuse apices divided into ± angular lobes separated by sinuses 0.6--4 mm deep, margins of lobes sharply denticulate. False indusia transversely oblong to crescent-shaped, 0.2--3.5(--6) mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 37--47 µm diam. 2 n = 58.
Adiantum aleuticum is disjunct in wet rock fissures at high elevations in Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Mexico in Chihuahua, and it is disjunct on serpentine in Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.
Although the western maidenhair has traditionally been interpreted as an infraspecific variant of Adiantum pedatum , the two taxa are reproductively isolated and differ in an array of morphologic characteristics. Therefore, they are more appropriately considered separate species (C. A. Paris and M. D. Windham 1988). Morphologic differences between A . pedatum and A . aleuticum are subtle; the two may be separated, however, using characteristics in the key. Adiantum aleuticum occurs in a variety of habitats throughout its range, from moist, wooded ravines to stark serpentine barrens and from coastal cliffs to subalpine boulder fields. Although morphologic differences exist among populations in these diverse habitats, they are not consistent. Consequently, infraspecific taxa are not recognized here within A . aleuticum .
Stem scales brown. Leaves 5--25 cm. Petiole dark brown, 0.75--1.5 mm diam. Blade deltate, 4--6-pinnate proximally, leathery to somewhat herbaceous, abaxially covered by whitish farina, adaxially glabrous or glandular; rachis rounded adaxially. Pinna costae distinctly flexuous, branches arising from prominent angles. Ultimate segments not articulate, dark color of stalks continuing into segment bases abaxially; segment margins plane to recurved, often partially concealing sporangia; veins usually obscure adaxially. Sporangia submarginal, borne on distal 1/4 of secondary veins, containing 64 spores. 2 n = 54.
Argyrochosma fendleri is occasionally confused with A . limitanea , which can have slightly flexuous rachises and pinna costae. All A . limitanea specimens with slightly flexuous rachises and costae have 32 spores per sporangium, whereas specimens of A . fendleri consistently have 64. This southern Rocky Mountain species is the only member of the genus that is found on acidic substrates such as granite.
" 1037 general 1146891 "Argyrochosma jonesii" "Stem scales brown to nearly black. Leaves 4--15 cm. Petiole dark brown, 0.75--1.5 mm diam. Blade ovate-lanceolate, 2--3-pinnate proximally, leathery, abaxially and adaxially glabrous; rachis rounded to slightly flattened adaxially. Pinna costae straight or nearly so, branches not arising from prominent angles. Ultimate segments not articulate, dark color of stalks continuing into segment bases abaxially; segment margins plane to slightly recurved, not concealing sporangia; veins obscure adaxially. Sporangia submarginal, borne on distal 1/2 of secondary veins, containing 64 spores. 2 n = 54, 108.
Argyrochosma jonesii includes two sexually reproducing cytotypes. The diploid is known from a few localities in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts; the tetraploid is found throughout the Mojave Desert and cismontane southern California. Although subtle morphologic differences exist between these cytotypes, they are distinguished primarily by characteristics known to correlate with increases in ploidy level (such as spore size and the length of stomatal guard cells). Further investigation is necessary to determine whether the tetraploid arose through autopolyploidy or hybridization between cryptic species.
" 1046 general 188191 "Harrisia fragrans" "Stems erect, reclining, or clambering, to 3-5 m; ribs 10-12. Spines 9-13 per areole, 2-4 cm, tipped yellow or completely yellowish when young. Flowers: flower tube 18-20 cm, smooth or scarcely ridged; scales flat or nearly so, with axillary tufts hairs; hairs white, soft, 10-15 mm; buds with white hairs. Fruits orange-red at maturity, obovoid, 60 mm diam.
According to L. D. Benson (1982), Harrisia fragrans is a "canelike or shrubby plant [that] may be nearly lost in other vegetation growing up in disturbed areas of fields or the edges of the forest. Sometimes it stands above herbs and bushes." It is easily cultivated, and J. K. Small (1932) observed "when planted en masse its hundreds of flowers present a rare sight all through the night. In fruit it is an attractive sight and also a great attraction as food for birds, many of whom are ravenously fond of the seeds."
Harrisia fragrans differs from the Caribbean H. eriophora (Pfeiffer) Britton in fruit color (orange-red versus yellow), stem ribbing (10-12 versus 8-9), and spine number and morphology (9-13 per areole, 2-3 cm long, yellow tipped versus 6-9 per areole, 2.5-4.5 cm long, black tipped, respectively). L. D. Benson (1982) recognized these differences but included both taxa within a relatively broad species concept, emphasizing their copious production of long hairs in the flower areoles and other features.
D. F. Austin (1984) reported that the range of Harrisia fragrans is restricted to a 0.5-1.5 kilometer strip in St. Lucie County, Florida, in the immediate vicinity of the original (type) locality. He noted that other populations identified as this taxon actually are "Cereus gracilis," which is presumably H. simpsonii.
Harrisia fragrans is in the Center for Plant Conservation’s National Collection of Endangered Plants.
Plants erect, normally with few-many, closely parallel branches forming a narrow crown. Stems light to deep green, or blue-green especially when young; ribs 9-13; areoles copiously hairy; hairs deciduous to persistent, long or short. Spines 9-31 per areole; longest spines 10 mm. Flowers campanulate, 5-6 cm; outer tepals light green with brownish midstripes , ovate to obovate, apex acute to obtuse; inner tepals white; outermost ovate to elliptic, innermost oblanceolate to broadly linear. Fruits sometimes with 1-2 scales. Seeds 2 mm.
In the flora, Pilosocereus robinii has been known historically from Key West to Key Largo, Florida, but is now restricted to Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys, Long Key, and Big Pine Key. Pilosocereus keyensis and P. deeringii were originally described (as Cephalocereus species) from Key West and Lower Matecumbe Key, respectively, where they supposedly were endemic. Recent authors (D. F. Austin 1984; A. N. Lima and R. N. Adams 1996; R. P. Wunderlin and B. F. Hansen, www.plantatlas.usf.edu) have considered them to be within the range of variation of P. robinii. Although E. F. Anderson (2001) treated all of those named variants and others as merely insular forms of P. polygonus (Lamarck) Byles & G. D. Rowley, such treatment remains to be supported by a populational study throughout the West Indian range of the taxa.
In 1992, a clone identified as Pilosocereus bahamensis (Britton & Rose) Byles & G. D. Rowley was discovered in a rock hammock surrounded by mangrove swamp on Key Largo, Florida. E. F. Anderson (2001) also included that species as a synonym of P. polygonus.
When main stems fall to the ground, for whatever reason, the lateral branches develop into plants with the ‘unbranched’ pattern that was the basis for Small’s concept of Cephalocereus deeringii (D. F. Austin 1984).
According to L. D. Benson (1982), when the flowers initially open in the afternoon they may have an odor of onion or garlic.
Pilosocereus robinii is in the Center for Plant Conservation’s National Collection of Endangered Plants.
Shrubs, branching basal, 3-6[-12+] m. Stems erect, at first yellow-green then green, lacking red pigmentation, glabrous and dull, forming patches of orange young bark on aged and undamaged segments; ribs [12-]15-19, somewhat tuberculate, interareolar transverse fold often present on young ribs, 9-12 mm to rib crest; cortex yellowish, mucilage sacs conspicuous in outer cortex only; pith lacking mucilage, 4-6 cm wide; areoles 1-1.6 cm apart along ribs, circular, 4-6 mm, hairs reddish brown. Spines 11-14(-19), thin, straight; radial spines 1-3.5 cm; central spines to 6 cm. Flowers nocturnal, mostly subterminal, funnelform, to 6-7.5(-9) × 6-7 cm; flower tubes about 4 cm; scales at base of tube red with green margins; tepals to 6.5 cm wide; outer tepals reddish with pink margins; inner tepals cream-white to light pink; filaments white to pink, 2-3 cm; ovary tuberculate with green, rhomboid tubercles and small red bracts at anthesis, areoles with tan hairs and sometimes short spines; styles white, 4 cm; nectar chamber 1-1.5 cm. Fruits red, 45-65 mm, fleshy, bearing deciduous spiny areoles; pulp sweet. Seeds 2 mm, glossy. 2n = 22.
Stenocereus thurberi is a common columnar cactus of the Sonoran Desert, throughout Baja California and the islands of the Gulf of California and in the west-coastal vegetation from Sonora to Sinaloa. In Mexico, where S. thurberi is arborescent, it has a very short trunk to 0.5 m, exceeds 12 m, branches more than in northern populations, and can have as few as 12 ribs. Tall specimens of S. thurberi occur where the plants grow in taller vegetation, hence competing with small trees for sunlight (A. C. Gibson and P. S. Nobel 1986).
Stenocereus thurberi belongs to the largest clade of Stenocereus wherein all species possess dark red or brown, glandular areolar trichomes (A. C. Gibson 1988). The group of species most closely related to S. thurberi have the interareolar transverse fold, a distinctive mark that persists after the ribs become fully expanded.
Plants profusely branched, ultimately forming low mats or hemispheric mounds to 100 cm diam., immature branches sometimes predominant, conspicuously tuberculate with projecting spines. Roots ± succulent in largest, often massive and difficult to excavate. Stems deep-seated, aerial portion conspicuous, hemispheric to short cylindric, shape sometimes obscured by profusion of immature branches, 5-23 × (1.5-)4-8(-13.5) cm; tubercles unusually large, conspicuous, (10-)15-38(-45) × 6-15 mm, ± flaccid or flabby; areolar glands seasonally conspicuous; areolar grooves short, extending 1/2-3/4 distance from spines toward tubercle axils; parenchyma mucilaginous; pith narrow, ca. 1/10 of lesser stem diam.; medullary vascular system absent. Spines 7-21[-55] per areole; radial spines (3-)9-15(-18) per areole, white, gray, tan, or brown, (9-)16-25(-50) mm; subcentral spines 2-3 in adaxial part of areole; central spines (1-)3-8 per areole, (tan to) pale gray to black, abaxial central spine porrect or descending, others weakly appressed or ± projecting spines, slightly curved, usually angular in cross section (terete), sometimes flat and grooved on 1 side and rounded on the other, often slightly flexible, (15-)25-35(-55) mm, all equal or abaxial spine longest. Flowers apical or nearly so, 30-50(-60) × (30-)40-70 mm; outer tepals heavily fringed; inner tepals 20-25 per flower, bright rose-pink or magenta, often with darker midstripes and paler margins, 30-40 × 4.5-6 mm; outer filaments greenish white throughout or distally purplish pink; anthers bright yellow; stigma lobes 6-13, white or pale yellow, 3-6 mm. Fruits dark green, ovoid to obpyriform or ellipsoid, (10-)13-25(-30) × 12-18 mm; floral remnant strongly persistent. Seeds reddish brown, ± comma-shaped to spheric, 1.2-1.5 mm, finely and weakly raised-reticulate. 2n = 22.
Southern Texas populations of Coryphantha macromeris contain atypical individuals with pro-liferating small stems and shorter (stunted?) spines. Sexually mature stems branch from the tubercle axils, and the whole shoot becomes covered by immature branchlets. The immature branchlets proliferate profusely and asymmetrically faster than they can reach sexual maturity, obscuring the underlying symmetry of mature stems and forming irregular, asymmetric mounds. Such plants are the basis for C. macromeris var. runyonii (Britton & Rose) L. D. Benson, but they do not grow in pure populations. Therefore the name runyonii can not be used at varietal rank without including plants morphologically similar to typical C. macromeris from the Chihuahuan Desert.
Stunted or immature Coryphantha macromeris are variable, keying to Coryphantha with some difficulty, often having only 5-7 radial spines and lacking central spines. The strongly mucilaginous cortex is a useful field mark; even small slices of living tubercle tissue are visibly and tangibly slimy.
Plants branched; branches 1-several. Roots fleshy taproots, to 24 cm, 5-8 cm diam. Stems cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, commonly 5-15(-25) × 3.5-7(-10) cm, flaccid; tubercles 4 mm diam.; axils short woolly; cortex and pith mucilaginous; latex absent. Spines 21-64 per areole, dark or light colored, depending largely on substrate color, glabrous (to hoary); radial spines 30-46(-60) per areole, white, bristlelike, 6-10 × 0.09-0.15 mm, stiff; central spines 1-3(-4) per areole, porrect or strongly projecting, usually hooked, (6-)13-18(-25) × (0.2-)0.3(-0.4) mm; subcentral spines several, often 12+ per areole, radiating in all directions, often resembling supplementary ring of radial spines, barely distinguishable from radial spines, stouter, longer and dark tipped or purplish. Flowers 2.5 × 2.5-3.5 cm; outermost tepal margins long fringed; inner tepals pink to rose-purple, margins sometimes paler or white, at least proximally, 24-26 × 4 mm; stigma lobes yellow-green to green. Fruits bright red, ellipsoid or cylindric to clavate, (8-)15-30 × 5-10 mm, juicy only in fruit walls; floral remnant quickly deciduous, leaving conspicuous abscission scar. Seeds black, conspicuously strophiolate, 1.4 -2.4 × 1.4 mm, pitted and rugose; testa hard; anticlinal cell walls straight (not undulate; interstices narrower than pit diameters; pits bowl-shaped; strophiole tan, large, corky. 2n = 22.
Mammillaria tetrancistra extends farther into hyper-arid California deserts than any other species of Mammillaria.
Without the unique seeds, its identification requires detailed comparison with both Mammillaria grahamii and M. viridiflora. Although M. viridiflora is eco-geographically segregated (more mesophytic), the other taxa grow intermingled at many sites in southwestern Arizona. Pushing the side of the stems with a stick or stone allows crude field identification for two commonly confused species: stems of M. tetrancistra are soft and flabby, whereas stems of M. grahamii are firm.
Plants branched or unbranched; branches 0-several, not numerous, seldom rooting. Roots diffuse, upper portion not enlarged. Stems nearly spheric, 2.5-12 × 3.5-7 cm, firm; tubercles 9-10.5(-18) × 3-9 mm; axils appearing naked; cortex and pith not mucilaginous; latex absent. Spines ca. 9-16 per areole, brightly colored than M. grahamii, yellowish, pale pinkish tan, or brown (smaller spines paler), tipped dark chestnut brown to blackish, glabrous, sometimes ± pubescent when young; radial spines (8-)10-15 per areole, bristlelike, 6-10(-12) × 0.13-0.23 mm, stiff; central spines 1(-2) per areole, porrect, hooked, 11-20 × 0.2-0.4 mm; subcentral spines 0(-2) per areole, adaxial to central spines. Flowers (1-)2-3 × 1.2-2 cm; outermost tepal margins densely fringed, fringes 0.4 mm; inner tepals pinkish white with sharply defined magenta midstripes; stigma lobes bright red to red-purple, orange, or magenta, (3-)7-9 mm. Fruits bright orange-red, spheric to obovoid, 5-7 × 4-4.5 mm, level with or beneath spines, juicy only in fruit walls; floral remnant weakly persistent. Seeds black, 1-1.2 × 0.8-1 mm, pitted; testa hard; anticlinal cell walls straight; interstices conspicuously wider than pit diameters; pits bowl-shaped. 2n = 22.
The tendency for all spine hooks on plants to be oriented in same direction is not unique to Mammillaria mainiae. This uncommon and poorly known species is restricted in the flora area to the relatively mesic eastern edge of the Sonoran Desert, in western bajadas of the Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona. Mammillaria mainiae is not known from Nogales, Arizona, contrary to L. D. Benson (1969, 1982); it was originally discovered in Mexico somewhere south of Nogales.
Mammillaria wrightii var. wilcoxii, which grows all around Nogales, Arizona, is easily misidentified as M. mainiae.
Plants perennial, cespitose from decumbent bases. Taproots filiform; basal offshoots present. Stems erect or ascending, green, (8-)10-15(-20) cm, glabrous, internodes of flowering stems 0.8-1.2 times as long as leaves. Leaves overlapping proximally, variably spaced distally, connate proximally, with ± loose, scarious sheath 0.1-0.2 mm; blade spreading or ascending to outwardly curved, green, flat, 1-veined, linear-oblanceolate to linear-spatulate, (10-)20-30(-40) × 1-3 mm, flexuous, margins not thickened, minutely scarious, smooth, apex green, obtuse to broadly acute, shiny, glabrous, axillary leaves absent. Inflorescences flowers solitary, terminal, or 1-3-flowered cymes; bracts narrowly lanceolate, herbaceous. Pedicels 12-30 cm, glabrous. Flowers: hypanthium dish-shaped; sepals very weakly 3-veined, broadly oblong (herbaceous portion broadly oblong), 2-3 mm, not enlarging in fruit, apex green, obtuse or rounded, not hooded, glabrous; petals oblong or obovate, 1.6-2 times as long as sepals, apex rounded to truncate, entire or slightly emarginate. Capsules broadly ovoid, (2-)3-3.5 mm, equaling or longer than sepals. Seeds reddish brown, asymmetrically reniform with radicle prolonged into beak, not compressed, 0.5-0.7 mm, reticulate. 2n = 20.
Minuartia cumberlandensis may be most closely related to M. groenlandica and M. glabra; R. Kral (1983) noted that it may be distinguished from either of those taxa by leaf size and shape, seed sculpture, phenology, and habitat preference (shaded sandstone versus sunny granitic flat-rocks).
Minuartia cumberlandensis is in the Center for Plant Conservation's National Collection of Endangered Plants.
Plants perennial, cespitose, sometimes matted. Taproots thickened, woody; crown many-branched, thickened. Stems erect to ascending, green, 8-40 cm, glabrous, internodes of flowering stems 0.5-10+ times as long as leaves. Leaves tightly overlapping in proximal 3 of stem, variable spaced, usually connate proximally, with loose, scarious sheath 0.2-1 mm; blade erect to spreading, green, flat or convex to 3-angled, 1-3-veined, prominently so abaxially, filiform, linear to linear-lanceolate, 8-30 × 0.5-1.8 mm, rigid, margins not thickened, ± scarious, smooth, apex green, blunt to pungent, flat to navicular, shiny, glabrous; axillary leaves present among vegetative leaves. Inflorescences 5-30-flowered, lax to congested cymes; bracts narrowly lanceolate to subulate, herbaceous, margins scarious. Pedicels 0.3-6 cm, glabrous. Flowers: hypanthium dish-shaped; sepals 3-veined, ovate to lanceolate (herbaceous portion ovate to narrowly lanceolate), 3-6 mm, not enlarging in fruit, apex green, acute to mostly acuminate, not hooded, glabrous; petals oblong-obovate, 1.3-2 times as long as sepals, apex rounded, entire. Capsules on stipe ca. 0.1-0.2 mm, ellipsoid, 3-4 mm, usually shorter than sepals. Seeds black, suborbiculate, compressed, 0.8-0.9 mm, tuberculate; tubercles elongate. 2n = 30(?), 44.
We concur with J. A. Steyermark (1963) and G. Yatskievych and J. Turner (1990) that the concept of Arenaria texana originally put forth by Britton requires further study. Plants labeled as Minuartia michauxii var. texana have slightly shorter leaves that are crowded into the proximal one-third rather than one-half of the somewhat shorter stem. The plants are often in the southern part of the range and may, as Steyermark noted, be associated with more open, xeric habitats.
" 1090 general 1106260 "Mucronea perfoliata" "Plants (0.2-)0.3-2(-3) ×0.5-5 dm. Leaves: petiole inconspic-uous; blade spatulate, (1-)2-5 × (0.2-)0.3-1.2(-2) cm. Inflor-escences: bracts 3, spreading to nearly erect, perfoliate, becoming 1-sided and weakly perfoliate apically, connate for nearly their entire length, orbiculate, 0.5-1(-2) cm, apex acute to obtuse; awns 0.3-1.2(-1.5) mm. Involucres 1, 4-angled, distinctly ribbed and usually corrugate, often strongly ventricose, 3-5(-6) mm; teeth 4, spreading to strongly divergent, glandular or strongly hirsute; awns straight, (0.3-)0.5-1.2 mm. Flowers 1; perianth 1.5-3(-3.5) mm, pubescent abaxially; tepals narrowly oblanceolate, erose or fimbriate apically, infrequently entire or 2-lobed; stamens 9; filaments 1-2.5(-3) mm; anthers 0.5-0.8(-0.9) mm. Achenes 2-3 mm. 2n = 38, 40.
Mucronea perfoliata is found in the Coast and Transverse ranges from Stanislaus County south to Ventura County, and in the San Joaquin Valley from Kings County south to the Tehachapi Mountains and the northwestern edge of the Mojave Desert in Kern County.
" 1097 general 6944582 "Suaeda nigra" "Shrubs, subshrubs, or facultative annuals, ± erect, 2-15 dm. Stems spreading or erect, branched, woody stems brown to gray-brown, herbaceous stems green to dark red, usually woody at base, usually glaucous, glabrous or loosely hirtellous to villous, leaf scars on woody stems ± smooth; branches spreading. Leaves ascending to widely spreading, sessile or flat-petiolate; petiole ± 1 mm; blade glaucous, linear to narrowly lanceolate, subcylindric to flattened, (5-)10-30 × 1-2 mm, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate, glabrous or loosely hirtellous to villous. Glomes usually confined to distal stems and branches, 1-12-flowered; branches 0.4-2 mm diam., thinner than vegetative ones; bracts usually shorter than leaves, 3-15 mm. Flowers mostly bisexual, sometimes pistillate and/or staminate; perianth 0.7-2 mm diam.; perianth segments connate proximally or to middle, glabrous or pubescent; ovary ± vase-shaped with distal necklike extension; stigmas 2-3. Seeds horizontal from bisexual flowers or vertical from pistillate flowers, not distinctly dimorphic but variable in size and color, 0.5-2 mm; seed coat black or brown. 2n = 18.
Suaeda nigra is the correct name for the species previously known as Suaeda moquinii. The type specimen was collected in 1820 by Edwin James along the Canadian River in the Texas panhandle. J. Torrey (1827) tentatively identified it as "Chenopodium maritimum L. ?". Rafinesque named it Chenopodium nigrum, long before Torrey’s publication of the name Chenopodina moquinii in 1856. C. O. Hopkins and W. H. Blackwell (1977) suggested that the name Chenopodium nigrum was both a nomen nudum and a superfluous name. But the publication of that name included a clear reference to Torrey’s 1832 publication, which means that the name was not a nomen nudum, and the specimen belonged to a new species, which means that the name was not superfluous. "Suaeda fruticosa" with the incorrect author combination (Linnaeus) Forsskål has been misapplied to this species (H. J. Schenk and W. R. Ferren Jr. 2001).
Suaeda nigra exhibits much phenotypic plasticity, as well as genetic variability, and is wide ranging. This combination has resulted in the naming of many variants that often reflect a response to localized or regional habitat conditions such as degree of wetness, salinity, or freezing temperatures (C. O. Hopkins and W. H. Blackwell 1977). In California and adjacent states, for example, glabrous plants (S. torreyana var. torreyana) and pubescent plants (S. torreyana var. ramosissima) occur throughout the distribution of the species. In California it is coastal but not estuarine in the San Francisco Bay area and in Orange and San Diego counties. Plants of northern latitudes or higher elevations that are prone to freezing tend to have annual stems from a woody base. Plants that occur in more southern or milder conditions are usually shrubs with perennial stems. Plants in seasonally flooded wetlands tend to be facultative annuals.
In the western and northern part of the range, most plants of Suaeda nigra are glabrous or sparsely pubescent and more or less long leaved. In parts of Texas and New Mexico and south into Mexico, densely villous, short-leaved plants occur, often on gypseous soils; they have been called S. suffrutescens var. suffrutescens, and var. detonsa when the flowers and leaves are glabrous. Plants from Texas with thickened and persistent leaf bases and corky-thickened segments of the fruiting perianth have been called S. duripes, known from only two collections that probably represent environmentally stressed individuals. Also in the Southwest, plants that are more herbaceous than S. suffrutescens and have a darker color have been called S. nigrescens.
Plants spreading, 0.6-2 × 0.5-4 dm. Stems glandular distally. Leaf blades spatulate to oblong or oblanceolate, 1-6 × 0.3-1.5 cm, margins ciliate, otherwise gla-brous. Inflorescences open to densely branched, 0.8-1.7 dm; bracts at first node 4-5, triangular to lanceolate, 2-10 × 0.5-4(-8) mm, with awn 0.5-1 mm, sparsely glandular, bracts at remaining nodes 3, forming an orbiculate to somewhat triangular perfoliate disk mostly 1-2.5 cm across, glabrous or glandular, with awn 1-3 mm, terminal bracts 0.5-2 × 0.1-0.4 mm, sometimes merely acerose, with awn 0.5-2 mm. Peduncles erect, stout, 0.3-0.8 mm at proximal nodes, sometimes absent. Involucres 2-5 mm, glabrous or sparsely glandular abaxially; teeth 4; awns reddish, 2-3 mm. Flowers 5-10; perianth white or yellowish green to pink, 1.5-2.5 mm, echinulate and sparsely glandular abaxially; tepals monomorphic, lanceolate to ovate; filaments 1-1.5 mm, papillate basally; anthers pink to red, oval, 0.2-0.5 mm. Achenes dark brown to maroon, 1.5-2 mm. 2n = 40.
Oxytheca perfoliata is basically a plant of the Mojave Desert, with extensions along the Lahontan Trough into northwestern Nevada (to Humboldt and Washoe counties), and along the desert edge of California's Transverse Ranges and the more arid portions of the San Joaquin Valley. It also occurs in the Sonoran Desert south to Imperial County, California.
Oxytheca perfoliata is a food plant for the desert metalmark butterfly (Apodemia mormo deserti).
Subshrubs, perennial, synoecious, 2-20 dm. Stems prostrate, creep-ing, usually with branches that form dense mats, glabrous. Leaves persistent; ocrea margins not ciliate; blade clavate to spatulate, (1.5-)2-8(-8.5) × 0.4-0.9 mm, base attenuate, margins not hyaline, apex obtuse, glabrous. Inflorescences 5-9(-13) mm; ocreola encircling rachis, only the base adnate to rachis, apex acute. Pedicels spreading in anthesis, spreading the reflexed in fruit, 0.7-1.9 mm, much longer than subtending ocreola. Flowers bisexual; outer tepals loosely appressed in anthesis, sometimes spreading in fruit, white, pink or yellow, often drying yellow, elliptic to oblong, 1.4-2.2 mm in anthesis, margins entire; inner tepals loosely appressed in anthesis and fruit, white, pink, or yellow, elliptic to suborbiculate, 1.7-2.5 mm in anthesis, margins entire; filaments dimorphic; anthers pink or yellow; styles and stigmas 0.4-0.9 mm in anthesis. Achenes mostly included, reddish brown, 3-gonous, 2.2-3.4 × 1.6-2.4 mm, dull to shiny, minutely roughened. 2n = 36.
Polygonella myriophylla is restricted to 119 sand pine scrub sites in the Lake Wales, Lake Henry, and Winter Haven ridges of central peninsular Florida (S. P. Christman and W. S. Judd 1990). Loss of habitat to residential, commercial, and agricultural development is the most serious threat to this regional endemic.
" 1132 general 1108522 "Polygonum paronychia" "Shrubs or subshrubs. Stems prostrate or ascending, brown, branched, rooting at nodes, not wiry, 10-100 cm, glabrous, covered with remains of lacerate, hyaline ocreae. Leaves crowded at branch tips, articulated to ocreae, basal leaves caducous or persistent, distal leaves not reduced in size; ocrea 15-20 mm, glabrous, proximal part cylindric to funnelform, distal part silvery, entire or slightly lacerate, disintegrating into persistent white-gray curly fibers; petiole 0-0.5 mm; blade 1-veined, without pleats, linear to oblanceolate, (5-)10-20(-33) × 3-8 mm, coriaceous, margins revolute, smooth, apex acute or mucronate. Inflorescences axillary; cymes crowded in distal axils, 2-5-flowered. Pedicels enclosed in ocreae, erect to spreading, 2-5 mm. Flowers semi-open or open; perianth (4.5-)6-10 mm; tube 22-48% of perianth length; tepals partially overlapping, uniformly pink or white, reddish brown when dried, petaloid, oblong-ovate to ± lanceolate, apex rounded; midveins pinnately branched; stamens 8. Achenes enclosed in or slightly exserted from perianth, black, ovate, 4-5 mm, faces subequal, shiny, smooth.
Polygonum paronychia may be cultivated in rock gardens in open sites with sandy soil.
" 1158 general 1108830 "Rumex nematopodus" "Plants perennial, glabrous or nearly so, with fusiform, vertical rootstock. Stems erect, branched in distal 2, 40-85(-100) cm. Leaves: ocrea deciduous or par-tially persistent at maturity; blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 20-35 × 5-12 cm, base cordate to broadly cuneate, margins entire or nearly so, flat, apex acute or attenuate. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2- 3 of stem, interrupted in proximal 1/ 2, paniculate, branched. Pedicels articulated in proximal 1/ 3, filiform, 12-20 mm, 3-4 times as long as inner tepals, articulation weakly evident, not swollen. Flowers 10-20 in whorls; inner tepals ovate-triangular, 4-5(-6) × 3-4(-5) mm, base truncate to subcordate, margins entire, apex acute to subacute; tubercles absent. Achenes brown, 3 × 1.5 mm. 2n = 120.
Rumex nematopodus has been reported from several localities in Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico (K. H. Rechinger 1954). It is closely related to R. occidentalis, differing from that species in having longer pedicels and smaller inner tepals with acute apices. Those characters are highly variable in almost all species of the R. aquaticus aggregate, and the taxonomic status of R. nematopodus remains unclear.
" 1159 general 1108339 "Rumex occidentalis" "Plants perennial, glabrous or very indistinctly papillose, especially on veins of leaf blades abaxially, with fusiform, vertical or oblique rootstock. Stems usually erect, branched from above middle or in distal 2/ 3, 50-100(-140) cm. Leaves: ocrea deciduous or partially persistent at maturity; blade narrowly ovate-triangular, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, normally 10-35 × 5-12 cm, base weakly to distinctly cordate, truncate, or rounded, margins entire, undulate or indistinctly crisped, apex acute or subacute, rarely obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, occupying distal 2/ 3 of stem, dense to interrupted, narrowly paniculate, often repeatedly branched (branches usually more than 7-8 cm). Pedicels articulated in proximal 1/ 3, filiform, 5-13(-17) mm, normally not more than 2-2.5 times as long as inner tepals, articulation weakly evident, not swollen. Flowers mostly 12-25 in whorls; inner tepals orbiculate, ovate, or broadly ovate-triangular, 5-10(-12) × 5-8(-11) mm, base truncate to weakly cordate, margins entire or subentire to very weakly erose, apex obtuse or subacute; tubercles absent. Achenes reddish brown, 3-4.5(-4.8) × 1.5-2.5 mm. 2n = 120.
In the nineteenth century, Rumex occidentalis commonly was misidentified as R. aquaticus, R. longifolius, or R. domesticus.
All of the species of subsect. Aquatici Rechinger f., represented in North America by Rumex occidentalis, R. arcticus, R. nematopodus, and R. tomentellus, form a taxonomically complex aggregate with poorly delimited, often intergrading species. Extremes are evidently distinct (e.g., R. arcticus and R. tomentellus). The taxonomy and distribution of members of this aggregate are still insufficiently known. Some authors prefer to treat all or most of these taxa as subspecies or varieties of R. aquaticus in the broad sense. From my point of view, this does not promote a better understanding of their variability and relationships.
A number of segregate species have been described and recognized in regional floras in North America. In most cases the features upon which these species are based intergrade. One of the most widely recognized segregates is Rumex fenestratus Greene emend. Rechinger f. [R. aquaticus subsp. fenestratus (Greene) Hultén, R. occidentalis S. Watson subsp. fenestratus (Greene) Hultén], which, according to K. H. Rechinger (1937), may be distinguished mostly by larger and more cordate fruiting inner tepals (more than 7 mm in R. fenestratus, usually less than 7 mm in R. occidentalis), and larger achenes (3 mm, and more than 3.5 mm, respectively). The morphotype of R. fenestratus occurs mostly along the Pacific coast from central western California to Alaska. Plants with large fruiting inner tepals [known as R. fenestratus var. labradoricus Rechinger f. or R. occidentalis var. labradoricus (Rechinger f.) Lepage] occur also in eastern Canada (Newfoundland and Quebec). In this treatment, I follow the taxonomic decision by J. E. Dawson (1979), who carefully analyzed the clinal variability of the R. occidentalis aggregate. However, R. fenestratus probably deserves recognition at least as a subspecies of R. occidentalis, but its taxonomic status needs additional investigation.
Rumex occidentalis was reported also from New Brunswick (which seems to be a rather natural extension of its range); however, the present status of the species in that province is uncertain.
Plants perennial; taproot stout, fleshy; caudex branched. Stems several, straggling to erect, freely branched, 2-7 cm, pilose and glandular, sparsely so proximally. Leaves: basal leaves withered at time of flowering, distal sessile, proximal petiolate, largest on mid to distal stem; blade subrotund to broadly ovate-lanceolate, 3-10 cm × 20-70 mm, base cuneate into petiole, apex short-acuminate, sparsely short-pilose. Inflorescences cymose, open, few-flowered, leafy, bracteate; bracts resembling distal leaves. Pedicels 1-3(-4) cm, viscid, with long septate-glandular hairs. Flowers: calyx indistinctly veined, tubular, broadened distally, constricted towards base around carpophore, ± umbilicate, 20-25 × 5-8 mm, herbaceous, glandular-pilose, lobes triangular, 3-4 mm, margins narrow, membranous, ciliate; corolla scarlet, clawed, claw equaling calyx, limb deeply 2-lobed, 10-15 mm, lobes lanceolate, sometimes with 2 smaller lateral teeth, ciliate, appendages saccate, 1-1.5 mm, with clear area abaxially; stamens shortly exserted; styles 3, shortly exserted. Capsules narrowly ellipsoid, not distending calyx, included within it, opening by 6 teeth; carpophore 6-8 mm. Seeds gray, broadly reniform, plump, ca. 1 mm, shallowly papillate. 2n = 48.
Silene rotundifolia is clearly related to S. laciniata but is a well-marked species of the deciduous forest region.
" 1178 general 251094 "Silene serpentinicola" "Plants perennial, rhizomatous; taproot stout, rhizomes thin, branching. Flowering shoots 4-10(-15) cm, softly pubescent. Leaves: cauline in 4-8 pairs, crowded; blade gray-green, oblanceolate to obovate, spatulate, 2.5-4.5 cm × 5-15 mm, longest near middle of stem, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, reduced and bractlike on subterranean base. Inflorescences terminal, 1-3(-4)-flowered cymes, densely glandular-pubescent; bracts leaflike, (0.5-)0.7-1.1 cm. Pedicels ascending and straight, (5-)7-10 mm, glandular-pubescent. Flowers ca. 30 mm diam.; calyx purple tinged, distinctly 10-veined, tubular, inflated and expanding in fruit, 13-17 mm, densely glandular-pubescent, lobes lanceolate; corolla scarlet, clawed, limb carmine red, turning purple on drying, ± equally deeply 2-lobed, each lobe with lateral tooth, ca. 11 mm, glabrous, claw narrowly obtriangular, equaling calyx, appendages 2, prominent, petaloid, linear, truncate, 2.5-4.5 mm; stamens long-exserted; stigmas 3, long-exserted. Capsules ovoid to oblong, equaling calyx, (8-)12-15 mm; carpophore 0.5-1 mm. Seeds dark brown, reniform, 1.8-2 mm diam., strongly papillate. 2n = 72.
Silene serpentinicola is a recently described endemic of the serpentines of the Smith River basin of northwestern Del Norte County and probably occurs on the same rock system across the border in Oregon. It differs from S. hookeri in flower color, and from both S. hookeri and S. laciniata subsp. californica in its erect, more or less solitary flowering stems and large, clearly visible petaloid appendages in the flowers.
" 1182 general 1287583 "Heuchera richardsonii" "Herbs acaulescent; caudex branched. Flowering stems (7-)20-95 cm, densely long stipitate-glandular. Leaves: petiole densely or sparsely long or short stipitate-glandular; blade broadly ovate or cordate, deeply 5-7-lobed, 2.5-10 cm, base cordate or nearly truncate, lobes rounded, margins dentate, apex acute, surfaces long stipitate-glandular abaxially, glabrous or long stipitate-glandular adaxially. Inflorescences dense to diffuse. Flowers: hypanthium strongly bilaterally symmetric, free 2-7 mm, green, campanulate, abruptly inflated distal to adnation to ovary, 5-14 mm, short stipitate-glandular; sepals erect, green-tipped, equal, 1.3-4.2 mm, apex rounded (sinuses wider than petals); petals erect, green or greenish white, rarely pink, narrowly spatulate, unlobed, 1.3-4 mm, margins finely dentate or coarsely fimbriate; stamens 1.5 mm included to 4 mm exserted; styles from 0.6 mm included to 0.3 mm exserted, 4-6 mm, to 0.1 mm diam. Capsules ovoid, 7-14.5 mm, beaks divergent, not papillose. Seeds dark or very dark brown, ellipsoid, 0.6-0.9 mm. 2n = 14, 28.
Heuchera richardsonii intergrades with H. americana where their ranges overlap in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, and Oklahoma; the intergrading form is recognized here as H. americana var. hirsuticaulis.
Heuchera hispida (H. americana var. hispida here; see thereunder) was confused with H. richardsonii for almost a hundred years, until C. O. Rosendahl et al. (1933) pointed out that the plants from the Midwest then passing as H. hispida Pursh were distinct from Pursh’s species and were H. richardsonii.
The Blackfoot, Cree, Lakota, and Woodlands Indians used decoctions and infusions of the roots of Heuchera richardsonii for diarrhea and as an eyewash, and the Lakota applied a poultice of powdered roots to sores (D. E. Moerman 1998).
Plants perennial, often matted, rhizomatous. Stems prostrate to ascending or erect, usually diffusely branched, sharply 4-angled, (5-)25-50 cm, glabrous to finely papillate, rarely pubescent. Leaves sessile; blade linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, rarely elliptic-lanceolate, 1-6 cm × 2-8 mm, base cuneate, margins eciliate or scabrid, sometimes ciliate towards base, apex acute. Inflorescences with flowers solitary, terminal and axillary, or terminal, often copious, very lax, leafy cymes; bracts foliaceous, lanceolate, reduced distally to ca. 2 mm, ± scarious. Pedicels erect or patent, usually reflexed at maturity, 10-40 mm, glabrous. Flowers 3-5 mm; sepals 5, 1-3-veined, lanceolate to ovate, 2-5 mm, margins scarious, apex acute, glabrous; petals 5, rarely absent, white or translucent, 1-3 mm, usually shorter than sepals; stamens 5; styles 3, erect to spreading, 0.9-2 mm. Capsules greenish brown or straw colored, ovoid, 3-7 mm, more than 1-1.5 times as long as broad, exceeding sepals, apex acute, opening by 3 valves; carpophore very short or absent. Seeds 10-20, brown, obovate, 0.7-0.9 mm on longest axis, smooth or slightly rugose. 2n = 52.
Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora): circumboreal.
Plants infected with an anther smut, Microbotyrum stellariae (Sowerby) G. Deml & Oberwinkler [Ustilago violacea (Persoon) Roussel, in the broad sense], exhibit flowers with enlarged, reddish anthers. This condition is known in both subspecies, especially in northern areas of the range, but is as yet unknown in Stellaria calycantha, a species previously united with S. borealis by some authors.
" 1206 general 1123193 "Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum" "Stems to 0.5 cm. Stem leaves ovate-deltoid to short-lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm, distal margins once- to almost twice-revolute; apex narrowly acute below the awn; costa ending in the long mucro or short awn, adaxial surface of costa at mid leaf convex, with 2-3 guide cells; distal laminal cells 10-13 µm wide, 1:1. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Perichaetial leaves strongly differentiated. Seta ca. 1 cm. Capsule ca. 1.7 mm, peristome of 32 linear, yellow teeth, twisted counterclockwise a half turn, operculum conic. Spores yellow, essentially smooth, 8-10 µm.
Thin soil, lawns, limestone, bluff overlook, gardens, rock outcrop, ridge top; low to moderate elevations (20-700 m); B.C.; Mass., Oreg.; Eurasia; Africa; Australia.
Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum was first reported for North America from British Columbia by B. C. Tan et al. (1981), then from Massachusetts by B. D. Mishler and N. G. Miller (1983), apparently associated with ornamental cultivation. The Oregon station (Jackson County, Ferris Gulch, D. H. Wagner 9183, MO) is apparently, however, in a natural setting on a ridge top. This species differs from P. obtusulum by the narrowly acute apex with a long apiculus or short awn, and the strongly differentiated perichaetial leaves. Both perigoniate and archegoniate plants are present in the West (British Columbia), though at different sites, and the Oregon specimen was fruiting, while only perichaetiate plants are found in the East (Massachusetts).
Plants (0.5-)2(-4.3) cm, . Stem leaves stiff, erect-appressed, slightly secund when dry, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4.3 mm; margins revolute from base to near apex, entire; apex obtuse, bluntly or narrowly acute, or gradually acuminate; basal laminal cells rectangular to elongate, grading to elliptic-quadrate, walls thick, nodose; distal cells 8-12 µm, 1-stratose, papillae 1-3 per cell, conic or 2-fid, lo w. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition gonioautoicous. Seta 1.5-4 mm. Capsule fully exserted, cylindric, 1.4-2.6 mm, smooth or sometimes slightly plicate distally; ; stomata superficial; peristome double; prostome absent or rudimentary; exostome teeth 16, erect, papillose; endostome segments 8, occasionally rudimentary, , of 1 row of cells, smooth. Calyptra conic-oblong, smooth, sparsely hairy, hairs finely papillose. Spores 10-15 µm.
Orthotrichum laevigatum is part of a complex group of intergrading taxa that generally are characterized by exserted, cylindric capsules with 16 erect or reflexed exostome teeth and a poorly developed endostome. Gametophytically, robust plants have stiff, erect leaves and large, blunt papillae. This complex is treated here as three species: O. holzingeri, a distinct, highly specialized species of seasonally wet rock with smooth exostome teeth, smooth laminal cells, smooth calyptra, and slightly ribbed capsule as distinguishing features; O. laevigatum, distinguished by smooth capsule and erect, papillose exostome teeth; and O. pylaisii, distinguished by slightly 8-ribbed capsule and reflexed-recurved exostome teeth.
Plants reddish brown to dark brown. Stems 0.2-0.8 cm. Stem leaves oblong to oblong-ligulate, rugose, 1.4-1.6 mm; margins entire; apex abruptly apiculate; costa short-excurrent; distal laminal cells rounded-quadrate, 5-9 µm. Seta 2.5-4 mm. Capsule 1.7-2.2 mm. Calyptra papillose distally.
Schlotheimia rugifolia is distinguished by its rugose, abruptly apiculate leaves. Characteristically, the plants have a dark reddish brown color, which is best developed under xeric conditions.
Plants in fine sods or loose mats. Stems 1-6(-10) cm, brownish black, prostrate, defoliate proximally, branches 1-2 cm, ascending, simple; paraphyllia becoming scarce in emergent plants; pseudoparaphyllia foliose; rhizoids matted, brown. Stem leaves somewhat contorted when dry, 0.5-1.3(-1.5) mm; limbidia sometimes disappearing before acumen or base, sometimes with spurs extending into lamina; costa 40-60(-75) µm wide at base; basal laminal cell walls thick, sometimes pitted. Perichaetia with leaves lanceolate, 0.5-0.8 mm, margins serrulate, apex acuminate, costate. Seta single, yellow to reddish brown, 1-3 cm, straight or flexuose, tortuose in aquatic plants. Capsule reddish brown, 1.5-3 mm, usually shrunken below mouth when dry; exothecial cells rectangular; stomata superficial; annulus deciduous, 2- or 3-seriate; operculum conic-apiculate; exostome teeth 16, yellowish brown, lanceolate, external surface cross striolate proximally, papillose distally, internal surface trabeculate; endostome pale yellow, basal membrane high, papillose. Calyptra yellow. Spores finely papillose, yellowish brown.
Platylomella lescurii is distinguished by its mostly 2-stratose margins, filiform paraphyllia, and saxicolous substrate in streams and seeps. Sciaromium laxirete Abramova & I. I. Abramov, listed provisionally by R. Ochyra (1987) as a synonym of Platylomella lescurii, is known only as a Pliocene fossil from Bashkiria, western Eurasia.
Stems regularly 2-pinnate, stems and branches smooth; paraphyllia 2-8 cells in length, cells 1:1, papillose. Stem leaves appressed when dry, broadly triangular, (0.2-)0.3-0.4(-0.5) apex gradually and broadly acuminate, sometimes piliferous; costa 5/6 leaf length. Branch leaves incurved-appressed when dry, 0.1-0.2(-0.3) mm; apex acute to obtuse; costa 3/4 leaf length, straight, covered with quadrate cells apically, projecting as low crests. Perichaetial leaves with margins strongly flexuose-ciliate. Seta papillose. Capsule with endostome cilia 1 (or 2).
Cyrto-hypnum schistocalyx, an essentially tropical species, is distinguished by the ciliate perichaetial leaves and roughened seta. The species occurs in Dade County; south of the flora area it occurs from sea level to 200 m elevation.
Plants in thin mats, light green to yellowish. Stems cm, 1.5-3 mm wide, creeping to ascending. Leaves wide-spreading in several rows, not plicate, 1-2.5 × 0.5-0.9 mm; base not decurrent or 1-3 cells indistinctly decurrent; margins serrulate to serrate; alar cells quadrate to short-rectangular, sometimes rounded to oval and inflated, 17-48 × 12-26 µm, green; basal laminal cell walls pitted, indistinctly pitted distally, sometimes pits absent; medial cells 30-70 × 5-7 µm. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta light brown to red, 1.5-2.5 cm. Capsule inclined, light brown to reddish, cylindric, strongly arcuate, 2-3.5 × 0.5-0.8 mm, contracted below mouth when dry; operculum conic, 0.4-0.6 mm. Spores 12-22µm.
Herzogiella seligeri is distinguished by the wide-spreading leaves that appear in several rows and the long (2-3.5 mm), arcuate capsules. The species occurs in the flora area only in northwestern North America west of the Rocky Mountains at elevations usually below 900 m.
Stems 2-5 mm. Leaves 1-2.5 mm, distal laminal cells mostly isodiametric, 1:1, with a few cells 2:1 or transversely elongate, areolation somewhat irregular, proximal cells longer. Seta 0.5-2 mm, flexuose when dry. Capsule spherical to short-ovate, 0.4-0.6 mm. Peristome absent. Spores 6-10 µm.
The spherical or short-ovate capsules absent peristome teeth and the somewhat shorter distal laminal cells distinguish Brachydontium olympicum from B. trichodes. This is a circum-North Pacific montane species, which should be sought for in coastal areas of Siberia.
" 1322 general 1118886 "Pogonatum dentatum" "Plants medium-sized, in loose tufts or scattered among other bryophytes, green to reddish brown with age. Stems to 3(-5) cm, comose from a wiry base, mostly unbranched. Leaves 2.5-6 mm, loosely imbricate, erect and somewhat incurved when dry, plane and erect-spreading when moist; sheath short-ovate, not hyaline-margined, abruptly contracted to the blade, the group of incrassate hinge-cells at the shoulders not much differentiated; blade rather broadly oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; marginal lamina erect, narrowly inflexed when dry, 1-stratose, 1-3 cells wide, toothed nearly to the shoulders with multicellular, uncinate teeth (rarely serrulate, but never entire), the teeth broadly triangular, (1-)3-7-celled, the terminal cell not much larger than the others; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent as a short, smooth to denticulate point, smooth or sparsely toothed near the tip; lamellae 20-30, entire or slightly crenulate in profile, 5-7 cells high, the marginal cells thick-walled and coarsely papillose, ± rectangular and flat-topped in section, broader than high, the lumen quadrate; median sheath cells short-rectangular, thin-walled; cells on abaxial surface of blade transversely elongate, 25-30 × 12-18 µm, with a median strip of cells shorter and ± isodiametric. Seta 1-3.5(-5) cm, brownish, straight to flexuose. Capsule 2-3 mm, erect to somewhat inclined, brownish; exothecium mammillose, the cells short-rectangular, incrassate, appearing distinctly pitted in surface view; peristome 350-450 µm, deeply divided from 0.8 to nearly to the base, the teeth slender, reddish brown with hyaline margins. Spores 18-24 µm.
Pogonatum dentatum is an arctic-montane species, widespread in the cooler regions of the Holarctic, southward at higher elevations to Oregon, and in eastern mountains to North Carolina. In arctic America, P. dentatum is more common and occurs at lower altitudes than P. urnigerum (D. G. Long 1985). Pogonatum dentatum is distinguished by the rectangular, flat-topped marginal cells of the lamellae in section, compared with the rounded marginal cells of P. urnigerum, with a broadly convex distal wall. The short, mostly unbranched stems, stout, hooked teeth of the leaf margins, and deeply dissected peristome will also serve to distinguish this species in the field. Caducous-leaved forms are frequent in the Arctic. In Nunavut, it is known from Ellesmere Island.
" 1338 general 1303041 "Sphagnum alaskense" "Plants moderate-sized to robust, ± weak-stemmed and compact, capitulum conspicuously large and flat-topped; pinkish brown to red-brown; compact low hummocks and hummock sides. Stems brown, superficial cortical layer with spiral reinforcing fibrils lacking or faint, usually 2 or more pores per cell, comb-fibrils lacking on interior wall. Stem leaves to 1.7 × 1.2 mm; rarely hemiisophyllous; hyaline cells nonseptate to occasionally septate, comb-lamellae absent. Branches long and tapering. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented, no or weak funnel-like projections on the interior end walls, often with large round pores on the superficial wall. Branch leaves broadly ovate, to 3 × 2.3 mm; hyaline cells on proximal half of convex surface with elliptical pores along the commissures, often with ridges running parallel to long leaf axis on hyaline cell surface overlying chlorophyllous cells; chlorophyllous cells elliptical and just enclosed on both surfaces in transverse section; end walls not thickened. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule not seen. Spores unknown.
Sphagnum alaskense most resembles S. magellanicum and S. centrale in its chorophyll cell cross section. The cross section characteristic is most similar to that of S. centrale but S. alaskense lacks thickened walls. Sphagnum alaskense also apparently does not have any range overlap with S. centrale, the latter being more of a boreal forest species. Sphagnum alaskense occurs in more open and less mineral rich sites near the coast. Sphagnum magellanicum has more well-enclosed chlorophyll cells and usually has some purplish coloration, whereas S. alaskense often has a quite distinctive pinkish brown color which, along with its often large flattened capitula, can give it a distinctive look in the field.
" 1347 general 1123262 "Tortula hoppeana" "Leaves ovate to oblong, apex broadly acute or occasionally rounded, apiculate or short- to long-mucronate, occasionally short-awned, margins recurved in middle 2/3 of leaf or occasionally almost plane, not or very weakly bordered distally with ca. 2 rows of rhomboid, less papillose cells; costa subpercurrent, percurrent or excurrent, lacking an adaxial pad of cells, distally narrow, 2-3 cells across the convex adaxial surface; distal laminal cells hexagonal, 15-20 µm wide, 1:1, densely papillose with several 2-fid papillae. Sexual condition autoicous. Sporophytes exerted. Seta 0.9-1.2(-1.9) cm. Capsule stegocarpic, rarely systylius, cylindric, erect and nearly straight, urn 1.5-2(-2.8) mm; peristome (150-)300-350 length µm, teeth 16, usually not twisted, divided to near the base or perforate basally, the teeth often basally fused in 2s or 4s, basal membrane very low; operculum 0.7-1 mm. Spores ca. 20-23(-25) µm, spheric or elliptic, densely papillose.
Care must be taken to not be confused by recent nomenclatural changes involving the epithet “latifolia” in the Pottioideae. Pottia latifolia is now to be found in Stegonia; Desmatodon latifolius is now Tortula hoppeana; Tortula latifolia is now Syntrichia latifolia. The strong 2-fid laminal papillae of Tortula hoppeana are distinctive, contributing to a crenulate leaf margin at the apex, which is surmounted, excepting specimens with muticous leaves, by a narrow, long mucro of smooth, clear, elongate cells. This is a very common species in subalpine and alpine areas, and in tundra. The present treatment agrees with modern perception (L. E. Anderson et al. 1990; M. J. Cano et al. 2006) that the muticous-leaved variant, which has much the same distribution as the piliferous expression, is not worth recognizing. The peristome teeth are essentially 16 but are commonly paired or in larger groups. Like T. cernua, T. laureri, T. leucostoma, T. obtusifolia, and T. systylia, this species has a capsule mainly maturing in summer, a feature supporting recognition of the group under the name Desmatodon, but possibly at only the subgenus level.
" 1348 general 1123249 "Tortula guepinii" "Leaves ovate to short-elliptic, apex broadly acute, awned, margins recurved in mid 4/5 of leaf, usually bordered distally with 2-4 rows of smooth or less papillose, some-what thicker-walled cells; costa excurrent in the awn, lacking an adaxial pad of cells, distally narrow, 2-4 cells across the convex adaxial surface; distal laminal cells hexagonal, 16-19 µm wide, 1:1, papillose with 4-6 1- to 2-fid papillae. Sexual condition autoicous. Sporophytes exerted. Seta 0.7-0.8 cm. Capsule stegocarpic, not systylius, cylindric, erect and nearly straight, urn 1.2-1.4 mm; peristome ca. 500 µm, of 16 teeth, weakly twisted, divided to below the middle, basal membrane to 75 µm high; operculum ca. 0.8 mm. Spores 13-18 µm, spheric, papillose.
Tortula guepinii resembles T. hoppeana of montane and subarctic distribution in North America and elsewhere, but it is smaller, with leaves less than 2 mm, and cells of the leaf margin are distinctly less papillose at the apex. Tortula plinthobia of the southeastern and southwestern United States has distal laminal cells only 10-13 µm wide.
" 1353 general 1118764 "Polytrichastrum alpinum" "Plants very variable in size, small to robust, dull green or brownish green, reddish with age, in loose or compact tufts. Stems (1-)4-6(-14) cm, densely leafy above, often leafless and thread-like below, simple or sparingly to fasciculately branched. Leaves (4-)5-8(-19) mm, loosely to densely imbricate, erect-spreading and subtubulose when dry, erect-spreading to widely spreading when moist; sheath ± nitid, elliptic to obovate, with tapering shoulders (in var. fragile contracted above the sheath and the blade caducous), broadly hyaline-margined; blade linear-lanceolate, the apex narrowly acute to finely acuminate; marginal lamina 2-5 cells wide, erect, coarsely serrate with multicellular teeth, distantly serrulate to subentire; costa excurrent, ending in a short, brownish, toothed awn; lamellae 5-8 cells high, entire in profile, the marginal cells with the free wall appearing greatly thickened, the marginal cells in section enlarged, yellowish to dark brown, ovate to narrowly ovate, the lateral walls strongly thickened, the lumen narrowly pentagonal and pointed at the apex, coarsely papillose; median cells of sheath 40-60(-80) × 6-12 µm, elongate-rectangular, thin-walled; cells of the marginal lamina 10-15 µm, subquadrate, sometimes transversely elongate; perichaetial leaves scarcely longer than the stem leaves. Seta (1-)3-5 cm, brownish. Capsule various, (1.5-)3-5(-8) mm, terete, narrowly cylindric to oblong-cylindric and curved, ovate-cylindric, or ovoid to almost spherical, suberect to inclined to almost horizontal; hypophysis tapering, rugose, with numerous conspicuous stomata in a broad basal band; exothecial cells irregularly rectangular, not bulging or mammillose, thin spots absent, rather thick-walled; peristome 600 µm (teeth 150-250 µm), divided to 0.6-0.75, the teeth 45-50, with some teeth irregularly developed and unequal, pale to somewhat darker in the median line. Spores 14-20 µm.
Varieties 8 (4 in the flora): widely distributed in northern North America, and throughout cool temperate and boreal latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, s temperate South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia, Antarctica.
Polytrichastrum alpinum is highly variable in habit and plant size, dentition of the leaves, and capsule shape. However, all forms of the species are easily recognized by the entire-margined, coarsely papillose lamellae and terete capsules with smooth, non-pitted exothecial cells. The marginal cells of the lamellae in section are distinctive in shape and wall thickening, elegantly described by A. J. E. Smith (2004) as “strawberry-shaped.” The wall thickenings extend down the lateral walls, so that in profile the free margin appears to be much thicker-walled and the lumen more restricted than is actually the case. The marginal cells of P. sexangulare are similar in shape and wall thickening, but smooth. The only North American taxa of Polytrichaceae likely to be confused with P. alpinum when sterile are Meiotrichum lyallii and Pogonatum urnigerum. In P. urnigerum the marginal cells of the lamellae are shorter and broader at the apex with a pentagonal lumen; in M. lyallii the marginal cells seen in profile are irregularly striate and pitted rather than papillose.
" 1355 general 1118765 "Polytrichastrum longisetum" "Plants medium to large, mostly unbranched, dark green, in loose tufts. Stems 2-5(-10) cm. Leaves 5-10 mm, somewhat contorted and flexuose when dry, spreading-recurved when moist; sheath short, oblong, yellowish (in what has been known as Polytrichum gracile var. anomalum) weakly differentiated and tapering to the blade, hyaline margined, the hinge-tissue often not well developed; blade narrowly lanceolate; marginal lamina typically broad and often somewhat inflexed, 5-9(-12) cells wide (to 20 cells wide in var. anomalum), plane to erect, sharply toothed nearly to the sheath, the teeth composed of a single, elongate tooth cell, or at times less strongly toothed to denticulate; costa excurrent, ending in a short awn; lamellae in profile entire or finely serrulate, 3-7 cells high, the marginal cells in section ovate to elliptic, scarcely enlarged, usually taller than wide, sometimes slightly thicker-walled, smooth; sheath cells short- rectangular, (30-)40-60 × 14-18 µm (ca. 3-4:1); cells of the marginal lamina 15-18 µm (larger in var. anomalum), quadrate to transversely elongate; perichaetial leaves similar to the vegetative leaves or slightly larger. Seta 4-7 cm tall, typically exceeding the leafy shoots in length, yellowish, reddish brown below. Capsule 3-5 mm, slender to ovoid, (4-)5-6-angled, yellowish brown; hypophysis cylindric, narrower than the urn; exothecium smooth, the cells irregularly rectangular, not bulging, without thin spots; peristome pale, 400-600 µm, divided to 0.8, the teeth ca. 50, somewhat irregular in size and shape, rather slender. Spores 18-28 µm.
Polytrichastrum longisetum is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species, and is also found in the Southern Hemisphere. In northern Europe, the species occurs on well-drained acidic soil in heaths and moorlands, also in woods; the seta is often conspicuously longer than the leafy shoots (whence the name), and the capsules broadly ovoid, widest below the middle. As represented in eastern North America, P. longisetum is similar in habit and habitat to P. formosum var. densifolium and P. pallidisetum, but differs in the less strongly differentiated leaf sheath, short-rectangular sheath cells, and broad marginal lamina. Both P. formosum and P. longisetum have the marginal cells of the lamellae scarcely differentiated, in profile entire to finely serrulate by the projecting leading angles of the marginal cells; in P. pallidisetum the lamellae are crenulate in profile, and the marginal cells in cross-section broadened, flat-topped to shallowly retuse. Specimens identified as Polytrichum gracile var. anomalum, found in the wettest habitats, even submerged, are sometimes startlingly Atrichum-like in appearance. The leaf sheath is weakly developed and scarcely broader than the blade, the 1-stratose lamina is up to 20 cells wide, and the lamellae are few in number and confined to the median portion of the blade.
" 1356 general 1119441 "Polytrichastrum ohioense" "Plants moderately robust, dark-green to brown plants in loose tufts. Stems 1.5-3(-6) cm high, usually unbranched, sparsely radiculose at or near the base. Leaves 6-10 mm, erect and loosely appressed with recurved tips when dry, spreading and broadly recurved when moist; sheath ovoid, hyaline-margined, golden brown, contracted to the blade, the cells at the shoulders forming a differentiated hinge; blade long-lanceolate, coarsely toothed at least in distal 2/3, acuminate, ending in a short, reddish, toothed awn; costa shortly excurrent, sparsely toothed abaxially near the tip; marginal lamina 1-stratose, narrow, mostly erect; lamellae 6-7 cells high, entire in side view, with nearly straight sides when viewed from above, the terminal cells in section rounded or more often transversely elliptical, ± flat-topped, with a much smaller lumen than the others and the free wall conspicuously thickened, often brownish, smooth, sometimes finely striate-papillose; sheath cells 40-50 × 16-20 µm (3:1); cells of marginal lamina 12-15 µm, subquadrate; perichaetial leaves with long, sheathing bases and conspicuous golden yellow awns. Seta 2-9 cm, stout, yellowish, much longer than the leafy shoots. Capsule 3-5 mm, pale brown, suberect to strongly inclined, 4-angled; hypophysis cylindric but not sharply delimited; exothecial cells not bulging or mammillose, without a central thin spot; stomata numerous, on the distal part of the hypophysis; peristome 300 µm, divided to 0.6, the teeth ca. 50, pale brown. Spores 11-14 µm.
Polytrichastrum ohioense is endemic to eastern North America, and is common in the Appalachian mixed oak (formerly oak-chestnut) forest, the oak-hickory forest of the interior United States (to eastern Kansas and Oklahoma), the oak-pine forests of the Atlantic coastal plain, and the maple-beech forest in Indiana, Ohio, southern Michigan, and Ontario. At higher elevations and in more northerly latitudes in coniferous forests, it is replaced by P. pallidisetum. An isolated population of P. ohioense occurs in a wooded canyon in the San Andres Mountains, northeast of Las Cruces, New Mexico. In the field, P. ohioense has a distinctive appearance. The seta typically far exceeds the leafy shoots in length, and the perichaetial leaves have conspicuous rough, golden yellow awns. The transversely elliptical, thick-walled marginal cells of the lamellae are also unique to this species. In side view the lamellae are entire, and the lumen greatly restricted. In P. pallidisetum the terminal cells of the lamellae are flat-topped to shallowly retuse, and in side view the lamellae are crenulate, their marginal cells not notably thick-walled.
" 1358 general 547050 "Rhododendron groenlandicum" "Shrubs, 0.2-1.5 m, rhizomatous. Stems erect and/or prostrate; bark smooth, sometimes peeling or shredding with age; twigs unicellular-hairy and with flattened, glandular scales, scales often obscured by dense, ferruginous, long-crisped, unbranched, multicellular hairs. Leaves persistent, (fragrant when crushed); petiole with unicellular and/or peltate scales and sometimes ferruginous, long-crisped, multicellular hairs; blade ovate-lanceolate, sometimes narrowly elliptic to linear, 2-5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, coriaceous, margins entire, weakly to strongly revolute, glabrous, apex acute, abaxial surface with sparse to dense glandular-peltate scales without broad rim, scales often obscured by dense (to sparse), ± even covering of ferruginous, long-crisped, un-branched, multicellular, eglandular hairs usually concealing midvein, adaxial surface ± rugose with scattered, lepidote scales and sometimes also unicellular-hairy along sometimes impressed midrib. Floral bud scales with lepidote scales, unicellular-hairy abaxially, margins unicellular-hairy. Inflorescences slightly rounded, 10-35-flowered; bracts densely lepidote, sometimes with long-crisped hairs abaxially, margins ciliate, hairs long-crisped. Pedicels 12-25 mm, with unicellular and/or glandular-peltate scales, sometimes multicellular-hairy (hairs ferruginous, long-crisped). Flowers radially symmetric, opening after leaves (of flowering shoots), ± erect, not fragrant; calyx lobes ca. 1-1.5 mm, outer surface densely to sparsely unicellular-hairy (hairs tan) and multicellular stipitate-glandular-hairy (hairs red) on margins; corolla white to cream, without blotch, ± rotate, 2-8 mm, inner surface densely unicellular- hairy, petals appearing distinct or only slightly connate basally, lobes 5-7 mm; stamens (5-)8(-10), exserted, ± equal, 3.8-9.5(-11) mm; filaments glabrous or proximally unicellular-hairy. Capsules borne on broadly recurved pedicels, 3-5.5 × 4-6 mm (slightly longer than wide), with sparse, lepidote scales, sometimes also long-crisped-hairy, acropetally dehiscent. Seeds somewhat elongated beyond narrow ends; testa closely appressed. 2n = 26.
Rhododendron groenlandicum, R. columbianum, and R. tomentosum customarily have been placed in the genus Ledum. Ledum is here considered to be a subsection of Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron (as subsect. Ledum), a placement supported by the presence in these species of comparable complex, multicellular, glandular, peltate scales and phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data. The glandular scales of species of subsect. Ledum lack the radiating, broad-rimmed fringe-cells found in some members of subg. Rhododendron (and characteristic of R. minus and R. lapponicum) but are essentially identical to those of species of subsect. Edgeworthia, e.g., R. pendulum (see K. A. Kron and W. S. Judd 1990). More than 500 species of subg. Rhododendron occur in tropical and temperate eastern Asia (J. Cullen 1980; D. F. Chamberlain et al. 1996).
" 1372 general 543205 "Kalmia microphylla" "Shrubs spreading to erect, 0.05-0.8 m. Twigs terete or slightly 2-angled proximal to node, viscid, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Leaves opposite; petiole absent or 0.1-2 mm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate or oval to broadly elliptic or lanceolate, 1.5-4 × 0.3-1.2(-1.8) cm, margins plane to slightly revolute, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial surface puberulent, adaxial glabrous or sparsely puberulent towards base, midribs of both surfaces without purple, stipitate trichomes. Pedicels 10-30 mm. Inflorescences solitary flowers or terminal, corymbiform racemes, (3-)6-12-flowered. Flowers: sepals light pink, pink, or light green, ovate, 2.7-3.6 mm, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous, margins ciliate; petals connate ca. 1/2 their lengths, usually rose-purple, rarely white, 7-9 × 8-20 mm, glabrous, puberulent near base abaxially; filaments 3-4.5 mm; style 4.5-7 mm. Capsules 5-locular, 3.5-6 × 4-7 mm, glabrous. Seeds winged, oblong, 0.5-1.4 mm. 2n = 24.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): n, w North America.
Kalmia microphylla is highly variable and has been treated as two species (J. K. Small 1914), two subspecies (R. L. Taylor and B. MacBryde 1978), or two varieties (J. E. Ebinger 1974). A flavonoid study (S. Liu 1993) indicated that the Pacific lowland (from Washington to Alaska) var. occidentalis populations are hardly separable from the alpine var. microphylla populations. The flavonoid data cited in support of combining K. microphylla and K. occidentalis are unpublished and impossible to judge. In any case, one would not expect varieties to necessarily differ chemically; the morphological and ecological differences seem sufficient.
The two varieties of Kalmia microphylla are generally distinct; var. microphylla is common in alpine meadows of western North America from California through the Rocky Mountains into northern Canada and Alaska. The elevations at which it is found range from an average 2500 meters (1500-3500 m) in California to an average 1700 meters (900-2200 m) in Alberta, British Columbia, and Washington. Variety occidentalis, in contrast, is always encountered growing below 900 meters, being common in coastal areas and islands off the coast of Alaska and British Columbia. These two varieties are known to hybridize (J. E. Ebinger 1974), and the hybrids are highly fertile and set large quantities of viable seed (R. A. Jaynes 1988).
Plants small, soft, fairly weak-stemmed; pale green to pale yellow brown; capitulum not 5-radiate or only weakly so, may be tinged with red; loose to somewhat compact. Stems pale green to pink; superficial cortex of undifferentiated. Stem leaves 0.7-1 mm (to 1.2 mm in hemiisophyllous forms) elongate-triangular to triangular-lingulate, apex obtuse-erose, to apiculate; usually fibrillose at least apically; in hemiisophyllous forms spreading and in anisophyllous forms appressed; hyaline cells often septate at base. Branches moderately long and tapering, unranked to weakly 5-ranked, leaves not much elongated at distal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2-3 pendent branches. Branch stem cortex enlarged and with conspicuous retort cells. Branch leaves 1-1.7 mm, ovate-lanceolate, undulate and recurved when dry; hyaline cells on convex surface with 3-10 round pores per cell in the cell angles and free, on concave surface with round wall thinnings in the ends and angles. Sexual condition unknown. Spores not seen.
Sporophytes are unknown in Sphagnum rubroflexuosum. Compared to the closely related S. flexuosum, this species is paler and may have a reddish stem. Otherwise, identification must be made microscopically on the basis of branch leaf porosity. Although we have not seen this species in the field, it should be separable from S. majus, the only other large, aquatic species of sect. Cuspidata, in its range by traits of stem leaves and its color. Sphagnum majus is also typically a much darker brown.
" 1389 general 1302100 "Sphagnum trinitense" "Plants moderate-sized, slender and weak-stemmed, green to pale yellow; flaccid and plumose in aquatic forms to more compact and sprawling in emergent forms; green to pale yellow; capitulum not especially enlarged and differentiated. Stems green; superficial cortex of undifferentiated or slightly differentiated cells. Stem leaves ovate-triangular to triangular, 1-1.6 mm; appressed to spreading; apex acute to slightly obtuse; hyaline cells often fibrillose and often 1-septate. Branches straight and unranked, in capitulum tapering at distal end to a point, leaves greatly elongated at distal end. Branch stems green, cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort cells. Branch leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 2-3.5 mm; straight, undulate and slightly recurved when dry; margin serrulate; hyaline cells on convex surface with 0-1 small pores at cell apex on concave surface with round wall thinnings in cell angles (often indistinct or lacking); chlorophyllous cells trapezoidal in transverse section and exposed more broadly on the convex surface. Sexual condition monoicous. Spores 26-40 µm; ± roughly to densely granulose.
Sporophytes are common in Sphagnum trinitense, which can often be distinguished from S. cuspidatum in the field by the appearance of its branches when wet. In this state the branches of S. trinitense just below the capitulum resemble a fine paintbrush drawn out to a pointed tip. See also discussion under 29. S. fitzgeraldii and 39. S. mississippiense. Spore features are taken from H. A. Crum (1984).
" 1390 general 1301661 "Sphagnum carolinianum" "Plants moderate to large, erect to floating, green to dark brown; capitulum large, well defined and flat-topped. Stems typically light green but grading to dark brown; superficial cortex of 2-3 layers of enlarged, thin-walled cells. Stem leaves lingulate to lingulate-triangular, 0.7-1.5 mm (to 3 mm in isophyllous forms), apex erose; hyaline cells mostly 1-septate but in a few cells with 2-3 parallel septations, efibrillose to fibrillose throughout, pores present in hemiisophyllous and isophyllous forms. Branches straight to somewhat curved, with spreading leaves. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent in emergent forms, these reduced in aquatic forms to 2 per fascicle. Branch leaves variable, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.3-5 mm; straight, hyaline cells on the convex surface with 4-8 µm round to elliptic pores in nearly continuous rows along the commissures, the concave surface aporose or with some porosity as on the convex surface. Sexual condition unknown. Capsule not seen. Spores not seen.
The sporophytes of Sphagnum carolinianum are unknown. In its apparent restriction to the coastal plain, this species is most similar distributionally to such species as S. macrophyllum, S. fitzgeraldii, and S. tenerum. When forming carpets, S. carolinianum macrospically most resembles S. atlanticum but its branch leaves are not as elongate as those of the latter and its stem leaves have a much more obtuse apex. When growing aquatically, S. caroliniaum can resemble S. cribrosum, but in the latter species the hanging branches are not different from the spreading branches and may even be lacking.
