WFOID	type	language	description	contributor	audience	rightsHolder	created	creator	source	rights	license
wfo-0000511487	general	EN	"Shrub 1–4 m high; finely stellate-tomentose then glabrescent; stem soft inside. Stipules caducous. Leaves simple, alternate, cordate, 8–20 x 4–12 cm, chartaceous, apex acuminate to cuspidate, base cordate to slightly oblique-auriculate, margin slightly serrate to entire; 5(–3) nerves from leaf base, secondary nerves 3–7 pairs, arched and anastomosing, scalariform veins distinct on lower surface. Petioles 1.5–18 cm, pubescent, wrinkled or flattened at base when dry. Inflorescence cymes, pubescent, 1–3-flowered, opposite the leaves near the end of twigs, 5–10 cm long. Flowers 5 merous, purplish-brown, red or yellow. Calyx free, oblong or ovate-oblong 1–2.2 x 4–7 mm, glabrescent externally. Petals free, spreading, alternate with sepals, spathulate with a concave claw near base, 1.5–2 x 0.5–2 cm, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous internally. Stamens 10, 5 fertile and 5 sterile. Ovary oblong, with 5 longitudinal ridges, ca 5 x 1 mm, sparsely hairy, 5-locular; style fusiform or lanceolate with a 5-lobed stigma. Fruits conical, 2.5–3 x 4–6 cm, dehiscent; wings narrow towards the base; fruiting stalk up to 4 cm long, hairy. Seeds black."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000511487	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000511487	use	EN	The stems and seeds are used in local medicine.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000511487	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000511487	ecology	EN	Common near streams in evergreen forest; altitude 50–500 m. Flowering and fruiting during June–September.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000511487	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000511487	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), China, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000511487	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199687	general	EN	"Woody climber; branchlets spiny, puberulous to tomentose, glabrescent, with a few scattered glandular hairs. Stipules 3–8 by 1–4 mm, half hastate-half cordate, puberulous. Leaves: rachis 6–14.5 em; petiole 1.7–4 cm; gland 0.5–1.5 cm above the base in the lower half or at the middle of the petiole; pinnae (3–)6–9 pairs, (2–)4–7.5 cm; glands just below the junctions of the 1–2 distal pairs; leafets (9–)13–33 pairs per pinna, opposite, chartaceous, sessile, (6–)6.5–11.5 by 2–3 mm, asymmetrically oblong, base asymmetrically truncate, apex rounded (rarely broadly acute) both surfaces glabrous, margins faintly ciliate; main vein marginal at the base, not parallel to the upper margin; ca 2–3 accessory veins ascending from the base; lateral veins prominent to prominulous below, forming a reticulate pattern of venation. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled. Flowers in heads; floral bracts 1.2 mm, spathulate, not projecting beyond the flowers in bud. Calyx 1.5–2.5 mm; tube glabrous; teeth 5, 0.7–1 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute, glabrous to faintly puberulous. Corolla 2.2–3 mm; tube glabrous; lobes 5.1–1.5 mm long, ovate to elliptic, acute, glabrous. Ovary 1 mm, sericeous, stipitate; stipe 1 mm. Pod 9.5–13 by 1.8–2.5 cm, oblong, flat, brown, rigidly chartaceous, glabrous with prominulous, transverse veins and distinct marks over the seeds. Seeds 9–9.5 by 7–7.5 mm, broadly elliptic, flat; pleurogram ca 5–6 by 2.5–3 mm, narrowly elliptic."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199687	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199687	ecology	EN	"Climbing on bushes, rocky limestone; alt. up to ca 300 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199687	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199687	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Andaman Islands (type)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199687	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185607	general	EN	"A straggling shrub or woody climber; branchlets spiny, faintly puberulous to glabrous, glabrescent, without glandular hairs. Stipules ca 2–3 by 1 mm, filiform, sericeous to woolly, early caducous. Leaves: rachis 10–20 cm, petiole 2.2–6 cm; gland ca 0.3–1 cm above the base, in the lower half of the petiole; pinnae 6–8(–13) pairs, 3.5–9.5 cm; glands below the junctions of the 1–3 distal pairs; leaflets (9–)11–22(–27) pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, chartaceous, (5–)6–15 by (1.5–)2–5.5 mm, oblong to subfalcate, base asymmetrical, truncate behind rounded in front; apex asymmetrically acute, sharply pointed, bent forwards; upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrous to faintly adpressedly puberulous, margins often ciliate; main vein central at the base but running excentrically towards the apex; 3–4 prominent accessory veins, ascending from the base; lateral veins prominent beneath. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled. Flowers in heads; floral bracts 1.2–1.5 mm, spathulate not projecting beyond the flowers in bud. Calyx 1.5–2 mm, tube glabrous or rarely faintly puberulous; lobes 5, 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate acute, glabrous rarely faintly puberulous. Corolla 2–3 mm, tube glabrous, lobes (0.5–)1 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute, glabrous. Ovary 0.8–1 mm, puberulous to velutinous; stipe ca 1.5 mm. Pod (immature) 15.5–17.5 by 1–2 cm, oblong with slightly sinuate margins, flat, brown, chartaceous, glabrous, eglandular, with prominent veins and marks over the seeds. Seeds (not seen)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185607	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185607	ecology	EN	"Disturbed and secondary evergreen forests, alt. up to 200–300 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185607	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185607	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type of var.–Silhet), Burma, Indo-China; var. caesia is distributed in India and Ceylon (type) and does not reach Thailand."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185607	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199691	general	EN	"Woody climber or straggling shrub up to ca 20 m long; branchlets spiny, light brown, glabrous, without glandular hairs. Stipules ca 3–4 mm, filiform, early caducous. Leaves evenly scattered along the stem; rachis (5–)6–11(–13) cm; petiole 1.7–3.5 cm; gland in the lower half of the petiole (most often absent), ca 1 cm above the base, pinnae (3–)5–6(–7) pairs, (2–)4–9(–9.5) cm; glands between the junctions of the 1–4 distal pairs; leaflets ca (15–)20–40 per pinna, alternate, sessile, 5–15 by (1.5–)2.5–6 mm, ± broadly falcate; base truncate, ± symmetrical; apex asymmetrically rounded to truncate, mucronate-apiculate; both surfaces glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; main vein starting 1 centrally, not parallel to the upper margin, ca 3 accessory veins ascend from the base; lateral veins prominent, forming a reticulate pattern. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled. Flowers in heads; floral bracts 2–3 mm, filiform, projecting beyond the flowers in bud. Calyx 1.8–2 mm, tube with a few scattered hairs; lobes 5, 0.5–0.8 mm, broadly ovate, acute with few scattered hairs. Corolla 2.1–3 mm, glabrous; lobes 5; 0.9–1.5 mm, elliptic, acute, glabrous. Ovary ca 0.5–0.8 mm, glabrous, stipe 0.7–0.8 mm. Pod 10 by 0.8–1.8 cm, oblong with sinuate margins, fat, brownish, chartaceous, glabrous, with prominulous, parallel venation, vertical on the sutures; distinct marks over the seeds; dehiscing along both sutures. Seeds 7.5–8.5 by 7 mm, broadly elliptic; pleurogram ca 6 by 3 mm, elliptic."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199691	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199691	ecology	EN	"Grasslands and thickets, scrub vegetation, forest margins, moist and dry mixed deciduous forests, also on limestone and sandy soil; alt. up to ca 400 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199691	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199691	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Vietnam (type), Laos."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199691	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186090	general	EN	"Woody climber, scandent shrub or, rarely a low tree; branchlets spiny, velutinous to tomentose, glabrescent, without glandular hairs. Stipules ca 3–8 by 1.5–6 mm, cordate, often slightly caudate, faintly puberulous to woolly, caducous. Leaves evenly scattered along. the stem; rachis 6–16 cm; petiole (1.2–)1.5–5.2 cm; gland at the middle, 0.4–2.7 cm above the base; pinnae (4–)5–10 pairs, (15–)2–9 cm, glands at the junctions of the 1–3 distal pairs; leaflets (most often with a very wrinkled appearance when dried) 10–35 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, 13.5–11.5(–13.5) by 0.8–3(–4.8) mm, ± narrowly oblong; base asymmetrically truncate; apex asymmetrically rounded to sharply acute, mucronate–apiculate, always bent forwards; both surfaces glabrous to sericeous, margins nearly always ciliate; main vein marginal at the base, not parallel to the upper margin, often 2 or more accessory veins at the base; lateral veins forming a dense, conspicuous, reticulate pattern. Inflorescence mostly axillary not panicled, rarely panicled. Flowers in heads, floral bracts 0.5–1 mm not projecting beyond the flowers in bud. Calyx 2–3.2 mm; tube glabrous to puberulous; teeth 5, irregular in size, 0.1–0.5(–0.9) mm long, triangular to ovate, acute, glabrous to puberulous. Corolla (only slightly longer than the calyx) (2.3–)3–4 mm, tube glabrous; lobes 5, 0.5–1 mm, ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, glabrous. Ovary 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous to–sericeous, stipitate; stipe 1–1.5 mm. Pod 10–15 by 1.7–2.7 cm, oblong, often with sinuate margins, thick, fleshy, very wrinkled when dried, glabrous, venation inconspicuous, seeming to be segmented, and often falling apart in 1-seeded segments; dehiscent? Seeds 6.5–11 by 4.5–8 mm elliptic to orbicular, often of irregular shape, flat; pleurogram ca 5–10 by 3–6.9 mm, elliptic, ornamented."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186090	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186090	use	EN	Dried pods steeped in scented water for ablution during the water festival and new year celebration.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186090	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186090	ecology	EN	"In scrubs, dry deciduous dipterocarp forests, mixed deciduous forests, dry evergreen forests, especially in clearings and forest margins; alt. up to 1400 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186090	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186090	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Asia: India (type) – New Guinea."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186090	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199698	general	EN	"Shrub up to 4 m high; branchlets greyish, glabrous; stipular spines up to 2.2 cm, straight or hooked; no shoot-dimorphy observed. Leaves: rachis 6–12 cm; petiole 0.9–2 cm, gland 0.6–0.9 cm above the base; pinnae 6–11 pairs, 1.3–3.5 cm; glands just below the 2–3 distal pairs; leaflets 21–29 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, 3–4.5 by ca 1 mm, narrowly oblong; base asymmetrical, truncate/rounded, apex obtuse, symmetrical, both surfaces glabrous; main vein slightly excentric, nearly parallel to the upper margin, lateral veins hardly conspicuous. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled, bearing the involucel below the middle. Flowers in heads; floral bracts 1 mm, spathulate, ciliate. Calyx 1 mm, glabrous, teeth 5, 0.1–0.2 mm, broadly triangular, acute. Corolla 2.5–2.8 mm, glabrous, lobes 5, 0.7–0.8 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute. Stamens numerous. Ovary 1.5 mm long, glabrous; stipe 0.4 mm. Pod 5.5–9 by 1.5–1.8 cm, oblong, slightly curved, flat, brownish to yellowish, chartaceous, glabrous, prominently reticulately veined, with two submarginal ridges parallel to the margins, elastically dehiscent along both sutures; inside filled with a reddish pulp around the seeds. Seeds 3.5–6 mm, ellipsoid, slightly curved, flat, 1 mm thick, pleurogram ca 3 by 1.3 mm, oblong."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199698	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199698	ecology	EN	Along streams in dry evergreen forests; alt. ca 150 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199698	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199698	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199698	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000195712	general	EN	"Deciduous shrub up to ca 4 m high; branchlets glabrous, brown-grey; stipular spines up to ca 3 cm, straight; leaves, lateral branches and peduncles often crowded on short-shoots. Leaves: rachis ca 4–6 cm; petiole 1–1.3 cm, gland in the upper half of the petiole, ca 0.8 cm above the base; rachis-glands not observed; pinnae 2–7 pairs, 1.5–3 cm long; leaflets opposite, sessile ca 10–21 pairs, 2–7 by 0.8–1.8 mm, oblong; base truncate, apex asymmetrically acute, mucronate; both surfaces glabrous; main vein excentric, lateral veins conspicuous, raised beneath. Inflorescence: peduncles axillary up to ca 5 together, 2.5–3.5 mm, bearing the involucel apically, just below the flowering head; heads of sessile flowers each subtended by ca 1 mm, spathulate, hairy bracts. Calyx ca 1.3 mm, tube glabrous; teeth 5, ca 0.2 mm, triangular, acute, glabrous. Corolla ca 2.5 mm, tube glabrous; lobes 5, ca 0.5 mm, elliptic, acute. Stamens numerous. Ovary ca 1.5 mm, subsessile, densely puberulous. Pods ca 1–2 cm diam, 4–7.5 cm long, straight or slightly curved, subterete and turgid, dark-brown to blackish, chartaceous, glabrous; veins and marks over the seeds inconspicuous; indehiscent. Seeds 7–8 by 5.5 mm, elliptic, only slightly compressed; pleurogram 6.5–7 by 4 mm, elliptic."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000195712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000195712	use	EN	Perfume is extracted from the flowers. The pods are used for tanning. Cultivated as an ornamental.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000195712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000195712	ecology	EN	Spontaneous in inundated localities.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000195712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000195712	distribution	EN	"Pantropical, origin uncertain, probably S. America."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000195712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199701	general	EN	"Deciduous tree up to ca 20 m high; branchlets glabrous, greyish; stipular spines erect-patent up to ca 6 cm; leaves, lateral branches and panicles often crowded on short shoots. Leaves: rachis (1–)–18 cm; petiole 1–5 cm; gland often absent, if present ca 1.1 cm above the base, between the junctions of the proximal pair of pinnae, rachis-glands just below the junctions of the 1–3 distal pairs of pinnae; pinnae (1–)2–4(–5) pairs, 4–12 cm, leaflets 4–13 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, (6–)12–35 by (2–)3–16 mm, narrowly oblong to elliptic; base rounded to cuneate, asymmetrical; apex broadly rounded to truncate, often emarginate and mucronate; both surfaces faintly puberulous to glabrous; lower surface with prominent, pinnate-digitate veins, main vein excentric, often 2–5 distinct veins arching upwards from the base, running parallel to the margin, the principal veins connected by lateral veins. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled, bearing the involucel in the lower half or near the middle. Flowers (4–5-merous) in heads, floral bracts 0.8–1 mm, spathulate. Calyx 0.9–1.1 mm, tube glabrous, teeth 0.1–0.2 mm, inconspicuous, obtuse, margins densely puberulous to very faintly ciliate. Corolla 1.8–2 mm, glabrous; lobes 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate, acute, glabrous. Stamens 15–22. Ovary 1 mm, velutinous–puberulous, sessile or subsessile. Pad (6–)10–13 by 1.1–1.2 cm, strap-shaped, straight or subfalcate to somewhat contorted, flat, brown, coriaceous, glabrous with prominent reticulate venation and prominent marks over the seeds, dehiscing along both sutures. Seeds 5.5 by 4.8–5 mm, suborbicular, biconvex, pleurogram ca 4 by 3.3 mm, suborbicular."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199701	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199701	use	EN	The tree is a good host for lac cultivation; wood for durable construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199701	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199701	ecology	EN	"Bamboo jungles, deciduous and dry deciduous forests, savaimas, alt. 50–300 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199701	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199701	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199701	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186118	general	EN	"Deciduous tree up to 10 m; branchlets terete, tomentose, glabrescent; stipular spines up to 2.5 cm long, straight; young leaves and inflorescences on short shoots. Leaves: rachis 3.5–8.5 cm; petiole 0.6–1.5 cm; gland just below the junctions of the proximal pair of pinnae, rachis-glands below the junctions of the distal pair to all the pairs of pinnae; pinnae (4–)6–13 pairs, (0.5–)3–4.2 cm long; leaflets ca 6–25 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, 3–11 by 0.5–1.7 mm, subfalcate to oblong, base asymmetrically truncate; apex asymmetrically obtuse/mucronate to acute/sharply apiculate; both surfaces faintly puberulous; main vein starting marginally at the base, not parallel to the upper margin, lateral veins inconspicuous to prominulous, no accessory, ascending, lateral veins visible. Inflorescence peduncles panicled, bearing the involucels below the middle. Flowers in heads, floral bracts 1–1.3 mm, spathulate to spoon-shaped. Calyx 0.8–1.2 mm long, tube densely puberulous to sericeous, teeth 0.1–0.2 mm long, ovate to broadly triangular-ovate, acute, sericeous. Corolla 1.2–2 mm long, tube densely puberulous to faintly sericeous, lobes ca 0.4–0.9 mm long, ovate to elliptic, acute. Stamens 20–25. Ovary 1 mm long, faintly puberulous, subsessile (stipe less than 0.1 mm long). Pod 7–12 by 0.9–1 cm, 0.3 cm thick, ligulate and often falcate, dark–brown, woody, woolly to tomentose when young, glabrescent, with inconspicuous venation; valves segmented inside between the seeds. Seeds 5.5–6.5 by 4–5 mm, flat, very variable in shape, orbicular to ellipsoid or trapezoid, often with a straight side towards the segment; pleurogram ca 4–5 by ca 2.5–3 mm."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186118	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186118	use	EN	The bark is used for tanning; wood for construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186118	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186118	ecology	EN	"Shrub jungles and open, dry, deciduous jungles, savannas, at low altitudes."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186118	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186118	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Indo-China, Malay Archipelago (Java–Timor)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186118	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199706	general	EN	"Woody climber; branchlets spiny brown to red-brown, glabrous, without glandular hairs. Stipules ca 4–5 by 15 mm, ovate-oblong, acute, glabrous. Leaves evenly scattered along the stem; rachis 5.5–13 cm; petiole 2.5–7 cm, gland in the lower half of the petiole ca 0.6 cm above the base; pinnae 3 pairs, up to 10 cm; glands between the junctions of the pinnae; leaflets up to 7 pairs per pinna, opposite, chartaceous; sessile; 8–75 by 5–28 mm, asymmetrically subtrapezoid to obliquely obovate; base asymmetrically half truncate-half rounded; apex asymmetrically acute; both surfaces glabrous; main vein starting centrally, not parallel to the upper margin; ca 4 accessory veins ascending from the base, lateral veins prominent, forming a lax reticulated pattern. Inflorescence: pedunculate heads. Flowers [acc. to Craib (1927)]. Calyx ca 1.6 mm. Corolla ca 2.5 mm. Pod 10–14 by 3–6 cm, oblong, with sinuate margins, flat, red-brown, rigidly chartaceous, glabrous, with numerous, prominent, transverse, parallel veins, with distinct marks over the seeds. Seeds 11–18.5 by 6.5–10 mm, elliptic, flat; pleurogram-up to 13 by 4 mm, oblong."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199706	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199706	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests; alt. ca 200 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199706	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199706	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Lower Burma."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199706	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196823	general	EN	"Woody spiny climber, young branches puberulous, ± glandular hairy, glabrescent. Leaves: rachis (8.5–)11–28 cm; petiolar gland at or above the middle of the petiole (rarely slightly below in some fruiting specimens of var. indo-chinensis); leaflets opposite, oblong, base truncate, asymmetrical, apex obtuse; main vein marginal at base not parallel to the upper margin. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled. Flowers in heads; floral bracts ca 1 mm, spathulate-ovate, not projecting beyond the flowers in bud. Ovary hairy, stipitate."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001387134	general	EN	"Stipules 8 by 1.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, caudate, puberulous in the lower half. Leaves: petiole 2.5–3.5 cm; pinnae 10–16 pairs, (2.8–)4.5–8.5 cm, glands below the junction of the 2 distal pairs; leaflets (25–)50–70 pairs per pinna 4–6 by 0.7–1 mm, lateral veins on lower surface raised, conspicuous. Calyx 2–3.2 mm; tube velutinous; teeth 0.5–1 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute, puberulous. Corolla 4.2 mm; tube glabrous; teeth 1.5 mm, elliptic-ovate, acute, puberulous to glabrous at the apex. Pod [see Nielsen (l. c.)]."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001387134	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001387134	ecology	EN	In lower montane forests; alt. 1420 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001387134	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001387134	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (Yunnan)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001387134	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199709	general	EN	"Stipules 2.5–6 by 0.5–1.3 mm, lanceolate, cuspidate, glabrous with ciliate margins. Leaves: petiole (1.3–)1.5–4.5 cm; pinnae 11–34 pairs, 1.2–7.5 cm; glands below the junctions of the 2–4 distal pairs; leaflets 29–70 pairs, 1.5–4.5 by 0.3–0.8 mm, lateral veins inconspicuous, rarely prominulous, not raised. Calyx 1.5–2.5 mm; tube glabrous; teeth 0.4–0.8 mm, triangular acute, glabrous. Corolla 2–3 mm long, glabrous; lobes 0.5–1.1 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute, glabrous. Pod 95–18 by 2–3.5 cm."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199709	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199709	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forests, mixed deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, dry deciduous dipterocarp forests, scrub jungle, in clearings, along roadsides and forest margins; alt. up to 800 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199709	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199709	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia?, Laos, S. Vietnam."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199709	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199707	general	EN	"Stipules: 2–3 by 0.4–0.8 mm, linear-filiform, puberulous to woolly. Leaves: petiole (1.5–)2.5–6.5 cm; pinnae 8–20 pairs, 2–12 cm, glands below the junctions of the 2–3 distal pairs; leaflets 19–81 pairs per pinnae, (2–)3.5–7.5 by 0.8–1.5 mm, both surfaces glabrous, margins ciliate; lateral veins prominent, raised or prominulous. Calyx 1.7–2.9 mm; tube glabrous to faintly puberulous; teeth 5, 0.4–0.8(–1) mm, ovate, acute, glabrous to puberulous. Corolla 2–3.4 mm; tube glabrous or rarely faintly puberulous on veins and lobes; lobes 5, 0.8–1.1 mm, oblong, narrowly obovate, acute, glabrous to faintly puberulous at the apex. Pod 9.5–17 by (0.8–)1.3–3.5 cm, oblong, acuminate at the ends, flat, dark red-brown, chartaceous, glabrous, without gland, dehiscing along both sutures; veins and marks over the seeds inconspicuous. Seeds 7–9 by 4.5–5.5 mm, ovate-elliptic to ellipsoid, flat, brown; pleurogram 4–6 by 1.5–2.5 mm, elliptic to oblong."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199707	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199707	ecology	EN	"Scrub jungle, deciduous forests; alt. 500–1000 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199707	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199707	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Nepal, S. China (Yunnan), Burma, Laos, N. Vietnam, Java."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199707	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186399	general	EN	"Woody climber or ± scandent shrub; branchlets spiny. Stipules 3–5 by 1–1.5 cm (ovate-) lanceolate, cuspidate, tomentose to woolly. Leaves: petiolar gland in the lower half of the petiole usually just above the basal pulvinous ; leaflets opposite, sessile, acute, both surfaces usually glabrous, lower rarely partly ciliate, margins ciliate, base asymmetrically truncate, the main vein marginal at base the lateral veins inconspicuous (rarely prominulous) beneath. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled or solitary to 4 together in the upper leaf-axils. Flowers in heads; floral bracts 0.8–1.5 mm, spathulate, not projecting beyond the flowers in bud. Ovary 0.8–1 mm, hairy; stipe 1–1.5 mm."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186399	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199720	general	EN	"Woody climber, branchlets spiny, puberulous to tomentose, glabxescent, in younger parts densely covered with glandular hairs. Stipules 1.5–2.5 by 0.4–0.8 mm, filiform, puberulous to tomentose. Leaves: rachis 9–16 cm; petiole 1–2.2 cm; gland at or above the middle of the petiole, 0.6–1.2 cm above the base, substipitate to stipitate; pinnae (12–)17–33 pairs, (1–)1.3–3.8 cm, glands between the junctions of the 8–14 distal pairs, stipitate; leaflets 25–67 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, 1.5–3.5(–4) by 0.3–0.5 mm, linear-oblong; base asymmetrically truncate, apex broadly acute to subobtuse, straight or only slightly bent forwards; both surfaces glabrous, margin and apex glabrous to ciliate; main vein starting marginally, not parallel to the upper margin, lateral veins inconspicuous to prominulous, not reticulate. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled or axillary. Flowers in heads, floral bracts ca 0.5 mm, lanceolate to spathulate. Calyx 1.5–2.5 mm; tube glabrous; teeth 5, (0.3–)0.5(–0.9) mm long, ovate, acute, glabrous to puberulous at the apex. Corolla 1.8–2.5 mm; tube glabrous; teeth 5, 0.9 mm long, narrowly ovate, acute, glabrous. Ovary 0.5–1 mm long, sericeous to woolly; stipe 0.5–1 mm long. Pod (immature): 7–12.5 by 1.9–2.4 cm, narrowly oblong, with sinuate margins, flat, brown, chartaceus, faintly puberulous, glabrescent, glandular hairy when young; veins indistinct. Seeds (immature), 6.5 by 3.8–4 mm, elliptic; pleurogram 4.5 by 2 mm, narrowly elliptic."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199720	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199720	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests at low altitudes.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199720	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199720	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Vietnam, Malay Peninsular (type, Penang), Sumatra, Borneo, Java."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199720	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199724	general	EN	"A shrub with straggling branches or a woody climber; branchlets spiny, densely puberulous to tomentose, covered with dark glandular hairs, glabrescent. Stipules 1.2 by 1 mm, broadly ovate, acute, puberulous; leaves and panicles often found together on short shoots in the axils of old leaf scars. Leaves: rachis 3–8.7 cm; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; gland 0.4–0.7 cm above the base, at or below the middle of the petiole; pinnae 8–11 pairs, 1.1–4 cm, glands between the junctions of the 4–6 distal pairs; leaflets 17–44 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, (2.5–)3–5.5 by (0.8–)1.3 mm, oblong; base asymmetrically truncate; apex acute and sometimes mucronate, slightly bent forwards; both surfaces glabrous but margins densely ciliate; main vein marginal at the base running submarginally but not parallel to the upper margin towards the apex, lateral veins prominent, anastomosing, reticulate. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled or solitary to paired in the upper leaf-axils. Flowers in heads, floral bracts 1 mm, spoon-shaped. Calyx 2 mm; tube glabrous; teeth 5, 0.5–1 mm, ovate, acute, irregular, faintly puberulous at the apex. Corolla 2.5–2.9 mm; tube glabrous; teeth 5, 1 mm, ovate, acute, glabrous. Ovary 1 mm, velutinous; stipe 1 mm. Pod ca 2 cm broad, slightly inflated, tightly curled, greenish-grey, chartaceous, glabrous, with prominulous veins and marks over the seeds; dehiscent? Seeds ca 6 by 4.5 mm, broadly ellipsoid, biconvex, brown, pleurogram ca 3 by 1 mm, oblong."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199724	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199724	ecology	EN	"In evergreen scrub and at edge of swamps, at low altitudes."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199724	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199724	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199724	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199726	general	EN	"Deciduous shrub or small tree up to 5 m high; branchlets tomentose, stipular spines up to 4.5 cm, shoots dimorphic, long and short; young leaves and peduncles crowded on the short shoots. Leaves: rachis (2.5–)3–9 cm; petiole 0.6–1 cm; gland just below the junctions of the proximal pair of pinnae, distal gland (s) 1–2, below the junctions of the distal pair (5) of pinnae; pinnae 7–23 pairs, 0.9–2.5 cm; leaflets 12–50 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, 1.7–3 by 0.4–1 mm, oblong; base truncate/ cuneate, asymmetrical; apex obtuse with slightly scarious margin; both surfaces faintly to densely puberulous; main vein slightly excentric, nearly parallel to the margins, lateral veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence peduncles not panicled, axillary, bearing the involucel at or below the middle. Flowers in heads; floral bracts ca 0.9 mm, spathulate, tomentose. Calyx 0.9–1.2 mm, tube adpressedly puberulous to tomentose; teeth 4–5, 0.1–0.2 mm, triangular, acute, tomentose. Corolla 3.2–3.5 mm, tube glabrous; lobes 4–5, 0.9–1 mm long, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acute, with long hairs at the apex. Stamens more than 40. Ovary 0.8–1 mm, glabrous, sessile (stipeless than 0.2 mm). Pod ca 9–11 by 0.8–1.0 cm, linear-falcate, brownish, slightly convex, with parallel margins; coriaceous-chartaceous, faintly puberulous, with prominulous, longitudinal 1 parallel veins, With distinct marks over the seeds; dehiscing along both sutures. Seeds 6.5–9 by 5–5.5 mm, ellipsoid to oblong; flat, ca 1.5 mm thick; pleurogram up to 7 by 2.8 mm, oblong."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199726	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199726	use	EN	Wood for construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199726	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199726	ecology	EN	Open scrubs and savannas; alt up to 1000 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199726	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199726	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Indo-China, Java."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199726	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199731	general	EN	"Straggling shrub or woody climber; branchlets spiny, ± densely puberulous to tomentose, brownish–greyish, ± glandular hairy. Stipules 1.5–3.5 by 0.5–1.5 mm, linear to ovate-lanceolate, tomentose to woolly, early caduceus. Leaves evenly scattered along the stem; rachis 8–26.5 cm; petiole (1.5–)2.8–6.5 cm; gland (s) ca 0.5–1.2 cm above the base (rarely 2 glands, the distal one then in the upper half of the petiole, 1–2 cm above the base); pinnae (5–)7–18(–25) pairs, (3–)4–11.5 cm; glands at the junctions of the 1–7 distal pairs; leaflets (8–)11–46 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, chartaceous, (3.5–)5–8.5 by (1.3–)2–3 mm, oblong to subfalcate, base truncate; apex asymmetrically acute often mucronate to apiculate, bent forwards; upper surface glabrous to velutinous, lower puberulous to velutinous, margins ciliate; main vein subcentral at the base but running excentrically towards the apex; 1–2 {–3) prominent to inconspicuous accessory veins ascending from the base; lateral veins prominent to inconspicuous beneath. Inflorescence: peduncles panicled. Flowers in heads, floral bracts 1 mm, spathulate, not projecting beyond the flowers in bud. Calyx 1.5–2.5 mm, tube puberulous to velutinous; lobes 5, 0.3–0.8 mm, ovate, acute, puberulous to velutinous. Corolla 2.1–3.5 mm tube glabrous; lobes 0.8–1 mm, faintly puberulous to velutinous. Stamens numerous. Ovary 0.8–1 mm, puberulous to velutinous. Pod 11.5–18 by 1.8–2.5 cm, oblong with slightly sinuate margins, flat, red-brown, chartaceous, densely covered by reddish glandular hairs, with prominent veins and marks over the seeds. Seeds 11 by 8.5 mm, ellipsoid, flat, brown, ca 1.5 mm thick; pleurogram 6–6.5 by 2.3–2.5 mm, oblong, pleurogram parallel to the margins."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199731	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199731	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests; alt. ca 50 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199731	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199731	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199731	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000491787	general	EN	"Annual herb, 10–55 cm; stem erect. Stipules narrowly triangular, 0.8–1 mm long. Leaves: petiole terete, 1–5(–7) cm long; blade ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 2.5(–7.5) by 1–3(–4) cm, chartaceous, base cordate or obtuse, sometimes cuneate, margin serrate or crenulate, apex acute, obtuse or acuminate, scabrous on both surfaces, nerves in 2–4 pairs. Inflorescences in groups of (1–)4, axillary, 0.5–1.5(–2) cm long, staminate part apical. Staminate flowers 5–8 per node, buds subglobular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam.; bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 0.6–1 by ca 0.2 mm, pubescent outside; pedicel 0.1–0.2 mm long; sepals ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside, puberulent. Pistillate flowers 1(–3) per node; bracts broadly ovate, 4–6 by 5–9 mm, with 3–5 deep lobes, margin, glabrous inside, hispidulous with glandular hairs outside; sepals 3, ovate, 0.8–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, hispidulous; ovary globular, 0.8–1 mm in diam., hispidulous; stigmas 1–2.5 mm long. Fruits 3-lobed, globular or subglobular, 1–1.5 by 1.2–2 mm, hispidulous. Seeds ovoid, 1–1.2 by 0.8–1 mm. Sometimes solitary irregular pistillate flowers at the end of branches; pedicel 0.5–1 mm long; sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent; style 1, attached at base of ovary, apex fimbriate; ovary 1 locule in fruit; fruits indehiscent, oblate, 2–3 by ca 2 mm, pubescent, with longitudinal suture in the center, apical appendage cup-shaped, 0.8–1.2 mm wide, apically fimbriate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000491787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000491787	ecology	EN	"Open lands, limestone hills, mixed deciduous forest; altitude: 200–1,300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000491787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000491787	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa, Nepal, Phutan, India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China (type). Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Timor and Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000491787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000912095	general	EN	"Shrub, ca 1.5 m high; stem terete, lenticellate. Stipules narrowly triangular, 1.5–2 mm long, pubescent. Leaves: petiole terete, 0.5–2.5 cm long, pubescent; blade ovate, 2–6 by 1–3 cm, chartaceous, base obtuse or cuneate, margin serrate or crenulate, apex acute or obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces, especially on nerves; nerves in 3–5 pairs. Inflorescences solitary, bisexual, axillary, 2–10 cm long, staminate part at base. Staminate flowers 5–10 per node; buds subglobular, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam.; bracts ovate, 0.8–1 by ca 0.5 mm, hispidulous outside; pedicel 0.1–0.2 mm long; sepals ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside. Pistillate flowers single per node; bracts minute, ovate, 0.8–1 by ca 0.5 mm, margin entire, hispid outside; sepals 3, ovate, 0.8–1 by ca 0.5 mm, hispidulous outside; ovary subglobular, ca 1 mm in diam., hispidulous; stigmas 3–5 mm long. Fruits 3-lobed, globular or subglobular, 1–1.5 by 1.2–2 mm, hispidulous. Seeds ovoid, 1–1.2 by 0.8–1 mm. Sometimes solitary irregular pistillate flowers at the end of the branch; pedicel 0.5–1 mm long; sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent; style 1, attached at base of ovary, apex fimbriate; ovary 1-locular; fruits of irregular flowers not found."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000912095	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000912095	ecology	EN	"In marshy ground, evergreen forest; altitude: ca 30 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000912095	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000912095	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos and Cambodia (type?)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000912095	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000950668	general	EN	"Shrub, 1–3 m high, possibly dioecious; branches terete, lenticellate, pubescent when young. Stipules triangular, 5–8 mm long, margin serrate or entire, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 2–11 cm long, pubescent; blade ovate or broadly ovate, 7(–11) by 1–3.5(–5) cm, coriaceous, base retuse or obtuse, margin crenulate-serrate, apex acute or acuminate, hispid on both surfaces, nerves in 5–7 pairs. Inflorescences solitary, with only pistillate flowers, axillary, pendulous, (10–)15–35 cm long, flowers densely set, rachis not visible. Staminate flowers unknown. Pistillate flowers 3–8 per node; bracts minute, ovate, 0.5–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, margin entire, pubescent outside; sepals 3, ovate, 0.7–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent outside; ovary subglobular, 1–1.5 mm in diam., tomentose; stigmas dark red, 3–6 mm long. Fruits unknown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000950668	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000950668	use	EN	"The roots, leaves and flowers are used as medicinal plants."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000950668	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000950668	ecology	EN	"Cultivated as ornamental, only pistillate plants known."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000950668	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000950668	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Malay Peninsula, New guinea."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000950668	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953231	general	EN	"Annual herb, 15–90 cm high; stem erect, terete, longitudinally grooved, pubescent. Stipules narrowly triangular, 1–2 mm long, margin with glandular hairs. Leaves: petiole terete, 2.5–7(–8) cm long, pubescent; blade rhomboid, 3–7 by 2–6(–7.5) cm, chartaceous, base cuneate, margin crenulate-serrate, apex acute or obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces except veins pubescent, nerves in 4–5 pairs. Inflorescences 1(or 2) together, bisexual, axillary (to terminal), (2–)4–9(–11)cm long, staminate part apical, 0.5–1.5cm long, pistillate flowers at base. Staminate flowers 6–10 per node; bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8–1 by 0.2–0.3 mm, pubescent outside; buds subglobose, 0.3–0.7 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.1–0.2 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 1(–4) per node; bracts cup shaped, 4–9 by 5–13 mm, remotely serrate with 8–12 teeth, glabrous inside, pubescent outside, visible venation, translucent dots; sepals 3, ovate, 0.7–1.5 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent glandular hairs; ovary subglobular, ca 1.5 mm in diam., pubescent; stigmas 2–3.5 mm long. Fruits 3 lobed, oblate or subglobular, 1.8–2.2 by 2–2.8 mm, pubescent, with glandular hairs. Seeds ovoid, 1.2–1.5 by ca 1 mm. Sometimes solitary irregular pistillate flowers at the end of the branches; pedicel 0.5–5 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent; style 1, attached at base of ovary, apex fimbriate; ovary 1-locular; fruit indehiscent, oblate, 2–3 by ca 2 mm, pubescent, with longitudinal suture in the center, appendages tubular at apex, 0.8–1 mm wide, fimbriate apically."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953231	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953231	use	EN	It is used as medicinal plant (citation in Perry!).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953231	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953231	ecology	EN	"Weeds in cultivation, along roadsides; altitude: 0–300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953231	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953231	distribution	EN	"Thailand, U.S.A. (Guam), Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka (lectotype), China, Japan, Taiwan, Indo-China, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Timor and Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953231	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000958157	general	EN	"Shrub, 1–4 m high; stem irregulary branched, lenticellate, young twigs pubescent. Stipules linear, 3–7 mm, hispid. Leaves: petiole terete, (1–)2–7(–9) cm long, hispid; blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, (3–)4–12(–15) by (1–)2–5(–7) cm, chartaceous; base obtuse, cuneate or retuse, with 2 glands; margin serrate or crenulate-serrate; apex acute, acuminate or caudate, hispid on both surfaces, glabrescent above; nerves in 4–5 pairs. Inflorescences in groups of (1–)8, axillary, bisexual, only staminate or solitary condensed pistillate inflorescences. (1–)2–4(–6) cm long, almost completely staminate except for a short, basal pistillate part. Staminate flowers 5–8 per node; bracts ovate, 1–1.5 by 0.8–2 mm, hispid outside; buds subglobular, 0.5–0.7 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.2–0.3 mm long; sepals ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside, puberulent. Pistillate flowers single per node; bracts ovate or reniform, oblique, 2–4 by 2–5 mm, serrate with 4–7 teeth, hispid on both surfaces, longitudinally veined, with translucent dots; sepals 3, ovate, 0.7–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, hispid outside; ovary subglobular, ca 1 mm in diam., hispid; stigmas 1.5–3 mm long. Fruits not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000958157	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000958157	ecology	EN	"In open areas, along streams, waste ground, mixed deciduous and dry evergreen forest; altitude: 200–1,500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000958157	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000958157	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, China, Burma and Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000958157	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000959997	general	EN	"Annual herb, 15–100 cm high; stem erect, terete, branched, longitudinal grooved, pubescent. Stipules linear, 1.5–3.5 mm, pubescent. Leaves: petiole terete, 2–6(–8) cm long, pubescent; blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–7(–8.5) by 2–4(–5) cm, chartaceous; base obtuse or cuneate, sometimes with 2 caducous appendages; margin crenulate-serrate; apex acuminate; pubescent on both surfaces; nerves in 4–6 pairs. Inflorescences solitary, bisexual, axillary, 2–6 cm long, single (or paired), short staminate flowers grouped apically, pistillate flowers at base. Staminate flowers 4–7 per node; bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 0.6–1 by ca 0.2 mm, pubescent outside; buds subglobular, 0.3–0.7 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.1–0.2 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside. Pistillate flowers single per node; bracts cup shaped, reniform when expanded, 2–4 by 4–6 mm, margin minutely serrate with 10–14 teeth, hispid with glandular hairs; sepals 3, ovate, 0.8–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, hispid with glandular hairs; ovary subglobular, 1–1.5 mm in diam., hispid; stigmas 0.8–2 mm long. Fruits 3-lobed, subglobular, 1.8–2.2 by 2–2.8 mm, hispid with glandular hairs. Seeds ovoid, 1.2–1.8 by ca 1 mm. Sometimes 1–3 irregular pistillate flowers between staminate and normal pistillate flowers; pedicel 0.5–2 mm long; sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent; style 1, attached at base of ovary, apex fimbriate; ovary 1-locular; fruits indehiscent, oblate, 2–3 by ca 2 mm, pubescent, with longitudinal suture in the center, appendages cup-shaped at apex, 1.5–2 mm wide, and fimbriate at apex."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000959997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000959997	use	EN	It is used as medication for headache in Indo-China.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000959997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000959997	ecology	EN	"Weeds in cultivations, along roadsides; altitude: 0–500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000959997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000959997	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Sri Lanka, China, Indo-China, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Fiji and Polynesia."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000959997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000968118	general	EN	"Shrub, 1–3 m high; branches terete, lenticellate, pubescent when young. Stipules narrowly triangular or linear, 2–5 mm long, pubescent. Leaves: petioles terete, (1–)2–4(–5.5) cm long, hispid; blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, (2–)4–(–12) by (1–)2–4(–7) cm, chartaceous; base obtuse, cuneate or retuse; margin serrate or crenulate-serrate; apex acute, acuminate or cuspidate; hispid on both surfaces, glabrescent; nerves in 4–5 pairs. Inflorescences 1 or 2 together, axillary (sometimes terminal), bisexual, only staminate or pistillate flowers, 1–4(–6) cm long, staminate part apical, a short pistillate part at base. Staminate flowers 4–7 together per node; bracts ovate, 1–1.5 by 0.8–1 mm, pubescent outside; buds subglobular, 0.5–1 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.3–1 mm long; sepals ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside. Pistillate flowers single per node; bracts broadly ovate or reniform, oblique, 2–4 by 2–5 mm, margin serrate with 3–7 teeth, sometimes ± entire, pubescent, longitudinally veined, with translucent dots; sepals 3, ovate, 0.7–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent outside; ovary subglobular, 0.8–1.2 mm in diam., echinate; stigmas 1.5–3 mm long. Fruits 3-lobed, oblate, 2–2.5 by 3–4 mm, echinate, hirsute. Seeds ovoid, 1.5 by ca 1 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000968118	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000968118	ecology	EN	"In open areas, along streams and waterfalls, on limestone hills, in mixed deciduous and dry evergreen forest; altitude: 200–1,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000968118	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000968118	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Yunnan (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000968118	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000218686	general	EN	"Shrub, 1–3 m high; stem erect, branched, lenticellate, pubescent when young. Stipules narrowly triangular, 0.8–1.2 mm long, pubescent, glandular hairs. Leaves: buds prominent, triangular; petiole terete, 1–10 cm long, pubescent; blade ovate or broadly ovate, 6–17 by 3.5–10 cm, chartaceous; base cordate, cuneate or obtuse, sometimes with 2 glands; margin crenulate serrate; apex acute, acuminate or cuspidate; puberulous above, tomentose beneath; nerves in 4–5 pairs. Inflorescences solitary, axillary, bisexual, or only staminate or pistillate flowers, (5–)7–15(–23) cm long, staminate part apically, pistillate flowers at base. Staminate flowers 7–12 per node; bracts ovate, 0.8–1 by 0.4–0.5 mm, hispid with glandular hairs outside; buds 0.3–0.8 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.1–0.3 mm long; sepals ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside. Pistillate flower single per node; bracts cup-shaped, reniform when expanded, 4–8 by 6–13 mm, margin serrate with 7–12 teeth, hispid, glandular hairs, longitudinally veined, with translucent dots; sepals 3, ovate, 0.8–1.2 by 0.4–0.6 mm, hispid with glandular hairs outside; ovary subglobular, 1–2 mm in diam., hispid; stigmas 3–6 mm long. Fruits 3-lobed, oblate, 2–3 by 3–4 mm, hispid. Seeds ovoid, 2–2.2 by 1.8–2 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000218686	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000218686	ecology	EN	"Along streams, on limestone hills, in dry evergreen forest; altitude: 20–300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000218686	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000218686	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000218686	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236547	general	EN	"Shrub, 0.5–3 m high; branches terete, longitudinally fissured, pubescent when young. Stipules narrowly triangular, 2–2.5 mm long, pubescent with glandular hairs. Leaves: petiole short, 0.1–0.8 cm long, pubescent; blade rhomboid, 2–7(–11) by 1–3.5(–5) cm, coriaceous, base cuneate, margin crenulate-serrate, apex acute or obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces, nerves in 4–5 pairs. Inflorescences 1(or 2) together, bisexual or only staminate or pistillate flowers, axillary, (1.5–)3–6 cm long, staminate part apically, pistillate flowers at base. Staminate flowers 5–7 per node; bracts triangular, 1–1.2 by 1.2–1.5 mm, pubescent with glandular hairs outside; buds 0.5–1 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.1–0.5 mm; sepals ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside. Pistillate flowers single per node; bracts cup-shaped, reniform when expanded, 5–7 by 6–10 mm, margin serrate with 9–15 teeth, glossy on both surfaces, prominent reticulated venation outside, translucent dots; sepals 3, ovate, ca 2 by 1 mm, pubescent outside; ovary subglobular, 1–2 mm in diam., echinate; stigmas 2–5 mm long. Fruits (2-or)3-lobed, oblate, 3–5 by 4–7 mm, armed with unsharped thorns with an apical, caducous gland. Seeds ovoid or subglobular, 2–3 by 2–2.5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236547	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236547	use	EN	It is used as ornamental and medicinal plant.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236547	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236547	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forest, on limestone hills; altitude: 100–600 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236547	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236547	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (syntypes), Indo-China, Malaysia (syntypes), Singapore and Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236547	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000254905	general	EN	"Shrub, 0.5–4 m high, dioecious (rarely monoecious); branches terete, lenticellate, pubescent when young. Stipules narrowly triangular, 4–7 mm long, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 2–4cin long, hispid; blade broadly ovate or ovate, 7–18 by 5–15 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate or obtuse, margin crenulate-serrate, apex acute or acuminate, hispid on both surfaces, nerves in 5–6 pairs. Inflorescences solitary, mostly unisexual, sometimes both sexes, axillary, upright or pendulous, 5–14(–18) cm long, red, greenish-red or pale green. Staminate flowers 5–7 per node; bracts ovate, 0.8–1 by 0.4–0.5 mm, pubescent; buds 0.3–0.8 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.1–0.2 mm long; sepals ovate, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glandular outside. Pistillate flowers single per node; bractscup shaped, reniform when expanded, ca 3 by 4–5 mm, margin serrate with 5–11 teeth, hispid outside; sepals 3, ovate, 0.7–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent outside; ovary subglobular, 0.8–1.2 mm in diam., hispid; stigmas 3–5 mm long, reddish, pinkish or bright green. Fruits not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000254905	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000254905	ecology	EN	Cultivated as ornamental.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000254905	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000254905	distribution	EN	"Fiji (type), widely cultivated elsewhere."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000254905	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000516166	general	EN	"Herb up to 1 m high, stems terete, striate, ± densely hairy. Leaves broadly elliptic, 11–17 by 4–7 cm shortly acuminate with cuneate base, shortly petiolate to subsessile; lamina hairy on both sides. Inflorescences cylindrical, pedunculate, terminal and lateral, often lax towards the base. Bracts deltoid-lanceolate, 2–2.5 mm long, membranous with a pungent apex; bracteoles 3–4 mm long with an uncinate apex, base with short, membranous wings. Tepals lanceolate, acute, 3–4 mm long with hyaline margin. Stamens shorter than tepals. Pseudo-staminodes 1.5 mm long with ciliate-fimbriate apex but no fimbriate scale. Ovary obovoid; style 1.5 mm; stigma capitate."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000516166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000516166	ecology	EN	Seems to be restricted to the dry dipterocarp-bamboo forest of central Thailand; occurring up to 800 m alt.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000516166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000516166	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000516166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000516177	general	EN	"Perennial herb of varying appearance, usually rather stiff up to ca 1 m, occasionally much taller, often richly branched from the base; branches obscurely quadrangular, thickened above the nodes, ± densely pubescent particularly in the younger parts. Leaves elliptic-oblong or obovate, attenuate at base, acuminate to rounded at apex, more or less densely hairy to nearly glabrous, greatly varying in size, 2–10 by 1–5 cm; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm. Inflorescences of erect, terminal and lateral spikes, the terminal by far the longest, initially dense, later with remote flowers, up to 50 cm with shorter or longer peduncles; rachis angular, appressed hairy. Bracts scarious, ovate-acuminate, persistent, 2–3 mm, erect before anthesis, later reflexed as is the fruiting perianth; bracteoles appressed against the perianth, prolonged into a long spine 3–4 mm, at base with a membranous limb 1.5–2 mm. Tepals subequal, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ca 5 mm long, glabrous. Stamens with filaments (including the cup) ca 2 mm long, glabrous; pseudo-staminodes truncate with a dorsal long-fringed scale, longer than the staminode itself. Ovary obovoid, shorter than the style, glabrous; style 2–3.5 mm. Utricle glabrous with truncate apex, 2.5–3 mm. Seed cylindrical, smooth."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000516177	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000516177	ecology	EN	"In open habitats, in Thailand recorded up to 700 m and in neighbouring countries to over 1500 m alt."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000516177	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000516177	distribution	EN	Pantropical of palaeotropic origin.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000516177	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001046384	general	EN	"Perennial, erect or ascending herb up to 2 m; branches ± quadrangular with longitudinal furrows, ± hairy with appressed, white hairs. Leaves elliptic to broadly lanceolate; base acute or obtuse, apex acuminate, both sides hairy, often reddish, 5–10(–25) by 2–8(–11) cm; petiole 1–3 cm. Inflorescences of terminal and lateral spikes up to 45 cm (including an up to 15 cm long peduncle); rachis rather thin often somewhat tortuous, covered with appressed, white hairs. Bract ovate, subulate, ca 3 mm long, after anthesis patent or reflexed; bracteoles spinose, appressed to perianth which is reflexed after anthesis, 3–5 mm long, shorter than perianth; the limb reduced to 2 membranous lobes inserted at the thickened base of the spine, or free, up to 1 mm. Tepals glabrous, lanceolate subulate, acuminate, often violet, ± unequal, 4–7 mm long. Staminal cup ca 2 mm; pseudo-staminodes truncate, without a dorsal scale. Ovary ovoid; style 1–2 mm, about same length as the stamens. Utricle glabrous, obovoid, brown, ca 2 mm long. Seeds cylindrical, smooth."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001046384	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001046384	ecology	EN	A mountain and forest plant in Thailand not recorded below 550 m; several records from 1500–2000 m in hill evergreen forests.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001046384	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001046384	distribution	EN	"Of palaeotropic origin (Type, Java); not as widespread as A. aspera, but distribution not well known."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001046384	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000328936	general	EN	"Tree to 30 m. Twigs terete, angled or compressed, the bark pale brown or reddish brown. Leaves with petiole 5–7 mm; lamina 7–10.8 by 1.9–3.8 cm, ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, base cuneate, apex acuminate; midrib impressed on the upper surface, secondary veins 11–17 pairs, intramarginal vein 1. Inflorescence up to 3.5 cm, both terminal and in the upper axils, paniculate, solitary or with several branches from the base; peduncle up to 15 mm, rachis and branches angled or terete. Flowers white, sessile. Hypanthial cup 3.7–4.5 mm, funnel-shaped. Pseudostipe 2 mm. Calyx 5, 0.2–0.4 mm, triangular. Petals 5, 0.9–1.3 mm, orbicular, 5–15 gland dots per petal. Outer stamens 0.9–1 mm; anther 0.15–0.2 by 0.3 mm, wider than long, globose, divaricate. Style 1.4–1.5 mm, approximating the stamens. Ovary 2-locular, ca 6 ovules per locule. Fruits (immature) depressed, globose."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000328936	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000328936	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests; 900–1300 m.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000328936	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000328936	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, China, Vietnam, Malesia (Java, type)."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000328936	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000211685	general	EN	"Tree up to 30 m high, often with buttresses; bark grayish; young shoots appressed yellowish tomentose. Leaves unpaired bipinnate. Petiole 5–20 cm; main rachis 10–60 cm long, pubescent when young later sub-glabrous. Pinnae 3–5 pairs. Leaflets 4–9 pairs, ovate to ovate-oblong, acuminate, slightly oblique, subsessile, when young pubescent beneath later glabrous, 2–15 by 2–7 cm. Racemes 1–3 together, dense, 20–25 cm. Pedicel 6–8 mm. Flowers reflxed after anthesis. Receptacle pubescent, 6–8 mm long. Sepals pubescent, 3–4 mm long with rounded apex. Petals red, linear-cuneate, 6–10 mm long. Filaments yellowish-orange with green base, glabrous, thick, twice the length of the petals. Ovary with 15–20 ovules. Pods long-stalked, 8–15 by 1–2 cm, flat, slightly torulose, with a 3–5 mm broad wing along the upper suture. Seeds pale brown, compressed."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000211685	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000211685	use	EN	Timber used for indoor construction and for plywood.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000211685	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000211685	ecology	EN	In evergreen gallery-forests up to 1100 m. Flowering Jan.–Febr. after shedding the leaves.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000211685	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000211685	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Sikkim, Assam), Burma (type). Laos, Sumatra, Java."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000211685	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000157764	general	EN	"Rhizome thick, bearing a few fronds; scales oblong-oval, acute to acuminate at apex, cordate at base, up to 1 cm or more long, 8 mm broad, membranous, brown, concolorous. Stipe stramineous, rather densely scaly at base, about 80 cm long. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid, acute at apex, up to 100 by 80 cm, 4 to 5 times pinnately divided; lateral pinnae several pairs, opposite, the lowest the largest, asymmetrically oblong-subtriangular, up to 50 by 35 cm, basal anterior pinnules larger; pinna-rachis at right angles to rachis, i.e. almost straight with the opposite ones, slightly bending upwards in distal portion, grooved on upper surface, grooves separated from those of the joining axes by scaly edges; larger pinnule like upper pinna, oblong, rounded to moderately acute at apex, broadly cuneate to subtruncate at subsessile or shortly stalked base, 3–4 by 1.5 cm; ultimate segments oblong, unequally cuneate at sessile base, lobed almost to axes, up to 9 by 4 mm; lobes oblong or spathulate, entire; herbaceous, light green, veins all free, hairy on upper side with coarse multicellular hairs. Sori round, subterminal at veinlets; indusia cup-shaped, attached on basal side, at first covered the sori entirely, later becoming under sori, persistent."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000157764	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000157764	ecology	EN	On humus-rich floor of dense evergreen forests only at highest regions higher than 1800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000157764	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000157764	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (type) to S. China and Taiwan, north to southern edge of Japan (Isl. Yakushima)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000157764	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000144933	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, bearing fronds in tuft, usually also with old fronds, scaly; scales linear, up to 5 by 0.4 mm, brown or bright brown, with 3–6 rows of longitudinal cells, entire. Stipes indistinct, green to brown, winged to the very base. Laminae linear, up to 20 cm by 7 mm, gradually narrowing towards both apex and base, deeply lobed almost to midrib; sterile lobes subtraingular, the acroscopic edges almost straight, nearly rectangular to midrib, the basiscopis edges almost straight or slightly curved, forming about 45º to midrib, the apex moderately acute 3–4 mm in both length and width; thinly leathery, glabrous or nearly so except on midrib, veins hardly visible, simple; fertile lobes at middle of apical portion of fronds, sometimes mixed with sterile ones, each bearing a sorus, both edges of the distal half reflexed and meeting over sorus and protected it when young."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000144933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000144933	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests on ridges at medium or high altitudes, rather common."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000144933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000144933	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya (type), Borneo and the Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000144933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107183	general	EN	"Rhizome thick, erect, scaly; scales, about 4 by 1.5–2 cm, central portion thick and dark brown, edges thin, broad, pale, entire. Stipe up to 1 m long , thick, stramineous to pale castaneous, glabrous upwards, bearing on upper portion small spine-like remains of reduced gladular pinnae. Frond imparininnate, up to 4 m or more high including stipe, narrowly oblong to elliptic in outline; lateral sterile pinnae ascending, with stalks of up to 2.5 cm long, narrowly oblong, rounded to retuse and shortly mucronate at apex, cuneate to rounded and more or less irregular at base, entire at cartilagineous margin, 30–50 by 4–8 cm, coriaceous, glabrous; costa grooved above, distinctly raised below, veins raised below, hardly visible on upper surface, close, forming somewhat regularly arranged areoles up to 2 by 0.8 mm. Fertile pinnae only on upper portion, like the sterile ones but smaller. Sporangia scattered on whole of under surface of pinnae except on costa; paraphyses capitate, with small multilobed apical cells."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107183	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107183	ecology	EN	Common in mangrove swamps and tidal forests.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107183	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107183	distribution	EN	Pantropic (type from tropical America).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107183	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107876	general	EN	"Similar to the preceding species, differing only in: rhizome scales larger; plants smaller, up to 1.5 m tall; sterile pinnae acuminate at apex, cuneate at base."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107876	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107876	ecology	EN	"In mangrove swamps, collected only twice but probably more common."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107876	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107876	distribution	EN	Tropical Asia (type from India orientalis) to Australia.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107876	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000518969	general	EN	"Leaves obovate, dentate, auriculate at base, hirsute above and below; deep green, usually with whitish area in centre, above; ca 7–25 by 3–10 cm with 1–2(–6) cm long petiole. Racemes erect, ca 10–12-flowered, 9–12 cm long. Flowers 3 cm across with 5–15 mm long pedicel. Sepals hirsute. Petals yellow. Carpels 2–4 usually 3, with 2–6 ovules. Follicles enclosed by the sepals; seeds finely echinate."	R.D. Hoogland		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000518969	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000518969	ecology	EN	"Lowland rain forest to 400 m (in Malaya to 1000 m), also in secondary evergreen forest."	R.D. Hoogland		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000518969	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000518969	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra."	R.D. Hoogland		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000518969	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577653	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1–3 m high. Leaves: petiole 2–10 mm long, rugose; blade elliptic, oblanceolate or obovate, 7–10 by 2.5–4 cm, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, base cuneate, apex acuminate, rarely obtuse, dark green above, pale green below; nerves in 6–12 pairs, conspicuous below, reddish-brown or yellowish-brown, shiny. Inflorescences of solitary or fascicled flowers; bracts broadly ovate. Flowers light pinkish-brown or green; sepals 5 or 6; disc 5-lobed. Staminate flowers: pedicel up to 2 mm long, pendulous; sepals oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, 2.5–4 by ca 1 mm, puberulous, petals narrowly spathulate; disc crenulate; stamens ca 2 mm long, filaments connate or free. Pistillate flowers larger than staminate flowers; pedicel up to 4(–6.5 in fruit) cm long, thickened towards apex; calyx-lobes oblong(-triangular), up to 7 mm by 2.25 mm, inside at base with transverse row of minute pellucid appendages; petals spathulate-rhomboid, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, white; ovary subglobose, glabrous. Fruit subglobose, 3-lobed, 1–1.5 by 1–2.5 cm, brownish-green or green, turning dull dark reddish, columella ca 4 mm long. Seeds 1–1.25 cm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577653	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577653	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, montane forest, on rocky limestone hills; altitude: to 1,200 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577653	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577653	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Western Peninsular India, Assam and Burma."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577653	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000589140	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 2–5 m high. Leaves: petiole 1.2–7 cm long, puberulous, apex and base rugose and dark, sometimes pulvinate at apex; blade ovate to obovate, oblanceolate or oblong, 9–30 by 4–12.5 cm; chartaceous to coriaceous, base obtuse or cuneate, apex acuminate to caudate, dark green above, paler beneath; nerves in 9–10 pairs, arched and looped at margin, conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences solitary or fascicled; bracts 4-seriate. Staminate flowers: pedicel up to 2 mm long; sepals oblong, ca 2.5 by 1 mm; petals spathulate, ca 2 by 1.25 mm, pale green; stamens ca 2 mm long. Pistillate flowers larger than staminate ones; pedicel up to 2 mm long (up to 3.5 cm in fruit, apex thickened); sepals oblong(-triangular), ca 7 by 2.25 mm; petals spathulate-rhomboid, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, white; ovary trigonous-globose. Fruit 3 lobed, subglobose, ca 1 by 2.5 cm, green or dark green. Seeds 1-1.25 cm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000589140	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000589140	ecology	EN	"In moist evergreen forest, along streams, in limestone hills; altitude: 50–200 m. Fruiting: August to October."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000589140	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000589140	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Malaya, Sumatra (type), Borneo, Java."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000589140	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000601960	general	EN	"Small tree or shrub, 0.5–2 m high, puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules ovate. Leaves opposite or whorled at the end of branches; petiole 0.3–1.2 mm long, hairy; blade lanceolate, elliptic, rarely obovate, 8–20.5 by 2–5 cm, subcoriaceous, base cuneate, margin undulate, apex acuminate to long acuminate, dark green above, green below; nerves in 10–14 pairs, looped near margins, inconspicuous on both surfaces, midrib sunken on the upper surface, raised below, reddish brown, shining. Inflorescences axillary or on old branches; bracts ovate. Flowers few, greenish. Staminate flowers: sepals whitish-cream or greenish; disc and filaments whitish, anthers yellow; ovary pale yellow. Pistillate flowers solitary; pedicel up to 6 cm long in fruit; sepals ovate, ca 2 by 1 cm, obtuse, yellowish-green; ovary conical, pubescent; style absent; stigmas free. Fruits light yellow or green, turning black, with enlarged persistent calyx; sepals suborbicular or broadly elliptic or ovoid, 1–2.3 by 1–1.5 cm, 5–7 veins from the base, reticulation distinct."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000601960	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000601960	ecology	EN	"Moist evergreen forest, common on limestone hills; altitude: 100–200 m. Flowering: February to May; fruiting: May to July."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000601960	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000601960	distribution	EN	"Thailand, North Malaya (Langkawi, Perlis, Kedah, Penang) (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000601960	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000519280	general	EN	"Woody climber. Leaves chartaceous, broadly ovate to suborbicular, 5.5–6(–11) by 4–5(–9) cm; apex acute or rounded; base truncate or subcordate; margin remotely serrulate; puberulous above; stellate-tomentose beneath; petiole 1.5–2 cm long. Inflorescence cymose axillary, 3- or 4-times branched, stellate-tomentose. Sepals 5, ovate, 4–5 mm long. Petals 5, brownish yellow, obtuse or suborbicular, 5–7 mm long. Stamens numerous. Ovary globose, densely pilose. Fruit ovoid to subglobose, 3–4 cm long."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000519280	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000519280	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, around 900 m."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000519280	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000519280	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Formosa, S. China, Hongkong (type), Indochina to Malesia (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000519280	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000519327	general	EN	"Woody climber; pith solid, firm. Leaves chartaceous, oblong-lanceolateto ovate-oblong, 6–10.5 by 1.2–4(–4.5) cm; apex acuminate; base cuneate or subrounded; margin laxly serrulate: glabrous on both surfaces; petiole 1–2.5 cm long. Flowers polygamous, axillary, solitary or 2–4 in small fascicles. Sepals 5, oblong, 3–4 mm long. Petals 5. yellowish, ovate-oblong, 4–6 mm long. Stamens numerous; filaments slender 2.5–3 mm long. Ovary ovoid spherical, 3–4 mm long, pilose; styles about 20."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000519327	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000519327	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, 1600–1850 m."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000519327	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000519327	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (Yunnan, type)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000519327	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000337412	general	EN	"Perennial. Rhizome creeping. Culms ± tufted, rhizome, 20–65 cm by 0.3–0.5 mm, triquetrous, smooth, glabrous. Leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; sheaths 1–8 cm long, pale to mid-brown. Involucral bracts 2–3, subulate, 2–5 mm long, soon reflexed and hidden by inflorescence. Inflorescence capitate, ± globose, 0.8–1.4 cm diam. Spikelets numerous, subterete, lanceolate, 4–6 by ca 1 mm, 4–5-glumed, 1(–2)-flowered. Glumes elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 1–5 by 0.5–1.5 mm, obtuse to acute, awned, sides membranous, pale brownish flecked with rusty brown, keel subacute, 3-nerved. Stamens 3; anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovoid or globose-obovoid, trigonous, 1–1.2 by 0.7–0.8 mm, cream coloured to light brownish, often slightly shiny, smooth to veruculose, indistinctly reticulate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000337412	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000337412	ecology	EN	"Mostly in sandy areas and grassy places on rocky slopes, 300–1500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000337412	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000337412	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Gabon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka (type), Vietnam, Cambodia, W. Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000337412	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000337413	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms 100–200 cm by 10–12 mm, sides concave. Leaves basal; blade 50–170 cm by 15–30 mm, gradually narrowed. 1-nerved, flattish-plicate; sheath up to 30 cm long. Involucral bracts 3–4, up to 50 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 6–15 by 6–15 cm, primary branches up to 7 cm long scabrous above, secondary branches 1.5–4 cm long, scabrous. Spikelets solitary, pedicellate or sessile, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 5–10 by 3.5–4 mm, rounded, light rusty brown to dark brown. Glumes elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2.5–3 by 1.8–2 mm, obtuse, membranous, boat-shaped, ciliolate above and on upper margin, sides rusty brown to dark brown, keel green. Perianth segments slightly exceeding nutlet, retrorsely scabrous. Anthers 1.5 mm long. Nutlets 1–1.8 by 0.9–1 mm, reddish brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000337413	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000337413	ecology	EN	"Common, emergent in swamps, ditches and rice paddies, often growing in large communities."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000337413	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000337413	distribution	EN	"From India (type) through Malesia to Australia, also S. China and Taiwan to Micronesia and the Bonin Is."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000337413	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001387138	general	EN	"Differs from var. pavonina in the following points: 1) pedicels and calyx usually puberulous to sericeous (occasionally glabrous); 2) calyx 0.5–0.8(–1.0) mm long; 3) pods 8–ca 12 mm broad, closely contorted before dehiscence; 4) seeds 5–8 mm long, 4.5–7 mm broad, suborbicular to ellipsoid."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001387138	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001387138	use	EN	Timber for indoor construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001387138	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001387138	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forests, mixed deciduous forests, also along forest margins and open fields; alt. up to ca 400 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001387138	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001387138	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Java (type), Burma, S. China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Malay Islands, also cultivated."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001387138	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000209692	general	EN	"Small to medium-sized tree up to ca 15 m high; branchlets dark brown, puberulous to glabrous; stipules less than 0.5 mm long, filiform, puberulous, caducous. Leaves: petiole 3–13 cm, glandless; rachis 6.5–25(–42) cm, glandless; pinnae (1–)3–6 pairs, (3.5–)8–14 cm, glandless; leaflets (6–)8–16 per pinnae, alternate, (0.9–)2–3(–4) by (0.6–)1.1–1.5(–2.2) cm, elliptical to ovate-elliptical to lyrate; base broadly cuneate behind, truncate to rounded in front; apex broadly acute to rounded to truncate, sometimes emarginate. Flowers pedicellate; pedicels 1.5–3 mm, glabrous (to sericeous). Calyx 0.8–1 mm, subrotate to cup-shaped, glabrous (to sericeous) with 5 inconspicuous teeth. Petals 3–4.5 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Ovary 1.5–2.5 mm, ± densely sericeous. Pod brown, 12–16 mm broad, distinctly swollen over the seeds; valves thinly coriaceous with bright, yellowish, loosening endocarp. Seeds bright scarlet-red, 7.1–8 mm long, 8.3–8.5 mm broad, ellipsoid, suborbicular to heart-shaped; testa thick, with pleurogram."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000209692	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000209692	use	EN	Timber for indoor construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000209692	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000209692	ecology	EN	In mixed deciduous forests.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000209692	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000209692	distribution	EN	"Ceylon (type), Tropical Asia. Widely cultivated through the Tropics but spontaneous in India–Ceylon–Burma."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000209692	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000764069	general	EN	"Branches succulent. Leaves: petiole to 4 mm long; blade coriaceous, obovate to linear, 3–17 x 0.2–5 cm apex acute to emarginate and apiculate to mucronate, base cuneate; secondary veins up to 13 pairs; both sides glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence 1–2.5 cm long. Sepals narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate, 0.5–1.1 x 0.2–0.3 cm; pubescent. Corolla pink to red; tube 2–4.5 cm long; lobes 0.9–2.8 cm long; pubescent or glabrous outside, pubescent inside. Stamens inserted at 0.9–1.7 cm from base; filaments 5–7 mm long; anthers 2–3 x 1 mm, acumen to 15 mm long. Ovary 1.5–2.5 mm long; style + pistil head 9.5–20 mm long. Fruit 11–22 x 0.9–2 cm. Seeds 1–1.4 x 0.2–0.4 cm; coma 2.5–3.5 cm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000764069	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000764069	use	EN	In Africa used as an arrow poison.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000764069	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000764069	distribution	EN	"Western, Central and Eastern Africa and southern Arabia."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000764069	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520275	general	EN	"Erect herbs 40–100 cm; stems simple or laxly branched, terete, densely covered with spreading long glandular hairs. Leaves with patently glandular-pilose; petioles 0.5–3 cm; blades ovate-oblong, 3–9 by 1.5–6 cm, acute at apex, cuneate to rounded occasionally subcordate at base, double crenate-serrate, sparsely to almost densely hirsute on both surfaces. Flowers in terminal lax leafy racemes. Bracts foliaceous below, gradually diminishing and getting narrowly lanceolate to linear above. Pedicels slender, 1 mm long in flower, 2–5 mm long in fruit. Bracteoles filiform, 6–7 mm. Calyx 7–8 mm long in flower, 9–18 mm long in fruit, densely and patently glandular-pilose; outer 3 lobes narrowly lanceolate, obtuse; inner 2 lobes linear, subacute. Corolla purple, 8–25 mm long, pilose outside; upper lip oblong, rounded or slightly emarginate at apex; lobes of flower lip narrowly oblong. Capsule conical-ovoid, 7 by 5 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520275	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520275	ecology	EN	"Edge of evergreen forests, open grassy Pine-forests."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520275	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520275	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, S. China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo and Australia (type)."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520275	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520282	general	EN	"Annual herbs; stems erect, 6–38 cm, simple or with lax, divaricate branches, quadrangular, narrowly winged on the ridges, sparsely pubescent. Leaves elliptic to oblong, 8–30 by 2.5–13 mm, acute at apex, narrowing into obsolete petioles, acute-serrate, pubescent above and on the nerves beneath. Flowers in terminal clusters with few to many flowers, occasionally solitary, axillary below. Flower bracts reduced, foliaceous; upper ones linear-lanceolate to linear, as long as the calyx. Bracteoles filiform, 4 mm long, glandular-pilose. Calyx 4–5 mm long in flower, 5–6 mm in fruit, spreadingly glandular-pilose; outer 3 lobes lanceolate, acuminate; inner 2 lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla pale rose, 7–8 mm long, pilose outside; upper lip elliptic, entire, 3 by 2 mm; flower lip as long as upper, 3-lobed, lobes elliptic. Capsule conical-ellipsoidal, acuminate, 3 by 2 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520282	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520282	ecology	EN	Open grasslands; at 1300 m altitude.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520282	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520282	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type)."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520282	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520284	general	EN	"Stems erect. simple or laxly branched, 20–50 cm, quadrangular, sparselysessile-glandular. Leaves sessile, oblong, subacute at apex, sub-auriculate at base, 7–35 by 1.5–10 mm, entire in flower half, minutely crenate-serrate in upper half, shortly hirsute on midrib above, glabrous beneath. Inflorescences terminal, pseudo-spicale, densely many-flowered, 1–3.5 by 1 cm, covered with leafy involucre-like bracts at base. Upper bracts broadly ovate, cordate, shortly petiolate, 4–6 by 4–5 mm, obtuse to subacute at apex, entire, glabrous or sparsely and shortly glandular-pilose on margins, reticulately nerved. Bracteoles filiform, 1.5 mm long, sparsely glandular-pilose. Calyx membranous, pellueid, sparsely sessile-glandular, glabrous or sparsely and shortly glandular-pilose on margin; outer 3 sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long in flower, 4 mm in fruit; inner 2 sepals lanceolate, acute, 2 by 1 mm. Corolla 8–9 mm long, pilose outside; upper lip broadly orbicular, ca 3 mm long and wide; flower lip as long as upper, 3-lobed, lobed orbicular. Capsule conical-globose, 2 by 1.5 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520284	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520284	ecology	EN	Open grassy grounds.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520284	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520284	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520284	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520291	general	EN	"Erect herbs 50–100 cm; stems simple or laxly branched, densely glandular-villous. Leaves densely villous; petioles 1–10 mm; blades broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 2.5–7 by 1–3 cm, obtuse at apex, obtuse to rounded at base, crenate-serrate. Inflorescences in terminal, cylindrical, dense pseudo-spikes with many flowers, 1.5–5 by 1.2–1.5 cm, densely glandular-villous. Flower bracts reduced, foliaceous; upper ones oblong-lanceolate to linear, longer than the flower. Bracteoles linear, 3 mm long. Calyx 4 mm long, densely glandular-villous; upper lobes largest, oblong-lanceolate, subacute; others linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla violet, 9–11 mm long, glabrous outside; upper lip broadly orbicular, 2.5–3 mm long and wide; flower lip as long as upper, 3-lobed, lobes oblong. Capsule ovoid, 5 by 3 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520291	ecology	EN	In savanna; up to 100 m altitude.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520291	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Sumatra (type), Malay Peninsula."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520292	general	EN	"Annual herbs; stems erect, simple or laxly branched, 15–70 cm, white-hirsute. Leaves petiolate, rarely subsessile; petioles 0.5–9 mm; lamina ovate to ovate-oblong, 1–7 by 0.5–2 cm, subacute at apex, cuneate and attenuate to the petiole, subacute serrate, hirsute above and on the nerves beneath. Flowers in terminal very dense-flowered, globose or shortly cylindrical heads of 0.5–3 by 1 cm, rarely solitary and axillary. Pedicels 0.2–4 cm long, hirsute. Bracts foliaceous below, lanceolate to linear-Ianceolate above. Bracteoles filiform, 4 mm long, hirsute. Calyx 4 mm long, densely hirsute; upper lobe broadly lanceolate, acute, 0.5 mm wide; others narrowly lanceolate, acute, 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Corolla violet, 5–6 mm long, glabrous outside; upper lip broadly ovate; flower lip deeply 3-lobed, as long as upper, lobes linear-oblong. Capsule ovoid, 3.5 by 2.5 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520292	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520292	ecology	EN	"In rice-fields, open deciduous forests, open shady grassy ground; sea-level and up to 1200 in altitude."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520292	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520292	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, India, S.China, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam (type), Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo and Philippines."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520292	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520294	general	EN	"Stems branched from the base, prostrate, 15–50 cm, quadrangular; hirsute especially on the angles. Leaves with petioles 1–6 mm, hirsute; blades ovate or ovate-elliptic, 1–3.5 by 0.5–1.8 cm, obtuse or subacute at apex, rounded to cuneate at base, shallowly crenate-serrate, sparsely hirsute above, hispid on the nerves beneath. Flowers solitary and axillary or in clusters with few flowers on short peduncles. Pedicels 1–2 mm long, hirsute. Bracteoles filiform, 1–2 mm long. Calyx 5–6 mm long in flower, 7–8 mm in fruit; outer 3 sepals ovate-cordate, acute; inner 2 sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate; all sepals densely long-hirsute on margins. Corolla pale purple to white, 9–10 mm long, pilose outside; upper, lip elliptic, rounded at apex, 3 by 2.5 mm; flower lip as long as upper, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate. Capsule ovoid, 3 by 2 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520294	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520294	ecology	EN	"Damp places in evergreen forests, on banks or rocks along streams; up to 200 m altitude."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520294	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520294	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malesia, Java (type), Indochina, S. China and Philippines."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520294	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520298	general	EN	"Annual herbs; stems erect, slender, simple or laxly branched, 10–40 cm, terete, densely pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate; petioles 1–5 mm, pubescent; blades elliptic, ovate or ovate-orbicular, 0.5–3 by 0.4–1.5 cm, obtuse at apex, rounded at base, subacute-serrate, hirsute above, hispid on major nerves beneath. Flowers solitary and axillary or in lax pseudo-spikes. Pedicels 0.5–1 mm long, hirsute. Flower bracts foliaceous; upper ones smaller, orbicular, with slender petiole. Bracteoles filiform, 1 mm. Calyx 3–4 by 1–1.5 mm, densely hirsute with intermixed glandular-hairs; outer 3 lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse; inner 2 lobes lanceolate, subacute. Corolla mauve, 4 mm long, glabrous outside; upper lip broadly elliptic, ca 2 mm long and wide; flower lip much shorter than upper, 3-lobed, lobes orbicular, ca 0.7 mm long and wide. Capsule ovate-ellipsoidal, 2.5 by 1 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520298	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520298	ecology	EN	Open grass-land; altitudes between 500–1200 m.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520298	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520298	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Laos, Cambodia and S. Vietnam."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520298	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109469	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping, densely covered with scales; scales entire, narrow, brown, up to 3 mm long. Stipe bright blackish-purple to nearly black, glabrous except sparsely scaly basal part, 3–8 cm long. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid or narrower, round at apex, 5–12 by 3–5 cm, bipinnate; rachis slender, not prolonged, perfectly glabrous throughout; pinnae distinctly stalked, basal ones the largest, with a few pairs of leaflets, subtriangular, cuneate at base, up to 4 by 3 cm, the upper with a single leaflet almost the same as those of basal pinnae; leaflets with short but distinct stalks, fan-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long and wide; two basal edges entire, straight or a little recurved, forming less than right-angle; distal margin round, more or less lobed, sinus shallow or to almost the base of leaflets; lobes round, oblong or spatulate, round or subtruncate at subentire apex, softly herbaceous, or thinner; veins dichotomous, not raised, glabrous throughout. Sori round or a little elongate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109469	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109469	ecology	EN	In muddy crevices of cliffs or on mossy rocks by streams usually in spray in light shade at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109469	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109469	distribution	EN	"Tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions throughout the world (type from S. Europe)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109469	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107188	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, covered with scales; scales linear, 4–5 mm long, bicoloured. Stipe up to 15 cm long, castaneous to black purple, polished, densely hairy with long multicellular brown hairs, scaly at base. Lamina linear-lanceolate, pinnate, long-tailed at apex, up to 35 by 2.5–4 cm; rachis densely hairy on upper surface with paler stiff hairs, prolonged, leafless on apical part, rooting at tip; lateral pinnae gradually becoming smaller upwards, the lower ones smaller and reflexed; largest pinnae sessile, almost parallelogram-shaped, round at apex, lower margin almost straight, upper margin nearly parallel to it, inner edge straight, to form narrowly cuneate base with lower margin, up to 20 by 7 mm, upper and outer margins deeply lobed to more than half the width of pinna, forming narrow lobes and narrow sinus; lobes including 2–5 veinlets, subtruncate and slightly toothed at apex, entire at margin; papyraceous, hairy on both surfaces, lower surface with short and long hairs, upper surface with stiff hairs; veins prominent. Sori on apices of lobes, the reflexed flaps narrow, hairy."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107188	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107188	ecology	EN	On rather dry slopes or often on muddy limestone usually in dry deciduous forests at low altitudes throughout Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107188	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107188	distribution	EN	"Tropics of the Old World in general, from Africa to Polynesia (type from India)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107188	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115194	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, scaly at apex; scales narrow, 3–4 mm long, entire, bicoloured with black central portion and dark brow edge. Stipe up to 13 cm long, castaneous to bright blackih-purple, glabrous except scaly lower portion; scales on stipe like those on rhizome but concolorous brown. Lamina linear, simply pinnate, gradually narrowing upwards, up to 20 by 2 cm; rachis perfectly glabrous, usually prolonged, leafless on upper part, rooting at tip; lower pinnae hardly reduced; larger pinnae sessile, half-crescent-shaped to nearly parallelogram-shaped, round to moderately acute at apex, lower margin round, upper margin straight and lobed, inner edge straight, forming narrow cuneate base with lower margin, up to 10 by 5 mm, upper margin lobed to about ⅓ of width of pinnae, forming distinct sinus; lobes round, moderately acute to subtruncate at slightly toothed apex; papyraceous to softly chartaceous, perfectly glabrous on both surfaces; veins rather indistinct. Sori on apices of lobes, reflexed flaps circular or elongate, glabrous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115194	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115194	ecology	EN	On muddy rocks in semi-shade or evergreen forests at 1600–1750 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115194	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115194	distribution	EN	"Thailand, NE. India (type), Upper Burma, China (north to Manchuria), Tonkin, Taiwan, Philippines, Timor, and northwards to S. Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115194	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147065	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, rather densely covered with scales; scales linear, 3–4 mm long, indistinctly bicoloured with black centre and blackish-brown edge. Stipe bright brown to nearly black, 2–8 cm long, glabrous except for scaly basal portion, scales like those on rhizome but concolorous dark brown. Lamina simply pinnate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowing upwards, up to 15 by 3 cm; rachis glabrous throughout, often prolonged and rooting at tip; lateral pinnae distinctly stalked, stalks slender, 1.5–4 mm long; leaflets fan-shaped, up to 1.3 by 1.8 cm, basal two edges entire, straight or round, forming less than right angle, distal margin round, subentire, or lobed to the depth of ⅕ of length of leaflets, middle sinus sometimes deep to midway, sinus narrow or a little wider, lobes round and subentire, papyraceous, glabrous; veins dichotomous, dense, a little raised. Sori round or a little wider, up to ten for each leaflets close to each other; pseudo-indusia 1.5–2 mm broad, up to 3 mm long."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147065	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147065	ecology	EN	On dry slopes or in crevices of limestone caves in light shade at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147065	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147065	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tonkin and Cambodia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147065	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107189	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect or ascending, or rarely creeping, bearing a dense tuft of fronds, covered with scales; scales linear, a little broader at basal portion, entire, 8 mm long, shining brown, concolorous. Stipe distinctly grooved on upper surface, bright blackish-brown to nearly black, scales on basal portion, hairy in grooves and glabrous elsewhere, 10–30 cm long, but sometimes up to 50 cm. Lamina pedate or tripinnate with a few pairs of bipinnate pinnae, up to 20 by 25 cm; upper pinnae and pinnules of the large pinnae similar, pinnate with more than 10 pairs of leaflets, linear, about 10 by 2 cm; rachis (of fronds, of pinnae and of pinnules of larger pinnae) like the upper part of stipe, distinctly grooved on upper surface, grooves decurrent to those of stipe, densely pubescent; leaflets fan-shaped, distinctly stalked with stalks densely hairy on upper surface; two basal edges forming broad cuneate base, up to 1.5 by 1.3 cm; distal margin round, serrate, rarely lobed, thin but firm, surfaces quite glabrous; veins not raised. Sori round to elongate, up to 5 mm long, a few to each leaflet."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107189	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107189	ecology	EN	On humus-rich ground in rather open forests at medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107189	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107189	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, SW. And S. China (type), Tonkin, Taiwan, throughout Malesia, and northwards to southern edge of Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107189	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001110777	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, the apex covered with scales; scales linear, a little broader at base, entire, up to 3 mm long, bicoloured. Stipe bright castaneous to black, glabrous or sparsely scaly at basal portion, variable in size, usually about 10 cm long; scales on stipe like those on rhizome except in being concolorous brown. Lamina linear-lanceolate to oblong, pinnate, commonly 15 cm long but the larger more than 30 by 10 cm; rachis perfectly glabrous, occasionally prolonged, leafless on upper part, and rooting at tip, more commonly bearing an apical pinna like lateral ones; lateral pinnae large at base, slightly reduced in size upwards, distinctly stalked; stalks usually 5–10 mm but sometimes more than 2 cm long, with an angle of about 60° to rachis; leaflets crescent-shaped, usually 2–3 by 1–1.5 cm, the larger up to 5 cm long, in the upper leaflets the lower two edges meeting at stalks to form cuneate base; thin, softly herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; veins a little raised, outer edge of leaflets subentire, crisped or lobed to about ¼ of breadth of leaflets, sinus narrow, lobes round to subquadrangular, round to truncate at subentire or toothed apex. Sori at margin of leaflets, reflexed soral flaps elongate, usually 5–8 mm long, but up to 1.5 cm."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001110777	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001110777	ecology	EN	"On rather dry slopes or on muddy crevices of rocks in light shade or sometimes on humus-rich floor of dense montane forests; common at low to medium altitudes, rarely to 1400 m alt., very common except in Peninsular region."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001110777	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001110777	distribution	EN	Throughout the tropics of the Old World (type from the Philippines).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001110777	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163097	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, scaly at apex; scales linear, up to 2.5 mm long, at most 0.1 mm broad, nearly black with brownish edge when yong. Stipe up to 6 cm long, dark castaneous to nearly back, polished, glabrous except for the scaly base. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, up to 20 by 3.5 cm; rachis thin, glabrous, sometimes prolonged and proliferous; pinnae more than a dozen pairs, with stalks of 1–1.5 mm long; middle ones the largest, straight or curved in dimidiate lower edges, subtruncate in inner edge, forming angles of 60°–90° to lower edge, round and lobed at apex, straight or slightly round and lobed at upper edge, 1.5 by 1 cm; lower ones smaller and more or less deflexed; lobes round or quadrangular, sinus to ¼ way between upper and lower edges, the middle sinus sometimes to half-way towards costa; softly papyraceous, glaucous beneath, sparsely hairy with 2–4 celled, brown, rather setose hairs up to 1.5 mm in length; veins dense, distinct on upper surface. Sori to seven for each leaflet, one for each lobe, separated from the next by sinus; indusia narrow, up to 2 mm long, 0.5 mm broad."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163097	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163097	ecology	EN	"On limestone cliffs in light shade at low altitudes near Thung Song, known only in this locality."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163097	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163097	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163097	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107908	general	EN	"Close to A. philippense but differs in: stipe, rachis and pinna-stalk with distinct wing, wing of pinna-stalk crisped, of the others flat, up to 0.7 mm broad; rachis and pinna-stalk rather densely hairy on upper surface; pinna-stalk shorter, 3–8 mm long; basal edges of leaflets not straight, forming cuneate base; veins more distinctly raised on lower surface."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107908	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107908	ecology	EN	On rather dry ground in deciduous or evergreen forests at low or medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107908	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107908	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), S. China, Taiwan, Indochina, throughout Malesia to the Pacific tropics."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107908	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122291	general	EN	"Close to A. flabellulatum, but differs in: stipe shorter, frond perfectly glabrous except for scaly rhizome and basal part of stipe, reflexed flaps of sori short-reniform, 5–8 to each pinnule."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122291	ecology	EN	On wet rocks in forests usually at low altitudes near sea.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122291	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina (type), Malaya, Borneo and Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001274410	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, densely scaly at apex; scales up to 6 mm long, narrow, entire, bicoloured. Stipe up to 12 cm long, castaneous to nearly black, densely hairy with long, multicellular, brown hairs, scaly at base. Lamina linear, pinnate, gradually narrowing upwards, up to 30 by 4 cm; rachis hairy on upper surface, perfectly glabrous on lower surface, prolonged, sometimes leafless on upper part, often rooting at tip; upper lateral pinnae becoming smaller and more spaced; lower pinnae smaller and reflexed; larger pinnae sessile, nearly parallelogram-shaped, round at apex, lower margin almost straight, to form narrowly cuneate base with lower margin, up to 15 by 8 mm, upper and outer margins lobed at most to less than ⅓ of width of pinnae, forming distinct sinus; lobes round or spathulate, round to subtruncate and slightly toothed at apex, each including 5 to 7 veinlets; papyraceous, almost glabrous or very sparsely hairy on veins and at margin of pinnae; veins rather indistinct on both surfaces. Sori on apices of lobes, reflexed flaps circular or elongate, glabrous or sparsely hairy."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001274410	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001274410	ecology	EN	On dry ground or on muddy limestone in deciduous or evergreen forests at low altitudes throughout Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001274410	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001274410	distribution	EN	Himalaya to W. Malesia (type from Java).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001274410	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520896	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, 5–15 m high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic; 5–11(–15) by 2.5–4(–5) cm; apex acuminate or acute; base cuneate; petiole 3–7 mm long. Pedicels 2.5–5 cm long, slender. Bracteoles 2, caducous. Sepals ovate, densely sericeous, 7–10 mm long. Petals pinkish lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm long. Stamens 30–40; anthers 3–4 mm long, densely sericeous. Ovary conical, 3–5-locular, sericeous; style appressed hairy."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520896	ecology	EN	In scrub and evergreen forest at low to medium altitudes (from 50 to 1520 m).	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520896	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Cambodia."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520912	general	EN	"Tree, to 25 m high. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 6–14(–20) by 2.5–5(–6) cm; apex acuminate; base obtuse; margin entire; petiole 1–1.5(–2.5) cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Pedicels 2–2.5 cm long. Bracteoles 2, a short distance below the calyx, alternate, caducous. Sepals glabrous, ovate, acute, 4–8 mm long. Petals white, glabrous, oblong-obovate, 10–12 mm long. Stamens about 20; anthers pilose. Ovary glabrous, 4-locular; style simple."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520912	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520912	ecology	EN	In evergreen jungle at 900–1285 m.	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520912	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520912	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520912	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520952	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 4–15 m high. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 5–9(–11) by 2.5–4.5(–5.5) cm; apex acute or obtusely rounded; base cuneate or rounded; petiole 5–8 mm long. Pedicel 0.5–1.2(–2) cm long, stout. Bracteoles 2, caducous. Sepals ovate, 7–8 mm long. Petals ovate, 10–11 mm long. Stamens about 35; anthers 4–5 mm long. Ovary subglobose, 4–5-locular, pubescent; stigma 4–5-parted. Fruit globose, 1 cm across."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520952	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520952	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520952	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520976	general	EN	"Tree, to 30 m high. Leaves coriaceous, broadly oblong-elliptic, 9–15 by 4–7 cm long; apex obtuse or subrounded; base acute; margin entire or finely serrulate above; petiole 1.5–2 cm long. Flowers axillary, mostly solitary. Pedicels 3–4.5 cm long. Bracteoles 2, opposite, persistent at anthesis. Sepals glabrous, ovate, rounded, 5–7 mm long. Petals obovate, 10–15 mm long. Stamens 30–40, 3–4-seriate; anthers oblong, pubescent. Ovary pubescent or glabrescent, 3-locular; style simple."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520976	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520976	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at low altitudes (under 50 m).	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520976	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000520976	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo (type), Malay Peninsula."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000520976	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521489	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–4 m high, much branched; branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina obovate or elliptic, 3–10 by 2–4.5 cm, apex rounded or emarginate, base cuneate, with numerous minute pores on both surfaces; lateral nerves 7–11 pairs, slender, slightly raised on both sides; veinlets obscure. Umbels sessile or very short peduncled, usually many-flowered. Pedicel ca 1 cm. Flowers white, without bracteoles. Calyx-lobes oblique-oblong, ca 6 by 3 mm, gibbous and thickened at base. Corolla-tube ca 3.5 mm, villous within; lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ca 6.5 by 3 mm, acute, reflexed. Stamens shorter than corolla; filaments 6–9 mm, base fused into a tube, densely villous, free part slightly longer than the tube, glabrous. Anthers ca 2.5 mm, dorsifixed. Ovary ovoid; style 6–8 mm, subulate, with black glandular dots. Fruit falcate or crescent-shaped, 5–8 cm long, acuminate at apex."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521489	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521489	ecology	EN	In littoral muddy swamps and in mangrove forest. Flowering in December–February; fruiting in October–December.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521489	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521489	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed along the shores from India, Burma, Indochina, southern China to Philippines, and southwards through Malesia to tropical Australia."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521489	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521508	general	EN	"Stems all flowering, solitary, 10–35(–40 cm) cm high; yellowish, brownish or reddish to maroon; often red striped. Flowers solitary; buds ellipsoid. Calyx 2.5–3.5 cm long, the tip erect to recurved; purplish, pinkish, rarely whitish; often glossy. Corolla ca 2–3(–4) cm long; ca 1.5–2 cm of tube exserted beyond calyx, exserted portion of tube weakly curved or ± straight, usually purplish to maroon on outside, occasionally whitish; lower portion of concealed part of tube strongly flexed, often ± geniculate, forming a narrow throat above the ovary; lobes ca 2 mm long, rounded, not denticulate, little-spreading; usually purplish to maroon on both surfaces, occasionally whitish externally and purple to maroon on the interior face; glossy externally. Stamens included, attached ± at point of inflexion of corolla tube; point of attachment hairless. Style yellow or whitish-pink, curved; stigma yellow or whitish-pink, included. Capsule ca 2.5 cm, dehiscent by rotting of the walls."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521508	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521508	use	EN	Whole plant powdered and used for cankerous wounds. Also used in New Guinea to alleviate knee pain (by striking) and used similarly to help small children to walk.	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521508	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521508	ecology	EN	"Mainly in hill evergreen, bamboo, dipterocarp and pine forests but also in other forest types and by roadsides; on granite or limestone substrata; altitude: 0–1,600 m."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521508	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521508	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Java, China. Philippines, Borneo, New Guinea, Japan."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521508	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521515	general	EN	"Stems all flowering, clustered or solitary, usually branched, ≤ 10 cm high, usually reddish. Flowers usually clustered, occasionally solitary; buds ellipsoid. Calyx ca 4 cm long, yellowish, apex apiculate and sometimes somewhat recurved, often glossy. Corolla ca 5–7 cm long; ca 2.5–3 cm of tube exserted beyond calyx, tube weakly curved throughout, tube white, uppermost section of exposed part of tube and lobes purplish, throat and centre of lower lip yellow; lobes ca 5 mm long, rounded or deltoid, spreading, the outer margins upcurved, sometimes minutely denticulate. Stamens included, attached ± ⅔ of way down corolla-tube; point of attachment with a distinct tuft of hairs, these effectively closing the throat of the corolla tube. Style curved; stigma included. Capsule dehiscent by rotting of the walls."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521515	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521515	use	EN	"Used to colour (red/pink) rice and puddings, and in Lop Buri for drying perspiration."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521515	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521515	ecology	EN	"Deciduous dipterocarp and bamboo forests, and grassland; altitude: 50–1,100 m."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521515	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521515	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Java, China, Philippines."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521515	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521801	general	EN	"Perennial herb, sometimes woody at base, up to 1.5 m high, erect or scrambling, side-branches weak; stem terete, velutinous. Leaves spirally arranged in upper part, opposite below, lanceolate, attenuate towards a short petiole (up to 1 cm), at apex acute, mucronate; both sides with appressed, white hairs, denser on the flower side. Inflorescences solitary or fascicled, whitish to pale purplish, spikes often pyramidal, sometimes forming large open panicles but also lateral weak branches. Flowers very densely packed together, bisexual or female; bracts and bracteoles membranous, ovate, mucronate, pilose ca 1 mm long. Tepals usually 5, membranous, oblong acute, pilose ca 3 mm long. Stamens ca half as long as tepals; staminal cup low; pseudo-staminodes filiform, shorter than the filaments. Ovary ovoid, ca 1 mm; style 0.5 mm; stigma entire or somewhat 2–lobed. Utricle irregularly dehiscing, 1 mm diam. Seeds shining, reniform, reticulate, brownish-black, 0.7 mm."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521801	use	EN	Locally cultivated for medicinal purposes.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521801	ecology	EN	It clearly prefers the monsoon zone and avoids the humid tropics. Highest record from Thailand is 2100 m alt. It requires high light intensities and is mainly found in open habitats.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000521801	distribution	EN	From India throughout the Indo-Chinese Peninsula and Indonesia to S. China.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000521801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000522240	general	EN	"Tree 15–20 m high, 100–150 cm girth; bark grey or brownish, smooth, with spacing yellow lenticels, inner bark brownish-orange. Leaves opposite, digitately compound; leaflets (6–)7, unequal, the terminal one largest, oblanceolate, 12–35 by 5–12 cm, sub-coriaceous, glabrous; margin serrulate or double serrate; apex cuspidate; base cuneate; petiole terete, glabrous, 11–27 cm long; petiolules 0.25–2 cm long. Panicle including peduncle up to 70 cm long; composed of sub-helicoid 1.5–8 cm long cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, one is slightly larger than the other four, pubescent outside. Petals 4, white, yellow to orange towards the centre, obovate, 2–2.5 by ± 0.5 cm, glabrescent. Stamens 7, 3–4 cm long; anthers versatile. Fruits irregularly ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, 2.5 cm across, brown with long stalk."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000522240	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000522240	use	EN	Young fruits edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000522240	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000522240	ecology	EN	"By stream in evergreen forest, alt. 150–1300 m. Flowering during February–April; fruits mature around August."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000522240	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000522240	distribution	EN	"Thailand, subtropical Himalaya, Sikkim, Assam (type), Burma, Laos and S.-W. Yunnan."