" 1391 general 1302024 "Sphagnum lescurii" "Plants moderate-sized to robust; upright, prostrate, or aquatic; green, pale yellow, golden brown, dark brown, tinged with red in exposed sites and purplish in aquatic forms; capitulum rounded and often strongly twisted. Stems pale green to brown, darker in aquatic forms; superficial cortex of 1 layer of enlarged, thin-walled cells. Stem leaves lingulate to ovate-lingulate, 1.3-2 mm; apex truncate to rounded, usually denticulate; hyaline cells typically fibrillose for 1/2 of leaf or more, often 1-2-septate, convex surface with 4-12 or more pores per cell along the commissures, concave surface with fewer pores. Branches usually curving, often large and tumid. Branch fascicles with 2(rarely 3) spreading and 1-2(-3) pendent branches. Branch leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.3-2.5 mm, greatly elongated in aquatic forms, straight or infrequently subsecund or subsquarrose; hyaline cells with 10-22 pores along the commissures on the convex surface, no or fewer pores per cell (1-8) on the concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule exserted, with few pseudostomata. Spores 27-34 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces, with distinct raised Y-mark sculpture (indistinctly bifurcated Y-mark) on the distal surface; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius.
Sporophytes are uncommon in Sphagnum lescurii, which may be the most phenotypically variable of all the North American Sphagnum species, and quite probably deserves some taxonomic splitting. The tremendous phenotypic plasticity of this species, however, makes it quite difficult to sort out the genotypic component of variability, and thus most sphagnologists since Warnstorf have avoided the temptation of splitting and have instead treated this as one very variable species. This is the approach maintained in this treatment. We have also chosen not to use the earlier name S. denticulatum because its type is a phenotypic morphotype not clearly assignable to the current concept of either S. auriculatum or S. lescurii (K. I. Flatberg, pers. comm.). Some of the American material assignable to S. lescurii is quite likely the same as the European species S. auriculatum, but much of our material is certainly not the same. Until more definitive data are available, we have chosen to continue to use the name S. lescurii. The large stem leaf will generally distinguish this from similar species of sect. Subsecunda. See also discussion under 55. S. inundatum and 61. S. platyphyllum.
The names Sphagnum alabamae Warnstorf, S. aquatile Warnstorf, S. obesum (Wilson) Warnstorf, S. rufescens (Nees & Hornschuch) Warnstorf, and S. turgidulum Warnstorf also have been applied to this taxon.
Plants moderately robust, capitulum distinct and flat-topped; golden brown, brown or dark-brown, less commonly variegated green and brown, without metallic luster when dry. Stems pale to yellowish brown; most superficial cortical cells aporose, but a few with a single oval pore at the distal end of the cell. Stem leaves narrowly to broadly lingulate or sometimes lingulate-spatulate, (1.1-)1.2-1.4(-1.6) mm; apex broadly obtuse to obtuse-truncate and more or less fimbriate-lacerately resorbed, border in distal half narrow and often indistinct, in proximal half widened and filling up 1/3-1/2(-2/3) of the breadth at the base; hyaline cells broadly S-shaped to rhombic S-shaped, predominantly nonseptate but a few cells are 1-3-septate; efibrillose. Branches unranked, terete. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 1 pendent branch. Branch leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (1.1-)1.4-1.8(-2.1) mm, slightly concave, straight to slightly subsecund; apex involute; border entire; hyaline cells on convex surface with (5-)8-10(-12) semicircular to elliptical, ringed pores along the commissures, concave surface aporose or infrequently with 1-2 pores per cell in the distal portion of the cell, more numerous along leaf margins. Sexual condition unknown. Spores not seen.
Sporophytes are uncommon in Sphagnum arcticum. All collections of this fairly common species have been made north of 59° N latitude in wet or moist tundra vegetation. In its typical dark brown color, this species is often quite distinctive in the field. Sphagnum fuscum is smaller, not as dark, and its stem leaves are not as truncate-lacerate. Sphagnum subfulvum has a glossy sheen, which S. arcticum lacks, and its stem leaf has an obtuse but not lacerate apex.
" 1396 general 1301896 "Sphagnum bartlettianum" "Plants ± moderate-sized, capitula flat-topped and stellate to some-what hemispherical; variegated pale yellowish and red, sometimes partially green or completely red; without metallic lustre when dry. Stems pale yellow to red; superficial cortical cells aporose. Stem leaves narrowly lingulate-triangular, 1.2-1.8 mm, apex acute to apiculate, border not developed much along margins and narrow at base (occupying less than 0.25 the width of the base); hyaline cells rhombic, mostly 0-1-septate. Branches usually strongly 5-ranked. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 1-2 pendent branches. Branch leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 1.2-1.5 mm, concave, straight, apex strongly involute, border entire, hyaline cells on convex surface with 3-9 faintly ringed rounded-elliptic pores along the commissures often quite small apically, largely aporose on concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 19-28 µm; coarsely papillose on both surfaces with a distinct ridged border around perimeter of proximal surface; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius.
Sporophytes are not common in Sphagnum bartlettianum. Confusion is most likely with S. rubellum, with which it frequently co-occurs in the northern part of its range. The ecology is poorly understood due to taxonomic confusion with S. rubellum; the latter species, however, is more typical of boreal poor fens and bogs. Sphagnum bartlettianum has a narrower stem leaf with a distinctly pointed and even apiculate tip, whereas the stem leaf on S. rubellum is quite rounded. The branch leaves of S. bartlettianum are also narrower than those of S. rubellum and are never subsecund as in the latter. Sphagnum quinquefarium has shorter and wider stem leaves as well as often having 3 spreading branches per fascicle. Sphagnum wilfii can appear quite similar and it does overlap the range of S. bartlettianum in coastal British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. Sphagnum wilfii has a stem leaf that is triangular to triangular-lingulate in contrast to the narrowly lingulate-triangular stem leaf of S. bartlettianum.
" 1399 general 1301772 "Sphagnum subtile" "Plants small to moderate-sized, slender and stiff, capitulum ± rounded, rarely flat-topped or stellate; green to variegated red-green especially in new growth, capitulum, and antheridial branches, without metallic sheen when dry. Stems green to reddish, superficial cortical cells aporose. Stem leaves broad-triangular to triangular lingulate, 0.9-1.2 mm, apex acute to slightly rounded, border strongly broadened at base (more than 0.3 width); hyaline cells mostly 0-1-septate, S-shaped to rhomboid. Branches not 5-ranked. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent branches (rarely 1). Branch leaves 0.9-1.2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, 0.9-1.2 mm, concave, straight, apex involute; hyaline cells on convex surface with numerous round to elliptic pores along the commissures (4-8), grading from small pores near apex to large pores at leaf base, concave surface with large round pores in proximal portions of leaf. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 19-29 µm, finely papillose on proximal surface, more coarsely papillose on distal surface, conspicuous bifurcated Y-mark sculpture on distal surface; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius.
Sphagnum subtile forms small dense cushions and hummocks in damp coniferous forests and in the shaded portions of poor fens and ombrotrophic mires.
Sporophytes are common in Sphagnum subtile. Reports that the species is monoicous may be unreliable because of confusion with closely related species (C. B. McQueen 1989). Previous reports of this species from the west coast of North America are uncertain as well as are specimens from the interior of the continent (R. E. Andrus 1979) due to taxonomic confusion with Sphagnum capillifolium and S. rubellum (McQueen). However, this species is conspicuously distinct in gametophyte and spore morphology as well as niche. In the northern part of its range where it overlaps ecologically with S. quinquefarium, the three spreading branches of the latter will distinguish it from S. subtile. It should be noted that contrary to the opinion of H. A. Crum (1997), S. subtile does not occur throughout the range of S. capillifolium but in North America is found over only a portion of the latter’s eastern range, while being absent completely from its western range. See also discussion under 71. S. capillifolium.
Plants dark green to brownish, dull, forming hard tufts. Stems unbranched, erect, 0.5-1 mm, strongly radiculose. Leaves 0.5-4 mm, crisped and imbricate when dry, margins entire or weakly toothed with papillae, apex blunt, the most proximal leaves shorter than the most distal, laminal cells mammillose or papillose through most of lamima. Perichaetial leaves brownish when mature, with spinulose awn, lamina at awn base lacerate and membranaceous. Capsule broadly ovoid, (2-)3-4 mm, stomata phaneropore near capsule base; mature sporangium emergent from spreading perichaetium. Spores 6-8 µm.
In western North America, Diphyscium foliosum is terrestrial in tundra sites, often in blowouts; it is also found as humid perpendicular sods pendent from ledges and on rock in canyon walls; in eastern North America it is found on banks and horizontal surfaces in forests. The unique golf-tee-like protonemal flaps, which can be excavated from the rhizoids, are a distinctive family trait.
" 1405 general 607698 "Coscinodon calyptratus" "Plants 7-10 mm, olivaceous. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.4-2.4 × 0.4-0.7 mm, margins plane or one margin recurved at mid leaf, apex plane, awn 0.4-1.4 mm, lamina non-plicate; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular, 15-80 × 7-10 µm, evenly thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, 16-60 × 7-15 µm, thin or thick end walls and thin lateral walls; medial laminal cells 1-stratose; distal laminal cells 1-stratose. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta 1.4-2.4 mm. Capsule exserted, cylindric, commonly constricted at rim; peristome present, solid, xerocastique.
Coscinodon calyptratus is common and widespread in the dry interior mountain areas of western North America. To the east it is largely bounded by the front ranges of the Rocky Mountains and acidic outliers such as the Black Hills of South Dakota. Two disjunct sites in Wisconsin and Minnesota define the eastward extent of the species. It is not found along the west coast mountains. Specimens from central Asia and New Zealand attributed to this North American endemic by J. Muñoz (1998c) instead represent an undescribed species of Coscinodon and a Grimmia. The non-plicate, 1-stratose leaves with plane or one revolute margin, and exserted capsule clearly separate this species from all other North American Coscinodon. The autoicous sexual condition is unique in the genus but often difficult to ascertain on any particular specimen. This species is more commonly confused with G. longirostris (formerly G. affinis) than with any other Coscinodon. Both species are autoicous, have a similar robust habit, have leaves that are strongly keeled and may have recurved margins, and have long-exserted capsules. If fertile and with capsules, the species are easily distinguished, as C. calyptratus has large, plicate calyptra and has a thin-walled filmy annulus. In contrast, G. longirostris has smaller, smooth calyptra and a large, prominent annulus. Gametophytically, C. calyptratus has 1-stratose areolation across the distal and medial lamina except for a 2-stratose margin. Its basal cells tend to be evenly thin-walled. Grimmia longirostris has a 2-stratose distal lamina and a wide 2-stratose margin at mid leaf. Its basal cells tend to be thicker walled.
" 1425 general 607684 "Grimmia caespiticia" "Plants in dense flat mats, blue-green to black-green. Stems 0.5-1 cm, central strand weak. Leaves lanceolate from a broad base, 0.8-1.3 × 0.2-0.5 mm, keeled, weakly to rarely strongly plicate distally [often strongly plicate in Eurasian specimens], margins plane proximally, incurved distally, cucullate, awn 0.1-0.5 mm, often muticous, costal transverse section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells short- to long-rectangular, straight, thick transverse and thin lateral walls, not hyaline; medial laminal cells rounded-quadrate, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, bulging, marginal cells 2-stratose, bulging. Sexual condition dioicous, perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, 1.8-2.4 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, yellow, cylindric, exothecial cells short-rectangular, thin-walled, stomata present, annulus of 1 row of quadrate, thick-walled cells, operculum mammillate, peristome present, fully-developed, solid in distal half.
Grimmia caespiticia is an uncommon species that occurs on siliceous rock outcrops above timberline in western North America. J. Muñoz (1998b) reported the species on dry rock, but H. C. Greven (1995) cited it as being hygrophytic. Hastings has observed specimens most commonly in moist areas, but occasionally also on dry rock. Grimmia caespiticia does not occupy sites as extreme as those of G. sessitana, being found at somewhat lower latitude and elevations. Except for a single site in New York state, it is not known from east of the front ranges of Colorado. Grimmia caespiticia and G. elongata are the only members of the Montanae group (in the sense of Muñoz) to be both dioicous and have stomata. Grimmia caespiticia typically has a cucullate leaf apex, a feature unknown in other members of the Montanae group and very rare in Grimmia. For most North American specimens, the cucullate apex is more easily seen than are the leaf plications. While usually present, the plications are often not evident except in transverse section. Eurasian specimens typically have, however, strongly developed plications. Most specimens of G. caespiticia have been misidentified as G. alpestris. These two species are similar in habit, have ovate leaves with incurved margins, may have bulging laminal cells, and are dioicous. However, G. caespiticia has stomata while G. alpestris has none. If a specimen has a cucullate leaf apex and/or the plications are well-developed in transverse section then it is most certainly G. caespiticia.
Grimmia caespiticia may also be confused with G. sessitana. These species are both found above timberline and both have bulging laminal cells and capsules with stomata. However, the incurved leaf margins, cucullate apex, and quadrate to short-rectangular basal areolation of G. caespiticia are quite different from the plane to recurved leaf margins with long-rectangular basal areolation typical of G. sessitana. Although the type specimen of G. alpestris var. holzingeri lacks capsules, gametophytically it is indistinguishable from muticous specimens of G. caespiticia. Specimens of var. holzingeri with capsules have been collected near the type locality and these specimens have stomata. Rather than accepting that G. alpestris may have stomata (in the sense of E. Lawton 1971), Hastings places var. holzingeri within the concept of G. caespiticia. In 1890, Kindberg described G. nivalis based on a specimen collected by J. Macoun at a high elevation site in southern British Columbia. This taxon is similar to G. caespiticia, differing mainly by having papillae on the leaf lamina. Having examined the type and other material of G. nivalis, Hastings interprets these features to be merely the remnants of laminal cell walls; the exterior surface of the strongly bulging cell wall has been worn away by the elements. H. C. Greven (2003) believed that the somewhat longer awns and weak plications of G. nivalis fit well with European specimens of G. pyrenaica, a taxon that has also been put in synonymy with G. caespiticia. Therefore, we place G. nivalis in synonymy with G. caespiticia.
Plants in compact cushions, yellow-green to dark olivaceous. Stems 1-3 cm, central strand strong. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-3 × 0.6-0.7 mm, keeled, one margin recurved proximally, not sheathing, awn 0.5-1.5 mm, costal transverse section prominent, reniform; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular to linear, sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells short-rectangular, straight, with thick transverse and thin lateral walls, hyaline; medial laminal cells short-rectangular, sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, not bulging, marginal cells 2-stratose, not bulging. Sexual condition cladautoicous, perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta straight, (1-)2-4 mm. Capsule usually present, (emergent to) exserted, yellow, oblong-ovoid to cylindric, exothecial cells short- to long-rectangular, thin-walled, stomata present in 2-3 rows, annulus of 2 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, operculum long-rostrate, peristome present, fully-developed, split and perforate in distal half.
Grimmia longirostris is one of the most common species of the genus. It is most common in the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, ranging from western Texas through the Canadian Rockies, and throughout much of Alaska. It is widely distributed in the Canadian sub-Arctic and Arctic, and is known from Greenland. With the exception of disjunct sites in Oklahoma and North Carolina, it is absent in the American Great Plains and Southeast. These latter areas are largely composed of calcareous rocks, a substrate avoided by G. longirostris. It is rare in coastal areas, becoming more common inland.
As Grimmia affinis, G. longirostris has commonly been placed as a subspecies of G. ovalis. Despite G. Sayre’s (1951) resolution of the differences between these taxa, a large proportion of specimens in major herbaria in North America that are named G. ovalis are actually G. longirostris. However, G. ovalis is dioicous and has leaves with plane margins that are broadly concave distally, usually with a distinct ovate base and well-defined shoulders. In contrast, G. longirostris is autoicous, and has leaves with one recurved margin, that are narrowly keeled distally, with a poorly defined basal region, often without a distinct shoulder. These characters clearly separate these two taxa at the specific level. Hastings puts G. longirostris into a group that also includes G. arizonae and G. pilifera. Grimmia longirostris is separated from those two species by non-sheathing leaf bases, usually long-exserted capsules, and cladautiocous sexuality. Grimmia longirostris is further separated from G. pilifera by having a stem with a distinct central strand and a thin epidermis, a costal transverse section that is typically reniform, and leaves that are recurved on only one margin. Rare specimens of G. longirostris with immersed capsules in the American Southwest may be almost indistinguishable from G. arizonae. In extremely xeric environments, specimens become friable and break into individual strands, making determination of the cladautiocous sexuality impossible. In these circumstances identification will always be uncertain. However, the leaves of G. longirostris are not sheathing; they are only loosely attached to the stem and usually can be peeled off intact. In contrast, the leaves of G. arizonae are sheathing and strongly attached to the stem; they often break at the base when trying to remove them. The costal transverse sections of G. longirostris are characteristically reniform (J. Muñoz 1998) while those of G. arizonae are usually semicircular. However, gradations from semicircular to reniform are not uncommon.
Plants in flat patches, dark green to brownish black. Stems 1-2 cm. Leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate from an ovate base, 2-3 × 0.4-0.8 mm, both margins incurved, intermarginal bands absent, awn 0.1-0.5 mm, not decurrent, acute, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thick lateral walls, green; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate, straight, thick transverse and thin lateral walls, green, hyaline; medial laminal cells quadrate, slightly thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-4 stratose, rounded, thick-walled. Perichaetial leaves not enlarged. Seta sigmoid, 3-4 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, brown, oblong-ovoid, exothecial cells short-rectangular, thin-walled, stomata present, annulus of 2-3 rows of rectangular, thick-walled cells, operculum long-rostrate, peristome perforate in distal half, split in distal half. Calyptra cucullate.
Grimmia olneyi is endemic to eastern North America, with its center of distribution along the Appalachians from the New England states to North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. A disjunct population occurs on the Ozark Plateau of Missouri and Arkansas. Unlike G. unicolor, G. olneyi is tolerant of calcareous rocks and is able to occupy drier sites. Because of its sigmoid seta and somewhat wrinkled capsule, it is usually placed in subg. Rhabdogrimmia. However, the seta of G. olneyi is usually only somewhat sigmoid and is rarely arcuate. Further, its capsules only become wrinkled when dry, whereas the members of subg. Rhabdogrimmia typically have plicate capsules whether dry or turgid. In fact, specimens of G. olneyi are most commonly misidentified as either G. ovalis or G. laevigata, in subg. Litoneuron. The seta and capsule of G. olneyi are at the extremes of both subgenera. However, the general habit of the plants and their leaf structure suggests a close relationship with G. ovalis and G. unicolor.
Grimmia olneyi and G. laevigata have broadly overlapping distributions in eastern North America, where many specimens of G. olneyi have been misidentified as G. laevigata. Typical specimens of G. olneyi are readily separated from G. laevigata. However, some leaves on a stem of G. laevigata may have defined ovate bases with narrowly decurrent awns. These specimens will resemble G. olneyi. However, the costa of G. olneyi is always narrow at the base, while that of G. laevigata becomes broad at the base, occupying up to 1/3 of the lamina, and the costa grades gradually into the basal laminal cells. Furthermore, G. olneyi has quadrate to short-rectangular basal juxtacostal cells, while those of G. laevigata are elongate, almost resembling costal cells. Grimmia olneyi most closely resembles G. ovalis. Both have ovate lanceolate leaves from an ovate base, with a narrow distal lamina that is channelled, ending in a narrowly attached, long and toothed awn. The costa is narrow proximally in both species. However, they are otherwise quite distinct. Aside from the sigmoid seta and slightly wrinkled dry capsule of G. olneyi, its basal juxtacostal laminal cells are shorter and straighter than those of G. ovalis and its basal marginal cells are quadrate while those of G. ovalis are mostly rectangular. Geographical distribution has also been used to separate these species; H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) rejected all reports of G. ovalis from eastern North America. However, we have seen a number of specimens of it from there and conclude that geography alone is not a reliable basis on which to differentiate these species.
Plants in extremely hoary, compact glaucous cushions, brown inside. Stems 2-3 cm, central strand absent. Leaves loosely appressed to slightly contorted when dry, erectopatent when moist, lanceolate, 0.5-1 × 0.3-0.4 mm, keeled, margins narrowly recurved on both sides, awns 2-4 mm, smooth, flattened proximally, decurrent, costa weak, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxacostal laminal cells rectangular, straight to slightly sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate with thickened transverse walls; medial laminal cells short-rectangular, slightly sinuose, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose, margins 1-stratose. Gemmae absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta flexuose, 2 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, brownish, ovoid, wide-mouthed, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum conical, peristome teeth yellow, split and perforated distally, slightly papillose.
Grimmia brittoniae is an endemic of western Montana and northern Idaho. It was described by Williams based on a set of specimens that he collected near Columbia Falls. It grows in warm, dry but climatically moist valley-bottom or piedmont forests dominated by Douglas fir. It is distinctive and easily recognized in the field. The often extensive cushions found on rocky underhangs are a characteristic blue-green color when moist, cracking into polygonal patterns when dry. The extremely long awns at once separate it from all other species of the genus. Grimmia brittoniae can be confused only with small forms of G. funalis, which also may grow in compact hoary cushions that are glaucous green in the distal part and brown inside. J. Muñoz (2000) synonymized G. brittoniae with that species. H. C. Greven and T. Spribille (1999), however, had already demonstrated that in G. funalis the leaves are usually spirally curved, the distal areolation is 2-stratose, the proximal leaves are blackish with short awns, the margins are plane or recurved on one side, and the basal cells are linear, thick-walled, and sinuose. In addition, G. funalis is characterized by male plants growing in separate cushions, with muticous to very short-awned leaves. Male plants of G. brittoniae grow intermingled with female ones and can hardly be separated from them. Grimmia brittoniae is more closely related to G. orbicularis. The leaves of both species are similar. However, the awns of the latter are much shorter, it is autoicous, usually with capsules on arcuate setae, the peristome teeth are broad, cribrose, and irregularly cleft at the apex, and the operculum is mammillate. Although Williams originally described G. brittoniae as having concave leaves with plane, sometimes 2-stratose margins, the leaves are keeled distally, and the margins are narrowly recurved and only very rarely 2-stratose. The recurved margins, however, are only present in leaves still attached to the stems; once detached and pressed under a cover glass, the margins appear plane.
" 1432 general 607580 "Grimmia lisae" "Plants in dense to loose tufts, olivaceous, brownish to blackish proximally. Stems 1-4 cm, central strand present. Leaves erect and appressed when dry, recurved to squarrose when moist, broadly lanceolate, tapering to an acute apex, 1.5-2.5 × 0.4-0.6 mm, keeled, margins recurved on one or both sides, awns absent to rather long, stout and denticulate, costa reniform, projecting on dorsal side, median layer of stereids present; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular to occasionally elongate, straight to slightly sinuose, thin- to thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, thickened transverse walls; medial laminal cells oblate to rounded-quadrate, straight, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose with 2-stratose ridges, margins 2-stratose. Gemmae in clusters, multicellular, occasionally present in leaf axils. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta arcuate, 3-4.5 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, ovoid, brown, shiny, weakly striate, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum rostrate, peristome teeth orange, fully-developed to irregularly cleft at apex, papillose. Calyptra mitrate.
Grimmia lisae is a thermophilous species with a preference for subtropical coastal areas. In North America, it occurs along the west coast, from Vancouver Island south to Mexico. From that region, it has been described frequently as a new species. It is closely related to G. trichophylla, but is distinguished by somewhat shorter and broader leaves that are straight and appressed when dry and recurved to squarrose when moist, and by a reniform costa. Furthermore, it is characterized by a grass-green mid leaf areolation with small, rounded, frequently oblate cells with straight walls.
" 1434 general 607097 "Grimmia ramondii" "Plants in robust, loose, arched-ascending, readily disintegrating patches, brownish green distally, blackish proximally. Stems 5-10 cm, central strand absent. Leaves loosely appressed when dry, patent when moist, broadly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to an acute, slightly toothed apex, 2-3 × 0.4-0.6 mm, keeled, margins recurved on both sides, awns absent, costa stout, with two abaxial lamellae (or wings) forming parallel ridges along its length; basal juxtacostal laminal cells yellow, linear, sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, slightly thick-walled; medial laminal cells quadrate to rectangular, sinuous, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 1-stratose, margins 2-stratose. Gemmae absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta cygneous to arcuate at maturity, flexuose when old, 3-5 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, obloid, yellowish green to yellowish brown, plicate when empty, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum rostrate, peristome teeth purple, divided nearly to base into two partly adhering segments, papillose. Calyptra mitrate.
Grimmia ramondii occurs near sea level in arctic areas and along the West Coast. In the latter region, however, it is more common in mid-elevation montane sites and may also be found above the tree line. It differs from most Grimmia species by its lack of awns, winged costa, and tall, loose growth form. At first sight, G. ramondii has the habit of a Racomitrium. However, the sporophyte has an arcuate rather than straight seta, and the capsules are striate rather than smooth. Because of its habit and the absence of a central strand, K. G. Limpricht ([1885-]1890-1903, vol. 1) placed it, together with G. hartmanii and G. atrata, in Dryptodon, a genus intermediate between Grimmia and Racomitrium. There are many other Grimmia species, however, without a central strand, and G. hartmanii and G. atrata have already been removed from Dryptodon, so there is no reason to maintain that monotypic genus. Grimmia ramondii may be confused with G. hartmanii and G. elatior. However, the lack of awns, the Racomitrioideae-like areolation, and the distinct costal wings distinguish it easily from those species.
" 1436 general 1151115 "Ptychomitrium incurvum" "Plants small, cespitose, glossy, dark green. Stems erect, to 0.5 cm. Leaves crispate when dry, oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm; margins entire distally, erect proximally; apex cucullate to subcucullate. Specialized asexual reproduction rare, short-uniseriate or branched gemmae, several cells long, on branched axillary filaments. Seta 1 per perichaetium, 2-3 mm. Capsule ovoid, 0.75-1 mm, smooth or wrinkled when dry; peristome teeth perforate but mostly not divided, densely papillose. Calyptra lobes about one third length of calyptra.
The small dark green plants of Ptychomitrium incurvum are unmistakable growing on rock, with their glossy leaves tightly crispate when dry. The leaves are shorter than in P. sinense and are straight when wet, not somewhat falcate at the tips as is common in P. sinense. Sporophytes are very common in this moss and the old sporophytes persist for a long time. Sterile colonies of P. incurvum can be very reminiscent of Weissia controversa, but Ptychomitrium is more glossy; its leaves have smooth cells and without the strongly involute margins of Weissia.
" 1444 general 1296710 "Seligeria donniana" "Plants tiny, olive green. Leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, stoutly subulate from ovate base, narrowly obtuse; costae ending in apex, filling subula; margins serrulate; leaf cells (1-)2:1; perichaetial leaves somewhat larger, similar to vegetative leaves, not much differentiated. Seta 1.3-1.6 mm, straight to slightly flexuose, slender. Capsule hemispheric to turbinate, wider than long, widest at mouth only when old; peristome none, columella immersed. Spores 11-14 µm.
Frequent in the western Canadian mountains on calcareous cliffs, Seligeria donniana is disjunct to Colorado, and in temperate eastern North America is found from Tennessee north to Newfoundland. The tiny, stiff plants have stoutly subulate leaves with serrulate proximal portions, which are characteristic of this species. The capsules are hemispheric, are relatively small, and have no peristome.
" 1446 general 1296751 "Seligeria subimmersa" "Plants small, black to green-black. Leaves linear-lanceolate to obovate lanceolate, stoutly subulate, from obovate to ovate base, narrowly obtuse; costa ending in apex, filling subula; margins entire; leaf cells (1-)2:1; perichaetial leaves somewhat larger, similar to vegetative leaves, not much differentiated. Seta 1-1.5(-2) mm, straight, curved, or abruptly bent at capsule. Capsule ovate to oblong, as long or slightly longer than wide; peristome of 16 well-developed teeth, often broken when old; columella immersed. Spores 10-13(-15) µm.
Seligeria subimmersa is found from Alaska and the Yukon south along the Canadian Rocky Mountains to Alberta. It and S. polaris are two closely related species that share black coloration, branched turf-forming plants, subulate leaves with the costa filling the apex, and relatively well-differentiated alar cells. From the latter species, S. subimmersa is distinguished by smaller spores (10-15 µm), smaller stouter leaves that are more stiffly twisted, bent seta, and more ovate capsules. This rare species somewhat resembles the more common S. calcarea; the latter, however, has somewhat larger spores, and much smaller gametophores.
" 1462 general 1288610 "Micranthes occidentalis" "Plants in groups or sometimes almost mat-forming, with bulbils on caudices or rhizomatous. Leaves basal; petiole flattened, 1-5 cm; blade ovate to elliptic, 1.5-3.5 cm, ± fleshy, base ± attenuate to ± truncate, margins shallowly, sharply serrate, ciliate, surfaces sparsely tangled, reddish brown-hairy abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Inflorescences usually (10-)30+-flowered, flowers crowded into 1+ glomerules in thyrses with ascending branches, 8-30 cm, purple-tipped stipitate-glandular; (bracts glabrous or marginally glandular-ciliate). Flowers: sepals ascending to spreading, sometimes reflexed in fruit, ovate to oblong, (surfaces glabrous); petals white, not spotted (spots rarely present), obovate to almost round, clawed, 2-4 mm, to 1.5 times as long as sepals; filaments linear to very slightly widened near anthers, flattened; pistils distinct almost to base; ovary ± superior. Capsules greenish or reddish to ± dark purple, folliclelike. 2n = 20, 38, 40, 56, 58.
Micranthes occidentalis appears closely related to the little-known M. mexicana (Engler & Irmscher) Brouillet & Gornall from Chihuahua, Mexico. The latter is the only species of the genus that occurs in Mexico and not in the United States. Micranthes occidentalis is disjunct between the northern Rocky Mountains and the Cypress Hills of southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan, and the Black Hills of South Dakota. It hybridizes with M. idahoensis where their ranges overlap.
" 1475 general 1287782 "Lithophragma tenellum" "Plants slender. Flowering stems simple, 15-30 cm. Leaves in basal rosette and cauline, basal unlobed, irregularly 3-5-lobed, or digitately lobed, sometimes almost pinnatifid, cauline (2), deeply 3-lobed, appearing pinnatifid, much reduced, more highly dissected than basal; stipules broad, decurrent on petiole base, (margins fimbriate); petiole to 8 cm; blade light green, orbiculate, (base hastate), surfaces sparsely hairy. Inflorescences 1-5, (compact), erect, 3-12-flowered racemes, simple, (10-12 cm). Pedicels shorter than hypanthium. Flowers persistent, not fragrant, slightly pendulous; hypanthium campanulate or hemispheric, becoming elongate-campanulate in fruit, open at throat; sepals erect in bud, widely spreading after anthesis, triangular; petals (exserted), widely spreading, pink, sometimes white, ovate, narrowly clawed, palmately 5-7-lobed, (sinuses extending 1/3-1/2 distance to base), 3-7 mm, ultimate margins entire; ovary to 1/2 inferior; styles exserted slightly in fruit; stigma papillae in narrow subapical band. Seeds 0.6-0.7 mm, smooth or wrinkled. 2n = 14, 35.
Lithophragma tenellum usually occurs on the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains and in the Rocky Mountains, Nevada, and Utah into western North America.
Taxonomy of Lithophragma tenellum is poorly understood because there are few collections from widely divergent geographical areas. The northwestern population (Washington, British Columbia) has been separated as a distinct species (L. thompsonii) based on the extent of the basal leaf lobation, which often shows considerable variation in all species. However, other populations in the Rocky Mountains, Nevada, and Utah have been observed with this lobation, as has Washington-British Columbia material having the more typical leaf form.
Plants 0.5-3 cm long, in tufts, dirty green, olive green, or yellowish green, darker below, equally foliate, the fertile ones comose. Leaves 4-7 mm, erect spreading or loosely appressed, lanceolate, ending in a straight, more or less long serrate hairpoint; alar cells not differentiated or strongly developed, inflated, thin-walled, hyaline or reddish; basal laminal cells hyaline, thin-walled, rectangular, forming a V-shaped area; distal laminal cells oval to rhomboidal, ca. 2:1; costa filling 1/2-3/4 of leaf width, excurrent in a hairpoint, in transverse section showing adaxial hyalocysts and abaxial groups of stereids, abaxially with lamellae 3-4 cells high. Specialized asexual reproduction occasionally by deciduous stem tips. Seta often aggregated, about 5 mm, sinuose. Capsule 1.5 mm, slightly asymmetric, furrowed when dry, brownish; operculum rostrate. Calyptra fringed at base. Spores ca. 13 µm.
The distribution of Campylopus pilifer in tropical America, tropical Africa, and Sri Lanka (but not other parts of Asia) suggests a Gondwanaland origin, from where the species has extended its range into warmer parts of North America and southwestern Europe. Until 30 years ago this species was not distinguished from C. introflexus, and accordingly all old references from North America must be referred to C. pilifer. The true C. introflexus has been a neophyte in North America since 1975.
Plants to 3 cm, in dense tufts, blackish proximally, golden green distally. Leaves 5-10 mm, the distal ones longest, erect patent when wet, appressed when dry, narrowly lanceolate, long-subulate, ending in a straight, fine, almost entire apex, piliferous at least in the distalmost leaves and plants from exposed habitats, rarely subhyaline; alar cells reddish brown, inflated; basal laminal cells thick-walled, rectangular, narrower at margins, thin-walled in perichaetial leaves; distal laminal cells shortly rectangular or oblique, 3-5:1; costa filling 1/2-3/4 of leaf width, excurrent, in transverse section showing abaxial groups of stereids and adaxial firm-walled hyalocysts, slightly abaxially ridged. Specialized asexual reproduction by deciduous stem tips or deciduous leaves. Sporophytes not known from the flora area.
In North America north of Mexico Campylopus sinensis has been found only once, in a depauperate condition in a blanket bog in the Queen Charlotte Islands. The species shows a distinct gradient from large to small plants in the tropical to the subtropical or temperate-oceanic parts of its range in East Asia, which seems to be matched also for the North American populations with regard to specimens from Mexico and from British Columbia. It is not evident whether the record from Queen Charlotte Islands is the result of a long distance dispersal or a relict from the Tertiary, as supposed from some other bryophyte species with amphi-Pacific range or disjunct occurrence in East Asia and Mexico. It is also possible that C. sinensis was hitherto overlooked in North America and (as frequently in China) confused with the similar 3. C. atrovirens (for differences see discussion under the latter species).
" 1481 general 509187 "Dicranum rhabdocarpum" "Plants in dense tufts, green to yellowish green or brownish, ± glossy. Stems 2-8 cm, tomentose with reddish brown rhizoids. Leaves straight or nearly so, spreading, little changed when dry, smooth, 3-5.5 × 0.6-1.2 mm, concave or tubulose proximally, tubulose to slightly keeled above; ovate-lanceolate, apex obtusely acute; margins serrate near apex; laminae 1-stratose; costa subpercurrent to percurrent, 1/10-1/8 the width of the leaves at base, smooth or weakly toothed on abaxial surface near apex, with a row of guide cells, two weak stereid bands, at least in basal part of leaf, adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers of cells not differentiated; cell walls between lamina cells not bulging; leaf cells smooth; alar cells 1- or 2-stratose in part, differentiated, not extending to costa; proximal laminal cells linear-rectangular, pitted, (45-)65-120(-150) × (13-)16-17(-19) µm; distal laminal cells shorter, narrow, pitted or with few pits, (20-)30-45(-60) × (5-)8-10(-13) µm. Sexual condition dioicous; male plants about as large as the female or slightly smaller; interior perichaetial leaves ± abruptly acuminate, convolute-sheathing. Seta 1.5-3 cm, solitary, rarely two per perichaetium, yellow to reddish brown. Capsule 1.5-4 mm, erect, straight or nearly so, furrowed when dry, brown; operculum 1.6-2.8 mm. Spores 13-19 µm.
Dicranum rhabdocarpum is an easily recognized species that occurs in the flora area only in the Rocky Mountains and the mountains of Arizona. It is the only species in the section Dicranum that has erect, straight to weakly arcuate capsules. Other important distinguishing features are the ovate-lanceolate, straight, obtusely acute, 1-stratose leaves with alar cells 1- or 2-stratose in part and the subpercurrent to percurrent costae that are smooth or weakly toothed on the abaxial surface near the leaf apex. Dicranum rhabdocarpum has been placed in the segregate genus Orthodicranum by J. M. Holzinger (1925b) and other bryologists mainly because of its straight and erect capsules. However, it differs from taxa commonly placed in that genus, i.e., D. flagellare, D. fulvum, D. montanum, D. strictum, and D. viride, by the elongate, pitted cells and the alar cells that are sometimes 2-stratose.
" 1494 general 1123358 "Acaulon muticum" "Plants elliptic to globose, ca. 2 mm. Stem leaves cuspidate, broadly channeled; laminal cells smooth. Seta short, about 0.3 the diameter of the capsule. Spores spheric to elliptic, 30-50 µm, papillose or nearly smooth.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere, Africa.
As H. A. Crum (1969) and A. J. Grout (1939) pointed out, American specimens reported as Acaulon rubrum are A. muticum var. rufescens. These plants are often small, rather three-sided and may be confused with A. triquetrum. The leaves of both varieties stain red, at least in blotches, in KOH, and they intergrade to some extent.
" 1495 general 1128502 "Aschisma kansanum" "Protonema persistent as a thick green adherent felt. Leaves with strongly bordered and serrulate margins, distal laminal cell strongly bulging, papillae centered over lumens, mucro strongly denticulate. Capsule exothecial cells rectangular, 4-5:1, mostly ca. 13-18 µm wide. Spores 18-20 µm, weakly ornamented.
Aschisma kansanum is endemic to the United States, being restricted to High Plains grassland (Gary L. Smith 1990) in three counties in west-central Kansas. Its persistent protonema and habitat are distinctive. This tiny, very rare species is threatened by over-collecting and grazing.
" 1521 general 1287696 "Jepsonia heterandra" "Caudices branched, flat. Leaves 2-3. Inflorescences diffuse, (3-)4-17(-25)-flowered; bracts scalelike; peduncle pink or reddish, drying tan or reddish, branched near middle, 3-23 cm. Flowers: hypanthium campanulate, 1.5-3 mm, length to 1.5 times sepals; sepals pink, 1.3-2 mm, base flattened, glandular-viscid; petals withering, alternate with sepals, distinct, white with deep pink veins, 3.5-6 mm. Pollen bluish or cream. Capsules whitish green or red with red striations, ovoid or ellipsoid, beaks divergent. Seeds light brown. 2n = 14.
Jepsonia heterandra is relatively uncommon and is apparently restricted to crevices and alluvium of very specific rock types. It has been suggested (R. Ornduff 1969b) that both the mineral content and texture of the substrate influence the distribution of this species. Heterostyly in the genus was first recognized by Eastwood in her description of this species.
" 1522 general 1287597 "Suksdorfia ranunculifolia" "Plants 8-40 cm. Leaves: stipules of rosette leaves and proximal cauline leaves barely expanded at bases of petiole, stipules of distal cauline leaves conspicuous; petiole 3-15 cm; blade deeply 3(-5)-lobed, 1-4 cm, base cordate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences condensed, flat-topped, compound cymes, 9-35-flowered, ebracteate or bracteate, 8-40 cm, stipitate-glandular; bract subtending pedicel small. Flowers: hypanthium free from ovary 0.3-1 mm, with purple band distally, campanulate, 2.5-3 mm, short stipitate-glandular; sepals broadly triangular-ovate, unlobed, 1.5-3 mm, apex acute; petals spreading, white (sometimes pink tipped), broadly elliptic to obovate, 3-5 mm; stamens included, 1.5 mm; ovary 3/4 inferior; styles to 1 mm. Capsules brown, ovoid, 4 mm. Seeds ellipsoid and prismatic, 0.6-0.8 mm. 2n = 14.
Suksdorfia ranunculifolia is found in the Cascade, Rocky, and Siskiyou mountains of the Pacific Northwest, near sea level in coastal British Columbia, and on Vancouver Island.
" 1527 general 1125003 "Globulinella globifera" "Leaves somewhat crowded above, 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.8 mm; distal adaxial cells enlarged and bulging above; costa with 2-4 guide cells. Seta twisted clockwise, 6-8 mm. Capsule 0.6-1.0 mm; operculum conic-rostrate, inclined, 0.5-0.8 mm; peristome teeth 16, cleft and irregular, erect from very short basal membrane. Calyptra to 1 mm. Spores light brown.
Globulinella globifera occurs at isolated sites along the Texas-Mexico border but should be expected on calcareous rock in other parts of the Southwest.
" 1534 general 620832 "Hypericum canadense" "Herbs annual or perennial, erect, basal branches relatively few or none, usually with strict, ascending branches from distal nodes, 0.3–7.5 dm. Stems: internodes 4-angled. Leaves erect or spreading, sessile or subsessile; blade linear to oblanceolate-linear or (proximal) oblanceolate to obovate, 6–55 × 0.5–5.5 mm, papery to membranous, margins plane, apex rounded, basal or near-basal veins 1–3(–5), midrib with 1–4 pairs of branches. Inflorescences corymbiform to cylindric, , 1–35-flowered, branching mostly dichasial. Flowers 5–6 mm diam.; sepals linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, equal, 2.5–4.5 × 0.8–1 mm, , apex acute to acuminate; petals golden yellow, , narrowly obovate to elliptic, 2.5–4 mm; stamens 12–25, obscurely 3–5-fascicled; styles 0.5–0.8 mm; stigmas broadly capitate. Capsules narrowly conic to conic-cylindric, 4–6 × 1.5–3 mm, . Seeds 0.5–0.7 mm; testa finely linear-scalariform. 2n = 16.
Hypericum canadense is closely related to H. majus; it hybridizes with that species and with H. mutilum, producing intermediate forms. Hypericum ×dissimulatum E. P. Bicknell appears to comprise a continuous series of hybrids between H. canadense and H. mutilum or H. boreale such that it is not always possible to say which of these species is involved. Hypericum ×dissimulatum has been recorded from New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec and from Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia.
J. Rousseau reduced Hypericum canadense var. minimum to a form; it does not seem to merit any recognition.
Plants to 5.2 dm, finely minutely ash-gray tomentose, overlayer sparsely pubescent, hirsutulous. Stems mostly 1–2 mm wide, nodes slightly extended to 0.7 mm. Leaves: stipules narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm, apex geniculate or curved; petiole 0.6–0.8 mm wide; blade discolor, abaxially gray-olive, adaxially darker, reddish brown, ovate-elliptic, to 6 × 4.5 cm, slightly resinous, base widely cuneate, truncate, or rounded, margins crenate-dentate or crenate-denticulate, apex widely obtuse, rounded, surfaces: abaxial sparsely to densely tomentose, adaxial densely tomentulose, trichome rays 0.2–0.4 mm. Inflorescences lax, paniculiform, lateral branches to 15 cm, clusters 5 or 6, oblong or deltate, with 1 terminal flower, the 2 or more dichasia (cincinni) arising from accessory shoots below it; bracteoles free, bracts unequal, major bract of primary cyme elliptic, oblong, ovate, or obovate, 0.8–2.2 mm wide, apex obtuse or rounded, (2–)3-cuspidate or 3-dentate, sharply pointed “cuspidate” incised lobes linear, narrowly triangular, or triangular, unequal, to 1.7 m long; minor bracts lanceolate. Flowers sessile; calyx 3.5–4.8 mm, densely to sparsely tomentulose, and hirsutulous and sparsely hirsute, tube 1.8–2.4 mm, lobes 1.5–2.4 mm; petals bright yellow proximally, pale yellow distally, obtriangular, 3.7–4 × 1–1.4 mm, apex truncate, minutely puberulent across apical margin, trichome rays 1–2, abaxial surface minutely stellate-puberulent, stellate trichome rays dense, 8–10, adaxial surface sparsely pilose or villous, claw adherent for (0.4–)0.8–1 to stamen tube base; stamens 2.6–3 mm, tube 2.2 mm, red-papillose distally; anthers (0.7–)0.9–1 mm, base sagittate; pistil 2.6–3.6 mm; ovary velutinous-hirsute apically; styles 1.3 × 0.1 mm, lateral, stellate-hirsutulous; stigmas 10–26-branched, and upper sides of valve suture. Seeds dark chocolate brown with light brown zone, obovoid-obconic, 1.6–2.3 × 1–1.4 × 1.2–1.3 mm, apex broadly rounded, nearly truncate in lateral view, smooth, apex with very fine raised concolorous line.
In Arizona, Waltheria detonsa occurs in the Baboquivari, Las Guijas, and Santa Catalina mountains, Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Coronado National Forest, Huachuca foothills (Fort Huachuca), and, presumably, still at the type locality in Santa Cruz County on Sonoita Creek, near Deserted Rancho.
Some authors have placed Waltheria detonsa under W. indica or its synonym W. americana, or misidentified it as such. Specimens of W. detonsa have also been misidentified as W. acapulcensis Rose, W. albicans Turczaninow, W. paniculata Bentham, or W. preslii Walpers.
The flowers of Waltheria detonsa usually have the stigma exceeding the stamens by 0.5–1 mm. I have seen a distylous thrum-flowered plant with separation between stamens and stigma from Mexico in Sinaloa (Lamb 327, US), and a possible thrum from Chihuahua (Palmer 20, NY).
Plants annual; taproot filiform to stout. Stems erect, tightly branched, 0.5-1.2 cm, glabrous. Leaves: stipules broadly ovate, 3-6 mm, apex acute to acuminate, entire; blade linear to oblance-olate, 2.5-7.5 × 0.5-1.2 mm, leathery, apex spinulose, glabrous. Inflorescences: flowers axillary, solitary. Flowers 5-merous, cylindric, with enlarged hypanthium and calyx cylindric to somewhat tapering distally, 4.2-5 mm, moderately hairy in proximal 1/ 2 with hooked to coiled hairs; sepals green to tan, veins absent, lanceolate to elliptic, 3.5-4.5 mm, margins translucent, 0.7-1+ mm wide, scarious (resembling stipules), apex (of herbaceous midrib) terminated by awn, hood apparently consisting of prominent, erect, scarious extension of margins split at apex, awn ± spreading, 1.5-2 mm, oblong extension of midrib in proximal 1/ 4, with white, wavy, threadlike spine; staminodes filiform, ca. 1 mm; style 1, cleft in distal 4, ca. 0.5 mm. Utricles ovoid, ca. 1.3 mm, papillose distally.
Paronychia ahartii, first collected in 1938, is known from three counties in north-central California. It most closely resembles P. arabica (Linnaeus) de Candolle, a species of northern African and Arabian deserts.
" 1575 general 1108471 "Polygonella basiramia" "Herbs, perennial, gynodioecious, 3-8 dm. Stems erect, branched or below ground level, glabrous or scabrous. Leaves fugacious; ocrea margins ciliate; blade linear, (3.5-)7-19(-28) × 0.2-0.5(-0.7) mm, base barely tapered, margins not hyaline, apex acuminate, minutely scabrous. Inflorescences (10-)14-22(-30) mm; ocreola encircling rachis, only the base adnate to rachis, apex acuminate. Pedicels spreading to reflexed in anthesis, sharply reflexed in fruit, 0.3-0.6 mm, as long or much longer than subtending ocreola. Flowers bisexual or pistillate; outer tepals loosely appressed in anthesis and fruit, white to pinkish, distal portion of midrib often inconspicuously greenish, narrowly oblong, 0.7-1.5 mm in anthesis, margins entire; inner tepals loosely appressed in anthesis and fruit, white to pinkish, narrowly oblong, 0.8-1.5 mm in anthesis, margins entire; filaments dimorphic, pubescent basally; anthers deep red; styles and stigmas ca 0.1 mm in anthesis. Achenes exserted, reddish brown to yellow-brown, 3-gonous, 2.2-2.8 × 0.5-0.7 mm, shiny, smooth. 2n = 22.
Polygonella basiramia is known only from the Lake Wales, Winter Haven, Lake Henry, and Bombing Range ridges of central peninsular Florida (S. P. Christman and W. S. Judd 1990). Habitat loss is a serious threat to this species, which disperses and colonizes new scrub habitat better than other regional endemics. C. V. Hawkes and E. S. Menges (1995) have shown a significant positive correlation between the amount of open-sand habitat and both plant density and seed production at sites where this species grows.
P. O. Lewis and D. J. Crawford (1995) considered Polygonella basiramia to be an annual; C. V. Hawkes and E. S. Menges (1995) treated it as a short-lived perennial. It is closely related to P. ciliata and was treated as a variety of that species by J. H. Horton (1963). G. L. Nesom and V. M. Bates (1984) advocated recognition of both taxa at the species level.
Polygonella basiramia is in the Center for Plant Conservation's National Collection of Endangered Plants.
Subshrubs. Stems prostrate to as-cending, brown, branched, gnarl-ed, not wiry, 5-40 cm, glabrous. Leaves ± uniformly distributed, articulated to ocreae, basal leaves caducous or persistent, distal leaves not reduced in size; ocrea 3-5 mm, glabrous, proximal part cylindric, distal part membranous, deciduous with leaves; petiole 0-0.5 mm; blade 1-veined, without pleats, lanceolate to elliptic, 5-25 × 2-5 mm, coriaceous, margins revolute, smooth, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary; cymes in distal axils, 2-6-flowered. Pedicels enclosed in or slightly exserted from ocreae, erect, 2-4 mm. Flowers open or semi-open; perianth 5-9 mm; tube 7-15% of perianth length, tepals partially overlapping, uniformly pink or white, petaloid, ovate to ovate-round, apex rounded; midveins with numerous branched lateral veins; stamens 8. Achenes enclosed in or slightly exserted from perianth, brown, narrowly ovate, 3-4 mm, faces subequal, shiny, smooth.
Polygonum shastense may be cultivated in rock gardens in rock crevices with favorable water regime and shaded in summer.
" 1594 general 1108558 "Rumex lacustris" "Plants perennial, glabrous or papillose-pubescent especially on abaxial surface of leaf blades in terrestrial forms, with vertical or creeping rootstock, occasionally with creeping rhizomes. Stems erect, ascending, or submerged and/or floating (in aquatic forms), usually producing numerous axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence or at proximal nodes (especially in aquatic plants), 40-70(-90) cm. Leaf blades very variable, in aquatic submerged forms usually ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so; in terrestrial forms lanceolate, papillose-pubescent abaxially, (2-)3-7 × (0.5-)1-3 cm, usually ca. 3.5-5 times as long as wide, widest near middle, thin or occasionally subcoriaceous in terrestrial plants, base cuneate, margins entire, flat or undulate, apex acute or subobtuse. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminal usually occupying distal 1/ 5 or less of stem, dense or interrupted in proximal 1/ 2 usually narrowly paniculate (branches simple and comparatively short). Pedicels articulated in proximal 2, or almost near middle, filiform (slightly thickened distally), 2.5-4(-6) mm, subequal to inner tepals or at most 2 times longer, articulation indistinctly swollen. Flowers 10-20 in whorls; inner tepals ovate or elliptic, occasionally elliptic-triangular, 2-2.5(-3) × 1-1.5(-2) mm, base truncate or broadly rounded-cuneate, margins entire or very indistinctly erose, apex subacute or obtuse; tubercles 3, equal or subequal (much narrower than inner tepals), smooth or slightly verrucose. Achenes brown or dark reddish brown, 1.5-2.2 × 0.8-1.2 mm. 2n = 20.
Rumex lacustris is represented by two ecotypes: submerged aquatic forma lacustris (= forma aquatilis Rechinger f.), and terrestrial forma terrestris Rechinger f. The latter is unique among representatives of the R. salicifolius aggregate, which are normally glabrous, in having distinctly papillose-pubescent leaves. The species may occur also in the adjacent part of northern Nevada.
" 1603 general 244226 "Silene bernardina" "Plants perennial, loosely cespitose; taproot stout; caudex branched, woody, bearing tufts of leaves. Stems not much- branched, slender, (15-)30-60 cm, sparsely pubescent proximally, viscid-glandular distally. Leaves mostly basal; blade linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 2-8 cm × 2-6(-15) mm (including petiole), base tapered into slender petiole, apex acute to obtuse, subglabrous to glandular-pubescent on both surfaces; cauline leaves to 4 pairs below inflorescence, narrower than basal leaves, blade usually linear but rarely elliptic-lanceolate. Inflorescences erect, with several short, ascending branches, few-flowered, open, bracteate, shortly pubescent and viscid-glandular; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 3-10 mm, rigid. Flowers: calyx prominently 10-veined, broadly tubular, umbilicate, moderately or not clavate, narrowed around carpophore, lobed, 12-15 × 4-6 mm, thin and papery, with short glandular-viscid pubescence, veins parallel, usually red pigmented, with pale commissures; lobes lanceolate, 2-4 mm, apex acute; petals white, pink, or dingy red, 1 1/2-2 times calyx, claw equaling calyx, ciliate at base, limb obtriangular, 4-6 mm, deeply divided into 4 linear lobes, appendages 2, conspicuous, laciniate, 2-3 mm, apex rounded; stamens slightly exserted; filaments ciliate at base; styles 3(-4), equaling or longer than stamens. Capsules 1-locular, narrowly ovoid, exceeding calyx, opening by 6 (or 8) ascending teeth; carpophore 3-6 mm. Seeds brown, reniform, 1.5-2 mm broad, shallowly tuberculate on both surfaces, papillate around margins. 2n = 48.
Silene bernardina is the earliest valid name for this species. Watson had previously (1875) named it S. montana, and that name was taken up by C. L. Hitchcock and B. Maguire (1947), who cited S. bernardina as a subspecies of S. montana. Unfortunately, the epithet montana is pre-occupied in Silene by S. montana Arrondeau (1863), an unrelated European species. The situation was further complicated by Watson in 1877, when he used the name Lychnis montana for another unrelated species now transferred to Silene and called S. hitchguirei.
Silene bernardina varies in leaf width, pubescence, and flower color. The broader-leaved and more sparsely pubescent forms have been referred to subsp. bernardina, and the more-common, narrower-leaved, more-densely pubescent, and viscid forms have been referred to subsp. maguirei.
Some forms of Silene bernardina can be difficult to distinguish from S. verecunda, S. sargentii, and S. oregana. Silene verecunda differs in its smaller, clavate calyx and in its petals being only shortly two-lobed. Silene sargentii is a small, densely cespitose, high-alpine species with very narrow, linear leaves (1-2 mm wide), shortly two-lobed petals, and seeds with much larger papillae around the margins. In S. oregana the petals are larger (two times the calyx) and deeply divided into many very narrow segments; the claw and the filaments are glabrous; the leaves, particularly the basal ones, are broader; and the inflorescences are narrower, with the more numerous flowers arranged on short, ascending branches; also, the calyx lobes are ovate and obtuse instead of lanceolate and acute. The Idaho material tends to be intermediate with S. oregana but has open, dichotomously branched inflorescences, and the petals are nearer to those of S. bernardina. These plants from Valley County in the Payette National Forest need further study, preferably in the field. They may represent a distinct taxon.
Plants perennial, with numerous, dense basal tufts of leaves; taproot stout; caudex much-branched, woody. Stems erect from some-times decumbent base, little-branched, subscapose with 2-3 pairs of reduced leaves, 10-20(-30) cm, finely retrorse-puberulent proximally, stipitate-glandular and viscid in inflorescence. Leaves: basal petiolate, blade oblanceolate to spatulate, (1.5-)2-5(-6) cm × 2-7 mm, thick and ± fleshy, apex broadly acute, puberulent on both surfaces; cauline blades linear-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 0.5-2 cm × 1-3 mm. Inflorescences open, 1-3(-5)-flowered, bracteate; bracts lanceolate, 2-7 mm, herbaceous. Pedicels erect and straight or slightly deflexed near apex, 5-20 mm, stipitate-glandular, hairs with colorless septa. Flowers: calyx prominently 10-veined, in flower broadly cylindric, 8-10 × 3-4 mm, in fruit becoming campanulate and somewhat contracted at base, 8-12 × 5-7 mm, membranous between veins, margins dentate, hairs with colorless septa, veins parallel, purplish, with pale commissures; lobes ovate, ca. 2 mm, shorter than tube, apex flushed with dark red, shortly apiculate with broad, scarious margins, glandular, puberulent; petals exserted, pink to dusky purple, clawed, claw equaling or slightly longer than calyx, limb 2-lobed, 3-5 mm, each lobe with lateral tooth, tooth usually small, rarely larger and equaling lobes, appendages 2, 0.7-1.5 mm; stamens equaling petals; stigmas 3(-4), equaling petals. Capsules slightly exceeding calyx, ovoid, opening with 6 (or 8) ascending to slightly recurved teeth; carpophore 2-3 mm. Seeds pale brown, reniform, 2-3 mm, sides with close radiating ridges, margins broadened and winglike. 2n = 48.
Silene grayi is a small montane relative of S. parryi, but it differs in having small, fleshy leaves (ca. 2-4 cm), most of which are in basal tufts. The seeds are also larger and have a thickened wing. Some plants in the mountains of Washington and Oregon appear to intergrade and need further study.
A hybrid between Silene grayi and S. campanulata has been collected in the Siskiyou Mountains of northern California, an area where both species occur.
Plants perennial, cespitose, compact; taproot thick; caudex much-branched, fleshy. Stems erect, simple proximal to inflorescence, 7-20 cm, with 2-4 pairs of leaves, short retrorse-pubescent proximally, stipitate-glandular and viscid distally, with purple-septate hairs. Leaves: basal pseudopetiolate, tufted, blade narrowly oblanceolate, 1.5-5 cm × 1.5-5 mm, base narrowed into long pseudopetiole, retrorse-puberulent on both surfaces; cauline sessile, connate at base, blade linear to linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 1-4 cm × 1.5-4 mm, apex acute. Inflorescences 1(-3)-flowered. Pedicels erect, rarely somewhat curved or reflexed near tip, 0.5-2 cm, 1/2-3 times calyx, viscid with stipitate-glandular and purple-septate hairs, hairs less than 2 pedicel diam. Flowers 10-12 mm diam.; calyx prominently 10-veined, ellipsoid, somewhat inflated and contracted at mouth to 2- 3 diam., 12-14 × 6-7 mm in flower, 14-17 × 7-8 mm in fruit, to 2 times as long as broad, papery, margins dentate, lobes 5, patent, ca. 2 mm, with broad, membranous margins, apex obtuse, pubescent, hairs short and stipitate-glandular and long purple-septate; corolla pink to purple, slightly longer than calyx, limb 2-lobed, 4-5 mm, with 2 short (ca. 0.5 mm) appendages; stamens equaling corolla; stigmas (4-)5, equaling corolla. Capsules equaling calyx, opening by 5 recurved teeth, which later split into 10; carpophore very short or absent. Seeds dark brown, reniform, not winged, 0.7-1 mm, papillate-tuberculate.
Silene kingii is very similar to and probably a close relative of S. uralensis subsp. uralensis, from which it is distinguished by its nonwinged seeds and elliptic fruiting calyx. However, some material from the southern Rocky Mountains, growing with subsp. uralensis, is intermediate between the two species in having narrowly winged seeds. The status of S. kingii requires further study.
" 1615 general 243651 "Silene parryi" "Plants perennial; taproot thick; caudex branched, woody, with tufts of basal leaves. Stems erect, simple, (10-)20-60 cm, softly puberulent, viscid-glandular distally. Leaves mostly basal; basal petiolate, blade oblanceolate, spatulate, 3-8 cm × 2-14 mm, not fleshy, margins shortly ciliate, apex ± acute, glabrous to puberulent on both surfaces; cauline usually in 2-4 pairs, blade narrowly oblanceolate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 0.2-0.8 cm × 10-80 mm, not fleshy, puberulent on both surfaces, at least distal ones glandular. Inflorescences (1-)3-7-flowered, open, bracteate; bracts linear-lanceolate, broadened at base, 2-10 mm. Pedicels ascending, usually longer than calyx, puberulent, viscid stipitate-glandular. Flowers: calyx prominently 10-veined, campanulate, inflated, ± umbilicate, not or only slightly constricted toward base, (10-)12-16 × 7-9 mm in fruit, glandular-pubescent, strongly viscid, veins parallel, purplish, with pale commissures, not much broadened distally, commissural veins slender, forked distally and fused to those of lobes, lobes ovate to broadly triangular with lanceolate midrib, 2-3 mm, margins purple tinged, broad, membranous; corolla white, often tinged green or purple, clawed, claw equaling calyx, glabrous, broadened distally, limb deeply 2-lobed, rarely 4-lobed, 5-7 mm, lobes with 2 prominent lateral teeth, appendages 2(-4), 1.5-2 mm; stamens equaling calyx; stigmas 3(-5), exserted. Capsules included in calyx, opening by 3(-5) teeth, each tardily splitting into 2; carpophore 2-3 mm. Seeds brown, not winged, broadly reniform and often flattened, 1.5-2.5 mm, rugose to shallowly tuberculate on sides, larger tubercules on margins. 2n = 48, 96.
Silene parryi is very similar to S. douglasii, but the latter is normally eglandular with a characteristic short, gray, retrorse pubescence. The two species may hybridize, accounting for the occurrence of populations of S. douglasii with some glandular pubescence in the inflorescence. Silene parryi is closely related also to S. scouleri, but the latter is normally readily distinguished by its pink flowers; taller stature; long, narrow, many-flowered inflorescences; and fusiform fruiting calyces that are constricted around the carpophore. However, some depauperate specimens of S. scouleri from montane habitats are difficult to place. Also, small plants of S. parryi from alpine habitats can easily be mistaken for S. grayi. The anthers of S. parryi are often smutted with Microbotryum violaceum (Persoon) G. Deml & Oberwinker [= Ustilago violacea (Persoon) Roussel], e.g., in the type collection of S. tetonensis.
" 1620 general 244126 "Silene scouleri" "Plants perennial; taproot stout; caudex branched, woody, crowns 1-several. Stems erect, simple proximal to inflorescence, slender or stout, 10-80 cm, puberulent. Leaves 2 per node; basal petiolate, blade oblanceolate, 6-25 cm × 4-30 mm, retrorsely puberulent on both surfaces; cauline in 1-12 pairs, usually sessile, blade well developed, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or rarely linear or linear-lanceolate. Inflorescences cymose, pseudo-racemose, or rarely paniculate, erect or nodding, with 1-12 flowering nodes, 2-20-flowered, open or dense, flowers paired or in many-flowered whorls, bracteate, cymes often sessile; bracts 3-60 mm. Pedicels becoming deflexed at base of calyx, 4-2 times calyx, glandular-pubescent. Flowers shortly pedicellate or sessile; calyx prominently 10-veined, campanulate or tubular in flower, clavate, turbinate, or fusiform in fruit, constricted or not at base around carpophore in fruit, 8-20 × 3-8 mm, veins parallel, purplish or green, with pale commissures; lobes lanceolate, 2-5 mm, apex obtuse with broad membranous margin and tip; corolla white, greenish white, or pink, sometimes tinged pink or purple, clawed, claw longer than calyx, limb deeply 2-4-lobed, often with smaller lateral teeth, 2.5-8 mm, appendages 1-3 mm; stamens ± equaling corolla claw; styles 3-4, ± equaling corolla claw. Capsules ovoid to ellipsoid, equaling or slightly longer than calyx, opening by 6 or 8 teeth; carpophore 1.5-6 mm. Seeds brown or grayish brown, reniform, 1-1.5 mm, margins papillate, rugose on sides.
Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora): w North America, Mexico.
Silene scouleri is a very complex species that appears to be in the process of diverging into at least three different entities. Subspecies scouleri is a plant of the Pacific coast and lowlands. It has tall, stiffly erect stems, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate leaves, and a viscid inflorescence with many-flowered whorls of almost sessile flowers ranging in color from greenish white to rich pink. At the other extreme is subsp. pringlei, a plant of the mountains in Mexico extending northwards into Arizona and New Mexico. It has slender, somewhat nodding flowering stems with very narrow leaves. The flowers are usually paired at each node and secund on slender pedicels about equaling the calyx in length. The petals are off-white, sometimes tinged with dusky purple. Between the two extremes is subsp. hallii, a short, stocky plant of the Rocky Mountains and foothills with a few-flowered inflorescence. It has a larger, campanulate calyx, and some of the flowers usually become deflexed. Differentiation among these three forms is incomplete and plants indeterminate to subspecies are frequently encountered in areas away from the main distribution centers of the three subspecies. In northern Oregon and Idaho there appear to be populations connecting S. scouleri with S. oregana. They have some of the characteristics of S. oregana but not its laciniate petals. They may represent a more luxuriant form growing in taller vegetation, but their status needs further study.
" 1648 general 975922 "Macromitrium richardii" "Stems with branches to 1 cm, simple or 2-fid. Branch leaves 0.7-1.8 mm; basal laminal cells tuberculate or smooth, walls thick; distal cells bulging mid leaf, grading to papillose-bulging at tip. Seta dextrorse. Capsule with exothecial cells not differentiated; stomata at capsule base; exostome teeth rudimentary, delicate, pale yellow. Spores 22-32 µm, densely papillose.
Macromitrium richardii is distinguished from other mosses with similar creeping stems and erect branches by its non-rugose, inrolled leaves and uniformly elongate basal laminal cells. The papillose-bulging distal laminal cells and autoicous sexual condition distinguish M. richardii from other species of Macromitrium in the tropical portions of its range.
Plants 0.5-4 cm, . Stem leaves stiff, erect-appressed, rarely incurved when dry, lanceolate, 2-3.5 mm; margins plane, entire; apex narrowly obtuse to acute; basal laminal cells elongate, walls thick, ± nodose; distal cells 7-11µm, 2-stratose, papillae 2-4 per cell, conic, sometimes large. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition gonioautoicous. Seta 1 mm. Capsule emergent, ovate-oblong when mature, ovate-cylindric when old, 1.4-2 mm, slightly 8-ribbed in distal 1/3 of capsule; stomata superficial; peristome double; prostome present, rudimentary; exostome teeth 8, erect, sometimes reflexed when old and dry, papillose to coarsely papillose-striate; endostome segments 8, occasionally rudimentary, of 2 rows of cells, papillose. Calyptra oblong-conic, smooth, hairy, hairs papillose. Spores 17-23 µm. Rock, especially sandstone; low to high elevation (100-2000 m); Calif., Wash.; Mexico; Central America (Guatemala).
Orthotrichum is the only species with superficial stomata that has 2-stratose distal laminal cells. The plants have leaves with subsheathing bases, ovoid-cylindric capsules with long wrinkled necks, and reflexed-recurved exostome teeth. When dry, the leaves are stiffly erect-appressed; they lie flat on a microscope slide when wet.
Plants 0.4-1 cm. Stem leaves stiff, erect when dry, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.7 mm; margins thick to near apex, entire; apex acute to ± narrowly obtuse; basal laminal cells quadrate to rectangular, walls thin, not nodose; distal cells 7-12 µm, 1-stratose, occasionally with 2-stratose streaks, papillae 2 or 3 per cell, conic, sometimes 2-fid, size moderate; . Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition gonioautoicous. Seta to 0.8 mm. Capsule immersed to 1/2 emergent, oblong-ovate to oblong, 1.1-1.8 mm, distinctly 8-ribbed, constricted below mouth when dry; stomata immersed; peristome single, rarely double; prostome present; exostome teeth 16, incurved-erect to spreading-recurved, granulose or reticulate-papillose; endostome segments absent or rarely 8, not well developed, of 1 row of cells, , smooth. Calyptra oblong-conic, smooth, hairy, hairs papillose. Spores 12-16 µm.
The Orthotrichum strangulatum complex contains three species, all endemic to eastern and central North America. These three species all occur as blackish, dense tufts on dry calcareous rock and have similar sporophytes with immersed, oblong, deeply 8-ribbed capsules that are strongly constricted below the mouth when dry. In O. strangulatum the stomata are found in the distal capsule nearly covered by subsidiary cells, and the endostome segments are fragile. Although often described as one polymorphic species, here plants with 1-stratose, revolute margins are recognized as O. lescurii, those with 1-stratose, plane margins as O. parvulum, and those with multistratose leaf margins as O. strangulatum.
Plants 0.5-1.5 cm. Stems erect. Stem leaves slightly twisted, erect-curved when dry, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm; base ovate or oblong; margins reflexed; apex acute; basal laminal cells elongate-linear; distal cells 8-11 µm, papillae conic, small, or sometimes surface almost smooth. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous; perichaetial leaves little different from stem leaves. Seta 1.5-4 mm. Capsule obovate to oblong-obovoid, 1.1-2.8 mm, puckered and slightly 8-plicate at mouth, or smooth, mouth small, distinctly smaller than mid capsule; stomata in neck; peristome single; exostome teeth split to 16, erect, flexuose, densely and obscurely papillose; endostome segments absent. Calyptra oblong-conic, very hairy. Spores 19-26 µm.
Ulota coarctata, a rather uncommon species, prefers climax beech-maple forests, and is distributed from Newfoundland south along the Appalachians to North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, westward in the Great Lakes region to Wisconsin. A disjunct specimen in northern Idaho (Leiberg s.n., US) is correctly identified, but the location needs to be verified. The obovoid capsules with strongly puckered mouth are diagnostic for this species. Ulota drummondii has football-shaped capsules, whereas U. crispa has oblong, 8-ribbed capsules constricted below the mouth. Additionally, U. coarctata has non-crisped leaves with clasping bases and acute apices.
Plants to 0.3 cm. Stems erect. Stem leaves flexuose-crisped and loosely appressed, not contorted or twisted when dry, lanceolate, 1-2.2 mm; base ovate; margins reflexed; apex narrowly obtuse; basal laminal cells linear, grading to quadrate at margin; distal cells 8-12 µm, papillae conic or 2-fid, large. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous; perichaetial leaves not differentiated from stem leaves. Seta 1.5-3 mm. Capsule ovate-oblong when mature, oblong to oblong-cylindric when old, 1.2-1.7 mm, strongly 8-ribbed 3/4 length, mouth wide but constricted below mouth or evenly tapering to seta from mouth; stomata in neck; peristome double; exostome teeth reflexed, incurved, smooth; endostome segments 8, smooth. Calyptra conic, very hairy. Spores 16-20 µm.
Ulota curvifolia is a Canadian shield species in eastern North America, with a range from the northern shore of Lake Huron and Lake Superior north to Hudson Bay and Baffin Island westward across the subarctic of the Northwest Territories and southward in the Canadian Rockies to Alberta and southern British Columbia. Ulota curvifolia grows on rock and has strongly papillose, thick-walled distal laminal cells and stiffly flexuose leaves. Ulota hutchinsiae has a more southerly distribution, less papillose distal laminal cells, and straight leaves. As with most other species of the genus, U. curvifolia has a rich chestnut brown coloration that helps identify it in the field.