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000522240	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186209	general	EN	"Tree up to 30 m high, with a broad crown; bark smooth, grey; young shoots ± puberulous later glabrous. Leaves glabrous. Petioles ca 2 cm; rhachis 15–20 cm. Stipules minute, caduceus. Leaflets 3–5 pairs, oblong-ovoid, with ± rounded, slightly emargiuate apex; base truncate, 5–9 by 4–5 cm; petiolules 3–5 mm. Panicles 5–15 cm, grayish pubescent. Pedicels 7–10 mm. Bracts ovate-oblong, greyish pubescent, 6–9 mm; bracteoles similar, persistent. Receptacle 8–10 mm, greyish pubescent as the sepals. Sepals oblong, 10–12 mm. Petal pink, with a 5–12 mm long claw; lamina oblong, emarginate, 7–9 mm long. Stamens 7, filaments 30 mm, pubescent at base; anthers 3–4 mm long, opening by a slit; staminodes 3, short, filiform. Ovary hairy ca 7 mm, with a 7 mm long stipe; style glabrous, 20–25 mm long, slightly enlarged towards the stigma. Pods brown, woody-valved; valves 5–7 mm thick, 15–20 by 7–9 cm. Seeds (excluded aril) 2.5–3 cm long, 2–2.5 cm broad, 0.8–1.2 cm thick; aril orange, cup-shaped, ca 1.5 cm long."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186209	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186209	use	EN	"Timber used for construction, e.g. bridges, components of houses; young seeds edible."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186209	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186209	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous and dry evergreen forests at lower altitudes, not above 600 m in Thailand."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186209	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186209	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186209	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000896264	general	EN	"Branches puberulent when young; older branches sparsely lenticellate or not. Leaves: petiole 0.6–3.2 cm long; blade papery, elliptic to ovate, 2.1–11.3 x 1–4.6 cm, apex acuminate to obtuse, base cuneate to cordate; secondary veins 3–6 pairs; pubescent on the underside in the axils of the secondary veins. Inflorescence 3–9 cm long; puberulent; many flowered; bracts narrowly ovate and early deciduous. Sepals ovate, 1.8–3.5 x 0.9–1.5 mm, apex acute or acuminate; puberulent to glabrous, usually minutely ciliate. Corolla pale yellowish, pinkish or red; tube 3.5–5.2 mm long; lobes 1.5–2.5 mm long; sparsely puberulent to almost glabrous outside, pubescent in mouth and sparsely so lower down inside. Stamens with anthers 3.2–4.2 x 0.6–0.7 mm. Disk shorter than the ovary. Ovary 0.9–1.1 mm long; style + pistil head 2 mm long. Fruit 5.5–21 cm long, 4–6 mm wide; glabrous. Seeds brown or white hirsute; elliptic; 10–10.2 x 1.7–3.2 mm; coma 1.5–3.3 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000896264	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000896264	use	EN	Fruit edible.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000896264	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000896264	ecology	EN	In deciduous or partly evergreen forest to 700 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000896264	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000896264	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type), Cambodia, Laos."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000896264	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000897002	general	EN	"Branchlets strigose; lenticellate when older. Leaves: petiole 0.7–1.2 cm long; blade subcoriaceous, elliptic, 5.5–13.5 x 2.2–6.4 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate; secondary veins 5–8 pairs, no clear intramarginal nerve; few strigose hairs on midrib beneath and margin at base. Inflorescence 3.1–8 cm long; sparsely tomentose; pedicels 3–10 mm long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 10–12 x 1.5–3.7 mm, apex acuminate; tomentose; few colleters in corners. Corolla white; tube 6.7–10 mm long; lobes 5–8.2 mm long, elliptic, apex acute to acuminate; tomentose outside, pubescent in mouth and in tube. Stamens inserted at 2–3.8 mm from base; anthers 4.4–6 x 0.9–1.1 mm. Disk longer than ovary, narrower at top, 5-dentate; 1.1–2.2 mm long. Ovary 0.9–1.4 mm long; sparsely puberulent; style + pistil head 4.7–6.2 mm long. Fruit unknown."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000897002	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000897002	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest to 750 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000897002	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000897002	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Burma."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000897002	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000897552	general	EN	"Branchlets brown villous to tomentose; older branches sometimes glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 0.7–1.5(–2.8) cm long; blade subcoriaceous, elliptic, 4–14.1 x 1.9–9.3 cm, apex acuminate, rarely apiculate or rounded, base cuneate to rounded; secondary veins 6–9 pairs, no clear intramarginal veins; pubescent or glabrate above and below. Inflorescence 2.4–7.3 cm long; densely short brown pubescent; pedicels 2.3–5 mm long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 7.1–13.5 x 1.3–3.1 mm, apex acuminate; tomentose; colleters inside few or absent. Corolla white; tube 4.1–8 mm long; lobes 6.2–12.6 mm long, apex acuminate; tomentose outside, mouth glabrous, pubescent behind and beneath anthers. Stamens inserted at 1–2 mm from base; anthers 4.3–4.9 x 0.7–0.9 mm. Disk longer than the ovary, narrower at top; 5-dentate or annular; 1.2–1.9 mm long. Ovary 0.6–0.8 mm long, glabrous; style + pistil head 2.9–3.9 mm long. Fruit of paired divergent follicles; (8.1–)32–37 cm long, 0.6–0.9 cm wide; villous. Seeds (12.3–)20.5–22.5 x (3.7–)6.5–6.7 mm; glabrous; coma (2.5–)4.8–5.1 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000897552	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000897552	ecology	EN	In evergreen or mixed forest to 600 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000897552	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000897552	distribution	EN	"(For var. cymosa) India, Bangladesh (type), China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Burma."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000897552	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000899440	general	EN	"Branchlets glabrous or puberulent; branches lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 3.5–12 mm long; blade papery to subcoriaceous, oblong, elliptic or slightly obovate, 2.2–10.8 x 0.6–4.7 cm, apex acuminate or apiculate, base cuneate to weakly cordate; secondary veins 8–18 pairs anastomosing into a clear intramarginal nerve; glabrous or puberulent. Inflorescence 4–17 cm long; glabrous or puberulent; pedicels 2.7–8 mm long. Sepals narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 2–6 x 0.8–1.6 mm, apex acute to acuminate; glabrous or puberulent; many colleters inside at base. Corolla white or cream; tube 4.4–8 mm long; lobes 8–17 mm long, long and narrow, apex acute or obtuse; glabrous or puberulent outside, pubescent inside. Stamens inserted at 2.2–3.2 mm from base; anthers 2.5–3.2 x 0.4–0.7 mm. Disk usually shorter than ovary, not narrower at top; 5-lobed; 0.2–0.7 mm long. Ovary 0.4–1.2 mm long, glabrous or, rarely, sparsely and minutely puberulent; style + pistil head 2.7–3.6 mm long. Fruit 28–74 cm long, 0.4–1 cm wide; lenticellate; glabrous. Seeds 8–12 x 1.2–2.3 mm, flattened; coma 2.4–5 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000899440	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000899440	ecology	EN	"In primary or secondary, evergreen or deciduous forest on a wide variety of soil types or scandent shrub in more open areas to 850 m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000899440	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000899440	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh (type), Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000899440	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900309	general	EN	"Branchlets sparsely strigose to glabrous; lenticellate when older. Leaves: petiole 4.3–17 mm long; blade subcoriaceous, elliptic or, rarely, obovate, 5.4–10.7 x 2.2–4.4 cm, apex acuminate, base acute to rounded; secondary veins 4–10 pairs, no clear intramarginal nerve; few strigose hairs on petiole, otherwise glabrous (sometimes tomentose on non-Thai plants). Inflorescence 2.2–13 cm long; shortly tomentose on upper parts; pedicels 1.8–22 mm long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 6.3–15.2 x 1.5–5 mm, apex acuminate; shortly pubescent; colleters only in corners. Corolla white; tube 4.8–12.7 mm long; lobes 4.1–16 mm long, obovate, flat topped; shortly pubescent outside, pubescent in mouth and inside. Stamens inserted at 1.2–3.9 mm from base; anthers 3.8–6.3 x 0.8–1.3 mm. Disk longer than ovary, narrower at top, 5-dentate; 0.9–2.3 mm long. Ovary 0.6–1.6 mm long; sparsely pubesent; style + pistil head 2.6–6.6 mm long. Fruit 10.1–38 cm long, 4–8.6 mm wide; glabrous to tomentose. Seeds 15.5–23 x 2.5–5.6 mm, flattened; coma 2.3–5.5 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900309	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900309	ecology	EN	In mixed forest or thicket.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900309	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900309	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Nagaland), Burma, China (type), Vietnam."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900309	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900621	general	EN	"Branches glabrous or with few hairs. Leaves: petiole 0.9–1.5 cm long; blade papery, elliptic or oblong, 6.1–14 x 2–7 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate to rounded; 5–9 pairs of secondary veins, no clear intramarginal nerve; few hairs on petiole, otherwise glabrous. Inflorescence 5.5–10.7 cm long; minutely tomentose in upper parts and with few strigose hairs lower down or glabrous; pedicel 0.5–1.4 cm long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 11.5–21 x 1.3–4 mm, apex acuminate; puberulent/tomentose; colleters inside few or absent. Corolla white; tube 1–1.4 cm long; lobes (1.1–)1.6–3.5 cm long, long and narrow, apex acute; outside tomentose, pubescent in mouth and in five rows down tube inside. Stamens inserted at 1.1–2.6 mm from base; anthers 5.2–6.1 x 0.9–1.2 mm. Disk longer than ovary, narrower at top, 5-dentate; 1.4–3 mm long. Ovary 0.7–1.2 mm long, sparsely pubescent; style + pistil head 4.1–4.5 mm. Fruit puberulent; 14.2–16 cm long, 6–8 mm wide."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900621	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900621	ecology	EN	In evergreen or mixed forest to 660 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900621	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900621	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Vietnam."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900621	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900824	general	EN	"Branchlets shortly tomentose; older branches lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 0.8–1.5 cm long; blade papery to subcoriaceous, elliptic, 6–14.5 x 4.5–8.5 cm, apex acuminate, base acute to weakly cordate; 6–9 pairs of secondary veins, no clear intramarginal nerve; strigose on petiole and base of midrib beneath, otherwise glabrous. Inflorescence 5.5–19.5 cm long; tomentose; pedicels 0.8–1.7 cm long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 1.4–2.3 x 0.2–0.6 cm, apex acuminate to caudate; tomentose; colleters inside few or absent. Corolla white or cream; tube 8.3–14 mm long; lobes 8.8–14.5 mm long; apex flattened, tomentose outside, glabrous in mouth, pubescent behind and beneath anthers inside. Stamens inserted at 2.8–4.5 mm from base; anthers 4.7–6.7 x 1.1–1.4 mm. Disk longer than ovary, narrower at top, 5-dentate; 2–3 mm long. Ovary 0.8–1.3 mm long; sparsely to densely pubescent on top; style + pistil head 4.4–5.6 mm long, pubescent or not. Fruit unknown."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900824	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900824	ecology	EN	Open areas in evergreen forest to 400 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900824	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000900824	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia, Burma (type)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000900824	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000523712	general	EN	"Liana or scrambling shrub, sometimes a small tree. Petiole 2–9 cm, densely pubescent. Leaflets ± coriaceous, base rounded, apex blunt–acuminate, entire, more or less densely ferruginous–tomentose especially beneath, ± triplinerved with 5–6 pairs of nerves; lateral leaflets oblique elliptic, 5–13 by 2–6 cm, terminal ones elliptic to obovate, 7–20 by 3–10 cm. Panicles up to 8–10 cm long, tomentose. Sepals ca 1.5 mm. Petals ca 2.5 mm. Carpels (3–)5. Fruits 15–25 by 7.5–12.5 mm, narrowed at the base, long beaked at the apex, papillose, tomentose. Seed obovoid, the basal half covered by the arillode."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000523712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000523712	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000523712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000523712	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, W. & C. Java, Borneo (type), Philippines."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000523712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000523801	general	EN	"Liana or climbing shrub. Petiole 5–9 cm, glabrous. Leaflets coriaceous, basecuneate to rounded, apex blunt-acuminate, entire, glabrous or sometimes tomentose on the nerves beneath, triplinerved with about 4 pairs of nerves in the upper half; lateral leaflets usually very oblique, ovate, 8–18 by 4–10 cm, terminal ones obovate, 10–30 by 4–12 cm. Panicles 2–6 cm long, tomentose. Sepals 2 mm, obtuse. Petals 5 mm. Carpels (4–)5. Fruits 10–25 by 5–10 mm, narrowed at the base, rounded or shortly beaked at the apex, rugulose to warty, tomentose. Seed obovoid; arillode covering ⅓–¾ of the surface."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000523801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000523801	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests. Flowers in March–April. Fruits from March to August.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000523801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000523801	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Laos, S. Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, W. Java, Borneo, Philippines (type), Moluccas."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000523801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125793	general	EN	"A large epiphyte. Rhizome creeping, thick, usually more than 1.5 cm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales brown, linear, 10–15 by more than 0.5 mm, sharply toothed at margin. Fronds sessile, usually more than 1 m long, about 60 cm wide, lobed almost to rachix; lobes continuing with wings less than 1 cm broad; the base of fronds broadly rounded to cordate, up to 15 cm broad, subentire or shallowly lobed, brown, like the nest-leaves of Drynaria; lobes of the upper part of fronds ascending, usually more than a dozen pairs, linear-subtriangular, attenuately acuminate at apex, entire at margin, up to 40 by about 5 cm, every lobe falling at the abscission along rachis; veins raised on the both surfaces, venation drynarioid, or with complicately reticulate, main areoles quadrangular, smaller areoles with free included veinlets; coriaceous, green, glabrous. Sori one, or very rarely two, row(s) between main veins, more or less elongate, or sometimes uniting longitudinally, but rarely continuous beyond cross veins."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125793	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125793	ecology	EN	"On rather dry or mossy rocks or on tree-trunks in open places or in dense forests, not so rare at medium altitudes throughout Thailand."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125793	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125793	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas to S. China, Indochina, Taiwan and northwards to the Ryukyus; Khao Chong is the southernmost record of this species."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125793	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000993131	general	EN	"Stems hairy or villous. Leaves 5–9-foliolate with smaller leaflets ntermediate. Leaflets sessile, alternate, elliptic or obovate, obtusely serrate, hairy on both surfaces, ± glandular. Petiole slender, villous. Stipules leafy, semi-lunate, toothed. Racemes slender, 10–30cm long. Pedicel short. Bracts 3-fid. Petals yellow. Fruiting calyx hardened, villous, enlarged, grooved, top of the tube with a dense ring of erect and hooked spines."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000993131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000993131	ecology	EN	In open grassy montane scrub.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000993131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000993131	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Nepal (type), Khasi Hills, S. China, N. Indochina (Vietnam, Laos)."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000993131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925540	general	EN	"Shrub up to 6 m high. Stipules ovate to triangular, 0.5–4 by 1–8 mm, late caducous, scars up to 1.5 cm below the leaves. Leaves: petiole 0(–2) cm long; blade narrowly to linear elliptic or obovate, 6–70 by 2–16 cm, length/width ratio 2–5.5, coriaceous, margin entire, nerves 10–40 per side, drying brownish. Inflorescences single to up to 4 superposed, up to 35 cm long, subsericeous to sericeous, bracts ovate to obovate, 1–4 by 1–4 mm. Flowers single to 5 per bract. Staminate flowers 2–3 by 1.5–3 mm; pedicel 1–3 mm long; sepals 2–5, 1.5–2.5 by 1–2 mm, light orangish; petals 5, 1–2.5 by 1–2.5, light orangish; disc lobes 4–6; stamens 8–12 in two whorls, pale yellow, outer free, inner united with pistillode, free part of filaments 2–3 mm long; pistillode present. Pistillate flowers 2–4 by 2–3.5 mm; pedicel 2–5 mm long; sepals 5, 2–3 by 1 2 mm; petals 5, 1–2 by 1.5–2 mm; disc lobes 5; ovary 1–3 by 1.5–4 mm; stigmas sessile, 1–2.5 mm long. Fruits 6–9 by 5–7 mm. Seeds 4–6 by 3–5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925540	use	EN	Burnt wood produces a black latex which is cosmetically used to dye the teeth black; this has to be repeated every three days.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925540	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest, wet evergreen forest, dipterocarp forest, montane (mossy) forest, swamp forest, in logged-over forest, along forest paths and rivers, in open places; common in undergrowth and in open areas; soil: red, brown or yellow sandy clay, limestone, acidic sand; altitude: 50–2,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925540	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo (type), Philippines, Papua New Guinea."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925579	general	EN	"Shrub or tree up to 15 m high. Stipules narrowly triangular, 2–20 by 2–7 mm, caducous, scars up to 4.5 cm below the leaves. Leaves: petiole 0.5–0.7 cm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 14–55 by 4.5–12 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–5.2, papery to subcoriaceous, margin entire to crenulate, nerves 11–24 per side, drying brownish. Inflorescences single to up to 15 superposed, up to 18 cm long, glabrous to subsericeous; bracts broadly ovate. 2.5–5 by 2.5–6 mm. Flowers single to 3(–10) per bract, scented. Staminate flowers 2–3 by 2.5–3.5 mm, white to yellow to greenish; pedicel 2–3 mm long; sepals 3.ca. 2 by 1.3–2 mm; petals 5, 1.3–1.5 by 1.2–1.5 mm; disc lobes 5, orange to red; stamens 10, in 1 whorl, free, filaments 1.5–3 mm long, yellow, anthers blue; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers 2–3 by 2.5–3.5 mm; pedicel 0.2–1 cm long; sepals 5, 2–3 by ca 1 mm; petals 5, 1.5–3 by 1.5–3 mm, reddish-brown; disc annular; ovary 1–2.5 by 1.5–3 mm; stigmas sessile, 1.5–2 mm long. Fruits 5–12 by 8–15 mm, green to grey. Seeds 7–9 by 5–8 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925579	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest, evergreen dipterocarp forest, bamboo forest, swamp forest, logged-over forest; along streams, in shade of taller trees or in full sun; soil: limestone; altitude: sea level up to 400 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925579	distribution	EN	Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia (type).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925599	general	EN	"Shrub or tree up to 5 m high. Stipules narrowly triangular, 4–17 by 2–4 mm, caducous, scars up to 5 cm below the leaves. Leaves: petiole 0.2–7 cm long; blade (narrowly) elliptic to obovate, 8–40 by 1.5–13 cm, length/width ratio 2.2–5.7, papery to subcoriaceous, margin dentate with teeth ending in glands, nerves in 10–27 per side, drying yellowish. Inflorescences single to up to 6 superposed, up to 3 cm long, subsericeous; bracts ovate, 2–6 by 2–5 mm. Flowers single per bract; sepals 2–5; petals 5(–9). Staminate flowers 3.5–5 by 3–4 mm; pedicel 4–6 mm long; sepals 3–4 by 2–3.5 mm; petals 2–5 by 1–2.5 mm; disc lobes 5–7(–10); stamens 13–16 in one whorl, basally united, 2.5–4 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers 5–7 by ca 3 mm, purple; pedicel ca 4 mm long; sepals 3–5 by 1–2 mm; petals 2.5–3.5 by 1–1.5 mm; disc lobes 5(–10); ovary 0.5–1.5 by 1–1.7 mm; style ca 1 mm long; stigmas 1–1.5 mm long. Fruits 12–13 by 8–10 mm. Seeds 5–8 by 5–7 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925599	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925599	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary evergreen forest; in undergrowth, along (dry) streams, on low hills and ridges, locally common; soil: clay, sand, rocky and boulder rich; altitude: sea level up to 400 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925599	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000925599	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000925599	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001140390	general	EN	"Tree, up to 45 m high and 0.75(–1.5) m diam. Leaves 6–17(–30)-jugate, 20–70 cm long; leaflets glabrous above, more or less pubescentbeneath, obliquely ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, rarely ovate or oblong, falcate, acuminate (5–)9–15(–26) by 2.5–5.5 cm; nerves 8–20 pairs; at the end of the midrib beneath usually with a hairy gland, making the apex obtuse or even emarginate, apex rarely acute; on the undersurface often with acarodomatia in the nerve forks. Inflorescence paniculate, dense and many-flowered, more or less pubescent, ca 20–60 cm long; bracts small, ovate to triangular, caducous; pedicels up to ca 4 mm. Calyx pubescent, less than 1 mm high, lobes triangular, acute as long as the tube or a little longer. Petals glabrous or nearly so, ca 3–5 by 1–1.5 mm. Stamens: filaments tortuous-folded in bud, filiform or sometimes attenuate from the base to the top, usually with spreading hairs in the lower part, ca 3–6 mm long in male flowers, and ca 1–3 mm long in female flowers; anthers ca 1.2 by 1 mm in male flowers, smaller in female flowers flowers. Carpels (2–)3(–4), glabrous, ca 2–2.5 by 1–1.5 mm; styles free or coherent at the base, connate at the top, ca 1–1.5 mm: stigma (2–)3(–4)-lobed, peltate, ca 2 mm. diam. Fruit: samaras 1–3(–4), obtuse at the apex, main vascular bundle towards the seed intramarginal, scar of the style at the same level as the seed, ca 4.5–8 by 1.35–2.5 cm; pedicels 8–20 mm."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001140390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001140390	use	EN	Wood for match-sticks and match-boxes; also suitable for core of plywood and paper pulp.	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001140390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001140390	ecology	EN	"In evergreen and deciduous forests, under ever wet and seasonal conditions, from lowland up to 600 m alt. "	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001140390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001140390	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Ceylon, Burma, Vietnam, Malesia (except the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, the Lesser Sunda Is., and New Guinea) to Queensland and the north of New South Wales."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001140390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000524959	general	EN	"Large liane; branchlets at first tomentellous, later glabrescent. Leaves: petioles with tomentellous swellings at both ends, otherwise subglabrous, 2–10 cm; lamina elliptic-oblong or elliptic, base cuneate to broadly rounded, apex acuminate, (11–)19–32 by (4–)7–14 cm; 1–2 pairs of sub-basal nerves apart from 3–4 pairs of lateral nerves, nerves and reticulation raised on both surfaces, glabrous, upper surface often shining, thinly coriaceous. Inflorescences axillary and on older, leafless stems. Male flowers in axillary or ramiflorous fascicles; pedicels 4–6 mm, tomentellous; outer sepals 3+3, 1.5 mm long, tomentellous; inner calyx creamy-white to yellow, 10 mm long, externally tomentelluus; petals 3, fleshy, oblate, scarcely 1 mm long; lateral margins inflexed; synandrium 5 mm long, consisting of 24 stamens, in 6 vertical rows of 4. Female flowers solitary; outer sepals similar to male; inner calyx 6 mm long; petals 6, ± obovate, 1 mm long, glabrous; staminodes subulate, 2 mm; carpels 4–6, elongate-ovoid, 2.5 mm long, tomentellous, attenuated into a 1 mm long, subulate, glabrous style. Drupes orange, oblong-ellipsoidal to obovoid-ellipsoidal, 2.5–3.8 by 2–2.6 cm, on peduncle, ca 4 mm thick and 10 mm long; endocarp with a marginal raised ridge, 3 by 1.7 cm, smooth, crustaceous."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000524959	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000524959	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; at low altitudes.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000524959	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000524959	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia (? Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea–type)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000524959	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000524966	general	EN	"Woody climber; stems subtomentellous to puberulous when young, later glabrescent. Leaves with slender pubemlous petioles, 2–6 cm, not conspicuously thickened at the base or apex; lamina ovate to lanceolate, base rounded, apex attenuately acute, 9–16.5 by 4–8.5 cm, 2 pairs of sub-basal nerves, and 1–2 pairs of distal main lateral nerves, the nerves and fine reticulation raised on both surfaces, glabrous above, puberulous along nerves below, papyraceous. Male inflorescences and flowers unknown. Female flowers solitary, axillary on tomentose pedicels, 6 mm long; outer sepals in 2 whorls of 3, narrowly triangular, externally densely pubescent, the outermost 1.2 mm long, the next inner 2 mm long; inner calyx narrowly urceolate, very shortly 3-lobed, 7 mm long, externally pubescent-pilose; petals 6, rotund, subauriculate at base, 1 mm long, externally sparsely pilose; staminodes (not observed); carpels 6, curved-ellipsoidal, 1.5 mm long, densely pilose with a subulate, glabrous style, 2.5 mm long. Drupes orange, ellipsoidal, 1.5 by 0.8 cm, puberulous, on peduncles 3–7 mm long; endocarp subellipsoidal, slightly curved and flattened with a low dorsal ridge; the smooth surface covered with fine branched grooves."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000524966	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000524966	ecology	EN	Shaded area near river in primary rain forests; at 150 m alt.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000524966	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000524966	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000524966	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192577	general	EN	"Tree up to ca 25 m high; branchlets faintly puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 1.5–2.5 cm; gland 0.2 cm below the junctions of the pinnae, ca 1 mm diam, sunken, hollow, circular to slit-like, with raised margins; pinnae 1 pair, up to 5 cm long; leaflets 2–3 pairs, petiolulate, chartaceous, (2.5)–6–7(–8) by (2–)3–3.5 cm, broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic; base rounded, often asymmetrical, apex broadly acuminate; both surfaces glabrous; main vein removed more than ¼ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin, lateral veins forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: peduncles solitary or paired, subtended by young leaves on short branchlets in the axils of old leaf-scars; or peduncles collected in panicles, sometimes more together in the axils of fully developed leaves; panicles up to 7–8 cm, puberulous; peduncles up to 3.5 cm, bearing heads of ca 25 sessile, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: Calyx 2–3 mm long, tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped, puberulous; teeth inconspicuous, less than 0.3 mm. Corolla 7–7.5 mm, funnel-shaped, puberulous to sericeous; lobes 2–3 mm long, ovate-oblong, acute. Staminal tube shorter than the corolla-tube, ca 3–3.5 mm. Ovary sessile, glabrous. Pod ca 16 by 4 cm, slightly turgid, thickly coriaceous with thickened margins, dark brown, glabrous, indehiscent. Seeds ca 17 by 12 mm, heart-shaped, biconvex, ca 5 mm thick; pleurogram shortly U-shaped at the micropylar end, not reaching the middle of the seed."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192577	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192577	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests and savannas on rocky ground; alt. up to 1200 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192577	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192577	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type), S. Vietnam."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192577	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000182103	general	EN	"Tree up to 20 m high; branchlets terete, puberulous to tomentose, glabrescent. Stipules 1.5 cm long, ca 3 cm broad, auriculate, early caduceus. Leaves: rachis 10–25 cm; glands just below the junctions of the pinnae, ca 3 mm, and 1.5 mm high, flat to suburceolate; pinnae 4–14 pairs, 4–10 cm; leaflets (10–)20–30 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, chartaceous up to 1 by 0.3 cm, subulate-oblong, asymmetrical; base truncate, apex sharply acute; both surfaces faintly sericeous, main vein and margins tomentose; main vein forming the upper margin or nearly so; lateral veins prominent. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in a terminal puberulous to tomentose panicle up to ca 10–15 cm, or not panicled, peduncles up to 3–4 together in clusters, often surrounded by auriculate stipules at the base; 1–ca 3 cm, bearing heads of 10–20 sessile, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: Calyx 2.5–5 mm, tubular to narrowly funneI-shaped, puberulous to tomentose; teeth 0.3 mm, deltoid, acute. Corolla 7–10 mm, funnel-shaped, puberulous to tomentose especially on the lobes; lobes 2–2.5 mm, ovate, acute. Staminal tube as long as to slightly longer than the corolla tube. Ovary glabrous, sessile. Pod up to 15 by 2 cm, oblong, flat, chartaceous, light brownish, indchiscent. Seeds ca 7 by 4–5 mm, elliptic, flat, 0.5–1 mm thick; areole near the micropyle, ca 1 mm diam., subcircular, pleurogram not parallel to the margins."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000182103	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000182103	use	EN	As a shade–tree in coffee and tea plantations.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000182103	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000182103	ecology	EN	"Evergreen and deciduous forests, savannas, riverbanks; alt. up to ca 1800 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000182103	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000182103	distribution	EN	"Tropical and subtropical Asia (type, S. China), also cultivated."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000182103	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196892	general	EN	"A scandent or climbing shrub; branchlets terete, glabrous, armed with recurved hooks from the base of the leaf-scars. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 8–13 cm long; glands ca 0.5 cm above the base and 0.5–1 cm below the bases of each pair of pinnae; lower gland 2 mm, ovate, flat to concave, sessile; distal glands 0.5 mm, circular, flat to concave, sessile; pinnae (1–)3–4 pairs, 3–11 cm; leaflets 3–10 pairs, very shortly petiolulate, opposite, chartaceous, 1.4–3 by 0.7–1.5 cm obovate to ovate to sub-rhomboid, asymmetrical; base asymmetrically truncate to broadly cuneate, apex rounded to truncate, mucronate; both surfaces glabrous; main vein removed more than ¼ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin; lateral veins prominulous. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in glabrous to faintly puberulous, terminal or axillary panicles up to ca 20 cm, branched 1–3 times; peduncles ca 4–5 together in clusters, up to 1.5 cm, bearing heads of 15–20 sessile, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: Calyx 1.5–2 mm, tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped, puberulous to sericeous with 0.25 mm, triangular teeth. Corolla 5–6 mm, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous to puberulous; lobes 2–2.5 mm, reflexed when flowering, ovate-elliptic, acute. Staminal tube as long as the corolla-tube or slightly shorter. Ovary glabrous, stipe 0.75–1.5 mm. Pod 15–18 by 2.5–4 cm, flat, chartaceous, brownish, glabrous, with very distinct marks over the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds 10 by 4 mm, narrowly elliptic, flat, 1 mm thick; areole ca 7.5 by 1 mm, with pleurogram parallel to the margins."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196892	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196892	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forests, forest margins, open savannas on disturbed soil; alt. sea level to 1100 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196892	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196892	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (type), Indo-China, Philippines, N. part of Borneo."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196892	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196901	general	EN	"Tree up to ca 20 m high; branchlets terete, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 17–25 cm; gland 0.5–1 cm above the base, 2.5–3 mm, subcircular to elliptic, flat to concave, hardly raised; pinnae 3–4 pairs, 5–25 cm; leaflets 3–5 pairs per pinna, opposite, petiolulate (> 1 mm), rigidly chartaceous, 2.5–6 by 1.2–3.5 cm, ovate to obovate to sub-rhomboid; base asymmetrical, half cordate-half rounded; apex rounded, mucronate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface puberulous to glabrous; main vein diagonal; lateral veins prominent. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in a terminal, puberulous panicle, up to 40 cm long, branched up to three times; peduncles 2–5 in clusters, 2.5–3.5 cm, bearing heads of 10–15 sessile, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: Calyx 1–2.5 mm, subtubular, puberulous; teeth ca 0.25 mm, triangular. Corolla 6–7 mm, funnel-shaped, tube puberulous; lobes 2–2.5 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute, densely puberulous at the apex. Staminal tube somewhat irregularly divided about as long as the corolla tube. Ovary glabrous; stipe ca 1 mm. Pod ca 19 by 3 cm, flat, with somewhat sinuate margins, chartaceous, red-brownish, glabrous, with distinct marks over the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds 9 by 6 mm, elliptic, flat, up to 1.5 mm thick; areole 7 by 2.5 mm with pleurogram parallel to the margins."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196901	ecology	EN	Upper mixed deciduous forests and grassland; alt. 500–2000 In (in Thailand recorded only up to 720 m).	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196901	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Laos, N. Vietnam, S. China."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199744	general	EN	"Small tree up to ca 15 m high; branchlets terete, puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 12–18 cm; glands ca 1–1.5 cm above the base and between the junctions of the 1–2 distal pairs of pinnae, 2–2.5 mm, elliptic to slit-like, concave, sessile; pinnae 5–8 pairs, 4–10 cm, leaflets sessile, opposite, chartaceous, 10–22 pairs per pinna, 0.6–1 by 0.3–0.4 cm, asymmetrically oblong, base asymmetrical, half truncate-half narrowly cuneate, apex asymmetrically obtuse, mucronate; upper surface glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, lower surface puberulous, main vein removed ⅓ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin, lateral veins not reticulate. Inflorescence: peduncles not panicled, axillary, paired, at the upper leaves, ca 5 cm long, bearing corymbs of ca 35 pedicellate, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: pedicel up to 4–5 mm. Calyx 3 mm long, narrowly campanulate, puberulous; teeth 0.3–0.5 mm, triangular, acute. Corolla 6.5–7 mm, funnel-shaped, puberulous; lobes 2.5 mm, ovate, acute. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube. Ovary glabrous; stipe 0.5 mm. Pod>/i> 14 by 3 cm, flat, oblong with a mucronate apex, chartaceous brownish, glabrous, dehiscent. Seeds 6 by 5 mm, suborbicular, flat, 1.5 mm thick; areole ca 4 by 2.5–3 mm with pleurogram parallel to the margins of the seed."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199744	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199744	ecology	EN	Open lower montane forests on rocky ground; alt. ca 1500 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199744	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199744	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (Yunnan), Assam, Burma."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199744	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199751	general	EN	"Tree up to 15 m high; branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 5–13 cm; glands ca 2.5 cm above the base and between the junctions of the 2–3 distal pairs of pinnae, 0.5 mm in diameter, circular, flat to slightly concave, substipitate; pinnae 3–4 pairs, 6–11 cm; leaflets 15–25 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, chartaceous, 7–20 by 2.5–6 mm, oblong to subfalcate, asymmetrical; base truncate, sometimes with the proximal part widened; apex rounded to acute, always mucronate; both surfaces glabrous or nearly so, often with a few scattered hairs along the margins; main vein removed ca ⅓ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin; lateral veins prominent. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in axillary, puberulous to shortly tomentose, panicles up to ca 15 cm, branched 2–3 times; peduncles 2–5 together in clusters, 1–3 cm, bearing heads of 10–15 sessile, uniform flowers. Calyx 1–1.5 mm, narrowly campanulate, puberulous to tomentose with ca 0.25 mm long deltoid teeth. Corolla 4–5 mm, tubular to narrowly funnel shaped, puberulous to villous; lobes 1 mm, narrowly ovate to elliptic. Staminal tube always longer than the corolla tube and often as long as the corolla. Ovary glabrous, sessile. Pod ca 15 by 2 cm, flat, chartaceous, dark brown, glabrous with distinct marks over the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds 7 by 5 mm, obovate-sub-orbicular, slightly biconvex, 1.5 mm thick; areole up to 4 by 2 mm, ovate-elliptic, pleurogram not parallel to the margins."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199751	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199751	use	EN	Wood for indoor construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199751	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199751	ecology	EN	In margins of evergreen forests and especiallymin deciduous forests; alt. up to ca 400 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199751	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199751	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, E. Malesia (type, Timor); also cultivated."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199751	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184271	general	EN	"Tree up to ca 25 m high; branchlets glabrous, terete. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 5–10 cm; gland(s) ca 1.5 cm above the base and often between the junctions of either the proximal or the distal pair of pinnae, ca 3 mm, elliptic, concave, sessile; pinnae 2–3 pairs, 8–9 cm; leaflets 3–6 pairs per pinna, petiolulate, opposite, chartaceous, 1.5–5 by 0.9–3.5 cm, asymmetrically trapezoid to rhomboid or obovate, base asymmetrical, broadly cuneate to truncate to obliquely cordate; apex rounded to truncate, both surfaces puberulous to tomentose or glabrous; main vein removed more than ¼ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin, lateral veins prominent. Inflorescence: peduncles 2 or more together in the axils of the terminal leaves, up to 10 cm, tomentose to faintly puberulous, bearing corymbs of ca 30–40 pedicellate, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: pedicel up to 4 mm. Calyx 3.5–5 mm, funnel-shaped, puberulous; teeth 0.75–1 mm, narrowly triangular. Corolla 7.5–11 mm, funnel-shaped, tube glabrous; lobes 2.5–4 mm, broadly ovate, acute, puberulous at the apex. Staminal tube shorter than the corolla-tube, 4–5 mm. Ovary glabrous, sessile. Pod: 20–35 by 3–4 cm, oblong, gradually narrowed at both ends, flat, with somewhat sinuate margins, distinct marks over the seeds, chartaceous, yellowish to brownish, glabrous, dehiscent. Seeds 10 by 6–7 mm, elliptic, flat, 1–1.5 mm thick; areole 5 by 2 mm, with pleurogram parallel to the margins of the seed."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184271	use	EN	Wood for construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184271	ecology	EN	Often common in deciduous forests; alt. up to 500 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184271	distribution	EN	"Tropical-and subtropical Asia and Africa (type, Egypt) but introduced and cultivated all over the Tropics."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196896	general	EN	"Tree up to more than 40 m high; branchlets glabrous. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 2–12 cm; gland 0.5–2.5 cm above the base, 1.5–4 mm, circular to elliptic to slit-like, sessile with slightly raised margins; pinnae 1–3 pairs, 2–13 cm; leaflets (1–)2–7 pairs, opposite, petiolulate, chartaceous, (1.4–)3.5–10(–15) by (0.6–)1.2–4(–6) cm, obovate to ovate, subtrapezoid to elliptic-lanceolate, asymmetrical; base ± broadly cuneate to rounded, asymmetrical, apex rounded to acuminate; surfaces puberulous to glabrous; main vein removed more than ¼ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin, lateral veins prominent. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in a terminal ca 10–40 cm, once or twice branched, puberulous panicle; peduncles 2 or more together in fascicles (often subtended by 5–7 glandular or eglandular, caducous bracts) ca 2 cm, bearing “heads” of ca 10–15 subsessile to pcdicellate, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: pedicels 0.5–2 mm. Calyx 1.5–5 mm, campanulate to narrowly funnel-shaped, puberulouus to velutinous; teeth less than 0.25 mm long, inconspicuous. Corolla 4.5–8 mm, funnel-shaped, puberulous to velutinous especially on the lobes; lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, ovate to narrowly acute. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube, rarely somewhat shorter. Ovary glabrous; stipe 0.5–1 mm. Pod up to 20 by 3.5 cm, oblong, flat, chartaceous, yellowish, glabrous, with distinct circular marks own the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds ca 10 mm diam., orbicular, flat to biconvex, ca 1.5 mm thick; areole with pleurogram nearly parallel to the margins of the seed."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196896	use	EN	Host tree for lac cultivation.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196896	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forests to dry deciduous forests, often in clearings; alt. up to ca 1200 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196896	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Himalaya, S. China, Burma, Indo-China, also cultivated."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199754	general	EN	"Scandent shrub to climber; branchlets terete, tomentose to puberulous, glabrescent, armed with recurved hooks from the bases of the leaf scars. Stipules 2–3 mm, filiform. Leaves: rachis 10–15 cm; glands ca 0.5 cm above the base and between the junctions of the 1–6 distal pairs of pinnae; lower gland ca 2(–5) mm, elliptic, flat to concave, sessile; upper glands smaller, circular; pinnae 8–20 pairs, 3.5–5.5 cm; leaflets 25–60 pairs, opposite, sessile, chartaceous, 0.4–0.8 by 0.075–0.2 cm, narrowly oblong to linear; base asymmetrically truncate, apex rounded to broadly acute; both surfaces puberulous, glabrescent, margins ciliate; veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in tomentose, terminal panicles, 10–15 cm, much branched; peduncles ca 3–4 together in clusters, up to 1.5 cm, bearing heads of ca 10–12 sessile, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: Calyx ca 0.75 mm, funnel-shaped to campanulate, puberulous; teeth ca 0.25 mm, triangular, acute. Corolla 3.5–5.5 mm, funnel-shaped, faintly sericeous; lobes 1–2 mm, ovate to ovate-elliptical, acute. Staminal tube as long as the corolla-tube. Ovary glabrous, stipe ca 1–1.5 mm long. Pod up to 14 by 2.5 cm, flat, chartaceous, yellowish to brownish, glabrous, with distinct marks over the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds 6.5 by 5 mm, orbicular to obovate, slightly biconvex, 1.5 mm thick; areole ca 4.5 by 1.5 mm, pleurogram parallel to the margins of the seed."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199754	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199754	ecology	EN	"Dry Evergreen forests, mixed deciduous forests, forest margins, open land, sandy river banks, disturbed soil; alt. sea level to 900 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199754	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199754	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), E. Himalaya, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, S. Vietnam, N. part of Malay Peninsula."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199754	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185541	general	EN	"Tree up to ca 40 m high; branchlets terete; faintly puberulous, glablescent. Stipules ca 2.5 mm long, filiform, early caducous. Leaves: rachis 7–20 cm; glands 1–2 cm above the base and between the junctions of the 2 distal pairs of pinnae; lower gland 2 mm, elliptic, cushion-shaped, upper gland ca 1 mm diam, circular, flat, sessile; pinnae 3–5 pairs, ca 7–14 cm; leaflets 10–16 pairs per pinna, opposite, petiolulate (up to 1 mm), chartaceous, 1.1–3.5 by 0.6–1.2 cm, broadly oblong, the distal pair obovate; base asymmetrical, half truncate–half cuneate; apex obtuse, rounded, often mucronate; both surfaces glabrous to tomentose; main vein removed ⅓ –⅕ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin; lateral veins prominulous. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in puberulous to tomentose, terminal panicles, 8–20 cm, once branched; peduncles 2–4 together in clusters, 1–2 cm, bearing heads of 10–15 sessile, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: Calyx 1–1.5 mm, tubular, puberulous to tomentose; teeth less than 0.25 mm, traingular, acute. Corolla 4.5–6.5 mm, funnel-shaped, puberulous to tomentose; lobes 2–2.5 mm, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, acute. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube, sometimes irregularly divided. Ovary puberulous to tomentose; stipe ca 1 mm long. Pod ca 16–22 by 3.5 cm, flat, chartaceous, dull brown, glabrous to puberulous, with distinct marks over the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds 9 by 6 mm, ovate, flat, 1.5 Inm thick; areole 5 by 2.5 mm, pleurogram parallel to the margins."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185541	use	EN	Wood for indoor construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185541	ecology	EN	"In hill evergreen forests, dry deciduous forests (common); alt. up to ca 1000 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185541	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Ceylon, Tropical and Subtropical S.E. Asia (except Malay Peninsula); also cultivated."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186098	general	EN	"Tree up to ca 15 m high; branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 10–30 cm; gland ca 1 cm above the base, 6–ca 10 mm, ± narrowly elliptic, concave with raised margins, sessile; pinnae 2–5 pairs, 12–20 cm; leaflets 5–11 pairs, opposite, petiolulate (> 1 mm), chartaceous, 3–4.5 by 1.2–2.2 cm, ovate to sub-rhomboid; base asymmetrical, half truncate-half cuneate, rarely broadly cuneate; apex rounded, often inconspicuous, emarginate with a tiny mucro; both surfaces faintly puberulous; main vein removed more than ¼ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin; lateral veins prominent. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in axillary, sparsely puberulous panicles up to ca 30 cm long; peduncles 2–5 together in clusters, ca 1.5–2 cm long, bearing heads of ca 20 sessile, uniform flowers. Calyx 2.5–3 mm, tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous; teeth 0.75–1.2 mm, triangular, acute. Corolla 6–6.5 m long, funnel-shaped, tube glabrous; lobes 2–2.5 mm, elliptic, acute, puberulous at the apex. Staminal tube longer , than the corolla-tube. Ovary glabrous; stipe 0.3–0.5 mm. Pods ca 17 by 2.5 cm, flat, chartaceous, brownish, glabrous with distinct marks over the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds 7.5 by 4.5 mm, obovate-elliptic, flat, 1.5 mm thick; areole ca 4.5 by 3 mm with pleurogram nearly parallel to the margins of the seed."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186098	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186098	use	EN	Wood for indoor construction.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186098	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186098	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests; alt. up to ca 400 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186098	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186098	distribution	EN	"Tropical Asia (except Malay Peninsula)–N.E. Australia, (type, India); also cultivated."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186098	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000188054	general	EN	"Small tree; branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules inconspicuous. Leaves: rachis 5–10 cm long; gland ca 5 mm above the base, ca 1–2 mm diam., circular with some what raised margins, sessile; pinnae ca 3 pairs, 4–8 cm long; leaflets 4–6 pairs per pinna, opposite, petiolulate, chartaceous, 2–3 by 1–1.7 cm, ovate to sub-rhomboid; base asymmetrically broadly cuneate; apex rounded; both surfaces sparsely puberulous; main vein removed more than ¼; of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin, lateral veins prominulous. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in a terminal puberulous to tomentose panicle, up to ca 15 cm; peduncles 2–5 together in fascicles, ca 2.5 cm, bearing corymbs of about 10 pedicellate, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: pedicels ca 2.5 mm. Calyx 2–3.5 mm, tubular, glabrous, with incona spicuous teeth. Corolla 7–9.5 mm, narrowly funnel shaped; tube glabrous to faintly puberulous; lobes 3–5, ca 2.5 mm long, often unequal in size, puberulous to sericeous. Staminal tube somewhat irregularly split, intermediate between the corolla tube and the corolla. Ovary glabrous; stipe 1–2 mm. Pod ca 14 by 2.8 cm, flat, oblong, chartaceous, yellowish, glabrous, distinctly swollen over the seeds giving the pod a bullate appearance, indehiscent. Seeds ca 8.5–9 by 4.5 mm, narrowly elliptic, biconvex, ca 1.5 mm thick; areole 5 by 1 mm with pleurogram parallel to the margins of the seed."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000188054	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000188054	ecology	EN	Along sea-shores and edges of evergreen forests near the sea.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000188054	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000188054	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia (type, Philippines)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000188054	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199762	general	EN	"Small tree up to ca 15 m high; branchlets terete, puberulous to tomentose, glabrescent. Stipules 3–4 mm long, filiform. Leaves: rachis 8–15 cm; gland ca 1 cm above the base, ca 1.5–2 mm, circular to elliptic, cushion-shaped to flat, sessile; pinnae 4–6 pairs; leaflets 17–25 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, chartaceous, 0.8–1.5 by 0.2–0.4 cm, narrowly oblong to sub-falcate; base very asymmetrical, truncate; apex rounded, mucronate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface sparsely puberulous to glabrous; main vein removed ⅓–¼ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margin; lateral veins prominulous. Inflorescence: peduncles collected in a terminal, tomentose to villous panicle up to ca 25 cm, once branched; peduncles ca 2–5 together in clusters, ca 2–3 cm, bearing heads of 10–15 sessile, dimorphic flowers. Marginal flowers: Calyx 1–2 mm, tubular to cup-shaped, villous With less than 0.25 mm, deltoid teeth. Corolla 4.5–5 mm, funnel-shaped, villous to tomentose; lobes 1.5 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute. Staminal tube often irregularly divided, a little shorter than or as long as the corolla-tube. Ovary glabrous, stipe 0.5–1 mm. Pod 17 by 3 cm, flat, chartaceous, dark brown, with distinct marks over the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds 7–8 by 5 mm, broadly elliptic, biconvex, 1.5 mm thick; areole ca 3 by 2 mm, with pleurogram parallel to the margins of the seeds."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199762	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199762	ecology	EN	"Along riversides in evergreen forests, deciduous forests and savannas; alt. up to 200 m (in S. Vietnam up to ca 1200 m)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199762	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199762	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, S. Vietnam (type)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199762	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000939798	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1–6 m high, villous, glabrescent. Stipules subulate, ca 10 mm long, persistent. Leaves: petiole 5–35 mm long, with villous hairs; blade obovate, 9–20 by 4–7 cm, chartaceous or membranaceous, base cuneate to narrowly obtuse to somewhat cordate, without stipellae at point of petiole insertion, margin dentate-glandular, apex acuminate, upper or lower surface with a row of macular glands on each side, especially basally, glabrous or hairy, especially on the nerves and lower surface; nerves in 5–7 pairs, always arching near the margin, veins scalariform, veinlets finely reticulate. Inflorescences villous, paniculate when staminate, 2 or 3 racemes when pistillate; bracts elliptic, inconspicuous. Flowers subsessile to shortly pedicelled; pedicel villous. Staminate flowers: sepals 2 or 3, ovate; stamens in 2 alternate rows, filaments basally forming ring. Pistillate flowers: sepals 4, ovate, acuminate. Capsule small, minutely white puberulous. Seeds ovoid, compressed, shiny brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000939798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000939798	use	EN	Seeds is used for purgative. Leaves are boiled used and for stomachache.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000939798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000939798	ecology	EN	"In evergreen or deciduous forest, in shade along stream; altitude: up to 800 m. Flowering: December to March."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000939798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000939798	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Nicobar Is. and throughout Malesia to New Guinea and Queensland (type: Indochina)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000939798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000939809	general	EN	Leaf blade: base cuneate. Fruits more than 10 mm wide.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000939809	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000939809	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000939809	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001234632	general	EN	"Leaf blade: base narrowly cordate. Fruits less than 10 mm wide.</br>See under species for nomenclature, description, distribution, etc."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001234632	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940007	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree 3–12 m high, rather densely hairy, glabrescent. Stipules linear-acuminate, ca 7 mm long, caducous. Leaves: petiole 5–10 cm long, villous; blade ovate to deltoid, 12–19 by 6.5–11 cm; base truncate or subcordate, with 2 stipellae at point of petiole insertion, latter linear, 3–4 mm long, also with 1–3 macular glands; margin dentate glandular with short hairs; apex abruptly apiculate; glabrous above, puberulous on venation beneath; triplinerved, pinnate nerves in 4–6 pairs, not arching, ending near the margin, veins scalariform, distinctly prominent beneath. Inflorescences single to groups of racemes, villous, up to 10 cm long in fruit. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Staminate flowers with minute bracts; sepals 2 or 3, ovate; stamens with short filaments on ridge. Pistillate flowers with linear, acuminate bracts; sepals 6, ovate, outer whorl 2–3 mm long; ovary ovoid, villous, minutely tubercled; style ca 1 mm long; stigmas 4–8 mm long, erect. Capsules ovoid or globose, ca 10 by 9 mm, finely verrucose beneath the middle, villous. Seeds ridged, tuberculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940007	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940007	ecology	EN	"In shady evergreen forest, sometimes near streams; altitude: 500–1,300 m. Flowering: nearly all year."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940007	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940007	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalaya, Assam, Burma, S. China, Indo-China, Andamans, Malay Peninsula."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940007	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940018	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree 1–5 m high, rather glabrous or slightly puberulous. Stipules linear, ca 5 mm long, caducous. Leaves: petiole 3–12.5 cm long glabrous or hairy; blade deltoid or ovate-orbicular, 5–14 by 4–9 cm, membranous; base obtuse or truncate, with 2 stipellae at point of petiole insertion, latter linear, acuminat, ca 2 mm long, also with 1–3 macular glands; margin obscurely glandular toothed; apex abruptly acuminate; venation triplinerved, pinnate nerves in 3–5 pairs, not arching but joined near the margin, veins scalariform. Inflorescences usually single spikes or racemes, up to 12 cm long; bracts elliptic, ca 1 mm long, margin hairy, caducous. Flowers sessile to pedicelled. Staminate flowers: sepals 2 or 3; stamens with short filaments, anthers ca 1 mm long. Pistillate flowers: sepals 6–8 in 2 whorls, linear-acuminate, apically villous; ovary ovoid, densely villous; style minute; stigmas 7–11 mm long, villous beneath. Capsules globose, strongly lobed, up to 5 mm high, smooth, grey tomentellus."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940018	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940018	ecology	EN	"In hill evergreen forest, sometimes along streams; altitude: 650–1,300 m (mostly over 1,000 m). Flowering: November to March."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940018	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940018	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina, S. China, Taiwan."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940018	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001138540	general	EN	"Stems erect, 20–90 cm tall, sub-bifariously pubescent. Leaves membranous; petioles 1–2 mm; blades oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1–5 by 0.5–2 cm, acute at apex, cuneate-attenuate into the petiole, coarsely acute-serrate, hirsute on both surfaces. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in lax terminal spikes; pedicels 0.3–0.8 mm, hirsute. Bracteoles filiforrn, 4–6 mm, long-hirsute on margin. Calyx 4–5 mm long and wide, 10-nerved, 5-lobed; lobes deltoid-ovate, acuminate, ca 2 mm long and wide, hirsute on margin. Corolla yellow, 6–7 mm long; lobes broadly elliptic, ca 2.5 mm long and wide. Stamens didynamous; posterior 2 ca 3 mm long, filaments glabrescent; anterior 2 ca 4 mm long, filaments lanate. Capsule subglobose, 5–6 mm long and wide. Seeds 0.8–1 by 0.2 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001138540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001138540	ecology	EN	"Open pine forests, grassy fields on mountain slopes, grassy vegetation along roads; at altitudes of 1000–1700 m."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001138540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001138540	distribution	EN	"Thailand, W. to E. Himalayas, Assam, Burma (type), S. China, Indochina, Malesia and Philippines. "	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001138540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940858	general	EN	"Cultivated, large tree up to 25(–40) m high. Stipules ca 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 3.5–16(–40) cm long, glands 0.5–2 mm in diam., blade (6–)12–30 by 3–15(–28) cm, length/width ratio 1–4. Inflorescences 4–27 by 4–32 mm, densely hairy. Staminate flowers 5–10 mm in diam.; pedicel 4–12 mm long; calyx lobes 2.5–3 by 1.5-3 mm; petals (3.5–)5–7(–9.5) by 1.2–3 mm; stamens 17–26, outermost filaments 0.5–1 mm long, inner most 2–3.5 mm long; anthers 0.6–0.8 by 0.3–0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers 7–10 mm in diam.; pedicel stout, 2–3.5(–6) mm long; calyx lobes 3–6 by 2–5 mm; petals 6–11 by 1.6–3 mm; ovary subglobose, laterally compressed, 2(3)-locular, 1.5–3 by 2–3.5 mm; stigmas deeply bifid, (0.5–)1–2.6 mm long. Fruits laterally compressed, broadly ovoid-subglobose or transversely ovoid with 4 (6) low longitudinal ridges, very slightly acuminate at the apex, 4–4.5 by 4–6(–7) cm. Seeds broadly obovoid, cordate in dorsal view, dorsiventrally compressed, truncate or rarely minutely tipped at the micropylar end, always tapering towards the obtusely acuminate chalazal end, (20–)23–32 by 20–32 by (15–)18–24 mm, greyish, mottled brownish."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940858	use	EN	"Wood is used for tea boxes and canoes. The seeds are eaten raw or after roasting together with rice or used as purgative. The seeds are used as torches by wrapping them in leaves or stringing them to the midribs of palm leaves. The seeds contain a high amount of oil (60%), which is used as fuel, lubricant, component of varnish, paint, and soap. The oil is also used as rubbing oil with rheumatism. The latex is chewed as gum in the Pacific, and is also used medicinally or as glue. Juice from the husk is used as a black dye, similarly from the bark of the root; the latter is used to paint canoes. Chinese in Hawaii let the wood of felled trees rot to grow the fungus <i>Auricularia cornea</i> (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Ehrenb. ex Endl., for local consumption or for export to China. The tree is also used as an ornamental."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940858	ecology	EN	"Wild and cultivated on a variety of substrates and in many different kinds of vegetation, including plantations. Young plants are pioneers in the Australian vineforest; altitude: 0–1,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000940858	distribution	EN	"Probably a native of tropical Asia and Oceania, presently widely cultivated pantropically and subtropically."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000940858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000755470	general	EN	"Herbs to 75 cm tall; rhizome 1–3 cm thick. Leaves pale green to green-brown; submerged leaves linear, very thin, 25–80 by 0.5–1 cm, with 1–3 veins; floating leaves with ovate to elliptic blades, blades 2.5–8 by 1–3 cm, apex acute, base truncate, veins 3–5, petiole to 50 cm long; emergent leaves with ovate to elliptic blades, 3–20 by 11 cm, apex acute, base truncate, veins 5–9 petiole 5-30 cm. Inflorescence much branched, with 4–9 verticels, to 75 by 30 cm, each verticel with 3–5 flowers or branches, peduncles to 50 cm by 1.5–4 mm; pedicels filiform, to 30 mm. Flowers to 18 mm wide; sepals 1.8–3 by 1.5–2 mm; petals purplish white to white with purple margins, 3.5–6.5 by 3.6 mm; stamens in one series; anthers elliptic, 0.5–1.2 by 0.5–0.8 mm; filaments filiform; carpels numerous. Fruit elliptical, 1.5–3.1 by 0.9–2 mm; fruiting aggregate ca 3 mm diam."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000755470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000755470	ecology	EN	"In muddy soil or water to 0.5 m deep of streams, rivers, lakes, and marshes. The only collection from Thailand was collected at alt. 1200 (Kerr 5439)."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000755470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000755470	distribution	EN	Widespread throughout most of Europe (type Sweden) and Asia.	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000755470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000943159	general	EN	"Branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2.5–5 mm long; blade papery, elliptic to obovate, 2.5–14.4 x 0.8–5 cm, apex acuminate to caudate, base cuneate; secondary veins 11–15 pairs; glabrous or pilose beneath. Inflorescence 8.5–17.5 cm long; glabrous or pilose; pedicels 4–8 mm long. Sepals lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 9.7–17 x 2.8–4 mm; glabrous, without colleters inside. Corolla yellow; tube 4.9–7 cm long; lobes 1.6–3.7.cm long; glabrous outside, pubescent around stamens inside. Stamens inserted at 2.9–3.7 cm from base; anthers 4.8–5.4 x 1.5 mm. Disk 0.4 mm long. Ovary 1.5–1.9 mm long; style + pistil head 3.5–3.6 cm. Fruit 3–3.5 x 2.4–2.6 cm; with spines to 15 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000943159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000943159	distribution	EN	Native of tropical America and the Caribbean.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000943159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000943361	general	EN	"Branchlets minutely puberulent when young. Leaves: subsessile; blade papery, elliptic to weakly obovate, 3.7–8 x 1.3–2.5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate; secondary veins 8–14 pairs; pilose beneath. Inflorescence 5–11.5 cm long; pilose; pedicels 3–6 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, 6.2–7.1 x 2–3 mm; glabrous; with colleters inside. Corolla yellow; tube 3.9–4.1 cm long; lobes 1–1.6 cm long; glabrous outside, pubescent around anthers inside. Stamens inserted at 1.2–1.4 cm from base; anthers 3.2–3.5 x 0.9–1.3 mm. Disk 0.7–0.9 mm long. Ovary 1.7–1.9 mm long; style + pistil head 11–12.7 mm. Fruit ca 2.4–3 cm diameter; with spines to 1 cm long. Seeds ca 1.2 x 0.9 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000943361	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000943361	distribution	EN	Native of southern Brazil.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000943361	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000526239	general	EN	"Erect, prostrate or ascending annual up to 80 cm, branching from the base, glabrous or finely pubescent. Leaves linear to oblong-ovate or spathulate, narrowed to the ± winged petiole, apex acute-acuminate, mucronate or sometimes obtuse; upper surface glabrous, flower finely pubescent; 2.6 by 0.5–2.5 cm; petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescences of ovoid to globular heads 1–2 cm long, often lengthening after anthesis; peduncle 1–35 mm. Single cymes 2–7-flowered. Bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2–4 mm long with green or purple midrib, margins white. Flowers bisexual. Tepals scarious, similar to the bracts but longer, 5–7 mm. Stamens shorter than perianth, staminal cup 2 mm high. Ovary ovoid, style longer than stamens. Fruit ovoid, surrounded by the persistent perianth, opening below the middle, ca 3.5 mm. Seeds lenticular, arillate, black, glossy."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000526239	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000526239	ecology	EN	"Along sandy shores, but also as a weed in fields and along roadsides at low altitudes."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000526239	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000526239	distribution	EN	Widespread in tropical Asia.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000526239	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000526604	general	EN	"Shrubs (to trees of up to 14 m high); bark smooth, brownish grey or greyish. Leaves: terminal leaflet usually longer. Leaflets deltoid to ovate to obovate, 2.5–35 by 1.5–22 cm, usually membranous; base short to long attenuate to cuneate; apex rounded to cuspidate; (sub)glabrous above, glabrous to sericeous to stiff to soft hirsute underneath. Inflorescences up to 40 cm long. Flowers white, single or in cymules along axis. Sepals ovate to obovate, 1–2.5 by 0.8–2 mm. Petals nail-shaped to spathulate, 1–2.2 mm long, the claw about ⅔ of the entire length; scales minute. Stamens: anthers ca 0.5 mm long. Fruits orange to bright red, somewhat fleshy, globular to obovoid, 4.5–12.5 by 3.5–8 mm."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000526604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000526604	use	EN	"The wood seems to be hard but not durable, it is mainly used as timber for temporary structures and indoors (rafters, canes, knife-handles, beaters for cotton fruits). Also used as floats of outrigger canoes and as firewood.<br><br>The pulped leaves or a decoction of them, as well as the roots and the bark is used as a medicine against fever and stomach-ache.<br><br>The berries can be eaten, but are rather sour. The fruits in New Guinea are used as fish poison."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000526604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000526604	ecology	EN	"In everwet as well as seasonal climates; on sandy beaches, in primary and secondary forest, in montane forest, in bamboo thickets, in freshwater and brackish swamps; soil varying from granite to sandstone, limestone, clay, and coral sand. Altitude from sea level up to 1900 m. Scattered to locally common. Flowering: (March-)May-August(-November), flowers visited by bees; fruiting: (May-)July-December, eaten by birds."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000526604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000526604	distribution	EN	"Pantropical, in S. America, S. Africa, Madagascar, S.E. Asia (type: Sri Lanka), Malesia. Slightly penetrating in the subtropics."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000526604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528348	general	EN	"Climber, 30–50 m long; shoots grooved, 3–4 mm diam., very early glabrescent, at first with minute grey scurf. Tendrils 6–10 cm long, with or without adhesive elongated pads, 5–10 mm long. Leaves: blade thinly coriaceous, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 8–16 by 3–13 cm, glabrous, base rounded or shallowly broadly cordate or sometimes narrowed and obtuse, apex (obtuse or) acute-acuminate, 3(–5) palmately veined, venation ± fine, prominent on both surfaces; petiole 2–4 cm by ca 2 mm, after abscission leaving a raised scar. Lateral shoots and inflorescences arising from a densely pale brown pubescent area. Male inflorescences in short leafy lateral shoots, many-flowered, 1 or 2 times branched, 5–15 cm long; peduncle (1–)2 cm long, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional smaller inflorescences from the same leaf axil; bracts ca 0.5 mm long; female inflorescences not or hardly branched, raceme-like, 5(–10)-flowered, 5–10 cm long. Male flowers: pedicel ca 2 mm long; flower campanulate, 7–10 mm long, receptacle ca 2 by 3 mm; sepals membranous, ca 5 mm long; petals narrowly elliptic, 6–8 mm long, acute, papillose at apex; filaments 2–2.5 mm long; anthers ellipsoid-oblong, 3–4 mm long, thecae papillose-hairy; 3 minute subulate appendages ca 1 mm long in the centre of the flower sometimes present. Female flowers as male, including ovary 15–20 mm long; ovary ca ¾ inferior, half-globose-ellipsoid or ± conical, 5–10 mm wide; styles short; stigmas elongated, 3–4 mm long, at apex deeply 2-lobed. Fruit 20–30 cm diam., with woody exocarp, ca 2 mm thick, green later on brown, inside with a soft spongy layer, opening with 3 incurving valves, fully and densely packed with numerous winged seeds; line of perianth scar paler, at 2–5 cm from the valves. Seeds 25–30 by 20–23 mm, pale brown, with membranous silvery-white butterfly like wing, 10–12 cm wide."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528348	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528348	ecology	EN	"Tall climber in evergreen forest, limestone; at low altitudes."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528348	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528348	distribution	EN	"Widespread: Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (rare), W. Java (type), Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Aru), New Guinea including Bismarck Archipelago."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528348	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000951882	general	EN	"Tree to 45 m tall, to 1 m diameter at breast height; trunk often buttressed. Bark brown or grey to whitish, inner bark mottled, yellow-brown, sapwood pale yellow-white. Branchlets glabrous; branches sparsely lenticellate or not. Leaves in whorls of 4–7; petiole 1.3–3.7 cm long; blade coriaceous, elliptic, 4.5–17 x 1.8–5.7 cm, oblong or obovate, apex acute to retuse, base cuneate to obtuse; secondary veins 30–57 pairs, close together, straight; glabrous; glands in the axils. Inflorescence 2.5–15 cm long; pubescent, sometimes glabrate on peduncle; many flowered, clustered; pedicels 1–2.5 mm long. Sepals ovate, 1.3–1.8 x 0.8–1.2 mm, apex acute to rounded; pubescent, ciliate. Corolla lobes overlapping to the left in bud; tube 5.6–7.5 mm long; lobes 44.6 x 1.5–2.4 mm, triangular; glabrous outside, pubescent inside except at base. Stamens inserted in upper half of corolla tube; anthers 0.9–1.2 x 0.3–0.4 mm. Disk very small and annular or absent. Ovary of 2 carpels, glabrous, 0.7–1 mm long; style + pistil head 3.1–5.6 mm. Fruit a pair of follicles; 20–30 cm long; pubescent or glabrate."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000951882	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000951882	use	EN	"Latex used for toothaches. The wood can be used for boxes, coffins, frames, furniture and handicrafts."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000951882	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000951882	ecology	EN	"In evergreen or freshwater swamp forest or along peat swamp margin, 0–250m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000951882	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000951882	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia (type)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000951882	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952121	general	EN	"Small compact shrub. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 3–4; petiole 0.4–1.9 cm long; blade papery when dry, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 5–12 x 0.8–2.3 cm, apex acuminate, base decurrent or cuneate; 24–52 pairs of secondary veins, close together, ascending; glabrous; glands in the axils. Inflorescence 4.6–6 cm long; glabrous; few flowered; pedicels 7–9 mm long. Sepals ovate, 2–2.2 x 0.8–0.9 mm, apex acuminate; glabrous, not ciliate. Corolla lobes overlapping to the left in bud; tube 25–26 mm long; lobes 11–14 x 4–6 mm, elliptic, apex acute or acuminate; glabrous outside, pubescent in mouth and around stamens inside. Stamens inserted around middle of corolla tube; anthers 2.6 x 0.4–0.5 mm. Disk 2-lobed, between the carpels. Ovary of 2 carpels, glabrous, 1.8 mm long; style + pistil head 11.2 mm long. Fruit a pair of follicles; 9 cm long, 3–4 mm wide; glabrous; many seeded. Seeds surface glabrous and pitted; oblong, ends rounded; 5.7–9 x 1.5–2.5 mm, cilia 2.5 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952121	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952121	ecology	EN	On limestone islands and cliffs.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952121	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952121	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952121	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952530	general	EN	"Tree to 30 m, 70 cm diameter at breast height; trunk sometimes fluted at base or with small buttresses. Bark blackish-brown to grey, inner bark cream or green, sapwood white to yellowish-brown. Branchlets sparsely pubescent, glabrate; branches sparsely lenticellate or not. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4; petiole 0.6–2.5 cm long; blade coriaceous, oblong-obovate, 5.5–28 x 3–10.2 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate; secondary veins 14–21 pairs, widely spaced, ascending; sparsely pubescent on petiole, on underside of leaf blade and on midrib above, rarely completely glabrous. Inflorescence 3.5–11.5 cm long; sparsely pubescent or rarely glabrous; many flowered; pedicels 2–5 mm long. Sepals ovate, 1.2–2.2 x 0.8–1.2 mm, apex rounded to acute; pubescent or glabrous, ciliate. Corolla white or yellowish; lobes overlapping to the right in bud; tube 4–5.5 mm long; lobes 3.5–6.5 x 1.4–2.5 mm, oblong, apex rounded; lobes ciliate, otherwise glabrous outside, pubescent inside on base of lobes and upper part of tube. Stamens inserted in upper half of corolla tube; anthers 0.7–0.9 x 0.4 mm. Disk absent or short and annular. Ovary of 2 carpels, glabrous, 1–1.5 mm long; style + pistil head 2.5–2.7 mm long. Fruit a pair of follicles; 22–40 cm long, 2.2–3.7 mm wide; glabrous; many seeded. Seeds pubescent; oblong, one end long acuminate; 4.2–8 x 0.8–1.8 mm, cilia 5–9 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952530	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952530	use	EN	The wood is good for furniture and flooring and can also be used in general construction. The bark is reported to have medicinal uses.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952530	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952530	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest to 300 m, often on sandy soil."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952530	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952530	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia (type from Penang), Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952530	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952898	general	EN	"Tree to 30 m high. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 3–4; petiole 1.1–2.3 cm long; blade coriaceous, oblong or elliptic, 5–14 x 1.6–5.5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate or decurrent; 35–56 closely parallel pairs of secondary veins; glabrous. Inflorescence 2–4.2 cm long; glabrous; many flowered; pedicels 1–2 mm long. Sepals ovate, 1.2–1.7 x 0.9–1.2 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; glabrous, ciliate. Corolla white; lobes overlapping to the left in bud; tube 4–6 mm long; lobes 2.2–2.5 x 1.4–1.8 mm, oblong, apex rounded; puberulent on top of tube and lobes outside, pubescent inside except at base of tube. Stamens inserted slightly above middle of tube; anthers 1–1.2 x 0.4 mm. Disk absent. Ovary syncarpous, glabrous, 0.6–0.9 mm long; style + pistil head 2.7–3.1 mm long. Fruit solitary; thick walled; 12–19.5 cm long, 7–8.5 mm wide; glabrous; many seeded. Seed surface glabrous; oblong, ends rounded; 10 x 2.5 mm; cilia 18 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952898	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952898	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest or in disturbed secondary forest to 1300 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952898	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952898	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), China, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952898	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952921	general	EN	"Shrub to 4 m high. Branchlets glabrous; branches lenticellate. Leaves in whorls of 4–5; sessile; blade subcoriaceous, narrowly elliptic, 2.6–13 x 0.5–2.1 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate; secondary veins 53–84 pairs, close together; glabrous; glands in the axils. Inflorescence a terminal cyme; 2–5 cm long; glabrous; many flowered; pedicels 2.5–4 mm long. Sepals ovate, 1.7 x 0.8 mm, apex obtuse; glabrous, ciliate. Corolla lobes overlapping to the left in bud; tube 7 mm; lobes 3 x 1.7 mm, oblong, apex rounded; glabrous outside, pubescent in mouth and beneath stamens inside. Stamens inserted at top of tube; anthers 1 mm long. Disk 2-lobed, between the carpels. Ovary of 2 carpels, glabrous, 1 mm long; style + pistil head 4 mm long. Fruit a pair of follicles; 6.1–7.5 cm long, 5 mm wide; glabrous; many seeded. Seed surface glabrous, oblong, ends rounded; 8.5 x 2.5 mm, cilia 4.5 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952921	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952921	ecology	EN	"On limestone in open forest, 1700–1800 m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952921	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000952921	distribution	EN	"Thailand, South Central China."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000952921	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001257712	general	EN	"Tree to 40 m, to 75 cm diameter at breast height; bole often fluted. Bark brown, inner bark brown to yellow, sapwood whitish. Branchlets glabrous; branches sparsely to densely lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 7–14 mm long; in whorls of 4–8; blade coriaceous, elliptic, obovate or spathulate, 4.4–32 x 1.2–8.7 cm, apex shortly acuminate to rounded, base cuneate or decurrent; secondary veins 20–40 pairs, close together, straight; tertiary venation prominent above; glabrous. Inflorescence 3–8.5 cm long; pubescent; many flowered, clustered; pedicels ca 1 mm long. Sepals ovate, 1–1.9 x 1.5–2.3 mm, apex acute to rounded; pubescent, ciliate. Corolla white or yellowish green; lobes overlapping to the left in bud; tube 5.3–10 mm long; lobes 1.7–4.5 x 2–4.5 mm, elliptic, edges undulate; outside pubescent on top of tube and lobes, pubescent inside except at base of tube. Stamens inserted in upper half of corolla tube; anthers 1.1–2 x 0.4–0.6 mm. Disk very small and annular or absent. Ovary of 2 carpels, pubescent, 1.1–1.5 mm long; style + pistil head 2.8–5.2 mm. Fruit a pair of follicles, 21–56 cm long, 2–2.7 mm wide; glabrous; many seeded. Seeds glabrous; oblong, ends rounded; 3.9–7.5 x 1.4–1.9 mm, cilia 1.1–1.9 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001257712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001257712	use	EN	The bark boiled in water is used to treat malaria and male genital pains. The sap can be applied to open sores to keep maggots out. The wood has similar properties to that of <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i>.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001257712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001257712	ecology	EN	"In evergreen, deciduous or mixed forest, in scrub or on forest margins, 150–1195 m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001257712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001257712	distribution	EN	"From India and Sri Lanka to Southern China, South-East Asia, Malesia (type from Ambon), Queensland, Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001257712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953059	general	EN	"Small tree to 5–10 m tall, rarely to 30 m tall; larger trees fluted or buttressed at base. Bark grey, inner bark pale yellow, sapwood white. Branches glabrous; sparsely lenticellate or not. Leaves in whorls of 3–5; blade coriaceous, spathulate, 2.5–11 x 0.8–5 cm, apex rounded or retuse, base decurrent; secondary veins 21–35 pairs, close together, straight; glabrous; glands in the axils. Inflorescence 5.8–9 cm long; lax, glabrous, many flowered; pedicels 3.5–10 mm long. Sepals ovate, 2 x 1.2–1.3 mm, apex obtuse or rounded; glabrous, ciliate. Corolla white; lobes overlapping to the left in bud; tube 6–9 mm long; lobes 6.5–9 x 3–4.5 mm, oblong, apex rounded; glabrous outside, densely pubescent inside except at base of tube. Stamens inserted in upper half of tube; anthers 1–1.1 x 0.4–0.6 mm. Disk absent or very short. Ovary of 2 carpels, glabrous, 0.9–1.2 mm long; style + pistil head 4.9–6.4 mm long. Fruit a pair of follicles; 11.8–24 cm long, 2.2–3 mm wide; glabrous; many seeded. Seeds surface glabrous; oblong, ends rounded; ca 5 x 1 mm; cilia ca 1 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953059	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953059	use	EN	The wood is similar to <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i> and the latex has been reported to be of medicinal use on sores and skin diseases.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953059	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953059	ecology	EN	Along the edge of peat swamp forest	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953059	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000953059	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia (type from Java)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000953059	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528475	general	EN	"Perennial ± erect herb 10–20 cm high, densely tufted; stems with two opposite furrows, glabrescent. Leaves rhombic to oblanceolate, glabrescent, finely mucronate at apex; usually in various degrees variegated or red, 1–5 by 0.5–1.5 cm, petiole 1–3 cm. Inflorescences of sessile, terminal and axillary, spherical or oblong heads, often few together, 0.5–1 cm diam. Bracts and bracteoles similar, shorter than tepals, acute often with a row of hairs on the back. Tepals 5, acuminate, mucronate, 3 outer ones longest, 3–4 mm, hairy on the back, 2 inner ones subglabrous, ca 2 mm long. Staminal cup low, anthers 5 but often some sterile. Pseudo-staminodes shorter than or equal to the stamens, narrow with dentate apex. Ovary ovoid, style short, stout. Fruit suborbicular (apparently not developing in SE. Asia) unwinged. Seeds (in Brazil) lenticular, brown ca 1 mm."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528475	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528475	use	EN	As a garden plant; sometimes weedy.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528475	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528475	distribution	EN	"Origin in Brazil (type, a cultivar)."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528475	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528696	general	EN	"Perennial ± erect or ascending herb often with woody base, up to 1 m high; stems covered with whitish hairs. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate, up to 8 by 3 cm (smaller in Thai specimens?), densely villose. Inflorescences simple or branched with a 2–15 cm long, pilose peduncle; head conical or ± pherical up to 1.5 cm diam. Bracts suborbicular or ovate, shorter than the serrate bracteoles. Flowers stipitate, tepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3–4 mm long, 3-nerved, carinate, hairy. Staminal cup ca 1.5 mm high, filaments as long as anthers. Pseudo-staminodas laminate with truncate-dentate apex, as long as stamens. Fruit (not seen in Thai specimens). Seeds dark brown."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528696	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528696	ecology	EN	Xerophytic herb of sunny places. Introduced in Thailand as cover crop in rubber plantation (according to label).	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528696	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528696	distribution	EN	S. Brazil (type) and adjacent Argentina and Paraguay. Also collected in Indonesia.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528696	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528743	general	EN	"Perennial, polymorphic herb with several habitat forms (in water or on wet soil); stems up to 4 m long when prostrate, up to 30 cm when erect on dry land, simple or branched, robust, ± villous to nearly glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, elliptic to obovate, obtuse 3–11 cm long, glabrous. Heads always solitary, spherical, 1–1.5 cm diam., white, terminal and apparently axillary; peduncle 1–5 cm, pilose in 2 lines. Bracts and bracteoles similar ¼ the length of the flower, ovate acute or acuminate. Tepals similar, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, ca 6 mm long, serrulate towards apex. Staminal cup low; filaments longer than anthers. Pseudo-staminodes as long as stamens with serrate apex. Ovary pyriform."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528743	ecology	EN	Amphibious herb in Thailand found in rice fields and canals or on marshy ground.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528743	distribution	EN	"Origin S. America (type, Brazil); seems to be a recent introduction to SE. Asia."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528787	general	EN	"Perennial prostrate herb; stems often woody at base, pubescent; ± densely hairy particulary when young. Leaves ovate or obovate, 2–5 by 1–3.5 cm, shortly petiolate. Inflorescences spherical or slightly oblong, sessile often clustered. Bracts strongly spinescent, bracteoles 2, acute. Tepals unequal, 2 outer with long pungent apex, ca 5 mm long, 3 inner, shorter, acute, all with small tufts of hairs. Stamens 5, pseudo-staminodes shorter than filaments, entire or dentate. Ovary ellipsoidal; style short; stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid falling off together with perianth. Seeds lenticular, smooth, shining."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528787	ecology	EN	"Weedy, often on sandy soil."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528787	distribution	EN	Neotropical now a cosmopolitan weed.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528825	general	EN	"Perennial polymorphic herb, erect up to 1 m, ascending or creeping, rooting at the nodes, sometimes aquatic and floating, often richly branched, green or purple; stems subglabrous or with 2 opposite longitudinal lines of hairs. Leaves of varying shape often linear-lanceolate or elliptic, attenuate at both ends, glabrous or finely pubescent 1–10(–15) by 0.5–2(–3) cm; petiole short. Inflorescences axillary, sessile, ± glabrous, white, 0.5–1.5 cm diam., sometimes apparently peduncled. Rachis densely white-hairy, bracts and bracteoles ovale, acuminate, never spiny, glabrous, persistent, ca 1 mm long, shorter than the flowers. Tepals equal, ovale, attenuate, shining, glabrous or with few hairs on the dorsal side; 1-nerved or at the very base obscurely 3-nerved, 2(–3) mm long. Stamens 3, filaments with a short cup, all in all shorter than 1 mm, anthers ovoid. Pseudo-staminodes filiform, or with bifurcate apex, minute. Ovary obovoid-compressed; style very short, nearly wanting; stigma capitate to shortly-lobed. Utricle compressed, deeply emarginate, 2–3 mm long. Seeds orbicular, brown."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528825	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528825	use	EN	Locally as a vegetable; also medicinal for various ailments.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528825	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528825	ecology	EN	"Weedy on marshy ground, also along waysides, around villages, etc; up to 1000 m altitude or higher."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528825	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000528825	distribution	EN	"Cosmopolitan (type, Sri Lanka)."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000528825	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000529089	general	EN	"Evergreen tree, 20–40 m high, usually with straight bole; bark grey to brownish grey, narrowly longitudinally fissured, and peeling off in thin, long, irregular flakes; twigs glabrous with permanent leaf scars; buds ovoid. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 6–12 x 2–5 cm, apex acute to acuminate, base obtuse, rounded or slightly cuneate, pustulate, usually curved upwards, dark, glandular-dotted at crenate or serrate margin, secondary nerves 5–10 pairs, anastomosing. Petiole 1–3 cm long, glabrescent. Male flowers in spikes or racemes, 5–10 cm long, reflexed, with 6–14 flowers. Stamens glabrous, up to 2 mm long. Female flowers in a globose head, ca 1 x 1 cm with 4–18 flowers; peduncle 2–3 cm, pubescent. Ovary ¾ inferior; styles recurved and sulcate, 3–4 mm long. Capsules united into a woody, globose or pyramidal head, ca 1.5 diam, with 4–18 capsules, each capsule up to 1 cm long with one fertile seed; fruiting peduncle 2–3.5 cm. Seed winged."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000529089	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000529089	use	EN	Young leaves eaten as vegetable. The aromatic resin used for chemical and aromatic purposes. Wood good for indoor construction and cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000529089	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000529089	ecology	EN	Near streams in evergreen forest; altitude 600–800 m. Flowering and fruiting November-February.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000529089	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000529089	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Malesia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000529089	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956024	general	EN	"Branchlets glabrous to densely puberulent. Leaves opposite to whorls of 5; petiole 1–9 mm long; blade coriaceous or subcoriaceous, elliptic to obovate, 1.1–9.3 x 0.3–4.6 cm, apex acuminate to obtuse, base cuneate to obtuse; secondary veins 12–31 pairs; glabrous or, more rarely puberulent on midrib or all over beneath. Inflorescence 1–3.5 cm long; axillary, more rarely terminal; puberulent; pedicels 0.5–4.2 mm long. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, 1.1–1.8 x 0.4–0.9 mm, apex acuminate to obtuse; puberulent, more rarely glabrous. Corolla white, cream, yellowish and/or orangish; 5.7–11.2 mm long in mature bud of which acute to rounded head 0.18–0.42 of bud length; tube 4.8–8.5 mm long; lobes 1.2–3 mm long, ovate to oblong, apex acute to rounded; glabrous outside, pubescent in top half of tube and sometimes on tips of lobes. Stamens inserted at 2.7–8.2 mm from base; filaments 0.2–0.5 mm long; anthers 0.6–1.1 x 0.3–0.6 mm. Ovary pubescent at the base to pubescent all over, 0.4–1 mm long; style + pistil head 1.3–6 mm long. Fruit glabrous or sparsely pubescent at ends, each article 6–17 mm long, 4.8–7 mm diameter. Seeds 4.6–8.5 x 3.9–5 x 3–4.7 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956024	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956024	use	EN	Branches are used in religious services.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956024	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956024	ecology	EN	"Primary or secondary, evergreen or deciduous forest or in thickets to 1400 m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956024	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956024	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, western Indonesia (type from Java)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956024	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956330	general	EN	"Branchlets glabrous or puberulent. Leaves in whorls of 3; petiole 0.2–0.9 cm long; blade coriaceous, narrowly elliptic, 1.0–9.6 x 0.4–2.7 cm, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate, base acute or cuneate, secondary veins ca 13–14 pairs, obscure or weakly visible beneath, glabrous. Inflorescence 0.7–1 cm long; axillary or terminal; densely long puberulent; pedicels 0–0.5 mm long. Sepals ovate, 2.4–2.6 x 1.1–1.2 mm, apex acute or acuminate; puberulent on centre line or puberulent on tips only. Corolla 4.9–6 mm long in mature bud of which lanceolate, acute or acuminate head 0.31–0.35 of length; tube 3.4–4.2 mm long; lobes 1.4–2.0 mm long, oblong, apex obtuse; glabrous outside, pubescent only around, or in a band below the stamens, inside. Stamens inserted at 2–2.4 mm from corolla base; filament 0.3 mm long; anthers 0.9 x 0.3–0.4 mm wide. Ovary densely pubescent all over or pubescent around base only; 0.5-0.6 mm long; style + pistil head 1.5–2.3 mm long. Fruit glabrous; articles 7.7–11.2 long, 5.8–7.7 mm diameter. Seeds 7.7–8.2 x 4.4–4.7 x 4.0 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956330	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956330	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956330	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956428	general	EN	"Branchlets puberulent or glabrous when young; glabrous and lenticellate when older. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3; petiole 0.5–1.2 cm long; blade coriaceous, elliptic, oblong or obovate, 5.2–18.5 x 1.7–5.7 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse; secondary veins 22–54 pairs, often prominent above; glabrous. Inflorescence 2.5–7.2 cm long, axillary and terminal forming a panicle; densely puberulent; pedicels 0.8–2.2 mm long. Sepals ovate, 1.3–1.9 x 0.7–1 mm, apex acuminate to acute; puberulent. Corolla white, sometimes also orangish; 5.6–7.7 mm long in mature bud of which narrow, acute or acuminate head 0.27–0.35 of length; tube 3.8–6 mm long; lobes 1.4–2.5 mm long, elliptic, apex obtuse or rounded; few hairs on top of tube or base of lobes outside, pubescent inside on top half of tube. Stamens inserted at 3–4.1 mm from base; filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long; anthers 1–1.1 x 0.3–0.4 mm. Ovary pubescent all over; 0.6–1 mm long; style + pistil head 2.4–4 mm long. Fruit glabrous; very succulent; each article 13–32 mm long, 10–16 mm diameter. Seeds 12.9–14 x 6.6–7.6 x 6.1–6.3 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956428	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, 800–1530 m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000956428	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Laos."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000956428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000957585	general	EN	"Branchlets densely tomentose and hispid, more rarely only tomentose, sometimes becoming glabrous with age; branches often with large corky tubercles. Leaves: petiole 0.8–4 cm long; blade papery, obovate, 3.7–24 x 2.4–18.2 cm, apex caudate to acuminate, base cordate, rarely to rounded; secondary veins 5–9 pairs; puberulent above and below, often glabrate above. Inflorescence 9–25.5 cm long; terminal and axillary, flowers usually clustered at end; puberulent. Sepals leafy; linear to narrowly elliptic, 4.4–10.2 x 0.9–3.8 mm, apex acute to rounded; puberulent. Corolla white or pink outside and white, red or purple inside; tube 2.3–3.1 cm long, widening slightly above stamen insertion; lobes 0.3–0.6 cm long, somewhat asymmetrical; outside puberulent, especially towards apex, rarely glabrous, inside puberulent in 5 lines below stamens. Stamens inserted at 1.2–1.4 cm from base; anthers 4.7–6.1 x 0.7–2 cm. Disk 1.4–1.7 mm long. Ovary 0.8–1.2 mm long; style + pistil head 1.5–2.2 cm long. Fruit 6.3–8.7 cm long, each follicle 1.6–1.8 cm wide. Seeds 7–10 x 5–6 mm; coma 4.3 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000957585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000957585	ecology	EN	In deciduous or dry evergreen forest.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000957585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000957585	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, China, Laos, Vietnam (type)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000957585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530136	general	EN	"Annual herb up to 80 cm high, rarely taller, in the upper part ± patently hairy; sparsely branched, usually reddish coloured. Leaves long-petiolate, ovate, rhombic, often reddish along the margin. Inflorescences of terminal and axillary pseudo-spikes from the very base, the terminal ones often very long, 2–3 cm thick, branched in the basal part. Flower-clusters ± spherical; bracts and bracteoles longer than flowers, mucronate. Perianth 5-merous; tepals in obovoid to spathulate at least partly imbricate, in &#9794; ovate-oblong, shortly mucronate, 2–2.5 mm including mucro, purple. Styles 3, ca 0.8 mm. Fruit a circumscissile capsule, slightly longer than perianth. Seeds 1–1.5 mm long, black to dark brown, reddish or even pale yellow, shining."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530136	use	EN	Widely cultivated as a grain crop and in many other parts of Asia also as an ornamental. It may have been used by the hilltribes of Northern Thailand.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530136	ecology	EN	Weedy on open soil.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530136	distribution	EN	"Probably originating in S America by domestication of A. quitensis HBK (SAUER, l.c.)."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530251	general	EN	"Annual erect herb up to 1.5 m tall, rarely taller, often much branched; stems sparsely puberulous when young, soon becoming glabrous, longitudinally ridged or sulcate when dry, ± purple. Leaves long petiolate, petioles up to 10 cm, sparsely and minutely puberulous; lamina ovate-oblong to lanceolate, base often somewhat decurrent, apex gradually narrowed, obtuse, shortly mucronate; dark green on upper surface, ± purple on the flower; nerves often hairy on both sides. Inflorescences of axillary and terminal pseudo-spikes, erect or, at the top of the panicle, ± drooping; the whole panicle 15–40 cm long, the individual pseudo-spikes 5–15 mm diam. Flower-clusters closely congested, usually totally covering the axis. Bracts subtending the clusters 2–4 mm long, drawn out in a stiff spine half the length of the bract. Flowers usually purple, 5-merous; bracts and bracteoles long-pointed, longer than the perianth. Tepals oblong with a short mucro, ca 0.5 mm broad, in &#9794; ca 2 mm long, in &#9792; slightly shorter during anthesis, but later also reaching 2 mm. Stamens as long as perianth. Styles usually 3. Fruit loosely enclosed in the persistent perianth and bracts, circumscissile near the middle. Seeds dark brown, 1–1.5 mm broad, orbicular in outline."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530251	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530251	use	EN	Widely cultivated as a grain crop and in many other parts of Asia also as an ornamental. It may have been used by the hilltribes of Northern Thailand.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530251	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530251	ecology	EN	Weedy in open areas.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530251	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530251	distribution	EN	Origin unknown; found all over the warmer parts of the world.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530251	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530322	general	EN	"Annual erect herb up to 80 cm, often branched from the base, stemsquite glabrous, terete to obtuse-angled, thin. Leaves on a thin petiole, rarely exceeding 5 cm; lamina obovate-rhomboid; base cuneate, apex strongly emarginate, mucronate, 3–6 by 2–4 cm, thin, green or in variously degree blotched with purple. Inflorescences of axillary and terminal pseudo-spikes often forming a few-branched panicle. Flower-clusters separate in the flower part leaving the axis visible. Bracts and bracteoles similar, ovate acute much shorter than perianth. Tepals 3, green with scarious margins oblong in &#9792;, oblong spathulate in &#9794;, ca 1 mm. Stamens 3 as long as perianth or shorter. Ovary oblong; stigmas usually 3. Fruit an ellipsoidal, smooth, indehiscent utricle, slightly exceeding the persistent perianth. Seeds lenticular, shining, blackish-brown, ca 1 mm diam."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530322	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530322	use	EN	In certain parts of SE Asia cultivated as a pot-herb; not known to be in common use in Thailand.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530322	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530322	ecology	EN	"Widespread throughout the country, in Thailand found up to 1200 m alt. "	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530322	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530322	distribution	EN	In all warmer parts of the world as A. viridis with which it is frequently confused.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530322	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530495	general	EN	"Erect herb up to 1 m high, almost totally glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolateto rhomboidal, attenuate at both ends, apex often emarginate, mucronate; petiole as long as lamina, 3–5 by 1.5–3 cm; at leaf-axils (1–2 spines 1–2 cm long. Inflorescences usually green; pseudo-spikes in flower part female, the ultimate cymose inflorescences subtended by weak spines, toward apex spines wanting and exclusively male flowers. Bracts as long as flowers, ovate, mucronate. Tepals in &#9794; 3(–5) ovate, in &#9792; 5, spathulate, 1–1.5 mm long, white with green midnerve. Stamens 5. Ovary with (2–)3 stigmas. Fruit ellipsoid, as long as the perianth, circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds ca 0.7 mm, black, glossy, lenticular."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530495	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530495	use	EN	As a vegetable and for medicinal purposes.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530495	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530495	ecology	EN	"On open soil often along rivers on sandy soil, also as a garden and wayside weed; in Thailand recorded up to 1200 m altitude."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530495	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530495	distribution	EN	The species probably originates from the New World tropical lowlands (SAUER Le.) from where by 1700 it was spreading rapidly throughout the warmer parts of the world. Now common all over tropical Asia.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530495	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530523	general	EN	"Annual with erect or ascending stem, often much branched, up to 2 m tall, usually robust, glabrous or thinly pubescent in upper part; stems longitudinally ridged or sulcate when dry. Leaves with petioles up to 5 cm, but usually shorter; lamina rhomboid-ovate; base acute and most often decurrent into the petiole; apex most often acute, sometimes rounded, glabrous or nearly so on both sides in varying degree purple blotched, 3–12 by 1.5–10 cm. Inflorescences axillary and terminal; the axillary ones dense capitate clusters, the terminal ones pseudo-spikes or panieles; the heads up to 2 cm in diam. on the most robust stems. &#9794; and &#9792; flowers intermixed. Bracts and bracteoles long pointed from a broad, triangular base, as long as perianth or shorter. Tepals 3, green or purple with scarious margins, triangular at base, long pointed, in &#9794; 4–6 mm long, in &#9792; 2–3 mm during anthesis, later lengthening to 4–5 mm. Stamens 3, shorter than or as long as perianth. Ovary cylindrical or obconical; styles 3. Fruit circumscissile below the middle. Seeds shining, dark brown, lenticular, ca 1 mm diam."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530523	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530523	use	EN	In Indochina widely cultivated as a pot-herb; no records from	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530523	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530523	ecology	EN	Weedy on open soil.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530523	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530523	distribution	EN	Pantropic.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530523	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530552	general	EN	"Annual herb up to 80 cm, erect or decumbent (particularly older individuals), sparsely branched or with often long arching branches from near the base; stem thin up to 5 mm diam; glabrous or minutely pubescent when young, obtusely angular. Leaves with slender petioles up to 10 cm long, lamina ovate-oblong, sometimes rhombic; base long cuneate, apex obtuse or only slightly emarginate, shortly mucronate, very thin, glabrous, 3–6 by 1.5–3 cm. Inflorescences terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves, pseudo-spikes solitary or forming a sparsely branched panicle; whole inflorescence rarely above 10 cm long. Flower-clusters dense, usually somewhat remote, leaving the axis visible, at least in the flower part. Bracts and bracteoles similar, shorter than perianth, broadly ovate, mucronate, scarious, 0.5–1 mm. Flowers unisexual, green, usually 3-merous. Tepals green with scarious margins, oblong, acute, 1–1.5 mm long; stamens 3; stigmas 2–3. Fruit an indehiscent, strongly corrugated ellipsoidal utricle exceeding the persistent perianth and bracts, ca 2 mm long, pale yellowish-brown. Seeds lenticular, shining brownish-black, ca 1 mm diam."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530552	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530552	use	EN	In certain parts of SE Asia cultivated as a pot-herb; not known to be in common use in Thailand.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530552	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530552	ecology	EN	Widespread throughout the country; highest altitude record is 1200 m at Fang here as a weed in a poppy field.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530552	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530552	distribution	EN	In all warmer parts of the world.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530552	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530896	general	EN	"Trees up to 25 m high; bark grey-brown, with round greyish pustules. Leaves 3–6-jugate. Leaflets ovate to falcate, 4–15 by 1.25–4 cm, parchment-like to chartaceous; base mainly acute; apex long-tapering, acuminate; glabrous on both sides. Inflorescences up to 30 cm long. Flowers white to pink, in often opposite, 5-flowered cymes. Sepals deltoid, ca 1 mm high. Petals transversely elliptic to orbicular; scale 0.5–1.2 by 1.2–1.4 mm. Stamens ca 4 mm long, anthers red. Fruits brown, with 1 or 2 lobes developed, lobes globular, 3–3.5 cm in diam., connate for ca 2.5 cm, not stipitate; wall 2–5 mm thick. Seeds shining reddish brown, 2.5–2.75 cm in diam; hilum with orbicular to kidney-shaped sarcotesta 1.5–2.5 by ca 1.5 cm."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530896	ecology	EN	"Primary rain forest on well-drained soils. Altitude up to 600 m. Flowering: February-June; fruiting: August, November-January."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000530896	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Indochina, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000530896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184535	general	EN	"Evergreen tree up to 15 m high; young shoots pendulous, finely puberulous. Leaves paripinnate; rachis 20–40 cm long including short, stout petiole. Stipules foliaceous, narrow lanceolate, caduceus, 2–3 cm long. Leaflets 6–8 pairs; petiolules thick, 4–7 mm; lamina oblong to ovate-oblong, with rounded base and long acuminate apex, glabrous, 5–15 by 3–4.5 cm, increasing in size upwards. Racemes red, terminal, lax, pendulous, 50–80 cm. Bracts early caduceus; bracteoles red, persistent, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 4–9 by 2–3 cm. Pedicels red, finely pubescent, up to 6 cm. Receptacle red, as long as sepals. Sepals 4, petaloid, subequal, linear oblong, blunt, 3–5 by 0.5–2 cm. Petals 5, unequal; the lower 2 minute, setaceous, 2 mm long; lateral ones spathulate, red with rounded yellow apex; upper one fan shaped with wavy upper margin, red–spotted with a red V surrounded by a yellow, quadrangular patch near apex, 4.5 cm broad at apex; Stamens 10; 9 connate into a 3 cm long, pink sheet; 5 of these with up to 4cm of free filament, anthers 8 mm long; 4 alternate stamens with 0.2–0.3 cm of free filament and small anthers; upper stamen free, 2.5 cm long with small anther; anthers opening by a slit. Ovary with a stipe 0.7 cm long, adnate to the receptacle; style red, filiform, 4 cm long; stigma terminal, capitellate; ovules 3–6. Pods long-stalked, dehiscent, oblong, falcate, flat, glabrous, thickened towards the upper suture, 15–20 by 3–4 cm. Seeds 4–6, transversely ovate, orbicular, compressed."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184535	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184535	ecology	EN	Dry evergreen forests. Flowering January–February.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184535	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184535	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Tenasserim, type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184535	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000532305	general	EN	"Glabrous. Leaves usually quaternate, rarely decussate; lamina narrowly obovate to elliptic, mostly 4–10 cm long, mostly 2–5 cm wide, attenuate at the base to a petiole mostly 4–12 mm long, rounded to obtuse at the apex, dull on both sides; venation pinnate with the midrib raised in the basal part and otherwise obscure. Inflorescences many at the nodes and along the internodes and epicortical runners, sessile 1- to 3- (usually 2-) flowered umbels; pedicels (0.5–)2–4 mm long. Corolla in mature bud 5- or 6-merous, 13–22 mm long, usually slightly inflated at the base, rounded at the apex, mostly red, orange or yellow below and green above, sometimes with a purple zone at the tip. Anther 2–5 mm long, sessile or much longer than the free part of the filament."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000532305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000532305	ecology	EN	"Mostly in humid forests, 0–1300 m altitude, recorded on various hosts. The only known collection from Thailand was from low altitude, parasitic on <i>Schima wallichii</i>."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000532305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000532305	distribution	EN	"From the Philippines southwards and westwards to Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, and to Bangka, Borneo, Celebes and Moluccas."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000532305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000532534	general	EN	"Glabrous but often glaucous, robust. Leaves opposite or scattered; lamina oblong to ovate or broadly elliptic, 7–15 by (2–)3.5–7 cm, thick, truncate or shortly cuneate at the base to a dark-coloured petiole 10–25 mm long, rounded at the apex, dull on both sides; venation pinnate with the midrib and the main laterals distinct on both sides and the midrib prominent and dark-coloured below. Inflorescences at the nodes, a raceme of 1–5 decussate pairs of triads with all flowers pedicellate; axis 3–20 mm long; peduncles of the triads 1.5–5 mm long; pedicels of the flowers 0.5–2 mm long. Corolla in mature bud 6-merous, 45–70 mm long, robust, gradually widened upwards, weakly clavate and obtuse at the apex, red in the lower part, usually dark purple, brown or black at the apex; tube in the open flower 30–48 mm long. Anther 2–3.5 mm long, obtuse, about half as long as the free part of the filament. Style articulate ca 0.5 mm above the base."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000532534	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000532534	ecology	EN	"Humid forests, 0–700 m altitude; frequently recorded as parasitic on <i>Shorea</i>; in Thailand recorded on </i>Dipterocarpus obtusifolius</i> and <i>Vatica ovata</i>."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000532534	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000532534	distribution	EN	"Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000532534	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000533338	general	EN	"Young stems and petioles, usually drying pale greyish straw-coloured, striate, glabrous. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 16–28 by 10–24 cm, base cordate to truncate (or broadly obtuse), apex usually acuminate, palmately 3–5(–7)-nerved, at base and with 4–5 pairs of lateral nerves running, ± parallel with the main, i.e. distal, pair of basal nerves, the lateral nerves linked together with scalariform veins, reticulum clearly visible and slightly raised below; glabrous on both surfaces apart from pockets of hairs, in the axils of the nerves and main veins; thinly coriaceous; petioles glabrous, 6–18(–26) cm, swollen at both ends, geniculate at the base. Inflorescences 16–40 cm, with lateral branches, 2–5 cm, glabrous; bracteoles ca 0.5 mm long. Male flowers with glabrous pedicels, up to 2–3 mm; sepals white, yellow or pale green; outer sepals 2, scarcely 1 mm long; inner sepals 6, broadly elliptic, 2.5–3 by 2 mm, glabrous; apart-from often minutely papillose margin; synandrium 1.5–2 mm long. Female flowers: sepals as in male; staminodes 6, minute, scarcely 0.25 mm; carpels 3(–4), curved-ellipsoidal, 1.5–2 mm; stigma thick, recurved. Infructescences wholly glabrous, lateral branches, up to 15 cm; carpophore (3–)6–16 mm, continuous with pedicels, 8–20 mm. Drupes white to purple, 9–11 mm long, glabrous; endocarp subreniform-globose, surface reticulate-rugulose with a weak dorsal groove; cotyledons ± narrowly elliptic, 5–7 mm long, 2 mm broad."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000533338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000533338	use	EN	The stems produce bast-fibres. The fruits are used as a fish-poison and are also used to kill lice in the hair.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000533338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000533338	ecology	EN	"In lowland evergreen or mixed deciduous forests, sometimes on banks of rivers and streams."