Plants 0.4-4 cm. Stems erect. Stem leaves erect-appressed, stiff, ± slightly curled or twisted around stem, not contorted or crisped when dry, narrowly lanceolate-oblong to lanceolate, 1.4-2.2 mm; base oblong; margins ± recurved to near apex; apex acute to obtuse; basal laminal cells rectangular to elongate-rectangular; distal cells 7-14 µm, papillae conic or clavate, small or large. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous; perichaetial leaves not differentiated from stem leaves. Seta 2.5-3.5 mm. Capsule oblong-elliptic to cylindric-fusiform, 1.1-2 mm, slightly to moderately 8-ribbed 1/3-1/2 length, mouth wide but constricted below mouth or evenly tapering to seta from mouth; stomata in neck; peristome double; exostome teeth rarely split to 16, reflexed, densely papillose; endostome segments 8, papillose-striate. Calyptra oblong-conic, very hairy. Spores 9-16 µm.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): North America, Europe, Asia.
Ulota hutchinsiae is distributed continuously in eastern North America from Newfoundland and northern Quebec west to western Ontario and south to Georgia and Alabama, and is disjunct in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, the Black Hills of South Dakota, eastern Arizona, and southeastern Alaska. This species is distinguished by its erect, non-crisped leaves, cylindric, fully exserted capsules slightly smaller at the mouth, and poorly differentiated marginal basal cells. Ulota hutchinsiae resembles species of Orthotrichum, especially O. anomalum. However, O. anomalum occurs on calcareous substrates and has capsules with immersed stomata and eight long and eight short capsule ribs. Ulota curvifolia, another rock-growing species, is more northern in distribution and has somewhat twisted and curved leaves.
Plants small to medium-sized, delicate, scattered or in lax tufts, yellowish to light green. Stems 1-3 cm, weakly erect to procumbent, simple, tomentose proximally. Leaves erect when dry, erect-spreading when moist, lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 mm; margins plane to narrowly revolute, bluntly serrulate nearly to base, teeth single, projecting from distal ends of marginal cells; apex acuminate; costa excurrent, distal abaxial surface rough; laminal cells , prorulose at distal or sometimes proximal ends on abaxial side, ; basal cells short-rectangular to quadrate, shorter, broader than distal, 40 × 7 µm; medial and distal cells oblong, 10-30 × 5-7 µm. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia discoid. Seta 2-3 cm, straight or flexuose. Capsule 1.3-2 mm. Spores subreniform, 20-26 µm.
Philonotis capillaris is distinguished by the unpaired teeth of the leaf margin that project from the distal ends of the cells and by the relatively short laminal cells with prorulae at the distal ends. In the flora area, the species is of restricted distribution, limited to Pacific coastal habitats from Alaska to California with incursions eastward to the western slopes of the Idaho Rockies. The species is associated with an oceanic climate.
Stems 1-5 cm, unbranched or rarely with slender subapical innovations. Stem leaves 18-55 in rosettes, usually more than 20, 4-10 mm; margins strongly revolute to beyond mid leaf, often nearly to apex; apex broadly acute to cuspidate; costa in rosette leaves percurrent to short-excurrent, hair-point slender, in cross section stereid band distinct, reaching dorsal epidermal layer, without intervening layer of thin-walled cells. Perichaetial inner leaves with costa long-excurrent, hair-point denticulate. Spores 16-24 µm.
Rhodobryum ontariense is a common and characteristic species of the eastern deciduous forests, occurring as far south as Arkansas and Georgia, with disjunct populations in the mountains of west Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. The species is not found in arctic tundra and is rare in the northern boreal forests.
Plants to 12 cm. Stems hooked at apices. Stem leaves 1.2-2.2 mm wide; alar cells shorter, wider than basal cells, 18-38 × 12-25µm; medial laminal cells 40-90 × 5-9 µm. Branch leaves 2.2-4 × 0.9-1.3 mm. Seta 1.7-3 cm. Capsule arcuate when dry, ellipsoid when moist, 2-3.4 mm.
Plants of Rhytidiopsis robusta in subalpine forest and alpine tundra are generally smaller, with leaves 2.5-3.5 mm and leafy stems 3-4 mm wide.
Plants small, in thin to dense mats, whitish to yellowish. Stems to 2(-5) cm, 0.5-1.5(-3) mm wide. Leaves erect-spreading, not or slightly wrinkled when dry, ovate to lanceolate, 0.7-1.8 × 0.2-0.6 mm; margins plane, serrulate to entire proximally, serrate to serrulate distally, rarely entire throughout; alar cells short-rectangular, quadrate, or transversely elongate, 12-38 × 10-20µm, region small; medial laminal cells often flexuose, linear-fusiform, 52-151 × 5-8 µm. Specialized asexual reproduction sometimes present as filaments on stems, multicellular, green or brown, simple or branched, often more than 0.5 mm, cells papillose. Seta yellow to reddish brown, 0.5-1.5 cm. Capsule cernuous, rarely erect, light brown to orange-brown, 0.5-2 mm; operculum conic-apiculate to obliquely short-rostrate. Spores 9-14 µm. mature spring-summer. Dry wooded regions, swamps, wet roadside ditches, base of trees, rotten logs, stumps, sandy soil, sedimentary rock; low to moderate elevations (0-400 m); N.S.; Ala., Ark., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; s Europe (Italy).
Isopterygium tenerum is common in Florida and the Gulf Coast, becoming infrequent northward, occurring in scattered localities to southern New York and disjunct to southern Nova Scotia. The species is extremely variable, and several varieties have been described from North American plants. These varieties, based on leaf shape and length, are believed to be environmental forms and are therefore included in the synonymy. A biometric analysis by P. L. Redfearn (1956) on the stem leaf variation reached a similar conclusion.
Stems with branches short to elongate, simple. Leaves wide-spreading when moist, 0.8-1.2 mm; apex broadly acute; costa ending mid leaf or in base of acumen, laterally spurred, tip ± 2-fid. Perichaetia with inner leaves 1.6-1.9 mm, awn usually distinct, denticulate, 1/5-1/4 length expanded portion of leaf. Capsule with peristome double; exostome teeth single; endostome segments linear (slender). Calyptra broadly conic. Spores smooth or papillose.
Cryphaea glomerata often grows mixed with C. nervosa; the two can be easily distinguished under low magnification by the more narrowly pointed and plicate-appearing leaves of C. nervosa. The ranges of C. glomerata and the subtropical C. filiformis overlap in southern Florida. Cryphaea glomerata is similar to, and often occurs with, C. ravenelii, which is easily distinguished by its blunt leaf apex.
Plants small to medium-sized, often distinctly rosulate, light to dark green, brown proximally with age. Stems 1-4 cm. Leaves 2.5-8.5 × 1-2 mm, lingulate to lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate near base of stem, plane to somewhat keeled and concave, often with oblique rows of teeth on undulations on abaxial surface, the teeth often with bases united, the apex acute or sometimes obtuse, the leaf margins irregularly toothed, the teeth crowded, double or sometimes single, rarely triple-toothed; costa percurrent or ending a few cells below the apex, smooth or with teeth on abaxial surface near apex, seldom extending below leaf middle; lamellae 2-6, laxly spreading, 8-12(-14) cells high, or at times lower and inconspicuous, 2-5 cells high; median lamina cells 27-40(-48) µm wide, hexagonal, occasionally irregularly angled or rounded, rather thin-walled to firm, collenchymatous with small trigones. Sexual condition dioicous; male plants as large or larger than females, perigonial bracts small, ovate or suborbicular, often more than one bud per plant. Seta 1-3(-8) per perichaetium, to 5 cm, erect to slightly flexuose. Capsule 2-7.5 × 0.5-1 mm, cylindric, usually somewhat curved and inclined, sometimes straight and erect; operculum 2-3 mm. Spores 10-19 µm.
Atrichum selwynii is a common species largely restricted to western North America. It is easily recognized by the rosulate habit, the characteristic leaf border, with teeth irregular and crowded near the leaf apices, large, thin-walled leaf cells (to 48 µm wide), and numerous sporophytes per perichaetium. E. Nyholm (1971) treated A. altecristatum as a variety of A. selwynii, but A. altecristatum is monoicous and exclusively eastern. T. C. Frye (1937) combined A. selwynii and A. altecristatum, as A. undulatum var. selwynii (Austin) Frye. The easternmost outpost of A. selwynii is in the Black Hills of South Dakota, in company with other western mosses. Plants from the Pacific Coast Ranges with low and inconspicuous lamellae, 2-5 cells high, were referred by Frye (1910) to A. undulatum, part of his overly broad concept of this species, but were recognized by W. C. Steere et al. (1954) as clearly not that species. Plants of A. selwynii from Rocky Mountain populations typically have lamellae 8-12 cells high and higher.
" 1713 general 1119829 "Oligotrichum parallelum" "Plants pale- to dark olive green, in loose tufts. Stems 2-6(-8) cm, simple or branching by inno-vations, bracteate proximally, gradually larger distally. Leaves 5-6 mm, crisped and contorted when dry, when moist laxly spreading, plane, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate at the apex, ending in a short spine, the margins coarsely and sharply serrate to the middle or below; costa percurrent or shortly excurrent in the apex, with a few low dentate abaxial lamellae or lamelliform teeth near the apex; abaxial surface of lamina smooth or with a few scattered teeth; adaxial lamellae 4-6, straight, not undulate, 3-5(-8) cells high, entire in profile; median basal cells short-rectangular, 3:1, rather thin-walled, finely striate-papillose; median cells of lamina 20-30 µm, subquadrate to hexagonal, thin- to firm-walled with minute trigones, smooth; 1-3 rows of cells along the margins evenly thicker-walled, often colored, the marginal serrations ending in a short tooth cell, with 2-4 supporting cells; perichaetial leaves 6.5-7 mm, subsheathing at base, spreading. Seta to 5 cm, 1(-2) per perichaetium, reddish, wiry. Capsule 4-7 mm, light yellowish brown, greenish near base, reddish at the mouth, cylindric, slightly curved, somewhat larger toward the base, strongly contracted below the mouth when dry, the surface rugose; exothecial cells irregularly short-rectangular to hexagonal, rather thin-walled, smooth, much smaller and thicker-walled below the mouth; stomata superficial, numerous in proximal 1/4 of capsule; peristome teeth 32, obtuse to truncate at the apex. Spores 12-16 µm.
Oligotrichum parallelum is an oceanic, arctic-montane species occurring northward in interior Alaska to 67°N. When optimally developed O. parallelum is a handsome plant, differing from other regional Oligotrichum species in its larger size, leaves crisped when dry, laxly spreading when moist, with coarsely, and often doubly serrate margins, and lower, straight lamellae. The leaf margins may occasionally show a hint of a border of somewhat elongated cells. Typically, however, the marginal cells are ± isodiametric, thicker-walled, and yellowish.
" 1721 general 621274 "Hypnum andoi" "Plants small, pale green to yellowish. Stems 2-8 cm, pale yellowish brown, creeping, , usually irregularly to regularly pinnate in horizontal plane, branches 1-2 cm; hyalodermis absent, central strand weakly developed; pseudoparaphyllia subfilamentous to lanceolate. Leaves (closely imbricate), weakly to strongly falcate-secund, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to apex, 1-1.8 × 0.3-0.6 mm; base not decurrent, not auriculate; margins often recurved near base, sharply serrulate; acumen short or more usually long; costa double and short or indistinct; alar cells , region moderately well defined, of (5-)7-10(-13) cells along margins, marginal ones enlarged and hyaline, inner ones brownish; basal laminal cells shorter, wider than medial cells, usually yellow or yellowish brown, walls not pitted or porose; medial cells (40-)50-60(-70) × 4-5 µm. Sexual condition dioicous; . Seta yellowish to reddish, 0.1-1.7(-2) cm. Capsule erect to inclined, yellowish to reddish, oblong-cylindric, 1.5-1.8(-2) mm; annulus 2- or 3-seriate; operculum conic [rounded-mammillate]; endostome cilia 1 or imperfectly 2, very fragile.
Hypnum andoi is a temperate species of amphi-Atlantic distribution that produces sporophytes in late autumn. The plants are closely affixed to the substrate; the pseudoparaphyllia are tipped by one elongate cell; and the alar cells are often brown and weakly excavate. This species resembles H. cupressiforme var. filiforme, but the leaves of H. andoi are long-attenuate, and the row of basal hyaline cells in the alar region is decidedly different, reminiscent of Sematophyllum (Sematophyllaceae). The shorter, stouter capsule and mammillate operculum are also valuable characters, but sporophytes are extremely rare in North America and have a conic operculum, rather than a mammillate one as in Europe.
Plants small, light gray-green to golden green or dark green. Stems 3-5(-10+) cm, reddish brown, usually creeping, irregularly to regularly pinnate (occasionally 2-pinnate) or irregularly branched, branches0.5-1 cm; hyalodermis absent, central strand absent; pseudoparaphyllia filamentous to lanceolate. Stem leaves falcate-secund to circinate, ovate- to triangular-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to apex, 1.5-2.2 × 0.5-0.7 mm; base slightly decurrent, often asymmetric with one side somewhat to strongly auriculate; margins plane, rarely slightly recurved on one side, serrulate; acumen long-attenuate; costa indistinct; alar cells , region fairly well defined, 2-5 cells in marginal row; basal laminal cells broader than medial cells, golden yellow, walls porose; medial cells 60-80(-100) × 4-5 µm. Branch leaves1.1-1.5 × 0.3-0.4 mm; margins more strongly serrulate. Sexual condition dioicous or phyllodioicous; . Seta reddish, 0.6-1.5(-2) cm. Capsule oblique to horizontal, reddish, ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 0.8-1.5 × 0.5-0.7 mm; annulus 1- or 2-seriate; operculum conic-apiculate; endostome cilia 1 or 2.
Hypnum circinale is easily identified by the often asymmetric stem leaves bearing a long-attenuate serrulate point, with one side auriculate with usually pigmented alar cells, and the small sporangia that mature in January or February and produce sporophytes between September and December. Its closest affinities are with the east Asian H. tristoviride (Brotherus) Paris, which it strongly resembles in vegetative characters. In eastern North America, H. andoi resembles some forms of H. circinale in size and appearance, but the leaf bases, especially the nature of the alar cells and auriculation in H. circinale (absent in H. andoi) are reliable distinguishing features. The plants tend to be larger on humid logs than on tree trunks and rock and are closely affixed to the substrate by rhizoids; the pseudoparaphyllia are usually terminated by an elongate cell or 1-seriate tip of two to four cells; and the laminal cell walls are porose. When dioicous, the antheridial plants are similar to the archegonial; when phyllodioicous, the dwarf males are epiphytic on archegonial plants.
Plants small to medium-sized, pale yellow-green to golden green. Stems 2-5 cm, yellow-green or green, occasionally brown tinged, procumbent to suberect, often regularly pinnate, branches 0.2-0.5 cm; hyalodermis present, central strand weak or absent; pseudoparaphyllia foliose, often 2-fid. Stem leaves curved to falcate-secund, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly triangular, , gradually narrowed to apex, 1-1.5 × 0.5-0.8 mm; base auriculate; margins plane, often toothed on auriculate portion, entire or toothed distally; apex long-attenuate; costa double and short or obscure; alar cells , region usually well defined, distalmost and outermost cells pitted, sometimes reduced or absent, ; basal laminal cells shorter, broader than medial cells, pigmented or walls pitted; medial cells (50-)60-70(-80) × 4-5 µm. Sexual condition dioicous (phyllodioicous). Seta red to red-brown, 2-2.3 cm. Capsule inclined, brown, cylindric, 1.5-2 × 0.7-0.8 mm; annulus 1- or 2-seriate; operculum conic; endostome cilia 2.
Hypnum plicatulum is a predominantly boreal to Arctic species, scattered in the Northern Hemisphere and producing sporophytes infrequently in summer. Useful distinguishing features include the frequently close-pinnate stems, yellowish green to golden green leaves with green to yellow stems, stems with hyalodermis, and auriculate leaves with a few differentiated alar cells that are sometimes excavated. See also discussions under 3. H. callichroum, 10. H. hamulosum, and 11. H. holmenii. Plants of H. plicatulum have branches 0.5-1 mm wide; the leaves have five or six pigmented, thick-walled alar cells, 6-15 µm; and the endostome cilia are as long as the segments.
Plants in small dense cushions or turfs, yellow-green to dark olivaceous, hoary. Stems 5-20 mm, sparsely branched. Leaves crowded, ovate to obovate, imbricate to appressed-julaceous distally, somewhat spreading to squarrose-recurved proximally, 0.6-1.2 mm excluding awn, apex acute to acuminate, lamina 1-stratose to rarely 2-stratose in bands, awn length highly variable, 0.3-1.4 mm, hyaline; costa in transverse-section distinctly keeled; proximal cells rectangular, 15-40 × 10-20 µm, often appearing lax; mid leaf cells isodiametric to short-oval, (5-)8-12(-20) µm; distal cells somewhat longer than mid leaf cells. Sexual condition autoicous; perichaetial leaf lamina to 1.5 mm, awn 1-1.7 mm. Seta 0.4-0.6 mm. Capsule yellow-brown turning red-brown with age, ovoid to subglobose, 0.8-1 mm; operculum short-rostrate, 0.5-0.6 mm.
Jaffueliobryum raui is a common species in drier parts of the United States, especially on the Great Plains and the Colorado Plateau, extending to the Mohave Desert of California. This species appears to be disjunct to southern Alberta, but the distribution is likely continuous, as the band of calcareous bedrock on which it occurs runs along the Rocky Mountain Front Range from Alberta well into Montana. Sites in the Driftless Area of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin may be truly disjunct. However, more collecting is likely to fill in gaps in its range in the northern Great Plains and clarify its status in the Great Basin.
Jaffueliobryum wrightii is very closely related, and the two species have been treated as one for much of their taxonomic history. In addition to traits used in the key, there are a variety of other partially overlapping characters that separate the two, including leaf width at widest point, lamina length, costal width, lamina cell length and angle between the margin at the leaf widest point and the tip of the awn, and capsule and operculum length.
Plants slender, green to whitish green, dark brownish with age, in deep, compact tufts. Stems 6-12(-20) cm, simple, densely matted with wooly whitish to light-brownish tomentum. Leaves 2-5(-6) mm, erect to closely appressed when dry, erect-spreading when moist; sheath oblong-rectangular, brownish, ± abruptly contracted to the blade; blade narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, flat, with sharply infolded margins; marginal lamina 6-7 cells wide, 1-stratose, entire to finely crenulate above, membranous and transparent, abruptly infolded and enclosing the lamellae and overlapping towards the apex; costa toothed abaxially towards the apex, short-excurrent as a short, reddish brown awn; lamellae bluntly crenate in profile, 5-8 cells high, the marginal cells in section pyriform, thick-walled, ending in a thickened knob, end cells of lateral lamellae ovoid and scarcely thickened at the apex; sheath cells 45-80 × 7-10 µm, elongate-rectangular (5-7:1), narrower toward the margin; cells of the marginal lamina transversely elongate, shorter and obliquely oriented towards the margins, very thick-walled and colorless. Sexual condition dioicous; perichaetial leaves somewhat longer than the stem leaves, ending in a slender awn. Seta 2-4 cm, yellowish to reddish brown. Capsule 2-3 mm, short-rectangular to almost cubic (1-1.5:1), brownish, sharply 4-angled and prismatic, suberect, becoming horizontal when ripe; peristome 200-230 µm, divided to 0.8, the teeth 64, obtuse. Calyptra dirty white to light brown, enclosing the capsule. Spores 7-9(-15) µm.
Polytrichum strictum is widespread in the boreal regions of the Holarctic, and is one of the commonest low arctic representatives of the family (D. G. Long 1985), with survivals southward in relict bogs, for example in northern Indiana, northern Illinois, and northwestern Iowa, also in alpine situations in the eastern mountains to the Carolinas and Georgia. In Nunavut, it is known from Baffin, Bathurst, and Devon islands. Its characteristic habitat is on hummocks in Sphagnum bogs, in deep masses tightly bound together by dirty-white, wooly tomentum, with short, stiffly erect leaves, and cubical capsules, a clear correlation between a distinctive morphology, distribution, and ecology.
" 1738 general 1119633 "Polytrichastrum sexangulare" "Plants small to medium, rather wiry, dark green to reddish brown with age. Stems 1-3(-6) cm, simple, erect or decumbent, the cortical cells thin- or thick-walled. Leaves 3-6 mm, loosely to densely imbricate, erect-incurved at the tips and appressed to the stem when dry, erect-spreading when moist, obtusely cucullate, often secund; sheath broadly elliptic, hyaline-margined, gradually tapering or abruptly contracted to the blade; blade lanceolate to ligulate, almost tubular when dry; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent, cucullate at the apex, rarely bluntly mucronate; marginal lamina 2-6 cells wide, entire to obscurely denticulate, slightly broader and inflexed in the distal part of blade, covering the lamellae; lamellae 5-8(-11) cells high, minutely crenulate in profile, the marginal cells in section larger than those beneath, narrowly ovate to pyriform, smooth or very rarely indistinctly papillose; median sheath cells elongate-rectangular, (18-)24-40 × 8-10(-18) µm; cells of marginal lamina 11-15 µm, quadrate to short rectangular, ± equally thick-walled; perichaetial leaves slightly longer than the foliage leaves. Seta 1.5-3 cm, rather stout, straight or arcuate with age. Capsule 2-3 mm, short-cylindric to ovoid to globose, bluntly (4-)5-6-angled to terete, erect to horizontal to nodding; hypophysis small, scarcely delimited, stomata large and scattered on the proximal 1/3 of the urn; exothecium smooth, the cells variable in shape, trigonal to hexagonal, with a diffuse thin spot; peristome pale 220-300 µm high, divided to 0.3-0.5, the teeth 50-64, slender, of uniform size, or short triangular, the alternate teeth smaller. Spores 16-18 µm.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): cool temperate and boreal Northern Hemisphere.
There has been a long-standing confusion of the names Polytrichum septentrionale, Polytrichastrum norwegicum, and Polytrichastrum sexangulare dating from the earliest days of bryology, and still met with in older collections in herbaria. Hedwig’s Polytrichastrum norwegicum was briefly in vogue as a name for this species, but the type of Polytrichastrum norwegicum is a form of Polytrichastrum alpinum (Gary L. Smith 1971).
" 1739 general 1118942 "Polytrichastrum formosum" "Plants medium and slender to large and robust, green to dark olive green to blackish, in loose tufts. Stems (2-)3-8(-20) cm, mostly unbranched. Leaves 6-8(-12) mm, erect to erect-spreading when dry, spreading to subsquarrose and broadly recurved when moist; sheath ovate to elliptic, yellowish, hyaline-margined, gradually tapering or abruptly contracted to the blade, the cells at the shoulders forming a differentiated hinge; blade lanceolate to linear; costa prominent abaxially and toothed near the tip; excurrent as a short, toothed point; marginal lamina erect, (2-)3-5(-10) cells wide, plane or erect, sharply toothed from apex nearly to the sheath; lamellae (3-)4-5(-7) cells high, margins ± entire to finely serrulate in profile, the marginal cells in section rounded to narrowly elliptic and somewhat taller than the cells beneath, the cell walls not or moderately thickened; median cells of sheath 8-12 µm wide, narrowly rectangular, 5-7(-10):1; cells of marginal lamina subquadrate, 10-15 µm. Sexual condition dioicous or polygamous; perichaetial leaves similar to the foliage leaves, or somewhat longer, with a longer sheath. Seta 3-6 cm, yellowish to reddish brown. Capsule 4-7 mm, rather slender or short-rectangular, acutely 4(-6)-angled, inclined to almost horizontal, pale yellowish brown to brownish; hypophysis cylindric, indistinctly delimited or set off by a shallow groove; exothecium smooth or the cells weakly convex, quadrate to hexagonal, without a central thin spot; peristome 600 µm, divided to 0.6, the teeth 64 and highly regular in form or fewer and somewhat irregular, pale to brownish; epiphragm absent marginal teeth. Spores 12-16 µm.
Varieties 3 (2 in the flora): widespread, temperate to cool temperate latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.
European treatments often assert a similarity between Polytrichastrum formosum and Polytrichum commune, which cannot be said of the North American expression of the species. The habitat and ecology of the European plants are also distinct: A. J. E. Smith (2004) described P. formosum in Britain as a common and weedy species of heaths, moorland, woods, outcrops, and old walls.
" 1741 general 1119306 "Polytrichastrum pallidisetum" "Plants medium, dark green to blackish with age, in loose tufts. Stems 2-8 cm, simple, rarely branched, somewhat radiculose at or near the base. Leaves 6-10 mm, erect-spreading when dry, the blade spreading and recurved but not sharply reflexed when moist; sheath pale or yellowish, with tapering shoulders, hyaline-margined, the cells at the shoulders forming a differentiated hinge; marginal lamina plane or somewhat erect, 3-9 cells wide, sharply toothed from the apex almost to base of blade; blade lanceolate, sparsely toothed at back near the tip; costa excurrent, ending in short, reddish, toothed awn; lamellae (7-)20-40, crenulate in profile, 4-6 cells high, marginal cells often variable, in typically cuneate in section, flat-topped to shallowly retuse, not thick-walled, smooth; median sheath cells 80-100 × 8-12 µm (5:1), elongate-rectangular; sheath cells oblong-linear; cells of marginal lamina 12-16 µm, ± isodiametric; perichaetial leaves not much differentiated. Seta 2-8 cm, pale-yellowish. Capsule 3-5 mm, 4-angled, suberect to inclined, pale yellowish brown, slender and somewhat curved, tapering to the base, the hypophysis not or only weakly delimited; stomata in a band in the distal part of the hypophysis; exothecial cells not bulging or mammillose and without a central thin spot; peristome 240 µm, divided to 0.6, the teeth ca. 50, pale. Spores 12-16 µm.
In eastern North America, Polytrichastrum pallidisetum is characteristically associated with spruce-fir forests, and areas formerly occupied by boreal coniferous forest and now occupied by mixed forests of the Northern Hardwoods type. An anomalous J. Macoun collection, ostensibly from British Columbia, is almost certainly from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. G. S. Derda et al. (1999) interpreted both this species and P. ohioense as allopolyploids, possibly intergeneric hybrids between a Polytrichastrum parent and a Polytrichum parent. The lamella of Polytrichastrum pallidisetum are crenulate in profile, the marginal cells in cross-section truncate to shallowly retuse. Seen from above, the edges of the lamellae resemble a string of beads (moniliform), as compared with P. ohioense, in which the lamellar margins are entire in profile, and parallel-sided when viewed from above. The marginal cells in a given cross-section vary from retuse to flat-topped to slightly convex, but are never deeply notched, nor are they divided, as sometimes seen in Polytrichum commune. The lamellae of P. commune are taller, 10-12 cells high, and the median sheath cells are elongate-rectangular to linear (to 20:1), compared to short-rectangular (about 5-7:1) in Polytrichastrum pallidisetum. When capsules are present, the two species can be separated without difficulty.
" 1744 general 543430 "Rhododendron macrophyllum" "Shrubs or trees, to 5 m, sometimes rhizomatous. Stems: bark smooth to vertically furrowed, shredding; twigs with basally branched, crisped/matted, eglandular hairs, very quickly glabrate. Leaves persistent; petiole glabrous; blade elliptic to slightly ovate or obovate, (6-)8.5-14(-20) × 2.5-5.5(-7.5) cm, thick, coriaceous, margins entire, plane to revolute, glabrous, apex acute to obtuse or slightly acuminate, surfaces scattered eglandular-hairy (hairs branched basally, crisped, very quickly deciduous), abaxial surface ± smooth. Floral bud scales multicellular eglandular-hairy (hairs branched basally), and unicellular-hairy (hairs short to elongate) abaxially, margins eglandular-hairy (hairs branched). Inflorescences 10-20-flowered; bracts similar to bud scales. Pedicels 30-60 mm, glabrous. Flowers opening after development of leaves (of flowering shoots), erect to horizontal, fragrant; calyx lobes 1-1.5 mm, glabrous, except margins eglandular- and stipitate-glandular-hairy; corolla white to pink or rose-purple, with yellowish green spots on upper lobe, broadly campanulate, 24-48 mm, outer surface glabrous, petals connate, lobes 14-30 mm, tube gradually expanding into lobes, 10-23 mm; stamens 10, included, ± unequal, 16-37 mm. Capsules borne on erect pedicels, 13-25 × 4-7 mm, eglandular-hairy (hairs ferruginous, branched or unbranched) and, often, stipitate-glandular-hairy. Seeds without distinct tails, flattened portion of testa well developed at each end; testa expanded, dorsiventrally flattened, loose. 2n = 26.
Rhododendron macrophyllum, R. maximum, and R. catawbiense represent subg. Hymenanthes (Blume) K. Koch in North America; the subgenus is represented by hundreds of species in temperate eastern Asia and is characterized by its branched, eglandular hairs (D. F. Chamberlain 1982). These showy plants are frequently used as ornamentals.
" 1770 general 609294 "Ribes quercetorum" "Plants 0.6-1.5 m. Stems arched, spreading, puberulent; spines at nodes usually 1, 5-15 mm; prickles on internodes absent. Leaves: petiole 1-3 cm, puberulent, stipitate-glandular; blade roundish, deeply 3-lobed, cleft 1/2+ to midrib, sometimes with 2 shorter lobes proximally, 1-3 cm, base truncate to cordate, surfaces puberulent and stipitate-glandular, lobes cuneate, rounded, margins acutely 2-4-toothed, apex blunt-toothed. Inflorescences spreading, 2-3-flowered racemes, 1-1.5 cm, axis puberulent and glandular, flowers evenly spaced. Pedicels not jointed, 1-1.5 mm, densely puberulent and glandular; bracts broadly ovate, 1-1.5 mm, puberulent and glandular. Flowers: hypanthium yellow, tubular, 2-3 mm, puberulent; sepals not overlapping, reflexed, yellow, narrowly oblong, 3 mm; petals connivent, erect, white, narrowly obovate, not conspicuously revolute or inrolled, 1 mm; nectary disc not prominent; stamens slightly longer than petals; filaments linear, 1 mm, glabrous; anthers yellow, oval, 0.7-1 mm, apex with cup-shaped depression; ovary subglabrous; styles completely connate, 4.5 mm, glabrous. Berries palatable, black, globose, 7-8 mm, glabrous.
Ribes quercetorum occurs in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the inner Coast Ranges south to the western Colorado Desert in California (and into Baja California), and the mountains of south-central Arizona.
" 1807 general 1287636 "Heuchera bracteata" "Herbs usually subcaulescent; caudex branched or unbranched. Flowering stems leafy, 6-28(-38) cm, short stipitate-glandular. Leaves: petiole short to medium stipitate-glandular; blade reniform or broadly ovate, shallowly 5-7-lobed, 1.5-4 cm, base subcordate or truncate, lobes rounded, margins sharply dentate, apex often mucronate, surfaces short stipitate-glandular or sparsely long stipitate-glandular abaxially, short stipitate-glandular adaxially. Inflorescences dense, (secund). Flowers: hypanthium weakly bilaterally symmetric, free 0.5-1.5 mm, greenish yellow, narrowly campanulate, 3-5 mm, short stipitate-glandular; sepals erect, green-tipped, equal, 1-1.5 mm, apex rounded; petals erect, green, oblanceolate, unlobed, 2 mm, margins entire; stamens exserted 0.5-1 mm; styles exserted 1 mm, 1.5-2 mm, 0.1+ mm diam. Capsules ovoid, 4-6 mm, beaks divergent, not papillose. Seeds brownish black, nearly straight along 1 side, convex on other side, 0.7-0.8 mm.
Heuchera bracteata occurs in the Rocky Mountains and foothills of northern Colorado and southern Wyoming.
" 1850 general 1147047 "Pentagramma triangularis" "Petiole chestnut brown to dark brown, somewhat shiny, glabrous or sometimes viscid-glandular or rarely somewhat white-farinose proximally. Blade thin and herbaceous to thick and leathery, abaxially densely farinose, farina white or yellow, adaxially bright green to yellowish green when fresh, glabrous to glandular or viscid.
Pentagramma triangularis occurs in rock crevices and at the base of overhanging boulders in drainages and on slopes and roadbanks. Occasional plants in which the farina is nearly absent may be encountered. These have been described as Pityrogramma triangularis var. viridis Hoover, a name of uncertain application that appears to refer to misshapen-spored hybrids of various parentage within the Pentagramma triangularis complex.
" 1855 general 985835 "Platystemon californicus" "Plants 0.3-3 dm, pilose or hirsute, sometimes glabrate. Leaves 10-90 × 1.7-8.1 mm; blade broadly linear; margins entire; apex rounded to long-acute. Inflorescences: peduncle 3.4-25.8 cm; bud globose to ovoid-cylindric. Flowers: petals white to cream colored, sometimes with yellow tip and/or base, rarely gold overall, sometimes tinged red in age, narrowly ovate to obovate, 6-19 × 3.5-16 mm, apex acute to rounded; ovary cylindric to oblong-ellipsoid; stigmas linear, margin revolute. Capsules ellipsoid, to 1.6 cm. Seeds black, shining, smooth. 2 n = 12 (plus occasional supernumerary chromosomes).
This highly variable, wind-pollinated taxon has been split into as many as 57 species on the basis of characteristics showing little cohesiveness. Ecotypic variation has produced morphologic extremes ranging from semisucculent, nearly glabrous coastal forms to very robust, moderately pubescent plants of interior grassland to compact, densely pubescent plants of semidesert habitats (G. L. Hannan 1979, 1982). Several varieties are recognized in some currently used floras: Platystemon californicus var. ciliatus Dunkle, from Santa Barbara Island; P . californicus var. nutans M. Brandegee, from coastal San Diego County and Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands; and P . californicus var. ornithopus (Greene) Munz, from San Miguel, San Nicholas, and Santa Rosa islands. These geographically restricted morphotypes appear to result from the same sort of ecotypic variation found in many other parts of the range. Rather than naming each ecotype, it seems best to treat Platystemon as a single, highly variable species with many locally adapted, intergrading populations.
" 1856 general 1113968 "Pleopeltis astrolepis" "Stems long-creeping, branched, ca. 1 mm diam.; scales round to ovate-lanceolate, centrally clathrate with cell luminae clear, pubescent, hairs reddish brown. Leaves to 20 cm, weakly hygroscopic. Petiole conspicuously flattened, sparsely scaly; scales rarely overlapping, margins fringed. Blade linear-elliptic, simple, to 2 cm wide, margins entire, moderately scaly abaxially, sparsely scaly adaxially; scales bicolored, mostly round, less than 0.5 mm wide, centers brown, clathrate, margins transparent, deeply fringed. Venation complexly anastomosing, fertile areoles with several included veinlets. Sori oval to oblong, discrete or often confluent, surficial to shallowly embossed, soral scales attached to receptacle. Spores shallowly and irregularly papillate to verrucose, ca. 58 µm. 2 n = 136.
Pleopeltis astrolepis is a common species in tropical America, including the West Indies. The only known North American locality, in Broward County, Florida, was discovered in 1977, and (in 1992) the plants are in danger of extirpation from development.
" 1862 general 1114617 "Polypodium sibiricum" "Stems often whitish pruinose, slender, to 6 mm diam., acrid-tasting; scales concolored to weakly bicolored, uniformly dark brown, often lighter near base, lanceolate, contorted distally, margins denticulate. Leaves to 25 cm. Petiole slender, to 1 mm diam. Blade oblong-linear, pinnatifid, usually widest at or near middle, to 4 cm wide, somewhat leathery; rachis sparsely scaly to glabrescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; scales lanceolate-ovate, usually more than 6 cells wide. Segments oblong, less than 7 mm wide; margins entire to crenulate; apex rounded to broadly acute; midrib glabrous adaxially. Venation free. Sori midway between margin and midrib to nearly marginal, less than 3 mm diam., circular when immature. Sporangiasters present, less than 40 per sorus, heads normally without glandular hairs. Spores less than 52 µm, tuberculate with tubercles, surface projections more than 3 µm tall. 2 n = 74.
This boreal diploid has traditionally been identified as Polypodium virginianum (T. M. C. Taylor 1970; F. A. Lang 1971), but recent investigations indicate that it is conspecific with the eastern Eurasian species P . sibiricum (C. H. Haufler and M. D. Windham 1991). The sporangiasters of P . sibiricum normally lack glands, but some collections have sporangiasters with a few glandular hairs. Although such collections could be misidentified, the spores of P . sibiricum are less than 52 µm and clearly distinguish it from P . virginianum , P . amorphum , and P . saximontanum . Hybridization occurs between P . sibiricum and P . virginianum where these species overlap in Canada, forming triploid individuals with misshapen spores (C. H. Haufler and Wang Z. R. 1991).
" 1863 general 1114062 "Polypodium triseriale" "Stems not whitish pruinose, slender to stout, 5--15 mm diam., taste unknown; scales brown, ovate-acuminate, symmetric, somewhat to strongly clathrate, margins somewhat lighter, entire. Leaves to 90 cm. Petiole slender to stout, to 7 mm diam. Blade broadly ovate, 1-pinnate at base, widest at or near base, to 60 cm wide, papery to almost leathery; rachis glabrous abaxially and adaxially. Segments (pinnae) linear to oblong, apex acuminate; proximal segments stalked to nearly sessile, distal ones slightly narrowed but broadly adnate at base, less than 35 mm wide; margins entire or slightly wavy; apex acute; midrib glabrous adaxially. Venation anastomosing with a regular series of 2--5 rows of areoles on both sides of costae. Sori in 1--3 parallel rows on both sides of costa, 0.5--3 mm diam., circular when immature. Sporangiasters absent. Spores less than 58 µm, verrucose, with surface projections less than 3 µm. 2 n = 148.
Commonly found in montane tropical rainforests, the epiphytic Polypodium triseriale is quite distinct from and probably only distantly related to other North American members of Polypodium . It seems likely that spores are occasionally blown into southern Florida, probably from the West Indies, and plants develop as naturalized populations.
" 1866 general 521975 "Polystichum kruckebergii" "Stems ascending. Leaves erect, 1--2.5 dm; bulblets absent. Petiole 1/10--1/5 length of leaf, sparsely scaly; scales light brown, gradually diminishing in size distally. Blade linear, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, base narrowed. Pinnae rhombic-ovate to short-falcate, proximal pinnae ± triangular; pinnae overlapping, twisted somewhat out of plane of blade, 0.5--1.5 cm; base oblique, acroscopic auricle well developed; margins shallowly incised to merely dentate or serrulate, teeth spreading and spiny at tip; apex acute with subapical and apical teeth same size; microscales lanceolate with few projections, confined to costa, on abaxial surface only. Indusia entire. Spores dark brown. 2 n = 164.
Polystichum kruckebergii is widely but sporadically distributed in small numbers in both the Sierra-Cascade and Rocky Mountain systems. Populations sometimes consist of only two or three dwarfed plants that are difficult to distinguish from P . scopulinum , with which they may occur. The spreading teeth of equal size at the pinna apex will usually distinguish this species. Polystichum kruckebergii is a tetraploid presumed to be of hybrid origin, with P . lonchitis and P . lemmonii as its diploid progenitors (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973), although this hypothesis has not been confirmed. The hybrid with P . munitum has been found in Washington (P. S. Soltis et al. 1987) with both parents, and it is distinguished by intermediate morphology and abortive sporangia.
" 1867 general 522661 "Polystichum kwakiutlii" "Stems unknown. Leaves (only distal portion known) with bulblets present. Blade lanceolate, 2-pinnate, base probably narrowed. Pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2--7 cm, base truncate to oblique, acroscopic proximal pinnule enlarged, apex obtuse. Pinnules short-stalked, ovate-rhombic, acroscopic auricle ± well developed, margins finely spiny-dentate; apex acuminate; microscales filiform, lacking projections, dense abaxially, sparse adaxially. Indusia entire.
Polystichum kwakiutlii is known only from the type specimen, collected at Alice Arm, British Columbia (whether referring to inlet or town is unknown). This species is presumed to be one of the diploid progenitors of P . andersonii . It should be sought among the boreal 2-pinnate polystichums, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of bulblets. Polystichum kwakiutlii differs from P . andersonii in its completely divided pinnae and entire indusia.
" 1869 general 1146956 "Pteris bahamensis" "Stems slender, short-creeping, sparsely scaly; scales dark brown to black. Leaves clustered, to ca. 1 m. Petiole green or straw-colored to purple-black proximally or medium brown with age, 10--25(--45) cm, glabrous or sparingly scaly at base, glabrous at maturity. Blade lanceolate, broadly linear or oblanceolate, 1-pinnate, 25--50(--60) × 3--16 cm; rachis not winged. Pinnae often numerous, well separated, mostly green over winter, not decurrent on rachis, articulate to rachis, narrowly linear, simple, 1.5--9 cm × 1.5--5 mm; base rounded or auriculate and widened but not cordate; margins obscurely dentate, often appearing entire; apex short-acute to obtuse; pinnae glabrous or rarely with a few scattered hairs abaxially on costa. Veins free, forked. Sori broad, little blade tissue exposed abaxially. 2 n = 116.
A form with dissected, deeply or completely 1--2-pinnate pinnae occurs throughout the range of Pteris bahamensis and is known in the flora from southern Florida.
Pteris bahamensis is often treated as a variety of P . longifolia Linnaeus, and some transition toward that species is evident. The primary differences are in the degree of rachis pubescence (denser in P . longifolia ) and in pinna base shape (typically cordate in P . longifolia ). The presence of transitional specimens and the quantitative nature of the differences suggest the taxa may be conspecific. Little is known, however, about the ranges and patterns of variation in both taxa. Pteris bahamensis is diploid and P . longifolia appears to be tetraploid. The two taxa are closely related, and further cytological and morphometric analyses will be needed before their relationships can be stated with confidence. Pteris bahamensis is maintained here at the species rank to emphasize the differences between the two taxa, though they are perhaps better treated as subspecies. Specimens identified as P . longifolia from the flora are P . bahamensis .
Pteris × delchampsii W. H. Wagner & Nauman is intermediate between Pteris bahamensis and P . vittata . Hybrid plants resemble a narrow, skeletonized form of P . vittata but have darker, shorter, and fewer stem scales, the petioles and rachises are less densely scaly, and pinnae are stiffer, farther apart, slender, and less ascending, with the margins less sharply dentate. The spores are largely misshapen. The chromosome number is 2 n = 116, with irregular pairing.
Pteris × delchampsii is terrestrial or on rock in disturbed calcareous habitats on limestone walls and ledges in Broward, Dade, and Monroe counties, Florida; it is also thought to occur in Collier County, Florida. Outside the flora it occurs in the West Indies in the Bahamas.
Plants of Pteris × delchampsii most often resemble one of the parent species, and this may confound identification. Hybrids can be distinguished by the high percentage of misshapen, collapsed, or empty spores and abortive sporangia.
Varieties 3 (1 in the flora): North America; temperate South America.
" 1890 general 1295703 "Selaginella arizonica" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming rather loose mats. Stems not readily fragmenting, prostrate, upperside and underside structurally different, irregularly forked, branches determinate, tips upturned in extremely dry conditions. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stem throughout, 0.25--0.3 mm diam. Leaves conspicuously dimorphic, in 8 ranks, tightly appressed to ascending, green; abaxial ridges present; apex with transparent to opaque, flattened bristle 0.1--0.3 mm, sometimes becoming acute (by breaking off of bristle). Underside leaves lanceolate, 2--2.5 X 0.5--0.6 mm; base decurrent, glabrous; margins ciliate, cilia transparent to opaque, spreading or ascending, 0.06--0.13 mm. Upperside leaves linear-lanceolate to slightly falcate (on marginal ranks), 1.9--2.25 X 0.4--0.55 mm; base abruptly adnate, pubescent or glabrous; margins ciliate, cilia transparent to opaque, spreading, 0.06--0.15 mm. Strobili solitary, 5--10 mm; sporophylls ovate-deltate, abaxial ridges not prominent, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate to denticulate, apex acute.
Selaginella arizonica can be further distinguished from the similar S . peruviana by its broad, thin underside leaves. In S . peruviana the underside leaves are narrow and fleshy.
" 1891 general 1295705 "Selaginella asprella" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming cushionlike or loose mats. Stems decumbent to short-creeping, dry stem readily fragmenting, irregularly forking, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem upperside and underside structurally slightly different, inconspicuously indeterminate, lateral branches radially symmetric, determinate or not, often strongly ascending on cushionlike mats, 1--2-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.2--0.4 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in alternate pseudowhorls of 4, tightly appressed, ascending, green, narrowly triangular-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (2--)2.5--4 X 0.45--0.7(--0.8) mm (smaller on young buds); abaxial ridges present; base cuneate and decurrent or sometimes rounded and adnate on young buds, pubescent (hairs often covering 1/4 of leaf length abaxially); margins ciliate, cilia transparent to whitish, spreading, 0.7--0.15 mm; apex keeled, attenuate or obtuse, bristled; bristle white or transparent, puberulent, 0.5--1.4 mm. Strobili solitary, 0.4--1.5(--2) cm; sporophylls lanceolate and strongly tapering to apex or deltate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, abaxial ridges moderately defined, base pubescent or glabrous, margins short-ciliate to dentate, apex keeled or plane, bristled.
Selaginella asprella may be confused with S . leucobryoides particularly because of its readily fragmenting stems.
" 1892 general 1295706 "Selaginella bigelovii" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming clumps. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; aerial stems erect or occasionally ascending. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to rhizomes and lower 1/3 of aerial stems, 0.3--0.4 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, not clearly ranked. Rhizomatous stem leaves persistent, tightly appressed, scalelike. Aerial stem leaves appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 2.2--3.8 X 0.29--0.4(--0.75) mm; abaxial ridges present; base abruptly adnate, cordate to almost peltate, pubescent or sometimes glabrous; margins short-ciliate at base, denticulate toward apex, cilia white to transparent or greenish, spreading at base, ascending toward apex, 0.02--0.08 mm; apex keeled, bristled; bristle puberulent, rough, transparent to whitish, 0.23--0.75 mm. Strobili solitary, (0.4--)1--1.5 cm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, abaxial ridges not prominent, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate to denticulate, apex bristled. 2 n = 18.
Selaginella bigelovii is a member of the series Arenicolae (R. M. Tryon 1955) and is closely related to S . rupincola (see discussion). It may be confused with S . × neomexicana . Selaginella bigelovii , however, always has well-developed megasporangia with most of the megaspores and microspores well formed, whereas S . × neomexicana is a presumed sterile hybrid that does not form megaspores, seldom forms microspores, and usually has most sporangia misshapen (R. M. Tryon 1955). Moreover, S . × neomexicana has not been reported from either California or Baja California.
" 1895 general 1295730 "Selaginella leucobryoides" "Plants on rock, forming rounded cushionlike mats. Stems decumbent to short-creeping, dry stems readily fragmenting; irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem upperside and underside structurally slightly different, inconspicuously indeterminate, lateral branches radially symmetric, determinate, strongly ascending, 1-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.2--0.35 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, ± in alternate pseudowhorls of 4, tightly appressed, ascending, green, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sometimes falcate on lateral rows (on main stem), 2--4.5 X 0.5--0.65 mm (usually smaller on young ascending branches); abaxial ridges present; base cuneate and decurrent (rounded and adnate on young branches), glabrous; margins short-ciliate, cilia transparent, scattered, spreading at base to ascending and dentiform toward apex, 0.07--0.15 mm; apex slightly attenuate and bristled or obtuse and abruptly bristled; bristle whitish or transparent, puberulent, 0.2--0.6 mm. Strobili solitary, 0.4--1.5 cm; sporophylls deltate-ovate or lanceolate, abaxial ridges moderately defined, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate to denticulate, apex acuminate with very short bristle.
Selaginella leucobryoides has very tightly intertwined stems that readily fragment, a characteristic shared with S . utahensis and S . asprella . Selaginella leucobryoides is very closely related to, and difficult to separate from, S . utahensis (see discussion).
" 1896 general 1295734 "Selaginella mutica" "Plants on rock or terrestrial, forming loose mats. Stems radially symmetric, long- to short-creeping, not readily fragmenting, ± regularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem indeterminate, lateral branches determinate, 1--2-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.13--0.23 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in ± alternate pseudowhorls of 3, tightly appressed, ascending, green, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic, 1--2 X 0.45--0.6 mm; abaxial ridges well defined; base rounded and adnate, sometimes slightly decurrent, pubescent or glabrous; margins ciliate to denticulate, cilia transparent, spreading or ascending, 0.03--0.17 mm; apex keeled, obtuse or slightly attenuate, nearly truncate in profile, blunt to short-bristled; bristle transparent to greenish transparent or whitish, smooth, 0.06--0.45 mm. Strobili solitary, (0.6--)1--3 cm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate, ovate-elliptic, or deltate-ovate, abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins ciliate to denticulate, apex strongly to slightly keeled, short-bristled to blunt. 2 n = 18.
Varieties 2: only in the flora.
Selaginella mutica , S . underwoodii (R. M. Tryon 1955; C. A. Weatherby 1943), and S . wallacei all have similar patterns of variation. Study is needed to assess to what degree such variability is caused by environmental or genetic factors. Within S . mutica , two rather distinct, morphologic extremes are recognized here as varieties. Many specimens having leaves with spreading, long, marginal cilia and a short, broken, apical bristle have been considered intermediate between the two varieties, but they belong in S . mutica var. mutica .
Selaginella mutica may be one of the parent species of the putative hybrid species S . × neomexicana (see discussion). Selaginella mutica is often found growing in the same habitat with S . underwoodii , S . × neomexicana , and S . weatherbiana . According to R. M. Tryon (1955), where the two grow together, S . mutica mats gradually entirely replace mats of S . underwoodii over time. Selaginella mutica is sometimes confused with S . viridissima .
Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming cushionlike or rather loose mats. Stems decumbent or creeping, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem upperside and underside structurally slightly different, conspicuously or inconspicuously indeterminate, lateral branches radially symmetric, conspicuously determinate, strongly ascending, 1--2-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.25--0.45 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in poorly defined pseudowhorls of 4 or 6, tightly appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate to linear, in lateral ranks sometimes falcate, 2.5--4(--4.3) X 0.5--0.75 mm (upperside leaves smaller than underside, smaller also on ascending buds); abaxial ridges present; base (on main stem) decurrent, oblique, and glabrous on underside leaves, slightly decurrent to adnate, oblique, and glabrous or rarely puberulent on upperside leaves; margins usually short-ciliate, cilia transparent, spreading or ascending at base, denticulate and ascending on distal 2/3, 0.02--0.07(--0.15) mm; apex plane or sometimes slightly keeled, obtuse to attenuate, abruptly bristled; bristle whitish, transparent to opaque, with few teeth or smooth, 0.5--1.1 mm. Strobili solitary, (0.5--)1--3(--4.5) cm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, or seldom ovate, usually tapering toward apex, abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins proximally short-ciliate to denticulate, lacking cilia apically, apex usually attenuate or slightly keeled, short-bristled.
Selaginella scopulorum is a member of the S . densa
complex, in which there is a clear need for more systematic studies. Some specimens of S . scopulorum from Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado have more conspicuous whitish bristles than those elsewhere and are difficult to distinguish from S . densa .
Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming cushionlike or rather short, loose mats. Stems decumbent to short-creeping, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem upperside and underside structurally slightly different, inconspicuously indeterminate, lateral branches radially symmetric, determinate, strongly ascending, 1-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems throughout stem length, 0.2--0.35 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in poorly defined pseudowhorls of 5 or 6, tightly appressed, ascending, green, linear, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, (2.5--)3--4.5 mm (smaller on upperside leaves and in ascending buds); abaxial ridges present; base decurrent, oblique, glabrous or rarely pubescent; margins short-ciliate to denticulate, cilia transparent, scattered, spreading to ascending, 0.05--0.07(--0.1) mm; apex keeled, obtuse, rather abruptly bristled; bristle usually yellowish or transparent to opaque, slightly puberulent or smooth, (0.4--)0.7--1.25 mm. Strobili solitary, 0.5--1(--2.3) cm; sporophylls deltate-ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, abaxial ridges well defined, base glabrous, margins short-ciliate to denticulate on distal 3/4, apex keeled, strongly truncate in profile, abruptly bristled.
R. M. Tryon (1955) reported an elevation range of 1500--4660 m for Selaginella standleyi . I have not seen specimens from these lower and higher elevations.
Selaginella standleyi is a member of the S . densa complex. It has sometimes been confused with S . watsonii and S . sibirica ; it is, however, rather easy to distinguish by leaf and strobilus characters.
Plants on rock, forming loose festoonlike mats or rarely compact mats. Stems radially symmetric, long-creeping, short-creeping, or pendent, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked, without budlike arrested branches, tips straight; main stem indeterminate, lateral branches determinate, spreading, 1--2-forked. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.15--0.27(--0.3) mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, in alternate pseudowhorls of 4 (on main stem and older lateral branches) or 3 (on young lateral branches and secondary branches), loosely appressed, ascending, green, linear to linear-lanceolate or narrowly triangular-lanceolate, (2--)2.5--3.4 X 0.45--0.5(--0.7) mm; abaxial ridges prominent; base mostly cuneate and decurrent, rarely rounded and adnate (on young branches), pubescent or glabrous; margins entire to denticulate or very short-ciliate, cilia transparent, scattered, mostly ascending, dentiform toward apex, 0.02--0.07 mm; apex keeled, slightly attenuate, short- to long-bristled; bristle transparent greenish to greenish-yellowish, rarely white, smooth, seldom slightly puberulent, sometimes breaking off, 0.25--0.7(--1) mm. Strobili sometimes paired, 0.5--3.5 cm; sporophylls lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, abaxial ridges prominent, base glabrous, with prominent auricles (no other species has such prominent auricles), margins entire or very short-ciliate to denticulate, apex keeled, short- to long-bristled.
R. M. Tryon (1971) reported that the bristle on Selaginella underwoodii leaves is longer (to 1.44 mm) in the southern part of the range and shorter (to 0.43 mm) northward and in central Arizona. Selaginella underwoodii seems to be closely related to S . oregana , perhaps sharing a common ancestor.
" 1901 general 1295760 "Selaginella weatherbiana" "Plants on rock, forming clumps. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; aerial stems erect, less often ascending, cespitose, stout, branches not conspicuously arrested, budlike branches mostly near base. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, mostly restricted to rhizomatous stems or to lower 1/2 of aerial stems, 0.16--0.26(--3) mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, not clearly ranked. Rhizomatous stem leaves persistent, loosely appressed, ascending, often incurved, scalelike. Aerial stem leaves tightly appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1.7--2.4 X 0.36--0.43 mm; abaxial ridges prominent; base cuneate and decurrent on main stem or rounded and abruptly adnate on apical branch portions, glabrous or pubescent; margins short-ciliate at base, cilia transparent, spreading, denticulate, and ascending toward apex, 0.03--0.06 mm; apex keeled; bristle transparent to opaque or yellowish to brownish (on old leaves), puberulent to smooth, 0.3--0.6(--0.7) mm. Strobili solitary, (0.7--)1--3 cm; sporophylls narrowly ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, abaxial ridges prominent, base glabrous, margins denticulate to short-ciliate, apex keeled, bristled. 2 n = 18.
One of the most striking features of Selaginella weatherbiana is that at branch forks the larger branch continues to grow as a vegetative shoot, and the smaller one usually forms a strobilus. Therefore, the strobili appear to be lateral rather than terminal. Selaginella weatherbiana grows in close association with S . underwoodii (R. M. Tryon 1955). The two species (as well as S . mutica var. mutica ) are very often mixed on herbarium specimens.
" 1902 general 1295761 "Selaginella willdenowii" "Plants terrestrial, vinelike or shrublike. Stems high-climbing, many times branched, branches 4--5-forked, flat, not articulate, glabrous. Rhizophores borne on upperside or underside of stems throughout stem length, 2--3 mm diam. Leaves delicate, papery. Lateral leaves distant, iridescent, blue-green, ovate to oblong, (2.5--)3--4 X (1--)1.5--2 mm (leaves on tertiary stems ± 1/3 smaller); basiscopic base rounded, acroscopic base with whitish, long, downward-curving auricle; margins transparent (whitish and shiny when dry), entire; apex rounded or obtuse. Median leaves falcate-lanceolate or oblique-ovate, 2.4--2.7 X 0.9--1.3 mm; base auriculate, outer auricle larger than inner; margins transparent, entire; apex obtuse. Strobili solitary, 0.5--2 cm; sporophylls monomorphic, cordate to ovate-deltate, base glabrous, margins green, entire, apex slightly cuspidate. 2 n = 20.
Selaginella willdenowii is cultivated principally as a garden plant; it escapes and becomes naturalized in southern Florida. It is now widely distributed and naturalized in many regions in tropical and subtropical America. Its bushy to vinelike habit and blue-green, iridescent leaves are unusual. The iridescence is apparently caused by the effect of thin film interference filters in the leaf epidermis (D. W. Lee 1977). Lee pointed out that the convex epidermal cells in this species may focus light into a single, distal, large chloroplast, possibly adaptations for the improvement of photosynthetic efficiency at the forest floor level.
Selaginella willdenowii is related to S . uncinata (Desvaux ex Poiret) Spring and to S . plana (Desvaux ex Poiret) Hieronymus, which has been reported in Florida (O. Lakela and R. W. Long 1976) but apparently has not become naturalized. Selaginella plana is an erect plant; the secondary branches have obovate-oblong axillary leaves with the apices acute to slightly acuminate, lateral leaves with rounded apices, and median leaves obtuse to rounded. The sporophylls are ovate-lanceolate, with serrate to short-ciliate and very distinctive, white transparent margins.
Plants on rock, forming loose to dense mats. Stems not readily fragmenting, prostrate, upperside and underside structurally different, irregularly forked, branches determinate, tips upturned. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, throughout stem length, 0.25--0.37 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, arranged in 8 ranks, tightly appressed, ascending, green; abaxial ridges absent; apex with yellowish bristle 0.2--0.5 mm, becoming denticulate (by breaking off of bristle); bristle usually more persistent in underside leaves. Underside leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate to falcate (on marginal ranks), 3.5--4.5(--5) X 0.55--0.7 mm; base abruptly adnate or slightly decurrent, usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous; margins ciliate, cilia transparent, spreading, 0.12--0.26 mm. Upperside leaves linear-lanceolate, 3.3--3.85 X 0.6--0.75 mm; base abruptly adnate, pubescent; margins ciliate, cilia transparent, spreading, 0.12--0.26 mm. Strobili solitary, (0.7--)1.5--2(--2.6) cm; sporophylls lanceolate, abaxial ridges not prominent, base glabrous, margins ciliate, apex strongly tapering, bristle obscure.
Of other species in the flora, Selaginella wrightii seems to be allied to S . hansenii . The structural differentiation of the stem, adjacently different leaves, and upturned branch tips align the two species to the series Eremophilae . Selaginella wrightii is a calciphile, according to R. M. Tryon (1955).
" 1911 general 1164256 "Thalictrum heliophilum" "Roots fibrous. Stems 14-50 cm, arising singly or in dense clusters of 2-3 from short, horizontal, fibrous-rooted rhizomes. Leaves basal and cauline, petiolate. Leaf blade ternately compound, cauline blades gradually reduced upward, distalmost 2-ternate; leaflets broadly obovate, apically 3-toothed, otherwise undivided, 5-8 × 4-5 mm, leathery, surfaces glabrous, glaucous. Inflorescences terminal, panicles, many flowered. Flowers: sepals 4, color unknown, lanceolate to ovate, 2-3 mm; filaments brownish, 2-3 mm; anthers 2-3 mm, apiculate; stigma color unknown. Achenes 4-5(-6), not reflexed, nearly sessile; stipe 0.1-0.2 mm; body oblique-obovate, strongly laterally compressed, 4-5 mm, glabrous, glaucous, prominently 3-veined on each side, veins converging near apex, rarely branched or sinuous, not anastomosing-reticulate; beak ca. 1.5 mm.
In a genus of primarily mesophytic plants, Thalictrum heliophilum is notable for its relatively xeric habitat. Known only from Garfield and Rio Blanco counties, northwestern Colorado, it is similar to the widespread T . fendleri ; it may be distinguished by its smaller, leathery, glaucous leaflets and fewer achenes.
" 1917 general 1313666 "Thelypteris hispidula" "Varieties 4 (1 in the flora): tropical and subtropical, North America, Mexico, West Indies in the Antilles, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa.
This species and the next are included in Christella subg. Christella by R. E. Holttum (1982).
The relationship between Old World and New World varieties is unstudied.
Herbs , 0.5-1.5 m. Rhizome with fascicles of fibrous roots. Stems 1-several, erect, usually unbranched below inflorescence, 0.5-1.5 m, glabrous or glabrate. Leaves: basal leaves with petiole to 4.5dm, blade 1-3(-4) dm wide, lobe apex acute; cauline leaves reduced toward apex of stem. Inflorescences: peduncle 1-8dm; pedicel densely pubescent with minute, hooked trichomes. Flowers: stamens white, 5-10 mm. Utricles papery, veins prominent along angles and on 2 adaxial faces. 2 n =16.
Trautvetteria caroliniensis apparently has been extirpated from Indiana.
The numerous white stamens make Trautvetteria caroliniensis an attractive ornamental, and it is reportedly easy to grow.
Populations of Trautvetteria caroliniensis in western North America have been distinguished from the eastern typical material as T . caroliniansis var. borealis (Hara) T. Shimizu [synonym: T . caroliniensis var. occidentalis (A. Gray) C.L. Hitchcock]. Asian populations, long treated as the distinct species T . japonica Siebold & Zuccarini, were most recently regarded (T. Shimizu 1981; M. Tamura 1991) as conspecific with the North American populations [as T . caroliniensis var. japonica (Siebold & Zuccarini) T. Shimizu]. Aside from geography, varietal differences seem rather arbitrary.
The Bella Coola applied poultices made from the pounded roots of Trautvetteria caroliniensis to boils (on adults only) (D.E. Moerman 1986).
Subspecies 4 (1 in the flora): tropical and subtropical regions, North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America.
" 1936 general 1147847 "Vittaria appalachiana" "Plants on rock. Sporophytes absent or abortive, rarely formed (see discussion). Gametophytes sparsely to much branched. Gemmae highly variable, often with end cells swollen; body cells 2--12, rhizoid primordia absent from medial cells, often lacking on 1 or both end cells.
Dense colonies of Vittaria appalachiana coat rock surfaces in deeply sheltered habitats throughout the Appalachian Mountains and plateau. Abortive, apogamously produced embryos and small sporophytes with leaves less than 5 mm have been collected from one site in Ohio and have been produced from gametophytes in culture on two occasions. The largest of these produced simple, linear leaves and clathrate rhizome scales typical of Vittariaceae. Starch gel enzyme electrophoresis patterns, as well as morphology, distinguish these plants from other American species. Enzyme electrophoresis patterns and a somatic chromosome number of 120 (G. J. Gastony 1977) suggest that the plants are diploid and possibly of hybrid origin. Fixation of different genotypes in different sections of the range indicates an ancient origin of the independent gametophytes, possibly through Pleistocene elimination of the sporophyte generation (D. R. Farrar 1990).
A distinctive morphologic characteristic of Vittaria appalachiana is the variability displayed in gemma production, often including forms intermediate between gemmae and their supporting gemmifer cells and abortive "gemmae" arrested in early stages of development. This is in contrast to the remarkably regular pattern of gemma production in other species (D. R. Farrar 1978; E. S. Sheffield and D. R. Farrar 1988).
Plants often blackish or dark brown, sometimes olive green. Leaves secund to often deciduous, lanceolate-subulate, obtuse, costae filling subula; margins denticulate at apex, entire below, leaf cells (1-)3:1, quadrate to rectangular-elliptic; perichaetial leaves abruptly subulate. Seta 3-13 mm, flexuose. Capsule ovate to narrowly pyriform, peristome of 16, lanceolate teeth; columella not developed. Spores 13-20 µm.
Blindia acuta forms soft blackish mats on acidic rocks in moist arctic, alpine, and montane habitats. The well-developed alar cells, smooth leaf cells, subulate leaves, and short-ovate, smooth capsules with well-developed, smooth peristome teeth are distinguishing features. Seligeria species are smaller and occur on calcareous rocks.
" 1945 general 509297 "Campylopus schmidii" "Plants 2-5 cm, yellowish green, stiff, evenly foliate, the perichaetia in comal tufts. Leaves 5-6 mm, erect-patent when wet, appressed when dry, from oblong base gradually contracted to a long subula, ending in a straight, hyaline, serrate tip; alar cells hardly differentiated; basal laminal cells thin-walled, rectangular, hyaline; distal laminal cells chlorophyllose, oval to narrow or elongate oval, incrassate; costa filling 1/2-2/3 of leaf width, in transverse section showing adaxial hyalocysts as large as the median deuter cells, and abaxial groups of stereids, ribbed abaxially. Specialized asexual reproduction by deciduous buds produced in the distalmost part of the stem. Sporophytes not known from North America.
Campylopus schmidii does not fruit in North America, where apparently only female plants exist. The range of this species is mainly southeastern Asia. From there it extends south to Queensland, west to Madagascar and Central Africa, east to Hawaii, California, Oregon, and Mexico. In California it is known from two localities, in Oregon from one, and in Mexico from one, which suggests that the occurrence of C. schmidii may result from occasional long distance dispersal events across the Pacific Ocean; it may not be native in North America. The first collection was made in California in 1933. Plants of C. schmidii resemble C. pilifer but are distinguished by elongate-oval rather than oval distal laminal cells and costa smooth at the abaxial surface and not with lamellae 3-4 cells high as in C. pilifer. Campylopus introflexus has lamellae 2 cells high and a similar areolation as C. pilifer but is distinguished in the field by reflexed hairpoints. All three species are more or less vicariant sister species, C. introflexus in the subantarctic to subtropical parts of the southern hemisphere, C. pilifer in tropical India, Africa, and South America and from there extending to southeastern North America and southwestern Europe, and C. schmidii mainly in southeastern Asia.
" 1949 general 509030 "Dicranum fragilifolium" "Plants in compact tufts, light green to yellowish brown, glossy. Stems 1.5-6 cm, densely tomentose with dark brown to red rhizoids. Leaves straight, erect-spreading, rigid, appressed when dry, smooth, (5-)6-7(-7.5) × 0.4-0.6 mm, most of the leaf tips deciduous and absent, concave proximally, canaliculate distally, from a lanceolate base to a long subula formed by the excurrent costa, apex acute; margins entire to somewhat serrulate above; laminae 1-stratose or some 2-stratose regions near costa; costa excurrent, 1/4-1/3 the width of the leaves at base, smooth or slightly rough above on abaxial surface, abaxial ridges absent, with a row of guide cells, two thin stereid bands (2-3 cells thick), adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers not differentiated or sometimes with a few cells in both layers enlarged; cell walls between lamina cells slightly bulging; leaf cells smooth; alar cells 1-stratose, sometimes with some 2-stratose regions, well-differentiated, sometimes extending to costa; proximal laminal cells elongate-rectangular, usually pitted or indistinctly pitted, (25-)39-55(-84) × (5-)7-8(-10) µm; median laminal cells rectangular, not pitted, (11-)21-22(-37) × (4-)7-8(-10) µm; distal laminal cells nearly elliptic, incrassate. Sexual condition dioicous; male plants as tall as females, usually more slender; interior perichaetial leaves abruptly long-acuminate, convolute-sheathing. Seta 1.5-2.5 cm, solitary, yellowish to brown. Capsule 1.8-2 mm, arcuate to nearly straight, ± erect, smooth, sometimes striate when dry, yellowish brown; operculum 1-2 mm. Spores 16-28 µm.
Dicranum fragilifolium is a rare boreal species with shiny, light green to yellowish brown, erect-spreading leaves. The distal portion of the leaves is fragile and often broken off, thereby giving the plants a distinctive appearance. The deciduous leaf apices presumably serve as a type of asexual reproduction by regenerating to produce new plants. The species is often confused with D. tauricum, another species with deciduous leaf tips, but the latter occurs only in western North America. Where their ranges overlap they frequently are difficult to tell apart. When sporophytes are present the straight capsules of D. tauricum are distinctive from the usually arcuate ones of D. fragilifolium, which unfortunately rarely produces them. When sterile, the best way to separate the two is by the costa cross section in the proximal half of the leaf: D. fragilifolium has stereid cells in two thin bands while D. tauricum has none. Also, in D. fragilifolium there are 2-3 layers of cells above and below the guide cells, while in D. tauricum there are 1 or rarely 2 layers of cells. One other species with deciduous leaf tips that has sometimes been confused with D. fragilifolium is D. viride of eastern North America. It has a straight capsule like D. tauricum but as in D. fragilifolium capsules are rarely produced. The broad costa of D. viride, covering 1/3 or more of the leaf base, will distinguish it from D. fragilifolium, the costa of which covers 1/4 or less of the leaf base.
" 1952 general 508716 "Kiaeria glacialis" "Plants robust, in loose tufts, mostly green to yellow, shiny. Stems 1-2(-4) cm. Leaves mostly falcate-secund, lanceolate, gradually subulate, 2-4.5 mm, margins distally 1 or 2-stratose; costa 50-60 µm wide at base; distal laminal cells mostly elongate (2-5:1), porose, 7-9 µm wide, smooth or weakly mammillose-roughened; basal laminal cells elongate, porose, alar cells strongly inflated and differentiated. Perichaetial leaves similar to the cauline. Perigonia sessile, located just below perichaetia. Capsule distinctly ribbed when dry, urn 1.3-2 mm. Spores 14-20 µm.
Kiaeria glacialis is a large species that is found in late snowbeds and is similar to K. starkei, which is more slender and is commonly found on vertical rock surfaces. A form of K. starkei occasionally occurs in late snowbeds, but it has small, erect-spreading dark green leaves; K. falcata also occurs in late snowbeds, but can be distinguished in the field by its short, non-grooved capsules.
" 1953 general 508219 "Kiaeria starkei" "Plants in loose tufts, green to yellow, mostly shiny. Stems 1-2(-4) cm. Leaves mostly falcate-secund, curled at tips when dry, lanceolate, gradually subulate, 2-4.5 mm, margins distally 1-stratose; costa 50-60 µm wide at base; distal laminal cells mostly elongate (2-4:1), occasionally subquadrate, 7-9 µm wide, smooth or weakly mammillose-roughened; basal laminal cells elongate, smooth, sometimes porose, alar cells strongly inflated and differentiated from the bordering small quadrate cells. Perichaetial leaves similar to the cauline. Perigonia sessile, located just below perichaetia. Capsule distinctly ribbed when dry, urn 1.3-2 mm. Spores 13-21 µm.
Kiaeria starkei occurs frequently on vertical rock surfaces, and is distinguished by the sessile male inflorescence, which is located close to the perichaetia. It can be separated in the field from the more terrestrial K. blyttii by its shiny, falcate leaves. Subalpine forms of K. falcata are more commonly found on horizontal rock surfaces and do not have grooved sporangia.
" 1957 general 1301787 "Sphagnum russowii" "Plants ± moderate-sized, stiff and open, compact on exposed sites, capitulum flat-topped and often stellate; green or variegated red and green, lacking metallic sheen when dry. Stems typically mixed green and red; superficial cortical cells mostly rectangular and uniporose with a single round to ovate pore in distal portion of cell usually free from cell wall, some cells and occasionally whole stems may be aporose. Stem leaves lingulate, 1.3-1.6 mm, apex broadly rounded or pointed and notched (sometimes denticulate), border strong and broadened at base (more than 0.25 width); hyaline cells short sinuoid-rhombic, mostly efibrillose, 0-1(-2)-septate. Branches long and slender, never 5-ranked. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 1-2 pendent branches. Branch leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1.3-1.6 mm, concave, straight, apex strongly involute; hyaline cells on convex surface with numerous round to elliptic pores along the commissures, grading from small round pores near the apex to large elliptic pores at the base, concave surface usually with large round pores throughout, but sometimes restricted to proximal portions of leaf. Sexual condition dioicous, but some specimens apparently monoicous. Spores 18-33 µm, coarsely papillose on both surfaces; proximal laesura more than 0.5 spore radius.