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000533338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000533338	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, India (type), Vietnam, Malesia (except Malaya, Borneo, Celebes)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000533338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000534423	general	EN	"Perennial herb. Stems arising from basal leaf rosettes, initially erect, gradually elongating to 30 cm, becoming decumbent, greyish pilose, internodes 5–14 cm, rooting at nodes. Basal leaves forming a rosette; petiole 2–3 times longer than the blade, retrorse hirtellous; blade orbicular to reniform, 1–4 cm in diameter, strigillose on both surfaces, base deeply cordate, palmately lobed to ⅓ of radius; lobes 3-lobed or crenate; stem leaves 2–3 per node, smaller than basal leaves; petiole ca as long as leaf blade. Inflorescence with 2–3 solitary flowers on nodes of stem. Bracts linear, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, ca 3 mm, strigillose. Pedicel slender, 1–3 cm, retrorsely hirtellous. Calyx campanulate, ca 3 mm, hirtellous, split to the middle; lobes triangular, apex acute. Corolla pink or white, ca 8 mm in diameter; tube shorter than calyx; lobes ovate oblong, ca 2.5 mm, emarginate."	Hu Chi-Ming		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000534423	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000534423	ecology	EN	"On exposed rocky ridges, open grassy ground, along trails, under bushes on overgrown clearings, alt. 1800–2100 m. Flowering April-May."	Hu Chi-Ming		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000534423	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000534423	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type)."	Hu Chi-Ming		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000534423	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158719	general	EN	"Shrub, to 2.5 m tall, branches terete, like the petioles and principal leaf nerves densely appressed or spreading setose, setae to 2.5 mm long. Leaves of a pair equal or nearly so, broadly elliptic to ovate, 7.5–27 x 3–18 cm, base almost cordate, sometimes acute, apex acuminate, margin entire to minutely serrulate, lamina with 2–3 pairs of lateral primary veins, on both surfaces appressed setose, petioles 1–11 cm long. Inflorescences sessile clusters of flowers, on leafless nodes or rarely in leaf axils. Flowers 4-merous; pedicels 7–12 mm long; bracts subulate, minute and caducous. Hypanthium campanulate, 2.5–3 mm long, densely hirsute or hispid-setose; calyx lobes linear-subulate, 1–2 mm long, hispid. Petals 3–3.5 mm long, pink. Stamens 8, subisomorphic, anthers 3–3.5 mm long, yellow. Capsule slightly urceolate and angular, 4–5 mm long, with an indumentum of pinkish setae and persistent calyx lobes."	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158719	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158719	ecology	EN	Understory of evergreen forest on granitic bedrock or limestone below 200 m alt.	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158719	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158719	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type of Anerincleistus helferi: Tenasserim or Andamans; type of A. griffithii: Mergui, Southern Burma) to Malay Peninsula."	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158719	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158728	general	EN	"Shrub, to 1 m tall, branchletes terete, young parts covered with appressed setae to 1 mm long. Leaves of a pair usually somewhat unequal, elliptic to ovate-oblong, 6–29 x 3–15 cm, base acute, apex acuminate, margin entire to minutely serrulate, lamina with 1 pair of lateral primary veins plus a faint intramarginal pair, upper surface glabrous except appressed-setose on veins, lower surface more densely setose, petioles 1.5–6.5 cm long. Inflorescences sessile clusters of flowers, on leafless nodes or in leaf axils. Flowers 4-merous; pedicels 7–12 mm long; bracts subulate, minute, caducous. Hypanthium campanulate, 4–8 mm long, appressed setose, often pinkish-red; calyx lobes triangular, 1 mm long, aristate. Petals ca 8 mm long, yellow or white. Stamens 8, subisomorphic, anthers 5.5–6 mm long, yellow. Capsule slightly urceolate, ca 6 mm long, strigose."	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158728	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158728	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest.	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158728	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158728	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158728	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000536042	general	EN	"Annual with finely striate stems, 50–100 cm. Ultimate leaf segments up to 10 by 0.5 mm; leaf sheaths white-margined. Rays of umbels, 10- subequal, ca 3 cm. Petals ca 0.6 mm, emarginate, incurved. Fruit ca 4 by mm with 3 distinct dorsal ridges and a ca 0.3 mm paler coloured lateral wing."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000536042	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000536042	use	EN	Used as a culinary flavouring herb.	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000536042	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000536042	ecology	EN	Cultivated in many parts of the world including SE. Asia.	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000536042	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000536042	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Europe (type), Mediterranean area, SW. Asia."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000536042	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000536492	general	EN	"Stems laxly branched, erect, up to 1.5 m, densely glandular-pilose. Leaves opposite, alternate upwards, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 3–7 by 0.4–1 cm, acuminate at apex, tapering towards the base, shallowly acute-serrate, densely and shortly glandular-hairy on both surfaces. Flowers solitary and axillary, or racemose upwards; pedicels slender, 1–2.5 cm, densely glandular-hairy. Calyx 4–5 mm long, densely glandular-pilose; lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla purple, cup-shaped part paler, 2–2.5 cm long. Capsule globose."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000536492	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000536492	ecology	EN	Cultivated as an ornamental in gardens. 	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000536492	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000536492	distribution	EN	"Native of Dominica, naturalized in tropical E. Asia."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000536492	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115201	ecology	EN	This is common throughout Thailand usually in shade.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115201	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000537190	general	EN	"Small herb, 10–25 cm high; stems simple, glabrous erect curved at base. Leaves clustered just below the inflorescence; stipules ovate-auriculate, few mm; petioles distinct 5–20 mm; lamina lanceolate, 4–7 by 0.5–3 cm, at base tapering towards the petiole, apex acute; upper surface glabrous or nearly so, lower pale green, appressed hairy. Inflorescence racemose, terminal, 3–6 cm, with pubescent axis. Flowers subsessile; bracts caduceus. Sepals lanceolate, 4–6 mm, with glandular bristles, 1–2 mm. Petals pink or whitish, 7–9 mm, obovate, emarginated. Fruit ellipsoid, ca 3 mm."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000537190	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000537190	ecology	EN	Open mountain vegetation at higher altitudes.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000537190	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000537190	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Nepal (type), Bhutan, India (Assam, Sikkim)."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000537190	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115202	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, about 5 mm diam., more or less fleshy, scaly throughout; scales linear-subtriangular, about 3 by 1 mm. Stipe stramineous with brownish base up to 35 cm long, scaly on lower portion, hairy. Frond imparipinnate, up to 35 by 25 cm; lateral pinnae 2–6 pairs, shortly stalked or sessile, oblong, cuspidate at apex, rounded to narrowly cuneate at base, up to 13 by 3 cm in soriferous pinnae and about 4.5 cm broad in non-soriferous ones, lobed about ⅕ way to costa; lobes oblique, rounded to obtuse at apex with sharp teeth; herbaceous, light green, glabrous or minutely hairy; terminal pinna oblong, acuminate at apex, cuneate, round or cordate at base, lobed at margin sometimes deeply in lower portion; veins pinnate, the veinlets uniting to the opposite ones of the next group, the excurrent veinlets continuous. Sori dorsal, medial, round, irregularly scattered; indusia small, thin, pale, round-reniform, lacerate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115202	ecology	EN	"On sandy or muddy slopes in mixed forests at low to medium elevations up to 1100 m alt., usually confined to places completely exposed in the dry season."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115202	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalaya, S. India, Sri Lanka, Laos, and Philippines (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000537574	general	EN	"Tree, 5–15 m tall. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7–15 by2.5–5 cm; apex acute, rarely rounded or obtuse; base cuneate; petiole 2–3 cm long. Bracteoles 2, subtending the calyx. Calyx lobes ovate or rounded, 1–1.5 cm long, unequal. Petals ovate, 1.5–2 cm long, acute at the apex, constricted below the middle, shortly connate at the base into a tube. Stamens 1.2–1.5 cm long. Fruit globular or ovoid, 2 cm across."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000537574	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000537574	ecology	EN	"Scattered or in small groups in open grassy forest, deciduous forest, or evergreen forest, at the summit or on ridges of hills; from low to medium altitudes (850–1700 m)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000537574	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000537574	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Indochina, S. China (Yunnan, Kwangtung), Hainan, Formosa, and Malay Peninsula. Five varieties are recognized by Kobuski (J. Arnold Arbor. 33: 79. 1952)"	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000537574	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215923	general	EN	"Branches glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.7–1.4 cm long; blade coriaceous, elliptic, 4.3–12.2 x 2.4–5.4 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base obtuse; secondary veins 9–11 pairs; glabrous. Inflorescence 3.5–8.5 cm long; terminal; glabrous. Sepals ovate, 1.7 x 0.7 mm, apex acute; glabrous, not ciliate. Corolla pale yellow; tube 5.3–6.8 mm long; lobes 4.5–7.3 mm long; outside glabrous; villous inside lobes, in mouth and in tube. Stamens with anthers 4 x 0.8 mm. Disk 0.5 mm long; 5-crenate. Ovary 0.9 mm long; style + pistil head 1.9 mm long. Fruit 7.3–12.5 cm long, 1.4–2.3 cm wide. Seed grain 11.8–17 x 4.3–7.1 mm; beak 2.4–7.8 mm long; coma 4–5.6 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215923	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at ca 2000 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215923	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Japan, Taiwan, China (type), Philippines."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215975	general	EN	"Branches glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1.5–5.2 cm long; blade. thickly coriaceous, elliptic or oblong, 4.6–24 x 1.7–11.6 cm, apex acuminate, base rounded to obtuse; secondary veins 8–12 pairs; glabrous. Inflorescence 3–23 cm long; mostly axillary, sometimes also terminal; glabrous. Sepals ovate, 0.6–1 x 0.3–0.6 mm, apex rounded to acute; glabrous. Corolla pinkish or cream coloured; tube 1.4–2.3 mm long; lobes 1.7–2.9 mm long; outside glabrous, pubescent inside lobes and in tube. Stamens with anthers 0.6–0.8 x 0.3–0.4 mm. Disk 0.4 mm long; 5-dentate or 5-crenate. Ovary 0.5–0.6 mm long; style + pistil head 0.7–0.8 mm long. Fruit 10.7–19.8 cm long, 0.9–1.5 cm wide. Seeds not seen."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215975	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215975	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215975	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215975	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia (type), Philippines, Indonesia."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215975	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215985	general	EN	"Branches glabrous. Leaves: petiole 8–10(–19) mm long; blade papery, elliptic, 4.2–7.2(–10) x 1–1.9(–3.9) cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate; secondary veins 8–10 pairs; glabrous. Inflorescence 3.6–5.8(–9.5) cm long; terminal, delicate; glabrous. Sepals ovate, 1.1–1.9 x 0.4–0.9 mm, apex acute; glabrous, not ciliate. Corolla greenish; tube 3.5–4.1 mm long; lobes 3.9–4.9(–6.3) mm long; outside glabrous, pubescent inside lobes and in tube. Stamens with anthers 1–1.3 x 0.3–0.4 mm. Disk 0.3–0.6 mm long; 5-crenate. Ovary 0.3–0.6 mm long; style + pistil head 0.8–1.1 mm long. Fruit 6.8–8 cm long, ca 1.2 cm wide. Seed grains 15.5–17.6 mm long, 4.5–10 mm wide; beak 2.6–11 mm long; coma 3.4–4 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215985	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215985	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215985	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000215985	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia (Sabah), Indonesia (type from Java)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000215985	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216112	general	EN	"Branches. glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1–1.7 cm long; blade coriaceous to subcoriaceous, elliptic, 4.6–9.5(–16.9) x 2–4(–5.2) cm, apex shortly acuminate, base cuneate; secondary veins 11–18(–29) pairs; glabrous, somewhat glaucous beneath. Inflorescence 10–12(–22) cm long; terminal, glabrous. Sepals ovate, 0.8–1.6 x 0.5–0.8 mm, apex acute; glabrous, not ciliate. Corolla tube 1.9–4 mm long; lobes 3–8.5 mm long; outside glabrous, villous inside lobes, in mouth and in tube. Stamens with anthers 1.2–1.6 x 0.4–0.5 mm. Disk 0.4–0.6 mm long; 5-crenate. Ovary 0.4–0.6 mm long; style + pistil head 0.6–1.2 mm long. Fruit 8.3–11.5 cm long, 1–1.2 cm wide. Seed grains 16–20 mm long, 4.5–6 mm wide; beak 7–22 mm long; coma 3.5–4.5 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216112	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216112	ecology	EN	In forest to 1600 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216112	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216112	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, China, Laos, Malaysia (type), Indonesia."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216112	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216131	general	EN	"Branches glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1.3–2.6 cm long; blade coriaceous, elliptic, oblong or obovate, 5.2–19.2 x 1.6–8.4 cm, apex shortly acuminate, often abruptly so, base obtuse to rounded; secondary veins 8–16 pairs, usually wrinkled in dry plant; glabrous. Inflorescence 5.5–15.2 cm long; axillary and terminal, often. forming a terminal panicle; glabrous. Sepals ovate, 0.7–1.3 x 0.4–0.9 mm, apex rounded to acute; glabrous, ciliate or not ciliate. Corolla white or yellowish; tube 1.2–2.2 mm long; lobes 1.7–3.4 mm long; outside glabrous, villous inside lobes, mouth and top of tube. Stamens with anthers 0.7–1.1 x 0.2–0.3 mm. Disk 0.3–0.4 mm; annular or weakly 5 crenate. Ovary 0.3–0.6 mm long; style + pistil head 0.4–0.7 mm long. Fruit 9.5–15.5 cm long, 1.7–2.5 cm wide. Seed grains 1.3–2.2 cm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide; beak 6–15 mm long; coma 5.2–8.5 mm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216131	ecology	EN	In evergreen or secondary forest to 1700 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216131	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh (type), Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216151	general	EN	"Branches minutely puberulent. Leaves: petiole 1–1.8 cm; blade coriaceous, oblong to elliptic, 4.8–14.4 x 1.6–4.7 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base obtuse to acute; secondary veins 7–13 pairs, wrinkled or not when dry; glabrous, covered in small brown punctae. Inflorescence 2.2–6 cm long; mostly axillary; puberulent. Sepals ovate, 1–1.7 x 0.7–1 mm, apex acute; minutely puberulent at base, ciliate. Corolla yellowish; tube 2.2–3 mm long; lobes 2.9–4 mm long; outside glabrous, villous inside lobes, in mouth and in top of tube. Stamens with anthers 0.9–1.1 x 0.4 mm. Disk 0.4–0.6 mm long; annular. Ovary 0.4–0.7 mm long; style + pistil head 0.9–1 mm long. Fruit 7.5–13.6 cm long, 8.5–12.5 mm wide. Seed grains 1.2–1.6 cm long, 0.3–0.6 cm wide; beak 3.5–5.8 mm long; coma 2–5.8 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216151	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216151	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, 600–800 m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216151	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000216151	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Cambodia."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000216151	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000822997	general	EN	"Annual shoots up to 6 m. Leaves cordate up to 11 by 8 cm with a short petiole. Racemes simple or little-branched up to 30 cm long including a short peduncle. Bracts narrow lanceolate, 1–2 mm. Pedicel ca 2 mm; flower pair of bracteoles broad triangular, persistent; upper pair greenish-white, broad elliptic to suborbicular, 1–2 mm. Tepals white, fragrant, obtuse, 2–3 mm long, joined at base. Stamens white. Style 1, ± deeply split into 3 club-shaped stigmas. Fruit a ± spherical utricle."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000822997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000822997	use	EN	Cultivated as a vegetable.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000822997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000822997	ecology	EN	Only found near villages and old clearings at high altitudes. Probably mainly an escape from cultivation.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000822997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000822997	distribution	EN	Neotropical (type Brazil).	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000822997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000234922	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 10 m high, dbh up to 10 cm; usually branched from the base; young twigs pilose to pubescent, brown. Stipules usually persistent, linear, 3–7 by 1–2 mm, slightly pilose to (especially apically) densely pubescent. Leaves: petiole 2–7 by 1–2 mm, pilose to densely pubescent; blade obovate to elliptic-oblong, (2–)5–10(–18) by (1–)2.5–4–8)cm, (1.6–)2–2.5(–4.5) times longer than wide, base acute or obtuse, mostly cuneate, apex long to very shortly acuminate to rounded, chartaceous, glabrous or rarely slightly pilose adaxially, pilose to pubescent at least in the axils between midrib and secondary veins, rarely completely glabrous abaxially, midrib flat to impressed adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate, domatia present. Staminate inflorescences 5–14 cm long, axillary, simple or branched twice at the base, axis glabrous to pubescent; bracts orbicular to lanceolate, 0.6–1 by 0.6 mm, glabrous. Staminate flowers 2–2.5 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long, very thin; calyx 0.5 by 0.8 mm, globose to cup-shaped; sepals 4, fused for ca ⅔rd of their length, irregularly shaped, glabrous outside, pubescent inside with hairs often exceeding the calyx; disc cushion-shaped, enclosing the bases of the filaments, pubescent; stamens 2, rarely 3, 1.5–2 mm long, 1.5–2 mm long exserted from the calyx; anthers 0.3 by 0.6 mm; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 2–3 cm long, axillary, simple to branched twice at the base, axis glabrous to pubescent; bracts orbicular to lanceolate, 0.5–0.7 by 0.5 mm, glabrous. Pistillate flowers 2 by 1 mm; pedicel 0.2–1 mm long; calyx 1 by 1 mm, pitcher-shaped; sepals 4 (or 5), fused for ca ⅔rd of their length, apically acute, glabrous outside, pubescent inside with hairs often exceeding the calyx; disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous inside, glabrous to pilose outside; ovary ovoid, glabrous; style usually terminal; stigmas 3 or 4. Infructescences 2–5(–8) cm long; pedicel 1.5–3 mm long; fruits ellipsoid, terete or laterally compressed, basally symmetrical, with a terminal to slightly subterminal style, 4–6 by 3–4 mm, glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000234922	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000234922	use	EN	Fruits eaten. Young leaves used in curry and as vegetable (India and Thailand).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000234922	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000234922	ecology	EN	"In dry deciduous, deciduous and evergreen forest, forest edges, open spaces, bamboo thickets; open or half-shady habitats; secondary, often disturbed, much degraded or frequently burnt vegetation; on sandy gravel, sand, silt or red lateritic soil, over limestone, granite and shale-granite; altitude: 0-1,600 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000234922	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000234922	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type) including Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Nepal, S China, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Java. Absent in Malesia except Java; absent in Sri Lanka. Distribution map in Baker & al. (1998: 252, fig. 6D)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000234922	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000235333	general	EN	"Tree (to shrub), up to 30 m, dbh up to 1 m, often fluted or with buttresses, young twigs glabrous to densely ferrugineous-pubescent, brown. Stipules early caducous, linear, 4–6 by 1.5–2 mm, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 3–10(–17) by 1.5–2 mm, glabrous to densely ferrugineous pubescent; blade oblong to elliptic, more rarely obovate, (5–)10–18(–32) by (2–)4–6(–9) cm, (2–)2.5–3(–6) times longer than wide, coriaceous, base acute to rounded, rarely cordate, apex acuminate, acumen apically often rounded, glabrous, or pilose to ferrugineous-pubescent only along the midrib adaxially, glabrous to ferrugineous-pubescent all over abaxially, midrib flat adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate, drying olive-green adaxially, lighter and more reddish abaxially, domatia absent. Staminate inflorescences (6–)15–25 cm long, axillary, branched, consisting of 3–8(–14) racemes, axis pubescent to glabrous; bracts deltoid to lanceolate, 0.5 by 0.5 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3–4 by 3 mm, sessile; calyx 1 by 1.5 mm, cup-shaped; sepals 3 or 4(5), fused for ⅔rd-¾th of their length, apically obtuse, glabrous to ferrugineous-pubescent on both sides; disc variable, extrastaminally-annular to lobed, lobes free or enclosing the bases of the stamens and pistillode, much shorter to extending to the same length as the sepals, glabrous; stamens 3 or 4(5), 2–3 mm long, 1.5–2 mm long exserted from the calyx; anthers 0.5 by 0.7; pistillode clavate to cylindrical, 1 by 0.5 mm. Pistillate inflorescences (4–)8–17 cm long, axillary, simple or more rarely branched, consisting of up to 4 racemes, axis glabrous to pubescent; bracts deltoid, 0.5–1.5 by 0.5–1 mm, pubescent to pilose. Pistillate flowers 2.5–3 by 1.5 mm; pedicel 0.5–1(–2) mm long; calyx 1–1.5 by 1.5 mm, cup-shaped; sepals 3, fused for ⅔rd-¾th of their length, apically obtuse to rounded, glabrous to pilose on both sides; disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous; ovary ellipsoid, glabrous to very sparsely pilose; style terminal to subterminal; stigmas 3 or (6). Infructescences 10–17 cm long, robust; pedicel 2–4(–9) mm long; fruits ellipsoid, laterally compressed, 5–11 by 4–7 mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal to slightly subterminal style, glabrous, rarely pilose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000235333	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001284331	general	EN	"Young twigs glabrous to very shortly pubescent. Leaves: petiole glabrous to pubescent (especially adaxially); blade glabrous, or pilose only along the midrib, often minutely white pustulate. Inflorescence axis glabrous to pubescent. Staminate calyx glabrous to pubescent outside, ferrugineous-pubescent at the base inside, hairs often exceeding the calyx. Pistillate calyx glabrous to sparsely pilose outside, ferrugineous-pubescent at the base inside, hairs often exceeding the calyx; ovary glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001284331	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001284331	use	EN	"Widely cultivated as a fruit tree. Wood subject to termite attacks and therefore unsuitable for work in contact with the soil (Vietnam, Poilane 10901). Leaf eaten as vegetable (Java)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001284331	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001284331	ecology	EN	"In wet evergreen forest, open forest, dipterocarp forest, thickets, bamboo thickets, teak forest, river banks, forest edges, by roadsides, semi-cultivated and cultivated areas, gardens, shady or open habitats, usually in secondary but also in primary vegetation; on sand, loam or clay over (coral) limestone or granite bedrock; altitude: 0–2,100 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001284331	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001284331	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type) incl. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, S China, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Singapore, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, New Guinea, Christmas Islands (Indian Ocean), Tahiti, Hawaiian Islands. As A. bunius is widely cultivated as a fruit tree, it is impossible to distinguish truly wild occurrences."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001284331	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000235387	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest by streams; altitude: 700–1,020 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000235387	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000235387	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000235387	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236163	general	EN	"Treelet, up to 8(–12.5) m, dbh 8(–15.6) cm; young twigs glabrous to puberulent, first dark brown with conspicuous lenticels, then light to whitish grey. Stipules early caducous, deltoid, 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petiole basally and distally often slightly swollen and geniculate, (4–)6–17 by 0.5–1 mm, pilose to puberulent; blade ovate to elliptic, (4.5–)6–11(–16) by (1.5–)2–4(–5.5) cm, 2.3–4.1 times longer than wide, chartaceous to submembranaceous, base acute to obtuse, apex acuminate, acumen apically rounded; glabrous or pilose only along the midrib adaxially and/or abaxially, midrib impressed adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate, drying olive-green, lighter abaxially. Staminate inflorescences 2–4 cm long, axillary, simple or branched, consisting of up to 4 racemes, slender, axis pubescent; bracts elliptic, 0.4–0.5 by 0.4 mm, pilose. Staminate flowers 1–1.5 by 1–2 mm, sessile; calyx 0.5 by 0.8–1 mm, bowl-shaped; sepals 5, fused for ⅔rd of their length, apically rounded, shortly pilose outside, glabrous inside but long hairs at the base; disc consisting of 4 or 5 free lobes, lobes obconical, with two shallow imprints apically, 0.2 by 0.3 mm, as long as the sepals, glabrous; stamens 4–5, 1–1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.2 by 0.3 mm; pistillode cylindrical, 0.8 by 0.3 mm, pubescent. Pistillate inflorescences 2–5 cm long, axillary, simple, sometimes in fascicles of 2 racemes, axis shortly pubescent; bracts elliptic, 0.5 by 0.5 mm, pilose. Pistillate flowers 1.5 by 1.5 mm; pedicel 0.7–1.2 mm long; calyx 0.7 by 1 mm, cup-shaped; sepals 4 or 5, fused for ½ or a little more of their length, apically rounded, pilose outside, glabrous inside but with long hairs at the base; disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous; ovary subglobose, laterally compressed, glabrous to sparsely pilose; style lateral, thick; stigmas 3–6. Infructescences 5–11 cm long; pedicel 2–5 mm long; fruits roughly bean-shaped, with a ventral bulge, laterally compressed, 5–8 by 4–6 mm, basally asymmetrical, with a lateral style, glabrous to very sparsely pilose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236163	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236163	ecology	EN	"In montane rain and mossy forest; altitude: 1,000–1,900 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236163	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236163	distribution	EN	"Thailand (one collection), Peninsular Malaysia (Pahang, Cameron Highlands only), Sumatra (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236163	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236259	general	EN	"Shrub, treelet or tree, up to 20 m, dbh up to 32 cm; twigs greenish, brown, grey, young twigs sometimes pinkish, pubescent, brown. Stipules early caducous, subulate, 3–6 by 0.5–1 mm, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 4–10(–17) by 0.7–1 mm, pubescent, glabrescent; blade oblong, rarely slightly ovate or obovate, (2–)4–7(–16) by (2–)3–4.5(–9) cm, (1–)1.3–1.7(–2.25) times longer than wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, base rounded to cordate, very rarely acute, apex rounded (to obtuse, very shortly acuminate, truncate or retuse), pubescent to glabrous, often only the major veins of both sides and the margin pubescent, midrib flat adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate to weakly percurrent, drying olive-green. Staminate inflorescences 4–8 cm long, axillary, much-branched, consisting of 10–20 racemes, axis ferrugineous-pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 2–3 by 2–3 mm, sessile; calyx 0.5 1 by 1.5 mm; sepals 4–6, free, deltoid to oblong, apically acute to obtuse, pubescent outside, 5 glabrous inside; disc consisting of 4–6 free lobes, lobes ± obconical, well-separated from each other, 0.5 by 0.5 mm, pubescent; stamens 4–6,2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.5 by 0.5 mm, pistillode obconical, 0.5 by 0.2–0.3, pubescent. Pistillate inflorescences 2–3 cm long, axillary, usually much-branched, consisting of (1–)10–20 racemes, axis ferrugineous-pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.8 by 0.4 mm, pubescent. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel 0–1 mm long; calyx 0.7 by 1–1.5 mm; sepals 5 or 6, free, deltoid, apically acute, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous to pubescent especially at the margin; ovary ovoid to globose, pubescent; style usually subterminal, glabrous; stigmas (2)3(5). Infructescences 4–7 cm long; pedicel 0–1 mm long; fruits lens-shaped, more rarely ellipsoid, laterally compressed, 3–4(–5) by 2.5–3(–3.5) mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal, more rarely subterminal style, pilose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236259	use	EN	Fruits eaten locally.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236259	ecology	EN	"In savannah, grassland (often regularly burnt, said to be fire resistant, NGF 9809), open forest, dense scrubby forest, vine thickets, fresh-water swamps, edge of mangrove, coastal fringes, secondary vegetation around towns and villages (Malay: ‘belukary’); on roadsides and river banks, on dry to swampy ground: usually in secondary vegetation, on clay, sand, lateritic soil, black peat, limestone, over shale and granite bedrock; altitude: 0–1,250 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236259	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India incl. Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, S China, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sabah), Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, New Guinea, N Australia. Type without locality."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236433	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 20 cm, dbh up to 15 cm; young twigs glabrous or nearly so, light grey. Stipules caducous or persistent, linear to oblanceolate (rarely leaf-like, see notes), 3–8(–20) by 0.5–1(–5) mm, apically acute, glabrous. Leaves: petiole sometimes sharply keeled abaxially, 3–10 by (0.7–)1–2 mm, glabrous; blade elliptic, oblong or ovate, (5–)9–14(–19) by (2–)3.5–5.5(–7.5) cm, (1.9–)2.6(–4.3) times longer than wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, base acute, sometimes decurrent, apex acute or acuminate, glabrous, midrib flat to shallowly impressed adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate, widely spaced (4–7 between every two secondary veins), drying greyish green to reddish-brown, domatia absent. Staminate inflorescences 3–8 cm long, axillary to almost cauline, simple or branched once at the base, axis pilose to glabrous; bracts deltoid to linear, 0.7–1.2 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pilose or glabrous. Staminate flowers 2–3 by 1.5–2 mm; pedicel 0–1 mm long; calyx 0.7–1 by 1.2–1.5 mm; sepals 4, fused for ⅓rd of their length, 0.7–1 mm wide, apically rounded, pilose to glabrous outside, glabrous inside; disc cushion-shaped, enclosing the bases of the filaments and pistillode, pilose; stamens 4, 2–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.5–0.7 by 0.5–1 mm; pistillode conical or globose, 0.1–0.3 by 0.1–0.3 mm, glabrous. Pistillate inflorescences 4–10 cm long, terminal, axillary or almost cauline, simple, rarely branched once or twice at the base, sometimes in fascicles of 2 racemes, axis patulously pubescent to glabrous; bracts narrowly deltoid to linear, 0.5–1(–1.5) by 0.3–0.4 mm, pubescent to glabrous. Pistillate flowers 1.5–3 by 1.5–2 mm; pedicel 0–1 mm long; calyx 0.7–1.2 by 1.2–1.5 mm; sepals 4 or 5(6), free or nearly so, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, orbicular to almost linear, apically rounded to acuminate, pilose to glabrous outside, glabrous inside; disc shorter or as long as the sepals, setulous outside and at the margin; ovary ellipsoid to globose, sparsely to densely setulous; style subterminal to lateral; stigmas (2)3 or 4. Infructescences 4–15 cm long; pedicel 0.5–2.5 mm long; fruits ellipsoid to lens-shaped, laterally compressed, 6–8 by 4–6 mm, basally symmetrical or asymmetrical, with a subterminal to lateral, rarely terminal style, glabrous to setulous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236433	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236433	ecology	EN	"In primary evergreen or mossy forest, often near water or on marshy ground; on alluvial and greyish clay-mud soil; altitude: 100–1,300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236433	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236433	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Burma (type), Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (Aceh and East coast)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236433	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236620	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 5(–8) m, dbh up to 10 cm; young twigs pubescent to pilose, brown. Stipules usually caducous, narrowly deltoid to subulate, 2–5 by 0.7–1 mm, puberulent to pilose. Leaves: petiole basally and distally sometimes slightly swollen, 2–8 by 0.5–1.5 mm, pubescent to almost glabrous; blade narrowly elliptic-oblong to ovate or obovate, (3.5–)6–10(–13) by (1–)2–3.5(–4.7) cm, (1.2–)3(–4.4) times longer than wide, subcoriaceous to chartaceous, base acute to rounded, apex acute to acuminate, sometimes caudate, glabrous, sometimes some hairs only along the midrib, midrib impressed to flat or distinctly raised adaxially, tertiary veins weakly percurrent in wider, reticulate in narrower leaves, widely spaced, drying light olive-to greyish green. Staminate inflorescences 2–6 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple or branched, consisting of up to 5 racemes, slender, axis pilose; bracts deltoid to lanceolate, 0.5–0.7(–1) by 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous to pilose, margin often glandular-fimbriate. Staminate flowers 1–1.5 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel (0.5–)1–1.5 mm long; calyx 0.4–0.6 mm long; sepals 3–5, free, deltoid to lanceolate, apically acute to rounded, glabrous on both sides; disc cushion-shaped, fully or partially enclosing the bases of the filaments, glabrous; stamens 3–5, 1–2 mm long, fully exserted from the spreading sepals, anthers 0.3-0.5 by 0.3–0.5 mm; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 2–5 cm long, axillary to terminal, simple or branched once, rarely twice, axis nearly glabrous to puberulent; bracts deltoid to linear, 0.3–1 by 0.2–0.5 mm, pubescent to almost glabrous, margin sometimes glandular-fimbriate. Pistillate flowers 1–1.5 by 1 mm; pedicel (0.5–)1–1.5 mm long; calyx 0.5–0.7 by 0.7 mm; sepals 3–5(7), free, 0.3–0.5 mm wide, deltoid, apically acute to rounded, glabrous but sometimes long hairs at the base inside; disc much shorter to as long as the sepals, glabrous; ovary fusiform to ellipsoid, glabrous; style terminal; stigmas 3–5. Infructescences 4–9 cm long; pedicel (0–)3–6 mm long; fruits ellipsoid to lens-shaped, laterally compressed, 5–6(–8) by 4–5(–6) mm, basally asymmetrical to slightly symmetrical, with a subterminal, rarely nearly terminal style, glabrous, rarely white pustulate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236642	general	EN	"Leaves: petiole basally and distally sometimes swollen, 0.5–1 mm wide in the middle; leaf blade (3.5–)6–10(–13) by (1–)2–3.5(–4.7) cm, midrib impressed to flat adaxially. Pistillate sepals apically acute. Infructescences slender; fruiting pedicel very thin, spreading, (2–)3–6 mm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236642	use	EN	Fire wood.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236642	ecology	EN	"In (evergreen) forest, often damp and thick, in virgin forest, dipterocarp forests, dry thickets, on limestone cliffs, along roadsides, in primary or secondary vegetation, on wet or dry ground; on sandy soil, clay, limestone, over granite bedrock; altitude: 0–1,700 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236642	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Japan: Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands (type), Taiwan, S China, Burma, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001386952	general	EN	"Petiole basally and distally hardly swollen, 0.5–1.5 mm wide. Leaf blade 6–7.5 by 2–4.5 cm, midrib distinctly raised adaxially. Pistillate sepals apically rounded. Infructescences not particularly slender, fruiting pedicel not thin as in type variety, 0–1 mm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001386952	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001386952	ecology	EN	In dry evergreen forest; altitude: 350–500 m.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001386952	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001386952	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001386952	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236911	general	EN	"Shrub or slender tree, up to 4 m high; young twigs glabrous, whitish grey or brown. Stipules caducous, linear, 4–10 by 0.5–1.5 mm, ferrugineous-pilose, glabrescent. Leaves: petiole (4–)6–9 by 1–3 mm, glabrous; blade narrowly elliptic to oblong, 13–27 by 2.5–8 cm. 4–5.5 times longer than wide, coriaceous, base acute, rarely obtuse, apex acuminate, glabrous, midrib and major veins distinctly raised adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate, widely spaced, drying greyish green to reddish brown adaxially, reddish to greyish abaxially. Staminate plants unknown. Pistillate inflorescences ca 3 cm long, axillary, simple, axis ferrugineous-pubescent; bracts ovate to deltoid, 0.3–0.7 by 0.3–0.5 mm, ferrugineous-pubescent. Pistillate flowers 1.5 by 1 mm, sessile; calyx 0.7–0.8 by 1 mm; sepals 4 (sometimes an additional smaller sepal), fused at the base, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, apically acute, shortly acuminate or rounded, ferrugineous-pubescent outside, glabrous inside; disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous; ovary ellipsoid, appressed pubescent; style terminal; stigmas 3–6. Infructescences 7–15 cm long; pedicel 0–1 mm long; fruits ellipsoid to slightly ovoid, laterally compressed, 8–11 by 5–8 mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal style, pilose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236911	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236911	ecology	EN	In dry evergreen forest and secondary growth: altitude: 0–600 m.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236911	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000236911	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (Kampot province)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000236911	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237010	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 13 m, dbh up to 10 cm; young twigs glabrous or pilose and soon becoming glabrous, whitish grey. Stipules usually caducous, narrowly deltoid, 2–5(–10) by 0.5–1 mm, pilose to glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2–8(–11) by 0.7–1.5 mm, pilose to glabrous; blade elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, (5–)8–15(–20) by (2–)3.1(–4.7) cm, (2–)3.1(–4.7) times longer than wide, membranaceous to chartaceous, base acute to rounded, apex acuminate to caudate, glabrous or pilose only along the midrib on both sides, midrib gently raised to flat adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate, widely spaced, drying olive-green to brownish. Staminate inflorescences 6–12 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple or branched once, slender, axis shortly pubescent; bracts lanceolate to linear, 0.5–1.2 by 0.2–0.3, pilose to glabrous. Staminate flowers 2–3 by 2 mm, sessile; calyx 0.6–0.8 by 1 mm, cup-shaped to cylindrical; sepals 4, fused for ⅔rd-¾th of their length, apically rounded, glabrous to sparsely pilose outside, glabrous inside; disc consisting of 4 free lobes (sometimes extrastaminally fused), hirsute, lobes ± obconical, 0.3 by 0.5 mm; stamens 4, 2–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.1–0.5 by 0.4–0.5 mm; pistillode clavate to cylindrical, 0.8 by 0.3 mm, pilose. Pistillate inflorescences 4–10cm long, axillary or terminal, simple or branched, consisting of 1–2 (–4) racemes, axis shortly pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–1 by 0.3 mm, pilose. Pistillate flowers 2 by 1 mm; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; calyx 0.5–0.8 by 1 mm, cylindrical to pitcher-shaped; sepals 4, fused for ⅔rd-¾th of their length, apically broadly rounded to broadly acute, glabrous to shortly pilose outside, glabrous inside, sometimes long hairs at the base; disc shorter than the sepals, shortly hirsute at the margin; ovary ovoid, appressed-hirsute; style terminal to subterminal; stigmas 3–5. Infructescences 7–10 cm long; pedicel 1–2.5 mm long; fruits ovoid to almost lens-or slightly bean-shaped, 10–11 by 6–7 mm, up to 2 mm long beaked, laterally compressed, basally symnietrical, with a subterminal to lateral style, pilose to almost glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237010	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237010	ecology	EN	"In primary evergreen forest, sometimes along streams or in fresh water swamps; altitude: 0–800 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237010	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237010	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type), E Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237010	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237021	general	EN	"(Shrub to) tree, up to 30 m, dbh up to 22 cm; young twigs pubescent to glabrous, brown. Stipules usually persistent, sometimes almost leaf-like, linear to lanceolate, slightly falcate, 8–17 by 1–3(–4) mm, apically acute, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 2–7(–15) by 1.5–2.5(–4) mm, pubescent, glabrescent; blade oblong to narrowly elliptic, (7–)13–24(–50) by (2.5–)4–8(–15) cm, (2.1–)3.3(–6.6) times longer than wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, base obtuse to rounded, more rarely acute or subcordate, apex caudate, glabrous or pilose only along the midrib adaxially, pilose all over abaxially, pubescent along the major veins, midrib impressed, secondary veins often raised adaxially, tertiary veins percurrent, close together (10–20 between every two secondary veins), prominent on both sides, drying olive-green to dark reddish-brown adaxially. Staminate inflorescences (4–)15–24 cm long, cauline, very rarely axillary, simple or branched once or twice at the base, solitary or in fascicles of up to 10 racemes, axis pubescent; bracts deltoid, 0.5–0.7 by 0.4–0.5 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 1.5–2 by 1.5–2 mm; pedicel 0.2–1 mm long; calyx 0.5 by 1 mm; sepals 3–5, almost free to fused for ½ of their length, 0.7 mm wide, broadly deltoid to orbicular, apically acute to rounded, shortly pubescent to glabrous outside, pubescent or glabrous inside but long hairs at least at the base; disc consisting of 3 or 4 lobes (lobes ± obconical, 0.2–0.3 by 0.2–0.3 mm), free or fused intrastaminally and partially enclosing the stamens, or completely fused and fully enclosing the stamens, constricted at the base, glabrous to shortly pubescent; stamens 3–5, 1–1.5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.3–0.4 by 0.4–0.5 mm; pistillode absent or subulate, up to 0.2 by 0.1 mm, pubescent. Pistillate inflorescences 5–7 cm long, cauline, very rarely axillary, simple or branched once or twice at the base, in fascicles of up to 13 inflorescences, axis pubescent; bracts deltoid, 0.5–1 by0.4–0.5 mm, pubescent. Pistillate flowers 1.5 by 1 mm; pedicel 0–1 mm long; calyx 0.3–0.5 by 0.7–1 mm; sepals 3–5, almost free to fused for up to ½ of their length, 0.5 mm wide, broadly deltoid to orbicular, apically acute to rounded, shortly pubescent to glabrous outside, pubescent or glabrous inside with long hairs at the base; disc extending to about the same length as the sepals, glabrous to densely pubescent; ovary ellipsoid, pubescent to nearly glabrous; style terminal, often large and deeply 2–4-fid; stigmas 4–6. Infructescences 10–25(–69) cm long; pedicel 0.5–4(–9) mm long; fruits lens-shaped to ellipsoid, rarely ovoid and beaked, distinctly laterally compressed to terete, 4–8(–10) by 3–6(–7) mm, basally symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical, with a terminal to subterminal style, pilose to glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237021	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237021	use	EN	Fire wood.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237021	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237021	ecology	EN	"In lowland to lower montane (mixed) dipterocarp forest up to 50 m high, mossy forest, riverine forest, usually in damp understorey, also on roadsides, primary or secondary vegetation; on loam and clay over sandstone and shale, alluvial soil and limestone rocks; altitude: 0–2,200 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237021	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237021	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (type), Borneo, Philippines (Basilan, Mindanao)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237021	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237537	general	EN	"Shrub or tree up to 20 m high, dbh up to 40 cm; young twigs very slightly pilose to densely pubescent, brown. Stipules often caducous, leaf-like only in var. wallichii, otherwise linear to subulate, 2–7(–15) by 0.5–1.5(–7) mm, pilose to pubescent. Leaves: petiole (0–)2–6(–15) by (0.7–)1–2 mm, pilose to pubescent, rarely glabrous; blade elliptic to oblong (to slightly ovate or obovate, or lanceolate to linear),(1.5–)9–15(–30) by (0.4–)3–6(–12) cm, (2–)2.5–3.5(–10) times longer than wide, membranaceous to chartaceous (to coriaceous), base acute to rounded, rarely truncate, apex acuminate, glabrous except along the major veins on one or both surfaces, rarely pilose abaxially all over, major veins impressed, rarely flat adaxially, tertiary veins weakly percurrent (reticulate in rheophytes), widely spaced, rather oblique, quarternary and finer veins hardly prominent on either leaf surface when dry, drying olive-green, sometimes lighter abaxially. Staminate inflorescences (1–)3–13 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple to much-branched, consisting of up to 10 (40) racemes, axis pilose to pubescent; bracts deltoid or linear, 0.3–1.2 by 0.2–0.7 mm, margin sometimes glandular-fimbriate. Staminate flowers 1–2.5 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel 0–1.5(–2) mm long; calyx 0.5–0.8 by 1–1.5 mm, cup- to bowl-shaped; sepals 3 or 4(5), free to fused for ½ of their length, apically rounded to obtuse, more rarely acute, pilose to glabrous outside, glabrous inside but often some long hairs at the base, margin entire to glandular-fimbriate to lacerate; disc cushion-shaped, fully or partially enclosing the bases of the filaments and pistillode, much shorter than the sepals, (sub)glabrous; stamens 3–6, 1–2 mm long, (0.5–)1–1.5 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.2–0.5 by 0.2–0.5 mm; pistillode variable, hemispherical, globose, clavate and crateriform apically, or subulate, 0.1–1 by 0.1–0.3 mm, (sub)glabrous. Pistillate inflorescences (2–)4–10 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple to branched, consisting of up to 13 racemes, axis glabrous to pubescent; bracts deltoid to linear, 0.3–1.5 by 0.2–0.7 mm, glabrous to pubescent, margin sometimes glandular-fimbriate. Pistillate flowers 1–2 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel 0.2–1.5 mm long; calyx 0.4-1 by 0.5-1.5 mm, cup-shaped; sepals 3 or 5(6), free to fused for up to ½ of their length, apically rounded to acuminate, pilose or glabrous, rarely pubescent outside, glabrous inside but often some long hairs at the base, margin entire to glandular-fimbriate or lacerate; disc shorter than the sepals, (sub)glabrous; ovary ovoid, glabrous; style terminal or slightly subterminal; stigmas 3–6. Infructescences (2.5–)6–20 cm long; pedicel 1–4 mm long; fruits ellipsoid to globose or ovoid, terete to slightly laterally or ventrally and dorsally compressed, (3–)4–6(–8) by 2.5–4(–6) mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal, rarely slightly subterminal style, glabrous, rarely pilose, mostly white pustulate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237559	general	EN	"Spreading shrub, up to 3 m. Stipules linear to deltoid, 1.5–6 by 0.5–1 mm. Leaves: petiole 2–3 by 0.7–1 mm; blade lanceolate to linear, (1.5–)3–6(–8) by 0.4–1.2(–1.6) cm, (2.4–)4–6(–10) times longer than wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, base acute, rarely obtuse to rounded, glabrous except along the midrib adaxially, sparsely pilose along the midrib abaxially, sometimes sparsely pilose along the margin. Staminate inflorescences 1–4 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple or branched, consisting of up to 5 racemes; stamens 0.5–1 mm long exserted from the calyx. Pistillate inflorescences ca 2 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple or branched once or twice. Infructescences 2.5–4cm long, axis 0.6–0.8 mm wide."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237559	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237559	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest along rivers; on sandstone; altitude: 300–1,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237559	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237559	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Assam), S China (type), Burma (Southern Shan States), Laos, Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237559	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237570	general	EN	"Shrub or tree up to 20 m high. Stipules linear to subulate, 2–7(–13) by 0.5–1.5(–3) mm. Leaves: petiole 2–6(–15) by 1–2 mm; blade elliptic to oblong (to slightly ovate or obovate),(6–)9–15(–30) by (2–)3–6(–12) cm, (2–)2.5–3.5(–6.6) times longer than wide, membranaceous to chartaceous (to coriaceous), base acute to obtuse (to rounded), glabrous except along the major veins, on one or both sides, rarely slightly pilose abaxially. Staminate inflorescences 3–13 cm long, axillary, simple to much-branched, consisting of up to 10(40) racemes; stamens 1–1.5 mm long exserted from the calyx. Pistillate inflorescences 4–10cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple to branched, consisting of up to 5 racemes. Infructescences 6–20 cm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237570	use	EN	"Often cultivated for its edible fruits. Wood used in house construction, for rice pestles and fire wood. Leaves applied to ulcers and lumber pains, roots applied for stomachache, the fruits or tea from the leaves ‘as tonic after childbirth’ (Philippines, labels of <i>PNH 37987, 38059, 38372, Zwickey 699</i>)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237570	ecology	EN	"In primary and secondary evergreen to deciduous vegetation, mixed dipterocarp forest, riparian and littoral forest, coastal forest, beaches, monsoon forest, teak forest, <i>Agathis</i> forest, bamboo groves, peat swamp forest, heath forest, thickets, grasslands, roadsides, around towns and villages (Malay: ‘belukar’), also mossy nontane forest, usually in understorey, from deep shade to total exposure, on dry to wet or seasonally flooded ground. Common in most places, with extremely high ecological amplitude; on sand, clay, loam, peat, over limestone, sandstone or granite: altitude; 0–2,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237570	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India incl. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Bhutan, Bangladesh, S China, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java (type), Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, New Guinea (Irian Jaya), Australia (Prince of Wales Island, N Queensland)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237581	general	EN	"Shrub, more rarely tree, usually 1–3(–6) m. Stipules linear to subulate, 2–7(–13) by 0.5–1.5(–3) mm. Leaves: petiole (0–)2(–5) by 1–2 mm; blade lanceolate, (3–)5–11(–16) by (0.5–)1–2(–3.5) cm, (4–)6(–10) times longer than wide, membranaceous to chartaceous, more rarely coriaceous, basally acute, glabrous except along the major veins, on one or both sides, rarely slightly pilose abaxially. Staminate inflorescences 3–13 cm long, slender, axillary; stamens 0.5–1 mm long exserted from the calyx. Pistillate inflorescences ca 2 cm long, axillary, sometimes terminally condensed, simple or branched once or twice. Infructescences slender."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237581	ecology	EN	"Rheophyte. In riverine rain forest along rivers, often on swampy or seasonally flooded ground, among boulders or in the river bed, sometimes partly submerged in river; on sandstone; altitude 0–700 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237581	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Bangladesh, N Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia (type). Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237592	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 10 m, dbh up to 6 cm. Stipules leaf-like, ovate, apically acuminate, 7–15 by 3–7 mm. Leaves: petiole 3–8 by 1–2 mm; blade oblong to slightly elliptic, (8–)10–20(–25) by (3–)4–7(–9) cm, 2.5–3.4 times longer than wide, membranaceous to chartaceous, more rarely coriaceous, base rounded, more rarely obtuse or truncate, glabrous except along the major veins adaxially, patulously pilose all over abaxially. Staminate inflorescences 3–13 cm long, axillary but terminally condensed, much-branched, consisting of 10 or more racemes; stamens 1–1.5 mm long exserted from the calyx. Pistillate inflorescences 4–10 cm long, axillary but terminally condensed, simple to many-branched, consisting of up to 13 racemes. Infructescences 6–20 cm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237592	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, scrub or along forest edges, usually damp places e.g. along waterfalls, open or shaded, primary or secondary vegetation; altitude: 50–600 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237592	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Burma (Tenasserim; type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237747	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 23 m, dbh up to 15 cm; young twigs patently ferruginous-pubescent, glabrescent (whitish grey when older). Stipules persistent, leaf-like, cordate to lanceolate (to linear or subulate), 5–15(–25) by 2–10(–18) mm, apically acuminate to acute, pilose, glabrescent. Leaves: petiole 3–7 by 1 mm, patulously ferruginous-pubescent, glabrescent; blade elliptic to obovate, (6–)9–14(–20) by (2–)3–4(–7) cm, (2.2–)3.3(–4.6) times longer than wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, base acute, apex acuminate (to caudate), glabrous adaxially, ferrugineous-pilose along the veins abaxially (to all over), midrib shallowly impressed to flat adaxially, tertiary veins weakly percurrent to reticulate, perpendicular tertiary and intersecondary veins conspicuous near the midrib, drying dark reddish brown. Staminate inflorescences 2–6 cm long, axillary, simple or branched mostly near the base, consisting of up to 7 racemes, axis ferrugineous pubescent; bracts deltoid, 0.5 by 0.3 mm, ferrugineous-pubescent. Staminate flowers 1 by 1–1.5 mm, sessile, calyx 0.7 by 1 mm; sepals (4)5(6), nearly free to irregularly fused for up to ½ of their length, 0.4 mm wide, deltoid, apically acute, pubescent to pilose outside, pilose inside with long hairs at the base; disc cushion-shaped, hemispherical, fully or partially enclosing the bases of the filaments, constricted at the base, glabrous; stamens (3)4 or 5,0.8–1 mm long, 0.8–1 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.2–0.3 by 0.2–0.3 mm; pistillode usually absent, rarely hemispherical, up to 0.1 by 0.2 mm, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Pistillate inflorescences 1.5–6 cm long, axillary, simple, rarely branched once or in fascicles of 2 inflorescences, axis patulously ferrugineous- to ochraceous-pubescent; bracts deltoid, 0.5–0.8 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 by 1 mm, sessile, calyx 0.3–0.8 by 0.8 mm; sepals 3–5(–7), fused only at the base (to irregularly fused for up to ½ of their length), apically acute, ferrugineous-pubescent to glabrous outside, glabrous or with long hairs inside especially at the base (but not exceeding the calyx); disc exserted from or shorter than the sepals but always conspicuous, glabrous; ovary globose, glabrous (to pilose); style terminal to lateral; stigmas 3 or 4, rather long. Infructescences 4–16 cm long; pedicel 1–8(–20) mm long; fruits ellipsoid, globose, ovoid or obovoid, ventrally and dorsally compressed, terete or laterally compressed, 6–10 by 4–7 mm, basally symmetrical or asymmetrical, with a subterminal to lateral style, glabrous, rarely thinly puberulent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237747	use	EN	Fire wood.