Sporophytes are uncommon in Sphagnum russowii. This species is associated with S. centrale, S. fallax, S. fimbriatum, S. girgensohnii, and S. squarrosum. Because of its not particularly distinct phenotype as well its strong tendency to produce hemiisophyllous stem leaves, S. russowii is probably the most frequently misidentified Sphagnum species. The combination of the flat, stellate capitulum, unranked branch leaves, and lingulate stem leaf will usually suffice to identify it. Sphagnum capillifolium has a rounded capitulum and a pointed stem leaf while S. subtile also has a rounded capitulum but a shorter and more triangular stem leaf. In montane and arctic mires it can be confused with S. warnstorfii but the latter usually has conspicuously 5-ranked branch leaves. As one might expect in such a widespread and common species, the characters can vary considerably. For example, one regularly finds plants that are consistent in every respect with the description except that they lack stem cortical pores. Some stem leaves have almost no septations in the hyaline cells while other forms have most of the cells septate. As with similar variation in the likewise common S. fuscum, there is no consistent pattern and so taxonomic recognition of the variants is unwarranted.
" 1963 general 1128772 "Didymodon anserinocapitatus" "Plants green to reddish green. Stems to 1.5 cm, central strand present. Stem leaves erect-appressed when dry, spreading and not keeled when moist, monomorphic, lanceolate, adax-ially weakly concave across leaf, 0.7-1.1 mm (absent tip) to 2 mm whole, base scarcely differentiated in shape, margins recurved at mid leaf, entire, apex thickened, long-cylindric to clavate, usually soon deciduous, usually absent in mature leaves; costa excurrent, excurrency absent in mature leaves, not much widened or tapering at mid leaf but swollen in excurrency, pad of cells absent, adaxial costal cells quadrate, 4-6 cells wide at mid leaf, guide cells in 2 layers; basal laminal cells differentiated medially, walls thin; distal laminal cells 8-10 µm wide, 1:1, papillae essentially absent, lumens angular, walls thin, weakly convex on both sides, 1-stratose except in deciduous apex. Specialized asexual reproduction by the deciduous leaf apex. Sexual condition and sporophytes unknown. Distal lamina KOH color reaction reddish orange.
In the flora area, Didymodon anserinocapitatus is known only from Colorado and New Mexico (R. H. Zander and W. A. Weber 1997). The arctic species D. johansenii is similar in the swollen, deciduous apex, but differs mainly by its distal laminal cells 13-15 µm wide, and guide cells in only a single layer. Didymodon rigidulus var. icmadophilus, a widespread montane taxon, is similar in appearance but its leaf apices are never swollen though sometimes fragile. The American material differs from the Asian type (China: Tibet, Nan Xian, Zang Mu 1704, isotype-NY) in being less robust, the leaves reaching only 1.8 mm, and the proximal cells quadrate to short-rectangular (leaves to 2 mm and proximal cells to 4:1 in the Asian specimen).
" 1968 general 1123760 "Syntrichia caninervis" "Stems 3-20 mm. Leaves infolded and imbricate, not to weakly twisted around stem when dry, erect-spreading when moist, ovate-spatulate, 1-2.5 × 0.6-1.2 mm, 2-stratose or thicker, occa-sionally with scattered 1-stratose patches; margins revolute for the entire length of leaf, entire; apices acute to acuminate; costa excurrent into a serrate, hyaline awn that is often broadly hyaline at base, brown or blackish, strongly papillose; basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins; distal cells rounded, polygonal, or quadrate, 8-13 µm, with 4-6 low papillae per cell. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta 6-15 mm, brown. Capsule red, 2.5-3.2 mm, straight or slightly curved, with a distinct neck; operculum 1.5-2mm, red; peristome 0.7-1 mm, the basal membrane about 1/2 the total length. Spores 7-8 µm, lightly papillose.
Syntrichia caninervis is most common in the colder deserts and steppes of the flora area, particularly in the Mojave and Great Basin deserts and the Columbia Basin. It can be confused in the field with S. ruralis, but good field distinctions for S. caninervis include the blackish or olive green color, the imbricate, weakly twisted leaf stance when dry, and the back of the costa showing no trace of red and often having a frosty appearance because of the stellate papillae. Microscopically, S. caninervis is unique with its combination of 2-stratose laminae, non-bulging cell surfaces, and costal cross-sections with sub-stereid cells.
" 1973 general 1123133 "Trichostomum tenuirostre" "Stem rounded-pentagonal in section. Leaves flattened, lanceolate, distal margins plane, entire or weakly toothed, not bordered; apex acute, plane or keeled; basal cells differentiated across leaf base as a U or V, commonly running up margins, not distinctly enlarged submarginally; distal laminal cells pluripapillose with low papillae; mucro conic, of 3-6 cells. Sexual condition dioicous. Peristome teeth bluntly lanceolate.
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): widely distributed in temperate and high-elevation tropical areas of the world, ranging into the Arctic.
" 1982 general 607252 "Schistidium holmenianum" "Plants usually in extensive open tufts or mats, dull black or dark red-brown. Stems 2-13 cm, central strand absent. Leaves curved or erect when dry, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, usually sharply keeled distally, 1.6-2.8 mm, 1-stratose distally, sometimes with 2-stratose striae near costa proximally; margins recurved to just before the apex, often less recurved or nearly plane on one side of leaf, smooth or slightly denticulate near apex, 1-stratose or 2-stratose; apices acute; costa percurrent or excurrent as a smooth or weakly denticulate awn, abaxial surface smooth or weakly papillose; basal marginal cells quadrate or short-rectangular; distal cells mostly short-rectangular, 7-9 wide, smooth, usually sinuose, walls usually orange-brown. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule dark brown, short-cylindric or cupulate, 0.6-0.9 mm; exothecial cells isodiametric, quadrate, often irregularly angular, or elongate, cell walls thin, trigonous; stomata present; peristome patent, 275-440 µm, orange-red, usually densely papillose and strongly perforated. Spores 14-25 µm, verruculose.
Schistidium holmenianum does not grow on rock, but rather forms large tufts or mats over soil, or amongst litter and plants in arctic habitats. Schistidium grandirete grows in similar habitats but also on rock. The presence of sporophytes, the lighter color of the plants, the absence of orange-brown cell wall coloration, a more papillose costa, and the consistently larger cells separate S. grandirete from S. holmenianum. Although reported from North America, S. andreaeopsis (Müller Hal.) Lazarenko has been omitted in this treatment. All specimens that were examined, including those named as S. andreaeopsis, fall into the descriptions of S. holmenianum as provided by Steere and Brassard and H. H. Blom (1998). According to Blom, S. andreaeopsis has larger and more sinuose distal laminal cells, darker red-orange cell walls, a much weaker costa, and predominantly 1-stratose and denticulate or papillose-denticulate leaf margins.
" 1985 general 608477 "Schistidium frisvollianum" "Plants in cushions or tufts, orange-brown or olivaceous. Stems 0.5-2(-3.5) cm, central strand distinct. Leaves erect or slightly curved when dry, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-triangular, sharply keeled distally, 1.3-2.4 mm, 1-stratose; margins usually recurved to apex, often sharply denticulate distally, 1-stratose or 2-stratose; apices acute; costa excurrent as a coarsely denticulate, usually decurrent, straight or flexuose awn, rarely percurrent, abaxial surface of the awn usually papillose; basal marginal cells rectangular, quadrate, or ovate; distal laminal cells quadrate or short-rectangular, 8-11 µm wide, papillose, strongly sinuose often with pale yellowish walls. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule orange-brown or yellow when old, sometimes red-brown, ovoid-cylindric, 0.65-1.1 mm, occasionally striate; exothecial cells isodiametric or oblate, often somewhat angular, thin-walled; stomata present; peristome patent revolute, 220-330 µm, red, densely papillose, usually weakly perforated. Spores 8-11 µm, granulose or nearly smooth.
Schistidium frisvollianum is the most ornamented species of the genus in the flora area. Its strongly papillose lamina, decurrent and usually spiny-denticulate awns, and denticulate leaf margins combine with its distinctive orange-brown color to make it an easily recognizable taxon. See the comments under 5. Schistidium boreale regarding differences among the North American species of Schistidium with papillose laminal cells.
" 1987 general 607316 "Codriophorus varius" "Plants mostly robust and coarse, loosely tufted or forming intricate patches, yellow, green, yellow-, grayish or olive green distally, brown to blackish brown proximally. Stems 5-12 cm or sometimes to 20 cm, sometimes with short, lateral tuft-like branchlets. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, from an ovate, plicate base, (2.5-)3-3.7(-4) × 1-1.2(-1.5) mm; margins entire; apices slenderly or broadly acuminate, piliferous or muticous, subacute to narrowly rounded-obtuse, awns hyaline, 0.1-0.75(-1.2) mm, erect to recurved, flattened, finely and irregularly spinulose-denticulate or denticulate; costa percurrent or subpercurrent, 75-100(-110) µm wide at the base, in transverse section 2-stratose in the distal portion, 3-4-stratose in the proximal part; basal laminal cells long-rectangular, (20-)35-60(-75) × 5-8 µm; medial laminal cells becoming elongate, (20-)30-45(-50) × 7-8 µm; distal laminal cells mostly short-rectangular, (8-)13-20(-30) × 7-8 µm. Inner perichaetial leaves oblong-lanceolate, longitudinally plicate, 2.2-2.5 × 0.9-1 mm, hyaline. Seta dark brown, (0.6-)1.2-2(-2.2) cm. Capsule brown or yellowish brown, lustrous, cylindric, (2.5-)3-4.2 × 0.8-1 mm, smooth or somewhat sulcate when old and empty; peristome teeth dark reddish brown, 1-1.8 mm long, faintly papillose to nearly smooth, regularly split nearly to the base into 2, thread-like, terete, equal or unequal branches. Spores 12-15 µm.
Codriophorus varius occurs predominantly at low elevations. It is widespread and locally common and abundant in coastal areas from the Queen Charlotte Islands southwards to central California, and only once recorded in the Rocky Mountains of northern Idaho. It is one of the most distinctive species of the genus, easily recognized by leaves usually with an awn, long cylindrical capsules, and very long peristome teeth, 1-1.8 mm, the longest in the genus, that are split to the base into two filiform branches. Sporophytes are usually produced in great profusion and enable easy identification. Epilose ecads of C. varius are likely to be mistaken for robust and coarse phenotypes of C. fascicularis, especially when sterile, but the species is distinct in having leaves plicate at the base, with shorter distal laminal cells, and a costa 3-stratose in transverse-section in the proximal half. Some specimens have occasionally been mistaken for Bucklandiella pacifica, which, however, has entirely smooth laminal cells that are mostly rounded-quadrate distally. The leaves of B. pacifica are narrowly canaliculate in the distal half, and generally smaller, less than 3 mm, with the margins broadly recurved to 2/3-3/4 of the leaf length on one side and more narrowly recurved to 1/2 the leaf length or plane on the other side. In addition, the capsules and peristome teeth are much shorter in the latter species.
" 1988 general 260052 "Calymperes pallidum" "Plants gregarious and tufted, pale green, erect when dry, to 7 mm. Leaves slightly dimorphic; vegetative 2-2.5 mm; distal lamina oblong-lanceolate; margins 1-stratose to slightly thickened distally, irregularly serrate; costa in cross section absent well-defined stereid cells; medial cells distinct, 8-10 µm, bulging and 1- to pluripapillose adaxially, bulging to 1-papillose abaxially; teniolae distinct at leaf shoulders and above; cancellinae rounded or ending in acute angles distally, adaxial distal cells mammillose at least in part; gemmiferous leaves with narrowed apices, bearing gemmae mostly adaxially but also abaxially on apices.
Calymperes pallidum is known in the flora area only from one collection from Collier County, southern Florida. The species is very widespread but almost always rare in tropical regions around the world. Its most distinctive feature is the absence of well-defined stereid cells in the costa in contrast to our other species of Calymperes, which uniformly show two distinct bands of stereids in the costa. Calymperes erosum is similar to C. pallidum in having teniolae and with distal cells of the cancellinae mammillose, but its costa has strong bands of stereids. In C. pallidum the apices of the vegetative leaves are often rounded and sometimes almost cucullate.
" 1990 general 607141 "Bucklandiella heterosticha" "Plants medium-sized to fairly large, rather slender but rigid, in loose or dense tufts or extensive mats, often hoary, dull green to olivaceous distally, brown to blackish proximally. Stems 2-6(-12) cm, prostrate to ascending, sparingly to copiously branched, often with numerous short branchlets. Leaves loosely imbricate, twisted or secund when dry, erect-spreading to patent when moist, lanceolate, channeled along the costa, (2-)2.5-3.5(-4.7) (with awns) × 0.6-0.9 mm; margins 1-stratose throughout with some 2-stratose spots distally, recurved on both sides towards the apex, sometimes strongly so on one side and usually less recurved on the other side; with a usually long, 0.5-1.5(-3) mm, prominent, erect, hyaline awn, flattened, often decurrent, distinctly denticulate at the margins, often somewhat flexuose and wrinkled and spinulose on the back side; costa percurrent or subpercurrent, channeled adaxially throughout, rather weakly convex on the abaxial side, (60-)80-110(-150) µm wide near the base, (40-)50-65(-75) µm wide distally, 3-4-stratose with (4-)5-9(-11) larger adaxial cells at the base, 2(-3)-stratose with (3-)4-8 adaxial cells in mid leaf and 2-stratose distally with 2-4(-5) adaxial cells; laminal cells 1-stratose, smooth or weakly bulging; basal laminal cells elongate, 15-35 × 8-10 µm, with thick, sinuous-nodulose walls; alar cells not or slightly differentiated, yellowish, sometimes forming a small group; supra-alar cells not differentiated; distal and medial laminal cells irregularly quadrate to rectangular, 10-25 × 8-10 µm, often becoming oblate at the margins in the distal part. Inner perichaetial leaves (1-4) hyaline, bluntly pointed, epilose. Seta brown, 4-9 mm. Capsule brown, somewhat glistening shortly cylindric, 15-30 × 0.5-0.8 mm; operculum with a long beak, to 1 mm; peristome teeth 250-380 µm, yellowish brown, papillose, irregularly cleft into 2 or seldom 3 prongs distally, or undivided, only with median perforations, arising from a rather short, 35-50 µm high, basal membrance. Spores 14-18 µm.
Bucklandiella heterosticha is a core species of a complex of several more closely or remotely related taxa which have been interpreted variously in the past. Consequently, depending on the taxonomic interpretation, the global range of this species has been variously defined. As presently conceived, B. heterosticha is characterized by a combination of several stable characters, including strongly modified, entirely hyaline innermost perichaetial leaves; broad costa that is canaliculate throughout the adaxial side and moderately convex on the abaxial surface, with as many as 5-9 enlarged cells on the adaxial side in the basal part; sinuose-nodulose, moderately thick-walled basal leaf cells; undifferentiated alar cells and basal marginal border; 1-stratose leaf margins with occasional 2-stratose spots distally that are recurved to the apex, at least on one side, and long, erect, and weakly flexuose awns that are strongly flattened and low-denticulate and spinulose. As so defined, B. heterosticha is confined to the Pacific Northwest, where it occurs throughout the Aleutian Islands, along the coastal regions southwards to Oregon, and to Montana in the Rocky Mountains.
Bucklandiella heterosticha is closely related to and most likely to be mistaken for B. affinis, with which it shares its western North American range. Although both species differ by their gross morphology, B. heterosticha being grayish green and B. affinis a more yellowish green, the safest characters discriminating these species are the costal anatomy. Bucklandiella heterosticha has a canaliculate costa that is 2-stratose in the middle and in the lower distal part, whereas in B. affinis the costa is 3-stratose in the same portions and is more convex on the abaxial side. Bucklandiella sudetica is different from B. heterosticha in its shorter capsules, narrower leaf with shorter awns, costal anatomy, and undifferentiated innermost perichaetial leaves. Bucklandiella pacifica is distinct in its consistently epilose leaves and from muticous ecads of B. heterosticha in having distinctly keeled costa in the distal part. Bucklandiella obesa is a strikingly more robust plant, less branched than B. heterosticha, and has both shorter awns and seta.
Plants moderately sized to fairly large, occasionally small, loosely or densely caespitose or forming extensive mats, yellow- or olive green, rarely dark green in the uppermost part, brown to blackish brown proximally. Stems (1-)3-8(-12) cm, prostrate to ascending, mostly pinnately branched, occasionally almost unbranched. Leaves appressed and slightly twisted when dry, erect-spreading to somewhat recurved when moist, ovate-lanceolate to subtriangular, 2-3 × 0.9-1.2 mm; margins broadly recurved to revolute throughout; apices gradually long-acuminate, sharply keeled, plicate, piliferous or not infrequently muticous, awns erect or sometimes reflexed-flexuose, capillaceous, slightly decurrent, weakly denticulate, slightly papillose to epapillose distally, slightly to strongly papillose in the basal part with low or sometimes high and narrow papillae; costa percurrent, lying at the bottom of a shallow and wide-angled furrow and strongly flattened in the basal part, (65-)75-100 µm wide; basal laminal cells elongate, 40-50 × 4-6 µm, with moderately thickened, nodulose and porose longitudinal walls, papillose with relatively low and narrow papillae, except for 1-4 epapillose cells at the insertion; alar cells rounded, thin-walled and hyaline in 3-5 rows, forming rounded and convex auricles; supra-alar cells elongate, with thin, straight or weakly sinuose walls, forming a transparent marginal border consisting of 10-15 cells; medial and distal laminal cells rectangular, 10-20 × 6-10 µm, papillose with relatively low and narrow papillae. Inner perichaetial leaves membranous, hyaline to yellowish hyaline, piliferous. Seta dark to reddish brown, lustrous, 12-15 mm. Capsule brown, long-cylindric, 1.5-2 mm, sulcate when dry; peristome teeth 600-800 µm, reddish brown to red, split to the base into 2 filiform branches, finely densely papillose. Spores 9-12 µm.
Niphotrichum ericoides is a fairly frequent species, with a bicentric distribution in North America. It is most common in the western part of the continent, from Alaska to northern California and in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Wyoming. In eastern North America it is less frequent, and scattered from northern Labrador south to Pennsylvania. Apart from N. panschii, it is the only species of the genus that penetrates into the high Arctic in Nunavut, the Yukon Territory, and Alaska. The global range of N. ericoides also includes arctic, boreal, and temperate Europe, southwards to the Azores; in Asia, it is very rare in the Arctic, Siberia, and Japan. The material reported from Santiago, Chile, as Racomitrium canescens (He S. 1998; Mahu 10543, MO) also represents N. ericoides, but that attribution is fairly suspicious and possibly a result of a confusion of herbarium labels.
Niphotrichum ericoides has been considered to be very close to N. canescens and is usually recognized under the latter. However, the two taxa are not likely to be mistaken. The sharply keeled leaves in the distal portion, a percurrent costa, and the epapillose awns will safely discriminate N. ericoides. This species is more likely to be confused with N. elongatum, with which it often grows in mixed stands and shares the regularly pinnately branched habit with short, tuft-like lateral branchlets, which gives them both a nodose appearance. However, in N. ericoides the branchlets are erect-spreading when dry, whereas in N. elongatum they are recurved to squarrose at their apex. The awn in N. ericoides is erect-flexuose when dry, not or indistinctly decurrent, and often faintly denticulate to smooth. In contrast, the awns in N. elongatum are distinctly recurved, long-decurrent, and often sharply denticulate. Microscopically these species are easily separated by the shape of their supra-alar cells. In N. ericoides they are elongate and thin- and straight-walled, and form a distinct, transparent basal marginal border; in N. elongatum they are short, thick- and sinuose-walled, and opaque and not markedly different from the adjacent laminal cells.
Plants robust and weak-stemmed; green, golden brown to dark brown; capitulum often flat-topped and with a visible terminal bud; flaccid and plumose in submerged forms to more compact in emergent or stranded forms. Stems green to brown; superficial cortex of 1-2 layers of moderately thick-walled and poorly differentiated cells. Stem leaves triangular, large, less than 1.7 mm, mostly appressed to stem, apex weakly apiculate to narrowly obtuse; hyaline cells efibrillose and seldom to often septate at base and sides. Branches unranked, long and tapering, leaves greatly elongate at distal end. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent branches. Branch stem green, cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort cells. Branch leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate in aquatic forms, ovate to ovate-lanceolate in emergent forms, greater than 2.5 mm, often falcate-secund, especially in submerged forms, weakly undulate and recurved when dry; margin entire, hyaline cells on convex surface with 0-1 pores per cell, concave surface with round wall thinnings in the cell apices and angles; chlorophyllous cells narrowly triangular in transverse section and well-enclosed on the concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Sporophytes not seen.
Sporophytes of Sphagnum atlanticum are rare. The other large North American Atlantic coastal plain species of sect. Cuspidata, S. torreyanum, is typically more yellow, has a more rounded capitulum, and has straight rather than subsecund branch leaves.
" 2007 general 608692 "Codriophorus corrugatus" "Plants moderately sized, growing in dense turfs, dull, olivaceous distally, brown proximally. Stems 3-4 cm. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 2.5-3 × 0.7-0.8 mm; margins entire proximally, cristate or papillose-crenulate at the apex, variously infolded in the acumen; apices shortly acuminate, with a fine, corrugate and wavy acumen, acute; costa single but often laterally spurred distally, disappearing in mid leaf, 40-60 µm wide near the base, 2-stratose throughout, with 6-9 large adaxial epidermal cells; basal and medial cells long and linear, up to 150 µm, distal cells rectangular to long-rectangular, (25-)30-80 × 6-8 µm. Seta dark brown, 4-8 mm. Capsule brown, obloid to cylindric, 1.5-2 mm; peristome teeth 640-760 µm, yellow- or orange-brown, split to the base into 2 filiform prongs, densely papillose. Spores 14-20 µm.
Codriophorus corrugatus is an east-Asian northwestern North American disjunct boreal-temperate-montane species. It has only once been collected in North America, in southern Alaska at Dyer’s Lake between Anchorage and Fairbanks. The species is widely distributed but scattered in temperate eastern Asia. It is readily distinguished from all other species of the genus by its peculiar leaf acumen and costa. The snake-like leaf acumen is corrugate or ruffled in the distal part and erose-dentate, cristate, or papillose-crenulate at the apex. The short costa typically extends to the mid leaf or only a little more distally in some leaves and is often laterally spurred or forked at the apex. The species may be mistaken for C. fascicularis but in that species the costa extends to 3/4 or further up the leaf and is entire throughout. Also, the leaf apex in C. fascicularis is entire, whereas in C. corrugatus it is erose-dentate or cristate. The peristome teeth in C. fascicularis are generally shorter, up to 600 µm, whereas C. corrugatus has longer teeth, 640-760(-950) µm.
" 2015 general 583195 "Funaria flavicans" "Plants 2-5 mm, with a basal antheridial branch, yellow-green. Leaves 2-3 mm, imbricate, concave, scarcely contorted when dry, broadly ovate to obovate, abruptly narrowed to an acu-minate tip, margin entire or nearly so; laminal cells hexagonal to oblong-hexagonal distally, little differentiated at the margins, becoming elongate toward the base. Seta 8-20 mm, straight to slightly flexuose, not or scarcely hygroscopic. Capsule 2-3 mm, ovoid-pyriform from a short neck, asymmetric by the weakly oblique mouth, inclined to horizontal, becoming striate and nearly cylindric when dry and empty, annulus large and revoluble, operculum convex, exothecial cells narrowly oblong and transversely elongate in 3-5 rows below the mouth; peristome teeth yellowish, lanceolate, somewhat trabeculate proximally, becoming hyaline and appendiculate, fusing to form a latticed dome, papillose striate proximally, papillose at the tips; endostome segments about 1/4 as long as the teeth, bluntly 2-lobed or emarginate, papillose. Calyptra cucullate, rostrate, smooth. Spores 18-30 µm, obscurely angled, finely papillose by low irregular ridges.
Funaria flavicans is found throughout southeastern Canada and United States east of the Rockies. It differs from the weedy and variable F. hygrometrica in the barely hygroscopic seta, the slightly asymmetric capsule that becomes weakly plicate when dry, and the short segments of the endostome.
" 2033 general 1124997 "Syntrichia papillosissima" "Stems 10-25 mm. Leaves clasping at base, infolded and twisted around the stem when dry, squarrose-recurved when moist, lingulate-ovate, 2.5-4 × 1-1.6 mm, canaliculate to keeled; margins tightly revolute in the proximal 3/4-7/8, entire; apices obtuse to acute; costa excurrent into a serrate, hyaline awn that is often brown, sometimes broadly hyaline at base, strongly papillose abaxially and serrate because of projecting cell ends, yellow-brown; basal cells abruptly differentiated, rectangular, 45-90 × 15-23 µm, quadrate to narrowly rectangular at the margins; distal cells quadrate to polygonal, 11-18 µm, with tall, bulging mammillae, bearing 1-2 papillae per cell, thick-walled and sometimes collenchymatous. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta brown, 12-18 mm. Capsule brown, 3-5 mm, curved, with an abrupt neck; operculum ca. 2 mm; peristome ca. 1.8 mm, the upper divisions twisted ca. 2 turns, yellow-brown, the basal membrane white, ca. 1/2 the total length. Spores 10-14 µm, papillose.
Syntrichia papillosissima is primarily a species of the Great Basin Desert north into the shrub-steppe ecosystems of the Columbia Basin, where it often occurs as a co-dominant with S. ruralis and S. caninervis. It is similar to a robust S. ruralis, differing most conspicuously in the extremely tall mammillae on the distal leaf cells, each crowned by only one or two papillae, unlike the shorter bulging cell surface bearing four or five papillae characterizing other species in the S. ruralis complex. Syntrichia papillosissima also has larger distal laminal cells, which are more pellucid than those of S. ruralis.
" 2039 general 260071 "Syrrhopodon incompletus" "Plants gregarious to densely caespitose, dark green to brownish when dry, mostly 1-2 cm. Leaves monomorphic, mostly 3-5 mm, often secund to circinate at stem tips when dry; distal lamina not reflexed at shoulders, plane or channeled when wet, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, apex broadly acute; margins absent hyaline cells, thickened and with two rows of teeth distally; medial cells distinct, 7.5-8.5 µm, bulging adaxially, plane to minutely 1-papillose abaxially; cancellinae rounded distally. Gemmae fusiform, papillose, sparse, terminal and subterminal on adaxial apex of leaf. Seta single, 7-12 mm. Capsule well exserted, 1.5-2.5 mm; peristome absent or rudimentary.
Fertile specimens of Syrrhopodon incompletus are known in the flora area only from Florida. This is a weedy moss of low humid forests. It is the only one of its genus in the flora area that lacks hyaline cells on the leaf margins. Syrrhopodon incompletus is represented in the flora area by the var. incompletus. H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) noted that attribution of this moss to New York is probably incorrect. According to its label, a specimen (DUKE) was collected in 1935 at Amityville, on Long Island, by M. L. Wickes. The specimen consists of three plants, two of them with sporophytes. It is very unlikely that this southern moss would occur in New York, let alone produce sporophytes there.
" 2042 general 580553 "Fissidens crispus" "Plants to 10 × 3 mm. Stem unbranched and branched; axillary hyaline nodules absent; central strand present or absent. Leaves as many as 20 pairs, elliptic to broadly lanceolate to oblong-lingulate, acute, short-acuminate to obtuse-apiculate, to 2 × 0.5 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending before insertion to ± decurrent; vaginant laminae 2/3-3/4 leaf length, equal; margin ± entire but usually serrulate distally, limbate on all laminae, limbidium usually ending a few cells before apex, frequently edged by 1-2 rows of quadrate to oblong chlorophyllose cells in proximal parts of vaginant laminae, limbidial cells 1-2-stratose; costa percurrent to ending 2-5 cells before leaf, infrequently short-excurrent, bryoides-type; laminal cells 1-stratose, smooth, strongly bulging, densely chlorophyllose, ± obscure, firm-walled, irregularly quadrate to hexagonal, usually arranged in discernable rows in distal part of leaf, 6-10 µm, twice as deep as wide. Sexual condition gonioautoicous and rhizautoicous. Sporophytes 1-2 per perichaetium. Seta to 9 mm. Capsule theca exserted, inclined, bilaterally symmetric to erect, radially symmetric, to 1 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.8 mm. Spores 10-16 µm.
Three species belong to the Fissidens crispus complex; F. crispus, F. minutulus, and F. sublimbatus. A well-developed limbidium and small (6-10 µm), bulging, obscure laminal cells that in transverse section are twice as deep as wide characterize all three.
Fissidens crispus, better known in western North America as F. limbatus, is highly variable and widespread, ranging widely in tropical America, where it also attains its greatest variability. It is best distinguished by laminal cells that are usually arranged in discernable rows in the distal parts of leaves. The dorsal lamina is quite variable, ending above the insertion to long-decurrent as in some tropical expressions. Leaves, when dry, are usually crispate. The limbidium is found on all or most leaves and usually extends to or ends just before the apex.
Plants to 25 × 3.5 mm. Stem unbranched and branched; axillary hyaline nodules absent; central strand weak. Leaves as many as 35 pairs, lanceolate to oblong-lingulate, acute to obtuse-apiculate; to 5 × 0.9 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending at insertion, not decurrent; vaginant laminae 1/2-2/3 leaf length, equal; margin ± entire, limbate on all laminae, limbidium reaching apex or ending a few cells before apex and a few cells above insertion of dorsal lamina, limbidial cells 3- to 6-stratose; costa ± percurrent, bryoides-type; laminal cells 1-stratose, or variably 2-stratose, smooth, slightly bulging, firm-walled, irregularly quadrate to hexagonal, 8-13 µm, ± twice as deep as wide. Sexual condition probably rhizautoicous; perigonia not seen; perichaetia on elongate stems. Sporophytes 1-2 per perichaetium. Seta stout, to 3 mm, geniculate. Capsule theca emergent, erect, radially symmetric, to 1.2 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.4 mm. Calyptra not seen. Spores 23-40 µm.
Fissidens ventricosus occurs along the Pacific Coast of North America and at a disjunct site in northern Idaho (see map in R. R. Ireland and W. B. Schofield 1967). It is distinguished by its aquatic habitat, strongly limbate leaves, variably 2-stratose laminal cells, short, thick, geniculate seta, and emergent capsule. Plants usually become black and covered with diatoms. The species might be confused with F. rigidulus Hooker f. & Wilson, but the latter, found in wet sites in the Americas from Chile north to Mexico but not known in the United States, has much smaller laminal cells and a long seta characteristic of terrestrial species. The calyptra of F. ventricosus is cucullate according to Ireland and Schofield.
" 2045 general 581245 "Fissidens appalachensis" "Plants to 13 × 2-4 mm. Stem unbranched and branched; axillary hyaline nodules weak or absent; central strand weak. Leaves as many as 22 pairs, ligulate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse-mucronate to acute, to 4 × 0.3-0.5 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending at insertion or slightly before; vaginant laminae 1/2-2/3 leaf length, equal in proximal leaves, unequal in distal leaves, minor lamina ending between margin and costa or rounded and ending on or near costa; margin entire but sometimes serrulate distally, limbate on all laminae, limbidium confluent at apex or ending a few cells before, limbidial cells 2- to 5-stratose; costa percurrent or ending in mucro, bryoides-type; laminal cells 1- to irregularly 2-stratose, smooth, slightly bulging, firm-walled, irregularly hexagonal, many somewhat elongate, 10-16 µm, juxtacostal and basal cells of vaginant laminae somewhat larger, quadrate to oblong. Sexual condition rhizauto-icous or synoicous; perigonia and perichaetia on elongate stems. Sporophytes 1-2 per perichaetium. Seta 4-4.5 mm. Capsule theca exserted, erect, radially symmetric to slightly inclined, bilaterally symmetric, 0.6-0.85 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.4 mm. Calyptra not seen. Spores 14-25 µm.
Fissidens appalachensis, restricted to rapidly moving water, is distinguished by its habitat and strong limbidium. It is most likely to be confused with an expression of F. bryoides that is usually found on wet rocks and stones along the edges of streams, but which differs in its smaller size and weaker limbidium that at times can be partially or completely absent. Laminal cells in size and shape, vaginant laminae, sexuality, thecae, and peristomes in both taxa are similar.
" 2060 general 462593 "Rhodiola integrifolia" "Plants dioecious or polygamodioecious. Rootstock erect or spreading, to 1-5 cm diam. Floral stems deciduous, 3-50 × 0.1-0.7 cm. Leaf blades usually bright green, sometimes glaucous, elliptic to ovate or oblanceolate to linear, 0.5-5.5 × 0.2-1.5(-2) cm, margins entire or toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Inflorescences corymbose cymes, dense, to 250-flowered, to 8 cm diam. Pedicels ca. 2 mm. Flowers mostly unisexual, 4-5-merous; sepals lanceolate to ovate, 1.5-3 mm; petals mostly dark red, sometimes yellowish at base or yellow with apical 1/3 red, elliptic-oblong, 1.5-5 mm, shorter than stamens, in staminate flowers spreading, hooded, 1.3-1.7 mm wide, in pistillate erect. Follicles 4-9 mm, beaks spreading. Seeds winged, pyriform or oblanceoloid, 1.1-2.8 mm. 2n = 36.
Subspecies 3+ (3 in the flora): e, w North America, Asia.
The plants treated here as Rhodiola integrifolia and R. rosea are part of a difficult polymorphic complex of arctic to cool-temperate North America and Eurasia and of high mountains southward. Some authors have included them all in R. rosea [or Sedum rosea (Linnaeus) Scopoli], often with subspecies or varieties; N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose (1905) earlier divided them into two to several species.
For this complex C. H. Uhl (1952) cited six published chromosome counts from Greenland through Eurasia to Japan, all n = 11 or 2n = 22; he found the same numbers in seven collections from northeastern North America (all these Rhodiola rosea proper). From Eurasia, according to R. L. Taylor and G. A. Mulligan (1968), races with 2n = 16 and 33 also are known. On the other hand, for endemics in Minnesota and New York and for five plants from New Mexico and California, Uhl found n = 18 or 2n = 36, and Taylor and Mulligan likewise found 2n = 36 in plants of Moresby Island, British Columbia. With the support of five more counts, but with none for the large area of Oregon and Wyoming to the Bering Sea, R. T. Clausen (1975) separated the 36-chromosome plants as Sedum integrifolium. More counts of 2n = 36 have since appeared, including one from Sutwick Island, off the Alaska Peninsula (Á. Löve 1979).
In middle North America, Rhodiola integrifolia and R. rosea are geographically distinct. The local endemic subsp. leedyi of the former grows in Minnesota, midway between the western subspecies of R. integrifolia and the eastern R. rosea, and grows in New York state within 100 km of R. rosea. Otherwise, the ranges of the two species are over 2000 km apart in the south and nearly 3000 km in the north. Rhodiola integrifolia also is the prevailing plant in eastern Asia, where it has been named Sedum atropurpureum N. S. Turczaninow (E. Hultén 1941-1950, vol. 5), and R. rosea seems to extend (although not verified by chromosome counts) from eastern Asia to far-western Alaska, on the coast of the Bering Sea.
Although saying that Sedum integrifolium differs from S. rosea in many ways besides the chromosome number, R. T. Clausen (1975) found few absolute distinctions. His best key characters were those used here, petal width of staminate flowers, largely supported by flower color. Although questions remain unanswered, it seems best for now to follow Clausen in keeping the two species for North America.
Over its broad range, Rhodiola integrifolia is quite variable (e.g., see E. Hultén 1941-1950, vol. 5). R. T. Clausen (1975) noted that in some populations pistillate plants outnumber staminate; in others staminate may be six times as many as pistillate. He distinguished two outlying endemics as subspp. leedyi and neomexicana, also kept as subspecies here. He also proposed subsp. procer[a] for tall robust plants of Colorado, New Mexico, and (less typical) California, all within the range of subsp. integrifolia and all with the same chromosome number. Some of his plants look remarkably different from the usual dwarf forms of subsp. integrifolia that grow at the same high elevations. He did not include in subsp. procera (and apparently did not see alive) the tall plants often found inland in Alaska and northwestern Canada, which would be Sedum frigidum Rydberg according to Hultén. Thus the racial situation is much more complex than the naming of only two peripheral subspecies might suggest.
Herbs, perennial, tufted, glabrous. Stems decumbent, branched basally, (fleshy), with numerous decumbent branchlets, not forming rosettes. Leaves (persistent), alternate, spreading, sessile; blade yellow-green, not glaucous, ovate, subterete, somewhat flattened, 5-8 × 3-4 mm, (thick, turgid), base not spurred, not scarious, apex apiculate, (surfaces minutely papillose, caused by reflections of inner facets of windowed cells). Flowering shoots (axillary), erect, simple or branched, 5-10 cm; leaf blades ovate, base not spurred; offsets not formed. Inflorescences cymes, 6-12-flowered, simple or 2-branched, sometimes with short branch at base with solitary flower; branches not recurved, sometimes forked; bracts similar to leaves, smaller. Pedicels absent or to 0.5 mm. Flowers (4-)5-merous; sepals spreading to reflexed, distinct, yellow-green, lanceolate, unequal, ca. 2 × ca. 0.8 mm, apex obtuse; petals spreading, nearly distinct, bright yellow, lanceolate, canaliculate, ca. 4 mm, apex acute; filaments color unknown; anthers color unknown; nectar scales pale yellow, oblong. Carpels spreading, distinct, tan to reddish. 2n = 28.
Sedum robertsianum occurs in the Del Norte and Glass mountains of Brewster County.
Sedum robertsianum is a somewhat confusing taxonomic entity. In a treatment contributed in the 1970s for the Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert Region (M. C. Johnston and J. S. Henrickson, in prep.), R. T. Clausen placed S. robertsianum in synonymy with Mexican S. parvum but did not assign it to subspecies status. However, only subsp. nanifolium occurred in both Texas and Mexico. Later, Clausen (1981) made S. robertsianum a subspecies of S. parvum. In a study of the systematics of the S. parvum complex, G. L. Nesom and B. L. Turner (1995) treated S. robertsianum as a species of uncertain status. They cited specimens from the Del Norte Mountains (the type locality of S. robertsianum, see Clausen 1981) as S. nanifolium, which they elevated from S. parvum subsp. nanifolium. It is possible that there are two species of yellow-flowered sedums within one mountain range in western Texas. It is also possible that there is only one species, and either S. robertsianum is synonymous with S. nanifolium, or it is a distinct species and the only Sedum in the Del Norte Mountains of western Texas.
Plants 2-12.5 cm, herbaceous; rhizomes thin, relatively short; rosettes not clumped; vegetative parts efarinose. Leaves not aromatic, indistinctly petiolate; petiole narrowly winged; blade without deep reticulate veins abaxially, narrowly cuneate or spatulate, 0.5-2 × 0.2-0.4 cm, thin, margins denticulate or with slightly rounded, widely spaced teeth, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences 1-7-flowered; involucral bracts plane, ± equal. Pedicels arching at anthesis, capillary, 5-10 mm, length 2+ times bracts, flexuous. Flowers heterostylous; calyx green or with purple stripes, campanulate, 2-4 mm; corolla white, tube 2-4 mm, length 1 times calyx, eglandular, limb 5-8 mm diam., lobes 2.5-4 mm, apex emarginate. Capsules narrowly cylindric, length 1.5-2 times calyx. Seeds without flanged edges, reticulate. 2n = 18.
Primula anvilensis is known only from the Bering Strait region of Alaska: on the Seward Peninsula, in the Noatak River drainage to the north, and to the south in upland and mountainous zones near the Bering Sea. It sometimes grows with P. borealis along the Alaskan coast; it is readily distinguished by its white flowers, plane involucral bracts, and more delicate aspect.
The name Primula parvifolia sensu Fernald (not Duby) applies to this species. M. L. Fernald (1928d) based his description of P. parvifolia on material collected in the Nome area. Those plants are clearly P. anvilensis. Later, W. W. Smith and H. R. Fletcher (1943) and E. Hultén (1968) correctly included P. parvifolia as a synonym of P. borealis; they did not realize that a second, undescribed species existed along the Bering Strait.
Plants 1-10 cm, herbaceous; rhizomes thin, short; rosettes often clumped; vegetative parts farinose at least when young. Leaves not aromatic, indistinctly petiolate; petiole narrowly winged; blade without deep reticulate veins abaxially, spatulate to rhombic, 1-3.5 × 0.1-0.7 cm, thin, margins crenate to remotely denticulate, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences (1-)3-10-flowered; involucral bracts saccate or gibbous basally, ± equal. Pedicels erect and spreading, thin, 2-8 mm, length usually 2+ times bracts, somewhat stiff. Flowers heterostylous; calyx green or with purple stripes, campanulate, 3-5 mm; corolla lavender, tube 6-8 mm, length ca. 1.5 times calyx, eglandular, limb 8-16 mm diam., lobes 0.4-0.8 mm, apex emarginate. Capsules cylindric to somewhat ellipsoid, length 1.5 times calyx. Seeds without flanged edges, reticulate. 2n = 36.
Primula borealis varies in height, leaf morphology, and amount of farina, characters that are all influenced by ecology and phenology. Exposed dune populations are often composed of depauperate individuals; inland populations in protected or nutrient-rich sites can contain individuals over 10 cm in height with more flowers. Younger individuals are almost always farinose; farina sometimes disappears later in the growing season. The species characteristically shows a broad corolla and a full symmetrical umbel on a relatively short scape giving a top-heavy appearance at anthesis. Involucral bracts are saccate or gibbous, in comparison to the often sympatric species P. anvilensis and P. nutans, with plane and auriculate bracts, respectively. Inland populations previously identified as P. borealis should generally be placed under P. mistassinica, which can be distinguished by its more delicate appearance and usually efarinose vegetative parts. Plants from near Kotzebue, Alaska, called P. mistassinica by L. A. von Chamisso and D. F. L. von Schlectendahl (1826-1836) belong to P. borealis.
In the Russian Far East and Japan, it is difficult to separate the North Pacific complex centered on Primula modesta Bisset & S. Moore (including P. ajanensis E. A. Busch, P. fauriei Franchet, P. kawasimae H. Hara, and P. matsumurae Petitmengin) from the complex centered on P. borealis. These show morphological similarities; they differ in chromosome number. No recent comprehensive systematic work has been done on the North Pacific representatives of sect. Aleuritia; molecular and morphometric analyses may help clarify phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of these taxa.
Plants 1.5-5(-6) cm, herbaceous; rhizomes short, stout; rosettes not clumped; vegetative parts efarinose. Leaves not aromatic, indistinctly petiolate; petiole narrowly winged; blade without deep reticulate veins abaxially, linear-oblanceolate, 1-6 × 0.1-0.5 cm, thick, margins entire, apex rounded, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences 1(-2)-flowered; involucral bracts plane, unequal. Pedicels erect, thin, 2-12 mm, length ca. 1-2 times bracts, flexuous. Flowers heterostylous; calyx green, narrowly campanulate, 4-8 mm; corolla magenta-violet with bluish tinge, tube 5-8 mm, length 0.9-1.2 times calyx, eglandular basally, sparsely glandular distally, limb 5-8 mm diam., lobes 2-4 mm, apex emarginate. Capsules cylindric, length 1 times calyx. Seeds unknown.
Primula capillaris is narrowly distributed in the alpine tundra of the Ruby Mountains in northern Nevada. It resembles P. angustifolia; it differs in its narrow, upright leaves and smaller flowers with a bluish tint. The plants are the smallest among the species in sect. Parryi and are related to the widespread polymorphic P. cusickiana. Unlike the infraspecific varieties of P. cusickiana, P. capillaris is a morphologically well-differentiated taxon marked by its diminutive, delicate appearance and characteristic leaf shape.
" 2081 general 1136842 "Primula cusickiana" "Plants (3-)5-10 cm, herbaceous; rhizomes short, stout; rosettes not clumped; vegetative parts only slightly farinose on calyx. Leaves not aromatic, indistinctly petiolate; petiole winged; blade without deep reticulate veins abaxially, lanceolate to spatulate, 1-4 × 0.3-1.8(-2.3) cm, thick, margins almost entire or somewhat dentate, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences 2-8-flowered; involucral bracts plane, unequal. Pedicels erect to arcuate, thin, 2-25(-35) mm, length ca. 1-2 times bracts, flexuous. Flowers heterostylous; calyx green, sometimes with farinose stripes on ridges, narrowly campanulate, 5-11 mm; corolla rose to magenta-violet, tube 7-14 mm, length 1-2 times calyx, glandular or eglandular, limb to 10-25 mm diam., lobes 5-10 mm, apex emarginate. Capsules ovoid, length 1 times calyx. Seeds unknown.
Varieties 4 (4 in the flora): w United States.
Throughout the Great Basin and Intermountain Region, Primula cusickiana exhibits local variation. With the exception of P. capillaris, the members of the P. cusickiana complex are treated as varieties distinguished somewhat arbitrarily by morphological differences; geographic distribution and ecology also separate them. Genetic studies using nuclear ITS and ETS sequences, cpDNA and AFLPs (S. Kelso et al. unpubl.; A. R. Mast et al. 2004) support the close relationships in this clade and to P. capillaris. This infraspecific taxonomic recognition does not diminish their biological importance as isolated endemics almost certainly relictual from the last Ice Age and now restricted to diminishing alpine habitat islands of the Intermountain Region. Given their limited distributions and habitat, which is often threatened by climatic or anthropogenic factors, all representatives of this complex should be considered of conservation concern.
" 2083 general 607239 "Indusiella thianschanica" "Plants in dense dark brown to black cushions. Stem central strand strong, to 1/3 stem diameter. Leaves 0.8-1 mm, apex obtuse to broadly acute, in section abaxial cells with thickened quasi-opaque external walls, basal lamina 1-stratose; largest distal leaves occasionally tipped with a hyaline apiculus of one or two cells, often eroded; costa in section with adaxial hyaline cells somewhat larger and more bulging than the semi-opaque thick-walled abaxial cells, costa with stereid cells present, two or more hydroids in the proximal leaf region, fewer to absent toward the apex; leaf cells smooth; basal cells with thicker transverse walls. Sexual condition autoicous; perigonia sessile, situated within the perichaetium projecting beyond the group of archegonia (synautoicous or cryptoicous), leaves short, suborbicular, broadly acuminate. Seta centrally attached, 0.7-1 mm. Capsule smooth (not plicate), composed of irregularly shaped thick-walled cells; peristome teeth erect, irregularly split in distal half into 2-3 filiform segments, irregularly perforate, spiculose, united at the base. Spores spherical, yellowish brown, 9-12 µm.
Indusiella thianschanicais is found in arid situations, with the single North American specimen on thin, fine mineral soil over calcareous sedimentary rock.
" 2085 general 607752 "Grimmia crinitoleucophaea" "Plants in loose tufts, olivaceous to black. Stems 0.5-0.9 cm. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.6-2 × 0.3-0.6 mm, concave, awn 0.3-0.6 mm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; medial laminal cells rounded, straight, thick-walled; distal laminal cells 2-stratose, marginal cells 2-stratose. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta sigmoid, 0.3-0.5 mm. Capsule usually present, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus of 2-3 rows, rectangular, thick-walled, revoluble, operculum obliquely rostrate, peristome present, rudimentary, teeth composed of only a few rows of cells, perforated, papillose.
In North America, Grimmia crinitoleucophaea is known from only scattered localities in the American west and in three extremely disjunct sites in Canada: in southern British Columbia, near the Keele River of the Northwest Territories, and along the Dempster Highway in the Yukon. It is found on a broad range of both basic and acidic rock types. Its subgeneric placement is problematic. Gametophytically the species is inseparable from G. tergestina, of subg. Litoneuron. Indeed, based on areolation and leaf shape, L. Loeske (1913-1914, part 1) placed it as a subspecies of the latter. This close similarity may account for reports by J. Muñoz and F. Pando (2000) and D. H. Norris and J. R. Shevock (2004) of G. tergestina from North America. We have seen all cited specimens in these papers and they all represent G. crinitoleucophaea or G. ovalis. Therefore, we reject G. tergestina being in North America. Sporophytic characters of G. crinitoleucophaea (a short, arcuate to sigmoid seta that is eccentrically attached to the capsule, an immersed ventricose capsule with a small, mitrate calyptra, and 3-4 large stomata) clearly indicate membership in subg. Gasterogrimmia. Further, G. crinitoleucophaea and G. tergestina have never been collected together, suggesting that the two are also ecologically distinct. Despite its dioicous sexuality, G. crinitoleucophaea is usually fertile; its rudimentary peristome and large annulus are thus readily evident. Its 2-stratose laminal stratification separates it from specimens of G. plagiopodia that may have broken peristome teeth.
" 2089 general 506555 "Pyxidanthera brevifolia" "Stems commonly compact and not creeping or short-creeping, sometimes elongate and creeping, hairy; internodes usually to 1 mm. Leaf blades ovate-lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, usually 2-4 mm, slightly succulent, those of fertile shoots eciliate, adaxial surface white-pilose throughout. Flowers: calyx pinkish; corolla lobes 2-3.5 mm. 2n = 12.
Pyxidanthera brevifolia is known only from a six-county area in the sandhills of North Carolina and South Carolina, where it is sympatric with P. barbulata. It occurs in xeric sites upslope; P. barbulata occurs in moist sites (seepage areas or streamhead ecotones). R. B. Primack and R. Wyatt (1975) concluded that recognition of only a single taxon is justified, based on a study of seven populations in the area where the two taxa are sympatric; they found that variation in leaf length and corolla lobe length is "clinal and associated with differences in soil moisture retaining capacity and other environmental parameters." Recent intensive surveys in this area (Nature Conservancy 1993), in contrast, indicate that putative morphological intermediates are primarily phenotypic responses of P. brevifolia to shading by leaf litter and of P. barbulata to disturbance and/or canopy removal. The two taxa are morphologically and ecologically distinct, and ecologically intermediate sites usually are rarely occupied by Pyxidanthera. The sharp divide in habitat apparently provides reproductive isolation, and the taxa are appropriately recognized at specific rank. The key features consistently separate them, essentially returning to distinctions made by A. E. Radford et al. (1968).
" 2095 general 1285243 "Sarracenia oreophila" "Plants forming moderate clumps; rhizomes 1-1.5 cm diam. Pitchers marcescent, withering by mid summer, appearing with or just prior to flowers in 1 flush, erect, green to yellowish green, sometimes purple-veined or suffused with purple, without white areolae, 18-75 cm, firm, surfaces glabrous, wings 0.5-1 cm wide; orifice oval, 2-4.5 cm diam., rim green to red, flared and loosely revolute, often with slight indentation immediately distal to wing; hood recurved adaxially, held well beyond and covering orifice, yellow-green, infrequently suffused with purple, or purple reticulate-veined or purple-spotted at neck, without white areolae, broadly ovate-reniform, somewhat undulate, 2-8 × 2.5-8 cm, ± as long as wide, proximal margins weakly cordate such that opposite lobes reflex abaxially, not touching, neck (rarely red-blotched), constricted, 1-2 cm, margins revolute, apiculum 1-2 mm, adaxial surface with hairs to 0.5 mm. Phyllodia 3-5, usually more numerous than pitchers, decumbent to ascending, weakly to strongly falcate, 5-18 × 0.5-3.5 cm. Scapes 45-70 cm, shorter than pitchers; bracts (yellowish), 0.6-1.2 cm, (blunt apically). Flowers slightly ill-scented; sepals yellow, 3-5 × 2-3 cm; petals yellow, distal portion oblong-elliptic to slightly obovate, 4-5.5 × 1.4-1.7 cm, margins entire; style disc yellow-green, 5-8.5 cm diam. Capsules 1.5-1.8 cm diam. Seeds 1.8-2 mm. 2n = 26.
Sarracenia oreophila is rare and local, the first pitcher plant to be listed as federally endangered. Populations are threatened by fire suppression and land drainage. It occurs in isolated colonies in open wetlands and in shaded woods when fire or pasturing do not remove vegetation cover. In open, wet sites it makes impressive stands. It is the only Sarracenia to occur in rocky sandbar deposits along a major river in northeastern Alabama. It is known from central and northeastern Alabama, adjacent Georgia, and the mountains of North Carolina (Clay County). Early reports from Tennessee are not supported by specimen evidence. Sarracenia oreophila is able to survive drought better than other species of the genus. But, unlike the others, the pitchers do not last well into the summer and usually die down completely by mid July.
Sarracenia oreophila is in the Center for Plant Conservation’s National Collection of Endangered Plants.
Plants in open tufts or extensive mats, black, dark olivaceous, or brownish-olivaceous. Stems 1.8-12 cm, central strand weak or absent. Leaves usually somewhat curved, rarely secund, ovate-lanceolate, sharply keeled distally, 1.7-2.7 mm, 1-stratose; margins usually recurved throughout and denticulate distally, 1-stratose or 2-stratose; apices acute; costa percurrent or excurrent as a short, denticulate, weakly decurrent awn, abaxial surface usually weakly papillose; basal marginal cells quadrate or short-rectangular, sometimes trigonous; distal laminal cells mostly short-rectangular, 8-10 µm wide, usually trigonous, sinuose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule red-brown, cylindric to short-cylindric, rarely cupulate, 0.7-1.2 mm, sometimes ribbed when dry; columella persistent within capsule; exothecial cells mainly isodiametric, sometimes mixed with short-elongate cells, thin-walled, trigonous; stomata present; peristome erect or ascending, often twisted inwards and overlapping distally, forming a dome, 400-700 µm, red, finely papillose, rarely with a few narrow slits. Spores 9-13(-19) µm, granulose or nearly smooth.
The habitat, almost always on calcareous rock, its black or dark olivaceous color, the lack of long awns, the long, often domed peristome, and the persistence of the columella within the capsule make Schistidium trichodon a distinctive species.
" 2102 general 608309 "Schistidium papillosum" "Plants in open tufts or mats, usually olivaceous, often with red, yellow, brown, or orange tones, rarely nearly black. Stems 1-10 cm, central strand indistinct or absent. Leaves erect or curved when dry, ovate-lanceolate, sharply keeled distally, (1.2-)1.6-2.4 mm, 1-stratose, sometimes with 2-stratose striae distally; margins recurved to near apex, often denticulate distally, usually 2-stratose, occasionally in more than one row; apices acute; costa percurrent or excurrent as a denticulate or spinulose, often flexuose, usually non-decurrent awn, abaxial surface papillose; basal marginal cells quadrate or short-rectangular, usually trigonous; distal cells short-rectangular, angular, or ovate, 8-10 µm wide, papillose, sinuose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule dark red-brown or brown, short-cylindric, 0.9-1.4(-1.75) mm; exothecial cells isodiametric or short-elongate, thin-walled, sometimes with small trigones; stomata present; peristome patent to erect, twisted, red- or orange-brown, 300-500 µm, papillose, entire or weakly perforated. Spores 10-13 µm, granulose or verruculose.
See comments under 5. Schistidium boreale regarding differences among the North American species of the genus with papillose laminal cells.
" 2107 general 607617 "Schistidium strictum" "Plants in open tufts or mats, usually rusty red-brown, rarely black or olivaceous. Stems 1-5(-11) cm, central strand absent or indistinct. Leaves erect or curved, usually imbricate below stem apex when dry, narrowly ovate-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply keeled distally, 1.4-2.8 mm, 1-stratose, sometimes with 2-stratose patches distally; margins usually recurved to just before the apex, usually denticulate distally, 2-stratose or multistratose, sometimes 1-stratose; apices acute; costa percurrent or excurrent as a denticulate, occasionally decurrent, usually short awn, abaxial surface papillose; basal marginal cells quadrate or short-rectangular; distal laminal cells ovate or short-rectangular, 8-10 µm wide, papillose, sinuose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule dark red-brown, usually cupulate, 0.7-1.2 mm; exothecial cells mostly isodiametric, quadrate or irregularly angular, thin-walled or unevenly thick-walled; stomata present; peristome squarrose to revolute, twisted, red, 330-550 µm, papillose, entire or weakly perforated. Spores 10-15 µm, granulose or verruculose.
Although this species has been reported widely across North America, it appears to be restricted to the northwestern portions of the continent. See comments under 5. Schistidium boreale regarding differences among S. strictum and other North American species of the genus with papillose laminal cells.
" 2109 general 607341 "Codriophorus depressus" "Plants large and rigid, forming extensive patches or loosely caespitose, olive or yellowish green, olivaceous, olive, golden, or rufous brown to blackish green distally, brown to blackish brown proximally, sometimes dark blackish green to black throughout. Stems (2-)4-10(-13) cm long, tough. Leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, (2.1-)3-4.5(-5) × (0.8-)1-1.3(-1.5) mm; margins 1- or 2-stratose distally in several rows of cells, entire or sometimes sinuate or with a few blunt, irregular teeth at the apex; apices acute or obtuse; costa subpercurrent, (80-)100-200 µm wide at the base; laminal cells 1-stratose throughout or entirely to partially 2-stratose in the distal part, smooth or very slightly papillose on young leaves. Inner perichaetial leaves yellowish hyaline throughout. Seta brown, 4.5-7 mm. Capsule brown to reddish brown, symmetric or slightly curved and gibbous, obloid to cylindric, 1.8-3 mm, peristome teeth, lanceolate, 350-500 µm high, reddish or yellowish brown, finely papillose to nearly smooth basally, densely low-papillose distally, deeply 2-fid or tripartite down for two thirds of their length. Spores (10-)12-15(-17) µm.
Codriophorus depressus is a semi-aquatic saxicole growing directly attached to or on soil over granite boulders, walls, stones and slabs along the banks of intermittent flowing watercourses or in stream beds. It is often submerged in swiftly flowing water in the rapids of intermittent streams or in cascading streamlets, or on dripping rocks and seeps over exposed granite rock terraces during snowmelt that then become dry by mid-summer. It is most often found in shaded or diffusely lit sites, rarely in open, permanently or seasonally dry habitats, throughout subalpine mixed coniferous forests, and it is restricted in its distribution to California except for a single record in the border area of adjacent Nevada at Lake Tahoe and southern Oregon (Jackson County). The species is primarily characterized by the costa that is exceptionally broad, strongly flattened and weakly convex on the abaxial side, and U-shaped adaxially in the distal part, the leaves that are broadly concave to broadly canaliculate, as well as laminal cells that are smooth or only very slightly papillose. Codriophorus depressus is superficially similar to C. acicularis and C. norrisii, but the leaves in those two species are broadly lingulate, acute to broadly rounded, and usually distinctly dentate or erose-dentate at the apex, and the costa is generally narrower and crescent-shaped on the abaxial side. Particularly reliable for distinguishing C. acicularis and C. norrisii are the prominently papillose laminal cells, which sharply contrast with the smooth or only finely roughened cells in C. depressus. Moreover, C. norrisii has distinctly limbate leaves almost all around, and the innermost perichaetial leaves are chlorophyllous in the distal third. Codriophorus depressus is more likely to be confused with Bucklandiella pacifica, which, however, has smaller leaves, less than 3 × 1 mm, and its costae are narrower, less than 120 µm, distinctly narrowly canaliculate distally and lying at the bottom of a deep and narrow-angled groove, partly enclosed in the basal part. Moreover, B. pacifica is a lowland species, whereas C. depressus is a montane moss.
" 2110 general 608565 "Codriophorus norrisii" "Plants mostly small to moderately sized, stiff, loosely tufted, olivaceous distally, blackish brown proximally. Stems (1.5-)2-3(-3.5) cm long. Leaves appressed, closely imbricate, erect, lingulate to oblong-lanceolate, (1.7-)2.0-2.5(-3.0) × 0.7-0.8(-0.9) mm; margins 2(-4)-stratose throughout, variously recurved on both sides in the proximal 1/2, plane distally, entire basally, bluntly erose-dentate at the extreme apex or sometimes down the margin in the upper one fourth, occasionally subentire, bordered from nearly the base by (1-)2-10(-13) rows of cells in 2(-4) layers; apices acute to long-acuminate, less often rounded-obtuse and subacute; costa subpercurrent, entire and only shortly forked at the tip, 70-90(-120) µm wide; laminal cells 1-stratose throughout (except for the margins) to variously 2-stratose near the apex and with 2-stratose streaks in the proximal part, without or with inconspicuous papillae over the cell walls. Inner perichaetial leaves sheathing, yellowish brown to hyaline proximally, chlorophyllose in the upper one third and, with areolation similar to that of the vegetative leaves and with frequent 2-stratose patches at the margin. Seta brown, 4-4.2 mm. Capsule obloid to shortly cylindric, 1.5-2 mm; peristome teeth 340-420 µm, orange-brown, irregularly split to the middle or slightly below into 2-3 filiform prongs, densely papillose. Spores 15-20 µm.
Codriophorus norrisii is a relatively rare montane species. It is closely related to the widespread and common C. acicularis, with which it shares the lingulate leaves with erose-dentate margins at the apex and similar affiliation to aquatic habitats. It is generally a smaller and fairly slender plant, with most leaves long-acuminate to acute. The leaves have distinct marginal thickenings that extend from the base to the apex and are separated from the costa by 1-stratose laminae, even at the extreme apex; rarely do they merge imperceptibly with 2-stratose laminae. Moreover, papillae are absent on older leaves or are narrow and situated strictly over the cell walls. The innermost perichaetial bracts are strongly concave, yellowish brown to hyaline in the basal two thirds, with a lax areolation of thin-walled cells, whereas in the distal one third the cells are chlorophyllose and similar to those in the vegetative leaves, usually with 2-stratose patches in 1-3 rows at the margins. In contrast, the plants of C. acicularis are larger and coarse, the leaves are usually rounded-obtuse at the apex, and the leaf laminae are 1-stratose in North American specimens, except for a few collections from California (e.g., Shevock & York 18322, CAS, KRAM). However, the latter are at once distinct by having very large, flat papillae that cover almost the entire lumina of the cells, leaving only a narrow groove over the cell center. Additionally, the innermost perichaetial leaves in C. acicularis are hyaline throughout, occasionally with some chlorophyllose cells at the extreme apex. The 2-stratose distal laminal cells of C. norrisii may resemble those of C. depressus, which, however, has broadly ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate and deeply concave leaves, mostly smooth or indistinctly papillose laminal cells, and a very broad costa that is strongly flattened abaxially and has 9-15 enlarged adaxial epidermal cells in the basal part.
" 2111 general 608555 "Codriophorus aduncoides" "Plants rather stiff and rigid, in loose tufts or mats, olivaceous to golden brown, occasionally blackish brown. Stems (1-)3(-17) cm, irregularly forked. Leaves imbricate, erect to secund when dry, ovate-elliptic, lingulate to oblong-lanceolate,(1.9-)2.3-3(-3.2) × 0.8-1.1 mm; margins 1-stratose throughout, recurved on both sides in the proximal 3/4, plane or often incurved at the apex giving it a subcucullate appearance; apices narrowly bluntly acute to broadly rounded, distantly bluntly or sharply erose-dentate to subentire, muticous; costa usually vanishing in mid leaf or sometimes extending 3/4 of the way up the leaf, frequently spurred and forked at the tip, (80-)90-180(-220) µm wide near the base; laminal cells 1-stratose throughout. Seta 8-11 mm. Capsule brown, obloid to shortly cylindric, 2-2.3 mm, peristome teeth 480-520 µm, orange- to yellow-brown, split nearly to the base into 2 filiform, densely papillose branches. Spores 14-17 µm.
Codriophorus aduncoides is a montane, hydrophilous, acidophilous moss that can tolerate periodic desiccation. It is restricted to the Appalachian Mountains, ranging from western Maine to Tennessee and North Carolina. Codriophorus aduncoides has only recently been recognized as a species, being segregated from the common and protean C. acicularis. The two species share similar leaf shape and areolation as well as identical ecological predilections, but C. aduncoides is well-defined and easy to distinguish by the structure of the costa. It is generally shorter and vanishes in mid leaf or extends at most to three quarters of the way up the leaf. It is distinctly spurred on both sides in the distal portion and is mostly forked at the apex. Additionally, the leaves are usually falcate-secund and the leaf apex is often tubular to subcucullate owing to the inflexed margins.
" 2114 general 608027 "Niphotrichum panschii" "Plants medium-sized and gracile to fairly large, olivaceous to green in the distal part, brown to blackish brown proximally. Stems (2-)4-6(-11) cm, ascending to erect, mostly unbranched, rarely irregularly sparingly or pinnately branched. Leaves imbricate and closely appressed on drying, erect-spreading on wetting, straight, ovate-lanceolate to elliptical, 1.9-2.8 × 0.9-1.3 mm; margins broadly recurved from base to apex; gradually tapering towards the apex, mostly terminated with a hyaline awn, awn mostly short and broad, less often long and narrow, slightly flexuose, irregularly denticulate and spinulose, papillose proximally, with narrow but fairly tall and irregularly arranged papillae on the abaxial side, epapillose or nearly so in the distal part; basal laminal cells elongate, 40-70 × 5-7 µm, epapillose or nearly so in 2-4 cell rows at the insertion, with thick and nodulose longitudinal walls; alar cells hyaline, forming small to medium-sized, rounded and somewhat inflated group of 2-4 cell rows; supra-alar cells not sinuose, thick-walled, forming a pellucid marginal border, consisting of to 10(-20) cells; medial and distal laminal cells rectangular, 15-25 × 7-12 µm, distinctly papillose. Sterile.
Niphotrichum panschii is fairly frequent in the high Arctic of Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and Nunavut, as well as in Greenland (except for the southernmost part), only occasionally southwards to latitude ca. 55º N in Labrador. It is closely related to N. canescens, but the possibility of confusion with the typical subspecies of the latter is rather minimal since that is a temperate taxon and its range does not overlap that of N. panschii. The taxa have a similar leaf shape, although N. panschii always has straight leaves that are not hyaline in the distal part and it is less robust than subsp. canescens. Niphotrichum panschii is externally more similar to N. canescens subsp. latifolium, and they are more likely to be confused, especially because they often grow together. However, they can be recognized by their awns, which in N. panschii are less papillose but more strongly spinulose and serrate at the apex, relatively short, less flexuose, and directed upwards. In contrast, the awns of subsp. latifolium are strongly papillose throughout and only faintly serrulate, long, distinctly flexuose, and consequently spreading from the shoot. The stems of N. panschii are sparingly branched to almost unbranched, and the branches are usually erect and fragile, whereas those of subsp. latifolium are more profusely branched, and the branches are non-fragile.
" 2132 general 607236 "Schistidium cinclidodonteum" "Plants in open, occasionally compact tufts or mats, olivaceous, brownish, or nearly black. Stems 1-8 cm, sometimes denuded of leaves at base, central strand absent. Leaves usually curved to falcate, sometimes falcate-secund when dry, linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, concave proximally, weakly keeled or concave distally, 1.4-5 mm, mainly 2-stratose distally and with 2-stratose strips extending to leaf base adjacent to costa; margins plane or somewhat erect, rarely weakly recurved, smooth, 2-stratose; apices rounded or acute, usually ending in a fleshy, multistratose apiculus, rarely tipped with a short, denticulate awn; costa percurrent, rarely short-excurrent, smooth; basal marginal cells quadrate or short-rectangular; distal cells quadrate or rounded, often angular, 6-11 µm wide, smooth, sometimes weakly bulging-mammillose, weakly sinuose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule reddish brown, ovoid, cupulate, or short-cylindric, 1.3-1.8 mm; exothecial cells mostly short-elongate or isodiametric, usually irregularly angular, thin-walled, sometimes trigonous; rim darker colored than capsule wall, often red; stomata absent; peristome patent, 350-600 µm, red, finely papillose, strongly perforated. Spores 8-13 µm, smooth.
Schistidium cinclidodonteum and the closely related S. occidentale are characterized by the long, often linear-lanceolate and falcate leaves. Both species often form large, rather flat mats over rock along watercourses. The proboscis-like (discussed in S. Flowers 1973) fleshy apiculus distinguishes the two from all other species of the genus except S. crassithecium, which differs in having a much smaller apiculus, and more erect, ovate-lanceolate leaves. Examination of the type of Grimmia pacifica, not recognized here, reveals that the only salient difference between that taxon and S. cinclidodonteum is the presence of a short, denticulate awn.
" 2133 general 608281 "Schistidium boreale" "Plants in open tufts or mats, dull black, often yellowish green distally, usually purplish when wet, especially in older portions of stems. Stems 1.5-10 cm, central strand absent or indistinct. Leaves erect proximally, usually slightly curved distally, rarely somewhat secund when dry, ovate-lanceolate, sharply keeled distally, 1.6-2.5 mm, 1-stratose; margins usually recurved throughout, denticulate distally, 1- or 2-stratose; apices acute; costa percurrent or excurrent as a denticulate, occasionally weakly decurrent awn, abaxial surface papillose; basal marginal cells quadrate or oblate, often trigonous; distal laminal cells mostly short-rectangular or quadrate, 8-10 µm wide, papillose, strongly sinuose with reddish or orange walls. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule red-brown, sometimes orange-brown, ovoid-cylindric, narrowed to the mouth, 0.7-1.25 mm, rarely striate when old; exothecial cells mostly isodiametric, mainly more or less quadrate, usually mixed with a few short-elongate or oblate cells, thin-walled, with small trigones; stomata present; peristome patent or erect, dark-red or red, 190-380 µm, densely papillose, entire or slightly perforated. Spores 10-14 µm, granulose.
Schistidium boreale is one of the five species of the genus in North America with papillose distal laminal cells. The combination of its dull black color, usually turning purplish when wet, reddish or orange laminal cell walls, and ovoid-cylindrical capsules that are narrowed at the mouth separates this species from the other papillose taxa. Schistidium papillosum is usually olivaceous and lacks colored cell walls; S. strictum is usually a dull red-brown, has cupulate capsules, and appears to be restricted to northwestern, coastal areas, and S. frisvollianum, an arctic species, is more strongly ornamented. None of these three taxa turns purple when wet. Schistidium maritimum occasionally has papillose distal laminal cells. That species, however, is restricted to coastal areas, its leaves are ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate with 2-stratose distal laminae, and its costa has one or two well-developed stereid bands, which are absent in all other North American species of the genus.
" 2138 general 583399 "Funaria americana" "Plants 2-5 mm, pale olive green, stem with leaves crowded at the tip, and bearing a short antheridial branch at the base. Leaves larger distally and reduced proximally, distal leaves 2-3 mm, erect spreading, the blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or obovate gradually narrowed to a slender acumen, distal blade margins entire to weakly serrulate distally and entire proximally; costa narrowing distally and ending in the acumen; distal laminal cells thin-walled, rhomboid to oblong-hexagonal, somewhat narrowed at the margins, proximal cells becoming rectangular toward the base. Seta 6-10 mm, nearly straight. Capsule 1.5-2 mm, inclined, asymmetric, elongate-pyriform from a neck nearly as long as the spore sac, shrunken below the mouth but not plicate when dry; annulus none, operculum short-conic; peristome teeth lanceolate-triangular, dark yellow-brown, papillose-striate throughout, trabeculae distinct but moderately thickened, weakly appendiculate and extending into the tip; endostome segments about 3/4 the length of the teeth, triangular basally, narrowing midway to a slender tip, finely papillose. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 25-30 µm, somewhat angled, finely rugose-verrucate.
Funaria americana has been reported mainly from the area between the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountain divides, and it is reputed to be most likely encountered in disturbed microhabitats along river bluffs. Confusion has existed between the application of the names F. americana and F. muhlenbergii, as explained by H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981). Generally, collections from North America east of the Rockies continental divide belong to F. americana, and those from the western states belong to F. muhlenbergii, a species originally described from Europe. Such disjunctions are known for a number of genera and species of terrestrial plants. The costa extending nearly to the tip of the long leaf acumen is diagnostic. In F. muhlenbergii, the costa clearly ends before the short slender acumen.
" 2144 general 1123514 "Tortella alpicola" "Plants light or dark and vivid or clear green distally, pale buff-brown proximally with glistening white leaf bases, elongate, not rosulate. Stems thin, slender, 0.5-1(-1.5) cm, branches few to several, central strand present and conspicuous, not tomentose except in perichaetiate plants. Stem leaves fragile, closely to loosely aggregated, uniform in size, apices in sterile plants (except the youngest) usually fallen, incurved-circinate and weakly contorted when dry, erect-spreading, occasionally patent when moist, gradually long-lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm; base undifferentiated or somewhat broader than the limb, elliptical; margins of some leaves weakly undulate, constricted, lobed in scallop-shapes in several places distally, erect to incurved; apex narrowly acuminate, occasionally sharply contracted into a subula in the apical 1/3, this a papillose cylinder about the size of the costa, composed of a series of barrel-shaped segments disarticulating at constrictions, intact subula and tip of propaguloid apex with an apiculus of several cells, this usually dentate and tipped by one or two, elongate, sharply pointed clear cells, in sterile plants leaf apices caducous along zones of weakness; costa short-excurrent, in leaves of fertile plants adaxial surface covered distally by an epidermis of quadrate, papillose laminal cells, back of the costa smooth throughout—in leaves of fragile sterile plants abaxial costa surface smooth only proximally apical subula, densely papillose on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces in the distal subulate region, in cross section cells weakly differentiated and frequently rather chaotic, adaxial epidermis always present, adaxial stereid cells often disappearing in the distal region of the leaf, proximal laminal cells abruptly differentiated from distal cells, pale white-hyaline and transparent; distal laminal cells relatively large, 10-14 µm wide, lamina 1-stratose but apparently 2-stratose at juncture of lamina and costa, especially along the distal costa in propaguloid leaves of sterile plants; marginal cells undifferentiated, papillose-crenulate throughout. Specialized asexual reproduction in two modes, a general fragility of the leaf lamina as well as smaller, soft, multistratose, propaguloid deciduous leaf apices articulated by regular constrictions, falling early in units of approximately uniform length. Sexual condition apparently dioicous; perigonia not seen; perichaetiate stems tomentose, perichaetia terminal on successive perichaetial innovations; outer perichaetial leaves differentiated, especially evident when dry, longer than the cauline leaves, long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, fragile, tipped with long, rigid, subulate, smooth awns; rising beyond the contorted stem leaves when dry, not propaguloid, unbordered. Sporophytes unknown.
Tortella alpicola is associated with a western corridor of both montane and valley habitats, including the western Great Plains, extending in an arc from Arizona to Ellesmere Island. It is the smallest of the North American Tortellae. The plants are noted by their small size, absence of tomentum on typical (sterile) stems, broken tips on most of the leaves, vividly shining white leaf bases on the stem in contrast with the deep or bright green of the limb, and large leaf cells (to 14 µm wide). Small fertile plants of T. tortuosa and T. inclinata have a similar aspect; these also have stiff, awned perichaetial leaves distinct from the cauline leaves. The large leaf cells and presence of a distinct stem central strand in T. alpicola will differentiate ambiguous specimens from similarly small stems of T. tortuosa and T. fragilis. The costal anatomy of leaves of T. alpicola shows two sets of characteristics, one for sterile plants and one for fertile (perichaetiate). In sterile plants, the costal layers (epidermis, stereids and guide cells) are weakly differentiated and in many cases, not differentiated at all; the costa is undifferentiated in the proximal part of the leaf where the laminae are fully extended and 1-stratose. The laminae are never fully 2-stratose but occasionally exhibit 2-stratose patches. In sterile plants, the epidermal and guide cell layers may be chlorophyllose and there are papillae on the abaxial surface of the costa. In T. fragilis, the costal cells become undifferentiated in the nonlaminate subula while the lamina just proximal to the propagulum is 2-stratose.
In sterile plants the abaxial stereid band disappears along with the other layers. In perichaetiate plants the abaxial and adaxial stereid bands are definite, with thick-walled cells. The adaxial stereid layer, however, appears to quickly disappear in the distal region of the leaf, rather than the epidermal layer, the reverse of every Tortella species in North America (excepting many specimens of T. tortuosa var. fragilifolia). The two other Tortella species in North America with stem central strands, T. humilis and T. flavovirens, have two well-differentiated, strong stereid bands abaxial and adaxial to the guide cell layer. The propaguloid modifications of the leaves are different in kind between T. fragilis and T. alpicola. The propagules of the former species fall as a single unit from leaves disposed all along the stem, whereas those of the latter fall in numerous, fragile, barrel-shaped caducous units of about equal length from the leaf apices.
Plants medium-sized to large, in loose, extensive tufts or mats, dull, green, yellow-brownish or olive to green-brown. Stems (1-)2-7 cm or occasionally up to 10 cm long, prostrate to ascending, irregularly sparsely branched, usually radiculose at base. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (2.8-)3.2-4.0(-4.2) × 0.8-1(-1.1) mm; margins 1-stratose throughout, recurved on both sides to about 3/4-7/8 of way up the leaf; apices slenderly long acuminate, obtuse to subacute, irregularly bluntly erose-dentate, cristate to papillose-crenulate, rarely entire at the extreme apex; costa subpercurrent, (80-)90-120(-135) µm wide; laminal cells 1-stratose throughout. Seta brown, (4.5-)5.5-7.5(-9) mm. Capsule brown, cylindric, (2-)2.3-3(-3.2) mm, smooth; peristome teeth 500-650 µm, dark yellow to orange-brown, regularly 2-fid to the base, densely papillose with tall, spiculose papillae. Spores 10-16 µm.
Codriophorus ryszardii ranges from Kodiak Island southwards to the Olympic Mountains and Cascade Range of Washington and northern Oregon. The species was recognized as a distinct taxon only recently by Bednarek-Ochyra, who showed that the western North American specimens determined as Racomitrium aquaticum (Schrader) Bridel (W. B. Schofield 1968, 1976; E. Lawton 1971) had nothing to do with that European endemic and represented a new species. Although there are some similarities in the structure of the costa, C. ryszardii is immediately distinct in having lanceolate to linear-lanceolate leaves, 3.2-4 mm. They are narrowly long acuminate and end with an obtuse or subacute apex that is most often bluntly erose-dentate, giving it a cristate appearance, and only seldom is the leaf apex entire. Moreover, its leaf margins are recurved to 3/4-7/8 of the leaf length, costae are often bluntly winged abaxially in the distal portion, laminal cells are entirely 1-stratose, and the supra-alar cells are not differentiated from the adjacent laminal cells and do not form basal marginal borders. Additionally, the peristome teeth are longer, 500-650 µm, and they are densely papillose with needle-like papillae. The leaves of C. aquaticus are shorter, 2.5-3 mm, broadly lanceolate and more shortly acuminate into an obtuse and always entire, never erose-dentate or cristate apex. Moreover, the leaf margins are recurved to 1/2-3/4 of the leaf length, costae are symmetric and never winged abaxially, laminal cells are sometimes 2-stratose distally, the supra-alar cells are quadrate to short-rectangular with relatively thick, smooth to slightly sinuose walls forming short but usually distinct, hyaline to yellowish-hyaline but otherwise pellucid marginal borders, and the peristome teeth are shorter, to 450 µm, and they are only finely papillose.
" 2147 general 1123620 "Tortella rigens" "Plants firm, somewhat rigid, occasionally brittle when dry, in low, dense, dark brown to black to emerald-green tufts, compact, elongate, not rosulate. Stem 1-3 cm, rarely to 4 cm, densely foliose, leaf bases not evident between the leaves, central strand absent, tomentum rufous, dense, visible between the leaf bases especially along the lower stem. Stem leaves firm, somewhat rigid, stiffly erect, especially proximal leaves, to loosely twisted and moderately contorted when dry, erect and somewhat spreading when moist, gradually larger and more crowded toward the stem tips, distal-most leaves usually more spreading than the erect leaves or leaf bases proximally; leaf shape variable within clumps and on the same stem: short stems with leaves short, ovate-lanceolate, margins inwardly tapering to acute apices, longer stems with longer, more narrowly lanceolate leaves with more acuminate apices, the proximal leaves frequently narrowly lanceolate, distal leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, generally narrowing gradually, but often some distal-most leaves with an abrupt narrowing with parallel sides in the distal quarter, leaf tips fragile, the older ones usually eroded; deeply concave to canaliculate-tubulose in longer leaves, 1.5-3(-4) mm; base undifferentiated in shape to broadly ovate proximally narrowing gradually or abruptly to the lanceolate distal lamina; margins variously plane, erect, to incurved, infrequently undulate in some leaves, apex fragile, acute to acuminate, abruptly ending before a sharp apiculus or narrowly acute and confluent with a conical, nearly mucronate apiculus; in shorter leaves naviculate to nearly cucullate, distinctly cucullate in the awl-shaped youngest leaves arising from the stem apex; longer, narrow leaves with erect to broadly incurved margins extending to the leaf apex; costa short-excurrent into a sharp, narrow, denticulate or smoothly conical mucro of 1-5(-10) cells, adaxial surface covered by quadrate, papillose laminal cells except for a narrow groove of elongate (8:1) smooth cells continuous throughout length of the leaf, in cross section, adaxial epidermal cells interrupted in the center, exposing the adaxial stereid layer by about two cells; proximal laminal cells abruptly differentiated from distal cells, yellow-hyaline, elongate, 6-8:1, firm to laxly thin-walled, smooth; marginal angle of differentiated cells steep due to the quadrate laminal cells extending juxtacostally far down into the proximal cell region, with a marginal row of firm to thin-walled, quadrate to short-rectangular smooth cells extending a short way up the lamina or to mid-leaf; distal laminal cells frequently 2-stratose on one or both laminae juxtacostally or extending marginward as one to two pairs of cells, but never extending to the margins even in longer leaves with narrowed apices, rounded-quadrate or hexagonal, with slightly thickened walls, (12-)14(-17) µm wide, strongly papillose, areolation more or less distinct, differentiated distal marginal cells absent except in longer leaves possessing a somewhat differentiated and deciduous apex, these having obscure (due to erosion) to distinct thicker-walled, less papillose to smooth, elongate marginal cells. Specialized asexual reproduction apparently by means of fragile leaf tips in the longer leaves. Sexual condition apparently dioicous: only sterile and perichaetiate plants seen. Perichaetia terminal, leaves long-lanceolate, costa excurrent into a long awn or subula. Sporophytes unknown.
Tortella rigens is known in Europe from the alvars of the circum-Baltic states and central Europe. In North America, alvars appear confined to substrates of Ordovician and Silurian limestones and dolomites, being areas of exposed rock adjacent to bodies of water. The exposures occur around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River and associated lakes, such as Lake Simcoe in Ontario and Lake Champlain in New York and Vermont. The epithet refers to the somewhat rigid character of the leaves (but not as rigid as in T. fragilis). The proximal stem leaves when dry, however, may be as rigidly erect and straight as those of T. fragilis. Tortella rigens may have an adaxial epidermis in the proximal part of the leaf and the adaxial stereid layer is less exposed (usually by two stereid cells), hence there is a somewhat more narrow groove or channel running the length of the leaf. Tortella inclinata var. inclinata is regularly cucullate whereas T. rigens is distinctly cucullate usually only in the smallest leaves or on the smallest stems, or in the first whorl of leaves at the stem base. The leaf apices of T. inclinata var. inclinata may be acute to narrowly so, the distal laminal cells, however, are only 10-12 µm, while in section, the leaves are not 2-stratose juxtacostally, the leaves keeled beside the costa and broadly incurved distally. Tortella rigens has 2-stratose cells juxtacostally in the median portion of the leaf, and therefore the laminae spread out in a broadly concave leaf cross section, the distal cells 14 µm or more in width. Although T. rigens was not recorded as part of the Canadian flora by R. R. Ireland et al. (1987), it does appear in the most recent checklist of North American mosses (L. E. Anderson et al. 1990). The species has previously been reported from Colorado by W. A. Weber (1973), but several specimens collected and determined as that species can be assigned to other species, mainly T. alpicola and depauperate plants of T. fragilis. The cells sizes are undoubtedly large in T. rigens, to 14 or rarely 17 µm, but sizes to 14 µm correlated with reduced apical propagula can be demonstrated in T. fragilis.
" 2155 general 1123699 "Syntrichia amphidiacea" "Stems 2-15(-25) mm. Leaves infolded, twisted, and only slightly contorted when dry, erect-spreading when moist, variable in shape and size, narrowly or broadly spatulate, (1.5-)2-3(-4) × 0.75-1.5 mm; margins revolute in the proximal 1/2-3/4, entire; apices acute to acuminate; costa ending a few cells before the apex or percurrent, yellow or brown, smooth; basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins; distal cells rounded, polygonal, or quadrate, 11-14 µm (or slightly elongate and 13-22 µm), with 3-6 low or high papillae per cell, thick-walled and collenchymatous; marginal cells in several rows smaller and smoother with thicker, often colored walls. Specialized asexual reproduction as gemmae on the adaxial or occasionally the abaxial leaf surface of leaves, cylindric, rounded at the ends, up to 50 (rarely 200) µm, brown when mature, multicellular. Sexual condition dioicous. [Seta red, 6-8(-10) mm. Capsule red, 2-3(-3.5) mm, straight or slightly curved, with a distinct neck; operculum 1-1.5 mm; peristome 0.5-1 mm, basal membrane 1/6-1/5 the total length, teeth irregularly twisted and contorted (crumpled) when dry, widely spreading or reflexed when moist, red. Spores 18-22 µm, strongly papillose.]
The peristome of Syntrichia amphidiacea is unusual, being irregularly twisted and crumpled when dry but widely spreading or reflexed when moist. The species has a distribution disjunct between the southern Appalachians and Mexico, similar to that of a number of other mosses (including S. fragilis) and flowering plants that appear to be relicts of an ancient tropical flora. Sporophytes are known only from southern Mexico and southwards. Syntrichia amphidiacea is a rare species in the southeastern United States but common in Mexico.
" 2158 general 1126290 "Microbryum starckeanum" "Distal laminal cells weakly convex superficially, adaxial surface of the costa not mammillose. Seta elongate. Capsule stegocarpous or occasionally cleistocarpous, cylindrical. Spores smooth or tuberculate (seldom also weakly papillose), 22-30 µm.
Varieties 6 (3 in the flora): North Temperate Zone, disjunct to austral areas.
" 2161 general 1124675 "Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens" "Stems to 2.5(-3) cm. Stem leaves ovate-triangular to short-lanceolate, mostly 1-1.8 mm, distal lamina 1-stratose, margins recurved in proximal half of leaf, plane distally, entire, acute to narrowly obtuse apically; costa percurrent, often ending in an apiculus, not much widened or tapering, usually 4 epidermal cells wide at mid leaf, adaxial surface of the costa weakly convex or concave; proximal cells differentiated juxtacostally or across leaf, rectangular, 2:1. Specialized asexual reproduction by small, multicellular, irregularly shaped brood bodies often borne on rhizoids. Sexual condition dioicous. [Capsule theca 2.2-2.5 mm, operculum 0.5-0.9 mm, peristome absent to rudimentary. Spores 12-15 µm.]
Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens is rather variable in the length of the leaves. Reduced specimens are as commonly encountered as the more lush expression. As in B. recurvirostrum, unusually short leaves seem to retain their usual width, and these leaves then seem broad in proportion to their length and the recurved margin runs higher. Tubers, bright red or orange and of variable shape, are often but not always present among the rhizoids on the proximal portions of the stems, though asexual reproduction probably occurs just as often by the fragile stems, a common trait of arctic species. This essentially montane, Arctic species was recently discovered in the Appalachians (P. M. Eckel 1990). It can be quickly distinguished from Didymodon vinealis by the adaxial apical costal groove of that species, which usually is floored by elongate cells and appears as a rectangular light-colored window, and from B. recurvirostrum by the leaves smaller, base squarish and lacking inflated cells, distal laminal margins plane, and never with dentate apices (B. recurvirostrum may approach B. ferruginascens but usually in at least some leaves there will be at least a hint of lateral teeth at the apex). An intermediate (Colorado: Clear Creek County, Mt. Evans, Summit Lake, Hermann 24909, Aug. 10, 1972, DUKE) has leaves with broad apex, margins recurved nearly throughout and proximal cells fairly well differentiated, but is tentatively referred here by the abundant characteristic brood bodies and proximal cells rather papillose.
" 2162 general 1123090 "Bryoerythrophyllum columbianum" "Stems to 0.4-0.6 cm. Stem leaves ovate to shortly ovate-lanceolate, to 1-1.4 mm, distal lamina 1-stratose, margins narrowly recurved to near apex, entire, sharply acute apically, the excurrent costa forming a sharp mucro made up of elongate cells; costa wider (to 8 cells wide) at mid leaf, adaxial surface of the costa bulging in an 1-stratose pad of cells; proximal cells poorly differentiated, quadrate. Specialized asexual reproduction lacking or possibly by fragile leaf apices. Sexual condition dioicous. Theca 1-1.4 mm, operculum 0.5-0.8 mm, peristome rudimentary or absent. Spores 8-13 µm.
Bryoerythrophyllum columbianum may be confused with Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum, which may be quickly distinguished by its narrowly grooved adaxial surface of the costa. A second stereid band could not be demonstrated in the type material (holotype and paratype at US) of B. columbianum, although illustrated in the original description; it must be rare. Instead, a second layer of guide cells was evident, the second layer being occasionally present in the paratype (Holzinger, Musci Boreali Americana 233, US) as illustrated in the original description. Asexual reproduction is, apparently, by fragile leaf apices. This species may be a recently evolved and not yet quite stable in that the peristome is not always entirely absent (occasionally rudimentary) and the cells of the operculum are slightly twisted counterclockwise.
" 2167 general 581121 "Fissidens minutulus" "Plants 0.5-7.5 × 0.3 mm. Stem unbranched; axillary hyaline nodules absent; central strand present or absent. Leaves as many as 12 pairs, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, occasionally narrowly lanceolate, acute to rarely apiculate, to 1.2 × 0.2-0.3 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed prox-imally, ending at or sometimes before insertion; vaginant laminae 1/2 leaf length, ± equal, minor lamina ending on or near margin; margin entire but serrulate to denticulate distally, limbate on all laminae, limbidium ending a few to several cells before leaf apex, not reaching proximal end of dorsal lamina, sometimes edged by 1 or more rows of quadrate cells in proximal part of vaginant laminae, limbidial cells 1-stratose; costa ending a few cells before apex to percurrent, bryoides-type; laminal cells 1-stratose, smooth, strongly bulging, ± obscure, firm-walled, irregularly quadrate to hexagonal, mostly 6.5-10 µm, in transverse section twice as deep as wide. Sexual condition rhizautoicous. Sporophytes 1-2 per perichaetium. Seta 1-4.5 mm. Capsule theca exserted, usually erect, radially symmetric, 0.2-0.8 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.5 mm. Spores 10-16 µm.
Fissidens minutulus is often confused with an expression of F. bryoides. The two have similar habits, and both are found on rocks at edges of streams, although F. minutulus is found principally on limestone, while F. bryoides occurs mostly on acidic rocks. Moreover, the laminal cells of F. minutulus are small (6-10 µm), strongly bulging, and more or less obscure, unlike the somewhat larger, more or less plane, distinct cells of F. bryoides. In transverse section the laminal cells of F. minutulus are twice as deep as wide, while those of F. bryoides are more or less as deep as wide. Stems of F. minutulus are unbranched while those of F. bryoides are branched.
" 2168 general 580536 "Fissidens obtusifolius" "Plants to 8 × 1.5 mm. Stem branched; axillary hyaline nodules absent; central strand weak or absent. Leaves as many as 20 pairs, broadly ovate to oblong, rounded to obtuse, infrequently weakly apiculate in distal leaves, to 1.3 × 0.4 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending at or before insertion; vaginant laminae ± 1/2-4/5 leaf length, ± equal, minor lamina ending on or near margin; margin ± entire, elimbate or weakly to strongly limbate, limbidium restricted to proximal parts of vaginant laminae of perichaetial, perigonial and subtending leaves, or present along entire length of vaginant laminae of most leaves, or variable on all laminae of larger leaves, often intralaminal in proximal parts of vaginant laminae, often spurred in vaginant laminae; costa ending 2-11 cells before apex, often spurred above, bryoides-type; laminal cells 1-stratose, distinct, smooth, ± bulging, irregularly quadrate to hexagonal, 6-15 µm. Sexual condition cladautoicous, gonioautoicous, and possibly rhizautoicous; naked archegonia occasionally in axils of distal leaves. Sporophytes 1 per perichaetium. Seta to 3.5 mm. Capsule theca exserted, ± erect, radially symmetric, to 0.8 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum to 0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.5 mm. Spores 20-29 µm.
The ovate to oblong, rounded to broadly obtuse leaves on which the limbidium can be quite variable distinguish Fissidens obtusifolius. It has been confused with an expression of F. bryoides that typically occurs on acidic stones and rocks aside streams, and with expressions of F. sublimbatus (R. A. Pursell 1997). Both of those species have highly variable limbidia. The former, however, has lanceolate to ligulate, acute to obtuse-apiculate leaves in which the apiculus is poorly developed. The latter has smaller laminal cells and ovate to lanceolate, rounded to obtuse-apiculate leaves in which the apiculus is a single sharply pointed cell.
" 2171 general 509016 "Campylopodiella flagellacea" "Plants erect, yellowish green, in tufts. Stems 3-15 mm, radiculose. Leaves erect-patent when wet, appressed when dry, 1.8-2.3 mm, 5-8 times as long as wide, lanceolate, gradually contracted, margins entire, only slightly denticulate at the extreme apex; costa filling 1/2-2/3 of the leaf base, 155 µm wide and indistinctly delimited at base, filling most parts of the leaf apex, excurrent, in transverse section with large adaxial and abaxial hyalocysts, a median band of stereids and 2-4 stereids adaxially; alar cells hyaline or brownish, often 2-stratose, slightly inflated; basal laminal cells in about 6 rows, rectangular, 15-40 × 10-16 µm, narrower at margins; distal laminal cells rectangular, 13-30 × 4-12 µm.
Sporophytes of Campylopodiella flagellacea have been found only once, in South America. The only North American record was collected on a seeping roadside rock in Trinity County (Shevock 17741, BONN). That specimen differs from Central American specimens in its more compact tufts and the lack of flagelliferous branches. The species was earlier regarded as a sterile flagelliferous expression of C. stenocarpa by M. Padberg and J.-P. Frahm (1985), but later was treated as separate by Frahm (1991). It differs from C. stenocarpa in its sterile condition, shorter leaves, narrower lamina, and more distinct alar cells.
" 2205 general 1136840 "Primula angustifolia" "Plants 0.5-8 cm, herbaceous; rhizomes stout, short; rosettes often clumped; vegetative parts efarinose. Leaves not aromatic, indistinctly petiolate; petiole narrowly winged; blade without deep reticulate veins abaxially, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 1-1.7 × 0.3-1 cm, thick, margins entire or remotely denticulate, apex spatulate, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences 1-2-flowered; involucral bracts plane, unequal. Pedicels arcuate, thin, 3-10 mm, length 2-4 times bracts, flexuous. Flowers heterostylous; calyx green, cylindric, 5-8 mm; corolla usually bright rose-pink, sometimes white, tube 5-8 mm, length 0.8-1 times calyx, usually eglandular basally, sparsely glandular distally, limb (7-)10-15 mm diam., lobes 5-7 mm, apex almost entire or emarginate. Capsules cylindric, length 1 times calyx. Seeds without flanged edges, reticulate. 2n = 44.
Primula angustifolia is a common component of the alpine flora in Colorado and is found occasionally in the mountains of northern New Mexico. A form with white corollas (var. helenae Pollard & Cockerell) occurs in populations with rose-pink corollas. Generally, P. angustifolia grows above treeline; some populations have been found in the upper subalpine zone among dwarf spruce or fir. Individuals in these protected areas tend to be more robust than those growing on exposed, windy sites on the tundra.
" 2206 general 1136850 "Primula parryi" "Plants 15-50 cm, herbaceous; rhizomes short, stout; rosettes often clumped; vegetative parts efarinose. Leaves rankly aromatic, indistinctly petiolate; petiole broadly winged; blade without deep reticulate veins abaxially, broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, 1-33(-40) × 1.5-7 cm, thick, margins almost entire or remotely denticulate, apex rounded to acute, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences 5-25-flowered; involucral bracts plane, unequal. Pedicels arcuate, somewhat thick, 10-50 mm, length 1-6 times bracts, flexuous. Flowers heterostylous; calyx green, often purple tinged, cylindric to campanulate, 8-15 mm; corolla magenta, tube 5-20 mm, length 0.9-1 times calyx, with prominent glands basally and distally, limb 10-25 mm diam., lobes 5-12 mm, apex emarginate. Capsules ellipsoid to cylindric, length 1 times calyx. Seeds without flanged edges, reticulate. 2n = 44.
Primula parryi has the largest and most showy plants of the native North American primroses, growing to almost 50 centimeters in protected sites. It is common on subalpine streamsides and also occurs on the alpine tundra in wet areas near snowmelt seeps. The strong skunky odor of this species is unique in the North American primroses, often lingering even on herbarium specimens. It is the most common species of the genus in the western United States.
" 2213 general 1285237 "Sarracenia alata" "Plants forming dense clumps; rhizomes 0.8-1.5 cm diam . Pitchers marcescent, appearing shortly after first flowers, spring flush of pitchers followed by delayed flush of similarly shaped, more robust pitchers in late summer, erect; distal portion of tube typically yellow-green, sometimes purple-lined, purple reticulate-veined, or strongly purple, without white areolae, 15-75 cm, firm, surfaces glabrous or finely pubescent, wings 1-2 cm wide; orifice oval, 2-5 cm diam., rim green, tightly revolute, not or scarcely indented distal to wing; hood recurved adaxially, held well beyond and covering orifice, proximal margins not reflexed, usually yellow-green, sometimes purple-lined, purple reticulate-veined, or strongly purple, without white areolae, ovate, not undulate, 3.5-6 × 4-6 cm, usually wider than long, base cordate, necks not constricted, 0.5-1 cm, apiculum 1-3 mm, adaxial surface glabrate or with hairs to 0.5 mm. Phyllodia usually absent, rarely 1-2, erect, oblanciform, to 40 × 1-2 cm. Scapes 15-60 cm, shorter than pitchers; bracts 1-1.5 cm. Flowers moderately ill-scented; sepals yellowish green, rarely suffused with purple, 3-6 × 2.5-4 cm; petals pale to deep yellow, distal portion ovate-orbiculate, 5-7 × 2.2-4 cm, margins entire; style disc green, 5-8 cm diam. Capsules 1.2-1.8 cm diam. Seeds 1.9-2.3 mm. 2n = 26.
Sarracenia alata occurs from Baldwin, Mobile, and Washington counties, Alabama, across southern Mississippi and Louisiana, to Robertson County, Texas. Its pitchers are consistent in shape but extremely variable in color. The late summer pitchers are the largest of the year. It produces flowers similar in shape to, but larger than, those of members of the S. rubra complex. In Texas, it grows in wetlands that do not have longleaf pine, in regions dominated by xeric species of oak. There, it grows in bogs, seeps, and meadows, where ground-water seepage, not rainfall, keeps the plants wet.
" 2214 general 545474 "Pyrola americana" "Plants rhizomatous, 0.1-0.3(-0.4) dm. Leaves: petiole (8-)15-70 mm, channeled adaxially, glabrous; blade not or, sometimes, maculate, dull to shiny and light green to green abaxially, shiny and dark green sometimes with white tissue bordering larger veins adaxially, ovate to obovate or round, 16-73(-80) × 16-70 mm, coriaceous, base rounded to decurrent, margins crenate, apex subacute to obtuse, rounded, or retuse. Inflorescences 1 per stem, 4-22-flowered; peduncular bracts 1-5, oblong-ovate, 5.5-13 × 2-4 mm, chartaceous or membranous, margins entire; inflo-rescence bracts lanceolate-ovate, longer than subtended pedicels, 4-12 × 1.2-3 mm, chartaceous. Pedicels 4-8 mm. Flowers: calyx lobes appressed or spreading in fruit, green or pinkish with margins hyaline to white or pinkish, ovate, ovate-oblong, or obovate, 2-4.3(-4.5) × 1.4-2 mm, margins entire or erose-denticulate, apices obtuse to acute; petals white, often suffused with pink, obovate to round, 6-10.5 × 4.5-5 mm, margins entire; stamens 4-7 mm; filament base 0.6-0.9 mm wide; anthers 2-4.1 mm, apiculations 0.1-0.3 mm, thecae creamy white or greenish white to pink or reddish, tubules yellowish brown to pink or reddish, 0.2-0.3 mm, gradually or abruptly narrowed from thecae, lateral walls touching for most of their lengths, pores 0.1-0.2 × 0.1-0.2 mm; ovary smooth; style exserted, 6-9 mm; stigma 0.7-1.6 mm wide, lobes erect. Capsules depressed-globose, 3-3.5 × 4.2-5 mm. 2n = 46.
The relationship between Pyrola americana and other members of sect. Pyrola awaits resolution; various interpretations exist. Some authors follow M. L. Fernald (1920) in treating it as conspecific with the Eurasian P. rotundifolia. B. Krísa (1966, 1971) considered P. americana to be morphologically distinct from P. rotundifolia, treating it as P. asarifolia subsp. americana (Sweet) Krísa. E. Haber (1972) likewise treated P. americana as a subspecies of P. asarifolia, noting similarities in stamen morphology, flavonoid chemistry, and geography. Later, in a detailed study of P. asarifolia, Haber (1983) did not address directly the position of P. americana, which he did not include as either an infraspecific taxon or synonym of P. asarifolia. The taxon is maintained here as a distinct species pending further studies.
M. L. Fernald (1920) referred plants from Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence area, which grow on barrens and in spruce forests, often on calcareous substrates, to Pyrola rotundifolia, consid-ering them indistinguishable from European plants. E. Haber (1972) interpreted them as ecotypic variants of P. asarifolia subsp. asarifolia, noting the occurrence of similar populations outside that area.
Plants rhizomatous, (0.8-)1.5-4.3(-6.4) dm. Leaves: petiole (6-)15-65(-109) mm, channeled adaxially, glabrous; blade not maculate, dull and light green to purplish abaxially, shiny and dark green adaxially, ovate, elliptic, round, or reniform, (10-)24-71(-98) × (10-)13-49(-83) mm, coriaceous, base cordate or rounded to decurrent, margins entire or crenulate or denticulate, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences 1 per stem, 4-29-flowered; peduncular bracts 1-3(-5), ovate to oblong-ovate, 7-16 × 2.5-5 mm, chartaceous or membranous, margins entire; inflorescence bracts ovate to oblong-ovate, usually as long as or longer than, sometimes shorter than subtended pedicels, 3-17 × 1-3.6 mm, chartaceous. Pedicels (3-)4-11 mm. Flowers: calyx lobes appressed or spreading in fruit, green or pinkish with margins hyaline to white or pinkish, triangular to triangular-ovate, 1.4-5.5(-5.8) × 1.3-2.7 mm, margins entire or erose-denticulate, apices acute to acuminate; petals white, white proximally and pinkish distally, or pink to purplish red throughout, obovate to round, 4.8-9.1 × 2.9-6 mm, margins entire; stamens 4.5-7.5 mm; filament base 0.6-1.1 mm wide; anthers (1.7-)2-3.5 (-3.9) mm, apiculations 0.1-0.5(-0.7) mm, thecae creamy white or tan to dark pink, tubules pink to dark pink, 0.1-0.4 mm, gradually narrowed from thecae, lateral walls touching for most of their lengths, pores 0.1-0.2 × 0.05-0.1 mm; ovary smooth; style exserted, 7-10 mm; stigma 0.7-1.6 mm wide, lobes erect, (without subtending ring of hairs). Capsules depressed-globose, 4-5 × 6-8 mm. 2n = 46.
Subspecies 3 (2 in the flora): North America, Asia.
Regional variation in Pyrola asarifolia in North America was examined by E. Haber (1983) using morphological and flavonoid data. Despite finding some longitudinal geographic differentiation, he concluded that most earlier-recognized segregates of the P. asarifolia complex were best included within a single, polymorphic species, with the large-bracted, denticulate-leaved, Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains element (subsp. bracteata) distinguishable from the relatively short-bracted, crenate-leaved, transcontinental element (subsp. asarifolia). Included within his concept of the latter subspecies were Asian plants referred to P. incarnata (de Candolle) Freyn. A more comprehensive study of the Asian element (Haber and Hiroshi Takahashi 1988) led to the conclusion that this vicariad was sufficiently distinct to warrant recognition as P. asarifolia subsp. incarnata (de Candolle) Haber & Hir. Takahashi; it is distinguished from the North American subspecies by its narrower sepals. Takahashi (1993) found differences also in the seeds of the two subspecies.
" 2231 general 197298 "Opuntia chisosensis" "Shrubs, erect, to 1 m. Stem segments not easily detached, bluish to gray-green, flattened, circular to broadly obovate, 15-30 × 12-25 cm, nearly smooth, glabrous; areoles 5-7 per diagonal row across midstem segment, elliptic to obovate, 3-8 × 2-6 mm; wool tan, aging blackish. Spines 1-5 per areole, spreading, yellow to orange, tipped yellow, darkening with age (at higher elevations), or dark red-brown (lower elevations), ± acicular, longest 20-67 mm, terete to flattened near base, often curved. Glochids widely spaced, in crescent at adaxial margin of areole, partially encircling areoles, and in poorly developed subapical tuft, yellow, of irregular lengths, tending to elongate towards bases of areoles, to 4 mm. Flowers: inner tepals pale yellow to buff throughout, to 25-30 mm; filaments pale green; anthers and style yellow; stigma lobes green. Fruits reddish purple, ellipsoid to spheric, barrel-shaped, 33-45 × 40-50 mm, juicy, base not or little tapered, glaucous, spineless; areoles 16-20, mostly near apex. Seeds yellow to tan, 3.5-4.5 × 3-4 mm diam.; girdle protruding to 1 mm. 2n = 22.
Opuntia chisosensis is local in the Chisos Mountains in western Texas, and it has been reported from Sierra del Carmen in Coahuila, Mexico by Ferguson, but this has not been confirmed by the author. It is perhaps related to, or part of, the O. azurea Rose complex in northern Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico.
" 2237 general 99951 "Asplenium serratum" "Roots proliferous. Stems erect, unbranched; scales brown throughout, narrowly lanceolate, 5--10 × 1--1.5 mm, margins entire. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole vestigial. Blade linear, oblanceolate, simple, (10--)20--40(--70) × 3--8 cm, thick, glabrous; base gradually tapered; margins entire to irregularly crenate; apex attenuate, not rooting. Rachis green throughout, dull, glabrous. Veins numerous, free, mostly immersed. Sori parallel to each other, nearly perpendicular to midrib. Spores 64 per sporangium. 2 n = 144.
Asplenium serratum is found rarely in southern peninsular Florida, where it is at the extreme edge of its tropical American range. This large simple-leaved spleenwort is called "American bird's-nest fern" because of its superficial resemblance to the Old World A . nidus Linnaeus, which is regularly grown in temperate conservatories. Asplenium serratum is unusual in having roots with abundant, matted hairs rather than scattered hairs as found in other species.
" 2239 general 532392 "Equisetum arvense" "Aerial stems dimorphic; vegetative stems green, branched, 2--60(--100) cm; hollow center 1/3--2/3 stem diam. Sheaths squarish in face view, 2--5(--10) × 2--5(--9) mm; teeth dark, 4--14, narrow, 1--3.5 mm, often cohering in pairs. Branches in regular whorls, ascending, solid; ridges 3--4; valleys channeled; 1st internode of each branch longer than subtending stem sheath; sheath teeth attenuate. Fertile stems brown, lacking stomates, unbranched, shorter than vegetative stems, with larger sheaths, fleshy, ephemeral. 2 n =ca. 216.
Among the many infraspecific taxa that have been named in this species, Equisetum arvense var. boreale Bongard has been most generally accepted and has been applied to plants with tall, erect stems with 3-ridged branches. Because both 3-ridged and 4-ridged branches may occur on a single stem, the variety boreale is not recognized here as distinct (R.L. Hauke 1966).
" 2275 general 607121 "Bucklandiella affinis" "Plants medium-sized to fairly large, rather slender, loosely caespitose or forming extensive patches, dull green to yellowish or blackish in the upper part, brownish or blackish brown proximally, sometimes hoary. Stems 5-7 cm, erect to decumbent, sparsely or profusely subpinnately branched, rarely quite unbranched. Leaves loosely appressed, straight or secund when dry, erect-spreading to spreading when moist, lanceolate, channeled along the costa, (1.7-)2.3-3.2(-4) (with a hair-point) × 0.5-0.8 mm; margins entire, smooth or somewhat wavy in the distal half, recurved to revolute on both sides to the apex, 1-stratose distally or with 2-stratose patches, seldom predominantly 2-stratose near the apex in 1 cell row; epilose or piliferous, awns erect-flexuous, more yellowish than whitish, flattened, (0.1-)0.5-1.1 mm, low-denticulate at the margins and occasionally spinulose at the abaxial side, usually not or slightly decurrent; costa percurrent or shortly excurrent into the awn, prominently convex abaxially, 80-100(-110) µm wide at the base, 60-70 µm wide distally, 3-4-stratose with 5-7 adaxial cells in the proximal portion, 3-stratose in the middle with 3-4 adaxial cells and 2-3-stratose distally with 2-3 cells on the adaxial side; laminal cells 1-stratose, not or slightly bulging on both adaxial and abaxial sides; basal laminal cells elongate, 15-35 × 7-10 µm, with thick and sinuose-nodulose walls; alar cells usually slightly differentiated, yellowish, sometimes forming a small, auriculate group of wider cells; supra-alar cells undifferentiated, not forming a marginal border; upper and medial laminal cells rectangular to isodiametric, 10-25 × 7-10 µm. Inner perichaetial leaves ovate, hyaline, epilose. Seta brown, 4-10 mm. Capsule brown, somewhat lustrous, shortly cylindric, rarely obloid or ovoid, 1.5-3.2 × 0.6-0.8 mm; operculum long-rostrate, to 1.5 mm; peristome teeth 200-400 µm, reddish brown, papillose, mostly discontinuously divided into 2 prongs by median perforations, arising from a low basal membrane, to 30 µm high. Spores 12-20 µm.
Bucklandiella affinis is bicentrically distributed in North America with the main centre of its occurrence in the western part of the continent. There it is widely distributed in coastal areas from the Aleutian Islands to northern California and in the Rocky Mountains, southwards to Montana, Idaho, and Colorado. In eastern North America the species is widely distributed but scattered in the Great Lakes Basin, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine. It is a dull blackish green moss with strongly differentiated, hyaline innermost perichaetial bracts, broad and strongly convex abaxially costae, not or weakly differentiated alar cells, and leaf margins that are recurved to revolute on both sides to the apex and predominantly 1-stratose in the distal portion. The species is closely related to B. heterosticha and the differences between them are discussed under the latter. It is unlikely to be mistaken with other species of the B. heterosticha complex and is easily distinguished from B. sudetica and B. venusta, which have mostly 2-stratose leaf margins in the distal part. Bucklandiella microcarpa shares with B. affinis 1-stratose leaf margins, but is readily recognized by having a prominent, pellucid basal marginal border of thin-walled and not sinuose cells.
" 2277 general 607125 "Bucklandiella microcarpa" "Plants small to medium-sized, rarely fairly large, forming loose or dense tufts or mats, green, yellowish or olive green to light yellowish or sometimes grayish in the upper part, brown to blackish proximally, not or hoary. Stems prostrate to erect-ascending, (1-)2-4(-7) cm, copiously branched, mostly with short lateral, tuft-like subpinnate branchlets giving the plants a nodose appearance. Leaves loosely imbricate and often secund on drying, erect-spreading to recurved when moist, (1.5-)2-3.4(-3.8) × (0.4-)0.5-0.7(-0.8) mm, keeled in the distal part, narrowly canaliculate basally, piliferous or seldom epilose; hair-point erect, hyaline, capillaceus, flexuose, 0.3-0.7(-1.1) mm, not or slightly decurrent down the leaf margins; margins broadly recurved to revolute on one or both sides for 1/2-3/4 the leaf length, rarely to the apex, 1-stratose throughout, sometimes with 2-stratose patches; costa percurrent, convex abaxially, (50-)60-80(-100) µm wide near the base, (35-)40-55 µm wide distally, 2-3-stratose basally with (2-)3-4(-5) markedly enlarged adaxial cells, 2-3-stratose in the middle with 2-3(-4) large adaxial cells and 2-stratose distally with (1-)2(-3) adaxial cells; laminal cells 1-stratose, smooth or often strongly pseudopapillose; distal and median cells strongly sinuose, rectangular, 20-30 × 9-10 µm, becoming shorter or oblate towards the margins; basal cells elongate to linear, 25-95 × 8-12 µm, with strongly incrassate and porose walls; alar cells not or weakly differentiated; basal marginal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, rarely long-rectangular, esinuose or very seldom sinuose, hyaline or very rarely chlorophyllose, forming pellucid, 1(-2)-seriate border of (5-)10-20(-25) cells, very occasionally not transparent. Innermost perichaetial leaves (4-6), markedly modified, ovate, acuminate, epilose or very seldom piliferous, hyaline to yellowish hyaline in the proximal half, chlorophyllose in the distal half with strongly incrassate cell walls. Seta dark red to reddish brown, (2.5-)4.5-8 mm. Capsule obloid-cylindric to elongate-ovoid, (1.2-)1.5-2 × 0.3-0.6 mm, brown, dull to weakly lustrous; peristome teeth yellow-reddish, 310-350 µm, papillose, irregularly divided nearly to the base into 2 prongs, sometimes only with elongate perforations, without or with a low basal membrane, 10-15 µm high. Operculum conical-rostrate, to 1 mm, with a straight or slanted beak. Spores (10-)12-14(-16) µm.
Bucklandiella microcarpa is a temperate moss, occasionally penetrating into the Arctic. It has a bicentric distribution in North America, being most common and widespread in the eastern part of the continent and less frequent in the west, where it occurs mostly in the Rocky Mountains from the Yukon to Montana. It is principally a Euro-American species, with some scattered records in Siberia. In Europe it shows distinct continental tendencies and is absent from the oceanic western part, including the British Isles.
Bucklandiella microcarpa is an unmistakable species that is at once distinct from other North American congeners by its long, pellucid basal marginal border of esinuose cells and markedly modified innermost perichaetial leaves, with chlorophyllose distal cells having strongly incrassate walls and basal laminal cells that are esinuose and have porose and prominently thickened lateral walls. Also, it is worth noting that the laminal cells are usually pseudopapillose in B. microcarpa and the pseudopapillosity is especially pronounced in the western North American populations.
Bucklandiella microcarpa resembles B. affinis, B. heterosticha, B. sudetica, and B. venusta in leaf shape and in having pilose leaves. The first two species are also similar in having typically 1-stratose leaf margins. In addition to their less well developed or absent basal marginal border, these species differ from B. microcarpa in having broader costae: 80-100 µm versus 60-80 µm in the proximal portion. Bucklandiella sudetica and B. venusta also differ from B. microcarpa in having regularly 2-stratose leaf margins. In Alaska, B. microcarpa is likely to be mistaken with Dryptodon jacuticus (= Grimmia leibergii), which has long-pilose leaves and similar costal anatomy, with 3-4 much enlarged adaxial cells. However, D. jacuticus has 2-stratose leaf margins and subquadrate to short-rectangular laminal cells in the distal part, straight or only slightly flexuose hair-points, and undifferentiated basal marginal cells.
Trees , to 46 m. Bark light gray or brownish, exfoliating, separating freely into long strips or broad plates, less commonly with small platelike scales. Twigs brown to reddish brown or black, slender, villous becoming glabrous. Terminal buds brown, reddish brown, or black, oblong, 8-10 mm, yellow-scaly, villous; bud scales valvate; axillary buds protected by bracteoles fused into hood. Leaves 4-6 dm; petiole 3-8 cm, villous becoming glabrous. Leaflets (5-)9-11(-13), lateral petiolules 0-2 mm, terminal petiolules (2-)6-10(-14) mm; blades ovate-lanceolate, often falcate, 2-19 × 1-4 cm, margins finely or coarsely serrate to entire and wavy, without tufts of hairs, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially villous with unicellular and 2-8-rayed fasciculate hairs along midrib and secondary veins, densely scaly in spring with large peltate scales and small round, irregular, and 4-lobed peltate scales, adaxially villous along midrib near base, glabrous between veins. Staminate catkins pedunculate, to 21 cm, stalks villous, bracts scaly; anthers without hairs. Fruits brown, bronze, or black, obovoid, compressed, 1.5-3 × 1.5-2.5 cm; husks rough, 1 mm thick, dehiscing to base or nearly so, sutures winged; nuts chocolate brown, broadly obovoid, compressed, 2-angled, verrucose; shells thin. Seeds bitter. 2 n = 32.
Carya aquatica hybridizes with C . illinoinensis ( C . × lecontei Little [= Hicoria texana Le Conte]) and is reported to hybridize with the tetraploid C . texana [ C . × ludoviciana (Ashe) Little].
" 2291 general 1147019 "Cheilanthes lanosa" "Stems compact to short-creeping, usually 4--8 mm diam.; scales often uniformly brown but at least some on each plant with thin, poorly defined, dark, central stripe, linear-lanceolate, straight to slightly contorted, loosely appressed, persistent. Leaves clustered, 7--50 cm; vernation circinate. Petiole dark brown, rounded adaxially. Blade linear-oblong to lanceolate, usually 2-pinnate-pinnatifid at base, 1.5--5 cm wide; rachis rounded adaxially, lacking scales, with monomorphic pubescence. Pinnae not articulate, dark color of stalk continuing into pinna base, basal pair slightly smaller than adjacent pair, ± equilateral, appearing sparsely hirsute adaxially. Costae brown adaxially for most of length; abaxial scales absent. Ultimate segments oblong to lanceolate, not beadlike, the largest 3--5 mm, abaxially and adaxially sparsely hirsute with long, segmented hairs. False indusia marginal, weakly differentiated, 0.05--0.25 mm wide. Sori discontinuous, concentrated on small apical and lateral lobes. Sporangia containing 64 spores. 2 n = 60.
Cheilanthes lanosa is apparently confined to the forests and prairies of eastern North America, and reports of this distinctive species from Arizona and New Mexico (A. J. Petrik-Ott 1979) have not been substantiated by herbarium specimens.
" 2293 general 1147027 "Cheilanthes pringlei" "Stems long-creeping, 1--3 mm diam.; scales uniformly brown or with poorly defined, dark, central stripe, linear-lanceolate, straight to slightly contorted, loosely appressed, usually persistent. Leaves clustered to somewhat scattered, 4--15 cm; vernation noncircinate. Petiole dark brown, grooved distally on adaxial surface. Blade ovate-deltate, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid at base, 1.5--5 cm wide; rachis grooved adaxially, with scattered, lanceolate scales, not pubescent. Pinnae not articulate, dark color of stalk continuing into pinna base, basal pair conspicuously larger than adjacent pair, inequilateral, basiscopic pinnules enlarged, appearing glabrous adaxially. Costae green adaxially for most of length; abaxial scales multiseriate, lanceolate, truncate or subcordate at base, without overlapping basal lobes, conspicuous, the largest 0.4--0.8 mm wide, loosely imbricate, not concealing ultimate segments, erose, not ciliate. Ultimate segments spatulate, not especially beadlike, the largest usually 2--3 mm, abaxially glabrous or with a few small scales near base, adaxially glabrous. False indusia marginal, weakly differentiated, 0.05--0.25 mm wide. Sori discontinuous, confined to apical or lateral lobes. Sporangia containing 64 spores. 2 n = 60.
Cheilanthes pringlei is often confused with young, sterile plants of C . fendleri , but it is easily distinguished from the latter by having rachises that are grooved adaxially. This species appears to be restricted to the Sonoran Desert; records from Gila and Cochise counties, Arizona, and southern New Mexico are based on misidentifications.
" 2300 general 504339 "Cystopteris reevesiana" "Stems creeping, not cordlike, internodes usually long, with scattered persistent petiole bases, hairs absent; scales tan to brown, ovate to lanceolate, radial walls thin, luminae tan. Leaves monomorphic, clustered at stem apex, to 45 cm, bearing sori throughout year. Petiole highly variable in color, from uniformly dark purple to uniformly straw-colored, but mostly dark purple at base, grading to straw-colored at junction with blade, shorter than blade, base sparsely scaly. Blade ovate to elliptic, 2--3-pinnate, widest at or just below middle, apex short-attenuate; rachis and costae lacking gland-tipped hairs or bulblets; axils of pinnae with occasional multicellular, gland-tipped hairs. Pinnae usually perpendicular to rachis, not curving toward blade apex, margins dentate to crenate; proximal pinnae pinnate-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate, ± equilateral, basiscopic pinnules not enlarged; basal basiscopic pinnules mostly short-stalked, base truncate to obtuse, distal pinnae deltate to ovate. Veins directed into teeth and notches. Indusia cup-shaped to lanceolate, gland-tipped hairs absent. Spores spiny, usually averaging 33--41 µm. 2 n = 84.
The finely dissected leaves, dark petioles, creeping stems, smaller spores, and terrestrial habit distinguish Cystopteris reevesiana from C . fragilis in the southwest. On rock and at high elevations, however, C . reevesiana can have stems with short internodes and leaves that are reduced in size and dissection (resembling C . fragilis ). In southern Colorado, the two species are sympatric in some areas and form triploid hybrids. Cystopteris reevesiana and C . bulbifera are the diploid progenitors of C . utahensis , which occasionally crosses with C . reevesiana to produce sterile triploid hybrids of intermediate morphology.
" 2301 general 504360 "Cystopteris tennesseensis" "Stems creeping, not cordlike, internodes short, heavily beset with old petiole bases, hairs absent; scales usually tan to light brown, lanceolate, radial walls tan to brown, thin, luminae tan. Leaves monomorphic, crowded near stem apex, to 45 cm, nearly all bearing sori. Petiole variable in color but mostly dark brown at base, gradually becoming straw-colored distally, shorter than blade, sparsely scaly at base. Blade deltate to narrowly deltate, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, usually widest at or near base, apex short-attenuate; rachis and costae with occasional unicellular, gland-tipped hairs, with or without bulblets (usually misshapen); axils of pinnae with infrequent multicellular, gland-tipped hairs. Pinnae usually perpendicular to rachis, not curving toward blade apex, margins serrate; proximal pinnae pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatifid, ± equilateral, basiscopic pinnules not enlarged, basal basiscopic pinnules sessile to short-stalked, base truncate to obtuse; distal pinnae ovate to oblong. Veins directed into teeth and notches. Indusia cup-shaped, apex truncate, with scattered, unicellular, gland-tipped hairs. Spores spiny, usually 38--42 µm. 2 n = 168.
Cystopteris tennesseensis , an allotetraploid species, has C . bulbifera and C . protrusa as diploid progenitors. The relative distinctiveness of these diploids suggests that identification of C . tennesseensis individuals should be straightforward. As with other members of Cystopteris , however, a series of features makes reliable recognition of this tetraploid challenging. For some characteristics (occasional unicellular, gland-tipped hairs and bulblets; short-attenuate, narrowly deltate blades), it is intermediate between its parents; for others (very short internodes and crowded leaves; occurrence on rock), it tends toward C . bulbifera . This unequal intermediacy, the multiple origins from genetically different individuals (C. H. Haufler et al. 1990), and the occurrence of sterile backcross triploids with its diploid progenitors in zones of sympatry has blurred the already subtle features distinguishing this allopolyploid. For example, some individuals of C . bulbifera may have very few glandular hairs, and some C . tennesseensis appear to lack glandular hairs entirely (R. F. Blasdell 1963). Further, sterile tetraploid hybrids (called C . × wagneri R. C. Moran) between C . tennesseensis and C . tenuis have been reported (R. C. Moran 1983) and verified through isozyme analyses (C. H. Haufler, unpubl. data). Finally, as discussed above, the recently recognized C . utahensis (C. H. Haufler and M. D. Windham 1991) is extremely similar morphologically to C . tennesseensis .
" 2304 general 605368 "Dicranopteris flexuosa" "Stems 2--5 mm diam.; hairs reddish brown to chestnut brown, falling off early. Leaves to more than 1 m, axes straw-colored, glabrous except at petiole base. Penultimate segments sessile, divergent to ascending, in ± equal pairs, deeply pinnatisect, lanceolate to oblanceolate, to 30 × 6 cm wide, leathery, glabrous, whitish waxy or glaucous abaxially. Ultimate segments linear, slightly dilated proximally, margins strongly revolute, apex retuse. Sori nearer midrib than margin; sporangia usually 6--12 per sorus.
Plants in Florida tend to be depauperate when compared to tropical populations; individual leaves are smaller and plants seldom form dense thickets. Dicranopteris flexuosa appears to be a natural element in the flora (J. R. Burkhalter 1985; R. Moyroud and C. E. Nauman 1989). Plants may not persist very long, however, as evidenced by Alabama and some Florida populations that are no longer extant.
" 2305 general 789097 "Diphasiastrum digitatum" "Horizontal stems on substrate surface, 1.3--2.7 mm wide; leaves appressed to ascending, linear to narrowly lanceolate, 1.8--4.5 X 0.6--1.2 mm, apex acute, scarious, often lost. Upright shoots 15--50 cm, branching regularly successively to 3 times; leaves appressed with decurrent base, subulate, 1.8--3.5 X 0.6--1 mm, apex acute. Branchlets flat in cross section, narrowly bladelike, 2.8--3.9 mm wide, annual bud constrictions very rare; underside dull, pale, flat; upperside green, flat, shiny. Leaves of branchlets 4-ranked; upperside leaves appressed, linear-lanceolate, free portion of blade 0.7--1.5 X 0.5--0.9 mm; lateral leaves appressed to spreading (spreading especially in juvenile stages), 3.1--5.5 X 1--2 mm; underside leaves very weakly developed, spreading, narrowly deltate, 0.3--1 X 0.3--0.7 mm, apex pointed. Peduncles mostly 2, 4.4--12.5 X 0.1--1.3 cm; leaves usually somewhat whorled, linear-lanceolate to nearly filiform, 2--3.3 X 0.5--0.9 mm, apex blunt to acute. Stalks mostly pseudowhorled, 2-forked, forks basal. Strobili 2--4 per upright shoot, 14--40 X 2--3 mm exclusive of elongate sterile tip; sterile tips to 11 mm (occurring on ca. 50% of specimens), apex blunt to acute if sterile tip is absent. Sporophylls deltate, 1.7--2.6 X 1.8--2.8 mm, apex abruptly tapering. 2 n = 46.
An endemic in eastern North America, Diphasiastrum digitatum is the most abundant species of Diphasiastrum on the continent, much used for decoration as wreaths. It was long confused with the circumboreal D . complanatum .
" 2319 general 1295810 "Selaginella xneomexicana" "Plants on rock, forming clumps. Stems radially symmetric, underground (rhizomatous) and aerial, not readily fragmenting, irregularly forked; rhizomatous and aerial stems often with 1 branch arrested, budlike, tips straight; rhizomatous stems sometimes difficult to distinguish, without obvious living budlike branches; aerial stems erect to ascending, budlike branches mostly restricted to stem base (more conspicuous in ascending stems). Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to lower 1/2 on erect stems or throughout stem length on ascending stems, 0.2--0.3 mm diam. Leaves dimorphic, not clearly ranked. Rhizomatous stem leaves deciduous or persistent on base of emergent aerial stem, abruptly adnate, pubescent. Aerial stem leaves appressed, ascending, green, linear-lanceolate, 1.9--2.7 X 0.36--0.46 mm; abaxial ridges present; base abruptly adnate, rounded, pubescent; margins long-ciliate, cilia white, whitish to transparent or opaque, long and spreading at base, short to dentiform and ascending toward apex, 0.06--0.17 mm; apex keeled; bristle whitish to white, greenish to yellowish opaque, slightly puberulent, 0.3--0.46 mm. Strobili solitary, (0.5--)1--3 cm; sporophylls ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, abaxial ridges prominent, base glabrous, margins denticulate, apex keeled, short-bristled.
Selaginella × neomexicana is treated here as a hybrid, following R. M. Tryon (1955). Plants of this hybrid lack megaspores and megasporangia and have misshapen microsporangia. Several hypotheses for its origin have been advanced. It is clearly allied to S . rupincola , with which it shares white, long, spreading, marginal cilia on the leaves, hairs sometimes running along the ridges of the abaxial groove of the leaf, obscure rhizomatous underground stems, and buds mostly restricted to the base of aerial stems. Tryon (1955) suggested that the two presumed parents were S . rupincola and S . mutica , because S . × neomexicana has been found growing with S . mutica (usually var. limitanea ). The usually strongly keeled apex in S . × neomexicana is a feature of S . mutica , and the range of S . × neomexicana is within the range of the two presumed parents. Selaginella underwoodii might conceivably be the second parent instead; its range overlaps the ranges of the putative hybrid and S . rupincola . It is possible that S . × neomexicana may represent an asexual race of S . rupincola . More detailed studies are necessary to determine the reproductive biology and cytology of this presumed hybrid and to assess its relationships.
" 2323 general 986023 "Argemone corymbosa subsp. corymbosa" "Leaf blades essentially unlobed to lobed ca. 1/4 distance to midrib.
Argemone corymbosa subsp. corymbosa grows in the Mojave Desert-Panamint Valley area.
" 2332 general 1164619 "Delphinium bicolor subsp. bicolor" "Flowers: sepals dark blue to purple, lateral sepals 16-21 × 6-11 mm, spurs 13-18 mm; lower petal blades with cleft less than 2 mm; hairs usually white.
Rydberg's Delphinium bicolor var. montanense tends to have more pubescence and larger flowers but is otherwise typical and apparently fully intergrades with D . bicolor subsp. bicolor . Often referred to as one of the low larkspurs in poisonous-plant literature, the plant is abundant on some ranges and is the cause of some livestock poisonings.
" 2338 general 1164179 "Delphinium parryi subsp. parryi" "Roots 5-20 cm. Stems (35-)60-90(-110) cm. Leaves: basal leaves usually absent at anthesis; cauline leaves with ultimate lobes 7-27, width 1-6 mm. Inflorescences: bracteoles 3-7 mm. Flowers: sepals usually spreading, lateral sepals 9-15 mm, spurs 8-15 mm; lower petal blades 3-8 mm. 2 n = 16.
Two morphotypes may be recognized in Delphinium parryi subsp. parryi . That corresponding to the type specimen of subsp. parryi has larger flowers (especially lower petal blades), less abundant pubescence, and somewhat more coarsely dissected leaves; it is usually found in woodlands or relatively moist chaparral. The second morphotype, in its extreme represented by the type specimen of D . parryi var. seditiosum , has smaller flowers, more pubescence, and more finely dissected leaves and is usually found in chaparral and, less often, in dry woodlands. It may occur sporadically throughout the range of D . parryi subsp. parryi , although it is most common north of the Transverse Ranges. Hybrids with D . cardinale have been named D . × inflexum . Hybrids are also known with D . gypsophilum subsp. parviflorum , D . hesperium subsp. pallescens , D . umbraculorum , and D . variegatum .
Delphinium parryi subsp. parryi may be confused with the blue-flowered phases of D . hesperium ; see discussion under that species for distinguishing features.
Leaves: stipules convolute; blade 0.9--5.4 cm ´ 0.2--2.5 mm; apex acute to obtuse, lacunae in 1--5 rows each side of midrib; veins 1--3(--5). Inflorescences: peduncles more than 3 per plant, cylindric to slightly clavate; spikes capitate to cylindric, continuous. Fruits ovoid, sides rounded, rarely concave; beak median, rarely toward adaxial edge. 2n = 26.
Although Delaware and West Virginia lies within the mapped area, we know of no collections from that state.
Potamogeton pusillus subsp. tenuissimus is the most common linear-leaved subspecies of the family in temperate North America. Whenever one finds a linear-leaved pondweed with 1--5 rows of lacunae on each side of the midvein, chances are that it is subsp. tenuissimus.
Only Potamogeton obtusifolius could be confused with the taxon, and it can be separated by having its cylindric inflorescence, whereas subsp. tenuissimus has a capitate inflorescence.
Cells of mid-limb lamina (8-)9-12(-14) µm wide (mean 10.5 µm); cells of distal part of leaf sheath with 1-6 papillae on the abaxial surface. Calyptra often remaining attached to setae at base of capsule.
Subspecies megapolitana is the only taxon in the genus that is not an arctic or montane moss; it occurs primarily in temperate regions, and sporadic in the boreal region. It is also the only taxon occurring in man-made habitats. The common name reflects the resemblance of the erect, persistent calyptra to the feather headdresses used by some North American Indians.
" 2388 general 1026178 "Armeria maritima subsp. maritima" "Leaf blades hairy or glabrous. Scapes hairy. Inflorescences: sheath length 0.33-0.75 times diam. of flower head; outer involucral bracts much shorter than flower head. Flowers dimorphic: papillate stigmas associated with finely reticulate pollen; smooth stigmas associated with coarsely reticulate pollen; calyx hairy throughout or on ribs only. 2n = 18.
Populations of subsp. maritima occur mainly in coastal salt marshes, cliffs, rocks, and pastures in northwestern Europe and have their most western extension in southern Greenland, below 62°N latitude. It is introduced and naturalized at Yaquina Head.
" 2413 general 251412 "Stellaria borealis subsp. borealis" "Plants straggling to bushy and erect. Stems glabrous. Leaf blades elliptic-lanceolate (rarely elliptic) to narrowly elliptic or linear-lanceolate, usually 2-3 cm, rarely longer, widest just below (rarely at) middle. Pedicels not reflexed in fruit (except in small, erect plants from nw North America). Flowers usually 5-6 mm diam.; sepals with midvein extending to near apex, lateral veins visible only at base, ovate to ovate-triangular, 2-3.3, to 0.5 times as long as capsule. Capsules dark brown, opaque, 3-4.5 mm, somewhat less than 2 times as long as broad. Seeds smooth or indistinctly rugulose. 2n = 52.
The circumboreal subsp. borealis is highly variable in habit, leaf shape, and inflorescence development. This variation is partly genetic but is also greatly influenced by the environment. The broad-leaved form named Stellaria calycantha var. latifolia is of occasional occurrence. A similar broad-leaved form occurs in subsp. sitchana. In both of these variants, the leaf blades are elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, with a length-to-width ratio of 2.5-3 : 1. These variants retain their characters under cultivation. However, the occurrence of the same variational trend in both subspecies makes taxonomic recognition of this variation problematic.
Subspecies borealis hybridizes fairly frequently with S. longifolia to produce a sterile triploid (2n = 39). These hybrids are intermediate between the parents but have copious inflorescences with widely divaricate branches and numerous small, completely sterile flowers. Similar hybrids can be readily produced experimentally (C. C. Chinnappa 1985). European and North American workers (most recently B. Jonsell and T. Karlsson 2000+, vol. 2) often have called these hybrids S. alpestris Fries, but that name has caused a great deal of confusion and R. K. Rabeler (1986) concluded that it more correctly applies to subsp. borealis.
Plants coarse, straggling. Stems usually finely papillate. Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, usually 3-6 cm, widest near base. Pedicels usually reflexed in fruit. Flowers ca. 10 mm diam.; sepals with 3 prominent, ridged veins extending to near apex, narrowly triangular, 3.5-5 mm, longer than 0.5 times capsule length. Capsules straw colored, translucent, usually (3.6-)5-7 mm, 2 times as long as broad. Seeds usually rugulose. 2n = 52.
Subspecies sitchana is sturdier than subsp. borealis and is readily distinguished by its leaf blades, which are narrowly lanceolate and widest at the base, and by its narrowly triangular, 3-veined sepals. It is a western taxon associated mainly with the slopes of the Coast Ranges and the Rocky Mountains. On the eastern side of its range and in the Aleutian Islands it tends to intergrade with subsp. borealis. In central California, a rare form has broad, elliptic leaves (length-to-width ratio 2.5-3 : 1) to 32 × 13 mm. It retains its characters in cultivation.
" 2441 general 243501 "Sagina nodosa subsp. nodosa" "Stems glandular-pubescent. Basal leaf blades glandular-pubescent, especially on margins and midrib, or glabrous. Pedicels glandular-pubescent distally. Flowers: calyx base glandular-pubescent. 2n = 56.
Subspecies nodosa is probably introduced in North America. Its localities tend to be correlated with coastal regions that had an early history of fishing by Europeans; it may have been introduced with the dumping of ballast. It was collected at least once from New Hampshire where it apparently has been extirpated.
Some variation occurs in the amount and distribution of pubescence on the leaf surface in subsp. nodosa. In plants with a lesser amount of pubescence, the glandular hairs are restricted chiefly to the leaf margins; the leaves may even be glabrous. This seems to be the case primarily when subsp. nodosa and the native subsp. borealis occur in the same vicinity, such as some populations along the Saint Lawrence Seaway, Grand Manan Islands, New Brunswick, and Machaias, Maine. More typically, the plants are pubescent and the trichomes are more frequent along the veins on the abaxial surface as well as the leaf margins.
Stems stout, 10-40 cm, glandular-puberulent. Leaves: basal broadly petiolate, petiole ciliate, blade oblanceolate, 7-15 cm × 7-18(-30) mm (including petiole), base cuneate, apex acute, puberulent on both surfaces; cauline in (1-)2-3(-6) pairs, sessile, blade lanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, 1.5-13 cm × 3-15(-30) mm, base cuneate. Inflorescences erect, cymose, sturdy,with(1-)3-6(-8) flowering nodes, 3-10(-20)-flowered; cymes usually sessile; bracts lanceolate, usually 3-30 mm. Pedicels ascending in flower, often spreading to reflexed proximal to calyx in fruit, stout, 1/ 1/ 2) times length of calyx, ± equaling calyx in fruit, viscid glandular-pubescent. Flowers: calyx campanulate, not or only slightly clavate in fruit, 13-18(-20) × (5-)6-8 mm, veins green or purple tinged, often heavily so, those to lobes lanceolate, much-broadened distally, viscid glandular-pubescent, lobes 3-5 mm, margins membranous, apex acute with obtuse, broad, ciliate margins; corolla white or greenish white, pink tinged to purple tipped, claw lanceolate, broadened distally, ciliate, limb 2-lobed, 2.5-8 mm, sometimes with lateral teeth, appendages 1-3 mm; stamens equaling petals; styles equaling petals. Capsules ellipsoid, equaling calyx; carpophore 1.5-3.5 mm. Seeds grayish brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. 2n = 48, 96.
The main center of distribution of subsp. hallii is Colorado, but plants referable to or approaching this subspecies occur along the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to southern British Columbia and Alberta.
" 2450 general 244596 "Silene scouleri subsp. pringlei" "Stems slender, 20-70 cm, densely puberulent with deflexed, gray, short, eglandular hairs intermixed with stipitate-glandular hairs. Leaves: blade finely puberulent on both surfaces, often sparsely so; basal tufted, blade narrowly oblanceolate, 8-12(-25) cm × 4-20 mm (including petiole), base cuneate into petiole, apex acute; cauline in 3-8 pairs, ± connate basally, reduced distally, ± sessile, blade narrowly lanceolate, 2-10(-17) cm × 3-10 mm, ciliate at base. Inflorescences tending to be nodding with secund flowers, usually with 3-7 flowering nodes, slender, elongate, 4-30(-60) cm, retrorsely gray-puberulent, glandular or not, not strongly viscid, distal nodes often with cymes sessile and reduced to 2 pedicellate flowers, cymes of proximal nodes sometimes pedunculate on peduncles to 10 cm, with 2-5 pedicellate flowers; peduncle ascending; bracts leaflike, 4-20 mm. Pedicels ascending, frequently sharply deflexed at base of calyx, slender, ± equaling calyx. Flowers: calyx tubular to narrowly campanulate in flower, ± umbilicate, 11-14(-16) × 3-5(-6) mm, becoming turbinate or fusiform in fruit, puberulent, glandular with short-stipitate glands, veins almost always green, those of sinus slender, shorter than tube, those of lobes lanceolate, broadened distally, lobes 3-4 mm, margins membranous, apex obtuse with broad, membranous, ciliate tip; corolla white, often suffused with purple, sometimes greenish, clawed, claw lanceolate, broadened distally, ciliate, limb deeply 2-4-lobed, 5-8 mm, lobes narrow, usually with smaller lateral teeth, appendages 1-2.5 mm; stamens equaling claw; styles shortly exserted. Capsules ovoid-ellipsoid, slightly longer than calyx; carpophore 2-5 mm. Seeds brown, ± reniform, ca. 1 mm; papillae inflated, large. 2n = 60.
Most of the collections of subsp. pringlei from Arizona tend to have larger calyces that suggest an affinity with Colorado material of subsp. hallii. Although subsp. pringlei is primarily a plant of high elevations in the arid regions of the southwest, its influence appears to extend as far north along the Rocky Mountains as the Canada-United States border, with many plants there showing some of the characteristics of this taxon.
" 2451 general 244602 "Silene uralensis subsp. uralensis" "Plants cespitose; taproot stout. Stems simple (very rarely 1-branched), 5-30 cm, pubescent, often densely so distally, with long purple-septate glandular and eglandular hairs, rarely subglabrous. Leaves: basal numerous, blade 1-5 cm × 2-5 mm (including petiole), glabrous or softly pubescent, eglandular; cauline in 1-3 pairs, blade linear to narrowly lanceolate, 0.5-2.5 cm × 2-4 mm. Inflorescences simple, slender, with single terminal flower, occasionally branched with 2 (rarely 3) flowers, densely glandular-pubescent, slightly viscid. Pedicels slender. Flowers: nodding, becoming erect in fruit; calyx veined, ovate-elliptic, 11-17 × 6-10 mm, veins purple with long purple-septate hairs, lobes ovate to triangular, ca. 2.5 mm, margins purple tinged, broad, membranous; corolla dingy pink to purple, 1-11/ 4 times length of calyx, claw shorter than calyx, limb ovate, emarginate to 2-lobed, ca. 1-3 mm, appendages 2, lacerate, ca. 0.3 mm. Capsules equaling to slightly longer than calyx; carpophore 1-2 mm. Seeds brown, ± round to angular, 1.5-2(-2.5) mm diam.; wing flat, ca. as broad as body. 2n = 24.