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237747	ecology	EN	"In lowland to montane forest up to 45 m high, dipterocarp forest, freshwater swamps, along logging roads and rivers, open bamboo forest, submontane mossy forest, in thickets and heath forest, often dense, humid, shaded habitats, primary or secondary vegetation; on sand, clay, loam, over sandstone, limestone, shales, basalt or granite; altitude: 0–1,800 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237747	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra (type), Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237935	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 6 m, diam. up to 5 cm; young twigs densely patently hirsute, brown. Stipules usually persistent, linear to narrowly deltoid, (3–)5–7(–10) by 0.5–1.5 mm, hirsute. Leaves: petiole 3–10 by 1–2 mm, densely patulously hirsute; blade elliptic to oblong, (6–)15–20(–27) by (3–)5–7(–10) cm, (2–)2.8(–5) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base acute to obtuse, apex acuminate, glabrous except along the midrib adaxially, patulously hirsute all over abaxially, especially along the veins, intercostal areas rarely glabrous, major veins impressed adaxially, tertiary veins weakly percurrent, widely spaced, drying olive-green, lighter abaxially. Staminate inflorescences 3–6 cm long, axillary, simple or branched, consisting of up to 7 racemes, axis patulously hirsute; bracts linear to lanceolate, 0.5–0.7 by 0.2–0.5 mm, pilose to pubescent, margin fimbriate to glandular-fimbriate. Staminate flowers 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel 0.2–0.5 mm long; calyx 0.5 mm long; sepals 4, free or nearly so, nearly orbicular, apically rounded to acuminate, pilose outside, glabrous inside, margin erose, sometimes glandular; disc cushion-shaped, enclosing the bases of the filaments and pistillode, hirsute; stamens 4, 1.5 mm long, 1 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.3–0.4 by 0.3–0.4 mm; pistillode subulate, 0.5 by 0.1–0.2 mm, glabrous to hirsute. Pistillate inflorescences 4–10 cm long, axillary, simple or branched once at the base, axis densely hirsute. Bracts deltoid to linear, 0.5–1 by 0.2–0.3 mm, hirsute. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel 0.5–0.8 mm long; calyx 0.7–1 mm long; sepals 4, free or nearly so, 0.5 mm wide, narrowly deltoid to orbicular, apically acute to rounded, hirsute outside, glabrous inside but long hairs at the base, margin sometimes glandular; disc much shorter than the sepals, hirsute; ovary ellipsoid to globose, patulously hirsute; style terminal to subterminal; stigmas 3–6. Infructescences 5–12 cm long; pedicel 1–2 mm long; fruits ovoid, apiculate, ventrally and dorsally compressed, 7–8 by 4–5 mm, basally symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, with a subterminal to terminal style, pilose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237935	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237935	use	EN	Wood used for planks. Juice from fruits used as an antiseptic (<i>Cockburn FRI 7467</i>).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237935	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237935	ecology	EN	"In primary, sometimes disturbed, dipterocarp forest; altitude: 10–700 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237935	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000237935	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000237935	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000238106	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 6 m, dbh up to 4 cm; young twigs (sub) glabrous, brown. Stipules usually persistent, linear to subulate, 6–25 by 0.5–3 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petiole (3–)5–15(–30) by 1.5–4(–6) mm, glabrous; blade narrowly obovate, more rarely elliptic, (13–)25–30(–50) by (4–)7–9(–14) cm, (2.5–)3.5(–5) times longer than wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, base acute, apex acuminate (to caudate), glabrous on both sides, major veins flat to gently raised, rarely shallowly impressed adaxially, tertiary veins mainly percurrent, widely spaced, drying yellowish brown, usually lighter abaxially. Staminate inflorescences ca 15 cm long, axillary, simple, solitary or in fascicles of 2 racemes, axis glabrous; bracts deltoid, 0.5–0.7 by 0.3–0.4 mm, slightly pilose to glabrous. Staminate flowers 1–1.5 by 1–1.5 mm, sessile, calyx 0.7 by 1–1.5 mm, cup-shaped; sepals 4 or 5, fused for ½–¾ of their length, apically rounded, glabrous to pilose outside, glabrous inside; disc consisting of 4 or 5 short, free lobes apparantly fused extrastaminally, glabrous to pilose; stamens 4 or 5, 1–1.5 mm long, 0.7 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.3 by 0.4 mm; pistillode (sub)cylindrical, sometimes 2-fid for ⅔rd of its length, each part 2-fid again apically, 0.5–0.7 by 0.2–0.5 mm, glabrous. Pistillate inflorescences 8–35 cm long, axillary, simple, axis glabrous to shortly appressed-pilose; bracts deltoid, 0.3–0.8 by 0.2–0.3 mm, glabrous to pilose. Pistillate flowers 1–1.5 by 1 mm; calyx 0.6–0.7 by 1 mm; sepals 4 or 5, fused for ¼–½ of their length, deltoid, apically obtuse to rounded, glabrous to pilose outside. glabrous inside; disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous, or pilose only at the margin; ovary ellipsoid, appressed-pilose to appressed-pubescent; style subterminal; stigmas 4 or 5. Infructescences 25–75 cm long; pedicel 0–1(–3) mm long; fruits ovoid to ellipsoid or lens-shaped, often apiculate, laterally compressed, 10–13 by 7–9 mm, basally symmetrical, rarely asymmetrical, with a terminal to subterminal style, glabrous to sparsely pilose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000238106	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000238106	ecology	EN	"In primary or secondary forest, mixed dipterocarp forest, primary marshy forest, primary riverine forest, swamp forest, by waterfalls; on clay-loam soil over limestone, sandstone or granite; altitude: 15–600(–1,300) m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000238106	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000238106	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type), Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000238106	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000238649	general	EN	"Tree, up to 25 m, dbh up to 50 cm; young twigs (sub) glabrous, more rarely whitish pubescent, very light grey. Stipules early caducous, linear to deltoid, 2 by 0.7 mm, pubescent. Leaves: petiole basally and distally usually slightly swollen, (3–)10–15(–23) by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous, pilose only when young; blade oblong to elliptic or slightly ovate, (7–)10–16(–21) by (2.5–)4–6(–21) cm, (2.2–)2.6(–3) times longer than wide, coriaceous, base acute to obtuse (to rounded but shortly decurrent at the very base), apex acuminate to acute, glabrous, major veins flat to shallowly impressed adaxially, tertiary veins finely reticulate, quarternary veins distinctly prominent, finer venation finely tessellated, drying yellowish-brown to yellowish green. Staminate inflorescences 3–5 cm long, cauline, rarely axillary, simple, in fascicles of up to 10 racemes, axis whitish pubescent; bracts broadly lanceolate, 0.7 by 0.5 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 1–2 by 1–1.5 mm, sessile, calyx 0.5–0.8 by 1 mm, globose to cup-shaped; sepals 3–5, fused for ½ of their length, deltoid, apically acute, glabrous to pilose outside, pilose inside; dise consisting of 3 or 4 free lobes, lobes ± obconical, 0.5 by 0.5 mm, pilose to pubescent;stamens 3 or 4, 1–2 mm long, 0.5–1.5 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.3 by 0.4 mm; pistillode cylindrical to clavate, 0.5 by 0.2 mm, ± hidden in the disc indumentum, pubescent. Pistillate inflorescences 1–4(–9) cm long, cauline, simple, in fascicles of up to 4 racemes, axis whitish pubescent; bracts deltoid 0.7 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent. Pistillate flowers 2 by 1 mm; pedicel 0-0.5 mm long; calyx 0.5 by 1 mm, shallowly cup-shaped; sepals 4 or 5, fused for ca ½ of their length, spreading, deltoid, apically apiculate to acute, glabrous to sparsely pilose outside, glabrous to pilose inside; disc shorter than the sepals, shortly pubescent, especially at the margin, in fruit sometimes almost glabrous; ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; style terminal; stigmas 4–6. Infructescences 4–9 cm long; pedicel 0.5–3 mm long; fruits ellipsoid to slightly oblique or lens-shaped, distinctly laterally compressed, 6–8 by 4–6 mm, basally symmetrical to asymmetrical, with a slightly subterminal to lateral style, glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000238649	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000238649	ecology	EN	"In primary, more rarely secondary vegetation, evergreen primary, sometimes disturbed, forest, swamp forest, along river banks, at inner edge of the mangrove, secondary vegetation with <i>Dillenia</i> and <i>Melastoma</i>; on brown to black soil, sandy loam or peat, over sandstone; altitude: 0–500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000238649	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000238649	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (only Nicobar and Andaman Islands), Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (type), Borneo (E Kalimantan, Sabah), SW Philippines (Balabac, Bancalan, Palawan). Distibution map in Baker & al. (1998: 252, fig. 6C)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000238649	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239096	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 9 m, dbh up to 20 cm; young twigs densely (rarely sparsely) ochraceous tomentose, brown. Stipules cad-ucous, not seen on mature leaves, linear, 1–3 by 0.2–0.5 mm, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 2–11 by 0.7–1(–1.2) mm, densely pubescent, glabrescent; blade oblong to narrowly elliptic (to obovate or ovate), (3–)5–10(–12.5) by (1–)1.5–3(–4.2) cm, (1.8–)2.5–3.5(–4.7) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base acute (to obtuse or rounded), apex acuminate, glabrous except along the midrib adaxially, ochraceous-pilose to glabrous all over abaxially, ochraceous-pilose to -pubescent along the veins, major veins impressed adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate to weakly percurrent, widely spaced (4–7 between every two secondary veins), finer venation finely tessellated, drying reddish-brown, greyish or olive-green, domatia often present. Staminate inflorescences 4–11 cm long, axillary, usually terminally condensed, simple or branched, consisting of up to 4 racemes, axis ochraceous-pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.3–0.6 by 0.2–0.3 mm, pilose to pubescent. Staminate flowers 1.5-2 by 1.5-2 mm; pedicel 0-0.7 mm long; calyx 0.3–0.5 by 1–1.3 mm, cup- to bowl-shaped; sepals 3 or 4, fused for ½–¾th of their length, deltoid, apically acute to rounded, pilose to pubescent outside, glabrous to pubescent inside; disc extrastaminal-annular, sometimes slightly lobed between the stamens, sometimes partly divided into free lobes, glabrous; stamens 3 or 4, 1.5–2.5 mm long, 1–2 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.3–0.5 by 0.4–0.5 mm; pistillode clavate, 0.5 by 0.2–0.5 mm, pilose to glabrous. Pistillate inflorescences 3–8 cm long, terminal, more rarely axillary, simple, rarely branehed once or twice, axis ochraceous-pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.3–1 by 0.2 mm, pilose. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 by 0.8–1 mm; pedicel 0.2–1 mm long; calyx0.8 by 0.8–1 mm, pitcher-shaped; sepals 3–5, fused for ½–¾th of their length, apically acute to rounded, pilose to glabrous on both sides but long hairs at the base; disc shorter than the sepals, glabrous; ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; style terminal, thick; stigmas 4–8. Infructescences 6–14 cm by 0.7–1.2 mm; pedicel (1–)2–4 mm long; fruits ellipsoid, terete (but with distinct dorsal and ventral ridges), 3–5 by 2–3.5 mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal to slightly subterminal style, glabrous, rarely white pustulate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239096	use	EN	Fruits eaten.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239096	ecology	EN	"In primary or secondary vegetation, evergreen or deciduous (or mixed evergreen/deciduous) mixed or dipterocarp forest, gallery forest, often along streams, also in gardens, open to shady, sometimes dry, fire-prone habitats; on clay or lateritic soil, over shale, limestone, granite or sandstone bedrock; altitude: 120–1,150 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239096	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Northern Shan States), Laos."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239429	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, 2–6(–17) m, dbh up to 15 cm; young twigs ferrugineous-pubescent, brown. Stipules persistent, sometimes leaf-like, subulate to falcate, rarely lanceolate, (3–)6–25(–35) by 1–4(–10) mm, pubescent to pilose, rarely glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3–15(–20) by 2–5 mm, pubescent to pilose, sometimes glabrescent; blade elliptic to slightly obovate or ovate, (8–)15–30(–55) by (3–)5–12(–25)cm, (2–)2.5–3.5(–5.5) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base acute to cordate, apex long acuminate, ferrugineous-pubescent along the major veins or all over on both sides, adaxially sometimes, abaxially very rarely glabrous, major veins shallowly impressed to flat adaxially, rarely slightly raised, secondary veins close together, up to 22 per leaf half, tertiary veins mostly percurrent and close together, drying reddish-brown to brownish olive-green. Staminate inflorescences 6–14 cm long, axillary, simple, very rarely in fascicles of 2–3 racemes, axis ferrugineous-pubescent; bracts deltoid to orbicular, 0.7–1.2(–1.5) by 0.5–1 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 1.5 by 1.5 mm, sessile; calyx 0.5–0.7 mm long; sepals 4–6, free or nearly so, 0.5–1 mm wide, deltoid to oblong, apically acute to obtuse, pubescent to pilose outside, glabrous inside; disc cushion-shaped, enclosing the bases of the filaments and pistillode, rarely only partly closed, glabrous to pubescent; stamens (3)4–6,1 mm long, 0.5 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.3 by 0.4 mm; pistillode clavate to cylindrical, 0.2–0.4 by 0.2–0.3 mm, pubescent. Pistillate inflorescences (5–)10–30 cm long, axillary, simple, rarely branched once or twice, axis ferrugineous-pubescent; bracts deltoid to linear, 1(–2) by 0.5 mm, pubescent. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm; pedicel 0–0.5(–3) mm long; calyx 0.5–1.3 mm long; sepals (4)5(6), free or nearly so. 0.5 mm wide, narrowly deltoid, apically acute, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; disc shorter than but visible between the sepals, glabrous to pubescent; ovary ovoid to slightly falcate, densely appressed-pubescent; style subterminal; stigmas 3–8. Infructescences 10–30(–65) cm long; pedicel 1–7(–23) mm long; fruits obliquely ovoid (mango shaped) to falcate, often slightly beaked, laterally compressed, (7–)9–15(–20) by 5–8(–9) mm, basally symmetrical to distinctly asymmetrical, with a lateral to subterminal style, thinly puberulous to densely pilose, glabrescent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239429	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239429	use	EN	"The hard wood is used in ploughs; fire wood. Roots are chewed and applied for internal pain (Philippines, PNH 38075). Bark is burned and the ash is rubbed on the teeth to colour them (Philippines, <i>PNH 13524)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239429	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239429	ecology	EN	"In primary and secondary evergreen vegetation; mixed lowland to hill dipterocarp forest; mossy forest, montane forest, dry shrubby heath forest on sandstone (‘kerangas’), swamp forest, riverine forest, sometimes subject to flooding; plantations, road sides, forest edges, thickets, wet to dry habitats: on clay, sand and ultrabasic soil, over limestone, granite or sandstone; altitude: 0–1,800 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239429	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239429	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, W Java (type), Philippines, Northern and Central Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239429	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239537	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 15 m, dbh up to 35 cm; young twigs densely patulously yellowish to ochraceous-hirsute, brown. Stipules usually persistent, lanceolate to linear, (3–)6–10(–15) by (0.5–)1–3(–4) mm, densely appressed-hirsute. Leaves: petiole 2–6(–10) by (1–)2 mm, densely patulously hirsute; blade oblong to narrowly elliptic, (8–)12–18(–27) by (2.5–)4–6(–10) cm, (2–)2.6–3(–5) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base acute to rounded (to slightly cordate), apex acuminate, glabrous except along the major veins adaxially, patulously hirsute all over abaxially, intercostal areas rarely glabrous, major veins impressed adaxially, tertiary veins percurrent, close together, drying olive-green. Staminate inflorescences 5–10(–15) cm long, axillary, simple or branched, consisting of up to 5 racemes, axis patently hirsute; bracts linear, rarely lanceolate, 1.5–3 by 0.2–0.5(–1) mm, hirsute. Staminate flowers 2.5 by 2–3 mm; pedicel 0–1 mm long; calyx 0.5–1 mm long; sepals 5–7, free or nearly so, sometimes partially fused, narrowly deltoid, sometimes unequal, apically acute, hirsute on both sides; disc cushion shaped, enclosing the bases of the filaments and pistillode, glabrous; stamens 4–8, 1.5–2(–3) mm long, 1 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.3–0.5 by 0.3–0.5 mm; pistillode clavate to globose, sometimes 3-lobed, 0.2–0.5 by 0.1–0.3 mm, hirsute to subglabrous. Pistillate inflorescences 3–13 cm long, axillary, simple, rarely branched once or twice at the base, axis patulously hirsute; bracts linear, (1.5–)2–3(–3.5) by 0.3–0.5(–1) mm, hirsute. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2.5 by 1–2 mm; pedicel 0.2–1.5 mm long; calyx (0.8–)1–1.5 mm long; sepals 5–8, free, 0.2–0.4 mm wide, narrowly deltoid to linear, apically acute, hirsute on both sides; disc much shorter than the sepals, glabrous (to some hairs at the margin); ovary globose, densely to sparsely patulously hirsute; style subterminal, thick; stigmas 3–5. Infructescences 6–15 cm long; pedicel 2–5(–6) mm long; fruits lens-shaped to obliquely ellipsoid or slightly bean-shaped, laterally compressed, 4–7 by 4–6 mm, basally distinctly asymmetrical, with a distinctly lateral style, hirsute to glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239537	use	EN	"Fruits eaten locally. Bark sold to the Chinese (Java, Winckel 311)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239537	ecology	EN	"In primary and secondary evergreen (more rarely semi-evergreen) vegetation; wet mixed and dipterocarp forest, gallery forest; usually humid, shady habitat, often close to streams or waterfalls; on limestone, granitic sand and shale; altitude: 20–1,200 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239537	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Anambas & Natuna Islands, Java (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239570	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 10(–20) m, dbh up to 6 cm; young twigs densely ferrugineous tomentose, brown. Stipules caducous, linear, 3–7 by 0.5–1 mm, pubescent. Leaves: petiole 2–6(–10) by 1.2–1.5 mm, densely pubescent; blade oblong (to slightly obovate), (6–)8–13(–17.5) by (2.5–)3–5(–7) cm, (2–)3(–4.2) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base acute to obtuse (to rounded), apex acuminate, glabrous except along the midrib adaxially, ferrugineous-pubescent all over abaxially, major veins impressed adaxially, tertiary veins reticulate to weakly percurrent, widely spaced (4–7 between every two secondary veins), strong intersecondary veins, finer venation finely tessellated, drying reddish brown, domatia often present. Staminate inflorescences 4–7 cm long, axillary, more rarely cauline, branched, consisting of 4–11 racemes, axis ferrugineous-pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.3–0.8 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 1–2 by 0.7–1.5 mm, sessile, calyx 0.5 by 0.7–1 mm, cup- to bowl-shaped; sepals 3–5, almost free to fused for ½ of their length, irregularly shaped, pilose to pubescent on both sides; disc extrastaminal-annular, lobed, lobes often filling the space between filaments and pistillode and thus appearing cushion-shaped, slightly constricted at the base, glabrous; stamens 3 (4), 1–2 mm long, 0.5–1.5 mm long exserted from the calyx, anthers 0.2–0.3 by 0.3–0.4 mm; pistillode clavate, 0.5 by 0.2–0.3 mm, pubescent. Pistillate inflorescences 2–4 cm long, axillary, more rarely cauline, branched, more rarely simple, consisting of up to 7 racemes, axis ferrugineous-pubescent to pilose; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 by 1 mm; pedicel 0.3–0.5 mm long; calyx 0.8–1 by 0.8–1 mm, pitcher-shaped; sepals 3–5, fused for ½ of their length, apically truncate to acute, pilose to pubescent (to subglabrous) on both sides; disc much shorter than the sepals, glabrous; ovary subcylindrical, pilose to glabrous, more rarely pubescent; style terminal; stigmas 4–8. Infructescences 3–8 cm long; pedicel 1 mm long; fruits ellipsoid, laterally compressed, 4–5 by 3 mm, basally symmetrical, with a terminal to slightly subterminal style, pilose to almost glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239570	ecology	EN	"In primary and secondary vegetation; dry, more rarely wet, evergreen, deciduous or mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, bamboo forest, often shady habitats near streams; on limestone, sandstone and granite, altitude 0–600 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000239570	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India? (type), Burma, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000239570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128390	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, bearing a few to several fronds in a tuft, scaly; scales narrowly subtriangular, gradually narrowing from base towards long-tailed apex, up to 5 by 0.8 mm, dark brown to blackish, sharply toothed at margin. Stipe short, indistinctly merging with the basal portion of frond, scaly. Frond variable in outline, usually oblong-lanceolate to broadly oblanceolate, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, gradually narrowing downwards, up to 30 by 8 cm, but soriferous even when less than 5 cm, leathery; costa distinct only in the lowest portion of fronds; veins more or less distinct, evenly anastomosing without included veinlets. Sori linear, anastomosing along veins, usually on the whole undersurface except for the lowest middle portion, i.e. near costa; paraphyses filamentous, long, numerous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128390	ecology	EN	On muddy rocks or on mossy tree-trunks usually in dense evergreen forests at low or medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128390	distribution	EN	"Widely known from the tropics of the Old World (type from Java), although the exact boundary is not clear."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116635	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, bearing several fronds in a tuft, densely scaly; scales linear, gradually narrowing from base towards tailed apex, up to 7 by 1 mm, dark brown, densely toothed at margin. Stipe up to 8 cm long, dark green to dark brown, scaly in lower part. Frond obovate, broadest at about ⅕ part from apex, cuspidate at apex, gradually narrowing downwards to narrowly cuneate base, up to 15 by 6 cm, entire but cartilagineous at margin, coriaceous to leathery, green, glabrous; costa indistinct, veins copiously anastomosing. Sori linear, in shallow furrows, usually anastomosing along veins; paraphyses short, club-shaped."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116635	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks in lower montane forests at about 1500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116635	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India, China (type), Indochina, Taiwan, and as far north as Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116636	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping, bearing a mass of roots and several fronds, densely scaly; scales very narrowly subtriangular, gradually narrowing towards caudate apex, greyish-brown, clathrate, irregularly toothed at margin, up to 5 by 1 mm. Stipe up to 3 cm long, indistinctly merging with the basal portion of frond; sparsely scaly, green. Frond oblanceolate, broadest above middle, acuminate to caudate at apex, gradually narrowing downwards to narrowly cuneate base and decurrent to stipe forming very narrow wings, up to 10 cm or more long, 2 cm broad, leathery, green to paler; costa distinct only in the lowest portion of fronds, veins copiously reticulate without included veinlets. Sori linear, or reticulate along the veins; paraphyses club-shaped."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116636	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or on moist muddy rocks in dense evergreen forests.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116636	distribution	EN	"Not precisely known, but perhaps wide in Malesia (type from Java). The Thai and Malayan plants accord very well with those of Java and Borneo. Long known from Taiwan and the Ryukyus."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122285	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping, bearing close fronds, densely scaly throughout; scales oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apex, serrate, about 2.5 by 0.8 mm, dark brown, more or less clathrate with dark cell-walls. Stipe indistinct. Frond narrowly oblanceolate, widest in apical ⅓, gradually narrowing towards acute but not long-tailed apex, long-attenuate towards rhizome, up to 6.5 cm long, 7 mm broad; costa and veins hardly visible on both surfaces. Sori reticulate, immersed in grooves which are more or less raised on upper surface; paraphyses ribbon-like, curled, brown to darker."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122285	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122285	ecology	EN	Epiphytic by small streams in dense forests at about 1000 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122285	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122285	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Yunnan (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122285	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000153740	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect or ascending, bearing a tuft of fronds, densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards hair-like apex, 2–3 by about 0.3 mm, distinctly clathrate with dark brownish to nearly black internal cell-walls, the margin appearing toothed due to thickening of internal cell-walls. Frond linear, up to 3 cm long, 2 mm broad, broadest at ¼ to ¼ way from apex, gradually narrowing towards base, the stipe not distinct, apex forked, or rarely forked twice, forming acute teeth usually unequal in size, sinus triangular, about 0.5 mm in depth; leathery, glabrous; costa not distince, veins forming areoles. Sori linear, in longitudinal furrows, usually in one row near the margin on both sides of fronds; paraphyses many, ribbon-like, dark red."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000153740	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000153740	ecology	EN	Gregarious on bark of trees in semi-evergreen jungle at 520 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000153740	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000153740	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand; known by a single collection: WINIT 1114 (SING).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000153740	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000540626	general	EN	"Annual or biennial with fibrous or fusiform roots; stems fistulose, angular, striate, 15–60 cm. Ultimate leaf segments ca 2 by 2 cm, apically lobed or toothed; leaf sheaths white-margined. Umbels numerous, leaf-opposed. Rays of umbels 6–10, subequal, 1.5–2 cm. Sepals absent. Petals white, 0.7 mm. Fruit ca 1.3 by 1.2 mm, ridges narrowly winged."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000540626	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000540626	use	EN	The succulent leaf bases are eaten as a vegetable; the seeds are used as a spice.	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000540626	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000540626	ecology	EN	Cultivated in many parts of the world including SE. Asia.	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000540626	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000540626	distribution	EN	"Europe (type), Africa, Asia."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000540626	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000540853	general	EN	"Tree, 10–15(–30) m. trunk 20–40(–70) cm diam.; bark rough, dark grey to brown. Branchlets with sparse oblong lenticles. Leaves of a bitter and astringent taste, oblong-to ovate-elliptic, apex mostly shortly acutely acuminate, rarely obtuse, base often unequal, acute or unilaterally obtuse-rounded, thin-coriaceous, brownish-blackish in the dry state, with minute ± appressed and crisped yellowish hairs on upper surface of midrib, as on petioles and inflorescences, otherwise glabrous, (5–)6–13 by (2.5–)3–6 cm, nerves 6–10 spreading paris; petiole 1–2 cm. Corymbs many-flowered, 3–8 cm incl. the 1–3 cm long peduncle, their branches in a ± right angle. Petals oblong white to yellowish, fragrant, 5–6 mm. Filaments 1.5 mm. Anthers 3.5 mm. Ovary narrow-ovoid, densely to laxly pubescent; style 2.5 mm. Drupe obliquely ellipsoid, compressed, veined, first dark purple, at full maturity blackish and shiny, ca 5 by 9 mm, with a large lateral succulent scarlet appendage, and the lateral style almost at its base."	H. Sleumer		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000540853	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000540853	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest by stream, 200–1300 m."	H. Sleumer		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000540853	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000540853	distribution	EN	"Tropical and subtropical Africa (type) incl. Madagascar, Ceylon, S. India, Burma, Thailand, N. & S. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia (type of A. cambodiana), China (Yunnan), Hainan, Malesia."	H. Sleumer		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000540853	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000760971	general	EN	"Corm elongate to ovoid, to 2 cm diam. Leaves floating and submersed; submersed leaves petiolate, narrowly oval to linear, to 25 by to 6 cm, base narrowly cuneate, apex narrowly cuneate to rounded, veins 7–9, petiole 7–35 cm long; floating leaves petiolate, to 17 by to 4 cm, base cordate or rarely rounded, apex cuneate to rounded. Inflorescence up to 8 cm long in flower, to 17 cm in fruit; peduncle slightly thickened near apex; spathe ca 17 mm long, caducous or rarely persistent. Flowers secund; tepals 1–2 by 0.7–1.5 mm, yellow; stamens 1.5–3 mm long; filaments expanded near apex; carpels 3–5, 0.9–1.7 mm long, ovules 4–8. Fruit to 3 by to 2 mm, beaked centrally or laterally; seeds 2–3 by to 1 mm."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000760971	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000760971	ecology	EN	"Slow flowing streams, rice fields, and ponds; alt. 200-800 m."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000760971	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000760971	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, China, Vietnam, Laos (type), Cambodia, Indonesia."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000760971	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248265	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 25 m high; young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules caducous. Leaves: petiole reniform, 14–55 mm long, pulvini distinct; blade elliptic to obovate, 13.5–35 by 4.5–15 cm, length/width ratio 2.3–3, papery, drying bluish or greenish, blackening above, greyish brown beneath, base rounded to acute, basal glands absent, margin slightly undulate, marginal glands small, apex acuminate to cuspidate, midrib at base sparsely puberulous above, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath, disc-like glands often few present along the margin; venation slightly sunken above, raised beneath, nerves in 12–16 pairs. Inflorescences below the leaves to ramiflorous. Staminate inflorescences 1–6 together, 16–55 by 0.5–1 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; peduncle 0.5–4 mm long; bracts triangular, 0.3–0.5 mm long; glomerules with up to 20 densely set flowers, spaced at 0-4 mm at base of rachis to touching at apex. Staminate flowers 0.4–0.8 mm long, yellow; pedicel minute; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.5–0.8 mm long; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.3–0.4 mm long; anthers ca 0.2 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate inflorescences 1–6 together, 12–36 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose; flowers up to 11, laxly set along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.3–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2–5 mm long; pedicel 1.5–3 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, patent to slightly reflexed, 0.6–1 mm long; ovary globose, 3(4)-locular, sparsely puberulous; stigmas slightly raised, 0.7–1.5 mm long, bifid to ca halfway. Fruits ellipsoid to globose, not stiped, young ones slightly beaked, 13–17 by 10–13 mm, yellow, drying (dark) brown, glabrous, slightly fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 9–11 by 5.5–7.5 by 2–4 mm; aril red."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248265	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248265	use	EN	Wood is used for furniture.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248265	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248265	ecology	EN	"Primary or secondary evergreen forest; lowland, undulating country; on hillsides, ridge tops, and river sides; on granitic sandy, and brownish soil; altitude: 20–1000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248265	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248265	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, West Java (type), Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248265	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248287	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 24 m high, mainly glabrous; branches whitish to greyish. Stipules triangular, 4–5 by 2–3 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole 7–38 mm long, reniform, pulvini distinct; blade (ovate to) elliptic, 6–25 by 2–9.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3, chartaceous, drying yellow to light greenish above and beneath, base rounded to acute, basal glands distinct, blackish, margin subentire, marginal glands rare, apex acuminate to cuspidate, disc-like glands few, within marginal arches; venation distinct on both sides, nerves in 8–12 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 2–7 together, 10–19 by 1.5–2 mm, hairy; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 0.6–1 mm long; glomerules indistinct, with 8–10 densely set flowers, continuously spaced along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.7–1 mm long, scented, sessile; sepals 4, obovate, 1–1.5 mm long, free, light yellow;stamens 2,0.5–0.8 mm long, not exserted, light yellow; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1–3 together, 2–4 mm long, tomentose, flowers up to 5, densely set along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.6–1 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.8–2.5 mm long; pedicel minute, sericeous; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to elliptic, patent, 0.7–1.2 mm long; ovary 2-locular, glabrous; stigmas 0.4–0.5 mm long, bifid to near base. Fruits globose, not stiped, not beaked, 8–11 by 8–11 mm, maroon-red, drying brownish to black, glabrous, not fleshy; septae and column sericeous. Seeds 6–8 by 7–8 by 3–4.5 mm, orange."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248287	use	EN	Wood may be used for furniture.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248287	ecology	EN	"Primary evergreen, mixed deciduous, secondary and disturbed forest, often along water or forest margins; on limestone, granite, sandstone, and sandy soil; altitude: 0–500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248287	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), and North Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248603	general	EN	"Trees, up to 20 m high, very sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, caducous. Leaves: petiole 7–25 mm long, reniform, glabrescent, pulvini distinct; blade ovate to elliptic, 7–19.5 by 2–6.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3.5, coriaceous, drying blackish above, brownish beneath, base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands absent, margin lowly undulate to irregularly crenulate, marginal glands few, black, apex acuminate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface very sparsely puberulous on midrib and nerves at most, with very small disc glands along margin, more than 1 mm from margin; venation prominent on both sides, nerves 5–7 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–4 together, 25–50 by 3–4 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 0–10 mm long; bracts triangular, ca 0.6 mm long; glomerules with up to 15 (or more?) densely set flowers, basally spaced up to 5(–11)mm to apically continuous along rachis. Staminate flowers 2.2–3.8 mm long, sessile, yellow; sepals 4(5), elliptic, 0.9–1.3 mm long; stamens 2–4, long exserted, 2.2–3.8 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences up to 18 mm long, single, tomentose; flowers up to 9, rather densely arranged at apical end; bracts triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm long; pedicel small, tomentose. Pistillate flowers not seen; fruiting pedicels 1–4 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, ovate, patent, 0.8–1.2 mm long; ovary 2-locular, sparsely puberulous; stigmas 2–2.5 mm long, bifid to ca halfway. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 10–12 by 7–8 mm, drying brown to black, sparsely puberulous at base, glabrescent, not fleshy, septae and column glabrous. Seeds ca 8 by 5–5.5 by 4 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248603	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248603	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest; altitude: 800–1,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248603	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248603	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Indo-China."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248603	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248657	general	EN	"Tree, up to 30 m high, (sparsely) puberulous when young; branches grey. Stipules falcate, 4–9 by 11–18 mm, beneath black disc-like glands present along margin, late caducous. Leaves: petiole terete, 9–17 mm long, pulvini distinct; blade elliptic, 8–25 by 2.5–7 cm, length/ width ratio 3.2–3.4, coriaceous, drying bluish-green above, golden brownish underneath, base narrowly cordate to rounded, basal glands absent, margin subentire, marginal glands indistinct, apex acuminate, glabrous above, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath, disc-like glands outside nerve arches; venation (somewhat) raised on both sides, nerves in 10–14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 2–5 clustered together, 8–16 mm long, 2–3 mm in diam., puberulous; peduncle 1–4 by 0.5–1 mm; bracts ovate, 0.7–0.9 mm long; glomerules indistinct, ellipsoid, consisting of 9–13 densely set flowers, spaced continuously along apical part of the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 1–2 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.3–0.6 mm long, connate to halfway; stamens 2(3), strongly exserted, 1–1.8 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long; pistillode present. Pistillate inflorescences 2 or 3 together, 7–15 mm long, puberulous, flowers up to 11, densely set at apical 4 of rachis; bracts triangular, 0.2–0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2–2.5 mm long; pedicel ca 1 mm long, sericeous; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.5–0.7 mm long; ovary 3-locular subglabrous; stigmas sessile, 2–2.5 mm long. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 9–15 by 6–12 mm, drying dark to greyish brown, sparsely hairy, glabrescent, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 5–6 by 3–4 by 2–3 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248657	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248657	ecology	EN	"Primary forest; low undulating land; on ridges, slopes, and along river banks; on sandy loam, rich, dark or greyish soil; altitude: 5–1,300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248657	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248657	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo, North Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248657	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248666	general	EN	"(Small) tree, up to 10 m high, mainly hirsute. Stipules ovate, 7–11 by 4–8 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole 4–24 by (1.5–)3–4 mm, terete, pulvini indistinct; blades elliptic (to obovate), 8–25 by 4.5–12 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–2.1, coriaceous, drying (greenish) brown, base rounded to acute, basal glands indistinct, hairy; margin subentire with at most protruding hairy glands, recurved, apex acute to acuminate, hairy on midrib and nerves above, densely hirsute on venation underneath, disc-like glands very few, indistinct within marginal arches; venation bullate, nerves in 8–10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1 or 2 together, 15–26 mm long, hirsute, light yellow; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 2–2.5 mm long; glomerules inconspicuous, with 6 or 7 densely set flowers, continuously set along rachis. Staminate flowers 1.5–2 mm long, scented; pedicel 0.3–1 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 1.2–1.8 mm long, almost free; stamens 2 or 3, 1–1.5 mm long, slightly exserted; anthers 0.3–0.4 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 together, 4–7 mm long, hirsute, flowers up to 5, densely set along rachis; bracts triangular, 1.5–1.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3.5–4 mm long, sessile; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 1.5–2.2 mm long; ovary 2-locular, tomentose; stigmas 1–1.5 mm long, bifid to ca halfway. Fruits globose, not stiped, not beaked, 11–13 by 10–12 mm, yellow-green to brown outside, whitish inside, drying dark brown, tomentose; septae and column hairy. Seeds ca 7.5 by 4 by 3 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248666	ecology	EN	"Evergreen, mixed, or dry deciduous forest; on sandy soil; altitude: 200–350 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248666	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248700	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 27 m high; young branches sparsely hirsute. Stipules ovate, oblique, 5–7 by 1.5–2 mm, late caducous. Leaves: petiole terete to reniform, 4–14 mm long, lower pulvinus mainly indistinct, upper distinct; blades ovate to elliptic, 6.5–20 by 1.5–7.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.7–4.3, papery, drying greyish green to yellowish green, base cuneate to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent, margin somewhat undulate to crenulate, marginal glands small, apex acuminate to cuspidate, hirsute on midrib and nerves, very sparsely puberulous beneath, disc like glands few, along margin, venation (slightly) raised on both sides, nerves in 8–10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–4 together, 5–22 by 2–3.5 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; peduncle 0.5–1.5 mm long; bracts triangular, 0.4–0.7 mm long; glomerules with 7–10 densely set flowers, spaced 0.5–1 mm at base, apically slightly massed in a cylindric head. Staminate flowers 0.3–0.7 mm long, sessile; sepals (3) 4, obovate, 0.2–0.4 mm long; stamens 2 (or 3), 0.3–0.6 mm long, slightly exserted; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1–3 together, 2–7 mm long, (sparsely) puberulous; flowers single, apically at rachis; bracts triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.5–3 mm long; pedicel 1.5–2 mm long; sepals 5 (or 6), ovate, subequal, reflexed, 1.2–1.5 mm long; ovary 3-locular, sparsely puberulous to subglabrous; stigmas sessile, 0.5–1 mm long, apically lowly lobed. Fruits juicy, globose, often with sunken stigmas, not stiped, not beaked, 9–15 by 10–15 mm, yellow to red or dark purple, drying light or brownish yellow, sparsely puberulous to glabrous, fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 8–11 by 6–9 by 3–5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248700	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248700	ecology	EN	"Primary, secondary, disturbed, and logged over forest; on hilltops, hillsides, hill ridges, along river banks, roads, lakes, and forest margins; in dry, swampy, or shaded areas; on a granitic or yellow-red loamy sand, red clay, blackish stony or a silty clay brown laterite soil; altitude: 0–1,500 m. Fruits apparently eaten by squirrels."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248700	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248700	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (type), Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, and the Maluku."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248700	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248755	general	EN	"Small tree, up to 12 m high; young branches tomentose. Stipules ovate, slightly oblique, 3.5–5 by 1.5–2 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete, 6–16mm long, pulvini indistinct; blades elliptic, 7–19.5 by 2–7.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3.5, papery. drying light greenish, base obtuse to acute, basal glands absent, margin subentire to crenulate, marginal glands many, hairy; apex acuminate, upper surface hirsute on midrib, lower surface sparsely hirsute, disc-like glands few to regular, within marginal arches; venation flat (to slightly) raised, especially below, nerves in 8–11 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 2–6 together, 7–16 by 1.5–2 mm, tomentose; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm long; glomerules with 3-5 laxly set flowers, set rather continuously along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.5–0.8 mm long, sessile; sepals 4, obovate, 0.5–0.9 mm long; stamens 2. slightly exserted, 0.4–0.7 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 together, 3–4 mm long, densely tomentose, flowers up to 3, densely set along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.3–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers not seen, sessile; sepals in fruit 5, ovate, patent, 0.5–0.8 mm long; ovary 3-locular, sericeous; stigmas 3, slightly raised, 0.8–1 mm long, bifid to ca halfway. Infructescences ca 4 mm long. Fruits globose to broadly ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 11–14 by 13–16 mm, drying (dark) reddish brown, sparsely hairy, wall 1–2 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column subpilose. Seeds 8–9 by 6–7 by 3–5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248755	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248755	ecology	EN	"Primary or disturbed forest, swampy or shady areas, altitude: 5–360 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248755	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000248755	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000248755	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249102	general	EN	"Tree, up to 27 m high; branches green, tomentose. Stipules falcate, 6–9 by 11–15 mm, mainly persistent. Leaves: petiole reniform, 6–20 mm long, pulvini distinct; blade elliptic to obovate, 9.5–43 by 3.5–13 cm, length/width ratio 2.7–3.3, coriaceous, drying bright green to reddish brown above, (light) golden brown beneath, base obtuse to emarginate, basal glands absent, margin subentire, marginal glands black, indistinct, apex acuminate, mainly hairy on midrib above, hirsute on venation beneath, disc-like glands many, outside marginal nerve arches; venation bullate, nerves in 10–14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 3–6 together, 15–33 mm long, puberulous, peduncle 1.5–4 mm long; bracts not seen; glomerules indistinct, with more than 10 flowers, spaced continuously along rachis. Staminate flowers 1.5–2.5 mm long; pedicel minute; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.5–1 mm long, connate to halfway; stamens 2 or 3, strongly exserted, 1.2–2 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long; pistillode present. Pistillate inflorescences 2–5 together, 7–27(–45) mm long, 1–1.2 mm in diam., puberulous, flowers up to 15, densely arranged at apical 7/8 of rachis; bracts triangular, 0.4–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2–3 mm long; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long, densely sericeous; sepals 5 or 6, elliptic, patent, ca 1 mm long; staminodes 0 (2 or 3); ovary 3(4)-locular, tomentose; stigmas sessile, 2–3 mm long, bifid to ca halfway. Fruits ovoid, sometimes slightly flask-shaped, not stiped, not beaked, 10–16 by 9–14 mm, sparsely hairy, glabrescent, red, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 8–9 by 7–8 by 3–4 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249102	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary lowland evergreen forest; on hillsides, ridges, and along river banks; in flat, hilly, and moist land; on sandstone, sandy and clay rich, granitic rock, or granodioirite derived; altitude: low to 1300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249102	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Java, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249234	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 11 m high, (sparsely) tomentose. Stipules ovate, 3–4 by 1–1.5 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole 6–8 mm long, reniform, tomentose, pulvini rather distinct; blade ovate (to elliptic), 6–12 by 2–3.5 cm, length/width ratio 3–3.4, papery, drying bluish, greyish green above, blackening, brownish below, base cuneate, basal glands absent, margin lowly undulate to crenulate, marginal glands regular, small, blackish grey; apex cuspidate to caudate, lower surface puberulous, glabrescent, disc-like glands few, at margin; venation prominent on both sides, nerves in 5–7 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 2–5 together, 6–14 mm long, sparsely puberulous, peduncle 0–0.5 mm long; bracts inconspicuous; glomerules mostly indistinct, 7–10 densely set flowers, continuously spaced along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.4–0.6 mm long, sessile, red to purple; sepals 4, obovate, 0.3–0.5 mm long, puberulous; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.4–0.6 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1–3 together, 2–5 mm long, puberulous; flowers up to 5, often densely set along rachis (to laxly at base); bracts triangular, 0.4–0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2.5 mm long, (sub)sessile; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.5–0.7 mm long; ovary 2-locular, puberulous; stigmas 1.5–2.5 mm long, bifid to near base. Fruits (narrowly) ovoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 9–12 by 5–6.5 mm, green tinged red to yellow to brown, drying dark brown to black, sparsely hairy, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 6–7.5 by 4.5–5 by 2.5–3.5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249234	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249234	ecology	EN	"Disturbed or primary evergreen forest; on shale, granitic or limestone bedrock; altitude: 10–480 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249234	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249234	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Malay Peninsula."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249234	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249289	general	EN	"Tree, up to 30 m high; young branches (sparsely) puberulous. Stipules narrowly ovate, 7–10 by 3–5 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete, 8–21 mm long, sparsely puberulous, pulvini distinct; blade elliptic, 8.5–21 by 2.5–8 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–3.4, coriaceous, drying greenish grey to greenish blue above, greyish brown beneath, base obtuse to attenuate, basal glands absent, margin slightly undulate to crenulate, marginal glands regular, large, apex acuminate to cuspidate, midrib basally very sparsely puberulous above, sparsely hirsute beneath, disc-like glands absent; venation especially raised beneath, nerves in 6–9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–3 together, 14–57 by 1.5–2 mm, puberulous; peduncle 2–4 mm long; bracts triangular, 1.2–1.5 mm long; glomerules with 6–10 flowers, spaced at 2–3 mm at base to touching at apex. Staminate flowers 2–3 mm long; pedicel minute; sepals 4, obovate, ridged. 1.2–1.5 mm long; stamens 3 or 4, exserted. 2–3 mm long; anthers 0.3–0.4 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 together, 5–9 mm long, (sparsely) puberulous, flowers up to 9, rather densely set along rachis but more densely so apically; bracts triangular, 0.7–0.9 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2–3 mm long; pedicel 0.8–1 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent. 0.8–1.2 mm long; ovary 2- or 3(4)-locular, (sparsely) puberulous; stigmas sessile, 0.8–1.2 mm long, bifid to near base. Fruits ellipsoid to globose, not stiped, not beaked, 10–22 by 9–13 mm, sparsely hairy, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 7–9 by 5–6 by 2–3 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249289	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249289	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary mixed dipterocarp forest or alluvial forest; flat or undulating land, on hillsides, ridge tops, near swamps, and river banks; on clay or sandy loam or granitic sand, blackish or reddish soil; altitude: 20–800 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249289	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249289	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Java, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249289	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249300	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 18 m high; young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, caducous. Leaves: petiole reniform, 9–32 mm long, sparsely puberulous, pulvini distinct; blade elliptic, 12.5–27.5 by 4.5–14.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.9–2.8, papery, drying brownish or greenish above, darker beneath, blackening, base rounded to acute, basal glands small, indistinct, margin somewhat undulate to crenate or serrate, marginal glands distinct, apex acuminate to cuspidate, glabrous above, sparsely hirsute beneath, disc-like glands absent; venation ± flat above, raised beneath, nerves in 8–11 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–6 together, 8–28 by 1.8–2.5 mm, tomentose; peduncle 0–2 mm long; bracts triangular, 0.6–1 mm long; glomerules with 13–20 densely set flowers, spaced at ca 0.1 mm along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.4–0.6 mm long; pedicel 0.2–0.3 mm long; sepals (3)4(5), obovate, 0.5–0.8 mm long; stamens 2, not to slightly exserted, 0.3–0.6 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate inflorescences 1–3 together, 2–9 mm long, tomentose; flowers up to 9, densely arranged along the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.8–1.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3–4.5 mm long; pedicel 0.3–1 mm long; sepals (3) 4, ovate, patent, 1.2–2 mm long; staminode occasionally 1; ovary 2-locular, densely tomentose; stigmas sessile to slightly raised, 0.5–1.5 mm long, (almost) completely divided. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 10–12 by 9–12 mm, drying blackish to brownish with yellowish-whitish sutures, sparsely hairy, not fleshy; septae and column (sparsely) sericeous, mostly along margins. Seeds 6–8.5 by 6–8 by 3–4 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249300	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249300	ecology	EN	"Primary, secondary. logged over, cleared, or open forest, margins of swamp forest; in flat to low undulating land; on roadsides, hillsides, hill ridges, steep or gentle slopes; on sandy or sandstone with clay, brownish to blackish soil: altitude: 5–600 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249300	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249300	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249300	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249366	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 15 m high; young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules (narrowly) ovate, 6–9 by 3–5 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete, lowly ribbed, 7–23 mm long, pulvini distinct; blade ovate to elliptic, 5–23.5 by 2–8 cm; length/width ratio 1.5–2.9. papery to coriaceous, drying greyish-brown or greenish-brown above, greenish or brownish beneath, base rounded to cuneate, basal glands small, margin slightly undulate to crenulate or serrate, marginal glands regular, apex acuminate to cuspidate, very sparsely puberulous, especially on midrib and nerves beneath, disc-like glands regular, within marginal arches; venation especially raised beneath, nerves in 8–11 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–5 together, 16–46 by 1.5–2.5 mm, puberulous; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, ca 0.5 mm long; glomerules with 6–8 laxly set flowers, continuously spaced along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.7–1 mm long, sessile; sepals 4, obovate, 0.7–1 mm long; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.5–1.2 mm long; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm long; pistillode indistinct. Pistillate inflorescences 1–3 together, 3–11 mm long, (red) puberulous, flowers up to 11, densely arranged along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.6–0.9 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3–5 mm long, sessile; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.7–1 mm long; staminodes occasionally 2; ovary stiped, 2(3)-locular, (sparsely) sericeous; stigmas slightly raised, 0.8–2 mm long, bifid to near base. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid (to globose), young ones slightly stiped, slightly beaked, 9–13 by 6–10 mm, drying (dark) brown to black, sparsely hairy, not fleshy, septae and column sparsely sericeous. Seeds 7–8 by 5–6 by 3–4 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249366	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249366	use	EN	Wood used for house posts and fuel. Leaves used to dry cloth black. Bark chewed as a kind of betel by Karin Hill tribe (Thailand).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249366	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249366	ecology	EN	"Primary, secondary, subtropical, evergreen, or (mixed) deciduous forest, savannah, moist to rather dry; in shaded understorey or (partly) open places, on hills, (steep) slopes, forest edges, roadsides, plains, thickets, and along streams; on limestone, clay, or rocky loam, granite or sandstone bedrock; altitude: 0–1,500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249366	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249366	distribution	EN	"From Pakistan, North India, and Nepal (type) to South China, South E Asia, West Malesia and Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249366	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249379	general	EN	"Young branches tomentose. Leaves: petiole sparsely puberulous; blade margin usually serrulate, thin, slightly shiny; sparsely puberulous, midrib and nerves puberulous beneath, marginal arches distinct. Pistillate flowers: ovary tomentose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249379	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, West Java, Borneo, the Philippines (type), Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249390	general	EN	For nomenclature and description see under species.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249390	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249401	general	EN	"Young branches tomentose. Leaves: thickish, rather shiny, (sparsely) tomentose, venation tomentose. Pistillate flowers: ovary tomentose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249401	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249401	use	EN	"Bark and wood are used medicinally (dried, grinded, fresh or chewed)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249401	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249401	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Indo-China."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249401	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249434	general	EN	"Tree, up to 21 m high; young branches (sparsely) hirsute. Stipules narrowly ovate, 5–11 by 1.5–4 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole reniform, 6–13 mm long, (sparsely) hirsute, pulvini distinct; blade elliptic, 7–20 by 2–7 cm, length/width ratio 2.9–3.5, papery, drying greyish (to blackish brown) above, light brownish beneath, base obtuse to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent, margin slightly undulate to crenulate, marginal glands indistinct, apex acuminate to cuspidate, midrib at base sparsely hirsute above, venation sparsely hirsute beneath, disc-like glands absent; venation especially raised beneath, nerves in 7–9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–4 together, 9–18 by 0. –0.9 mm, tomentose; peduncle 0.5–1.5 mm long; bracts triangular, 0.8–1 mm long; glomerules with less than 10 flowers, spaced at 1–2 mm at base of rachis to touching at apex. Staminate flowers 0.5–1 mm long; pedicel minute; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, ridged, 1–1.5 mm long; stamens 3, slightly exserted, 0.6–0.8 mm long; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate inflorescences 1–4 together, 5–11 mm long, tomentose; flowers up to 9, rather densely set along the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.8–1.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2.5–3 mm long; pedicel minute, tomentose; sepals 4, ovate, subequal, patent, 1-1.5 mm long; ovary 2-locular, (sparsely) sericeous; stigmas 2, sessile, 1–1.2 mm long, bifid to near base. Fruits ellipsoid, young ones slightly stiped, not beaked, 10–15 by 6–10 mm, sparsely puberulous, not fleshy, yellowish to light brown; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 7–10 by 5–6 by 3–4 mm; aril orange."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249434	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249434	ecology	EN	"Primary or logged, evergreen forest, in lowland, on hillsides, gentle slopes, ridges, or flat land, near rivers, or along roads; on sandstone, granitic bedrock; altitude: 50–780 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249434	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249434	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249434	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249451	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 10 m high; young branches very sparsely puberulous, rest mainly glabrous. Stipules triangular, 2–3 by 1.2–1.5 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole reniform, 3–8 mm long, pulvini distinct; blade ovate (to elliptic), 5.5–13 by 1.5–3.5 cm, length/width ratio ca 3.7, papery, drying greenish-brown to greenish-yellow on both sides, base acute to cuneate, basal glands blackish; margin subentire to crenulate, marginal glands few, brownish-black, apex cuspidate, completely glabrous, dots on upper surface dark, densely set, disc-like glands few, within marginal arches; venation (slightly) raised on both sides, nerves in 9–11 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–3 together, 12–37 by 1.2–1.8 mm, puberulous, yellow; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 0.3–0.7 mm long; glomerules with 4–6 densely set flowers, slightly spaced from each other along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.5–1 mm long, sessile, white to yellow; sepals (3)4(–6), obovate, 0.4–0.8 mm long, free; stamens 2,0.4–0.9 mm long, not to slightly exserted; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm long; pistillode indistinct. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 together, 3–6 mm long, densely red puberulous, flowers up to 9, densely set along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3–5 mm long, sessile, yellow-green; sepals 3 or 4. ovate, ascending, 0.4–0.7 mm long; staminodes 0 or 2; ovary 2 locular, 2–3.5 mm long; stigmas slightly raised, 0.5–1 mm long, bifid to ca halfway. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, shortly stipitate and beaked, 7–11 by 5–7 mm, drying (light) brown, glabrous, not fleshy; septae and column sparsely sericeous. Seeds 5–7.5 by 4–5 by 2–4 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249451	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249451	ecology	EN	"Secondary and disturbed evergreen or mixed deciduous forest, shaded bamboo forest; in dry, light, open, or shrubby areas; along rivers, roads, by swamps and in clearings; on sandy soil; altitude: 0–400 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249451	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249451	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Indo-China."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249451	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249579	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 12 m high, mainly hirsute. Stipules ovate, 5–7 by 3–4 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole 9–17 by 1.5–2.5 mm, terete, pulvini rather indistinct; blade elliptic, 9–19 by 4–8.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.2–2.5, coriaceous, drying mainly brownish to also somewhat greenish above, base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands present, hairy; margin serrate to dentate, flat, marginal glands in teeth hairy; apex acuminate, hairy on venation above, densely hirsute on venation underneath, disc-like glands few, within marginal arches, indistinct; venation bullate, nerves in 8–9 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 2–5 together, 9–18 mm long, hirsute; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 0.8–1.2 mm long; glomerules variably distinct, with 6–12 densely set flowers, spaced at 0–0.1 mm along rachis. Staminate flowers 0.8–1.2 mm long, yellow; pedicel minute; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.5–0.8 mm long, almost free; stamens 2 (or 4), 0.5–1 mm long, slightly exserted; anthers 0.3–0.4 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate inflorescences 1–3 together, 2–4 mm long, hirsute; flowers up to 7, densely set along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.8–1 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2–3.5 mm long, sessile, yellow; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate, 0.8–1 mm long; ovary 2-locular, hirsute; stigmas 0.5–1 mm long, almost completely divided. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 8–9 by 5.5–6 mm, drying dark brown, subhirsute, not fleshy; septae and column hairy. Seeds not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249579	ecology	EN	"Evergreen or mixed deciduous forest, evergreen scrub, often in moist areas; altitude: 200–300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249579	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Cambodia (type), Peninsular Malaysia."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249666	general	EN	"Tree, up to 20 m high; young branches glabrous. Stipules caducous. Leaves: petiole slightly reniform, 9–33 by 0.8–2.5 mm, pulvini distinct; blade ovate to elliptic, 11–33 by 3.5–13 cm, length/width ratio 2.4–3.1, chartaceous, drying yellowish green to greyish green on both sides, base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent, margin subentire, marginal glands indistinct, apex acuminate to cuspidate, completely glabrous, disc-like glands absent to seldom along margin; venation (slightly) raised on both sides, nerves in 8–14 pairs. Inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous. Staminate inflorescences 1–10 together, 7–44 by 1.–2.5 mm, subglabrous to sparsely tomentose; peduncle 1–3 mm long; bracts triangular, 0.3–1.2 mm long; glomerules with 7–10 densely set flowers, spaced (0.5–1 mm) at base of rachis to touching at apex. Staminate flowers 0.3–0.9 mm long; pedicel 0–0.2 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, obovate, 0.4–0.8 mm long; stamens 2, not to slightly exserted, 0.3–0.9 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long; pistillode absent to present. Pistillate inflorescences 2–6 together, 4–7 mm long, very sparsely puberulous; flowers up to 7, at apical end of rachis; bracts ovate, 0.4–0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3–4.5 mm long; pedicel 1–3(–7 in fruit) mm long; sepals 5 or 6, ovate, reflexed, 0.7–1.2 mm long; ovary 3(4)-locular, glabrous; stigmas sessile, 1–1.5 mm long, bifid to almost completely divided. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 14–21 by 11–18 mm, glabrous, fleshy, pericarp up to 3 mm thick; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 6.5–10.5 by 5.5–10 by 3–5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249666	ecology	EN	"Primary (evergreen), disturbed, or riverine forest, bamboo forest, belukar or seasonally swampy areas; along ridges, river banks and roads, Evergreen forest, on hillsides; on granitic soil; altitude: 30–400 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249666	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249809	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 15 m high; young branches densely tomentose. Stipules ovate, 4–6 by 2–3 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete, 9–25 mm long, pulvini indistinct; blades ovate to elliptic, 8.5–30 by 6–12.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–2.4, coriaceous, drying greyish-brown to greenish brown (to bluish green) above, reddish brown beneath, base slightly cordate to rounded, basal glands small, hairy, margin subentire, marginal glands distinct, apex acute to acuminate, sparsely tomentose above, tomentose underneath, disc-like glands few, scattered within marginal arches; venation (usually slightly) raised on both sides, nerves in 8–11 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 2–6 together, 10–57 by 2–3 mm, tomentose; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 1.2–2.2 mm long; glomerules with 5–7 laxly set flowers, set continuously along rachis. Staminate flowers 1.2–1.8 mm long; pedicel absent (or minute); sepals 4, obovate. 1–1.5 mm long; stamens 2 or 3, slightly exserted, 1.2–1.8 mm long; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm long; pistillode absent or a minute hair tuft. Pistillate inflorescences 1–4 together, 2–4 mm long, tomentose, flowers up to 7, densely set along rachis; bracts triangular, 1–1.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2.5–4.5 mm long, sessile; sepals 4, ovate, subequal, patent, 1–1.5 mm long; ovary 2 locular, densely tomentose; stigmas slightly raised, 0.8–1.5 mm long. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 10–11 by 7–9 mm, drying reddish to light brown, sparsely tomentose, not fleshy, septae and column sparsely sericeous. Seeds 7–9 by 5–6.5 by 4–5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249809	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249809	use	EN	Wood is used for house construction. The fruit is edible (though not so nice).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249809	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249809	ecology	EN	"Evergreen, (mixed) deciduous, secondary, disturbed, or seasonal forest; dry or partly swampy; in open country, on planes, forest edges, or along roads; on (poor) sandy soil, limestone, or silt, bedrock granite; altitude: 300–1500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249809	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249809	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type?), Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249809	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249830	general	EN	"(Small) tree, up to 15 m high; young branches very sparsely puberulous. Stipules narrowly ovate, 5–7 by 1.5–2.8 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete, 6–19 mm long, pulvini distinct; blade (seldom few ovate to) elliptic, 9–17.5 by 3.5–6.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.6–2.7, papery, drying bright to yellowish-green (reddish-green) above, greenish (or brownish) beneath, base obtuse to acute, basal glands small, margin slightly undulate to crenulate, marginal glands black, apex acuminate to cuspidate, glabrous, disc-like glands regular to many, within marginal arches; venation mainly raised beneath, nerves in 8–10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 2–5 together, 18–43 by 2–2.5 mm, puberulous; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 0.7–1.5 mm long; glomerules with less than 10 laxly set flowers, continuously set along the rachis. Staminate flowers 1.2–2 mm long, sessile; sepals 3 or 4, obovate, 0.7–1.3 mm long; stamens 2 (or 3), slightly exserted, 1–2.5 mm long; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm long; pistillode present. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 together, 3–9 mm long, puberulous, flowers up to 11, densely arranged along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.8–1.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3–4.5 mm long, sessile; sepals 3, ovate, ascending, 1–1.4 mm long; ovary 2-locular, subglabrous; stigmas raised, 2–3 mm long, apically bifid to less than halfway. Fruits (narrowly) ovoid, young ones stiped, often beaked, 9–11 by 6–9 mm, drying (dark) brown to black, glabrous, not fleshy; septae and column sparsely hairy, glabrescent. Seeds 7–7.5 by 5–6 by 2–3 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249830	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249830	ecology	EN	"(Dry) evergreen or (mixed) deciduous forest, Quercus-dipterocarp forest, dry or open, on slopes, or along edge of forest; on granite bedrock; altitude: 100–1,300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249830	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249830	distribution	EN	"Thailand, North India (type), Burma."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249830	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249884	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 8 m high; young branches glabrous. Stipules narrowly triangular, 24 by ca 1 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete, 5–16 mm long, pulvini distinct; blade ovate (to elliptic), 7.5–17 by 2–5.5 cm, length/width ratio 3.1–3.8, papery, drying light greenish brownish above and beneath, base acute to slightly attenuate, basal glands present, margin slightly undulate to crenulate, marginal glands regular, apex cuspidate, completely glabrous, disc-like glands occasionally within marginal arches; venation especially raised beneath, nerves in 7–10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary. Staminate inflorescences 1–3 together, 18–41 by 1.8–2.5 mm, sericeous; peduncle absent; bracts triangular, 1–1.2 mm long; glomerules with ca 5 laxly set flowers, continuously set along rachis. Staminate flowers 1.2–2 mm long, sessile, yellowish; sepals 4 (or 5), obovate, 0.8–1.2 mm long; stamens 2, exserted, 1–2.2 mm long; anthers 0.3–0.4 mm long; pistillode indistinct. Pistillate inflorescences single (or 2 together), 2–5 mm long, sericeous, flowers up to 5, densely set along rachis; bracts triangular, 0.8–1.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers 4–6.5 mm long, sessile; sepals 3 or 4, ovate, subequal, ascending, 0.6–1.1 mm long; staminodes occasionally 1; ovary 2-locular, glabrous; stigmas raised, 1.5–2.5 mm long, apically bifid to near base. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, not stiped, beaked. 10–13 by 7.9 mm, reddish, drying light to reddish brown. glabrous, not fleshy; septae and column sparsely hairy. Seeds 7.5–9 by 5–6 by 4–4.5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249884	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249884	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest; in wet or dry, shaded or open, or high areas, on gentle slopes, along edge of forest, stream, or road; on sandy or dry clayey soil, granite bedrock; altitude: 600–1,300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249884	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249884	distribution	EN	"Thailand, South China (type), Burma, Indo-China."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249884	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249986	general	EN	"Herb, 40–60(–70) cm. Scales (3–)5(–7) mm long, (5–)10–22-nerved. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute (filiform tip 6–13 mm), (13–)17–27(–45) by (0.45–)0.6–1.3(–1.5) cm; nerves (13–)18–80(–92), (3–)5 of which are more prominent; sheath not marked. Racemes pendulous, almost always with a tuft of sterile bracts at base, with 2–12 side branches mostly emerging from between sterile bracts; 15–25(–32) flowers along each branch. Bracts narrowly triangular to lanceolate, acute (filiform tip up to 0.5 mm); sterile bracts up to 20 by 4 mm, mostly smaller, fertile ones 2–10(–16) by 1–1.5 mm, 3(–5)-nerved. Flowers 1, 2–1, 4(–1.9) cm, white or yellow with recurved perianth. Sepals 3.3–4.5 by 0.6–1 mm, 3-nerved, cusp 0.3–0.4(–0.5) by 0.1 mm. Petals all equal, 3.3–4.5 by 0.5–0.6(–1) mm, (1–)3(–5)-nerved, cusp 0.3(–0.6) by 0.1 mm. Column 0.5–1.1 by 0.2–0.3 mm, strongly curved, rarely straight. Stamens 3.2–3.5(–4) by 0.7–1.2(–1.4) mm; anthers elongate-semielliptic in cross section, base sagittate with equal to slightly unequal lobes 0.2–0.3 mm long, connective prolonged for 0.4–0.7 mm. Ovary 8–11 by 0.8–1 mm. Free part of style 3.6–4 by 0.2 mm with 2 more or less obscure longitudinal ribs. Stigma broadened at base, either flattened, orbicular to irregularly quadrangular, sometimes 3-lobed, or conical. Fruit 1.2–1.5 by 1 mm, green. Seeds regularly alveolate to nearly smooth."	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249986	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249986	ecology	EN	"Primary forests, hills, and mountains, 100–1300 m."	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249986	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249986	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, S. Vietnam, Malay Peninsula (type), throughout Indonesia to Java and Borneo."	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249986	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249997	general	EN	"Herb 20–50 cm. Scales 2.5–10 mm long, 5–10-nerved. Leaves ovate-oblong to linear, acute to acuminate (with a tip 0.5–2 cm), (7.5–)11–35 by 1–2(–3 cm); margin sometimes minutely dentate; nerves 20–37, 3–5 of which are more prominent; sheath often marked. Racemes pendulous, with 1–5 side branches; 10–20 flowers per branch. Bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, 0.2–5 cm long, 3–13-nerved, lower ones with a filiform tip 2 mm long. Flowers 1.8–3.8 cm long, usually yellow, sometimes white. Sepals 6.5–11 by 1.2–2.2 mm, median sometimes smaller, 3–5-nerved, cusp 0.5–1.5 by 0.1–0.4 mm. Petals 6.5–11 by 1–2 mm, 3–5-nerved, cusp 0.4–0.8 by 0.1–0.2 mm, median petal up to 2.2 mm wide. Column 0.8–2 by 0.3–0.5 mm, straight or strongly curved at base, hardly flattened and with 2 longitudinal projecting wings at the staminodial side, to flattened and enlarged just below the middle of the staminode; enlarged part elliptic to quadrangular in outline, with 2 longitudinal ridges to small wings separated by a groove at the staminodial side. Stamens (3–)4–6.5 by (0.7–)1–1.5 mm; free part of filaments (0.6–)1–2 by 0.2 mm, longer anther cell often sterile at tip, 0.2–0.4 mm longer at base and 0.1–0.3 mm at tip; shorten one entirely adnate to longer one, or the apical portion up to 0.1 mm free. Staminode 2.5–4.5 by 0.2 mm; free apical portion with an obtuse tip, up to 0.4 mm long. Ovary 10–20 by 1–1.7mm. Free parts of style 4.5–6 by 0.3–0.4 mm, with 4–6 more or less distinct longitudinal ribs; overtopping staminode by up to 1 mm. Stigma slightly enlarged, shallowly 3-lobed to suborbicular. Fruit 20 by 1.5–2(–2.6) mm. Seeds alveolate."	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249997	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest up to 600 m in Thailand.	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000249997	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam, Yunnan, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, through Indonesia to Borneo and Celebes (type front Java)."	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000249997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000250068	general	EN	"Herb, 10–100 cm. Scales 2–10 mm long, 5–15-nerved. Leaves linear, 10–50 by 0.3–1.8(–2) cm, acute (filiform tip up to 2 cm); entire or minutely dentate and glandular (hand lens); with 15–60 nerves, 3 or 5 of which are more prominent; sheath not marked. Racemes pendent, sometimes±erect, with 1–6 side branches; 5–25(–30) flowers along each branch. Bracts triangular to lanceolate, acute, usually lower ones with a filiform tip up to 0.5(–0.9) mm, margin as that of the leaves, 2–15(–24) mm long, (1–)3–7(–10)-nerved. Flowers 1–2.2(–2.7) cm long, yellow, rarely whitish. Sepals 4–6.5 by 0.6–1.7 mm, 3–5(–7)-nerved, cusp 0.4–1.2(–1.7) by 0.1–0.25 mm. Petals 3.7–6 by 0.5–1.5 mm, (1–)3(–5)-nerved, cusp 0.2–0.8(–1.2) by 0.1 mm, median one sometimes broader and more convex. Column straight to strongly curved, 0.7–1.5(–1.8) by 0.2–0.6(–0.7) mm. Stamens (2–)3–4(–5) by 0.6–1 mm; free parts of filaments 0.5–1 by 0.2–0.25 mm; anthers with an unequally bilobed to (oblique) entire tip; the longer anther cell opposite the staminode 0.1–0.4(–1) mm longer at base and up to 0.5 mm longer at apex; the shorter anther cell free from the longer one by 0–0.3 mm at tip. Staminode 1.3–3(–4) by 0.2–0.6 mm; entirely adnate or with an obtuse tip up to 1 mm free. Ovary 10–22 by 1–2 mm. Free part of style straight, occasionally curved, 2.5–4.8 by 0.2–0.5 mm, sometimes irregularly longitudinally ribbed. Stigma 2–3 lobed, sometimes suborbicular. Fruit 12–25 by 1.4–2 mm. Seeds alveolate to nearly smooth."	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000250068	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000250068	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests up to 1500 m.	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000250068	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000250068	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, Nepal (type), Assam, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, throughout Indonesia to N. Australia (Queensland)."	"K. Larsen, F.F. de Vogel"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000250068	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541072	general	EN	"Tree 10–30 m high, bark grey or whitish, smooth or rugose. Pulp spongy, white. Branchlets pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves acute to acuminate, usually with a pronounced tip, 6–10 mm long, base cuneate to acute, 7–11.5 by 2.5–5 cm, coriaceous, green, shining, glabrous above, glabrous below or with scattered hair along the margin and midrib; secondary nerves 12–18 pairs, prominent on both sides; petiole pubescent, 3–7 mm long. Inflorescence in fascicles, 4–6-flowered; peduncle pubescent, 3–5 mm long. Flowers greenish; pedicel pubescent, 5–10 mm long. Calyx-tube puberulous outside and inside, 3–4 mm long; calyx-lobes 3–4 by 2–3.5 mm, puberulous on both sides (calyx much enlarged after flowering). Petals densely pilose, 1–1.5 mm long. Stamens with filaments 1–1.5 mm long; anthers 1 mm long. Ovary puberulous, 2–3 mm long; style not distinct; stigma capitate to oblong, 1 mm long. Fruit suborbicular, puberulous, 2.5–3.5 by 2–2.5 cm, at the base surrounded by the persistent calyx, increasing in size after flowering; seeds 10 by 5 mm."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541072	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541072	ecology	EN	"Scattered in evergreen forest, sometimes on granite hills."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541072	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541072	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Cambodia (type), and Vietnam."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541072	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541078	general	EN	"Tree to 14 m tall. Leaves acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse or rounded, 6.5–14 by 2.5–5.5 cm, subcoriaceous, lower surface densely pubescent esp. on the midrib, sometimes glabrescent; petiole pubescent, 5–7 mm long. Inflorescence axillary, 5–14 flowered; peduncle pubescent, 0–10 mm long. Flowers white or light yellow, pedicel up to 20 mm long. Calyx-tube cylincric, 6–8 mm long, densely pubescent outside; calyx-lobes ovate and obtuse, 2–3 mm long, densely pubescent outside and densely puberulous inside. Petals densely villous, ca 1 mm long. Stamens sessile, anthers ca 1 mm long. Ovary sessile, densely puberulous, 5 mm long; stigma capitate. Fruit (acc. to Ding Hou) oblanceolate. Seed ovoid, puberulous, glabrescent, shortly beaked at the apex, the glabrous appendage ca 10 mm long."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541078	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541078	ecology	EN	Evergreen lowland forest; 200–500 m alt. Flowering March.	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541078	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541078	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type), Sumatra."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541078	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001142510	general	EN	"Tree up to 40 m tall, bark whitish to greyish, smooth; branchlets slender, pubescent glabrescent. Leaves acuminate, sometimes with a rather pronounced tip, 0.5–1 cm long, 5–15 cm by 2–5.2 cm, base cuneate, chartaceous, glabrous or with scattered hairs along the midrib beneath; secondary nerves 12–16 pairs, elevated beneath, obscure above; petiole pubescent or glabrous, 3–6 mm long. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, 8–10-flowered; peduncle pubescent to slightly hairy, 4–10 mm long. Flowers green or yellowish; pedicel slightly hairy, 2–5 mm long. Calyx-tube 3–5 mm long puberulous outside, almost glabrous inside; calyx-lobes 2–3 by 1.5–2 mm, puberulous on both sides. Petals pilose, 1–1.5 mm long. Stamens with filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers 1–1.5 mm long. Ovary pubescent, 1–2 mm long; style not distinct; stigma globose, 1 mm. Fruit oblong, 2.5–4 by 1.5–2.5 cm (unripe), pubescent. Seed ovoid, 10 by 6 mm, covered with red hairs, beak ca 4 mm long, appendage twisted, as long as the seed."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001142510	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001142510	ecology	EN	Scattered in evergreen forest.	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001142510	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001142510	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (W. Bengal, Assam), Burma (Tenasserim) Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, N. & E. Borneo, Philippines."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001142510	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541096	general	EN	"Shrubs or small trees up to 2 m tall. Leaves acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, (14–)19–27.5 by (5–)7–10.5 cm, chartaceous, lower surface slightly pubescent to glabrescent; petiole pubescent or glabrous, 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence axillary, 8–20-flowered; peduncle puberulous, 1–3 cm long. Flowers white; pedicel puberulous, 6–13 mm long. Calyx-tube 5–12 mm long, outside slightly puberulous or glabrous, inside hairy towards base; calyx-lobes 3–5 by 1.2–2.5 mm, ± puberulous on the upper half inside, sparsely hairy or glabrous outside, ciliated. Petals united at the base, erose, villous, 1–1.5 mm long. Stamens sessile; anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Ovary sessile, puberulous, 2–3 mm long; style 0.5–1 mm long; stigma globose, 1 mm. Fruit elliptic; seed narrowly elliptic, sparsely puberulous, the glabrous appenage attached along one side of the elongate part."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541096	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest between 300–550 m above sea level.	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000541096	distribution	EN	"Thailand, known only from the Peninsular Provinces."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000541096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116817	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping or suberect; scales narrowly elliptic, gradually narrowing from base towards hair-pointed apex, up to 10 by 2.5 mm, concolorous brown, entire. Stipe stramineous, about 25 cm long, sparsely scaly. Frond bipinnate, oblong, acute at apex, roud at base, about 35 cm long and wide; rachis bearing linear scales, grooved above; pinnae several pairs, uaually the basal ones the largest, stalked with petioles about 5 mm long, narrowly elliptic, round at base, narrowing towards long-acuminate apex, about 17 by 4 cm, upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller upwards, more ascending; pinules rhomboid, acute, slightly auricled at subtruncate acroscopic base, narrowly cuneate at basiscopic base, crenate at margin, up to 3 by 1 cm, distal ones adnate at base, decurrent into narrow wings of scaly costa; coriaceous; veins visible on under surface, minutely scaly beneath with fimbriate scales. Sori terminal on veinlets, in one or two irregular rows at each side of midrib, round; indusia up to 0.7 mm diam., usually ferrugineous at maturity, glabrous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116817	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116817	ecology	EN	"In lower montane forest along streamlets at high altitudes at about 2200 m; only once collected; HENNIPMAN 3457 (L, KYO)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116817	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116817	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India (type), Burma, SW. China, N. Vietnam, and Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116817	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116819	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, scaly; scales dark brown, small, entire. Stipe stramineous, up to 30 cm or more long, scaly in lower portion. Lamina subdeltoid, about 30 by 20 cm at base, bipinnate to tripinnatifid; rachis like the upper part of stipe, grooved above, glabrescent; basal pinna the largest, distinctly stalked with petioles of up to 2 cm in length, subtriangular with large bipinnatifid basal pinnules and acuminate apex. about 15 by 10 cm; basal basiscopic pinnule like the second basal pinna; larger pinnule of middle pinna or secondary pinnule of larger pinna parallelogram-shaped, subsessile or shotly stalked, acute at apex, cuneate at base crenate with blunt margin, never aristate-mucronate at apex of lobes; chartaceous, with distinctive odour. Sori large, dorsal on veinlets, usually in one row close to each side of midrib; indusia round-reniform, up to 1.5 mm or more diam., completely covering the sori when young, falling off at maturity, irregular at margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116819	ecology	EN	Terrestrial in evergreen forest at high altitude.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116819	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (type), N. Vietnam and southern edge of Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125364	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, about 6 mm diam.; scales dense, dark brown, up to 8 by 2 mm or narrower. Stipe stramineous, up to 55 cm long, densely scaly throughout; scales on upper portion narrow, dark to black, entire. Lamina oblong with acuminate apex, up to 45 by 30 cm, bipinnate; rachis densely covered with fibrillose blackish scales, grooved on upper surface; lateral pinnae 7–10 pairs, basal pinnae the largest, with large acroscopic pinnules, middle pinnae narrowly subtraingular, straight or slightly falcate, widest at shortly stalked base, gradually narrowing towards caudate-acuminate apex, up to 20 by 5–6 cm; upper pinnae suddenly shortened to form caudate apical portion of frond; pinnules lobed to pinnatisect in larger ones, shortly stalked or sessile, subparallelogram-shaped, acute at apex, more or less auricled at anterior base, subdimidiate at posterior base, 20–30 by 0.7–1.5 mm; ultimate lobes with sharp awns at acuminate apex, entire; chartaceous, glabrous, deep green; midrib of pinnule raised on lower surface, veins pinnate. Sori terminal on veinlets, round; indusia round-reniform, naked."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125364	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125364	ecology	EN	On mountain slopes in evergreen forests at medium or high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125364	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125364	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. & SW. China (type), Indochina and Malaya."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125364	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114736	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, scaly; scales subtriangular, gradually narrowing from base towards hair-pointed apex, about 12 by 2.3 mm, brown or darker, entire. Stipe about 30 cm long, stramineous or darker at scaly base, glabrescent upwards. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid, acuminate at apex, about 40 by 25 cm, tripinnate; rachis stramineous, grooved above, glabrescent; basal pinna largest, stalked, unequally subtriangular with larger basiscopic basal pinnules, about 12 by 6 cm; upper pinnae ascending, narrowly oblong with long-acuminate apex; costa stramineous, grooved above, very narrowly winged; larger pinnule shortly stalked, oblong to ovate, rounded at apex, cordate at base, or subdimidiate to narrowly cuneate at basiscopic base; secondary pinnule sessile, oblong, rounded at apex, round or cuneate at base, lobed with two to four lobes at each side; ultimate lobes obliquely subdeltoid, acute at apex; herbaceous, veins distinct below, glabrous. Sori round, terminal on veinlets, medial or closer to midribs, up to 1.2 mm diam., naked."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114736	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114736	ecology	EN	"In hill evergreen forest along streamlets at about 1350 m alt.; only once collected : HENNIPMAN 3597 (L, KYO)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114736	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114736	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam, Indochina (N. Vietnam), Hainan, Taiwan, Ryukyus, and Malesia throughout (type from Java) to New Guinea."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114736	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125361	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, up to 8 mm diam., scales dense, linear-subtriangular, up to 7 by 1.5 mm, brown. Stipe stramineous, scaly at base very sparsely, minutely scaly upwards, up to 50 cm long. Lamina oblong to pentagonal, with caudate-acuminate apex, 4–5 pinnate, up to 50 by 35 cm; rachis glabrescent, grooved; pinnae about 10 pairs, the lowest the largest, with large basal, acroscopic pinnule, middle ones oblong-subtriangular, widest at distinctly stalked base, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, up to 20 by 6 cm, upper pinnae rather suddenly reduced to form apical part of frond, pinnules oblong-subdeltoid, acute at apex, unequally cuneate at base, stalked, 4–10 by up to 4 cm; secondary pinnules oblong-subdeltoid, moderately acute at apex, unequally cuneate at base, pinnatisect ot pinnate, segments oblong, oblique, sessile, serrate at margin, lobed in larger ones; papyraceous, green, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely hairy on veins underneath. Sori round, terminal or more rarely dorsal on veinlets, medial or close to margin, raised on upper surface; indusia round-reniform, glabrous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125361	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125361	ecology	EN	On mountain slopes usually in dense evergreen forests at 800–1400 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125361	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125361	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China [Szechuwan, Yunnan (type), Hupeh], Upper Burma and N. Vietnam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125361	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118512	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect or ascending; scales dense, linear, up to 2 cm or more long, 1.5 mm broad at base, brown, entire, more or less crisped in linear apical portion. Stipe stramineous, densely scaly at base, more sparsely upwards, up to 1 m long; scales on upper part smaller and narrower, dark. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid, more than 80 by 50 cm, tripinnate; rachis scaly, grooved; pinnae gradually reducing in size upwards, the lowest the largest, middle pinnae falcate, oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, distinctly stalked, up to 30 by 12 cm at base; pinna-rachis densely fibrillose scaly; pinnules oblong-subdeltoid, caudate-acuminate at apex, unequally cuneate at distinctly stalked base, 5–7 by 1.5–2 cm; segments oblong-lanceolate to subquadrangular, oblique or slightly falcate, acute to acuminate, crenate at margin, about 1.2 by 0.4 cm; chartaceous, deep green, fibrillose scaly, glabrous on lamina surfaces. Sori terminal on veinlets, closer to midrib than to margin of segments, round; indusia round-reniform, glabrous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118512	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118512	ecology	EN	On rather dry mountain slopes in mixed or in evergreen forests at medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118512	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118512	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalaya (type) to SW. China and Vietnam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118512	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125363	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect; scales dense, narrow, up to 12 by 1.3 mm, brown, entire. Stipe stramineous, up to 60 cm long, scaly on basal part, glabrescent upwards; scales up to 20 by 1.5 mm, dark-brown, entire. Lamina oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowning towards acuminate apex, tripinnate, up to 50 by 35 cm; rachis glabrous, grooved on upper surface; lateral pinnae more than 10 pairs, the lowest the largest, with large basal acroscopic pinules, middle pinnae distinctly stalked, slightly falcate, linear-subtriangular, widest at base, gradually narrowing towards caudate-acute apex, about 20 by 5–6 cm, upper ones gradually becoming smaller; pinnules oblong-subdeltoid, acute at apex, unequally cuneate at stalked base, often dimidiate at posterior base; segments sessile, oblong, oblique, round to moderately acute, lobed at margin, up to 10 by 5 mm; lobes serrate at margin, ending with moderate awns; harsh, glabrous green on upper surface. Sori dorsal on veinlets, near midrib; indusia round, entirely covered and enveloping the sori when young, breaking down irregularly, about 1.5 mm diam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125363	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125363	ecology	EN	On rather dry or humus-rich mountain slopes in mixed or in evergreen forests at 300–1500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125363	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125363	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalayas and SW. China (Yunnan, type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125363	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124747	general	EN	"Rhizome wide-creeping, about 5 mm diam., densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards tailed apex, 4–5 mm long, up to 1 mm broad, pale brown or brown in age with dark brown central portion, thin and ferrugineous. Stipe stramineous to brown, scaly at base, glabrous upwards. Lamina oblong, acute to acuminate at apex, tripinnate to quadripinnatifid, up to 25 by 15 cm; costae like the upper part of pinnae, winged in upper portion; pinnae about 10 pairs, alternate, oblong-subdeltoid, gradually narrowing towards acute apex, falcate, up to 10 by 5 cm, distinctly stalked; pinnules subdeltoid on short stalks, acute at apex, broadly cuneate at base, up to 3 by 2 cm; ultimate segments simply or forked, one-nerved, entire, acute at apex; herbaceous to softly papyraceous, deep green, glabrous. Sori dorsal on veinlets, one for each segment, exindusiate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124747	ecology	EN	Epiphytic on mossy tree-trunks or on wet mossy rocks in gloomy dense forests at altitude above 1200 m.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124747	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (type from Khasia Hills), SW. China, Hainan and Tonkin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122707	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 5–7 mm diam., densely covered with scales throughout; scales oblong with long-tailed apex, up to 1 cm or more long, 4 mm broad, membranous, pale brown, margin subentire. Stipe on phyllopode about 1 cm high, stramineous or purplish or pale castaneous, up to 20 cm long. Lamina broadly subdeltoid, acuminate at apex, quadripinnatifid, about 50 cm long and broad; basal pinnae the largest, oblong, acuminate at apex, sometime bearing reduced basal pinnules, up to 30 by 12 cm; upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller, rachis and costae sparsely scaly, stramineous; ultimate segments (4th pinnules) with a few lobes; lobes oblong, slightly falcate, acuminate at apex, entire, about 5 mm broad; herbaceous, light green. Sori usually at sinus between lobes of segments, up to 1.5 mm broad; indusia entirely covering the sori in maturity, thin, pale, round at apex."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122707	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122707	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks in dense hill evergreen forests at altitudes above 1900 m.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122707	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122707	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (type) and Burma."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122707	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122708	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, about 5 mm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales oblong, moderately acute at both ends, about 4 by 2 mm, entire, pale brown, darker in age. Stipe on scaly phyllopode (stipe base remaining as a scar after leaf-shedding) about 1 cm high, light green to stramineous, very sparsely scaly, 18–25 cm long. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid, acute to acuminate at apex, quadripinnate, 40–55 by 25–40 cm; lateral pinnae more than 10 pairs, alternate, basal ones the largest, asymmetrically oblong-subtriangular, caudately acuminate at apex, truncate at base, about 20 by 15 cm; pinules patent or broadly placed on costae, oblong-subdeltoid, acute to moderately and unequally acute at apex, unequally cuneate at base; ultimate segments with a few lobes; lobes entire, acute at apex, about 0.7 mm broad; herbaceous to softly papyraceous. Sori one for each ultimate segment, rather large, up to 1.2 mm diam.; indusia very small, up to 0.5 mm long, completely hidden under sori at maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122708	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests at 900–1300 m alt.; known only in one locality in Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122708	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Yunnan (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124752	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 3–4 mm diam.; scales oblong-ovate, round at apex, entire, appressed on the surface of rhizome, membranous, somewhat crisped. Stipe stramineous to pale castaneous, 8–15 cm long. Lamina subdeltoid to narrowly pentagonous in outline, acuminate at apex, up to 20 by 13 cm, quadripinnatifid; basal pinnae the largest, asymmetrically oblong-subtriangular, caudate acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate at base, stalked, up to 8 by 5 cm; upper pinnae narrowly oblong, gradually narrowing towards acute apex; pinnules quadrangular, round to moderately acute at apex, truncate at anterior and dimidiate at posterior bases, shortly stalked or subsessile; secondary pinnules pinnatifid, with sessile rhomboid segments; ultimate segments with a few acuminate entire lobes, papyraceous, rather thick, with yellow glands. Sori terminal on veinlets, usually at sinus between the ones of ultimate segments, small; indusia pale, thin, long-acuminate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124752	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124752	ecology	EN	Epiphytic on half-shaded tree-trunks or on rocks in wooded limestone areas at about 2000 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124752	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124752	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (type), Upper Burma and SW. China."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124752	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114941	general	EN	"Rhizome wide-creeping, about 5 mm diam.; scales dense, oblong, round at both edges, entire or undulate at margin, pale brown or a little darker in central attached portion, thin. Stipe jointed to phyllopode 1 cm high, stramineous, terete, sparsely scaly on lower part, up to 20 cm long. Lamina oblong to oblong-subtriangular, tri-to quadripinnate, 15–30 by 10–25 cm; lateral pinnae about 10 pairs, lower ones the largest, basal ones asymmetrically oblong-subtriangular, up to 15 by 8 cm, stalked; pinnules stalked, oblong, round to moderately acute at apex, broadly cuneate anteriorly and dimidiate posteriorly at base; secondary pinnules sessile, cuneate at base; larger ultimate segment with a few lobes, sessile, round to moderately acute at apex, cuneate at base, lobes about 0.5 mm broad, acute at apex; herbaceous to softly papyraceous, glabrous, yellow green to pale green. Sori terminal at veinlets, one for each lobe; indusia small, usually broader than long, round at apex, entire, membranous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114941	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or rocks in dense evergreen forests at 900–2000 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114941	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (type from Nepal) to Yunnan and Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000260032	general	EN	"Evergreen tree to 10(–17) m. Leaves glabrous; petiole 5–9 cm long; blade 30–34 by 16–28 cm, membranous to chartaceous, simple but often pinnately lobed with each side vein separated into an oblong-elliptic lobe ca 3–4 cm wide and divided to nearly to the midrib, base obtuse to acute, apex short-acuminate, margin entire, side veins in 3–5 pairs, tertiary veins hardly visible, indistinctly percurrent. Inflorescence a large panicle of cymules, ca 9–15 by 12–20 cm, densely papillate-pubescent; side branches subtended by bracts ca 1 mm long, linear, the cymules with 1–3–(5) flowers. Flowers pubescent; pedicels ca 0.5–1 mm long; calyx ca 1.5 mm long, with 5 distinct, free lobes; petals ca 1.5 by 1 mm, caducous. Pistillate flowers: styles ca 0.5–0.7 mm long. Fruits: pedicels thickening but hardly elongating; drupe ca 2.5–3.5 by 1.5–2 cm, obliquely ellipsoid, not to very slightly sulcate, magenta turning purplish-black. Seeds 2–2.5 cm long, pendulous from a thickened funicle."	H.-J. Esser & M. Jebb		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000260032	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000260032	ecology	EN	"In primary evergreen rain forest and gallery forest, found over granite bedrock; altitude: sea level to 1,250 m. Flowering and fruiting: the whole year round."	H.-J. Esser & M. Jebb		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000260032	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000260032	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sumatra (type), Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Kalimantan)."	H.-J. Esser & M. Jebb		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000260032	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543220	general	EN	"Plant glabrous apart from leaf-domatia; stems with yellow wood and exudingyellow sap when cut, bearing prominent cup-like, petiole-scars. Leaves usually ovate, elliptic-ovate or broadly ovate, (10–)12–25 by (5.5–)8–19 cm, base usually rounded, truncate or slightly cordate, apex abruptly acuminate, palmately 5-nerved, at the base and with 1–3 pairs of lateral nerves, usually arising from above halfway along the midrib; both surfaces usually drying matt with a rather obscure reticulum, coriaceous; petioles (4–)7–15(–20) cm, swollen at both ends, geniculate at base. Inflorescences 10–50 cm, lateral branches, 1–5 cm. Male flowers sessile or subsessile subtended by an ovate bracteole, ca 1 mm long, which is strongly thickened at the base; outer sepals, 3–4, less than 1 mm long; inner sepals larger, 3 +3, elliptic, ovate or narrowly obovate, 1.5–2.5 mm long. Syandrium 0.5–1 mm long. Female flowers: main sepals 6, narrowly oblong with the apex becoming reflexed, 2.5–4 mm long; staminodes minute, scale-like; carpels 3, 1.5 mm long; stigma broad, sessile, papillose. Infructescences cauliflorous, usually branched, (5–)7–30(–45) cm, with thickened axis and branches, 3–6 mm diam., the fruits plus carpophores borne on the lateral branches, 1–3 borne together on a club-shaped, unbranched carpophore swollen at the apex, up to 4 cm. Drupes yellow, slightly laterally Compressed, transversely subovoid, 2.2–3 by 2.5–3.3 cm (long axis), 2–2.5 cm thick, drying finely rugulose, glabrous; endocarp woody."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543220	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543220	use	EN	"Leaves edible, used in soup (Vietnam). 2. Pycnarrhena Iucida (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4: 87. 1868; Diels in P?anzenr. Menisp. 94: 49. 1910; Forman, Kew Bul 1. 26: 408. 1972; in F1. Males.1. 10: 174. 1986; Kew Bul 1. 43: 394. 1988."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543220	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543220	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; at low altitude.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543220	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543220	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Hainan, Indochina, Malaya to New Guinea (Ambon – type)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543220	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199770	general	EN	"Small tree up to 20 m high; branchlets terete reddish to light brown (when dry) the outermost layer scaling off, rusty puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves: rachis 0.5–4(–6) cm, gland just below the junctions of the pinnae, 0.5–1(–2) mm diam., circular, sunken to semiglobose or flat, sessile; pinnae 1 pair, 2–10 cm, gland (sometimes absent) between the junctions of the petiolules, less than 0.5 mm diam, circular, flat to subglobose, sessile; leaflets 1–2 pairs per pinna, oppdsite, petiolulate, chartaceous, 6–16 by 3–8 cm; elliptic to ovate-elliptic; base cuneate, symmetrical; apex broadly acuminate; both surfaces glabrous; main vein central or nearly so, lateral veins prominulous on both surfaces, not forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: peduncles up to 2 cm, bearing small heads of ca 5 subsessile to sessile flowers. Calyx 1.5–2.5 mm, campanulate to broadly funnel-shaped, shortly rusty tomentose; teeth up to 0.5 mm long, broadly triangular. Corolla 2.5–5 mm, funnel-shaped, puberulous, lobes ca 2 mm ovate to narrowly elliptic. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube. Ovary ca 1 mm, glabrous; stipe 1–3 mm. Pod: ca 1.5 cm diam, 5–10 cm long, cylindrical to slightly compressed, straight or slightly curved, woody, greenish outside, reddish inside, densely puberulous to nearly glabrous, dehiscing along both sutures. Seeds filling entire cavity of pod, ca 1.5 cm diam; central seeds ca 1.2 cm thick, discoid, terminal seeds up to 1.5 cm high, turbinate-truncate, slightly compressed; testa black, thin, crustaceous."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199770	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199770	use	EN	The testa of the seeds are crushed and the seeds cooked and eaten. They emit a strong smell of garlic.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199770	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199770	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests on sandy soil; alt. up to ca 600 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199770	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199770	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199770	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185987	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka (ssp. subcariaceum), N. India, TropJ S.E. Asia, Malay Archipelago (excl. lesser Sunda Isls.) to Néw Guinea (ssp. clypearia)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185987	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388836	general	EN	"Differs from var. clypearia in the following characters: Calyx ca 3 mm with teeth 0.5–1 mm, triangular. Corolla 10–11 mm with lobes ca 5 mm, lanceolate, acute."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388836	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388836	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388836	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388836	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Philippines (type)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388836	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199789	general	EN	"Tree ca 8 m high; branchlets terete with a few scattered hairs, glabrescent. Leaves: rachis 8–21 cm, gland(s) 2–5 cm above the base and often ca 2 cm below the junctions of the pinnae, up to ca 8 mm long and 3 mm high, urceolate to crater shaped, elliptic in outline; pinnae 1–2 pairs, up to 10–11 cm, gland between the junctions of the distal pair of petiolules, smaller but similar in form to the rachis glands; leaflets 3 pairs, petiolulate, opposite, thinly chartaceous, 6–24 by 3–9 cm, elliptic to obovate-elliptic; base asymmetrical, rounded to cuneate; apex shortly acuminate; both surfaces glabrous; lower surface with prominent veins, upper With prominulous lateral veins not forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: peduncles up to 4 cm, bearing a head of ca 25–30 sessile flowers. Calyx 3–4 mm, subtubular, faintly puberulous, especially along the margins of the inconspicuous teeth. Corolla 6.5–8 mm, narrowly campanulate, tube glabrous; lobes ca 3 mm, elliptic, acute, faintly puberulous. Staminal tube as long as the corolla-tube. Ovary 1.5–2 mm, glabrous; stipe 2.5–3 mm."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199789	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199789	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests and transition from mixed deciduous forests into dry evergreen forests rich in bamboo; alt. ca 700–950 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199789	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199789	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199789	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199792	general	EN	"Small tree up to 10 m high; branchlets terete, faintly puberulous. Leaves: rachis up to ca 11 cm, gland ca 1 cm above the base, ca 0.5 mm diam., circular, flat, sessile, similar upper glands below the junctions of the two distal pairs of pinnae; pinnae ca 5 pairs, up to ca 15 cm, glands ca 1 mm below the junctions of the 2–3 distal pairs; of leaflets, up to 0.5 mm diam, circular, flat, sessile; leaflets 15–20 pairs per pinna, subsessile, chartaceous, 0.5–3.5 by 0.5–1.2 cm, trapezoid or nearly so; base half truncate, half cuneate; apex broadly acute to rounded, mucronate; both surfaces puberulous; main vein diagonal, upper surface with inconspicuous lateral veins; lower surface with prominulous ones not forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: peduncles ca 0.5 cm long, bearing “heads” of 2–3 sessile flowers. Calyx ca 1 mm, cup-shaped, glabrous with inconspicuous deltoid, puberulous teeth. Corolla ca 2.5 mm, campanulate, glabrous, with 1.5 mm, lanceolate, acute lobes. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube. Ovary ca 1 mm, glabrous; stipe ca 0.5 mm. Pod up to 20 by 2 cm, compressed, spirally twisted in a circle, coriaceous, orange outside, reddish-orange inside, finely puberulous, dehiscing first along the ventral suture. Seeds dangling from a funicle after dehiscence, ca 8 mm diam., globose to ovoid, with a bluish–black testa, not occupying the cavity of the pod."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199792	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199792	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests; alt. up to ca 1100 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199792	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199792	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), W. Sumatra."