Subspecies uralensis is an arctic-alpine taxon. The populations that extend through the Rocky Mountains from Alaska to Utah are often referred to subsp. attenuata. They tend to have a less-inflated calyx, slightly longer purple petals, flowers that are angled at less than 45° rather than nodding, and less well-developed cauline leaves. These differences are minor, however, and populations of subsp. attenuata often contain plants referable to subsp. uralensis, while plants resembling subsp. attenuata are scattered across the range of subsp. uralensis. Some collections from the southern Rocky Mountains (Colorado and Utah) appear to intergrade with S. kingii in having a narrow wing to the seeds. Hybrids with S. involucrata occasionally occur in nature, and A. Nygren (1951) reported a synthesized hybrid that was triploid (2n = 36) and sterile (see discussion under 57. S. sorensenis).
" 2455 general 250986 "Stellaria longipes subsp. longipes" "Plants usually forming clumps, cushions, or mats, but sometimes with diffuse, straggling stems. Leaf blades linear-lanceolate to ovate-triangular. Capsules purplish black. 2n = 52-107, mostly 52, 78, or 104.
Subspecies longipes, as shown by the above synonymy, is an exceptionally variable polyploid complex. Variation in this circumboreal, circumpolar taxon is under both genic and environmental control. Character states that are under genic control, such as pubescence, are scattered more or less at random throughout the range of distribution of the complex, and there is little discernible correlation among them, or with chromosome number or environment. All populations that have been studied are interfertile, and most show a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, being affected by such environmental conditions as temperature, day length, and shade. Most populations are self-compatible, although pollination by small insects, mainly flies, is the norm. Vegetative reproduction through fragmentation of the rhizome is also common. Hence, the complex consists of a large number of interfertile but more or less self-perpetuating, highly plastic biotypes.
A presumed hybrid between Stellaria longipes and S. borealis has been collected in the La Sal Mountains of Utah, although attempts to cross the two species experimentally were unsuccessful. Hybrids between S. longipes and S. longifolia occasionally occur and have been produced artificially (C. C. Chinnappa 1985); they are sterile triploids (2n = 39).
Stems (8-)15-25(-35) cm. Leaves: ultimate lobes 3-5, longer than 1/2 leaf radius, merely cleft near apices. Inflorescences puberulent, hairs glandular or not. Flowers: lateral sepals 12-24 mm, spurs 13-19 mm; lower petal hairs yellow.
The names Delphinium decorum var. racemosum Eastwood and D . decorum var. sonomensis Eastwood have been used for various hybrids between D . decorum subsp. decorum and D . patens . The type specimen of D . decorum var. sonomensis appears to represent a nearly direct intermediate between D . decorum and D . patens . These hybrids are quite common in the San Francisco Bay region where habitats have been disturbed. Normally a woodland plant, D . patens contrasts with D . decorum , which occurs in grassland and brushland. Delphinium decorum subsp. decorum also hybridizes with D . luteum , D . nudicaule , and D . trolliifolium .
" 2462 general 1164180 "Delphinium parishii subsp. parishii" "Stems (17-)30-60(-100) cm. Leaves basal and cauline, basal often absent at anthesis; basal leaves with ultimate lobes 3-5; cauline leaves usually much smaller, ultimate lobes 3-15, narrower than those of basal leaves. Inflorescences: pedicel 10-48 mm, 8-25 mm apart. Flowers: sepals bright, ± sky blue, reflexed, lateral sepals 8-12 × 3-6 mm, spurs 8-15 mm; lower petal blades 3-6 mm. Fruits 9-21 mm. 2 n = 16.
The typical phase of Delphinium parishii subsp. parishii is found on the floor of desert canyons just east of the peninsular ranges. These plants have sky blue flowers and, often, weak stems; blades of proximal leaves are rarely present at anthesis. The phase represented by the type specimen of D . amabile grows in low elevation desert in most of the range of D . parishii subsp. parishii in California, Nevada, Utah, and western Arizona. These plants also have sky blue sepals but stout stems; they often retain blades of proximal leaves at anthesis. The phase named D . amabile subsp. clarianum is found primarily at higher elevations of desert mountains within the range of D . parishii subsp. parishii and is most easily recognized by its darker blue sepals. The type specimen of D . apachense represents a phase that grows under relatively high moisture conditions, grows taller, and retains more proximal leaves at anthesis; its sepals may be sky blue or dark blue.
Delphinium parishii subsp. parishii hybridizes with D . andersonii , D . cardinale , D . hansenii subsp. kernense , and D . nudicaule (in gardens). The subspecies is likely to be confused only with D . andersonii . See discussion under that species for distinguishing features and ecological relationships of the two taxa.
Plants fairly large to robust, olivaceous or brown at the apices, reddish brown to blackish proximally, dull, occasionally more greenish. Leaves contorted, (2-)2.3-2.8(-3) × 0.5-0.8 mm; muticous or awn short, to 0.1 mm, strongly spinulose, erect and occasionally somewhat recurved; costa 80-100(-150) µm wide near the base, 45-70 µm wide distally; basal marginal border composed of 15-40 short, pellucid, not or moderately sinuose cells; medial and distal laminal cells oblate, quadrate to short-rectangular, 5-12 × 8-9 µm, moderately or seldom more prominently pseudopapillose. Capsule obloid-cylindric, 1.7-1.9 × 0.6-0.8 mm; peristome teeth to 330 µm.
Subspecies macounii is a montane moss occurring in western North America in the coastal region from Vancouver Island to northern California, and in the Rocky Mountains from southern Alaska to Colorado. The taxon is readily recognized by its characteristic habit including fairly robust, dull, distally more olivaceous plants with distinctly crisped leaves. Moreover, the awns are usually absent or very short, less than 0.1 mm, and strongly spinulose, the costa is very robust and broad, 80-100, sometimes to 150 µm wide near the base, the capsule is obloid to short-cylindric, 1.7-1.9 mm, and the peristome teeth are very short, about 330 µm.
" 2490 general 517078 "Ceratodon purpureus subsp. stenocarpus" "Plants usually in open turfs and mats, usually yellow-green. Stems (0.3-)0.6-1.4(-4) cm. Leaves erect-patent to contorted or somewhat crisped when dry, rarely forming a comal tuft, patent to erect-patent to spreading when wet, 0.35-2.8 mm, distal margins usually toothed; costae percurrent to slightly excurrent. Seta pale yellow to yellow-orange. Capsule slightly inclined to erect, usually arcuate, (1-)1.7-2.3(-3.7) mm, pale brown to yellow (golden) orange, smooth to sulcate when dry, weakly strumose to struma absent. Peristome teeth usually bordered, usually with 8-16 articulations.
J. S. Burley and N. M. Pritchard (1990) noted that subsp. stenocarpus is mainly tropical to sub-tropical, and frequently at higher elevations within these regions, but also note its distribution in southwestern North America.
" 2496 general 1138516 "Bonellia macrocarpa subsp. macrocarpa" "Shrubs or trees to 4 m; twigs puberulous-lepidote when young, glabrescent. Stems gray, smooth. Leaves usually alter-nate, sometimes inconspicuously pseudoverticillate; petiole to 6 mm, sparsely puberulent adaxially; blade usually elliptic, sometimes lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-6 × 1-2 cm. Racemes to 3 cm. Pedicels ca. 1 mm; bracts lanceolate, 3-7 mm. Flowers: sepals 3-4 mm, margins entire or slightly erose; corolla lobes ovate to suborbiculate, 6-9 mm; stamens shorter than staminodes; staminodes suborbiculate, apex slightly 3-lobed. Berries 3-4 cm diam.; pericarp wrinkled. Seeds ca. 1 cm.
Subspecies macrocarpa is cultivated in Cuba and Florida, where it has escaped. A component of thorn scrub in its native habit, it has escaped into spoil deposits and fringes of mangrove forests in Miami-Dade County.
" 2501 general 1305396 "Styrax platanifolius subsp. youngiae" "Young twigs densely white stellate-pubescent and with scattered, orange-brown or dark-brown, stalked, stellate hairs proximally. Leaf blades: margins often undulate, entire or coarsely toothed, abaxial surface with white, stellate-lanate pubescence in addition to scattered orange-brown or dark-brown, stalked, stellate hairs of various lengths on some leaves, surface completely covered and obscured by pubescence, adaxial surface with scattered, stellate hairs. Pedicels white stellate-lanate. Flowers: calyx with thick layer of white stellate-lanate hairs, margins and teeth sparsely glandular, teeth to 0.6 mm, usually shorter; style hairy from proximal end to 60-80% of total length.
Plants of subsp. youngiae in the Davis Mountains, at the only known locality in the United States ("Limpia; canyon"), have not been rediscovered. The Davis range consists primarily of igneous rocks; V. L. Cory (1943) assumed that the type came from an igneous rather than a limestone substrate. All subsequent collections of subsp. youngiae that document substrate have come from limestone. Limestone does occur sparsely in the Davis Mountains and all other subspecies of Styrax platanifolius apparently grow exclusively on limestone or limestone derivatives; subsp. youngiae may occur only on limestone substrates as well.
" 2506 general 607313 "Niphotrichum canescens subsp. latifolium" "Plants fairly gracile. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, straight or occasionally weakly falcate, often less obtusely keeled distally, chlorophyllous at the apex; awns mostly subulate and flexuose, distinctly decurrent, moderately denticulate and spinulose towards the extreme apex.
Subspecies latifolium is widely distributed from Alaska to Greenland. The ranges of both subspecies overlap in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Washington, and there the differences between the taxa seem to be less pronounced. There are some problematic plants with narrower awns and more lanceolate leaves, but because they are robust and have falcate leaves, they are referred to subsp. canescens. The plants from the more northerly regions are easy to determine. They are slender and the leaves are ovate-lanceolate, less concave, mostly straight, and chlorophyllose at the apex. Consequently, the awns embrace only the small uppermost part of the leaf lamina and are long-decurrent. In the Arctic, subsp. latifolium is likely to be mistaken for N. panschii. The differences between these taxa are discussed under the next species.
" 2507 general 608695 "Niphotrichum canescens subsp. canescens" "Plants mostly large. Leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate to ovate, often distinctly curved throughout the shoots, very broadly canali-culate distally, hyaline in the uppermost part and merging with the awn, making it very broad; awns not or weakly decurrent, distinctly denticulate and spinu-lose towards the apex.
Subspecies canescens occurs across the continent from British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to Newfoundland, with the southernmost extensions to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and the northernmost station at Lake Iliamna in southern Alaska. It is highly variable; doubtless the differing phenotypes are reactions to varying environmental conditions. The most common phenotype comprises robust plants with broad and typically concave leaves that are falcate along the whole stem and are long-pilose with awns that merge with large hyaline apical parts of the leaves. The opposite extreme is plants with thin shoots and almost elliptical, non-falcate, spoon-shaped, and cucullate leaves that have a short and strait awn or are muticous.
" 2523 general 1123646 "Tortella tortuosa var. arctica" "Plants red-green, appearing black proximally, densely foliose with a thick apical coma, leaf bases hidden. Stems appearing atomen-tose but tomentum hidden in the bases of branch innovations. Leaves densely disposed on stem or in dense annual whorls distinctly separated by less foliose regions, terminating in a thick multi-branched comal tuft, tips present and not fragile, intact; leaves often strongly squarrose-recurved when wet, plane, not undulate; proximal laminal cells thick-walled and brownish, intergrading in shape and size with the distal cells, which are often nonpapillose in the area of merger; leaves broadly concave in section; leaf cross section with cells in one layer beside the costa, the lamina uniformly 1-stratose; costa at midleaf exposed adaxially by as much as four stereid cells, the costa always differentiated into guide cells, stereids and epidermal cells, adaxial stereid layer never disappearing toward the apex, adaxial epidermal layer typically absent apically in a medial groove to 2 stereid cells in width.
Variety arctica is easily distinguished by the leaf cells extremely thick-walled and obscured by massive papillae, and the proximal cells grading gradually into the distal laminal cells. However, intermediates in anatomical characters are abundant in more temperate situations in a zone between north boreal regions and the Arctic (extreme north). Intermediate specimens are also found at higher elevations in the south Boreal zone and in wet continental (coastal) margins in the extreme northern Arctic and Greenland. The most distinctive representative specimens are a blackened brick-red, with very long stems, and so densely foliose with rigid leaves as to appear to felt the substrate on which they grow with woolly mats. However, in sites that have more temperate conditions, especially at the southern limit of its range, the species varies such that the stems may be less foliose, hence less dense except in innovating whorls and at the apex, the dry leaves become more contorted at the stem apex, the red color subsides toward the yellow-green of Tortella tortuosa, the sclerodermis recedes to resemble that of the typical variety and the distal laminal cells have thinner walls, tiny papillae and are strikingly set off from the proximal cells which are thin and lax, clear and free of papillae. Such plants then have more tortuous leaves when dry. In such specimens, one must rely for identification on the relatively denser habit, at least at the stem apex, the leaf shape, with its broader leaf base and more abruptly contracted, more rigid distal lamina, the tubular or canaliculate leaf cross section (not keeled) and the tomentum hidden in the bases of the leaves (rather than exposed). Although T. tortuosa var. arctica may replace var. tortuosa in the high Arctic, the former does range to the south into Maine and Colorado. In latitudes where the two varieties overlap, distinction becomes highly problematical. The sclerodermis of var. arctica can be a thick rind around the central cylinder.
" 2524 general 582049 "Fissidens serratus var. serratus" "Plants to 2.8 × 1.5 mm. Stem unbranched and branched; axil-lary hyaline nodules present; central strand absent. Leaves as many as 6 pairs, lanceolate, acute to obtuse, to 1.5 × 0.2 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending at insertion, not decurrent; vaginant laminae ± 1/2 leaf length, ± equal, minor lamina ending on or near margin, often rounded and free; margin serrate, often coarsely and irregularly so on vaginant laminae, elimbate, or limbate and entire on proximal 1/2 or less of perichaetial leaves, limbidium weak, of 1-2 rows of cells, limbidial cells 1-stratose; costa percurrent to ending as many as 3 cells before apex, bryoides-type; laminal cells 1-stratose, distinct, sharply 1-papillose, firm-walled, irregularly quadrate to hexagonal, 7-11 µm. Sexual condition rhizautoicous; perigonial gemmiform, proximal to perichaetial stems. Sporophytes 1 per perichaetium. Seta to 3.5 mm. Capsule theca exserted, erect, radially symmetric, to 0.5 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum 0.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.4 mm. Spores 13-20 µm.
In North America, Fissidens serratus is restricted to peninsular Florida, extending north to Leon and Jefferson counties. The species is characterized by distinct, 1-papillose laminal cells and sharply serrate leaf margin, often coarsely and irregularly so on the vaginant laminae. Perichaetial leaves can be limbate and entire on proximal parts of vaginant laminae. Filamentous, muticellular gemmae have been observed at the stem apices of African plants. Variety leptochaete (Dusén) Bruggeman-Nannenga & Pursell (tropical America, tropical Africa, New Zealand) differs by having an intralaminal limbidium on vaginant laminae of most or all leaves.
" 2526 general 582033 "Fissidens pellucidus var. pellucidus" "Plants to 4.5 × 2 mm. Stem unbranched; axillary hyaline nodules absent; central strand absent. Leaves as many as 9 pairs, lanceolate, acute to obtuse, to 1.7 × 0.3 mm; dorsal lamina narrowed proximally, ending at insertion, not decurrent; vaginant laminae 1/2 leaf length, unequal, minor lamina ending ± midway between costa and margin, often narrowed and ending on or near costa; margin ± entire to crenulate, elimbate except for weak limbidium sometimes on proximal half of vaginant laminae of perichaetial and perigonial leaves; costa ending 3-7 cells before apex, sometimes percurrent, bryoides-type; lamina cells 1-stratose, distinct, smooth, firm-walled, hexagonal, 14-18 µm. Sexual condition rhizautoicous; perigonial stems short, proximal to elongate stems and on stems ± as long as perichaetial stems. Sporophytes 1 per perichaetium. Seta to 5 mm. Capsule theca exserted, erect, radially symmetric, to 0.7 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum to 0.7 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, to 0.6 mm. Spores 9-11 µm.
Fissidens pellucidus, a species principally tropical in distribution, is best recognized by its shiny appearance and distinct, guttulate, regularly hexagonal laminal cells. The cell walls are smooth, although the guttulae can be mistaken for papillae. In addition, the leaf margin is elimbate except for an occasional weak limbidium on the proximal parts of perichaetial leaves, and the vaginant laminae either end ± midway between the costa and margin or are narrowed and end on the costa. The plants, especially the costae and stems, are often reddish.
" 2531 general 1136897 "Dodecatheon conjugens var. conjugens" "Scapes glabrous. Leaf blades glabrous. Pedicels glabrous. Flowers: calyx glabrous; connective usually maroon, sometimes light blue to whitish. 2n = 44.
Variety conjugens is widely scattered east of the Cascade Ranges from northeastern California (Modoc County) and northwestern Nevada (northern Washoe County) northward through Oregon to Washington, and in the Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon. In the Rocky Mountains, it is found in central and northern Idaho eastward into western Montana and the northern two-thirds of Wyoming as far east as the western edge of the Great Plains. High-elevation plants of var. conjugens in western Wyoming approach var. viscidum in sometimes having minute glands on the pedicels, making a distinction between the two rather arbitrary. Usually, the scape of var. viscidum is also glandular-puberulent proximally.
" 2533 general 1136885 "Dodecatheon pulchellum var. pulchellum" "Plants usually glabrous. Leaves (3-)4-17(-25) × 0.5-2.5(-4.5) cm; blade oblanceolate to spatulate. Pedicels usually glabrous, rarely glandular. Flowers: calyx usually glabrous, rarely glandular; corolla tube yellow with maroon, thin, wavy ring, lobes magenta to lavender, (5-)7-15(-18) mm; filament tube usually yellow, rarely magenta, 1.8-3.6 mm; anthers 3.5-5 mm; pollen sacs usually maroon, rarely yellow, connective maroon. 2n = 44.
Variety pulchellum is the most widespread and common variant of the species. It ranges from south-eastern Alaska and western Canada, to southeastern Manitoba, to Lassen County, California, northern and eastern Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Scattered populations are found in western North Dakota (Burke County) and in western Nebraska (Morrill County). A collection at Fort Lewis, Thurston County, Washington (D. Thysell 705, WTU), may be an introduction.
Relatively small, usually high-elevation plants in southeastern British Columbia, Idaho, western Montana, northeastern Nevada, and western Wyoming have been segregated as var. watsonii. The origin of a similar specimen, supposedly from Mount Arrowsmith on Vancouver Island (collector unknown, UBC) remains to be confirmed. In Montana and northwestern Wyoming, such plants can be easily confused with the sparsely glandular Dodecatheon conjugens, which also has transverse rugose (not smooth or longitudinally wrinkled) connectives.
Plants with leaves to 25 cm wide may be seen along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and in north-central New Mexico; this phase was named Dodecatheon radicatum. Some populations from Alberta (the type location of D. pulchellum) have similar leaves. Plants with yellow pollen sacs occur in some populations on the Great Plains in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, gradually becoming more common eastward. A collection from the Sierra Madre, Durango, Mexico (E. W. Nelson 4780, K, US) is allied to var. pulchellum. Some populations east of the Alaska Range and in adjacent northern Yukon, here assigned to var. pulchellum, have minutely glandular calyces, pedicels, nodes, and uppermost portion of scapes. The taxonomic significance of these plants has not been determined; they may indicate some past introgression with D. frigidum.
Stems stems yellow or green, rather pale, brown proximally, yellow in KOH, to 1 cm, not to few-branched, tomentum usually conspicuous. Leaves irregularly twisted and incurved when dry; majority of leaf apices obtuse, strongly cucullate, mucro of 1-3 cells; with cross section with adaxial and abaxial superficial walls the same width as the cross-walls; leaf cells 10-12 µm, papillae not elevated.
Variety inclinata, var. densa, and Tortella rigens are very similar in their tubulose and frequently cucullate leaves, and the groove of elongate, smooth cells on the adaxial surface of the costa extending throughout the leaf. In North America, var. inclinata appears to be restricted to calcareous silt, typically where streams flood (W. C. Steere 1978). It also inhabits larger sediments, such as the coarse sands along the Great Lakes beaches and rivers. It characterizes areas in flood zones lower than those of var. densa, which also colonizes sandy soil, but in the crevices of rocks in hilly stations. Tortella humilis, which might possibly be confused with these varieties, has a distinct stem central strand. The strikingly differentiated perichaetial leaves of var. inclinata occur only in association with fertilized archegonia. In var. inclinata the setaceous perichaetial leaves may be conspicuous on dry stems where they rise more stiffly above the curled stem leaves—as is true of those of T. alpicola, T. fragilis and T. tortuosa. Such perichaetiate plants, though uncommon, are easy to confuse with sterile or fertile T. fragilis, but the setaceous leaves of that species have propaguloid modifications in the apex whether barren or fertile.
" 2549 general 1123580 "Tortella inclinata var. densa" "Stems dull and often strongly orange-green, orange, or dull green distally and brownish black proximally, orange in KOH, to 2 cm, many-branched, tomentum hidden in leaf axils. Leaves when dry somewhat uniformly twisted on the stem (funaliform), erect proximally; leaf apices cucullate, acute, to narrowly acuminate, mucro of 5-7 cells; in cross section with thick abaxial and adaxial superficial walls, but thin cross-walls; papillae appearing pedestaled on thick walls, leaf cells 7-10 µm.
Variety densa is apparently associated with older, stable habitats, rather than colonizing relatively more recent ones, as does var. inclinata. The stems are reddish orange, the leaves are densely foliose, and in cross section they have thickened superficial cell walls on both sides of the leaf section, forming pedestals on which the papillae are developed. Most of the leaves are acuminate, rather than cucullate, perhaps because the stems are richly perichaetiate. As the two reports of Tortella inclinata from arctic North America are var. densa, var. inclinata is considered here to be absent from that region. The most striking characteristic of western North American specimens from rocky substrates is their tall, densely foliose, numerously branched stems in regimented tufts, unlike var. inclinata, with stems usually smaller and indistinct, little branched, and leaves more chaotically twisted around the stem and half buried in the debris. The western specimens have darker (fuscous to black proximally) or more highly colored (orange) aspect, stiffer leaves, many or most narrowly acute yet still inrolled such that a subcucullate aspect to the leaf apex could be identified, a relatively orderly ropelike disposition of the leaves on dry stems, and peculiar distinctly thickened superficial cell walls.
" 2557 general 1003710 "Pinus elliottii var. elliottii" "Seedlings essentially without grass stage, height growth uniform after seed germination, buds scattered upstem. Leaves mostly in 3s, sometimes in 2s on same shoot, resin canals per leaf 3--5, hypodermis 2--3 cell-layers thick. Seed-cone base ± truncate when open. 2 n =24.
Pinus elliotti var. elliottii is the fastest growing of the southern yellow pines, much planted in the United States outside its range. It is very susceptible, however, to ice damage and fusiform gall inland. This is a naval stores pine, but it is considered increasingly important in plantations as a lumber and pulpwood pine. It is much planted in subtropical and warm temperate climates worldwide, particularly in Brazil.
" 2591 general 884467 "Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica" "Leaves in vaselike cluster to 1.75 m. Sterile leaves oblanceolate, 30--130 × 12--25 cm. Petiole of sterile leaf black, 4.5--46 cm, flattened at base, becoming deeply grooved distally, scales pale orange-brown; rachis grooved; petiole and rachis occasionally puberulent. Pinnae linear, 20--60 per side, longest 6.5--13.5 cm, gradually decreasing in length toward base; segments 20--40 pairs per pinna. Petiole of sporophyll 11--24 cm, base scaly. Blade oblong to oblanceolate, 15--40 × 2.5--6.5 cm. Pinnae greenish, becoming dark brown at maturity, linear, 30--45 per side, 3--5.6 cm, constricted at regular intervals. 2 n = 80.
The name Pteretis nodulosa (Michaux) Nieuwland has been misapplied to this species.
Matteuccia struthiopteris is most common in northeastern North America, primarily north of the limit of Wisconsin glaciation. The sporangia dehisce in the spring before the new sterile leaves have expanded, thus releasing the spores into an unimpeded airstream (R. W. Hill and W. H. Wagner Jr. 1974). The green spores germinate in two to five days (R. M. Lloyd and E. J. Klekowski Jr. 1970).
Matteuccia struthiopteris var. struthiopteris , which differs in its bicolored petiole scales and more truncate pinna lobes, occurs in temperate Eurasia. As in Onoclea sensibilis , leaf forms intermediate between sterile leaves and sporophylls are sometimes found (M. L. Fernald 1935).
Matteuccia struthiopteris has been used as a landscaping plant in the United States and Canada, where it is frequently planted as a border along house foundations. It is also the source of edible fiddleheads, the canning of which is a local industry in New England and adjacent Canada. The fiddlehead of M . struthiopteris is the state vegetable of Vermont.
Plants 5-80 cm. Stems spreading. Leaf blades (white-glaucous, sometimes green abaxially), linear to narrowly elliptic, (1-)2-4 cm a 1-6 mm, surfaces glabrous. Pedicels erect or recurved, reddish, 10-20 mm, 2-3 times length of corolla. Corymbs erect or lax, 2-3(-4)-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary, on erect or ascending branchlets. Corollas (pink, fading with age), 5(-7) × 3.5 mm, dilated basally. Capsules subglobose, to 8 × 4-5 mm, glabrous. 2n = 48.
Variety polifolia is circumpolar in its distribution. In North America it occurs in the northwest arctic from Alaska to the west coast of Greenland, south as far as northern Washington and Idaho, eastward in boreal forests to Hudson Bay, James Bay, and northern Labrador.
Plants with the leaves not glaucous abaxially, rather than glaucous, have been distinguished as var. concolor (type from Kodiak Island, Alaska); such plants appear in scattered locations throughout the species range. A diminutive, narrow-leaved northern form, var. acerosa Hartman, was described from northern Europe, and specimens fitting that description occur in the extreme northern coastal areas of Alaska, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, and Yukon.
Plants less than 2.5 mm. Leaves broadly linear to lanceolate, 0.8-2.5 × 0.15-0.4 mm; margins serrulate to strongly serrate distal to the proximal third; apex slenderly acuminate, papillose; costa not always apparent at the base, often filling the acumen, percurrent; areolation compact distally; median laminal cells smooth or slightly papillose; distal laminal cells somewhat papillose. Capsule with very few stomates, mostly near the base. Spores spherical or reniform, 43-107 × 35-75 µm, orange-brown.
Variety papillosum has not been considered worthy of recognition (A. J. Grout 1928-1940; V. S. Bryan and L. E. Anderson 1957), a conclusion sustained by the present studies. It was described originally because of its narrower leaves and a strongly papillose calyptra, but both characters have been found to vary independently. Variety crassinervium shares several characters with Ephemerum sessile (Bruch & Schimper) Müller Hal., a relatively common species in Europe, the Mediterranean islands, and north Africa. It was reported as occurring in North America (W. S. Sullivant 1856), and plants labeled as such from “central Ohio” were distributed by Sullivant and Lesquereux in 1856 as number 21 of their exsiccata series Musci Boreali-Americani. Grout commented that number 21 is not E. sessile, and I have found no North American plants that are convincingly E. sessile, as distinct from E. crassinervium.
" 2661 general 1268029 "Salix alaxensis var. alaxensis" "Shrubs or trees, 1-7 m. Stems: branches red-brown, densely villous; branchlets not noticeably glaucous, very densely villous, hairs white or yellowish. Largest medial leaves: midrib evident, moderately densely tomentose to sparsely pubescent, abaxial surface not noticeably glaucous. Catkins: pistillate 33-85(-90 in fruit) × 10-22 mm, flowering branchlet 0-2 mm. 2n = 38.
Variety alaxensis is one of the tallest "trees" in the Canadian Arctic. An extensive stand of willows, some of which reach tree-size, occurs in a valley on deep marine, lake, or river gravels and sands southeast of Deception Bay in northern Ungava, Quebec (P. F. Maycock and J. B. Matthews 1966). The largest of the dominant willows of tree stature, var. alaxensis and Salix planifolia were ca. 5 m tall and 20 cm in diameter. The maximum age for a stem 10 cm in diameter was 60 years, but at this age there was heartwood decay. An outlier stand of tree-sized willows on Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, reached 6-8 m, to 81 years of age (S. A. Edlund and P. A. Egginton 1984).
Hybrids:
Variety alaxensis forms natural hybrids with Salix calcicola, S. drummondiana, S. pellita, and S. planifolia.
Variety alaxensis × Salix calcicola was discovered by M. Blondeau at Kangigsujuak, Quebec. The plants resemble S. calcicola in having broad leaves and stipules, and reddish styles, and var. alaxensis in having densely villous leaves and branchlets, and relatively short pistillate flowering branchlets. The ovaries have hairy beaks or are sparsely hairy throughout.
Variety alaxensis × Salix drummondiana: In the northern Rocky Mountains, plants resembling S. drummondiana but with stipules prominent, linear or lanceolate, and foliaceous, and leaves abaxially densely woolly may be this hybrid.
Variety alaxensis × Salix pellita occurs in the Churchill, Manitoba, region where it grows with var. alaxensis, S. pellita, and S. planifolia. The plants resemble var. alaxensis in having very densely villous branchlets, and leaves with short wavy hairs on abaxial surfaces. The leaf indumentum is sparse, and ferruginous hairs often occur on juvenile and late leaves. Strongly revolute margins suggest S. pellita as the second parent.
Variety alaxensis × Salix planifolia occurs in the Churchill, Manitoba, region where it grows with the two parental species. It resembles var. alaxensis in its very densely villous branchlets and leaves with short wavy hairs on abaxial surfaces. Leaf indumentum is sparse, and ferruginous hairs often occur on juvenile and late leaves.
Stems: branches short-silky or villous to glabrescent; branchlets usually moderately densely long-silky, villous, or woolly. Leaves: petiole (0.5-)1-3(-4) mm; largest medial blade narrowly oblong, oblong, narrowly elliptic, elliptic, narrowly oblanceolate, or obovate, (10-)23-30(-40) × 5-16 mm, (1.5-)2.8-3(-4) times as long as wide, base rounded, convex, or subcordate, apex acute or convex, abaxial surface moderately densely villous or long-silky, adaxial pilose, villous, or long-silky to glabrescent, hairs straight or wavy. Catkins: staminate 5.3-21 × 4-10 mm, flowering branchlet 0.3-10 mm; pistillate globose, subglobose, or stout, 6-20 × 4-15 mm, flowering branchlet 0.3-11 mm; floral bract tawny, 1-3 mm. Staminate flowers: abaxial nectary 0.5-1.1 mm, adaxial nectary 0.5-1.4 mm; filaments distinct or connate less than 1/2 their lengths, glabrous, or hairy on proximal 1/2; anthers ellipsoid or globose, 0.3-0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers: abaxial nectary (0-)0.4-1.4 mm, adaxial nectary oblong, 0.8-2 mm; stipe 0-0.6 mm; ovules 2-5 per ovary; styles connate to distinct 1/2 their lengths, 0.5-1.5 mm. Capsules 3-6 mm. 2n = 38.
Variety brachycarpa occurs in Nunavut only on islands in James Bay.
Hybrids:
Variety brachycarpa forms natural hybrids with Salix arizonica, S. barclayi, S. boothii, S. candida, S. chlorolepis, S. glauca var. villosa, and S. planifolia.
Placement of specimens from Anticosti Island, Quebec, and North Point, James Bay, Ontario, with densely villous branchlets and relatively short petioles, thought to be hybrids with Salix glauca var. cordifolia, is dubious.
Variety brachycarpa × Salix candida (S. ×argusii B. Boivin) is infrequent in Manitoba, Quebec, and Saskatchewan.
Variety brachycarpa × Salix chlorolepis (S. ×gaspeensis C. K. Schneider) resembles var. brachycarpa but has leaves only slightly pilose and ovaries with hairs only on the beaks (G. W. Argus 1965).
Variety brachycarpa × Salix glauca var. villosa (S. ×wyomingensis Rydberg) is a frequent hybrid in southern Rocky Mountains. It is characterized by stipes 0.3 mm or longer, long-cylindrical catkins, ovaries with relatively long beaks, petioles more than three times the length of buds, and leaves sparsely hairy. The extent and nature of this hybridization needs to be studied (G. W. Argus 1965).
Variety brachycarpa × Salix planifolia "var. monica" occurs in Steens Mountains, Oregon.
Leaves: largest medial blade margins often purplish, teeth or glands 6-18 per cm, apex acuminate, acute, or rounded, adaxial surface dull. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary 0.6-1 mm; stipe 0.2-1.2 mm; ovary pyriform or obclavate; styles 1.6-3 mm; stigmas 0.2-0.38-0.56 mm. 2n = 38.
Hybrids:
Variety calcicola forms natural hybrids with Salix alaxensis var. alaxensis, S. candida, and S. richardsonii.
Variety calcicola × Salix candida (S. ×wiegandii Fernald): This hybrid is usually intermediate between its parents. It resembles S. candida in having leaves not marcescent, with crinkled leaf hairs and slightly glossy adaxial surfaces, and in flowering as leaves emerge. It resembles var. calcicola primarily in general leaf size and shape, in being sparsely to moderately densely hairy, in having its staminate catkins without a flowering branchlet, and floral bracts moderately to densely hairy. It differs from both parents in having ovaries with hairs in streaks or patches, a characteristic of many hybrids between species with glabrous and hairy ovaries. It is known only from the Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland, where it is common on coastal limestone barrens on tundra cliffs, growing on edges of pools and streams, and in sedge fens. Treated here as a hybrid, it could equally well be treated as a species of hybrid origin. The latter view is supported by its absence in northern Quebec, where the two parents also grow together.
Variety calcicola × Salix richardsonii: Polunin described S. richardsonii var. mckeandii (see 93. S. richardsonii for discussion) and S. calcicola var. nicholsiana, which he thought were hybridizing and intergrading on Baffin and Southampton islands, Nunavut. There is some suggestion of hybridization between S. calcicola and S. richardsonii on Southampton Island, but no clear evidence has been shown of hybridization elsewhere in Nunavut or Northwest Territories. At Churchill, Manitoba, where S. calcicola is common and S. richardsonii rare, specimens intermediate in leaf length, petiole length, and general leaf shape, and having stipules of S. richardsonii were recognized as putative hybrids, but hybrids between these species are uncommon.
Plants small. Stems 1-6 cm. Leaves with distalmost not spiraled around stem, stiffly erect, sometimes somewhat secund, crowded to distant, lanceolate, not plicate. Capsule 1-2 mm.
Variety pumila is diminutive and typically grows in dense mats or sods; the stems are tightly interlaced with tomentum. The stiffly erect leaves that are neither catenulate nor spiraled aid in its identification. The range is arctic-alpine. This variety is a characteristic member of bog communities throughout the Arctic tundra and taiga.
Stems (2-)4-6(-10) cm, simple to fasciculately branched. Leaves(4-)5-8 mm, coarsely toothed. Capsule 3-5 × 0.8-1 mm, short-cylindric to long-cylindric and subarcuate.
Variety alpinum is widely distributed across northern North America, growing in thick masses in crevices and ledges on moist, shaded rock outcrops, also common at all elevations in the Arctic, on tussocks in open tundra, stony banks, and outcrop ledges. In Nunavut, it is known from Bathurst Island and Ellesmere Island. Variety arcticum has traditionally been the repository for plants with cylindric capsules (as opposed to the smaller, ovoid capsules of var. septentrionale) and probably comes closest to being “typical” Polytrichastrum alpinum. The common expression of P. alpinum in eastern North America has a distinctive aspect, tall and gracile, with slender, subtubulose leaves, and elongate, slender, distinctly curved and inclined capsules (G. E. Nichols 1937), and has no exact counterpart among the traditionally recognized varieties of the species. Polytrichum alpinum var. brevifolium has a more northerly distribution and is smaller in all its parts, but has the toothed leaves and cylindric capsule of the typical form.
" 2701 general 251090 "Eremogone hookeri var. hookeri" "Basal leaf blades straight or re-curved, 0.3-1.5 cm, rigid. Sepals 5-8(-9) mm. 2n = 44.
We include the densely pulvinate plants often known as var. desertorum within var. hookeri. R. L. Hartman (1971) analyzed leaf blade length and sepal length, the characters used by B. Maguire (1951) in recognizing three varieties of Eremogone hookeri, and found that variation is continuous between var. hookeri and var. desertorum.
" 2703 general 1108820 "Eriogonum baileyi var. baileyi" "Flowering stems and inflorescence branches glabrous.
Variety baileyi basically is a taxon of arid regions of the far West, being found primarily in California and Nevada northward through eastern Oregon to eastern Washington. Isolated populations are known from south-central Idaho and from Beaver County, Utah. In southern California the variety is found along the desert edges of the Transverse Ranges but always just beyond the mixed grasslands and oak woodlands where E. elegans is typically encountered.
" 2704 general 1109256 "Eriogonum breedlovei var. breedlovei" "Scapes erect, densely glandular-puberulent, slightly pilose. Inflorescences cymose-umbellate, rarely capitate. Peduncles 0.05-0.2 cm.
Variety breedlovei is restricted to Piute Mountain and the Owens Peak areas of Kern County. It is occasionally grown in rock gardens.
" 2707 general 1108346 "Eriogonum corymbosum var. corymbosum" "Subshrubs or shrubs, 3-10 × 3-10 dm. Leaves cauline 1/ 2 or more length of flowering stem; petiole 0.2-0.6(-0.8) cm; blade lanceolate to oblanceolate or elliptic, 1-3(-4.5) × (0.3-)0.5-1.5 cm, usually densely tomentose on both surfaces, sometimes less so and greenish adaxially. Inflorescences 3-10 cm; branches tomentose to floccose. Involucres 1.5-3.5 × 1-2 mm. Flowers 2-3.5 mm; perianth white to cream, glabrous. 2n = 40.
Variety corymbosum is the common white-flowered expression of the species. It occurs in northern Arizona, western Colorado, eastern and southern Utah, and southwestern Wyoming. Montane plants in the northern part of the range in Utah and Wyoming with long, narrow, erect leaves have been called var. erectum; desert plants in east-central Utah with small crenulate leaves have been called var. divaricatum. Hybrids between the shrubby var. corymbosum and the herbaceous E. brevicaule have been named E. ×duchesnense Reveal (as species, including E. corymbosum Bentham var. albogilvum Reveal). The hybrid is known from Rio Blanco County, Colorado (Goodrich 21999, BRY), Uintah County (Neese & Sinclair 15056, BRY), Utah (Reveal & Reveal 725, BRY, UTC), and Wasatch County (Goodrich 16099, BRY) in northeastern Utah, and from Sweetwater County, Wyoming (Porter & Porter 10510, BRY, RM; Reveal & Reveal 2935, BRY, UTC). Given the limited distribution of E. corymbosum in Wyoming (Sweetwater County), it is considered a “species of concern” in that state.
" 2708 general 1108741 "Eriogonum deflexum var. deflexum" "Plants (0.5-)1-5(-20) dm. Flow-ering stems not fistulose. Inflo-rescences flat-topped, spreading, hemispheric, rarely narrowly erect and strict with whiplike branches. Peduncles absent or deflexed, rarely some ± erect distally, (0.1-)0.2-0.5 cm. Involucres turbinate, 1.5-2.5 mm. Flowers 1-2 mm; outer tepals cordate to ovate. 2n = 40.
Variety deflexum is widespread and variable, found mainly in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts of southeastern California, southern Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, southward into northern Baja California Norte and northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Plants in southern Arizona tend to have slightly longer peduncles (3-5 mm) and involucres (2-2.5 mm) than do those to the north and west (peduncles 0.1-3 mm, involucres 1.5-2 mm); the former have been recognized as var. turbinatum. Variety deflexum occurs also in the colder Great Basin desert in southwestern Utah, where a sharp distinction between it and var. nevadense is not always possible.
" 2710 general 1108824 "Eriogonum elatum var. elatum" "Aerial flowering stems glabrous. Inflorescence branches glabrous. 2n = 40.
Variety elatum is found mainly along the eastern edge of the Cascade Ranges in Washington south into northern Oregon, and skips to the Siskiyou/Trinity mountains of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. To the east in the desert ranges, it is found in south-central Oregon and northeastern California. The third major area of concentration is in the Sierra Nevada of California and east into some of the desert ranges in west-central Nevada. It is found as an isolated disjunct at Lloyd Meadows in Tulare County, and on the Kern Plateau in Kern County, California. An 1876 collection labeled as being from Auburn, Placer County, California (Ames s.n., WIS), is discounted, as that location is doubtful.
" 2711 general 1109258 "Eriogonum esmeraldense var. esmeraldense" "Plants (0.5-)1-5(-10) dm. Aerial flowering stems glabrous. Inflorescence branches glabrous. Flowers 1-2 mm. Achenes 1.4-1.8 mm.
Variety esmeraldense is locally common throughout most of its range. Its greatest concentration is along the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada in Mono and Inyo counties, California, and adjacent desert ranges eastward into western Esmeralda and Mineral counties, Nevada. A second area of concentration is the high mesa region of southern Nye County, Nevada, north and east of Beatty. An isolated population occurs in northeastern Washoe and adjacent northwestern Humboldt counties in northwestern Nevada. The isolated population in the Tushar Mountains of Sevier County, Utah, recently named var. tayei, is likely a recent introduction, probably via shipments of livestock.
" 2712 general 1108838 "Eriogonum fasciculatum var. fasciculatum" "Shrubs or subshrubs, spreading and often decumbent, 1-5 × 5-30 dm, mostly glabrous. grayish. Aerial flowering stems glabrous, usually grayish or reddish. Leaf blades blade linear to linear-oblanceolate, 0.6-1(-1.2) × 0.05-0.2(-0.4) cm, thinly white-tomentose abaxially, glabrous and green adaxially, margins tightly revolute. Inflorescences usually capitate, occasionally cymose; branches mostly glabrous. Involucres narrowly turbinate, 3-4 × 1.5-2 mm, glabrous or nearly so. Perianths glabrous or with only a few hairs proximally. 2n = 40.
Variety fasciculatum is the tetraploid coastal expression of the species, consisting mainly of low, spreading plants of the coastal bluffs and mesas near the ocean and on the offshore islands. It occurs along the immediate coast from San Luis Obispo County southward, but is found inland in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties, where plants typically are larger and more shrub-like. The tetraploid var. fasciculatum and the octoploid var. foliolosum are not always distinct morphologically. Variety fasciculatum hybridizes with E. molle Greene on Cedros Island in Mexico. The decumbent coastal expressions are occasionally cultivated as cover plants in rock gardens.
" 2721 general 1108814 "Eriogonum marifolium var. marifolium" "Leaf blades 0.3-1.5 cm. Involucres turbinate, 2-3 × 1.5-2 mm.
Variety marifolium occurs in widely scattered locations, often on volcanic peaks, in Washington (Yakima County), Oregon (Crook, Deschutes, Douglas, Hood River, Jackson, Jefferson, Klamath, Lane, Linn, and Marion counties), and north-central California (to Shasta County). The variety is more common in the northern Sierra Nevada (Alpine, Amador, Butte, Calveras, El Dorado, Lassen, Mono, Nevada, Place, Plumas, Sierra, and Tuohumne counties) and west-central Nevada (Carson City, Douglas, and Washoe counties). An isolated population is found on the Pine Forest Range of Humboldt County, Nevada
" 2724 general 1109938 "Eriogonum panguicense var. panguicense" "Plants 0.8-3 × 0.5-1.3(-1.5) dm. Leaves: petiole 0.2-0.8 cm, base indistinct, tomentose abaxially; blade linear-oblanceolate to elliptic, (1-)1.5-4(-5) × 0.2-1 cm, margins usually plane. Scapes 0.8-2.5(-3) dm. Flowers 2-2.5 mm. Achenes 3-3.5 mm. 2n = 40.
Variety panguicense is widespread and infrequent to locally common in Garfield, Iron, Kane, Millard, Sanpete, Sevier and Washington counties. It would be an attractive addition to the rock garden.
" 2728 general 1109955 "Eriogonum rosense var. rosense" "Plants 0.2-1 × 0.5-1.5(-2) dm. Leaf blades oblanceolate to elliptic, 0.4-1.5(-1.7) × (0.15-)0.25-0.6(-1) cm, densely white-tomentose and glandular on both surfaces. Involucres turbinate to turbinate-campanulate, (2.5-)3-4(-4.5) × 2.5-3.5 mm; teeth (5-)6-8. Flowers 2-3 mm; perianth bright yellow to reddish yellow; tepals obovate. Achenes 1.5-2.5 mm. 2n = 40.
Variety rosense is common in the Sierra Nevada (Alpine, Amador, El Dorado, Fresno, Inyo, Madera, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Shasta, Sierra, and Tuolumne counties) and higher desert ranges to the east in Carson City, Douglas, Esmeralda, Storey, and Washoe counties, Nevada. It is an excellent rock-garden plant.
" 2735 general 251101 "Paronychia chartacea var. chartacea" "Plants annual or short-lived per-ennial; caudex (stem base) (1-)1.5-3.5(-4.2) mm. Stems without purple epidermal inclu-sions. Leaf blades 0.5-1.5 mm wide. Flower clusters 3-20 mm wide.
The diminutive var. chartacea is threatened by habitat destruction via both housing developments and citrus grove expansion in central Florida. R. Kral (1983) suggested that it is an early successional species in sand scrub areas since it thrives on bare sands but disappears as taller herbs become established.
" 2761 general 1109216 "Chorizanthe brevicornu var. brevicornu" "Plants 0.5-3(-5) × 0.5-3 dm. Leaf blades oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1.5-3(-4) × 0.1-0.3(-0.5) cm, apex acute. Involucres distinctly and prominently ribbed at maturity. 2n = 38, 40, 42, (46).
Variety brevicornu is known only from the warm Mojave and Sonoran deserts.
" 2766 general 1124621 "Didymodon rigidulus var. ditrichoides" "Stem leaves strongly appressed when dry, linear-lanceolate, base broadened, ovate to oblong; costa long-excurrent, sharp; proximal cells short-rectangular; distal laminal cells smooth, quadrate to short-rectangular, with quadrate to short-rectangular lumens, distal lamina 1-stratose; gemmae absent. Peristome not seen.
Variety ditrichoides is a highly reduced, flagellate form of var. icmadophilus but with a distinctive appearance. It is disjunct from montane China (Chen P. C. 1941) to a single locality in the flora area (Northwest Territories, Mackenzie District, Nahanni Range, 61º43’N, 123º20’W, D. Vitt, 1977, BUF). The olive coloration and general appearance is similar to D. leskeoides but the plant is somewhat smaller and the alar auricles are lacking.
" 2775 general 512061 "Dicranum fuscescens var. fuscescens" "Plants in loose tufts. Stems 1-6(-10) cm, tomentose with white or reddish brown rhizoids. Leaves falcate-secund, usually densely foliate; margins serrulate to strongly serrate in distal half; costa papillose to spinose distally on adaxial surface; proximal leaf cells elongate, pitted, (25-)43-62(-93) × (2-)6-8(-12) µm; distal laminal cells short-rectangular to quadrate, not pitted, (8-)18-23(-31) × (5-)8-12(-14) µm. Seta 1-3.5 cm.
Variety fuscescens is highly variable but is best recognized by the loose tufts of green to brownish green, dull plants, the slender, falcate-secund leaves ending in a slender, keeled subula, slightly to strongly crisped when dry, the strongly serrated, often 2-stratose distal leaf margins, the excurrent costa that is conspicously rough above with papillae and spines on the abaxial surface, the nonpitted, short-rectangular, quadrate or irregularly angled distal leaf cells, and the solitary, often strumose, capsules that are inclined to horizontal.
Some plants of var. fuscescens, especially those in the northern part of Canada, may be confused with Dicranum acutifolium. The latter, however, usually has a few undulations on the leaves and the leaf cross section often reveals larger, more rounded bulging cell walls between the lamina cells and fewer 2-stratose regions on the margins than D. fuscescens. Dicranum sulcatum, considered a synonym by R. S. Williams (1913), has been recognized by W. L. Peterson (1979) as a distinct species. The diagnostic features are duller color due to a greater degree of papillosity, long-excurrent costa, wider costa at mid leaf, and presence of more rows of stereid cells, 3-5 rows compared to 2-3 rows in D. fuscescens. Dicranum sulcatum is reported to occur usually on living coniferous trees in the Pacific Northwest, from southern Alaska south to central California, inland to northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. All of the diagnostic characters are too variable to be important in maintaining that species. Furthermore, they are all quantitative characters, which makes it difficult to establish a distinct species without at least one good qualitative character. Further studies could help to establish it as a variety.
Variety fuscescens has been reported from Kentucky by J. A. Snider et al. (1988), Massachusetts by F. J. Hilferty (1960) and Ohio by Snider and B. K. Andreas (1996).
Stems erect, ascending, or decumbent-ascending, 1-13 dm, minutely puberulent, glabrate, or glabrous basally. Leaf blades grayish or bluish green, linear , 3-10 × 0.1-1(-1.3) cm, surfaces glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Inflorescences of single involucres in axils, or terminal, well branched with ± well-defined main axis; fruiting involucres 5-10(-15) mm, crosswalls of peduncle hairs usually pale. Perianth white to deep rose-pink.
Mirabilis linearis var. linearis is primarily of the Great Plains, the valleys of the Rocky Mountain region, and the central plateau of northern Mexico. It is sporadically introduced elsewhere. Through the named forms M. decumbens and M. lanceolata, it intergrades into M. albida, in the broad sense. A possible intergrade to M. glabra from Utah has fruits with five, six, or seven ribs. Only rarely are different growth forms found in the same population, and there is some suggestion from specimen data that in some instances growth forms are phenological stages. In the northern portion of the Great Plains, M. linearis and M. albida thoroughly intergrade.
" 2812 general 187153 "Cylindropuntia imbricata var. imbricata" "Trees, with short trunks, openly branched, 3(-5) m. Stem seg-ments 12-40 cm; tubercles widely spaced. Spines and sheaths usually tan to dirty white or ± yel-low, sometimes absent. 2n = 22.
A dominant cholla of the Chihuahuan Desert, Cylindropuntia imbricata var. imbricata is wide- ranging and variable in several characters; it is generally shorter and more spiny northward (there often referred to as Opuntia arborescens). The species appears to be spreading northeastward in Oklahoma and Kansas as a result of cattle ranching activities. In Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico, var. imbricata intergrades with C. spinosior. Northward, var. imbricata hybridizes with C. whipplei (= C. ×viridiflora).
" 2822 general 187156 "Echinocereus stramineus var. stramineus" "Plants branched, forming clumps or compact mounds of 20-100(-500) branches, clumps 15-60(-100) cm, either dense or lax. Stems erect, long ovoid, less than 30 × 4.5-11 cm; ribs 10-16; crests slightly undulate; areoles 12-20(-25) mm apart. Spines 9-14(-16) per areole, straight, straw colored, ± translucent, often glassy white tinted with yellow, darkest spines sometimes tan or brown; radial spines 7-14 per areole, 15-40 mm; central spines 2-4(-5) per areole, abaxial central spine strongly projecting, all central spines terete or somewhat flattened, 57-100 mm. Flowers 8-12 × 10-12.5(-15) cm; flower tube 25-35 × 15-35 mm; flower tube hairs 1-1.5 mm; inner tepals rose-pink to magenta, darkest proximally and/or centrally, 55-60(-80) × 12-25 mm, tips white to greenish, relatively thin and delicate; anthers yellow; nectar chamber ± 5-8 mm. Fruits bright pinkish brown, with characteristic reticulate pattern of slightly darker or greener color between flattened tubercles, usually 35-40(-50) mm, pulp white to pale pink (varying on same plant). 2n = 44.
The densely branched stems of Echinocereus stramineus form hemispheric mounds bristling with unusually long, yellow-tinted spines, thus appearing like a heap of straw; old clumps of these cacti are unique visual dominants on many rocky slopes in the Chihuahuan Desert. The delicious ripe fruits of this species are much larger than those of E. enneacanthus, and may be the largest fruits in the genus. Rare white-flowered individuals occur.
" 2832 general 1109954 "Eriogonum prociduum var. prociduum" "Leaves: petiole 0.2-0.5 cm; blade 0.3-1(-1.4) × 0.15-0.4(-0.6) cm, tomentose on both surfaces. Scapes 0.2-0.6(-0.8) dm. Invo-lucres 2-3 mm. Flowers 2-3 mm. Achenes 2-3 mm. 2n = 40.
Variety prociduum is an attractive, matted perennial that is cultivated in rock gardens. In the wild, it is known from northern Lassen and Modoc counties in California, northern Washoe County, Nevada, and south-central Lake County, Oregon. Also, a series of small, disjunct populations occurs in southern Baker County, Oregon. The name E. chrysops was misapplied to these plants by J. L. Reveal (1968b). The taxon is of “special concern” to the Bureau of Land Management in California, and is considered “sensitive” in Nevada.
" 2835 general 1108832 "Eriogonum ursinum var. ursinum" "Plants 0.5-4 × 3-6 dm. Aerial flowering stems 0.4-4 dm, thinly tomentose to glabrate. Leaves: petiole 0.1-0.5(-0.8) cm; blade ovate, 0.8-1.4(-2.5) × 0.5-1.2(-2) cm, densely white- or rufous-tomentose abaxially, thinly tomentose or glabrous and greenish adaxially. Inflorescences thinly tomentose to glabrate; proximal bracts 3-8, lanceolate, 0.5-1.5(-2) × 0.3-1 cm, distal bracts scalelike, not midway along branch, 1-5 mm. Involucres turbinate, 3.5-4.5(-5) × 2.5-4 mm. Flowers 4-6 mm at anthesis, 5-6 mm in fruit; perianth pale yellow, rarely yellow, not suffused with blush of color. Achenes 3-3.5 mm.
Variety ursinum is rather common in the northern Sierra Nevada (Lassen, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Shasta, and Sierra counties), with a series of disjunct populations on the Trinity-Tehama-Shasta county lines. A low-elevation population (Hutchinson et al. 2693, JEPS) is known from near Pulga along the Feather River in Butte County.
Bear Valley wild buckwheat forms large, colorful mats on the forest floor, with rather compact but compound umbels of pale yellow flowers. The plants do well in the garden. A specimen (T. J. Howell s.n., NY) supposedly gathered somewhere in Oregon is discounted as to location.
Stems yellow-brown, pink-brown, to purple, 25–80 cm. Flowers chasmogamous; sepals and petals often apically recurved, yellow-tan to purple-brown with prominent purple or brown veins; dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 15–24 × 4–8 mm; lateral sepals 14–20 × 5.5–9 mm; petals 14–23 × 5–9 mm; lip tan to purple-white, rarely entirely white, 13–20 × 8–16 mm; lamellae central, purple, 0.7–1 mm; column 13–18 mm; rostellum present; anthers yellow. Capsules 16–30 × 8–20 mm.
Hexalectris spicata var. spicata occurs in Missouri in calcareous soil in dry forests and limestone glades, often in association with Juniperus in the latter habitat (G. Yatskievych 1999). Detailed descriptions of habitat and associated species for H. spicata var. spicata in Illinois are given by C. J. Sheviak (1974) and for Indiana by M. A. Homoya (1993).
In Oklahoma, populations of Hexalectris spicata var. spicata growing in decaying Juniperus needle litter over sandstone are far more robust.
Plants unbranched (very rarely branched), deep-seated in substrate. Stems flat-topped when young, ± spheric (rarely short cylindric when old), 3-9(-13) × 4-6(-7) cm, surface hidden by spines; ribs poorly defined, ca. 13, tubercles confluent only at extreme bases (youngest sexually mature plants strictly tuberculate), 8-15 mm wide; areoles spaced 6-15 mm apart along ribs. Spines yellow (very rarely some individuals red); radial spines 12-20 per areole, longest spines 9-18(-24) mm; adaxial (bladelike) spines 18-35(-40) × 0.5-1.5 mm; central spines (0-)1(-4), longest spines terete, (9-)13-18(-24) × 0.4-0.5 mm. 2n = 22.
Thelocactus bicolor var. flavidispinus is the most widespread of the several taxa of cacti endemic to novaculite, a highly fractured, quartzlike rock. Unusually tall and/or red-spined individuals within populations of var. flavidispinus have been the basis for mistaken reports of var. bicolor in the region of novaculite, where only var. flavidispinus occurs. The reports of var. flavidispinus in south Texas (Starr County; L. D. Benson 1982) are based on misidentified T. bicolor var. bicolor.
" 2858 general 197208 "Mammillaria wrightii var. wilcoxii" "Stem tubercles 6-21 mm. Radial spines usually 16-30 per areole. Flowers 2.2-5.1 cm diam. Fruits 6-15 mm diam.
In rocky habitats near the Mexican border, populations of Mammillaria wrightii var. wilcoxii tend to have more radial spines and smaller flowers than elsewhere and have been segregated as M. meridiorosei.
Almost half of the published descriptions and illustrations purporting to represent variety wilcoxii are misidentifications of Mammillaria viridiflora.
Stems usually several, 5-15(-28) dm; herbage glabrous or lightly puberulent basally, glabrous or puberulent (glandular-puberulent) distally, pubescence often in 2 lines. Leaves at midstem with petioles 1-7 cm; blade usually deltate-ovate, oblong-ovate, or broadly lanceolate, 4-14 × 2-9 cm, base cordate to obtuse. Inflorescences moderately dense to open clusters of flowers among inconspicuous or conspicuous and foliaceous bracts 2-17 mm; peduncle 0.5-5 mm; bracts 40-60% connate, 5-12 mm in flower, 7-15(-17) mm in fruit, apex triangular, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate. Flowers: perianth usually rose-pink, sometimes yellow, rarely white or variegated [orange], (2-)3.5-5 cm, glabrous (rarely highly puberulent). Fruits dark brown to nearly black, 7-11 mm, round or obscurely, bluntly 5-angled in cross section, broadly ellipsoid to slightly obovoid, base abruptly constricted to truncate, apex tapered to obtuse or slightly constricted and truncate, fruit surface smooth or inconspicuously rugose or tuberculate, glabrous or puberulent. 2n = 58.
A horticulturally important annual or perennial garden plant, Mirabilis jalapa is often found as an introduction or is barely naturalized in the United States. Cultivated by the Aztecs for ornament and medicine, it was described from cultivated material 200 years after its introduction to Europe (A. Le Duc 1995). It is widely established in tropical and warm-temperate regions.
The root, which may weigh up to 20 kg, has cathartic properties. The epithet "jalapa" apparently was applied in belief that this was the jalap of commerce, actually Ipomoea purga (Wenderoth) Hayne. Variety jalapa is variable in flower color and size. The entirely Mexican and also variable var. oaxacana Heimerl has longer, more slender, usually white perianths, the longest rivaling those of Mirabilis longiflora; it includes M. gracilis (Standley) Le Duc and M. polonii Le Duc (R. Spellenberg 2001).
Stems long-creeping, much branched, 1--2 mm diam.; scales linear to subulate, centrally clathrate with cell luminae occluded, surfaces glabrous, margins denticulate to fringed-ciliate. Leaves to 25 cm, strongly hygroscopic. Petiole grooved, otherwise round in cross section, densely scaly when young; scales often overlapping, margins mostly entire. Blade narrowly triangular to elliptic, deeply pinnatifid, to 5 cm wide, densely scaly abaxially, glabrous adaxially except for a few lanceolate scales along rachis; scales distinctly bicolored, spheric to deltate-ovate, usually less than 0.5 mm wide, centers dark brown, obscurely clathrate, margins broad, transparent, entire to erose. Venation mostly free with occasional areoles, never more than 1 included veinlet in fertile areoles. Sori round, discrete, deeply embossed, forming conspicuous bumps on adaxial surface, soral scales attached at periphery of receptacle. Spores smooth with scattered spheric deposits on surface, 45--52 µm. 2 n = 74.
This species is the most widespread epiphytic fern in the flora, although in some parts of its range (e.g., the north) it often occurs on rock. Pleopeltis polypodioides is a common neotropical species, and the North American variety is just one of six that have been recognized. Pleopeltis polypodioides var. michauxiana differs from the other varieties in having more or less entire blade scales and a glabrous adaxial leaf surface. In the southeastern United States (particularly Florida), some plants grade slightly into var. polypodioides , which is common in the West Indies. The latter variety has fringed to denticulate blade scales and scattered scales on the adaxial blade surface. Within its range, Pleopeltis polypodioides var. michauxiana could only be mistaken for Polypodium virginianum Linnaeus, which has similar leaf morphology but lacks scales on the abaxial blade surface.
" 2926 general 583164 "Funaria hygrometrica var. calvescens" "Capsule 2-3 mm, inclined to nearly erect, straight or weakly curved, narrowly tapered to a long slender neck, mouth nearly parallel to the axis of the capsule.
Variety calvescens seems to be a tropical expression of the species although it is known from a few southern states in the United States. H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) suggested that the name has been misused to the extent that other North American records outside the southeastern United States should be ignored. This variety is apparently widely distributed in tropical latitudes.
" 2943 general 819080 "Zigadenus venenosus var. gramineus" "Inflorescences mostly paniculate with 1–2 basal branches, occasionally racemose, 2–15 × 2–5 cm. Flowers: outer tepals not clawed, or clawed less than 5 mm. Capsules 9–20 × 4–7 mm.
Variety gramineus is most easily distinguished from var. venenosus by its paniculate inflorescence, although some individuals in each population are racemose. It occurs well inland, east of the Cascade and Rocky mountains and at high elevations within those ranges.
" 2945 general 966844 "Prosthechea boothiana var. erythronioides" "Plants to 30 dm. Stems: pseudobulbs aggregate, suborbicular, strongly flattened, 2.5–3.8 × 1–3 cm, smooth, glossy. Leaves 1–3, oblanceolate, 6–18 × 1–3.5 cm, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences racemes, to 25 cm; sheath conduplicate, elongate. Flowers 12, resupinate, simultaneous, greenish tan with reddish purple blotches; sepals oblanceolate, 1–1.4 × 3–3.5 mm, apex acute; petals similar, somewhat smaller, 1–1.3 × 1–2 mm; lip white to pale green, occasionally marked with magenta, rhombic to obscurely 3-lobed, 10 × 6–7 mm, lateral margins revolute; callus 3-dentate, middle tooth extended into thickened termination near apex of lip; anthers 3, middle anther with 4 pollinia, laterals with 2 each, yellow; column green at base, white distally, apex 3-toothed with smaller tooth in each sinus, 6–7 mm. Capsules 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 cm.
The autogamous, 3-anthered Prosthechea boothiana var. erythronioides is the only variety found in Florida, probably because of the absence of a pollinator. Throughout the rest of the distribution of the species, the 3-anthered plants seldom occur. As most other autogamous tropical orchids in Florida, it has been able to survive there only because of the self-pollinating feature. The 1-anthered variety, var. boothiana, occurs in Cuba, Bahamas, Mexico, and Belize.
" 32815 general 1296110 "Selaginella labordei" "Plants terrestrial or epilithic, evergreen or seasonally green, erect or ascending from decumbent base, (5-)15-20(-30) cm, with creeping subterranean rhizome and stolons. Rhizophores restricted to base of stem or borne on creeping rhizomes and stolons. Main stems branched from middle or lower part upward, pinnately branched, stramineous or reddish (when alive), 0.4-1.4 mm in diam. in lower part, terete, sulcate; primary leafy branches 3-5 pairs, 2 or 3 times pinnately branched, secondary branches once or twice pinnately branched, tertiary branches forked or simple, branchlets sparse or dense, adjacent primary branches on main stem 1-5 cm apart, ultimate branches (2.2-) 3-3.5(-5.5) mm wide including leaves. Axillary leaves on main stems larger than those on branches, ovate, base not peltate, truncate; axillary leaves on branches asymmetrical, ovate-lanceolate, (1.4-)2-2.4(-2.9) × (0.5-)0.8-1(-1.3) mm, base exauriculate, margin denticulate or ciliolate. Dorsal leaves ± symmetrical, those on main stems obviously larger than those on branches; dorsal leaves on branches approximate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.9-2 × 0.3-0.8 mm, carinate or not carinate, base subcordate, not peltate, margin denticulate or ciliolate (at base), apex aristate, often reflexed or arista curved. Ventral leaves asymmetrical, those on main stem obviously larger than those on branches; ventral leaves on branches distant, slightly ascending, ovate-lanceolate, narrowly ovate, or triangular, 1.7-3.2 × 0.6-1.2 mm, apex acute; basiscopic base rounded, denticulate or ciliolate at base (denticulate to apex); acroscopic base enlarged, broader, overlapping stem and branches, margin shortly ciliolate at base, denticulate to apex. Strobili solitary, terminal, compact, dorsiventrally complanate or subcomplanate, 5-18 × 1.3-3 mm; sporophylls unlike sterile leaves, slightly or strongly dimorphic, resupinate, white-margined; dorsal sporophylls ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliolate or denticulate, apex acuminate, with sporophyll-pteryx incomplete and ciliolate or denticulate; ventral sporophylls ovate, carinate, margin denticulate or ciliolate, apex aristate or acuminate; megasporophylls and microsporophylls at intervals or megasporophylls in basal or upper portion on lower side of strobilus; microsporangia orbicular, rather thin, cells uniform; microspores orange-red or red, megaspores pale yellow or yellowish orange.
Selaginella labordei differs from S. chrysocaulos in the more-ciliolate indument of the dorsal leaves and the absence of underground tuberlike rhizomes. A small form in shaded, wet, rocky places under waterfalls at Jinfo Shan, Nanchuan, Chongqing, has dorsal leaves with aristae as long as the leaves. This form has been named as S. sichuanica, but it is only an ecological form.
" 32832 general 1296519 "Selaginella superba" "Plants terrestrial, evergreen, erect, (20-)50-70 cm, with creeping subterranean rhizome and stolons. Rhizophores restricted to base of stem or to creeping rhizomes and stolons. Main stems branched from middle upward, a few lower branches abortive, pinnately branched, stramineous, unbranched main stem 20-30 cm tall, main stem 3-5 mm in diam. at lower part, subquadrangular, sulcate, glabrous; primary leafy branches 3-7 pairs, once or twice pinnately branched, secondary branches forked, branchlets dense, adjacent primary branches on main stem 2.5-9 cm apart, leafy main stem including leaves 10-14 mm wide at middle, ultimate branches 5-8(-10) mm wide including leaves. Axillary leaves on branches symmetrical, triangular or ovate-lanceolate, 3.2-5 × 1.1-1.8(-2.3) mm, base deeply cordate or subcordate, or slightly biauriculate, margin long ciliolate at base, margin elsewhere shortly ciliolate. Dorsal leaves contiguous or imbricate, asymmetrical, ovate-elliptic, 2.2-2.8(-3.6) × 1-2 mm, strongly carinate, base obliquely cordate, with few long cilia at base, ciliolate upward, apex aristate. Ventral leaves slightly ascending, asymmetrical, oblong-falcate, 4.7-7 × 1.7-2.6 mm, apex acute; acroscopic base rounded, overlapping stem and branches, margin long ciliolate at very base, then shortly ciliolate below middle of leaf, elsewhere entire, cilia 0.2-0.5 mm. Strobili solitary or in pairs, terminal or lateral to branches, compact, tetragonal, 10-45 × 1.8-3 mm; sporophylls unlike sterile leaves, uniform, not white-margined, sharply carinate, margin denticulate, apex acuminate; megasporophylls only 1 in lower portion on lower side, elsewhere with sporophylls, microsporophylls, or megasporophylls and microsporophylls at intervals, or megasporophylls in middle on lower side; microsporangia elliptic-oblong, relatively thick, marginal cells differentiated, smaller with thin walls; microspores light pale yellow, megaspores whitish or gray.
Selaginella superba was treated as a synonym of S. frondosa Warburg but can be distinguished from the latter by the much larger leaves. It is the most beautiful species of the Chinese Selaginella. The main stem is very strong and has a bladelike upper part. It is found only in Hekou, Yunnan, on the border with Vietnam, where the type was collected. The typical form occurs mainly in lowland forests along riverbanks at 100-200 m in elevation, while another form was found only on limestone hills from 300-500 m, in monsoon semi-evergreen rain forests. The two forms differ much in branching patterns and leaf shape and margin. The two forms could be different species, but they share most of the common important characters, e.g., the stem, leaf, strobilus, and spores. Further studies are needed to better ascertain their delimitation.
" 32865 general 605471 "Dicranopteris pedata" "Plants 0.5-2(-3) m tall. Rhizomes creeping, 2-3 mm in diam., covered with dense dark brown or brown hairs. Stipe stramineous, 0.3-1(-2) m, 2-6 mm wide, glabrous; rachis 1-3(-5) times dichotomously branched, basal internode 10-15 cm, covered with dark brown hairs, glabrescent, second internode 3-5 cm; apical buds ca. 2 mm, covered with dense brown hairs; bracts ovate to ovate-oblong, 5-10 mm, margin irregularly crenate, rarely entire; rachises with a pair of lateral stipulelike pinnae at each dichotomy; lower lateral pinnules broadly lanceolate, 10-25 × 4-7 cm, upper ones smaller, 4-10 × 2-4 cm; ultimate pinnae lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 15-25(-35) × 4-8(-10) cm, base attenuate, apex caudate; lobes 15-50 on each side, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 10-50 × 2-4 mm, margin entire, apex emarginate or obtuse; lamina papery, glaucous abaxially, yellowish green or green adaxially, with sparse brown hairs on costae and veins abaxially; costae prominent on both surfaces; veins 3-5 in each group. Sori in 1 line on each side of costule; sporangia 5-8.
Dicranopteris pedata cannot be distinguished from D. linearis with any clear discriminative characters. The Japanese form is easily included in the range of variable forms of so-called D. linearis, and no infraspecific taxa are recognized under that variable species in the present treatment.
Dicranopteris linearis is widely distributed in tropical areas of S Asia and is sometimes an invasive weed. It is very variable, and Holttum (Fl. Males., Ser. 2, 1: 33-36. 1959) recognized thirteen varieties, four of which have been reported in Taiwan: D. linearis var. linearis, D. linearis var. montana (here treated under D. taiwanensis), D. linearis var. subpectinata, and D. linearis var. tetraphylla. These were separated by the presence or absence of hairs on the pinnules, rachis dichotomies equal or unequal, presence or absence of lateral pinnae subtending the ultimate pinnae, and dimensions of the pinnae (Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 1: 92-94. 1994); however, we believe that these vary too continuously to justify the recognition of distinct taxa.
The status of Gleichenia linearis var. longicauda Christ (Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 19. 1899), described from Yunnan, is uncertain.
Rhizome ascending, short, with minute hairs, bearing fronds radially. Stipe brownish in lower part, stramineous in upper part, (20-)30-50 cm or longer, (1.5-)3-5 mm in diam. near base, with minute hairs; lamina 3-pinnate, ovate-subtriangular to oblong-subtriangular, 30-70(-90) cm, (8-)30-40 cm wide at base, thinly herbaceous, apex acuminate; axes of fronds grooved abaxially, decurrent to each other; large gemmae 1-3 or more, distinct on middle or upper portion of rachis or also on pinna costa, rarely gemmae absent; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, broadly lanceolate to oblong, base truncate and shortly stalked, apex acuminate to caudate; pinnules lanceolate, base truncate and shortly stalked to subsessile, apex acuminate; basal pinnule anadromously, occasionally catadromously, arranged; secondary pinnules oblong, apex moderately acute. Sori 1 per segment, orbicular, close to margin of lobes, naked.
The taxonomy of Monachosorum henryi is still problematic. It is almost impossible to separate it from the SE Asian M. subdigitatum (Blume) Kuhn when there are no gemmae on the rachis. Monachosorum elegans might be a small form of this species, reproduced by gemmae, or an ecological form on rock cliffs based on field observations in Guangxi.
" 32936 general 1148501 "Pteris actiniopteroides" "Plants 5-30(-60) cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, 1-1.5 cm in diam., apex with black-brown, entire scales. Fronds many, clustered, monomorphic or somewhat dimorphic, sterile fronds shorter than fertile fronds; stipe erect or spreading, castaneous-brown, 3-6(-20) cm (stipes of sterile fronds shorter), 0.5-1 mm in diam., scabrous or occasionally smooth; sterile lamina 1-pinnate (juvenile plants digitate), oblong-ovate or broadly triangular in outline; lateral pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, opposite, slightly decumbent, 2-forked or basal pair 3-forked, base of apical 3-forked, pinnae not or slightly decrescent; pinnules narrowly linear, often ca. 10 cm × 4-5 mm, base cuneate, margins serrate, apex long acuminate; fertile fronds: lateral pinnae often 2-4 pairs, opposite, 2-4 cm apart, slightly decumbent, basal pair 2-4-forked and shortly stalked, gradually simpler upward and sessile, base of 3-forked terminal pinna slightly or not decurrent; pinnules/segments narrowly linear, often 10-18 cm × 2-3 mm, base cuneate, margins serrulate toward apex only, apex long acuminate. Lamina pale green, thinly papery when dried, glabrous; midvein convex on both sides, light straw-colored, sometimes castaneous-brown at base; veins conspicuous on both sides, ca. 1 mm apart, slightly oblique, simple or forked. Sori absent at segment apices; indusia slightly broad, pallid, thinly membranous, entire.
Pteris actiniopteroides is a xeric and calciphilous plant.
" 32980 general 1146618 "Pteris semipinnata" "Plants 35-80(-120) cm tall. Rhizome long creeping, 1-1.5 cm in diam., apex with blackish brown scales; scales also at base of stipes. Fronds clustered, submonomorphic; stipe 15-55 × 1.5-3 cm, stipe and rachis castaneous-reddish, shiny, glabrous; lamina pinnate, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 15-40(-60) × 6-15(-18) cm, at one side deeply bipinnate-lobed; lateral pinnae 4-7 pairs, opposite or subalternate, spreading, basal pairs shortly stalked; upper ones sessile; lamina half-triangular and slightly falcate, 5-10(-18) × 4-7 cm, basiscopic side pectinately lobed nearly to costa, acroscopic side reduced to subentire wing to 6 mm wide, base oblique, basiscopic side decurrent, apex caudate-acuminate; basiscopic segments 3-6 or more, falcate-lanceolate, basal part longest, 1.5-4(-8.5) × 0.3-0.6(-1.1) cm, basally margins of sterile segments acutely serrate, fertile segments entire except for with 1 spine or 2 or 3 acute teeth near apex, apex mucronate or obtuse; terminal pinna pectinately divided almost to rachis, broadly lanceolate to narrowly triangular in outline, 10-18 × 3-10 cm, apex caudate; segments 6-12 pairs, opposite, spreading, 3-5 mm apart, falcate-lanceolate, 2.5-5 × 0.6-1 cm, upper ones gradually reduced, basiscopic obtriangular wing decrescent to next pair of pinnae along costule, apex shortly acuminate; costae prominent abaxially, chestnut adaxially, distally straw-colored, grooved adaxially, grooves with thin, minutely and irregularly toothed, raised edges. Veins conspicuous, decumbent, 2-forked or bipinnate-forked, veinlets reaching base of teeth; lamina gray-green, herbaceous when dried, glabrous. 2n = 116.
Pteris semipinnata is different from P. dispar in shape and distribution. The former is primarily distributed in tropical areas, while P. dispar is primarily distributed in subtropical and northern tropical areas. Both are in Fujian and Taiwan, but any intersecting types have not been seen.
" 33130 general 102606 "Cornopteris decurrenti-alata" "Plants summer-green. Rhizome slender, creeping, dark brown, ca. 5 mm in diam., apex with brown-lanceolate scales; fronds approximate. Fertile frond up to 80 cm; stipe dark stramineous, up to 40 cm, base with scales, upward subglabrous, grooved on adaxial side; lamina 1- or 2-pinnate below apex, ovate-elliptic, up to 40 × 28 cm, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 10 pairs, ascending, distant, lanceolate, base subtruncate, nearly symmetrical, apex acuminate; lower pinnae larger, elliptic-lanceolate, up to 15 × 4 cm, pinnatisect or 1-pinnate; pinna lobes or pinnules ovate or narrowly elliptic, up to 3 × 1 cm, margin pinnatilobate, sparsely dentate, or repand, apex obtuse; veins visible, veinlets simple or forked, ending into lobe margin. Lamina herbaceous, brown when dry, hairy or not. Sori shortly linear or narrowly elliptic, medial or inframedial. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore hyaline, with rugate, granular projections. x = 40.
Cornopteris decurrenti-alata is variable in the shape and dissection of fronds.
Plants having fronds with dense multicellular short nodose hairs on abaxial side of the rachis, costae, and midribs (n = 80) have been named Cornopteris decurrenti-alata f. pillosella (H. Itô) W. M. Chu (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2): 358. 1999; C. decurrenti-alata var. pillosella H. Itô, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 588. 1938; Athyrium decurrenti-alatum var. pillosellum (H. Itô) Ohwi; A. unifurcatum C. Christensen var. harryanum C. Christensen; C. glandulosopilosa S. F. Wu; C. likiangensis Ching; C. musashiensis Nakai; 毛叶角蕨 mao ye jiao jue): valley forests, beside shaded streamlets; 200-2800 m. Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
Plants evergreen. Rhizome short, ascending or erect, apex with brown, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile frond up to 120 cm; stipe dark stramineous (often dark brown when dry), 20-50 cm, base with sparse scales, scales upward deciduous; lamina 1- or 2-pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 30-60 × 20-30 cm, base rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, stalked (stalk up to 3 mm), subopposite, slightly ascending or sometimes subspreading; basal pinnae not shortened or slightly shortened, 10-20 × 4-15 cm, elliptic, base subtruncate, pinnatilobate to pinnate, apex long acuminate; pinnules up to 10 pairs, alternate, spreading, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 9 × 2.5 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, base truncate, sessile or subsessile, apex acuminate or obtuse; basal pinnules much shorter, apex rounded; pinna lobes subelliptic or rectangular, entire, subtruncate or rounded at apex; veins visible abaxially, veinlets simple or upper veinlets forked, ascending. Lamina herbaceous; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with multicellular short nodose hairs, or glabrous, also with sparse linear, brown, entire scales. Sori brown, shortly linear or elliptic, medial or inframedial, 1-3 pairs per pinna lobe. Spores subreniform, perispore prominent, projections few rugate. x = 40.
Cornopteris opaca is variable in the shape and dissection of the fronds and differs from C. decurrenti-alata primarily in the rhizome habit.
Plants having a glabrous rachis, costa, and midribs, particularly in old fronds, have been named Cornopteris opaca f. glabrescens Sa. Kurata (J. Geobot. 12(2): 41. 1963; 变光黑叶角蕨 bian guang hei ye jiao jue): evergreen broad-leaved forests; 800-1800 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [Indonesia, Japan, Vietnam].
Plants 12-35 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, apex scaly; scales dark brown to black, narrowly triangular to linear-subulate, margin fimbriate to subentire. Fronds caespitose; stipe shiny, purplish black, 6-15(-18) cm, terete, rigid and threadlike, with brown, multicellular uniseriate hairs or subglabrous; lamina triangular, 7-12 × 5-10 cm, base truncate, bipinnate to tripinnate-pinnatifid, apex acuminate to caudate; pinnae 10-15 pairs, subopposite to alternate, lower pinnae stalked, upper almost sessile, stalk dark brown abaxially, basal 1 or 2 pinnae longest and often falcate, narrowly triangular to oblong, 2.5-7 × 1.5-2 cm, base asymmetrical, on acroscopic side auriculate-truncate, basiscopic side cuneate, up to bipinnate-pinnatifid, apex obtuse; pinnules 6-8 pairs, anadromous, usually sessile but shortly stalked in more divided fronds, basal acroscopic pinnule largest, ovate, 7-9 × 4-7 mm, base asymmetrical, acroscopic side truncate, basiscopic cuneate, apex obtuse to truncate; ultimate segments ovate-oblong to linear, apex with 2-4 short and broadly triangular, obtuse to submucronate or sharp teeth. Costa sulcate adaxially, green, veins often raised adaxially when dry, anadromously branching, (1 or)2-6 veins per ultimate segment, terminal hydathode obvious, and not reaching margin. Frond firmly herbaceous, green, lamina with multicellular uniseriate hairs or subglabrous; rachis shiny purplish black, becoming green in upper half toward apex, with brown, multicellular uniseriate hairs or subglabrous, sulcate adaxially. Sori (1 or)2-4 per pinnule or segment, medial to subterminal on acroscopic veinlets, confluent at maturity, oval to linear, 1-2 mm; indusia grayish green, oval to linear, membranous, repand to entire, opening toward costa or costule, persistent. Spores brown to dark brown, lophate (cristate-alate) perispore. Plants tetraploid: 2n = 144.
Asplenium coenobiale has a variable frond division probably depending on growing conditions with large and more divided plants often growing on rocks in forests. Plants are tetraploid but often produce some aborted spores. Further study will have to show whether they are sexual or agamosporous. In Chinese literature, this name has often been misapplied to the next species (A. pulcherrimum). Due to this confusion, its distribution is not well known.
" 33245 general 99900 "Asplenium exiguum" "Plants 5-25 cm tall. Rhizome erect, scaly; scales dark brown to black, narrowly triangular, margin fimbriate at base. Fronds caespitose; stipe 1-5 cm, abaxially purplish black to reddish brown and semi-shiny, adaxially sulcate, with blackish brown narrowly triangular scales mixed with filiform scales; lamina lanceolate, 3-15 × 0.8-2.5(-4) cm, attenuate to both ends, apex pinnatipartite or shortly flagelliform and rooting, 1- or 2-pinnate, up to 3-pinnatifid in large specimens; pinnae 10-20 pairs, shortly stalked, basal pinnae opposite and often strongly reduced or flabellate, upward becoming alternate; middle pinnae largest, narrowly triangular to ovate-elliptic or oblong, (2-)10-15(-20) × 2-7 mm, base almost symmetrical to asymmetrical, acroscopic side truncate, basiscopic side cuneate, pinnatisect to pinnatifid, apex obtuse and with 1 gemma in apical sinus; segments 2-4 pairs, apex obtuse and dentate-serrate with 2-4 teeth; teeth obtuse, mucronate or acute. Veins not prominent, anadromously forking, not reaching margin. Fronds firmly herbaceous, green, lamina with uniseriate gland-tipped hairs or subglabrous, average guard cell length 43-50 µm; rachis with purplish brown to castaneous color extending from basal part up to 2/3 its length on abaxial side, apical part green or stramineous, with purplish black hairlike scales, adaxially green or stramineous, flat or slightly sulcate, green. Sori usually 2-4 on basal acroscopic segment, on others 1 per segment, often confluent at maturity, basal to submedial on subtending veinlets, close to costa, subelliptic to elongate, ca. 1 mm; indusia grayish green to grayish brown, narrowly elliptic, membranous, repand to entire, opening toward costa or major vein. Spores with lophate (costate-cristate) perispore, average exospore length 31-35 µm. Plants sexual, autotetraploid: 2n = 144.
Large specimens of Asplenium exiguum are similar to well-developed plants of A. nesii and can best be distinguished by the presence of gemmae in the apical notch of the pinnae.
Asplenium exiguum is an autotetraploid taxon that most probably originated via chromosome doubling in diploid A. lushanense. It is a variable species with an easily overlooked, tiny bud in the sinus at the pinna apex, well illustrated in Ching (Icon. Filic. Sin. 4: pl. 174, 2b. 1937). The morphological variability, both within China and throughout the Himalaya, is relatively large, though mainly restricted to size differences. Growing conditions may strongly influence frond length and the shape of pinnae (from almost oblong to triangular). In some populations (S India, China, Philippines), the rachis is flagelliform and terminates in a slender tail with a terminal budlet. This variation led to much confusion and the description of several (local) species, e.g., A. glenniei, A. loherianum, A. moupinense, A. woodsioides, and A. yunnanense. Asplenium moupinense var. dareiforme represents a luxurious, well-developed plant that does not differ in any essential character from other members of this group. Since there are no fundamental morphological, nor cytological, differences between these taxa, we treat them as synonyms of tetraploid A. exiguum following Hope (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 58-62. 1899; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 657-671. 1901), Ching (Icon. Filic. Sin. 4: pl. 174. 1937), Maxon (Amer. Fern J. 28: 141. 1938), Tagawa (Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 91-100. 1939), Tagawa and Iwatsuki (in Smitinand et al., Fl. Thailand 3(2): 261-291. 1985), and Mickel and Smith (Pterid. Mexico, 94. 2004). The diploid and tetraploid species within this complex can be separated by microcharacters (Viane & Reichstein, Pterid. New Millennium, 91-94. 2003): Asplenium lushanense (diploid) with an average exospore length of 24-28 µm and stomata 32-40 µm, and tetraploid A. exiguum with average exospore length of 30-36 µm and stomata 43-52 µm. Where both species grow together (China, Nepal, Vietnam), their sterile triploid hybrid, with aborted spores, an intermediate morphology, and often showing hybrid vigor, is common. Asplenium ×mickelii Viane & Reichstein, nothosp. nov. Type: China. Yunnan: Kunming, Xishan, Longman, ca. 2120 m, on steep limestone cliff, under forest, 29 Sep 1986, Z. R. Wang & M. Chu C806-b1 (=TR-6605-b1) (holotype, PE). Planta hybrida, inter parentes A. exiguum et A. lushanense quoad divisionem laminae atque dimensiones cellularum accessoriarum stomatum intermedia, ab eis sporis abortivis necnon chromosomatum numero triploideo (2n = 108, meiose trivalentibus 0-4, bivalentibus 32-36 et univalentibus 29-36) differt. This hybrid is named after J. Mickel, who collected it in Mexico (Oaxaca: Destrito Ixtlán, 16 Sep 1972, J. T. Mickel & L. Pardue 6488-A [NY]) and sent us living plants for our research on the A. exiguum complex.
From their changing concept of this complex, it is not clear if Fraser-Jenkins, Pangtey and Khullars Asplenium exiguum nothosubsp. luyunense Z. R. Wang ex Fraser-Jenkins, Pangtey & Khullar (Indian Fern J. 27(1-2): 198. 2011), a validation at the subspecific level of "A. ×luyunense" (Wang, Acta Bot. Sin. 45: 11. 2003, nom. nud.), also refers to this hybrid.
Plants 15-40 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, apex scaly; scales blackish brown, narrowly triangular, costate, with or without median opaque zone, margin fimbriate or entire. Fronds caespitose; stipe castaneous-brown to purplish black, shiny, 5-15(-21) cm, terete to tri- or tetragonous; lamina linear-lanceolate, 12-14(-28) × 2-3(-3.6) cm, 1-pinnate; pinnae 20-30(-44) pairs, alternate, sessile, middle pinnae trapeziform to oblong, 8-18 × 4-8 mm, base asymmetrical, acroscopic side truncate and subauriculate, basiscopic side narrowly cuneate, margin repand or crenate to serrate, apex obtuse; basal pinnae often somewhat reflexed, occasionally reduced. Costa with anadromously pinnate venation but with first basiscopic vein lacking, obscure, or faintly visible, veins simple or 2-forked. Fronds herbaceous to thinly papery, brownish green or grayish green when dry, (sub)glabrous; rachis castaneous-brown, subglabrous, often compressed after drying, adaxially with a deep furrow with rounded lateral edges, abaxially terete or keeled, often gemmiferous near apex. Sori 3 or 4(-6) per pinna, linear-elliptic, 2-2.5(-3) mm, median on subtending vein; indusium brown or grayish brown, semi-elliptic, membranous, entire, opening toward costa. Spores with lophate (cristate to alate) perispore, with perforated crests. Plants sexual: 2n = 72, 144, 216, or 288.
In this Asplenium normale aggregate, three distinct taxa have been distinguished on the basis of the presence or absence of one to several buds on the rachis. At the tip of many fronds of typical A. normale sits a single gemma, often developed into a small plant. Plants without such buds have been described as A. normale var. boreale or A. boreale, though the oldest name for non-gemmiferous plants would probably have to be A. minus (PRC!). The name A. shimurae, or A. normale var. shimurae, is used for plants with many gemmae per frond. Sterile hybrids between these taxa are known from Japan, and their flavonoid patterns are different. All three morphotypes occur in China (A. shimurae mainly in Yunnan), next to intermediate hybrids.
In this aggregate, diploid (China (Taiwan), S India, Malaysia, Nepal) and tetraploid chromosome numbers have been reported. Though Bir (Curr. Sci. 29: 446. 1960) and Nakaike (Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B, 12: 37-54. 1986) mainly reported tetraploids for the E Himalaya, and Wang (in K. H. Shing & K. U. Kramer, Proc. Int. Symp. Syst. Pterid. 133-134. 1989) for China, we found tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid plants, next to hybrids with intermediate ploidy.
Most of the typical gemmiferous plants of Asplenium normale are tetraploid, have scales with a central line of cells with more thickened and darker walls than the more marginal cells, have a deep furrow flanked by relatively broad and rounded edges at the adaxial side of the rachis, and lack the first basiscopic vein departing from the costa. Such tetraploid plants, as well as type material of A. multijugum from Nepal, have an average exospore length of 26-30 µm. The absence of a basiscopic vein is a character A. normale shares with Hymenasplenium, in which two or more such veins are lacking.
Several morphologically similar plants have scales with the lumina of the central cells occluded and opaque (costate-opaque scales as in e.g., Asplenium trichomanes and A. kiangsuense), a shallow furrow or a flat rachis bordered by a narrow sharp rim (as in A. kiangsuense, not a wing as in A. trichomanes), and usually possess the first basiscopic vein on the costa. Sterile morphologically intermediates between these plants and true A. normale are known from Guangdong. Because no clear correlations were found between the different ploidy levels (4x, 6x, 8x) and the morphotypes called A. normale, A. boreale, and A. shimurae, we refrain from recognizing them as species.
Plants 3-20 cm tall. Rhizome erect, short, apex scaly; scales dark brown to black, triangular, 1-5(-8) × 0.3-0.7 mm, scale base with numerous yellow-brown, unicellular hairs 1-5 × ca. 0.02 mm, similar to root hairs, apical part subentire, acuminate. Fronds caespitose; stipe green, 2-8(-10) cm, semiterete to terete, base densely scaly, with reduced hairlike scales toward rachis or subglabrous, adaxially sulcate with pronounced supravascular ridge; lamina lanceolate to narrowly ovate-trullate, 5-15 × 1.5-4 cm, base often gradually reduced, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, apex acute; pinnae 6-12 pairs, lower pinnae often reduced, 1-2.5 cm, stalk 0.5-1.5(-2) mm, adaxially sulcate and with distinct supravascular ridge; basal pinnae remote, opposite, often flabellate to deltoid-triangular, apex obtuse to acute, base symmetrical, truncate, 2-pinnate, with 2-4 pinnule pairs, basal pinnules nearly parallel to rachis; middle pinnae often largest, triangular-ovate, base asymmetrical, pinnate to bipinnatifid with 2-4 pairs of pinnules, basal pinnules largest, 5-8 × 2-4 mm, pinnatisect with 1 or 2 pairs of narrowly cuneiform to sublinear segments, 0.5-2 mm wide, apex subacute to truncate with 2 or 3 acute, 0.5-1 mm teeth. Costa sulcate adaxially, with distinctly raised median supravascular ridge, veins obvious, raised adaxially, flabellately anadromous, not reaching margin. Fronds firmly herbaceous, dark green to grayish green when dry, lamina subglabrous, average stomatal guard cell length 45-52 µm; rachis and costa green, semiterete, adaxially sulcate and with prominent median supravascular ridge, with black fibrillar scales or subglabrous. Sori 1 or 2(-4) per pinnule, often spreading at maturity, subelliptic to linear, 1-2 mm; indusia white-gray, subelliptic, membranous, margin irregularly sinuate, opening toward costa or costule, persistent. Spores brown with lophate (costate) perispore, average exospore length 34-38 mm. Plants autotetraploid: 2n = 144.
Asplenium pekinense is an autotetraploid (Mitui, J. Jap. Bot. 40: 117-124. 1965; Lin & Sleep in K. H. Shing & K. U. Kramer, Proc. Int. Symp. Syst. Pterid. 111-127. 1989; Wang, Acta Bot. Sin. 45: 1-14. 2003) species arisen by chromosome doubling in diploid A. sarelii. Allotetraploid A. anogrammoides is very similar because true A. sarelii is one of its ancestors, the second being A. tenuicaule (Lin & Sleep, loc. cit.). Reticulate hybridizations between diploid A. tenuicaule, A. sarelii, and A. semivarians led to the evolution of many confusingly similar taxa defying description. These can be grouped into the A. pekinense-complex consisting of A. altajense, A. anogrammoides, A. pekinense, and A. sarelii, and the A. varians group containing A. aitchisonii, A. kukkonenii, A. semivarians, and A. varians. Their close relationship and similarity has led to many wrong identifications, as well as incorrect and unreliable citations. In many places where A. pekinense grows with A. anogrammoides, their sterile tetraploid hybrid is relatively common. Asplenium ×kidoi Sleep ex Viane, Y. X. Lin & Reichstein, nothosp. nov. Type: China. Hebei: ca. 20 km NW of Beijing, Xiangshan park, natural pine forest above Fragrant Hill Hotel, among grasses on shaded hillside with A. anogrammoides, A. pekinense, and Athyrium niponicum (Mettenius) Hance, 190 m, 27 Sep 1997, Viane 7047 (holotype, GENT). Planta hybrida, inter parentes A. anogrammoides et A. pekinense quoad divisionem laminae atque pinnularum segmentorumque formam necnon dimensiones cellularum accessoriarum stomatum intermedia, ab eis sporis abortivis necnon chromosomatum numero tetraploideo (2n = 144, meiose trivalentium bivalentium univalentiumque numeris valde irregularibus) differt. This morphologically intermediate plant often shows hybrid vigor; it was first studied by A. Sleep (a.o., in Lin & Sleep, loc. cit.) who collected it in Japan (Kyushu: Ashi-Kita-cho, 1 Nov 1968, A. Sleep & M. Kido AS/605; BM, PE, TI, Z).
Z. R. Wang and K. Q. Wang (Acta Bot. Sin. 45: 8. 2003) reported a hybrid between Asplenium pekinense and A. exiguum (as A. yunnanense), "A. ×jingyunense," and one between A. pekinense and A. varians, "A. ×longmenense," but the two names were not validly published because no Latin description or diagnosis, or reference to such, was provided (Melbourne Code, Art. 39.1).
Plants 60-80 cm tall. Rhizome caespitose, rhizome and stipe base densely clothed with ovate or oblong-lanceolate, ferruginous scales. Fronds caespitose; stipe 20-30 cm, up to 1 cm in diam., densely clothed with scales and brown, fibrillose scales; lamina ovate or oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate-pinnatifid, not narrowed to base, apex obtuse; pinnae more than 20 pairs, lanceolate, ca. 13 × 3 cm, obtuse, shortly stalked; pinnules ca. 20 pairs, oblong, apex rounded; segments dentate, remote, reflexed when dried. Lamina: rachis, costa, and costule all densely clothed with brown fibrillose scales and narrowly lanceolate scales; veins distinct on both surfaces. Sori 1 on each pinnule, on each side of costule; indusia ferruginous, orbicular-reniform, often early deciduous.
Dryopteris barbigera is dominant in thicket-grasslands in the forest zone in W Sichuan, S and SE Xizang, and N Yunnan.
" 33406 general 521966 "Polystichum braunii" "Plants summer-green. Rhizome erect or ascending, short, densely covered with scales; scales brown, linear. Fronds 40-70 cm; stipe brown at base, 13-21 cm, 4-5 mm in diam. at base, densely covered with scales; scales brown, linear and lanceolate or larger; large scales dense or somewhat sparse, light brown but below middle often blackish brown, shiny, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, up to 13 × 6 mm, subentire or slightly toothed, long acuminate or caudate. Lamina bipinnate, oblanceolate, 36-60 × 14-24 cm at middle, gradually contracted toward base, lower part sterile, apex acuminate, fertile; rachis without proliferous bulbils, abaxially with dense light brown linear or lanceolate and larger scales; large scales ovate-lanceolate, up to 4.5 mm wide, subentire, caudate or long acuminate. Pinnae 19-25 pairs, alternate, ascendant, shortly stalked, lanceolate, bases asymmetrical, apices acuminate; middle pinnae 7-15 × 2.3-2.8 cm, 1-pinnate; costa narrowly winged, abaxially with linear light brown scales. Pinnules (2-)6-17 pairs, alternate, sessile, oblong, 0.9-1.7 × 0.5-0.9 cm, bases cuneate, decurrent, acroscopic margins entire, sometimes toothed and even shallowly pinnatifid on large plants, shortly or long aristate, apices acute with acute spine; auricles rounded, small, basiscopic margins aristate; basal acroscopic pinnules largest, incised or pinnatifid; both surfaces densely scaly; microscales brownish, filiform; frond texture thinly papery; venation pinnate, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, dichotomous, distinct. Sori large, (1-)3-6 pairs per pinnule, in 1 row along each side of midrib, close to midrib, terminal or sometimes abaxial on veins; indusia present, entire. 2n = 164.
Fraser-Jenkins (Himalayan Ferns (Guide to Polystichum), 35. 1997) treated Polystichum shennongense as a synonym of P. makinoi, which is incorrect.
Polystichum braunii is the most widely distributed species in the genus and widely distributed in temperate regions of the N Hemisphere. It occurs in most provinces of China.
Plants terrestrial, 20-70 cm tall. Rhizome long creeping or ascendant, stout, densely scaly at apex and stipe bases; scales stiff, dark brown, linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, membranous, bases rounded or cordate, entire, apices long acuminate. Fronds widely spaced; stipe dark stramineous, 10-40 cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. at base, covered throughout with light brown jointed hairs. Laminae subdimorphic, fertile fronds rather tall but narrowed, pinnate to bipinnatifid at base, deep green when dried, triangular-pentagonal, 10-35 × 10-25 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrescent to densely hairy; rachises stramineous, densely covered with articulate hairs; costae and costules raised on both surfaces, pubescent abaxially; terminal pinna trifurcate or acuminate, base cordate or cuneate to decurrent, terminal lobe ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate-lacerate, lateral lobes opposite, lanceolate, undulate, apices caudate; lateral pinnae 1-3 pairs, opposite, interval 1.5-3 cm, oblique; basal pinnae pinnate, ca. 15 cm, rather large, stalks 1-2 cm, lobes undulate or with orbicular segments; middle pinnae simple, becoming sessile upward, entire, undulate or with orbicular segments, broadly lanceolate, 10-12 cm, bases cordate, apices caudate. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross veins, included veinlets forked. Sori small, orbicular, located at coupling veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusia brown, reniform, small, deciduous.
A hairier form of Tectaria subtriphylla is found on limestone rocks in Hainan (Changjiang, Danxian, San Ya).
" 33516 general 1115366 "Lepisorus bicolor" "Plants 15-30(-35) cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, strong, 3-4 mm in diam., surface exposed between scales, white farinose; scales closely appressed, bicolored, nearly black with much paler brown margins, broadly ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 × 1 mm, margins brownish and with irregular sharp spines, apex acuminate; lumina fine and dense; scales at rhizome apex denser, lanceolate, 1-2 × 0.7-1.2 mm. Fronds closely spaced or remote; stipe (1-)2-3.5(-8) cm, robust, 1.3-1.5 mm in diam., sparsely scaly; lamina brownish or gray-green on both surfaces when dried, lanceolate, widest 1/3-1/2 from base, both ends attenuate, (8-)10-28(-35) × 1-4 cm, herbaceous or thinly papery, abaxially with sparse adnate scales, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, long decurrent, margin flatly straight and entire, apex acuminate or obtuse; costa raised on both sides, veinlets normally obscure. Sori usually along distal half of lamina, or near end of lamina, closer to costa, elliptic or suborbicular, 2-5 mm in diam.; paraphyses black, suborbicular, 0.5-0.8 mm in diam., membranous, margins erose; central lumina large and transparent, with marginal lumina irregular, cell walls brown, thickened.
Lepisorus bicolor is very common in montane forests in SW China, particularly Yunnan. The rhizome scales are of two types: those on the mature rhizome are very small and closely appressed; those at the rhizome apex are much larger and lanceolate. The bicolored scales resemble those of the following species, but L. morrisonensis has the rhizome concealed by uniformly large scales with white, not brown, margins.
Christ (Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 876. 1898) treated material of Lepisorus bicolor as Polypodium oligolepidum Baker.
Rhizome creeping; scales ovate-lanceolate, margin sparsely denticulate, long acuminate. Fronds distant; stipe 10-20 cm, densely scaly; lamina irregularly pinnatifid, 3-lobed, ovate-lobed, or ovate, 7-12 cm wide, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate; texture thickly papery, abaxial surface scaly, adaxial surface glabrous; midrib prominent, lateral veins obvious, veinlets anastomosing, free included veinlets forked. Sori orbicular, in 2-4 irregular rows on each side or midrib; covered by paraphyses when young.
The earliest name for this taxon, Polypodium ovatum, was a later homonym of P. ovatum Thunberg (1768). T. Moore (Index Fil. 78. 1857) published "Pleopeltis ovata (Wallich) T. Moore," but this is a nom. nud. as there is reference only to Wallichs unpublished manu-script name and no mention of Hooker & Greville. Beddome provided a plate with analysis and reference to Wallich ex Hooker & Greville.
Neolepisorus ovatus is a variable species, with fronds that are sometimes irregularly lobed. Four forms have been proposed:
Neolepisorus ovatus f. ovatus (Microsorum ensatum (Thunberg) H. Itô var. phyllomanes (Christ) Tagawa; M. phyllomanes (Christ) Koidzumi; Neocheiropteris phyllomanes (Christ) Ching; Neolepisorus basicordatus P. S. Wang; N. crenatus S. F. Wu; N. cuneatus S. F. Wu; N. dengii Ching & P. S. Wang; N. emeiensis Ching & K. H. Shing; N. lancifolius Ching & K. H. Shing; N. phyllomanes (Christ) Ching; N. sinensis Ching; N. tsaii Ching & K. H. Shing; Polypodium phyllomanes Christ). Lamina ovate, margin entire. Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Neolepisorus ovatus f. deltoideus (Handel-Mazzetti) Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 99. 1964, based on Polypodium hemitomum Hance var. deltoideum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 6: 44. 1929, based on Polypodium deltoideum Baker, J. Bot. 26: 230. 1880, not Swartz (1788), nor Liebmann (1849); Neocheiropteris phyllomanes f. deltoidea (Handel-Mazzetti) Ching; Neolepisorus dengii f. hastatus Ching & P. S. Wang; N. emeiensis f. dissectus Ching & K. H. Shing; N. ovatus f. monstrosus Ching & K. H. Shing; N. phyllomanes f. deltoideus (Handel-Mazzetti) Ching; 三角叶盾蕨 san jiao ye dun jue). Lamina deltoid with irregular lobes at lower part. Forests. Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan.
Neolepisorus ovatus f. doryopteris (Christ) Ching (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 99. 1964; Polypodium phyllomanes var. doryopteris Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 11: 214. 1902; Neocheiropteris phyllomanes var. doryopteris (Christ) Ching; Neolepisorus phyllomanes var. doryopteris (Christ) Ching; 蟹爪盾蕨 xie zhua dun jue). Lamina broadly ovate, bipinnatifid at base, lobes linear-lanceolate. Guizhou.
Neolepisorus ovatus f. truncatus (Ching & P. S. Wang) L. Shi & X. C. Zhang, comb. nov. (Basionym: Neolepisorus truncatus Ching & P. S. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21: 270. 1983; N. truncatus f. laciniatus Ching & K. H. Shing; 截基盾蕨 jie ji dun jue). Lamina ovate-lanceolate, undivided, base truncate, with a yellow line between each pair of lateral veins. Limestone areas; ca. 1500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou [Vietnam].
The authors have not seen material of Neolepisorus ovatus f. gracilis Ching & K. H. Shing (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21: 269. 1983), described from Guangxi.
Trees to 20 m tall; bark grayish green at first, becoming dark gray on old trees; crown broadly ovoid. Branchlets reddish brown, subterete or slightly angled, glabrous. Buds brown, long ovoid, viscid, apex acuminate. Leaves on fruiting branchlets with petiole 4-4.5 cm; leaf blade usually suborbicular, rarely ovate-orbicular or ovate, broadest at or sometimes above middle, ca. as long as broad, pilose, abaxially greenish, glabrous, adaxially green, pubescent along veins, both surfaces pubescent along veins when young, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, entire proximally, ciliate. Sprouts with petiole terete, 1.5-2.3 cm; leaf blade obovate-orbicular, 5-6.5 × 3-4.2 cm, broadest above middle, base broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, densely ciliate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Male catkin ca. 6 cm; rachis pilose; bracts yellowish brown with brown lobes. Male flower: stamens 15. Female catkin ca. 9 cm, 10-12 cm in fruit; rachis glabrous or pilose at base; flowers shortly stipitate. Capsule glabrous, 2(or 3)-valved. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun.
Probably a hybrid between Populus ×berolinensis and P. simonii. Resembling the former in its grayish green, smooth bark, furrowed only at base of old trunks, and caducous leaves; resembling the latter in its branchlet color, viscid buds, angled sprouts, and shape of leaves of sprouts. Similar also to P. cathayana but leaf blade broadly cuneate basally, and to P. pseudosimonii but bark greenish; 1-year-old branchlets reddish; buds more viscid; leaf blade of sprouts obovate, caducous.
Both varieties are important for reforestation.
Shrubs to 4 m tall. Branchlets brown, brownish, or russet, glabrous. Buds ovoid or long ovoid, downy or glabrous. Young leaves brownish, thin, translucent when dried; stipules obliquely ovate, caducous, margin denticulate; petiole 1-1.5 cm, notched, tomentulose; leaf blade elliptic, 3-7 × 2-3 cm, 9-10 × 3-4 cm on shoots, abaxially pale, tomentulose only at base of midvein, rarely downy, adaxially greenish, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin remotely shallowly denticulate or entire, apex obuse. Flowering nearly coetaneous. Catkins 2-4 × 0.7-1 cm; peduncle densely gray tomentose, with long pubescent leaflets; bracts brown, broadly ovate, villous, apex obtuse. Male flower: gland adaxial; stamens 2, distinct, sparsely downy at base; anthers yellow. Female flower: ovary long conical, tomentose; stipe 0.7-1 mm; style 1-1.5 mm, 2- or 3-lobed. Capsule yellowish, tomentose. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul.
Similar to Salix jenisseensis (F. Schmidt) Floderus (from Russia) but leaf blade shallowly dentate at margin; catkins short; style and stipe short; ovary tomentose. Similar also to the circumboreal species S. phylicifolia Linnaeus, but branchlets not tomentose, brownish when young; leaf blade not tomentose, margin remotely obtuse-dentate or entire, thin and translucent when dry; peduncles with leaflets; bracts uniformly colored; style and stipe longer.
" 33988 general 788544 "Helixanthera scoriarum" "Shrubs 1-2 m tall, branchlets and leaves brown scurfy when young, becoming glabrous. Branches dark brown, scattered lenticellate. Leaves opposite or subopposite; petiole 7-15 mm; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 5-12 × 1.5-6 cm, papery, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, slender, base cuneate and slightly decurrent, apex acuminate. Racemes solitary or paired, axillary, 10-16-flowered, 3-4 cm, brown scurfy; bracts ovate concave, ca. 2 mm. Flowers opposite, 4-merous. Pedicel absent. Calyx ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, limb annular, 4-denticulate. Mature bud cylindric. Corolla orange, base slightly inflated, 4-angled, scurfy, petals lanceolate, 9-12 mm, reflexed from middle. Filaments ca. 3.5 mm; anthers 4-loculed, ca. 2.5 mm. Style 4-angled, 10-12 mm; stigma capitate. Berry yellowish green, ellipsoid, 7-8 × ca. 5 mm, smooth. Fl. and fr. May-Dec.
The plants are parasitic on species of Lithocarpus, sometimes growing on moist ground in forests, where it is apparently a root parasite.
" 34093 general 6944945 "Sympegma regelii" "Plants to 30-150 cm tall. Roots black-brown, stout. Older branches much branched, yellow-white to gray-brown, usually fissured; annual branches gray-green, slightly papillate, with numerous axillary, dwarf, single-internode branches; dwarf branches 3-8 mm, basally articulated, caducous. Leaves obliquely spreading, straight or somewhat arcuate, 4-10 × ca. 1 mm, base contracted, apex acute. Bractlets basally connate. Perianth segments erect, herbaceous, prominently veined, margin membranous, apex subobtuse; wing light yellow, broadly ovate to suborbicular, unequal, membranous, longitudinally veined. Seed 1-1.2 mm in diam.; embryo yellow-green. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.
This species provides forage in desert and semidesert areas; sheep and camels eat the annual branches.
" 34154 general 1165260 "Ranunculus intramongolicus" "Herbs perennial, subaquatic. Roots fibrous, subequally thick. Stems 3--5, subglabrous or sparsely puberulent, branched, branches rooting at nodes. Basal leaves ca. 5; petiole 1--4 cm, subglabrous or sparsely puberulent; blade 3-lobed, reniform or broadly ovate, 0.2--0.8 × 0.3--1 cm, herbaceous, glabrous or abaxially appressed puberulent, base truncate or broadly cuneate, central lobe broadly ovate, entire or 1-crenate; lateral lobes unequally 2-lobed, rarely undivided. Stem leaves similar to basal ones but smaller, short petiolate. Flowers solitary, terminal, ca. 0.5 cm in diam. Pedicel 2--15 mm, subglabrous or appressed puberulent. Receptacle glabrous. Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Petals 5, obovate, ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, nectary pit without a scale, apex rounded. Stamens numerous; anthers oblong. Aggregate fruit subglobose, ca. 4 mm in diam.; carpels numerous. Achene slightly bilaterally compressed, ovoid-globose, ca. 1.2 × 1.2 mm, glabrous, margin with corky thickening; style persistent, ca. 0.1 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.
" 34173 general 1163738 "Ranunculus sieboldii" "Herbs perennial. Roots fibrous, subequally thick. Stems ascending or subprostrate, 8--50 cm, hirsute, branched, rarely simple, rooting at lower nodes. Basal leaves 3--7; petiole 2.5--14 cm, hirsute; blade ternate, ovate in outline, 1.5--5.4 × 2.6--7 cm, papery, strigose; central leaflet petiolulate, broadly rhombic or broadly rhombic-ovate, margin 3-cleft to middle, few dentate; lateral leaflets petiolulate, obliquely broadly obovate, unequally 2-lobed or 2-partite. Stem leaves similar to basal ones, with shorter petioles. Flowers leaf-opposed, 0.9--1.8 cm in diam. Pedicel 0.7--4.6 cm, densely strigose. Receptacle puberulent. Sepals 5, reflexed, narrowly ovate, 4--6 mm, abaxially strigose. Petals 5, narrowly obovate or long elliptic, 5--9 × 2.5--4 mm, nectary pit covered by a scale, apex rounded. Stamens numerous; anthers oblong. Aggregate fruit subglobose, 8--10 mm in diam.; carpels numerous. Achene flat, obliquely obovate, 3--4 × 2.2--3 mm, glabrous, broadly marginate; style persistent, ca. 1 mm, curved at apex. Fl. Mar--Oct.
Ranunculus taiwanensis Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu (Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 11 (3): 108. 1978), is known only from the type, which could not be located. The protologue, particularly the description of 4 mm long achenes, suggests a relationship to R. sieboldii . However, the leaves of R. taiwanensis are more divided, and Michio Tamura (pers. comm.) believes that it is a distinct species.
" 34217 general 1164814 "Thalictrum leve" "Plants ca. 60 cm tall, glabrous. Stems branched, erect, sulcate or sometimes smooth. Leaves both basal and cauline; petiole 2--9 cm; leaf blade 2- or 3-ternate, 10--18 cm; leaflet blade orbicular or cuneate-obovate, 1--2.8 × 1--4.6 cm, papery, base cordate, margin 6--9-lobed; lobes crenate. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, pleiochasial, flat topped, many flowered. Sepals 4, early deciduous, whitish green, ca. 3.5 mm. Stamens many; filament whitish, 3--4 mm, apex strongly dilated, slightly narrower than anther; anther ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse. Carpels 4--15; style 0.2--0.3 mm; stigma conspicuous. Achenes sessile; body narrowly cylindric-ovoid, 1--3 mm; persistent style straight, 0.2--0.3 mm; veins 6--8, stout. Fl. Aug--Sep.
This species differs from Thalictrum scabrifolium in being glabrous and having leaflets with fewer crenate lobes and much shorter styles. Thalictrum leve may be synonymous with T. calcicola T. Shimizu (Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 24: 41. 1969), described from N Thailand, as was noted by Tamura (J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 28: 16. 1980; and in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 25: 980. 1997), but further study is required. If the two taxa are indeed conspecific, then the name T. calcicola has priority.
" 34393 general 679582 "Litsea elongata" "Evergreen small or medium-sized trees, up to 12 m tall, ca. 40 cm d.b.h. Branchlets densely brown tomentose. Leaves alternate or subverticillate; petiole 2-25 mm, densely brown tomentose; leaf blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 5-22 × 1.2-6 cm, pubescent abaxially and villous along midrib and lateral veins, glabrous adaxially, lateral veins 10-20 pairs, transverse veinlets conspicously prominent abaxially, base cuneate or rounded, apex obtuse, shortly acuminate, caudate-acute, or long caudate-acute. Umbels solitary, rarely clustered, 4- or 5-flowered per umbel; peduncle absent or to 10 mm. Male flowers: pedicel sericeous-villous; perianth segments 6, ovate; fertile stamens 9-12; filaments villous, of 3rd or 4th whorls each with 2 sessile rounded glands at base; rudimentary pistil glabrous. Fruit oblong, 11-13 × 7-8 mm, seated on cup-shaped perianth tube, black-purple at maturity; fruiting pedicel 2-3 mm. Fl. May-Nov, fr. Feb-Jun.
This species is variable in the size and shape of its leaves, especially in repeatedly disturbed secondary forests or dense thickets.
" 34608 general 986134 "Meconopsis punicea" "Herbs, perennial or monocarpic, 30-75 cm tall in flower, base with persistent leaf bases, armed with dense shortly branched yellowish or brown setae. Roots fibrous. Leaves all basal, forming a rosette, deciduous; petiole 6-34 cm, basally slightly ampliate sheathed; blade oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, 3-18 × 1-4 cm, both surfaces with dense, shortly branched, yellowish or brown, barbellate setae, obviously longitudinally veined, basally attenuate and decurrent into petiole, margin entire, apex acute. Scapes 1-6 from rosette leaf cluster, usually costate, fulvous barbellate-setose, ribbed. Flowers solitary on basal scapes, nutant. Flower buds ovoid. Sepals ovate, 1.5-4 cm, adaxially densely yellowish or brown barbellate-setose. Petals 4, rarely 6, intense carmine, rarely white, elliptic, 6-10 × 2.3-5 cm, apex acute or rounded. Filaments reddish, linear, 1-3 cm, flat; anthers yellow or brownish yellow, oblong, 3-4 mm. Ovary broadly oblong or ovate, 1-3 cm, densely yellowish barbellate-setose; styles very short or obsolete; stigmas 4-6-lobed. Capsule elliptic-oblong, 1.8-2.5 × 1-1.4 cm, glabrous or densely yellowish barbellate-setose, 4-6-valvate for a short distance from apex. Seeds densely papillose. Fl. Jun-Sep.
White-flowered forms have been assigned to Meconopsis punicea f. albiflora L. H. Zhou (Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 1980(8): 98. 1980).
" 35184 general 756948 "Vicia unijuga" "Herbs perennial, (15-)40-100(-180) cm tall. Stem subshrubby, pilose when young. Leaves paripinnate; stipules hastate or sublanceolate, 8-20 × 3-5 mm, margin unequally toothed; leaflets 1-paired, ovate to lanceolate or rhombic-elliptic, (15-)30-90(-115) × (6-)15-40(-50) mm, both surfaces pilose, apex sometimes acuminate; tendril rarely present, usually replaced by a mucro. Raceme rarely branched, ± cylindric, 4.5-7 cm, usually obviously longer than leaf, densely 8-20-flowered. Calyx campanulate or obliquely so, glabrescent. Corolla deep or light blue to purple to red, rarely white; standard violin-shaped, constricted at middle, 11-15 mm; wings 13-14 mm, longer than keel. Ovary linear, glabrous; ovules 2-8. Legume oblong, flat, 20-35 × 5-7 mm, glabrous, apex beaked. Seeds 3-7, oblate-spheroid. Fl. Feb (in S Yunnan), Jun-Sep, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 12, 14, 24.
Vicia unijuga may be the commonest species of Vicia in China, or at least it is the most often collected. The morphological variation is considerable. Several specimens from Hubei are distinctive in having leaflets lanceolate, large (55-115 × 25-45 mm), with a long-acuminate apex (A. Henry 6596, BM!, E!, K!; E. H. Wilson 1230, K!; E. H. Wilson 2036, E!; E. H. Wilson 3486, BM!, E!, K!; and Silvestri 1185, K!). A specimen apparently from the Beijing area ("Fl. Pekinensis," Bretschneider 209, K!) is similar, as is one from S Korea (Chung In-Cho’s collector 9555, E!). Two specimens from Shandong ([German name] 218, K!; E. Faber 245, K!) have leaflets narrowly elliptic and unusually narrow (30-50 × 6-12 mm). A specimen from S Yunnan (J. F. Rock 2548, K!) has leaves approaching this narrowness.
Vicia unijuga var. trifoliolata Z. D. Xia (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 433. 1996; V. unijuga f. trifoliolata (Z. D. Xia) Y. Endo & H. Ohashi), described from Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Sichuan, was diagnosed in the protologue as "A typo foliolis 3 cirrho 4-5 cm longo, floribus minoribus laxioribusque differt" (differs from the type [by having] leaflets 3 with tendril 4-5 cm long, with flowers smaller and laxer). Further study is needed to ascertain its status.
"Vicia unijuga var. waldeniana" (S. Y. Hu in B. M. Walden & S. Y. Hu, Wild Fl. Yunnan Centr. China, 131. 2000) belongs here but was not validly published because no type was indicated (Vienna Code, Art. 37.1).
Leaflet blade abaxially pale, lateral veins 6-9 pairs, axils yellowish crinite.
Welzen (Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 32: 168-169. 2004) treated this taxon as Meliosma pinnata [subsp. barbulata] var. barbulata.
" 35634 general 530407 "Ochna integerrima" "Small trees or shrubs, 2-7 m tall, 6-16 cm d.b.h., deciduous. Branchlets gray-brown, glabrous. Stipules 2-7 mm, soon deciduous; petiole 2-5 mm; leaf blade elliptical, obovate-oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, 7-19 × 3-5.5 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin serrate, apex acute or obtuse; midvein prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescence corymbose, ca. 4 cm, on short branchlets. Flowers ca. 3 cm in diam., on 1.5-3 cm pedicels.
Sepals oblong, 1-1.4 cm, apex obtuse, reflexed during anthesis, red in fruit. Petals 5(or 7), ovate, 1.3-2 cm, apex obtuse or rounded. Stamens 3-whorled, 0.9-1.2 cm; filaments 5-8 mm. Ovary 10-12-locular; style terete; stigma slightly lobed. Drupes 10-12 × 6-7 mm, base slightly curved, apex obtuse. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jun.
This species is found mainly in deciduous forests in SE Asia. The root can be used as a cathartic for treating worms and as a medicine for treating lymphatic disorders. It is also grown for decorative purposes.
" 35941 general 35489 "Ligusticum scapiforme" "Plants 5–30 cm. Root cylindrical, elongate, branched. Stems 2–3, unbranched, subscapose, base clothed in fibrous remnant sheaths. Basal petioles 2–3 cm; blade oblong-lanceolate, 3–5 × 2–3 cm, 2–3-pinnate, primary pinnae 4–5(–10) pairs; ultimate segments linear to lanceolate, 2–3 × 0.5–1 mm. Cauline leaves absent or occasionally 1, reduced. Umbels terminal, 3–6 cm wide, pilose at base; bracts 1–3, linear, pinnate or apex 3-lobed, rarely entire; rays (7–)9–15, unequal, 1–3 cm; bracteoles 8–10, 1–2-pinnate or apex 3-lobed, ca. equaling umbellules. Calyx teeth conspicuous. Petals white or purplish, obovate, base shortly clawed. Styles ca. equaling stylopodium. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 4–5 × 3–4 mm; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform, lateral ribs winged; vittae 1–4 in each furrow, 4–6(–8) on commissure. Seed face plane. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
This species has reputed medicinal value. The original description and a cited isotype of Ligusticum maxonianum (Yunnan: Lijiang, J. F. Rock 10380, E) possess a combination of characters in common with L. scapiforme.
" 35997 general 35594 "Peucedanum songpanense" "Plants 30–40 cm. Stem purplish, unbranched or 1–2-branched above. Leaf blade pinnate (sometimes with 3 leaflets); ultimate segments ovate to long-ovate, 1.5–4 × 0.5–2 cm. Cauline leaves reduced upwards, petioles sheathing throughout. Umbels terminal and lateral, loosely compound, terminal umbels often 1–2 branched; umbels 4–9 cm across; bracts 1–8, lanceolate, unequal, 5–50 × 1–5 mm, entire, apex 3-lobed or pinnate; rays 8–25, purplish-red, unequal, 2–6 cm; bracteoles linear or lanceolate, unequal, 3–10 × 0.5–1 mm; umbellules 8–20-flowered. Pedicels 3–12 mm, unequal. Calyx teeth absent. Petals white, obovate unequal. Styles short. Fruit oblong, 5–7 × 4–5 mm; vittae 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. Fl. and fr. Sep–Oct.
Sparse Betula forests, margins of cultivated areas; 2800–3000 m. N Sichuan (Songpan).
" 36020 general 35190 "Pimpinella candolleana" "Plants perennial, 10–100 cm, pubescent throughout. Root cylindrical or fusiform, 5–15 × 0.5–1 cm. Stems 1–2, little-branched. Basal petioles 2–20 cm; bade simple (rarely ternate), cordate-ovate, (1–)3–8 × (1–)2–7 cm, margins coarsely serrate. Cauline leaves few, ternate, 3-lobed or 1-pinnate, rarely entire. Umbels 3–6 cm across; bracts absent or 1–7, linear, 3–8 mm; rays (6–)10–25, 1.5–4 cm, unequal, pubescent or scabrous; bracteoles 1–6, linear, 2.5–4 mm, ca. equal to or longer than pedicels, glabrous; umbellules 9–12 mm across, 10–20-flowered, usually central flowers subsessile and sterile; pedicels 0.5–3.5 mm. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals white or purplish, obcordate, apex with incurved lobule. Stylopodium conic; styles ca. 2–3 × stylopodium. Fruit cordate-ovoid, ca. 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm, surface granulate with dense, short papillae; vittae 2–3 in each furrow, 2–4 on commissure. Seed face plane. Fl. Apr–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 18*.
This species has reputed medicinal value in China. The Chinese species Pimpinella bisinuata, P. candolleana, P. coriacea, P. renifolia, P. rockii, P. tibetanica, and P. yunnanensis form part of a species complex with papillose or granular fruits and heteromorphic leaves: basal leaves are simple or ternate (sometimes pinnate with 5 leaflets), compared to the more dissected upper leaves with more leaflets and narrower segments. These, together with similar species in India and SE Asia, are often difficult to distinguish and their species boundaries are unclear. Pimpinella candolleana is generally known from peninsular India, and so the application of this name to Chinese plants is controversial. However, this and other problems with these Chinese taxa cannot be resolved in isolation, and must wait for a broad revision of allied taxa in China, India, Indonesia, and SE Asia.
" 36117 general 35863 "Selinum cryptotaenium" "Plants 0.4–2 m, stout. Taproot 2–3 cm thick, branched. Stem erect, striate, branched above. Basal petioles 10–20 cm; sheaths somewhat inflated, 2–7 cm broad, purplish; blade triangular-ovate, 8–10 × ca. 8 cm, ternate-2–3-pinnate, glabrous or scabrid; pinnae 4–8 pairs; ultimate segments oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 10–20 × 5–8 mm. Umbels 8–10 cm across (to 20 cm across in fruit); bracts 12–15, linear, densely hispid, recurved, caducous; rays 12–28(–50), subequal, 5–7 cm, elongating in fruit, hispid; bracteoles 5–10, linear, entire or apex 2–4-lobed, ca. equaling pedicels, recurved. Calyx teeth linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm. Petals white or faintly pinkish, pinkish in bud. Styles short when young, ca. 2 × stylopodium in fruit. Fruit ovoid, ca. 4 × 3.5–4 mm; dorsal ribs subequal, narrowly winged, lateral ribs broad-winged; vittae 1 in dorsal furrows, 2–3 in lateral furrows, 4–6 on commissure. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
The type of Pleurospermum glaucescens (Yunnan: Lijiang, J. F. Rock 4481, E) and Wolff’s original description show no membranous margin on the bracteoles, well-developed, linear calyx teeth, and dorsally compressed fruit. These features are uncharacteristic of Pleurospermum, and so this species is treated here as a synonym of Selinum cryptotaenium.
" 36234 general 544420 "Rhododendron ciliatum" "Shrubs, 0.3–2 m tall; young shoots scaly or hispid. Petiole ca. 6 mm, scaly, hispid; leaf blade leathery, elliptic or oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 3–8 × 1.6–3.7 cm; base rounded or obtuse; apex acute, obtuse or acuminate, apiculate; abaxial surface scales 2–3 × their own diameter apart, small, hispid along midrib; adaxial surface scaly, hispid. Inflorescence terminal, racemose or cymose, 2–4-flowered; rachis 2–3 mm, scaly and pubescent or glabrous. Pedicel 0.5–1 cm, scaly, densely hispid; calyx pale green or red, deeply 5-lobed; lobes ca. 8 mm, broadly ovate, sparsely scaly at base; corolla funnelform, white tinged with pale red, 3.7–5 cm, glabrous throughout; lobes 5, emarginate; stamens 10, unequal, 1.2–3.1 cm, filaments densely pubescent at base; ovary 5–6-locular, densely scaly; style as long as corolla, glabrous. Capsule broadly ovoid, 10–16 mm, densely scaly. Fl. Feb–Mar.
Rhododendron thickets on slopes, rocky cliffs; 2700–3500 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, E Nepal, Sikkim].
" 36896 general 1137458 "Primula strumosa" "Herbs perennial. Basal bud scales ovate to ovate-oblong, to 5 cm, yellow farinose. Petiole broadly winged, concealed by basal bud scales at anthesis, becoming diffuse, ca. as long as leaf blade; leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate or oblong, 5--20 X 1--2.5 cm at anthesis, to 30 cm at fruiting, efarinose or yellow farinose abaxially, base attenuate to obtuse or shallowly cordate, margin crenate to denticulate, apex obtuse to acute. Scapes 7--18 cm at anthesis, elongating to 35 cm in fruit, yellow farinose distally, umbels 6- to many flowered; bracts lanceolate, 3--10 mm. Pedicel 1--2 cm, farinose. Flowers heterostylous. Calyx campanulate, 5--7.5 mm, densely yellow farinose, parted to middle; lobes ovate to ovate-oblong, margins overlapping, apex obtuse. Corolla yellow; tube 1.1--1.3 cm; limb 1.5--2.5 cm wide; lobes suborbicular, margin crenate to emarginate. Pin flowers: stamens at middle of corolla tube; style slightly exserted. Thrum flowers: stamens toward apex of corolla tube; style slightly longer than calyx. Capsule disintegrating at maturity.
J. Richards (J. Scot. Rock Gard. Club 15: 211. 1977.) treated this species as a subspecies of Primula calderiana I. B. Balfour & Cooper because the plants hybridize freely in cultivation. As is well known, species will maintain their integrity in geographic isolation, but may produce hybrids in areas where they overlap with other closely related species. The experienced collector F. Ludlow made a very convincing argument in a field note in 1949, when he collected these two species in Monala, on the Karchung pass of Bhutan: "Above ca. 14000 ft., P. calderiana here ceases, and is completely replaced by this plant (P. strumosa). A few miles below where this was taken, every color imaginable exist. At 15000 ft. there is nothing but this one color (rich yellow). There is no doubt that P. calderiana and P. strumosa hybridize freely". This taxon is sufficiently distinctive to justify recognition at the species level.
" 37241 general 453237 "Cuscuta japonica" "Stems yellow or often with purplish spots, slightly stout, 1-2 mm in diam., many branched. Inflorescences spicate, ca. 3 cm; bracts and bracteoles scalelike, broadly ovate, ca. 2 mm. Flowers subsessile. Calyx cupular, ca. 2 mm, deeply divided; sepals ovate to circular, equal or unequal, purplish tuberculate abaxially, apex acute. Corolla pink or greenish white, campanulate to tubular, 3-7 mm, shallowly 5-lobed; lobes erect or reflexed, ovate-triangular, much shorter than tube, apex obtuse. Stamens inserted at throat; anthers yellow, ovate-circular; filaments very short or absent; scales oblong, fimbriate, reaching middle of tube. Ovary globose, smooth. Style 1, longer than or as long as ovary; stigma elongated. Capsule ovoid, ca. 5 mm, circumscissile near base. Seeds 1-3, brown, 2-2.5 mm, smooth. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep.
The seeds are used medicinally.
According to Kamelin (in litt.), Chinese material identified as Cuscuta japonica requires further study. Possibly two species are combined in this description; one of them may be C.engelmannii Krock, which perhaps represents the material from Xinjiang.
Although Cuscuta japonica var. fissistyla Engelmann ( = C. upcraftii Pearson) was recognized by Fang & Huang (1979), no material of this taxon was examined by the authors, andthe variety is here excluded.
Herbs annual, terrestrial and repent or floating; axial parts glabrous. Stems terete, thick, hollow, rooting at nodes. Petiole 3-14 cm, glabrous; leaf blade variable, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate, 3.5-17 X 0.9-8.5 cm, glabrous or rarely pilose, base cordate, sagittate or hastate, occasionally truncate, margin entire or undulate, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescences 1-3(-5)-flowered; peduncle 1.5-9 cm, base pubescent; bracts squamiform, 1.5-2 mm. Pedicel 1.5-5 cm. Sepals subequal, glabrous; outer 2 ovate-oblong, 7-8 mm, margin whitish, thin, apex obtuse, mucronulate; inner 3 ovate-elliptic, ca. 8 mm. Corolla white, pink, or lilac, with a darker center, funnelform, 3.5-5 cm, glabrous. Stamens unequal, included. Pistil included; ovary conical, glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid to globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., woody, tardily dehiscent or ?indehiscent. Seeds densely grayish pubescent, sometimes glabrous. 2n = 30*.
Commonly cultivated as a pot herb, Ipomoea aquatica is adapted to a warm, moist climate and cannot survive frost. Several races are recognized (without formal taxonomic designation) based on growing conditions (terrestrial vs. aquatic) and plant and flower color (greenish plants with white flowers vs. purplish tinged plants with lilac flowers). The plants have minor medicinal uses and also are used for forage.
" 37261 general 454245 "Ipomoea mauritiana" "Herbs perennial, twining, with glabrous or minutely muricate axial parts. Roots tuberous. Stems to 10 m, thinly angular. Petiole 3-11 cm; leaf blade circular in outline, 7-18 X 7-22 cm, usually palmately 5-7-divided to or beyond middle, rarely entire or shallowly lobed; segments lanceolate or elliptic, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along midvein, entire or irregularly undulate, apex acuminate or acute, mucronulate. Inflorescences few to many flowered; peduncle 2.5-20 cm; bracts early deciduous. Pedicel 0.9-2.2 cm. Sepals ± circular, oblong to broadly elliptic, concave, equal or outer 2 shorter, 7-12 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse. Corolla pink or reddish purple, with a darker center, funnelform, 5-6 cm; limb 5-7 cm in diam., undulate. Stamens included. Pistil included; ovary glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 1.2-1.4 cm. Seeds dark brown, ca. 6 mm, woolly-sericeous with long, easily detached hairs. 2n = 30.
The leaves and roots are used externally to treat tuberculosis and for the treatment of external and breast infections.
The origin of Ipomoea mauritiana is unknown, but it may be in tropical America, where the nearest relatives occur.
Ipomoea mauritiana has often been misidentified as I. digitata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, a West Indian endemic that does not occur in Asia.
Perennials, aquatic. Aerial stems with sessile glands or pilose or nearly smooth and glabrous. Submerged leaves to 50 cm, multiparted; segments capillary. Aerial leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, oblong, ca. 15 X 3 mm, glabrous, base subamplexicaul, margin subcrenate; veins 3-5, parallel. Flowers sessile and in terminal spikes or short pedicellate and solitary in leaf axils. Bracteoles absent. Calyx ca. 3 mm, with sessile glands, without raised veins in fruit. Corolla pale purple, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Capsule pale brown, subglobose, ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. Jul.
" 37912 general 1022438 "Veronica undulata" "Perennials, rarely annuals; stems, inflorescence axes, pedicels, calyces, and capsules sparsely with capitate glandular hairs. Rhizomes inclined. Stems erect or procumbent at base, branched or not, 10-100 cm tall, succulent. Leaves sessile, amplexicaul upward; leaf blade mostly elliptic to ovate, sometime ovate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, 2-10 X 1-3.5 cm, margin usually serrate. Racemes axillary, longer than leaves, 1-1.5 cm wide, many flowered. Pedicel 3-5 mm, as long as or shorter than bract, straight, at a right angle with inflorescence axis, patent in fruit. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, equal in size, erect to patent, not appressed to capsule in fruit, apex acute. Corolla pale blue, pale purple, or white, rotate, 4-5 mm in diam.; tube short; lobes broadly ovate, slightly unequal in width. Stamens shorter than corolla. Capsule subglobose, as long as wide and as calyx, slightly compressed, apex rounded and slightly notched. Style 1-1.5 mm. Seeds ca. 30 per capsule, slightly flattened, convex on both sides. Fl. Apr-Sep. 2n = 18.
Veronica undulata and V. anagallis-aquatica differ morphologically and geographically, with the latter not occurring in SE China.
Plants with galls are used to stimulate blood circulation, relieve pains, stimulate menstrual flow, and stop bleeding.
Perennials or annuals, subaquatic or terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on stolons and leaves, long stalked, obliquely ovoid, 0.5-1 mm, covered externally with clavate glands, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, branched, setiform. Leaves numerous, from peduncle base and stolon nodes, long petiolate, to 5 cm including petiole; leaf blade narrowly oblong in outline, pinnately divided; segments alternate, capillary, terete, glabrous. Inflorescences erect, 5-25 cm, 2-10-flowered; peduncle terete, 0.5-0.8 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basisolute, elliptic, 1.5-2 mm, base obliquely truncate, margin erosely denticulate, apex acute. Pedicel ascending, 2-6 mm, filiform, slightly dorsiventrally flattened, minutely papillose; bracteoles absent. Calyx lower lobe obovate-oblong, 1.3-2 mm, apex rounded; upper lobe transversely elliptic, 1.1-1.5 mm, apex rounded. Corolla violet, with a yellow spot at base of lower lip, 4.5-6 mm; lower lip subquadrate, longer than upper lip, 2-lobed to ca. 1/2 its length, lobes ovate-oblong; spur narrowly cylindric from a conic base, somewhat longer than corolla lower lip, apex obtuse; palate with a slightly raised, rounded marginal rim; upper lip broadly ovate, ca. 2 × as long as upper calyx lobe, apex rounded. Filaments ca. 0.6 mm, strongly curved; anther thecae confluent. Ovary globose; style short; stigma lower lip semicircular and margin papillose, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose, 2-3 mm, dehiscing by an ovate-oblong ventral pore. Seeds globose, 0.2-0.3 mm in diam.; seed coat with prominent nearly isodiametric coarse reticulations. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Sep-Oct.
" 38108 general 771627 "Utricularia punctata" "Perennials, freely suspended aquatic. Rhizoids apparently absent. Stolons filiform, branched. Traps on leaves, shortly stalked, broadly obliquely ovoid, 1-2 mm, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, branched, setiform, with simple shorter setae. Leaves numerous on stolons, 2-6 cm, divided from near base into 2 or 3 primary segments; segments elliptic in outline, dichotomously divided into numerous further segments; ultimate segments capillary, terete, sparsely minutely setulose. Inflorescences erect, 6-20 cm, 5-10-flowered; peduncle terete, 0.6-1 mm thick, glabrous; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basisolute, ovate, 2-2.5 mm, glandular. Pedicel erect, 3-10 mm, filiform, slightly dorsiventrally compressed; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes orbicular, convex, 1-1.8 mm; lower lobe slightly smaller, apex truncate to retuse; upper lobe apex rounded. Corolla lilac, violet, or white, with a yellow blotch at base of lower lip, 6-10 mm; lower lip transversely oblong-elliptic to subreniform, base with prominent 2-lobed swelling, apex rounded to retuse; spur narrowly conic, ± as long as and parallel with lower lip, slightly curved, apex truncate to emarginate; palate margin glabrous; upper lip transversely elliptic, cucullate, apex rounded. Filaments ca. 1.5 mm, curved; anther thecae confluent. Ovary broadly ovoid; style evident, glandular; stigma lower lip transversely elliptic, upper lip semicircular to deltoid. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, dehiscing by longitudinal dorsal and ventral slits. Seed few per capsule, lenticular, ca. 2 mm in diam., margin broadly winged, wing irregularly dentate; seed coat with small prominent reticulations. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep.
" 38177 general 6932712 "Sambucus williamsii" "Shrubs or small trees, 5-6 m tall. Old branches reddish brown, with conspicuous, narrowly elliptic lenticels; pith brownish. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets (1 or)2- or 3(-5)-jugate; lateral leaflets ovate-orbicular or narrowly elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, 5-15 × 1.2-7 cm, base cuneate or rounded, sometimes cordate, asymmetrical, margin irregularly serrate, sometimes with 1 to several glandular teeth at base or below middle, apex acute to acuminate or caudate; lowest pair of leaflets sessile or petiole to ca. 0.5 cm; terminal leaflet ovate or obovate, adaxially sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent, petiolule ca. 2 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate or caudate; stipules narrowly linear or reduced to bluish protrusions. Inflorescences terminal cymose panicles, 5-11 × 4-14 cm, pedunculate, sometimes sparsely pubescent, soon glabrescent. Flowers appearing simultaneously with leaves, dense; calyx tube urceolate, ca. 1 mm, lobes triangular-lanceolate, slightly shorter than tube; corolla pinkish in bud, white or yellowish when open; tube short; lobes oblong or narrowly ovate-orbicular, ca. 2 mm; stamens spreading, ca. as long as corolla lobes; filaments slightly dilated at base; anthers yellow; ovary 3-loculed; styles short; stigmas 3-lobed. Fruit red, rarely bluish or purplish black, ovoid or subglobose, 3-5 mm in diam.; pyrenes 2 or 3, ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.5-3.5 mm, slightly rugose. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 36*.
Sambucus williamsii was treated as a synonym of a highly variable, circumboreal S. racemosa Linnaeus by Bolli (Diss. Bot. 223: 187-197. 1994). The black fruit and dark green leaves (Bolli, loc. cit.) distinguish S. williamsii and S. melanocarpa A. Gray of W North America from other members of the S. racemosa complex. Sambucus williamsii also has a more pronounced fetid odor. Because of the high degree of variation and the pronouncement by Bolli (loc. cit.) that the variation within his circumscription of S. racemosa should be further evaluated in a geographic context through field, cytological, and biochemical methods, for the time being, we prefer to maintain S. williamsii, and, with less certainty, the following species, S. sibirica, as distinct.
" 38222 general 6932737 "Viburnum macrocephalum" "Shrubs, deciduous or semievergreen, to 4 m tall. Bark gray-brownish or gray-whitish. Branchlets of current year densely gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent, glabrescent; branchlets of previous year gray-brownish or gray-whitish, terete, glabrous, with dispersed, small, rounded lenticels. Winter buds naked, densely gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent. Leaves always opposite, not clustered at apices of branchlets; stipules absent; petiole green, robust, 1-1.5 cm, gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent; leaf blade greenish white when young, ovate to elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5-11 × 2-5 cm, papery, abaxially stellate-pubescent, adaxially densely stellate-pubescent at first, later only so on midvein, midvein raised abaxially, lateral veins 5- or 6-jugate, pinnate, arched, branched, anastomosing near margin, raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, veinlets transverse, slightly raised or inconspicuous abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, not lobed, base rounded or sometimes slightly cordate, without glands, margin denticulate, apex obtuse or slightly acute. Flowers appearing after leaves; inflorescence a compound umbel-like cyme, terminal, 8-15 cm in diam.; rays whorled; first node of inflorescence with 5 rays, dense, gray-whitish or yellow-whitish stellate-pubescent, totally composed of large sterile flowers, or of fertile flowers yet with 8-18 large sterile radiant flowers; peduncle 1-2 cm; bracts caducous, leaflike, green, linear-lanceolate, stellate-pubescent; bracteoles linear. Flowers on rays of 3rd order, not fragrant, sessile or shortly pedicellate. Sterile flowers: calyx like fertile flowers; corolla white, rotate, 1.5-4 cm in diam., glabrous; lobes orbicular-obovate, apex rounded; stamens and pistils not developed. Fertile flowers: calyx greenish; tube tubular, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous; lobes oblong, small, ca. 2 mm, nearly as long as calyx tube, glabrous, apex obtuse; corolla white, rotate, 10-12 mm in diam., glabrous; tube ca. 1 mm; lobes spreading, orbicular-obovate, ca. 2 mm, longer than tube, apex rounded, margin entire; stamens slightly taller than corolla lobes, inserted near base of corolla tube; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers yellow, subglobose, small; styles slightly exceeding or subequaling calyx lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit initially turning red, maturing black, elliptic, ca. 12 mm, base rounded, apex rounded, glabrous; pyrenes compressed, oblong, 10-12 × 6-8 mm, with 2 shallow dorsal grooves and 3 shallow ventral grooves, apex rounded. Fl. Apr-May, fl. Sep-Oct. 2n = 18*.
Two forms may be recognized as follows. The typical form (f. macrocephalum) has its inflorescence totally composed of large sterile flowers (without anthers) and is known from cultivation only, while f. keteleeri (Carrière) Rehder (Bibl. Cult. Trees, 603. 1949; Viburnum keteleeri Carrière, Rev. Hort. 1863: 269. 1863; V. arborescens Hemsley; V. macrocephalum var. keteleeri (Carrière) G. Nicholson; V. macrocephalum var. indutum Handel-Mazzetti) is the wild-related taxa and has its inflorescence with 8-18 large sterile radiant flowers (without anthers) only at margin and fertile flowers (with stamens) at center. Also commonly cultivated, the latter also occurs in forests, thickets on mountain slopes, at 400-1000 m, in W Anhui, W Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, NW Jiangxi, and Zhejiang.
" 38342 general 468675 "Trichosanthes lepiniana" "Stem robust, branched, glabrous. Petiole 4-7 cm, striate, glabrous or glandular-punctate; leaf blade adaxially deep green, suborbicular, 9-17(-20) cm, shortly 3-5-lobed up to middle, adaxially rough; lobe margin denticulate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Male raceme 13-17 cm; peduncle robust, striate, glabrous; pedicels ca. 5 mm; bracts suborbicular, ca. 4 cm, cucullate, margin lacerate; calyx tube attenuate from apex toward base, ca. 7 cm, puberulent; segments narrowly ovate, ca. 1.5 × 0.4 cm, margin laciniate. Female flowers solitary; pedicel 2.5-3 cm, glabrous, striate; bracts ovate, ca. 1.5 × 1 cm, entire; calyx tube ca. 4 cm; ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1 cm, glabrous. Fruit red, ovoid, ca. 9 cm in diam., smooth. Seeds brown, broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 × 0.8-1 cm, base obtuse or attenuate, apex truncate. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
De Wilde and Duyfjes (in Santisuk & Larsen, Fl. Thailand 9(4): 520. 2008) considered the Chinese material here treated as Trichosanthes lepiniana to represent a distinct species, T. inthanonensis Duyfjes & Pruesapan (Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 32: 86. 2004, type from N Thailand; the type of T. lepiniana is from peninsular India).
" 38363 general 982669 "Pandanus tectorius" "Trees or shrubs, 3-10 m. Stems erect or ascending, many branched, non-suckering; prop roots present or absent; numerous aerial roots often present. Leaves green, often glaucous abaxially, linear-ensiform, to 180 × 10 cm, spinose-serrate on margin and midvein abaxially, apex abruptly long acuminate. Male inflorescence to 60 cm, pedunculate, paniculately compound with ultimate spiciform branches; spathes 13-18, white, narrowly lanceolate, 10-60 × 1.5-4 cm, serrate on margin and midvein; spikes pendulous, 8-20 mm; stamens 10(-25), racemosely fasciculate; filaments connate below, 1-3 mm; anthers linear, ca. 3 × 0.6 mm, connective mucronate. Female inflorescence capitate, solitary, globose to ovoid-ellipsoid, 10-25 cm; spathes numerous, white, 15-30 × 1.4-2.5 cm, margin serrate; ovule 1 per locule. Syncarp pendulous, globose or cylindric, to 17 × 15 cm; phalanges 40-80 per aggregate-head, each phalange comprising 4-12 fused obconic carpels connate below and free above, fragrant, yellow to orange to yellowish brown from base to apex, 4-10 × 1-6.5 cm; carpel apices distinct, flattened or angled, tuberculate; persistent stigma subsessile, slightly protruded. Fl. Jan-May, fr. Oct.
Pandanus tectorius sometimes is used as a living fence, and the leaves are used for weaving.
According to FRPS (8: 20. 1992), Pandanus tectorius var. sinensis (a variety not accepted in this treatment on the authority of Stone, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 20: 24. 1983) occurs on seaside beaches in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Taiwan and differs from the typical variety in having leaves narrower, attenuate into a long flagelliform apex, to 15 cm; ovary (4 or)5- or 6(or 7)-locular; and syncarp smaller, globose, ca. 8 × 8 cm, consisting of 50-60 phalanges, each phalange ca. 2.5 × 2 cm. Stone (loc. cit.) considered P. tectorius var. sinensis, with phalanges ca. 3.5 × 4 cm, to be a synonym of P. odoratissimus, with phalanges 3-8 × 2.5-4.5 cm. The correct name of this taxon has long been controversial (see Martelli, "Pandanus odoratissimus" o "Pandanus tectorius"? Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 36: 329-337. 1929). Stone (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 97: 36-38. 1988) reinstated P. tectorius, reversing his former acceptance of P. odoratissimus (Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 20: 23. 1983). The type specimen of P. remotus, a name synonymized by Stone (loc. cit.: 24), is from Hong Kong (Shek O).
Stone (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 97: 46-47. 1988) noted that there are "variegated-leaf mutants of P. tectorius, known in horticulture variously as P. sanderi and P. veitchii. ..... (which can back-mutate to all green leaf forms)." The mutant (cultivar) P. sanderi Masters is cultivated as an ornamental in Hong Kong (see Check List Hong Kong Pl. 297. 2002). Its leaves have yellow or golden longitudinal marginal stripes. Pandanus veitchii Masters & T. Moore is cultivated at the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Its leaves have white or silvery marginal stripes.
Herbs aquatic. Stems erect or obliquely so. Radical leaves with broad sheath; petiole 3--50 cm; leaf blade narrowly cordate, broadly or narrowly ovate, or lanceolate, 2--21 × 0.8--10 cm, apex acute to acuminate. Flowering stems 12--35 cm. Inflorescences soon reflexed after anthesis, 3--8(--12)-flowered; peduncle 1--3 cm, base bracteate; bract lanceolate. Flowers pedicellate. Perianth segments purplish, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 0.8--1.5 cm. Larger stamen: filament appendaged; anther 1.8--4 mm. Smaller stamens: filaments filiform; anthers 1.5--3 mm. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.7--1 cm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm; wings 8--12. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct.
The stems and leaves are used as a vegetable.
" 38436 general 455734 "Calystegia sepium subsp. spectabilis" "Stems climbing to several meters tall, glabrous or pubescent. Petiole 2--8 cm; leaf blade ± triangular with basal lobes 1/3--1/2 X as long as the midvein, glabrous to sparsely pubescent; sinus with divergent sides. Peduncles not exceeding leaf; bracteoles to 3 X 2.2 cm, keeled to somewhat saccate at base and slightly overlapping, apex acute to ± obtuse. Corolla pink, (4.5--)5.5--6.5 cm. Stamens (2.2--)2.5--3 cm; anthers 5.5--6.5 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Sep.
Calystegia sepium is a widespread and highly polymorphic species with a number of subspecies recognized in temperate parts of the northern and southern hemispheres.
Calystegia sepium subsp. spectabilis was described from a plant naturalized in northern Europe, the native provenance of which is uncertain. The relationships of this to the plantsfrom China and northern Russia, and also to C. pulchra Brummitt & Heywood, which was also described from a plant naturalized in northern Europe, are uncertain. The material fromChina and adjacent Russia is relatively uniform. It has larger and more inflated bracteoles and larger flowers than most subspecies of C. sepium, in this respect coming close to C.silvatica (Kitaibel) Grisebach, but it is apparently always pink flowered. A similarity to C. sepium subsp. appalachiana Brummitt, from the eastern U.S.A., should also be noted.
Calystegia sepium subsp. spectabilis intergrades into C. pubescens in N Korea and N Japan, and intermediates with C. pellita (Ledebour) G. Don are found in N China.
Calystegia dahurica (Herbert) G. Don is probably referable here, but the provenance of the original plant is unknown. No type specimen has been traced, and the name can only betypified by a rather inadequate original illustration.
Herbs annual, scandent or twining, with ± grayish hirsute axial parts. Stems 1-2 m. Petiole 1.5-8 cm; leaf blade cordate or deltate-cordate, 4-9.5 3-7 cm, hirsute-villous, base cordate, margin entire, rarely slightly 3-lobed, apex acuminate; lateral veins 6 or 7 pairs. Inflorescences 1-3-flowered; peduncle (0-)3-15 mm; outer 3 bracts linear-lanceolate, small. Pedicel 0.8-1.5 cm. Sepals slightly enlarged in fruit; outer 3 deltate-lanceolate, 8-10 4-5 mm, abaxially grayish hirsute-villous, ciliate, adaxially subglabrous, base auriculate; inner 2 linear-lanceolate, ca. as long as or longer than outer 3. Corolla white, narrowly campanulate, 1.2-1.9 cm; limb shallowly lobed, midpetaline bands pubescent. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anthers ovoid-deltoid, base sagittate. Ovary conical, glabrous. Capsule ± globose, ca. 9 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds ovoid-trigonous, ca. 4 mm, puberulent to tomentellous, margin sometimes white woolly.
The taxonomy of the cordatesepalled, smallflowered ipomoeas in China needs further study. The Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. account differs from other twentieth century floras in recognizing one, Aniseia biflora, instead of two species. The Chinese taxon has pantoporate, spinulose pollen grains, however, which indicates that it is a species of Ipomoea. The five known neotropical species of Aniseia all have nonspinulose, colpate pollen grains. The two issues not resolved in this account are whether one or two species should be recognized in China, and what names are to be applied to them.
Twentieth century floras for Africa, Asia, and Malesia recognize two species of smallflowered Ipomoea with cordate sepals: I. plebeia and I. sinensis. Several authors have pointed outthat the original description of the Linnaean Convolvulus biflorus is ambiguous, and in the absence of any type specimen (at the herbaria LINN or S), they have reduced C. biflorus tothe synonymy of Robert Brown's clearly defined and typified I. plebeia. Chinese specimens called I. (or Aniseia) biflora come very near to what has been called I. plebeia incontemporary African and Malesian floras.
Ipomoea sinensis, which occurs through much of the Old World tropics, is distinguished primarily by having peduncles to 4.5 cm long. The Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. placed it insynonymy of Aniseia biflora. For the time being, the epithet biflora, which is well established in the Chinese literature, is here maintained to a single highly variable taxon definedmuch as in the Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. A careful study of the entire complex of cordate-sepalled Ipomoea needs to be undertaken, however, to sort out the identities andnomenclature for the taxa involved.
The whole plant has several medicinal uses.
Herbs twining or sometimes prostrate, with ± densely retrorse pilose axial parts. Stems 3-6 m, sometimes rooting at nodes. Petiole 2-18 cm; leaf blade ovate or circular, 5-15 X 3.5-14 cm, abaxially densely short, soft, pubescent, adaxially ± sparsely pubescent, base cordate, margin entire or ± 3-lobed, apex acuminate or abruptly acuminate. Inflorescences dense umbellate cymes, several flowered; peduncle 4-20 cm; bracts linear, sometimes lanceolate. Pedicel 2-5(-8) mm. Sepals subequal, 1.4-2.2 cm, gradually linear-acuminate apically, glabrous to appressed pilose; outer 3 lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; inner 2 narrowly lanceolate. Corolla bright blue or bluish purple, aging reddish purple or red, with a paler center, funnelform, 5-8 cm, glabrous. Stamens included. Pistil included; ovary glabrous. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ± globose, 1-1.3 cm in diam. Seeds ca. 5 mm. 2n = 30*.
Fosberg (Bot. Not. 129: 35-38. 1976) has sorted out the complicated nomenclature for this pantropical species and established that Ipomoea indica is the correct name for it.
" 38594 general 1003819 "Larix griffithii" "Trees to over 20 m tall; trunk to 80 cm d.b.h.; bark gray-brown or dark brown, deeply fissured longitudinally; long branchlets initially reddish brown, light brown, or yellowish brown; short branchlets 6-8 mm in diam., nearly smooth, with remnants of bud scales and rings of revolute scales bases; winter buds ovoid-globose or globose, not resinous. Leaves 2.5-5.5 cm × 1-1.8 mm, keeled abaxially and toward base adaxially. Seed cones maturing brown or light brown, cylindric or cylindric-ellipsoid, 5-11 × 2.2-3 cm. Seed scales obovate-square, ± flat, 1.1-1.4 × 1.1-1.4 cm at middle of cones, pubescent toward base abaxially, margin denticulate toward apex, apex truncate or slightly emarginate. Bracts ovate- or obovate-lanceolate, longer than seed scales, 5-7 mm at widest part, obviously reflexed. Seeds grayish white, with irregular purplish spots, obliquely obovoid, ca. 10 mm including wing. Pollination Apr-May, seed maturity Oct.
The timber is used for construction, pit props, railway sleepers, and making furniture, and the bark yields tannins. The tree is also used for afforestation.
" 38700 general 455497 "Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis" "Herbs twining or prostrate; axial parts puberulent or glabrous, with milky sap. Stems striate, rooting at nodes. Petiole 1-4(-6) cm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-13.5 X 1.3-10 cm, softly whitish puberulent, adaxially more densely so, base cordate, rarely hastate, margin entire, apex emarginate, acute to acuminate. Inflorescences umbelliform cymes, few to many flowered; peduncle (0.5-)2-5(-12) cm; bracts early deciduous, lanceolate, minute. Pedicel 1-2(-3) cm. Sepals strongly concave, slightly unequal; outer 2 broadly elliptic or nearly circular, 0.8-1.4 cm, abaxially pubescent, rounded or emarginate; inner ones usually slightly longer, margin scarious. Corolla white or yellow, funnelform, 2.5-5.5 cm, midpetaline bands with a strip of whitish pubescence apically; limb slightly lobed. Stamens included; anthers not twisted. Ovary glabrous or sparsely pubescent apically. Capsule conical-ovoid, 0.7-1.3 cm X 7-8 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent apically, apiculate. Seeds ca. 5 mm, densely spreading long pubescent.
Used in Guangxi for treating infections.
Ooststroom (Blumea 3: 341-342. 1939) compared and contrasted the two varieties (later elevated to subspecies) of Merremia umbellata. Subspecies umbellata is distributedthroughout the American tropics (Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America as far south as Paraguay) and in western tropical Africa. It is a more robust plant,typically with more and larger flowers per inflorescence, corollas always yellow, capsules subglobose, with broader ovate valves, and seeds pubescent to shortly tomentose, the hairsonly slightly longer on the margins.
Merremia umbellata is clearly recognizable in North and South America, Malaysia, tropical Africa, and the Pacific Islands, but the situation is not so clear on mainland Asia. The limitsof M. umbellata adopted here and in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. are the same, but these encompass a much greater variation in flower size, color, and number per inflorescence, anddensity and in distribution of indumentum than do other regional floras that have circumscribed the species more narrowly. Further study of sect. Xanthips in mainland Asia is neededbefore a clearer concept of M. umbellata and its relatives in that section can be reached.
Bark at first grayish green and smooth, becoming dull gray and furrowed when old. Leaf blade ovate, elliptic-ovate, elliptic, or narrowly ovate, margin glandular crenate-serrate.
Cultivated in plantations and shade belt forests.
" 38995 general 1268136 "Populus × berolinensis" "Trees to 25 m tall; bark grayish green, furrowed and dull when older; crown broadly conical. Branches spreading; branchlets yellowish gray, robust, angled, glabrous. Buds light green, ovoid, glabrous, viscid, apex acuminate. Petiole terete, pilose; leaf blade ovate or rhombic-ovate, 7-10 × ca. 5 cm, abaxially green or slightly white, adaxially deep green, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin crenate-serrate, narrowly translucent at edge, apex long acuminate to caudate. Fruiting catkin to 18 cm. Capsule glabrous, 2-valved, stipitate.
Used for wood pulp and timber for construction; also planted for landscaping and reforestation.
" 39000 general 1268347 "Populus × xiaohei" "Trees to 20 m tall; trunk columnar, slightly furrowed at base when old; bark grayish green, when old dull grayish brown, smooth; lenticels loose; crown long ovoid. Lateral branches spreading from trunk at 45-60° ; sprouts grayish green, 3-angled below scars; short branchlets grayish brown or grayish white, terete. Buds slightly reddish brown, conical, apex acuminate, Leaves of short branchlets with petiole yellowish green, 2-4 cm, flattened at apex, glabrous; leaf blade rhombic-elliptic or rhombic-ovate, 5-8 × 4-4.5 cm, abaxially greenish, glabrous, adaxially bright green, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin crenate-serrate, entire near base, narrow and translucent at edge, apex long caudate or long acuminate. Leaves of long shoots with petiole reddish, flattened, short; leaf blade broadly ovate or rhombic-deltoid, base subcordate or broadly cuneate, apex shortly acuminate or mucronate. Male catkin 4.5-5.5 cm; bracts yellow, brown at apex, elliptic, laciniate. Male flower buds ox-horn-shaped, bent outward, often 3 or 4 together, viscid; disc yellow, flabelliform; stamens 20-30. Female catkin 5-7 cm, to 17 cm in fruit. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, large, 2-valved, stipitate. Seeds 5-10, russet, obovate. Fl. Apr, fr. May.
A hybrid between Populus nigra and P. simonii.
Used for wood pulp, fibers, timber for construction, and matchwood; also planted for reforestation.
Trees to 30 m tall; trunk erect, shallowly furrowed at base; bark brownish gray and smooth, grayish green, grayish white, or greenish gray when young; lenticels rhombic, crowded; crown conical or tower-shaped. Lateral branches diverging from trunk at less than 45° ; young branchlets grayish yellow, slightly angled, pilose. Buds russet, long ellipsoid-conical, 0.8-1.4 cm, viscid, apex obtuse. Leaves of short branchlets with petiole 1.5-3.5 cm, terete, slightly flattened distally, pilose or glabrous; leaf blade rhombic-deltoid, rhombic-elliptic, or broadly rhombic-ovate, 3-8 × 2-5 cm, abaxially greenish, glabrous, adaxially green, pilose along veins, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin glandular serrate, entire near base, sometimes translucent, apex acuminate. Sprouts and long shoots with leaf blade rhombic-deltoid, rarely obovate, larger, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex mucronate. Male catkin 5-6 cm. Male flower: stamens 8-15. Female catkin 4-6 cm, 10-16 cm in fruit. Female flower: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, large, 2(or 3)-valved. Seeds russet, obovate. Fl. Apr, fr. May.
A hybrid between Populus nigra var. italica and P. simonii.
A fast-growing tree important for timber, reforestation, and soil retention.
Climbers; indumentum grayish to dull yellow. Stems puberulent, glabrescent. Petiole 2.6-10.8 cm; leaf blade cordate-circular, 7.5-16.5 X 5.3-15 cm, smooth to rugulose, abaxially silvery villous. Panicle crowded; bracts cordate. Pedicel 2-4 mm, elongating in fruit. Flowers (4-)5-6(-7) mm. Sepals lanceolate-linear, flat or concave, equal, 1-2 mm, tomentose-villous abaxially. Fruiting calyx tan, reddish, or pale brown, loosely clasping; outer 3 sepals elliptic-oblong to narrowly ovate, 1.6-2.2(-2.4) cm X 7-9 mm, puberulent, margin free. Corolla white to cream, narrowly funnelform; limb (3-)5-7 mm in diam., 5-lobed. Stamens included, ± equal; filaments glabrous. Disc absent or ringlike. Ovary glabrous. Style obsolete; stigma subsessile. Fruit tan to brownish with darker lines, globose-ellipsoid, 5-6(-7) X 4-5 mm, pubescent, apiculate. Seeds dark brown, globose-ellipsoid, 4-6 X 3-5 mm, glabrous. Fl. Oct-Dec, fr. Mar-Apr. 2n = 26.
Widely though sparingly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, including Yunnan. A single seemingly indigenous collection from the Chinese side of the border between Xizang and Arunachal Pradesh, NE India, has been seen.
" 39158 general 1268767 "Salix pseudowallichiana" "Shrubs or trees to 6 m tall. Branchlets dull red or yellowish brown, glabrous, downy when young. Buds russet, glabrous. Stipules absent or small, semicordate; petiole 5-7 mm; leaf blade broadly ovate-elliptic, broadly elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 × 1.5-3 cm, glabrous or only veins pilose, abaxially greenish or whitish, adaxially dull green, base rounded or cuneate-rounded, margin entire or irregularly serrate distally, apex acute; lateral veins 7-10 on each side of midvein. Flowering slightly precocious or coetaneous. Male catkin broadly ellipsoid, ca. 2 × 1.5 cm; bracts purplish black distally, oblong-elliptic or obovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm, abaxially villous, apex rounded-obtuse. Male flower: gland 1; stamens 2; filaments united nearly throughout, ca. 6.5 mm, downy proximally; anthers red or golden yellow. Female catkin cylindric, ca. 3.5 × 1.5 cm; peduncle very short; bracts purplish black distally, oblong-elliptic or obovate-oblong, apex acuminate to rounded-obtuse. Female flower: gland small; ovary long conical, ca. 5 mm, downy, long stipitate; style short; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule with valves revolute. Fl. May, fr. Jun.
Very similar to Salix sinica but leaf blade generally wider, apex shorter; filaments partly united, downy. A. K. Skvortsov indicates that the circumboreal species S. phylicifolia Linnaeus, as treated in Fl. Tsinling., was based on misidentified specimens of S. pseudowallichiana or S. characta. R. Goerz considered that S. pseudowallichiana might be a hybrid between S. wallichiana and S. rockii.
" 39365 general 99965 "Asplenium dalhousiae" "Plants 13-15(-25) cm tall. Rhizome erect, short; scales brown to dark brown, narrowly triangular to lanceolate, margin with short teeth. Fronds caespitose; stipe short, less than 2 cm; lamina narrowly elliptical-obovate, 4-15 × 1.8-5 cm, gradually narrowed at base, pinnatipartite, apex acute to obtuse; segments 10-14 pairs, alternate, ovate to narrowly ovate, 8-12 × 5-8 mm, margin entire and hyaline, apex obtuse. Veins obscure, nothocatadromous (anadromous base pattern but several middle pinnae with their basal vein pair catadromous), lateral veins 6-8 pairs, often forking near margin. Fronds firmly papery, brownish yellow to dark brownish green when dry, glabrous, average guard cell length 45-54 µm. Sori 5-7 pairs per segment, 3-5 mm, oblique, on acroscopic secondary veinlets; indusia pale brown, linear, membranous, mostly opening toward costa. Spores pale brown, average exospore length 26-30 µm, outer perispore folded (lophate) and with small pores. Plants sexual diploid: 2n = 72.
Asplenium dalhousiae is a relatively common W Himalayan fern expected to occur in Xizang as it has been reported for Nepal (Roy et al., Brit. Fern Gaz. 10: 194. 1971); it is recorded provisionally in the Flora. This and the following three taxa (A. paucivenosum, A. magnificum, A. qiujiangense) were often included in the genus Ceterachopsis (J. Smith) Ching (Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 10: 8. 1940; 苍山蕨 属 cang shan jue shu) on the basis of their peculiar frond morphology. The group consists of four or five species, mainly from the subtropical mountains of SW China, and one (A. dalhousiae) more widely distributed taxon. Recent studies have confirmed that this clade does not merit generic rank.
" 39366 general 884712 "Botrychium boreale" "Rhizomes suberect, shortly cylindrical, annually producing 1 frond 5-10 cm tall. Common stipe 3-8 cm. Sterile lamina sessile or nearly so, lamina 2-pinnate at base, pinnate above, shiny, green, ovate-deltoid, 1-4 × 1-3 cm, fleshy, base cordate; pinnae 3-5 pairs, ascending, mostly overlapping; basal pinnae largest, ovate, up to 2 cm wide, base subtruncate, apex obtuse; upper pinnae and segments of basal pinnae elliptic, up to 5 mm wide; veins free. Sporophore arising at or near top of common stipe, with stalk 1.5-5 cm, 2-pinnate. Spore surface verrucose. 2n = 180.
According to reviewer Don Farrar, North American authors recognize three species from within the original concept of Botrychium boreale: B. boreale s.s. in Europe and B. pinnatum H. St. John and B. alaskense W. H. Wagner & J. R. Grant in North America, including Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The correct placement of Asian material has not yet been critically examined but could prove to belong to one or other of the American species rather than B. boreale s.s.
" 39369 general 102568 "Deparia petersenii" "Plants evergreen. Rhizome slender, creeping, dark brown, 2-5 mm in diam., apex with dense red-brown broadly lanceolate scales; fronds distant to approximate, variable, smallest ca. 6 × 1 cm, large fronds up to 1 m × 25 cm; stipe usually dark brown at base, upward stramineous, 2-40(-50) cm, 1-3 mm in diam. at base, with sparse pale brown to red-brown (rarely dark castaneous), broadly to narrowly lanceolate scales and curly nodose short hairs; lamina variable, usually broadly ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes ovate, narrowly deltoid, or deltoid, up to 50 × 25 cm; free pinnae up to 10(-12) pairs below pinnatilobate apex, pinnae of small fronds often lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes deltoid, ca. 5 × 1 cm, with only 1 or 2 pairs of free pinnae; pinnae of large fronds spreading or slightly ascending, subfalcate or sometimes straight, basal pinnae sometimes reflexed, shortly stalked or sessile, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 15 × 3.5(-4) cm, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, wider on acroscopic side than on basiscopic side, sometimes slightly auriculate, basal lobes not reduced or slightly so, usually broader, pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite, apex acuminate or long acuminate; pinnae of small fronds mostly ovate-rhomboid, obliquely ovate, or narrowly ovate, margin entire, repand, or shallowly lobed, apex rounded or acute; smallest pinnae ca. 5 × 4 mm; pinna lobes up to 15 pairs, subspreading, oblong, ligulate-elliptic, or falcate, margin entire, shallowly repand, or crenate, apex oblique, truncate, or acute, sometimes obtuse; veins pinnate with less than 7 pairs of veinlets, veinlets ascending, simple or forked, visible on both surfaces. Lamina herbaceous, green or gray-green to light yellow-green when dry, darker adaxially; abaxial side of rachis, costae, and veins hairy with many red-brown or yellow-brown to light gray-brown, long, nodose hairs, lamina between veinlets glabrous or with pale white nodose hairs, sometimes with few, brown, lanceolate scales; adaxial side of rachis, costae, and veinlets with short pointed nodose hairs. Sori shortly linear or linear-oblong, rarely J-shaped, less than 6 pairs per lobe, inframedial from veinlet base or near veinlet base to 2/3-4/5 of veinlet length, sometimes medial, single or double on basal acroscopic veinlets, covering entire surface of pinna lobes when mature; indusia gray-white when young, later brown or yellow-brown, membranous, glabrous or with short nodose hairs, margin lacerate, flat, not incurved. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, elliptic in polar view, perispore prominent, hyaline, with long clavate and aculeate projections. n = 80 (4´).
Deparia petersenii is distributed widely in Asia to tropical Oceania, in subtropical montane regions. In China, it is widely distributed south of the Qinling, near streams in evergreen broad-leaved forests lower than 2500 m, though it was also discovered at 3600 m near hot springs on Gongga Shan, Sichuan. There is great variability in the size and morphology of fertile plants.
Plants of Deparia petersenii with pinnae usually prominently oblique, pinna lobes oblique with angles of ca. 30°, acuminate at apex, and indusial margin flat and not incurved when young were recognized as Athyriopsis japonica var. oshimense (FRPS 3(2): 336. 1999). Further taxonomic examination is needed.
"Athyriopsis petersenii var. coreana" (Ching, Fl. Jiangsu. 1: 41. 1977) belongs here but was not validly published because a full and direct reference to the author and place of valid publication of the basionym was not provided (Melbourne Code, Art. 41.5).
Rhizome wide creeping, 2-3 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, lanceolate, 3-4 mm, margin remotely toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds remote. Stipe straw-colored, 5-8 cm, glabrous. Lamina deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 10-20 × 3-5 cm, subleathery, yellowish green abaxially, grayish green adaxially, glabrous, apex acuminate or caudate. Segments 12-16 pairs, spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 2-2.5 × 0.5-0.6 cm, usually decurrent to adjacent lobes by narrowly winged rachis, apex obtuse or acute. Veins free, veinlets terminating with hydathode near margin, invisible abaxially, hardly visible adaxially. Sori near margin; sporangia interspersed with 40 or fewer sporangiasters, normally without glandular hairs.
This taxon has traditionally been identified as Polypodium virginianum Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 2: 1085. 1753), but investigations indicate that P. virginianum is confined to E North America, whereas P. sibiricum ranges from the boreal forests of Canada west into N Japan, across China, and into Siberia (Haufler & Windham, Amer. Fern J. 81: 6-22. 1991; Haufler & Wang, Amer. J. Bot. 78: 624-629. 1991).
Polypodium grandiceps G. Nicholson (Ill. Dict. Gard. 4: 592. 1888), described from Taiwan.
Polypodium griseonigrum Baker (Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 55. 1895 ["griseo-nigrum"]), described from Yunnan.
Polypodium lobatum Hudson var. hupehense Pampanini (Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 22: 252. 1915), described from Hubei.
Polypodium mathewii Tutcher (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37. 68. 1905), described from Shandong.
Polypodium micropteris Baker (Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 14. 1906), not C. Christensen (1905), described from Yunnan.
Polypodium muliense Ching ex K. H. Shing (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 573. 1993), described from Sichuan.
Polypodium nervopilosum K. H. Shing (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 573. 1993), described from Sichuan.
Polypodium obtusifrons Hayata (Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 250. 1914), described from Taiwan.
Polypodium rosthornii Diels (Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(2): 205. 1900), described from China ("Kin-shan").
Polypodium trichophyllum Baker (Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 13. 1906), described from Yunnan.
Herbs 6-22 cm tall, densely tomentose and glandular throughout; caudex woody, branched, covered with petiolar remains of previous years, 2-10 mm in diam. Stems simple from caudex, simple or branched above. Basal leaves with petioles 1-3 cm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate in outline, 2-7.5 × 0.5-2 cm, margin pinnatifid or pinnatisect, rarely sinuate-dentate, apex subacute; lateral lobes to 7 on each side of midvein, oblong or ovate, 3-10 × 1-4 mm. Cauline leaves few, subsessile, pinnatifid or dentate. Fruiting pedicels stout, slightly narrower than fruit base, 2-4(-6) mm, divaricate. Sepals narrowly oblong, (6-)8-10 × 1.5-2 mm. Petals pink, creamy white, or yellowish, (1-)1.3-1.8 cm × (3-)4-6(-7) mm; claw (7-)9-11 mm. Median filaments (8-)9-11 mm, connate along 0.6-0.8 of their length; lateral filaments 6-7.5(-9) mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 2.5-3.5 mm. Ovules 20-30 per ovary. Fruit cylindric, (1.5-)2.5-3.5 cm × 2-3 mm, straight or curved, widest at base, attenuate to apex; style 3-5 mm; stigma lobes linear, 1-3 mm. Seeds oblong, brown, 2-2.5 × 1-1.3 mm. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jun-Jul.
A highly variable species in leaf margin, flower color and size, and degree of connation of median filaments. An examination of the type collections of the three "species" united here reveals that the alleged differences in the length of united portions of median filaments, which were used by Botschantzev (loc. cit.) and Yang (Fl. Desert. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 2: 64. 1987) to separate species, are totally unreliable, as is the shape of nectar glands. Yang (loc. cit.) reduced Oreoloma sulfureum to the synonymy of Sterigmostemum sulphureum (Banks & Solander) Bormüller, but the latter is an entirely different species restricted to SW Asia.
" 40460 general 1149132 "Antrophyum henryi" "Rhizome slender, shortly creeping or erect; scales pale brown, linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 × 0.1-0.3 mm, margin obviously denticulate, clathrate. Fronds clustered; stipe indistinct; lamina subleathery, linear-lanceolate, 5-15 × 0.8-1.5 cm, widest at middle or above, apex narrowly acute, base long attenuate; costa indistinct; veins abundantly reticulate, raised abaxially, invisible adaxially. Soral lines 3-5, zigzag, subparallel, continuous or interrupted, or forming nets, lower 1/3 not fertile; paraphyses taeniform. Spores trilete, tetrahedral-globose, surface papillate.
Reviewer Ralf Knapp notes that studies are being conducted by Taiwan Forestry Research Institute to determine whether material from Taiwan corresponds genetically with Antrophyum henryi or if it is closer to A. formosanum.
" 40461 general 1148435 "Antrophyum vittarioides" "Rhizome shortly creeping, apex ascending or erect; scales pale-brown, subulate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm, 0.5-1 mm wide at base, margin dentate, base lacerate, clathrate. Fronds clustered; stipe ca. 1 cm or shorter, appressed and winged, base slightly swollen, covered with scales like those on rhizome, verrucate after loss of scales; lamina leathery, linear, 15-20 × 0.7-1 cm; costa obvious, inframedial visible, evanescent upward; veins reticulate, forming 2 or 3 linear areoles. Soral lines linear, submarginal, one row on each side of costa, parallel to costa, or interrupted, slightly immersed in grooves, middle part fertile; paraphyses filiform, longer than sporangia. Spores trilete, tetrahedral-globose, surface ornamentation obscure.
Antrophyum vittarioides is close to A. brookei Hooker and A. subfalcatum Brackenridge from tropical Asian islands in the soral lines usually in one row near the margin on both sides of fronds. It is superficially like Haplopteris fudzinoi (Makino) E. H. Crane.
" 40495 general 100929 "Asplenium anogrammoides" "Plants 10-30 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect or ascending, apex scaly; scales dark brown to black, narrowly triangular, 3-8 × 0.3-0.7 mm, margins denticulate; scale base hyaline, cordate, with numerous yellow-brown, unicellular hairs 1-5 × ca. 0.02 mm, similar to root hairs. Fronds caespitose; stipe 7-15 cm, semiterete, dark brown abaxially or becoming green toward rachis, upward green, adaxially green, shallowly sulcate with supravascular ridge, with similar scales as on rhizome, reduced hairlike scales toward rachis or subglabrous; lamina ovate, 6-13 × 2.5-7(-8) cm, base truncate, apex acute, tripinnatifid-tripinnate; pinnae 8-12 pairs, basal pairs subopposite to alternate, stalk 2-4 mm, sulcate adaxially; several basal pinnae pairs ± equal in length, ovate-triangular, 1.5-3 × 0.5-1.5 cm, base nearly symmetrical, truncate to broadly cuneate, 2-pinnatifid-bipinnate, apex acute; pinnules 4-6 pairs, anadromous, acroscopic and basiscopic pinnules ± equal in size, narrowly triangular to ovate, 5-10 × 3-6 mm, base asymmetrical, acroscopic side truncate, basiscopic side cuneate, largest pinnules stalked, others decurrent on costa, pinnatipartite-pinnate, apex acute; segments 2 or 3 pairs, linear to narrow elliptic, apex with 2 or 3 teeth. Costa sulcate adaxially, without median ridge, veins slightly raised adaxially, anadromously forked. Fronds firmly herbaceous, green to grayish green, lamina subglabrous, average stomatal guard cell length 48-52 µm; rachis green, semiterete, abaxially green or base castaneous becoming green toward apex, adaxially sulcate with raised median supravascular ridge, with reduced scales or subglabrous. Sori 2-4 per ultimate segment, median to subterminal on acroscopic vein, subconfluent at maturity, subelliptic, 1-2.5 mm; indusia grayish green, subelliptic, membranous, entire, opening toward costule or central veinlet, persistent. Spores brown, perispore lophate (cristate), average exospore length 33-36 µm. Plants sexual, allotetraploids: 2n = 144.
Asplenium anogrammoides is an (allo)tetraploid (Kurita, J. Jap. Bot. 35: 269-272. 1960; Mitui, Sci. Rep. Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku, B, 13: 285-333. 1968) and originated via chromosome doubling in the sterile hybrid between A. sarelii and A. tenuicaule (Lin & Sleep in K. H. Shing & K. U. Kramer, Proc. Int. Symp. Syst. Pterid. 111-127. 1989; Murakami et al., Amer. Fern J. 89: 232-243. 1999; Viane & Reichstein, Pterid. New Millennium, 73-105. 2003; Wang, Acta Bot. Sin. 45: 1-14. 2003). Their morphological similarity led to much confusion and misapplication of the name A. sarelii to this taxon (also called "tetraploid sarelii") (e.g., Christensen, Acta Horti Gothob. 1: 41-110. 1924; Ogata, Icon. Fil. Jap. 1: t. 8. 1928; Tardieu, Asplén. Tonkin, 46. 1932; Ching, Icon. Fil. Sin. 3: t. 111. 1935, p.p.; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 1: 37. 1958; De Vol, Mus. Heude. Notes Bot. Chin. 7: 93. 1945, p.p.; Tagawa, Col. Ill. Jap. Pterid. 151. 1959; Kurata, J. Geobot. 11: 66-69. 1962; Mitui, loc. cit. 1968; Bull. Nippon Dental Coll., Gen. Educ. 4: 221-271. 1975; Kurata & Nakaike, Ill. Pterid. Jap. 2: 164-173. 1981; Ding & Gao, Fl. Henan 1: 67. 1981; Sleep & Reichstein, Candollea 39: 675-691. 1984; Ching & S. H. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 1-10. 1985; Jiang, Fl. Anhui 1: 136. 1985, p.p.; Bir, Biol. Indian Pterid. 215-221. 1987; Jamir & Rao, Ferns Nagaland, 289-290. 1988; H. S. Kung, Fl. Sichuan. 6: 377. 1989; Chen, Fl. Shandong 1: 96. 1990; Li, Fl. Liaoning 1: 77. 1990, p.p.; L. K. Lin, Fl. Fujian. 1: 131. 1991; Iwatsuki, Ferns Jap. 146. 1992; Fl. Jap. 1: 104. 1995; Murakami et al., loc. cit.; S. H. Wu, FRPS 4(2): 98. 1999, p.p.; P. S. Wang & X. Y. Wang, Pterid. Fl. Guizhou, 138. 2001, p.p.; Li et al., Fl. Hunan 1: 287. 2004, p.p.; G. F. Zhang, Fl. Yunnan. 20: 669. 2006). Moreover, less-divided plants of A. anogrammoides are similar to large plants of A. pekinense (the autotetraploid arisen from A. sarelii).
On the other hand, the name Asplenium anogrammoides has been misapplied (e.g., Komarov, Izv. Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 16: 145-151. 1916; Komarov & Klobukova-Alisova, Opred. Rast. Dalnevost. Kraia 1: 82. 1931; Fomin, Fl. Sibir. Orient. Extremi 5: 152-154. 1930; in Komarov & Iljin, Fl. URSS 1: 68. 1934; Ching, loc. cit.: 37. 1958) to S Siberian and Mongolian A. tenuicaule var. subvarians.
Yellow-brown (root)hairs are present on the rhizome, stipe base, and scale base of Asplenium altajense, A. anogrammoides, A. pekinense, A. sarelii, A. tenuicaule, and other related taxa, and thus cannot be used to distinguish them. The average exospore and stomata length are the most reliable characters discriminating between diploid and tetraploids in this complex. Asplenium anogrammoides can often be separated from A. pekinense by its largely not-reduced lamina base and its ovate-triangular (vs. deltoid) pinnae with stalks 2-4 mm (vs. 0.5-2 mm).
Where Asplenium anogrammoides grows together with A. tenuicaule, their sterile triploid hybrid, A. ×mitsutae, is common. Asplenium ×mitsutae Viane & Reichstein, nothosp. nov. Type: China. Sichuan: Qingcheng Shan, ca. 70 km WNW of Chengdu, mixed evergreen forest with Rhododendron, on wall inside temple yard together with A. anogrammoides and A. tenuicaule, 1050 m, 16 Sep 1988, Viane 4046-B (= TR-7177) (holotype, GENT). Planta hybrida, inter parentes A. anogrammoides et A. tenuicaule quoad divisionem laminae atque pinnularum segmentorumque formam necnon dimensiones cellularum accessoriarum stomatum intermedia, ab eis sporis abortivis necnon chromosomatum numero triploideo (2n = 108, meiose bivalentibus univalentibusque 36) differt. Meiotic chromosome behavior in this hybrid shows that A. anogrammoides contains one chromosome set of A. tenuicaule. This hybrid is named after S. Mitsuta, who collected it for us in Japan with several other living plants in 1985. Asplenium sarelii var. magnum H. S. Kung, described from Sichuan, is probably the same hybrid combination.
"Asplenium wudangense" (Z. R. Wang & X. Hou, Acta Bot. Sin. 45: 4. 2003) belongs here but was not validly published because no Latin description or diagnosis, or reference to such, was provided (Melbourne Code, Art. 39.1).
Plants 1-1.2 m tall. Rhizome erect, thick and short, woody, apex scaly; scales dark to purplish brown, narrowly triangular to linear-subulate, margin ciliate to fimbriate. Fronds caespitose; stipe pale brown, up to 5 cm, woody, when dry semiterete abaxially, base densely scaly; lamina lanceolate, 90-120 × (8-) 9-15 cm, gradually decurrent on stipe, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Midrib raised and semiterete on upper adaxial side but flat abaxially, subglabrous, grayish to pale brown; veinlets simple or forked, parallel and connected at their apex to marginal vein. Fronds papery or thinly leathery, when dry grayish green, glabrous. Sori linear, 3-5 cm, on acroscopic side of veinlets, running from near their base up to 1/2 of their length; basal part of lamina usually sterile; indusia brownish, linear, thickly membranous, entire, persistent. Spores with lophate (costate to cristate) perispore. Plants sexual tetraploid: 2n = 144.
Asplenium nidus is accepted here in a broad sense and constitutes a species complex (e.g., Murakami et al. in M. Kato, Biol. Biodivers. 53-66. 1999; Yatabe et al., Amer. J. Bot. 88: 1517-1522. 2001). The variability of its frond and perispore morphology (e.g., Wei & Dong, Nordic J. Bot. 30: 90-103. 2012), as well as other phenetic characters, is not well studied in relation to its molecular diversity.
Asplenium setoi N. Murakami & Serizawa, recently described from Japan, might be present at low elevations in China (Taiwan); typical specimens can be distinguished from A. nidus by their keeled to boat-shaped midrib. Another species regularly confused with both A. setoi and A. nidus is the often cultivated A. australasicum (J. Smith) Hooker, a South Pacific taxon.
Based on their particular venation pattern, taxa resembling Asplenium nidus have been recognized as a separate section (A. sect. Thamnopteris Hooker & Baker), a subgenus (A. subg. Thamnopteris C. Presl), or as a genus of its own (Neottopteris J. Smith; syn. Thamnopteris (C. Presl) C. Presl). Plants are often epiphytes with large simple fronds growing in a close spiral and forming the typical birds nest. Veins departing from the midrib (rachis) fork anadromously, run almost parallel and straight to the margin where they connect to a common submarginal vein. However, recent molecular studies do not support the separation of this group as a separate genus. The clade consists of 15-30 species, and modern research shows that more taxa may await description. A critical revision of the group is urgently needed. Members occur mainly in rain forests of tropical Asia and the Pacific. A few taxa are widely cultivated as house plants and sold as "birds-nest fern." Many plants in commerce belong to A. australasicum, which can be distinguished from true A. nidus by its abaxially dark brown carinate midrib.
Plants 80–150 cm. Upper leaves long-ovate or broadly lanceolate, base cordate and clasping. Fruit dark brown, glaucous.
The endemic Bupleurum longiradiatum f. australe R. H. Shan & Yin Li (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 269. 1974) is recorded from wet valleys in shady woods or grasslands at 500–1400 m in Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Zhejiang. This form is distinguished by having taller stature, upper leaves lanceolate or narrowly obovate, with base tapering and cuneate, and chromosome number n = 6*.
" 40709 general 1311090 "Camellia sinensis var. sinensis" "Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent only when young, apex bluntly acute. Sepals outside glabrous. Ovary densely white pubescent. Fl. Oct-Dec, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30, 45, 60.
This taxon is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Because of its extensive long-term cultivation, the original wild distribution in E Asia is obscure although certainly much more restricted than the current distribution.
" 40755 general 1089618 "Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi" "Utricle beadlike, ovoid, bony, glossy, not beaked, 7–11 × 6–10 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct.
This is widely cultivated in tropical regions for the hard, beadlike utricles. There are many races with utricles in different shapes and colors, used for necklaces and other decorative purposes.
" 40765 general 103083 "Cornopteris badia" "Plants evergreen, tall. Rhizome ascending to erect, robust, up to 5 cm in diam. including remaining stipe bases, up to 40 cm tall, apex with adpressed, entire, brown, lanceolate scales; fronds caespitose. Fertile fronds up to 2 m; stipe brown-green, up to 1 m, up to 8 mm in diam., with sparse deciduous, entire, lanceolate scales, grooved adaxially; lamina 1-3-pinnate below apex, deltoid or ovate, nearly as long as stipe, up to 75 cm wide, apex acuminate; pinnae up to 12 pairs, slightly ascending, lower pinnae opposite, with stalk up to 3.5 cm, costae up to 12 cm apart, upper pinnae alternate, with stalk up to 5 mm; basal 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae larger, elliptic-lanceolate, up to 45 × 20 cm, lower part 2-pinnate, apex pinnatisect, acuminate; pinnules up to 15 pairs or more, spreading or nearly so, linear-lanceolate or broadly linear-lanceolate, up to 10 × 3 cm, apex long acuminate, pinnatisect, or pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, or pinnate, lower pinnules shortly stalked; secondary pinnules 1-5 pairs, lobes of secondary pinnules up to 10 pairs or more; secondary pinnules and lobes of secondary pinnules spreading, slightly oblique, or slightly falcate, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, base broadly cuneate and adnate, pinnatilobate, dentate, or crenate, apex rounded or subtruncate; lobes of secondary pinnules slightly ascending, up to 6 pairs, mostly subfalcate, rectangular, shallowly repand or slightly shallowly crenate or serrate, truncate at apex; veins visible abaxially, not prominent adaxially, 1-3 pairs per lobe, veinlets simple. Lamina herbaceous, green abaxially, dark brown or gray-brown adaxially when dry; rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with brown, entire, lanceolate or linear, small scales, later glabrous. Sori orbicular, subbasal. Spores semicircular in equatorial view, perispore hyaline, with few rugate, vaguely granular projections.
Cornopteris badia is the largest species with the most finely dissected lamina in the genus.
Plants having fronds with rachis, costae, and costules abaxially with sparse, brown, entire, lanceolate to linear, small scales and hyaline unicellular glandular hairs, and sharply serrate pinnule lobes have been named Cornopteris badia f. quadripinnatifida (M. Kato) W. M. Chu (Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(2): 365. 1999; C. quadripinnatifida M. Kato, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 30(4-6): 114. 1979; C. badia var. pubescens Z. R. Wang; 毛复叶角蕨 mao fu ye jiao jue): evergreen broad-leaved forests; 1400-2500 m. Yunnan [India, Nepal].
Plants evergreen, medium-sized. Rhizome ascending to erect, robust; stipe densely scaly; scales brown, black-brown, or black, shiny, narrowly lanceolate, membranous, toothed at margin. Fronds caespitose; stipe with dense lanceolate black or black-brown scales, grooved adaxially; lamina 1-pinnate, oblong, apex acuminate; pinnae alternate or opposite, subspreading, lanceolate, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, usually enlarged to auriculate at acroscopic and basiscopic bases, sessile, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acuminate; upper pinnae adnate to rachis, lower pinnae slightly shortened; pinna lobes entire or subentire, truncate or rounded, rarely acute at apex; veins not prominent adaxially, visible abaxially, pinnate, veinlets simple, oblique, all reaching laminar margin. Lamina herbaceous, brown-green when dry; rachis stramineous, with dense linear, brown or black scales, grooved adaxially. Sori linear, slightly curved, usually 1-3 per pinna lobe, simple or forked, from midrib to 2/3 of veinlet length; indusia linear, membranous, entire, persistent. Spores hemispherical, perispore hyaline, wide, few rugate, not prominently granular or rugate.
Plants with dense black glossy scales on the stipe and rachis have been considered a form of this species: Diplazium hirtipes f. nigropaleaceum (Ching ex W. M. Chu & Z. R. He) Z. R. He, comb. nov. (Basionym: Allantodia hirtipes f. nigropaleacea Ching ex W. M. Chu & Z. R. He, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36: 379. 1998; 黑鳞鳞轴双盖蕨 hei lin lin zhou shuang gai jue). It occurs in dense forests beside streamlets, 700-1700 m, in Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, and Yunnan.
" 41493 general 1117818 "Lepisorus tibeticus" "Plants 15-35 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown with pale margins, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 × 0.7-1.2 mm, margin entire or denticulate, apex often long and filiform, opaque except for marginal 1 or 2 rows of paler, transparent lumina. Fronds 0.5-1.5 cm apart; stipe straw-colored, 1-5 cm, 1-1.5 mm in diam., base with 3 vascular bundles arranged in a triangle; lamina grayish green to grayish yellow, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 12-33 × 0.5-1.8 cm, widest at middle, thinly leathery when dried, sparsely scaly, scales small, opaque or transparent, base attenuate, long decurrent, margin straight or slightly revolute, apex long caudate; costa raised on both sides, veinlets obscure. Sori on distal 1/2-2/3 of lamina, midway between costa and margins, orbicular or elliptic, 2-4 mm in diam.; paraphyses brown, suborbicular, 0.3-0.5 mm in diam., margin entire; lumina dense, center thickened, opaque or transparent. Spore surface deeply and sparsely foveolate.
Lepisorus contortus, L. thunbergianus, and L. tibeticus are widely distributed species in China, closely allied to each other and very difficult to distinguish. Lepisorus tibeticus is relatively large with laminae usually 22-33 cm, whereas the lamina is not more than 18 cm in L. thunbergianus. The rhizome scales of L. thunbergianus are linear-lanceolate, and opaque except for one or two rows of transparent lumina at margin, while the scales of L. contortus have a broad base and are transparent except for one or two rows of opaque lumina in center. We checked more specimens and found L. contortus and L. thunbergianus to be altitudinally vicarious, the former at higher elevations relative to the latter. Lepisorus tibeticus is a more difficult species to define: the scales are linear-lanceolate, often with a long and filiform apex, while the size of the opaque center varies continuously with elevation. For convenience we have treated the specimens from montane forest in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xizang as L. tibeticus.
" 41796 general 763745 "Oxytropis qinghaiensis" "Herbs, 15-40 cm tall, caulescent, tufted, much branched from a superficial caudex. Stems prostrate or sprawling, with (0 or)1-4 or more apparent internodes, densely white hispid. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, white hispid, basal half connate. Leaves (1.8-)5-12 cm; leaflets 13-29, opposite or subopposite, subsessile; leaflet blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 3-12 × 2-7 mm, both surfaces densely white long pilose or pilosulose, base rounded, apex acuminate to obtuse. Racemes initially capitate, elongating to 1.5-2.5 cm in fruit, 5-13-flowered; peduncle (3-)6-16 cm, surpassing leaves, with spreading to ascending trichomes, crinkly below, straight above; bracts lanceolate, 4-7 mm, hispid. Calyx campanulate, (5-)6-8 mm, black and white hispid; lobes 1.8-2.7 mm, shorter than to as long as tube. Corolla purple to bluish purple, turning bluish with age; standard 1-1.1 cm, lamina obovate, apex slightly emarginate; wings 0.9-1.1 cm, apex rounded; keel 8-9.5 mm, beak 0.2-0.5 mm. Legume stipitate; stipe 1.5-2 mm; body oblong, 12-16 × 4.5-7 mm, densely white and black hispid, apex hooked. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep.
Y. H. Wu named Oxytropis qinghaiensis twice (Novon 6: 187. 1996; Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 17: 109. 1997), each time with a different type, so the two names are homonyms but also taxonomic synonyms. An apparent third homonym (Y. H. Wu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 19: 36. 1997) is actually O. qingnanensis; see the comments under that species (p. 495).
" 41812 general 1149375 "Paragymnopteris delavayi" "Rhizomes ascending or decumbent, short, stout; scales tan, narrowly subulate. Fronds clustered; stipe chestnut-black, 8-12 cm × 1-2 mm, base slightly scaly and hairy, distally hairy or subglabrous; lamina adaxially pale green, oblong-lanceolate or broadly linear-lanceolate, 5-14 × 2-4 cm, imparipinnate, leathery when dry, abaxially densely covered with brown, pellucid, ovate-lanceolate scales, adaxially glabrous, apex shortly acuminate or caudate; rachis with sparse, narrow subulate scales. Pinnae (5-)10-15 pairs, falcate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 × ca. 0.5 cm, shortly stalked (distal pinnae sessile), base rounded or with a macroscopic auricle (sometimes a small oblong segment). Veins obscure, pinna midrib convex abaxially, slightly concave adaxially. Sori usually covered with scales, with 32 spores per sporangium.
Paragymnopteris delavayi looks very much like P. marantae except for its undivided pinnae and jointed long hairs (rarely with hairy scales with 2 or 3 rows of cells) on stipes. In addition, both are distributed in NW Yunnan, even in the same locality, only the former grows on calcareous substrates and the latter mostly on non-calcareous rocks.
" 41991 general 871817 "Pisonia grandis" "Trees to 14(-30) m; trunk 30-50(-70) cm in diam. Bark white-gray, with conspicuous furrows and large leaf-scars; puberulous to nearly glabrous, lenticels conspicuous; branches unarmed. Petiole 1-8 cm; leaf blade elliptic, oblong, or ovate, (7-)10-20(-30) × (4-)8-15(-20) cm, papery or membranous, puberulous or glabrescent, lateral veins 8-10 pairs, base rounded or slightly cordate, mostly oblique, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Cymes terminal, 1-4 × 3-5 cm; peduncle ca. 1.5 cm, with light brown hairs. Flowers bisexual. Pedicel 1-1.5 mm, apex with 2-4 oblong bracteoles. Perianth tube funnelform, ca. 4 mm, 5-lobed, with 5 rows of black glands. Stamens 6-10, exserted. Stigma fimbriate, included. Fruit clavate, ca. 1.2 cm × 2.5 mm, 5-ribbed, with sessile glands, without persistent perianth, rib with a row of viscid prickles, hairy between the ribs. Seed 9-10 × 1.5-2 mm. Fl. summer, fr. late summer-autumn.
In the Xisha Qundao (part of the South China Sea Islands archipelago), Pisonia grandis is a dominant tree in the forests, often forming pure stands.
" 42309 general 1307270 "Reaumuria soongarica" "Shrubs, small, 10-30(-70) cm tall, much branched. Old branches gray-brown; branchlets reddish, usually zigzag, longitudinally cracked. Leaves often 4-6 clustered on shortened branches, grayish blue, sometimes turning purple-red at anthesis, shortly terete, scale-like, slightly thicker in upper part, 1-5 × 0.5-1 mm, often slightly curved, fleshy, with dotlike salt-secreting glands, apex obtuse. Flowers solitary, axillary (actually at apices of extremely shortened branchlets), or clustered into few flowered racemes in upper part of young branches, sessile, ca. 4 mm in diam.; bracts 3, lanceolate, 0.5-0.7 mm, apex acute. Calyx campanulate, united in lower part, 1.5-2.5 mm; lobes triangular, margin scarious, with dotlike glands. Petals white, tinged reddish, oblong, ca. 4.5 × 2.5 mm, base cuneate, attenuate, apex obtuse, open, reflexed in upper part; inside with 2 appendages in lower half oblanceolate, laminar, apex laciniate, inserted on two lateral sides of midribs of petals. Stamens 6-8(-12), free; filaments dilated at base, subequaling petals. Ovary ellipsoid; styles 3; stigmas narrowly acute. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform, or triqueter-conic, 4-6 × ca. 2 mm, 2-3 × exceeding calyx, 3-angled, 3(or 4)-septicidal, usually 3- or 4-seeded. Seeds oblong, 3-4 mm, black-brown hairy throughout, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep.
Reaumuria minfengensis D. F. Cui & M. J. Zhong (Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 19: 552. 1999), described from Xinjiang, is very similar to R. soongarica judging from the protologue. However, because we have not seen the type, it must remain a dubious species in the present treatment.
" 42362 general 545796 "Rhododendron adenosum" "Shrubs; young shoots densely glandular-setose. Petiole densely glandular-setose; leaf blade leathery, ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, 7–10.5 × 2.4–3.4 cm; margin cartilaginous, papillate; apex acute to acuminate; abaxial surface setose and sparsely tomentose, tomentum quickly lost at least towards apex, or persistent, midrib densely glandular-setose; adaxial surface with a few setae on midrib, glabrous when mature. Inflorescence lax, 6–8-flowered; rachis ca. 5 mm. Pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm, densely glandular-setose; calyx ca. 7 mm, densely glandular-setose; corolla funnel-campanulate, pale pink with purple flecks, 3.5–5 cm; ovary densely glandular-setose; style glabrous. Capsule curved, ca. 20 × 4 mm.
In the protologue of Rhododendron adenosum the earlier name R. glischrum var. adenosum (based on the same type: J. F. C. Rock 18228) was cited, but without a full bibliographic reference. Rhododendron adenosum was nevertheless validly published as a new combination under Art. 33.2 of the Saint Louis Code because otherwise it would be validly published as the name of a new taxon. The name R. kuluense was published as a nomen novum for R. glischrum var. adenosum, but slightly later in 1978 (18 May) than was R. adenosum (before 16 May); R. kuluense is therefore illegitimate under Art. 52.1 because it was nomenclaturally superfluous when published.
" 42583 general 546618 "Rhododendron lungchiense" "Shrubs small, much-branched, 0.6–1.2 m tall; branches sparsely scaly. Petiole 3–5 mm, densely scaly; leaf blade oblong to elliptic-oblong, 1.3–1.5 × 0.4–0.6 cm; base broadly cuneate; apex acute and mucronulate; abaxial surface scales ca. 1 × their own diameter apart, brown; adaxial surface densely brown scaly. Inflorescence 1- or 2-flowered; bud scales persistent. Pedicel ca. 0.2 cm; calyx lobes 3–4 mm, ovate, margin ciliate; corolla funnelform, purple, 1.5–1.6 cm, tube 3–4 mm; stamens 8 or 9, long-exserted, filaments villous towards base; style ca. 1.7 cm, glabrous. Capsule not known. Fl. Jun.
The original author suggested an affinity with Rhododendron nivale subsp. boreale in R. subsect. Lapponica. The well-spaced scales on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade distinguish this species from the purple-flowered species of R. subsect. Lapponica from C and N Sichuan.
" 42629 general 544607 "Rhododendron nivale subsp. boreale" "Leaf apex rounded, mucronulate. Calyx small or obsolete. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Rhododendron ×edgarianum Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 508. 1913), described from Sichuan, was considered to be a natural hybrid between R. nivale subsp. boreale and an unknown species by Philipson and Philipson (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 34: 54. 1975).
" 42818 general 792794 "Rotala wallichii" "Herbs, perennial, to 30 cm, aquatic with emergent inflorescence, amphibious, or terrestrial. Stem solitary, rarely branched, slender. Leaves whorled; aerial leaves 3-12-whorled, linear to oblong, apex obtuse or 2-cleft; submerged leaves typically more numerous, filiform, distinctly longer than aerial leaves, 1.5-2.5 cm, apex 2-cleft. Bracts much reduced in inflorescence, oblong or ovate, 2-3 mm. Flowers 5-8-whorled per node, shortly pedicellate in a bracteate raceme; bracteoles short, less than 1/2 length of floral tube. Floral tube 4-merous, campanulate, translucent, ca. 1.5 mm; sepals 4; epicalyx absent. Petals 4, showy, light red or pink, orbicular, longer than floral tube. Stamens 4; anthers reaching margin of floral tube. Ovary globose, ca. 1 mm in diam.; style included, shorter than ovary. Capsules globose, ca. 1 mm in diam., 2-valved. Seeds ca. 0.7 mm. Fl. and fr. autumn and winter.
" 42828 general 1109804 "Rumex yungningensis" "Herbs perennial. Stems erect, 70-120 cm tall, branched, glabrous, grooved. Basal leaves elliptic, 7-15 × 3-5 cm, abaxially minutely papillate along veins, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute; cauline leaves small; petiole short or nearly absent; ocrea fugacious, brown, thinly membranous. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate; rachis erect. Flowers bisexual. Pedicel filiform, 6-8 mm, articulate at base. Inner tepals enlarged in fruit; valves triangular-cordate, ca. 5 × 4 mm, all without tubercles, net veined, base deeply cordate, margin nearly entire, apex obtuse. Achenes brown, shiny, narrowly ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm, apex acute. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Aug.
One of us (Grabovskaya-Borodina) believes that this is better placed near Rumex aquaticus, after R. popovii.
" 42903 general 1092739 "Setaria viridis subsp. viridis" "Culms branching at base, up to 70 cm tall. Leaf blades broadly linear, 5–20 × 0.2–1.8 cm. Panicle cylindrical, 2–12 × 0.4–1.3 cm; bristles below the spikelet 3–7, green, yellowish brown, purplish red or purple, 4–12 mm. Spikelets livid-green, 2–2.5 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Oct. 2n = 18.
This is a cosmopolitan annual weed of warm-temperate regions.
" 43064 general 1309119 "Tectaria simonsii" "Plants terrestrial, 60-150 cm tall or more. Rhizome creeping, ascending, or erect, short, thick, densely scaly at apex and stipe bases; scales stiff, dark brown to nearly purple, 8-10 mm, linear-lanceolate, entire, apices long acuminate. Fronds clustered; stipe dark brown or castaneous to black, glossy, 40-60 cm, 4-5 mm in diam. at base, minutely brown pubescent throughout. Lamina bipinnate to tripinnatifid, deep green when dried, subpentagonal or triangular-ovate, 30-60 × 25-40 cm, papery, both surfaces glabrous; rachises castaneous to black, pubescent, costa and costules raised abaxially, castaneous, glabrescent; terminal pinna 3-lobed or simple; terminal lobe ovate-lanceolate, entire or undulate to pinnatifid, base cordate to cuneate, lateral lobes like terminal lobe, opposite, rather small; lateral pinnules 2 or 3 pairs, opposite, interval 4-6(-10) cm, oblique; basal pinnules pinnate or bipinnatifid, 10-15 cm, rather large, stalks long; middle pinnules 3-lobed to simple, becoming sessile toward apices, entire or undulate, broadly lanceolate, 8-10 cm, bases cordate, apices caudate. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross veins, included veinlets simple or forked. Sori small, orbicular, located at coupling veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent main veins, exindusiate.
Tectaria simonsii is characterized by its castaneous to black stipe and ternate terminal pinna. We do not follow the treatment in FRPS (6(1): 89. 1999) in accepting T. linloensis (see T. rockii, p. 742) and T. subtriphylla var. ebenosa. The only differences lie in minor characters of the terminal pinna, which are variable even within the same plant.
" 43175 general 227885 "Trema tomentosa" "Trees or shrubs, to 10 m tall. Bark grayish brown, smooth or fissured. Branchlets grayish brown to brown, densely grayish brown to gray pubescent. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 6-9 mm. Petiole 0.7-1.8 cm, pubescent; leaf blade grayish brown to black-brown when dry, 7-15(-20) × 3-7(-8) cm, abaxially with grayish brown pubescence, surface of blade visible between hairs under magnification, adaxially very scabrous with erect bristles, base cordate and oblique, margin denticulate, apex acuminate, caudate-acuminate, or rarely acute; basally 3-veined; secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midvein. Male inflorescences 2-4.5 cm. Female inflorescences 1-2 cm. Male flowers: subsessile, 1.5-2 mm in diam. Ovary rudimentary, obovate-oblong, compressed, transparent. Female flowers: shortly pedicellate. Tepals 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, 1-1.5 mm. Ovary glabrous. Drupes brownish purple to blackish purple when mature, compressed, 2-3 mm in diam., irregularly rugate, glabrous; perianth persistent. Seed broadly ovoid, compressed, 1.5-2 mm, ribbed. Fl. Mar-Jun (but year-round in tropical zones), fr. Sep-Nov.
The pubescence of the leaves is very variable, and it is often difficult to distinguish Trema tomentosa and T. orientalis. Some authors have considered T. tomentosa to be a synonym of T. orientalis.
The wood is fine and strong, tannin is extracted from the bark, the fibers are used for manufacturing paper, ropes, and staple rayon, and the leaves are used as emery cloth.
Lateral veins 10-12(-17)-jugate. Inflorescence with 6-8 rays, minutely yellowish brown stellate-pubescent, consisting of totally large sterile radiant flowers. Calyx tube glabrous.
Two forms may be recognized as follows. The typical form (f. plicatum) has its inflorescence composed totally of large sterile radiant flowers and is known from cultivation only, while f. tomentosum Rehder (J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 77. 1945; Viburnum tomentosum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 295. 1784, not Lamarck (1779); V. plicatum f. lanceatum (Rehder) Rehder; V. plicatum var. lanceatum (Rehder) Rehder; V. plicatum f. latifolium Miquel; V. plicatum var. tomentosum Miquel; V. tomentosum var. lanceatum Rehder), the wild-related taxon, has its inflorescence composed of fertile flowers yet with 4-6 large sterile radiant flowers. The latter occurs in mixed forests and thickets at 200-1800 m in Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, NE Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
" 43437 general 1138382 "Primula calyptrata" "Herbs perennial, completely efarinose, stems and both surfaces of leaf blade as well as petioles with dense articulated hairs. Rhizome elongated, ca. 2 cm, with numerous fibrous roots, producing 1 or 2 leaf-bearing stems above. Stem 2--2.5 cm before or in anthesis, purple. Leaves alternate, leaf blade suborbicular, 2.8--4 X 2.6--3.8 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, margin irregularly undulate, thickly papery when dry, grayish green above, purple below, midvein and 4 pairs of lateral veins obscure above and plane but distinct below; petiole 2.5--5.5 cm. Scape 1 or 2, 12--18 cm high, sparsely white villous, with 1 or 2 superimposed umbels with 2--5 slightly secund flowers in each; pedicels 2--4 mm, with dense articulated hairs; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 4--6 mm, prominently 1-veined, with dense articulated hairs; calyx campanulate, 5--6 mm, with dense articulated hairs, divided to 1/2--1/3 into ovate-triangular lobes, lobe with 3 distinct veins; corolla purple with a yellow eye, salverform, pubescent outside, tube ca. 1.7 cm with a hairy annulus inside, limb 1.5--1.8 cm in diam., lobes oblong-obovate, deeply emarginate; homostylous, stamens inserted in throat, anthers below annulus; style ca. 1.7 cm, subequal to corolla tube. Capsule enclosed in calyx tube, dehiscing by means of a calyptra.
* Evergreen broad-leaf forest, on limestone with moss; 1700-1870 m. SE Yunnan.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
* Scrub; 4000-4300 m. Xizang.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
* open Picea forests, pastures; 3600-3700 m. Qinghai.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
* Open Picea forests; ca. 3600 m. Qinghai.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
The narrow-fronded form, with soral line occupying area between costa, growing in crevices of rocks in dry conditions or on wet cliffs of caves, is also known as Vittaria caricina, V. nana, and V. modesta; the epiphytic long-fronded form from humid evergreen monsoon forests in E Himalaya is called V. ophiopogonoides; while intermediate forms are known as V. filipes or V. costularis. This species, widespread in E Asia, is very variable in size but constant in its scale and paraphysis characters and its lamina margin always revolute and partly covering sori.
" 43509 general 243687 "Pseudostellaria zhejiangensis" "* In gravel of forest understories. Zhejiang.
Name appeared after publication of the family treatment for the Flora of China.
Plants freely flowering and setting seed. Rootstock slightly swollen at nodes. Leaves ternate to 3-pinnate; ultimate segments irregularly serrate. Dorsal and intermediate fruit ribs prominent, filiform, lateral ribs narrowly winged.
Neither Ligusticum markgrafianum, described from Hubei (A. Henry 4954, isotype, E) nor L. pilgerianum Fedde ex H. Wolff (Repert. Spec. Nov Regni Veg. 27: 322. 1930, not H. Wolff, loc. cit. 307. 1930; L. harrysmithii), described from Gansu (J. F. Rock 14590, syntype) and Shanxi (H. Smith 7112, syntype) can be separated from L. sinense var. sinense, so we here treat them in synonymy.
This is an important plant of traditional Chinese medicine, in which the roots and rootstock are used in “gao ben” (see also Ligusticum jeholense: “liao gao ben”), a common herb used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory, in the treatment of heart diseases and asthma. The seedlings are also eaten as a vegetable.
Culms up to 120 cm tall. Leaf blades 2–5 mm wide, adaxially densely scabrid. Panicle open, broadly pyramidal, erect, 8–30 cm, silvery green or tinged purple and gold; branches spreading, densely scabrid. Spikelets 4–4.5 mm; glumes equaling or slightly shorter than spikelet, apex acute; lemmas usually awned from near base; awn not or only slightly longer than lemma.
This is the most widely distributed subspecies, either native or introduced in most cold-temperate regions of the world.
" 43912 general 1089934 "Anthoxanthum odoratum subsp. odoratum" "Leaf blades hairy or glabrous. Panicle up to 7(–10) cm; pedicels pubescent. Spikelets with pubescent glumes. 2n = 20.
This is a polymorphic grass, introduced in grass seed or adventive in many temperate countries.
" 43913 general 1089631 "Festuca rubra subsp. rubra" "Panicle branches scabrid. Spikelets with 3–6 florets; lemmas smooth or scabrid, 4–6 mm. Anthers 2–3.5 mm.
This is a very widely distributed grass, adventive or introduced for pasture and lawns in many cool-temperate countries.
Festuca rubra var. nankataizanensis, described from Taiwan, differs from this subspecies in its densely hirsute lemmas and small anthers 1–1.5 mm.
Plant coarse, at least 20 cm tall; leaf blades 0.5–1 mm in diam., outer surface usually smooth; glumes 3.5–4 cm; awn 7–14 cm.
This subspecies provides fodder in early spring in desert steppe.
" 43962 general 1094538 "Poa sphondylodes var. sphondylodes" "Panicle quite dense, branches short, erect, with spikelets crowded from base. Spikelets 3.5–5 mm.
The type and other gatherings of Poa kelungensis, which are quite soft and with the uppermost internode almost equal to its blade, closely resemble the type of P. sphondylodes. Gatherings from sandy beaches are quite different from typical P. sphondylodes, but those from shady forests are closely allied and form intermediate populations. The extreme form probably represents a discrete (maybe apomictic) population, which cannot be treated without more research. The type of P. strictula and most gatherings so named represent a mesomorphic form of P. sphondylodes.
" 44377 general 794299 "Yulania jigongshanensis" "Trees. Twigs purplish brown, lustrous, glabrous, rarely pubescent; young twigs pale yellowish green, terete, densely pubescent. Petiole 1-3 cm, furrowed adaxially; leaf blade broadly elliptic, broadly ovate, orbicular, suborbicular, obovate, or obtriangular, 16.5-19.5 × 5-17.5 cm, thinly leathery to leathery, abaxially pale yellowish green and densely curved pubescent, adaxially dark green, lustrous, and densely pubescent along veins, secondary veins 5-9 on each side of midvein and prominent on both surfaces, base subrounded to broadly cuneate, apex obtuse and with a long mucro to 2-lobed. Brachyblasts densely pubescent. Flower buds ovoid, small, densely grayish white to pale yellowish brown villous. Flowers appearing before leaves. Tepals 9; outer 3 tepals pale yellowish green, sepal-like, triangular or lanceolate, 1-5(-15) mm, membranous; inner 6 tepals pale yellowish white but outside pale purplish in middle at base, petal-like, spatulate-elliptic, 5-9 × 3-5 cm, apex obtuse to sometimes emarginate. Stamens 65-71; filaments purple; anthers 0.8-1.3 cm, dehiscing latrorsely. Carpels many, densely pubescent. Fruit terete, 15-20 × 3-5 cm. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug.
One of the largest plantations of Yulania for growing medicinal xinyi is found at Jigong Shan Forest Station in Xinying, Henan. This plant may be one of the many hybrids that originate in plantations with different Yulania species, probably with Yulania biondii as one of the parents.
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