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199792	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199797	general	EN	"Medium–sized tree; branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaves: rachis 4–15 cm, glands ca 0.5 cm above the base and between the junctions of the pinnae, 3–4 mm, oblong, hardly raised; pinnae 2 pairs, 5–15 cm, glands between the junctions of the petiolules, ca 3–4 mm, obtriangular, flat, sessile; leaflets petiolulate, opposite, chartaceous, up to 20 by 9 cm, elliptic to obovate-elliptic; base rounded to broadly cuneate; apex bluntly acuminate; both surfaces glabrous; lateral veins prominulous on the upper surface, prominent on the lower, not forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: peduncles ca 1 cm bearing heads of 2–6 sessile flowers. Calyx 1.5–2 mm, broadly campanulate, faintly sericeous, with 0.5–1 mm, triangular teeth. Corolla 4.5–5 mm, campanulate, sericeous with 2–2.5 mm elliptic-lanceolate, acutelobes. Staminal tube as long as the corolla-tube. Ovary 1 mm, glabrous; stipe 1 mm. Pod forming a circle, 7–8 cm diam, 3–3.5 cm broad, compressed, coriaceous, yellowish outside, reddish-orange within, glabrous, without conspicuous veins, dehiscing along both sutuies. Seeds not filling the pod, dangling on a slender funicle, ca 10 mm diam. and ca 18 mm long, ellipsoid, with a bluish-black testa."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199797	ecology	EN	Evergreen and disturbed evergreen forests in thellowland; alt. up to 300 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199797	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java (type) and the Philippines."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199803	general	EN	"Small tree or shrub up to 5 m high; branchlets terete, more or less tomentose. Leaves: rachis up to 8 cm, glands ca 1–2 cm above the base and between the junctions of the pinnae, 0.5–1 mm diam, circular with slightly raised margins, sessile; pinnae 1–2 pairs, 2–6 cm, glands below the junctions of the petiolules, ca 0.5 mm diam., similar in form to the rachis–glands; leaflets ca 2–4 pairs, opposite, petiolulate, chartaceous, 3–10 by 1–3.5 cm, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate to sub-trapezoid; base rounded to broadly cuneate, slightly asymmetrical; apex acuminate, mucronate; upper surface glabrous except for the main vein, lower surface faintly puberulous with tomentose veins; lateral veins prominulous on upper surface, prominent on lower, not forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: peduncles up to 3 cm, bearing heads of 12–15 sessile flowers. Calyx ca 1.3 mm, campanulate, tomentose with ca 0.3 mm, triangular teeth. Corolla ca 4 mm, funnel-shaped, sericeous to tomentose, with 2–2.5 mm, elliptic, acute, patent lobes. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube. Ovary ca 2 mm, glabrous; stipe ca 1.3 mm. Pod up to 12 by 1(–2) cm, compressed, contorted, forming a semi-circle to a circle, ca 4 cm diam, coriaceous, red-brownish outside, orange-red within, puberulous, glabrescent, dehiscing first along the ventral suture. Seeds not filling the pod, dangling from the funicle after dehiscence, ca 7 mm diam, ca 10 mm long, ellipsoid, with a bluish-black testa."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199803	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199803	ecology	EN	"Recorded as undershrub in evergreen forests, oak forests, open grassy forests; alt. 600–1800 m."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199803	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199803	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199803	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199807	general	EN	"Tree up to 20 m high; branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaves: rachis 2–7 cm, gland (s) ca 0.5 cm above the base of the petiole and between the junctions of the pinnae, 1.5–2 mm diam., subsphaerical to flat and circular, sessile; pinnae 1 pair, up to 20 cm, glands (often absent) between the junctions of the petiolules, 0.75–1 mm diam., flat, circular, sessile; leaflets 2–3 pairs per pinna, petiolulate, opposite, chartaceous, up to 8–15 by 4–5 cm, ovate-elliptic to oblong; base broadly rounded to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate; both surfaces glabrous, lateral veins prominulous, not forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: panicles in the axils of the upper leaves, or below the leaves, at the leaf-scars on the older branches; peduncles ca 3 mm bearing heads of 4–7 sessile flowers. Calyx 1–2 mm, broadly campanulate to cup-shaped, faintly puberulous, with 0.25–0.3 mm, deltoid teeth. Corolla 4–5 mm, tube glabrous, with ca 2 mm ovate-elliptic acute, reflexed lobes with distinct veins, lobes faintly puberulous to glabrous. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube. Ovary ca 1 mm, glabrous; stipe ca 2 mm. Pod: up to 20–25 by 4 cm, compressed, falcate or twisted in a wide spiral more or less deeply lobed along the ventral suture between the seeds, woody, greyish outside and inside, glabrous, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds fill the pod, ca 35 mm diam., and 10 mm thick, biconvex, circular, with a dark brown, thin testa."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199807	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199807	use	EN	Seeds can be eaten when cooked as the cooking-process destroys the djenkol acid which is poisonous to the kidneys.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199807	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199807	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest; alt. sea level to ca 1300 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199807	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199807	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Java, Borneo."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199807	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192038	general	EN	"Tree up to 8–10 m high; branchlets terete, faintly puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves: rachis 1–10 cm, gland 0.5–2 cm above the base, less than 1 mm diam, circular, often with raised margins, sessile to slightly stipitate, similar gland 0.2–2 cm below the junctions of the distal pair of pinnae; pinnae 1–2 pairs, 8–15 cm, glands ca 0.5 cm below the junctions of the petiolules, smaller than but similar in form to the rachis glands; leaflets ca 4 pairs, proximal pairs often alternate, distal pair always opposite, petiolulate, chartaceous, (3–)7–10(–15) by 2–3.5(–4) cm, ovate to subtrapezoid to lanceolate; base cuneate often asymmetrical, apex acuminate to caudate; upper surface (dark When dry) glabrous, lower surface faintly puberulous to glabrous; lateral veins prominulous on the upper surface, prominent on the lower, not forming a dense reticulation. inflorescence, bearing heads of ca 15 sessile flowers. Calyx 1.5–2 mm, funnel-shaped, sericeous, with up to 0.3 mm, teeth triangular. Corolla 4.5–5.5 mm, funnel-shaped to campanulate, sericeous, with 1.5–2 mm, elliptic to ovate, acute lobes. Staminal tube slightly shorter than the corolla-tube. Ovary ca 1 mm, glabrous, stipitate; stipe 1 mm. Pod up to ca 20 by 2–3 cm, compressed, contorted to a semicircie or a circle, coriaceous, red-brownish outside and reddish orange within, glabrous, dehiscing along both sutures. Seeds not filling the pod, dangling from the funicles after the dehiscence, 8 mm diam, 12–13 mm long, ellipsoid with a smooth bluish-black testa."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192038	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192038	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests on clayey soil; alt. 750–1300 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192038	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192038	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Taiwan, Cambodia, Laos, N. & S. Vietnam."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192038	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199831	general	EN	"Small tree up to ca 10 m high branchlets terete; glabrous (dark when dry). Leaves: rachis 0.5–1(–2) cm, gland(s) at the middle of the petiole and between the junctions of the pinnae, 1–3 mm diam, circular, flat, sessile, sometimes only the upper gland present; pinnae 1 pair, up to 14–15 cm, glands between the junctions of the petiolules, similar to the rachis glands, sometimes absent; leaflets 2–3 pairs, petiolulate, opposite, chartaceous 6–19 by 3–7 cm, elliptic to ovate-elliptic; base rounded to cuneate, symmetrical, apex acuminate; both surfaces glabrous; the lateral veins forming a dense reticulation. Inflorescence: peduncles 1–1.5 cm, bearing heads of ca 5–6 sessile flowers. Calyx 1.5–2 mm, subtubular to funnel-shaped, glabrous except for the 0.25 mm deltoid teeth, which are slightly puberulous along the margins. Corolla (3.5–)5 mm, funnel-shaped to campanulate, tube glabrous; lobes erect, 1.5–3 mm, ovate-elliptic, faintly sericeous at the apex. Staminal tube as long as the corolla tube. Ovary ca 2 mm; stipe ca 2 mm long. Pod up to ca 16–20 by 3 cm, compressed, falcate or contorted in a broad semicircle, often lobed along the ventral suture, firmly coriaceous, brownish-grey outside, reddish within, glabrous, with prominulous, reticulate veins especially over the seeds."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199831	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199831	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests on clayey soil and often along streams; alt. sea level to 600 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199831	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199831	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, S. Vietnam (type, Phu Quoc)."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199831	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543836	general	EN	"Shrub ca 0.3 m high; branches rather thick, drying brown, with scattered capitate hairs when young, later glabrous. Leaves ± crowded towards apex of young shoots; petiole ca 1 cm, winged by decurrent margins of the blade; lamina oblong-elliptic, 25–30 by 7.5–10 cm, apex acute or obtuse, tapering towards base, entire and narrowly recurved, glabrous, lower surface sparingly and minutely rusty scaly glandular dots numerous, irregularly scattered, convex when dry, chiefly visible on the upper surface; lateral nerves 10–14 pairs, slender, slightly elevated beneath, curved-ascending veinlets invisible. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, simple or occasionally branched, 4–5 cm long, ± pendant, with scattered capitate hairs. Pedicel 4–6 cm. Calyx ca 2.5 mm, split to ¾ of its length; lobes ovate, acute at apex, with scattered capitate hairs and glandular dots, glandular-ciliate. Corolla pink; tube ca 0.5 mm; lobes elliptic-ovate, ca 3.5 by 1.8 mm, with dark glandular dots and lines. Anthers oblong, ca 1.5 mm, apiculate. Ovary globose, densely black-punctate; style 3–4 mm. Drupe unknown."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543836	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543836	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, by streams, alt. 50–100 m. Flowering in February."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543836	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543836	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543836	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543857	general	EN	"In addition to the characters given in the key, differing from var. amherstiana in being more densely pilose on the young branches."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543857	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543857	ecology	EN	In moist and dense forest on limestone hills; alt. 30–150 m. Flowering from May to July.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543857	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543857	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543857	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543880	general	EN	"Small shrub, ca 20 cm high; branches thick, terete or slightly angular, glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina elliptic or obovate, 6–15 by 2 5–6 cm, apex obtuse or rounded, base attenuate, entire, glabrous, upper surface light brown when dry, lower glaucescent, with numerous tiny sunken dots; lateral nerves 6–10 pairs, obscure above, prominent beneath; veinlets invisible. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate, 3–6 cm long, with a spread of 2–4 cm at base, 1x-branched, glabrous all over, each branch bearing 3–6 subumbellate flowers. Pedicel 2–4 mm. Calyx ca 1.75 mm, deeply split; lobes ovate, ca 1 mm wide, obtuse or ± acute, dotted with small black glands, sparsely ciliolate. Corolla pink, ca 5 mm; tube very short; lobes ovate, acute, ca 2 mm wide, with scattered glandular dots and lines. Anthers 3–3.5 mm apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3.5 mm. Drupe globose, ca 6 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543880	ecology	EN	"Growing on open ground, covering large areas alt. 200 m. Flowering in January."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543880	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543898	general	EN	"Small shrub ca 1 m high; stem rather thick, branchlets slender, slightly angular, glabrous. Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous; petiole 8–15 mm; lamina elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 10–16 by 3–5 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, entire, glabrous, upper surface dark green, lower paler, light brown when dry, not punctate; lateral nerves 8–12 pairs, curving upwards to and along the margin; prominent beneath; veins and veinlets obscure. Inflorescence a slender panicle, terminal on branchlets, 1.5–3.5 cm long, glabrous, 1x-branched; branches 2–20 mm long, bearing 1–2 flowers. Pedicel 2–4 mm, ± glandular-puberulous. Calyx ca 2 mm, split to base; lobes ovate, ca 1 mm wide, acute, puberulous outside, indistinctly punctate. Corolla pink, ca 5 mm; tube 0.5–1 mm; lobes ovate, ca 2 mm wide, acute, not punctate. Anthers 2.75–3 mm, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style slender, ca 4 mm. Drupe unknown."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543898	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543898	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest. Flowering in July.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543898	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543898	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543898	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543899	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–3 m high, glabrous throughout; branches terete, greyish brown, often with thickened base. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina ovate- elliptic to oblanceolate, sometimes elliptic, 8–19(–24) by 2.5(–6) cm, widest above middle, apex acuminate, rarely ± acute, base cuneate, entire, rarely obscurely denticulate near apex; glandular dots black, sometimes obscure, scattered in the areoles of reticulate venation; lateral nerves 10–14(–19) pairs; reticulation of veins distinct on lower surface. Inflorescence corymbose or subumbellate racemes, 2–8-flowered, in axils of caducous reduced leaves. Peduncle 2.5–4.5 cm. Pedicel 1–2 cm. Flowers white or sometimes pinkish, 8–9.5 mm. Calyx deeply split; lobes broadly ovate, ca 2–2.5 by 2.5–3 mm, obtuse, dotted with dark glands, margin ± scarious, minutely ciliate. Corolla-tube 1.5–2 mm; lobes ovate-elliptic, 3.5–4 mm wide, acute, dotted with purplish or black, rounded and lineolate glands. Anthers lanceolate, 5–5.5 mm, acute, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style 6–7 mm. Drupe globose, ca 6 mm diam, densely punctate."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543899	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543899	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, by streams, also found on summit zone of mountains. Common on limestone slopes; alt. 1100–2000 m. Flowering in January–February."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543899	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543899	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), China, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543899	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543940	general	EN	"Tree to 12 m high; branchlets densely covered with ferruginous-pubescence, glabrescent, striate when dry. Leaves thinly coriaceous; petiole 10–12 mm, pubescent; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 7–15 by 2–4.5 cm, apex shortly acuminate or ± acute, base cuneate, entire, glabrous and slightly shining above, with scattered minute depressed rusty scales beneath; lateral nerves numerous, parallel, anastomosing at some distance from margin; reticulation of veins and veinlets distinct on both surfaces when dry. Inflorescence axillary, umbellate or corymbose, puberulous; rachis very short or up to 13 mm, rarely branched at base. Pedicel 7–13 mm. Calyx ca 2 mm, split almost to base; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, puberulous outside, obscurely punctate, minutely ciliate. Corolla white, ca 3.5 mm; tube very short; lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, 2–2.5 mm wide, with a very few brown glandular dots near apex. Anthers ovate, ca 2 mm. Ovary scurfy; style ca 2 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543940	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543940	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 1100 m.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543940	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543940	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543940	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543968	general	EN	"Small shrub, stems erect 30–100 cm high, unbranched, young parts and inflorescence covered with ferruginous short hairs. Leaves membranous to thinly chartaceous; petiole 6–10 mm; lamina narrowly elliptic, 9–18 by 3–3.5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, undulate-crenate, upper surface glabrous, lower very sparsely scurfy-puberulous or glabrescent; glandular dots many, black, scattered, more evident on young leaves; lateral nerves 8–12 pairs, slender, curved-ascending, ending in the marginal glands. Inflorescence in axils of reduced leaves near apex of stem, generally composed of 2 short stipitate umbels, each with 2–3 flowers. Peduncle 10–15 mm. Pedicel 7–12 mm. Calyx almost equaling the corolla, 4–5 mm, split almost to base; lobes linear-lanceolate, ca 1.5 mm wide, obtuse, puberulous outside, with scattered black glandular dots. Corolla pink, deeply lobed; lobes elliptic-ovate, ca 3 mm, obtuse, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543968	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543968	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest. Flowering in April.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543968	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000543968	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000543968	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544074	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–4 m high; young branches terete, or slightly angular, densely covered with ferruginous capitate hairs, glabrate and grey when mature. Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous; petiole 5–15 mm, covered with capitate hairs; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 12–20(–25) by 4–7 cm, apex acute to shortly acuminate, base cuneate, entire and slightly recurved, upper surface glabrous, lower with scattered rusty capitate hairs, especially on midrib; glandular dots numerous, pellucid or sometimes blackish and visible on both surfaces, lateral nerves 10–14 pairs, with short intermediates. Inflorescence a pendent raceme, lateral, in axils of reduced leaves near apex of branches, 6–12 cm long including the peduncle, ± covered with capitate hairs. Pedicel thick, 6–12(–20) mm. Calyx split almost to base; lobes broadly ovate to suborbicular, ca 2 mm diam, dotted with thick glands, distinctly ciliate. Corolla white to pink, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, ca 6 by 4 mm, ± acute, densely dotted with black glands. Anthers ca 3.5 mm, acute, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3.5 mm. Drupe globose, 6–7 mm diam, densely punctate."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544074	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544074	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, near streams; alt. 200–800 m. Flowering in June; fruiting in November."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544074	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544074	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, West Malaysia, Java, Sumatra."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544074	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544079	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 2–5 m high, young branches ferruginous-lepidote, ± compressed. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 8–15 mm; lamina lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, 13–28 by 3–8 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate or obtuse, entire, glabrous, lower surface sparsely and minutely rusty-lepidote; glandular dots many, scattered, obscure or slightly convex on both surfaces when dry; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs, with short intermediates; reticulation of veins slightly prominent beneath. Panicle terminal, pyramidal, 10–18 cm long, with a spread of 8–15 cm at base, 2–3 branched; rachis and branches ± rusty-lepidote and flattened; ultimate branchlets terminating in subumbellate clusters of 2–12 flowers. Pedicel 2–3 mm, glabrous or minutely puberulous, thickened in fruit. Flowers pale pink, 2.5–3 mm. Calyx ca 1 mm, split to ⅔ of its length, lobes triangular, acute or obtuse, black-punctulate, minutely ciliate. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes oblong-elliptic, obtuse, not punctate. Anthers ovate-lanceolate, ca 1.5 mm. Ovary conical-ovoid, glabrous; style slender, ca 4 mm, exserted before anthesis. Drupe globose, 4–5 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544079	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, frequent by streams or in damp grassy sites; alt. 30–1050 m. Flowering in October to December; fruiting in April to June."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544079	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Indo-China, West Malaysia, Java (type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544092	general	EN	"Small tree; branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 2–3 cm; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, 16–27 by 3.5–6.5 cm, apex long-acuminate, base cuneate, obscurely undulate-crenate, with indistinct marginal glands, glabrous on both surfaces; glandular dots numerous, orange, scattered, evident only with illumination; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs, with short intermediates; reticulation of veins prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescence compound-umbellate, glabrous, terminal on branches, these bearing only two leaves near apex. Peduncle very short, 2–4 mm; primary rays 5–20 mm. Pedicel ca 15 mm. Calyx ca 1.75 mm, deeply split; lobes broadly ovate, ca 1.8 mm wide, obtuse, densely dotted with brown glands, minutely ciliate. Drupe globose, ca 6 mm diam, longitudinally striate and with black glandular dots."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544092	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544092	ecology	EN	In dry evergreen forest.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544092	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544092	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544092	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544093	general	EN	"Shrub ca 1.2 m high; branchlets compressed, striate when dry, glabrous, with scattered rusty peltate scales and faint black dots. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 20–26 by 5–6.5 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base cuneate, entire, upper surface dull green, lower paler, dotted with small black glands; lateral nerves 20–24 pairs; reticulation of veins and veinlets distinct on both surfaces. Flowers in subsessile umbels crowded in leaf axils. Pedicel 1–5 mm, sparsely scurfy-puberulous. Calyx ca 1.25 mm, deeply split; lobes narrowly ovate, obtuse, with thick glandular dots on both sides. Corolla-tube ca 1 mm; lobes lanceolate, ca 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at base, ± obtuse, with a few glandular dots. Anthers lanceolate, ca 4 mm, subsessile, long-acuminate and awn-shaped. Ovary glabrous; style slender, ca 4 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544093	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544093	ecology	EN	In lowland evergreen forest.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544093	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544093	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544093	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001085852	general	EN	"Shrub, 1–3 m rarely to 5 m high; branchlets terete, fulvous-pubescent when young. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–8 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 8–15 by 2–3.8 cm, apex acuminate, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, subentire or undulate, rarely scalloped-crenate, with distinct marginal glands, glabrous above, ± pubescent below; glandular dots many, black, scattered, chiefly visible on lower surface; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs, curved-ascending, anastomosing near margin, with branches ending in marginal glands. Inflorescence compound-umbellate, ferruginous puberulous, terminal on branches. Peduncle stout, 5–10 mm; primary rays 1–3 cm, each bearing 2–4-flowers. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, thickened towards apex. Calyx ca 3 mm, split to ⅔ of its length or a little below; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, ca 1.75 mm wide, acute or obtuse, glabrous or slightly puberulous outside, thickly dotted with black glands. Corolla white or pink, 6–8 mm, deeply lobed; lobes broadly ovate, ca 4 mm wide, acute, with scattered black glands. Anthers ovate or broadly lanceolate, ca 5 mm, acute, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style 5–6 mm. Drupe globose, 7–8 mm diam, pinkish-red, with small black glandular dots."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001085852	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001085852	ecology	EN	"Frequent in evergreen forest along hillside, also occurring in mixed deciduous forest; alt. 700–2500 m. Flowering in March–May; fruiting in October–December."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001085852	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001085852	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001085852	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001389901	general	EN	Differs from var. corymbifera in having branchlets and undersides of leaves densely and persistently covered with multicellular hairs.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001389901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001389901	ecology	EN	"In forests, alt. 1000–1600 m."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001389901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001389901	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001389901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001085856	general	EN	"Shrub, 1–2 m rarely to 3 m high; branchlets slender, terete or slightly angular, glabrous, generally bearing 2–3-leaves close to the apices. Leaves subcoriaceous or chartaceous; petiole 4–10 mm; lamina elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6–15(–20) by 2–4 cm, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, crisp- or undulate-crenate, ± recurved, with large marginal glands, glabrous, with minute rusty scales on lower surface; glandular dots many, scattered, black or sometimes colourless, slightly convex when dry; lateral nerves 12–18 pairs, meeting in an irregular intramarginal vein near edge; veins usually obscure. Inflorescence subumbellate or corymbose, simple or compound, terminal on branchlets, glabrous or puberulous. Peduncle none or very short; primary rays (if present) 2–4 cm. Pedicel 0.5–1 cm. Calyx split almost to base, lobes ovate to oblong-ovate, ca 1.5 mm, acute, obtuse or rounded, punctate. Corolla white or pinkish, 4–6 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, acute, ca 3 mm wide, with scattered glandular dots. Anthers triangular-lanceolate, ca 4 mm, usually punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 5 mm. Drupe globose, bright red, with black glandular dots, 6–8 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001085856	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001085856	ecology	EN	"Frequent in evergreen forest along streams or in humid places, also found in dry dipterocarp-pine forest, boggy places and marshy grassland, from sea level to 1200 m. Flowering almost all year round."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001085856	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001085856	distribution	EN	"A widely distributed species found from India, Burma through south China, Vietnam to Japan and Philippines, and southwards to Malay Peninsula."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001085856	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544165	general	EN	"Small shrub to 1.5 m high; stems rather thick, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves crowded near apex of stem, sessile or with a very short, winged petiole; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, 18–30 by 5–9 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base attenuate, margin minutely and obtusely denticulate, membranous, upper surface glabrous, lower surface with scattered minute light brown capitate hairs, especially on midrib; glandular dots and short lines numerous and minute, black, chiefly visible on lower surface; lateral nerves 10–12 pairs, with branches ending in teeth; veins and veinlets conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, in axils of reduced leaves, covered with capitate hairs. Peduncle 7–12 cm, pendent after flowering; rachis 2–5 cm, with racemosely arranged branches, these 1–1.5 cm long, each bearing a subumbellate cluster of 2–4 flowers. Pedicel 1–1.3 cm. Calyx split nearly to base; lobes broadly ovate, ca 1.2 by 1 mm, acute or obtuse, glabrous, dotted with black glands, minutely ciliate. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes narrowly ovate, ca 7.5 by 3 mm, acuminate, black punctate. Anthers oblong, ca 3.5 mm, emarginated. Ovary glabrous; style curved. Drupe globose, ca 7 mm diam, bright red, with black glandular dots and lines."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544165	ecology	EN	In shady places along streams; alt 400–900 m. Flowering in June; fruiting in April.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544165	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544170	general	EN	"Small shrub, ca 0.5 m high (ex Kerr); branchlets slender, terete, dark green to blackish, young parts and inflorescence densely covered with rusty scales. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 8–15 mm, rusty scaly; lamina elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 8–13.5 by 2.5–4.5 cm, apex acuminate, tip ± blunt, base cuneate, entire, obscurely undulate, upper surface glabrous, dull olive-brown when dry, lower paler, rather densely covered with minute rusty scales; lateral nerves 15–22 pairs, with several short intermediates, irregularly spaced, curved-ascending, meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; reticulation of veins distinct on both surfaces. Inflorescence subumbellate, simple or compound, lateral near apex of branches. Peduncle 1–1.5 cm. Pedicel 4–7 mm. Calyx split almost to base; lobes triangular-ovate, ca 1 mm, acute, puberulous, minutely ciliate. Corolla ca 2.5 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, acute, ca 2 mm wide, with scattered dark glandular dots and lines. Anthers ovate, ca 1.25 mm, apiculate, black-punctulate on back. Ovary glabrous; style 2 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544170	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at low altitude (100 m).	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544170	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sumatra (type), Borneo."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544252	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree to 9 m high; branchlets terete or somewhat angular, upper parts densely covered by rusty scurfy tomentum. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate, 6–12 by 1.5–4 cm, apex shortly acuminate or ± acute, base cuneate, entire, glabrous, rather densely covered with appressed rusty peltate scales on lower surface; glandular dots and lines many, scattered, translucent; lateral nerves numerous and fine, parallel, meeting in an intramarginal vein near edge. Inflorescence subumbellate, simple or compound, 2–4 lateral near apex of branches, like a terminal corymb. Peduncle 1–2.5 cm, rusty-scaly, usually with 1–3 branches ca 2.5 mm long; each branch bearing 2–4 umbellate flowers. Pedicel 2–5 mm. Calyx split almost to base; lobes triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ca 1–1.25 mm, acute, distinctly ciliolate. Corolla pink, ca 3 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, acute, ca 1.75 mm wide, not punctate or with a few brown glands. Anthers ovate, ca 1.75 m, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style 4 mm, exserted before anthesis. Drupe subglobose, ca 7 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544252	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544252	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 300–950 m. Flowering in March; fruiting in May.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544252	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544252	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544252	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544255	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, usually 1–4 m, occasionally up to 10 m high, glabrous throughout; branchlets terete or slightly angular, greyish brown. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous; petioles 10–15 mm; lamina elliptic to obovate-oblong, 6–12 by 2.5–5 cm, apex bluntly acute to rounded, base cuneate, entire; glandular dots many, scattered, pellucid, evident only with illumination, or sometimes blackish and visible on both surfaces; lateral nerves 13–18 pairs, invisible in fresh plants, obscure in dry specimens; veins and veinlets usually obscure. Inflorescence corymbose racemes, (2–)4–8-flowered, in axils of normal leaves on the upper parts of branches. Peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm. Pedicel 8–15 mm. Flowers pink, 8–9 mm. Calyx ca 3 mm, split to ⅔ of its length; lobes broadly ovate to orbicular, ca 2.5 mm wide, obtuse, thickly dotted with brown or black glands, margin ± scarious, distinctly ciliate. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm wide, acuminate, with scattered purple glandular lines. Anthers lanceolate, ca 5 mm, apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 6 mm. Drupe slightly depressed globose, grey, with dark purple dots, ca 6 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544255	ecology	EN	"In beach forest behind mangrove, also in evergreen forest on sandstone hills; alt. 0–500 m. Flowering in May–July; fruiting in September–October."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544255	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. India, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, New Guinea."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544295	general	EN	"Shrub ca 1.5 m high; branchlets terete or obtusely quadrangular, young parts densely covered with rusty scales. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1–1.5 (2) cm; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 8–12 by 2.8–6 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base broadly cuneate, entire, glabrous, lower surface covered with minute appressed rusty scales; glandular dots small, numerous indistinct; lateral nerves (12–)16–24 pairs, irregularly spaced, meeting in an indistinct intramarginal vein; reticulation of veins very fine. Inflorescence subumbellate, lateral near apex of branchlets, like a terminal corymbose-panicle, rusty scaly. Common peduncle 15–35 mm; branches 4–15 mm, bearing 3–8 subumbellate flowers. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Calyx deeply split; lobes narrowly ovate, ca 0.75 mm, acute, scaly outside, minutely ciliate. Corolla pink; tube ca 0.75 mm; lobes ovate ca 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, acute, with scattered pellucid glands. Anthers ovate, ca 1.75 mm, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style ca 4 mm, exserted before anthesis. Drupe globose, ca 5 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544295	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544295	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 150–400 m. Flowering in March.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544295	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544295	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544295	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544297	general	EN	"Shrub ca 1.5 m high, glabrous throughout; branchlets terete, slender, marked with raised leaf scars. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 3–5 mm; lamina lanceolate 5–10 by 1.2–2 2 cm, apex long-acuminate, base cuneate, entire; glandular dots many, black, in the areoles of reticulate venation; lateral nerve 10–12 pairs, with short intermediates; reticulation of veins distinct on both surfaces. Inflorescence 2-flowered umbels, in axils of caducous bracts or reduced leaves near apex of branches. Peduncle slender, 13–20 mm. Pedicel 25–30 mm, slightly thickened towards apex in fruit. Calyx split nearly to base; lobes broadly ovate, ca 1.5 by 1.2 mm, rounded, densely dotted with black glands, minutely ciliate. Corolla lobed almost to base; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca 6.5–7 by 2.75 mm, acute, rather densely marked with black glandular dots and lines. Anthers lanceolate, ca 4.5 mm, acute, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 4 mm. Drupe globose, 5–6 mm diam, longitudinally striate and with black glandular dots."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544297	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544297	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest by streams; alt. 250 m. Flowering in November.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544297	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544297	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544297	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544301	general	EN	"Shrub ca 2 m high; branches obtusely quadrangular or terete, young parts sparsely covered with minute ferruginous capitate hairs. Leaves clustered or subverticillate; petiole 1.5–3 cm; lamina oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10–25 by 3–8 cm, apex shortly acuminate or ± acute, base cuneate or subacute, finely fimbriate-serrulate, chartaceous, glabrous, with numerous scattered minute slightly raised glandular dots, chiefly visible on lower surface; lateral nerves 20–30 pairs, prominent beneath, with branches ending in teeth. Inflorescence a slender corymbose-panicle, 8.5–15 cm long including the peduncle, 1.5–4 cm wide at base, slightly puberulous. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Calyx split nearly to base; lobes ovate, ca 0.8 mm, glabrous, dotted with black glands along midvein. Corolla white, 4–4.5 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, ca 2 mm wide, obtuse or ± acute, with scattered purple glandular dots and short lines. Anthers ovate, ca 2 mm, obtuse punctate on back. Ovary glabrous. Drupe unknown."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544301	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544301	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. ca 1400 m. Flowering in February.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544301	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544301	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544301	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544306	general	EN	"Shrub ca 1 m high; branchlets terete, densely ferruginous-tomentose when young, glabrous later. Leaves chartaceous; petiole ca 1 cm; lamina oblong to oblong-elliptic, 10–18 by 4–6 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base shortly narrowed, entire, glabrous on both surfaces; lateral nerves numerous and nearly all equal in thickness, parallel, meeting in an intramarginal nerve near edge. Inflorescence compound- corymbose, lateral or pseudoterminal, densely ferruginous-puberulous. Peduncle 2–15 mm; branches 1–2 cm, bearing 4–8 subumbellate flowers; pedicel 4–6 mm. Calyx ca 1.5 mm, deeply split; lobes triangular, acute, puberulous and black-punctate outside, distinctly ciliate. Corolla pink, ca 4.5 mm; tube ca 0.75 mm; lobes ovate, ca 3 mm wide, acute, with scattered dark glandular dots and short line. Anthers ovate, ca 2.5 mm, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style ca 4.5 mm, exserted before anthesis."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544306	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544306	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest. Flowering in March.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544306	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544306	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544306	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544318	general	EN	"Small shrub, 30–60 cm high; branches slender, terete, densely covered with rusty scales. Leaves rigidly chartaceous; petiole ca 3 mm, rusty scaly; lamina elliptic- lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 2.5–5 by 1–1.6 cm, apex acute or subacuminate, tip blunt, cuneately tapering to the obtuse or rounded base, entire, lower surface with scattered rusty peltate scales; lateral nerves numerous and fine, parallel, meeting in an intramarginal vein near edge. Inflorescence umbellate, with 2-(1) flowers, axillary on the upper part of branches or pseudoterminal, glabrous or nearly so. Peduncle 2–5 mm. Pedicel 5–7 mm, flowers pink, ca 4 mm. Calyx split almost to base; lobes ovate, ca 1.5 mm long, acute or subobtuse, dotted with black glands, ciliolate. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes broadly ovate, acute, sparsely punctate. Anthers ovate apiculate, not punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style equaling corolla-lobes. Drupe globose, 5–6 mm diam, deep red with black glandular dots."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544318	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544318	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest along stream or on slope of hills; alt. 600–1300 m. Flowering in July to August; fruiting in December.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544318	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544318	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544318	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544338	general	EN	"Shrub; branches terete or slightly angular, young parts and inflorescence densely fulvous-puberulous. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–15 mm; lamina lanceolate to elliptic lanceolate, 7–17 by 2–4.5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, entire, upper surface glabrous, lower puberulous mainly on the midrib; glandular dots many, black, chiefly visible on lower surface; lateral nerves 15–18 pairs, rather fine, curved-ascending; veins obscure. Inflorescence axillary, subumbellate, 4–5-flowered. Peduncle slender, 1.5–2 cm. Pedicel 8–13 mm. Flowers pink, ca 6 mm. Calyx ca 2 mm, deeply split; lobes elliptic-ovate, ca 1.25 mm wide, obtuse, not overlapping at base, puberulous, dotted with dark glands, distinctly ciliate. Corolla-tube ca 0.5 mm; lobes elliptic ca 3 mm wide, acute, with scattered black or purplish glandular dots and lines. Anthers ca 3.25 mm, apiculate, with a few glandular dots on back. Ovary glabrous; style 3.5 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544338	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, by streams and in moist places."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544338	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544353	general	EN	"Subshrub or shrub ca 1 m rarely to 3 m high, with a thick creeping rhizome; stems erect, rather thick, mostly unbranched, puberulous when young. Leaves mostly crowded near apex of stem, rarely subverticillate; petiole 1.5–4 cm, narrowly winged; lamina elliptic to elliptic- or oblong-oblanceolate, 15–48 by 6–17 cm, apex acute or subacuminate, base cuneate, decurrent to the petiole, fimbriate-serrulate, subchartaceous, glabrous or slightly pubescent on lower surface, with scattered distinctly raised glandular dots on both surfaces; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs. Inflorescence axillary or subterminal, paniculate, covered with minute capitate hairs, 25–35 cm long including the peduncle, 4–10 cm wide at base, 1x-branched; the branches racemosely arranged, each bearing a subumbellate or cymose cluster of 9–15 flowers. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm. Calyx deeply split, lobes ovate or broadly lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm, acute or obtuse, with a few glandular dots. Corolla white or pink, 4–5 mm; tube ca 1 mm; lobes ovate, 2.5–3 mm wide, acute or obtuse, with scattered brown and black lineolate glands. Anthers ovate, ca 2 mm, apiculate, not punctate. Ovary glabrous; style ca 5.5 mm. Drupe globose, 6–7 mm diam, red when ripe, longitudinally striate, ± dotted with glands."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544353	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544353	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 1250–1300 m. Flowering in July; fruiting in November.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544353	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544353	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type: a cultivated plant of Chinese origin), Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544353	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544376	general	EN	"Shrub ca 1 m high; branchlets slender, terete, densely ferruginous puberulous when young, glabrous later. Leaves membranous; petiole 6–13 mm; lamina oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 6.5–12.5 by 2–4 cm, broadest usually above the middle, ± cuspidate-acuminate, tapering towards the slightly obtuse base, entire or obscurely and remotely undulate near apex, glabrous except on the puberulous midrib beneath; glandular dots black or brownish, scattered prominent on both surfaces; lateral nerves 8–12 pairs, curved-ascending; reticulation of veins fine but prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescence lateral, subumbellate, in axils of fallen, reduced leaves near apex of branches, densely puberulous. Peduncle very slender, 1–2 cm, bearing (1–)2–4 flowers. Pedicel 8–13 mm. Calyx ca 2 mm, deeply split; lobes ovate, ca 1.25 mm wide, acute, punctate, minutely ciliate. Corolla ca 5 mm, lobed nearly to base; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca 2 mm wide, acute, with scattered brown glandular dots. Anthers lanceolate, ca 3.5 mm, apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style slender, ca 3.5 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544376	ecology	EN	In bamboo forest; alt. ca 100 m. Flowering in March.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544376	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544408	general	EN	"Small tree to 3 m high; branchlets, petioles and inflorescence densely and persistently ferruginous villous or tomentose. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–12 mm; lamina oblong-elliptic, rarely oblanceolate, 7–21 by 2.5–7.5 cm, apex acuminate, tapering towards the obtuse base, denticulate on the upper half or sometimes entire, upper surface covered with short appressed hairs, sometimes glabrescent except the hairy impressed midrib, hairs on the lower surface usually longer and thicker, especially so on midrib; glandular dots pellucid or sometimes blackish and visible on both surfaces; lateral nerves 12–16 pairs, prominent beneath; veins usually obscure. Inflorescence corymbose or subumbellate racemes, in axils of reduced leaves or normal leaves on the lower part of the current year’s branchlets. Peduncle (3–)5–10 cm; rachis very short (elongating to 1–3 cm after anthesis), bearing 3–15 flowers. Pedicel 10–15 mm (2–2.5 cm in fruit). Flowers white, 6–7 mm. Calyx densely ferruginous villous, split almost to base; lobes ovate, ca 3 mm, acute. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes elliptic-ovate, ca 4 mm wide, with scattered dark purple glandular dots. Anthers ca 4 mm, apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 4 mm. Drupe globose, 6–7 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544408	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544408	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest on granitic hills, also in dry deciduous forest, from sea level to 600 m. Flowering in December–June."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544408	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544408	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Cambodia, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544408	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544452	general	EN	"Undershrub ca 15 cm high. Stem rather thick, unbranched, young parts covered with short, capitate hairs. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1–1.5 cm, narrowly winged; lamina elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 11.5–18.5 by 5–8 cm, apex acute, tip blunt, base obtuse to subrotund, subentire with remote and small callose teeth, glabrous; glandular dots scattered, obscure on both surfaces; lateral nerves 6–8 pairs, slender, curved-ascending, not forming intramarginal vein; reticulation of veins invisible. Inflorescence pseudoterminal, opposite to uppermost leaf just below the terminal bud, racemose but with flowers subumbellately arranged at apex, covered with short, capitate hairs. Peduncle (in fruit) ca 3 cm; rachis ca 2 cm. Pedicel 1.2–1.5 cm. Calyx lobes ovate, ca 2 mm, acute, erose-denticulate, obscurely punctate. Flowers unknown. Drupe globose, red when ripe, 6–7 mm diam, longitudinally striate and with orange to black glandular dots."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544452	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544452	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at low altitudes.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544452	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544452	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544452	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544457	general	EN	"Small tree to 6 m high; branchlets rather thick, obtusely quadrangular, glabrous, with scattered faint black dots. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1.5–2 cm, glabrous; lamina oblong-elliptic, 13–20 by 6.5 cm, apex acute, tip blunt, base cuneate, indistinctly undulate, glabrous, dotted with orange or black rounded or elongate glands on both surfaces; lateral nerves 20–25 pairs; reticulation of veins visible beneath. Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 7–13 cm long including peduncle. Pedicel 10–15 mm, glabrous and purplish, with scattered black dots. Flowers violet, 7–8 mm. Calyx split almost to the base; lobes suborbicular, 1.5–2 mm diam, membranous, dotted with purplish or black glands. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes elliptic-ovate, ca 3.5 mm wide, obtuse, with scattered purplish or black glandular dots. Anthers ca 5 mm, apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 5 mm, punctulate. Drupe (immature) globose, ca 6 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544457	ecology	EN	In forest along streams; alt. 700 m. Flowering in December.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544457	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544491	general	EN	"Tree to 7.5 m high; branchlets greyish, young parts densely covered with rusty scales. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 8–15 mm, scaly when young; lamina obovate-oblanceolate to obovate, 4.5–13 by 2–5.2 cm, apex rounded, then abruptly acuminate, with acumen 2–4 mm, base cuneate, entire and slightly recurved, upper surface glabrous, lower with scattered appressed rusty peltate scales; lateral nerves numerous, parallel, meeting in an intramarginal vein near edge; veinlets indistinct. Inflorescence pseudoterminal, composed of simple or compound umbellate-corymbs. Peduncles of corymbs 8–25 mm, ± scurfy pubescent, bearing 4–9 subumbellate flowers, sometimes with short branches. Pedicel 5–8 mm, glabrous or nearly so. Calyx ca 1.25 mm, glabrous, split to ⅔ of its length; lobes ovate, obtuse or ± acute, dotted with brown glands, glandular-ciliate. Corolla ca 3 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, 1.5–2 mm wide, with scattered brown glands. Anthers ovate, ca 1.8 mm, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3 mm, exserted before anthesis."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544491	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544491	ecology	EN	In evergreen jungle by streams; alt. 500–660 m. Flowering in May.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544491	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544491	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544491	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001276110	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree; branchlets terete or slightly compressed, greyish, glabrous, young parts and inflorescence densely covered with ferruginous, scurfy hairs. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous; petiole 1–2 cm; lamina oblong or oblong-elliptic, 15–22 by 6–10 cm, apex broadly acute or abruptly acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, entire and slightly recurved, upper surface scaly when young, glabrous when mature, lower surface densely covered with rusty peltate scales; lateral nerves 24–30 pairs, parallel, arcuately connected near margin, as the midrib slightly impressed above, raised beneath; veinlets indistinct. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, up to 16 cm long, with a spread of 10 cm at base, 2x branched; branchlets bearing umbellate clusters of 4–10 flowers; rachis somewhat compressed. Pedicel 2–5 mm. Calyx 1.5 mm, scaly at base, split to ⅔ of its length; lobes ovate, obtuse, with glandular dots, margin scarious, ciliate. Corolla pink, tube ca 0.5 mm; lobes ovate, ca 3 by 2.5 mm, acute, with a very few glandular dots near apex. Anthers ovate, ca 2 mm, apiculate. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style ca 2 mm. Drupe globose, 4–5 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001276110	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001276110	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest. Flowering in March.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001276110	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001276110	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malaysia (Perak, type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001276110	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544521	general	EN	"Large shrub or small tree to 10 m high; branchlets terete, greyish, glabrous or sometimes fugaciously rusty-scaly. Leaves subcoriaceous petiole 1.2–2 cm; lamina elliptic-oblong to elliptic-obovate, 15–28 by 5–9 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base long-cuneate, entire or sometimes obscurely crenate near apex, glabrous, lower surface with scattered minute impressed rusty scales; glandular dots scattered, colourless, slightly convex on both surfaces when dry; lateral nerves 12–16 pairs, with short intermediates, meeting in an irregular intramarginal vein; veins and veinlets usually prominent on the lower surface. Panicle terminal, pyramidal, 8–16 cm long, with a spread of 6–17 cm at base, 1–2x-branched, ferruginous-puberulous; rachis and branches compressed; branchlets bearing a corymbose cluster of 4–10 flowers. Pedicel 8–15 mm, thickened upwards. Flowers pink or red, 9–10 mm long, ca 1.7 cm diam. Calyx ca 6 mm, split to ⅔ of its length; lobes orbicular or slightly depressed, 5–6 mm wide, apex rounded, base auriculate, margin denticulate and minutely ciliate. Corolla-tube ca 3 mm; lobes ovate, 6–7 by 5 mm, acute or obtuse, dotted with dark rounded glands. Anthers ca 5 mm long, gradually narrowed from the sagittate base, apiculate, with glandular dots on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 6 mm, rather thick at base, gradually narrowed into the punctiform stigma. Drupe globose, slightly depressed, smooth, 6–7 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544521	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544521	ecology	EN	In lowland and lower hill evergreen forest; alt. 50–500 m. Flowering in February–April.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544521	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544521	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malaysia (type), Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Java Celebes."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544521	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544585	general	EN	"Shrub 0.5–1.5 m high, glabrous throughout; branchlets terete or slightly angular, brownish when dry. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 6–19 by 1.5–6 cm, apex acuminate base cuneate, undulate-crenate, with large marginal glands, not punctate or with a few glandular dots along margin near apex, lower surface with sparsely scattered minute appressed rusty scales; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs, slightly prominent on both surfaces, meeting in an irregular intramarginal vein near edge; veinlets not evident. Inflorescence a subsessile umbel, 3-many-flowered, terminal on special flowering branches, these up to 3–8 cm long, bearing only two leaves near apex. Pedicel ca 10 mm, pendant, lengthening to 15–30 mm in fruit. Calyx ca 2 mm, split almost to base; lobes oblong, ca 1 mm wide, obtuse, occasionally with one or two minute purple glandular dots. Corolla white, ca 4.5 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca 2 mm wide, acuminate, with a few scattered very small purple glandular dots. Anthers ovate, ca 2.5 mm, sparsely punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3.5 mm. Drupe globose, 5–6 mm diam, bright red when ripe."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544585	ecology	EN	Scattered in evergreen forest; alt. 600–1300 m. Flowering in June; fruiting in October–February.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544585	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544617	general	EN	"Shrub 1–2.5 m high; branchlets slender, terete or slightly angular, glabrescent. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1–1.5 cm; lamina elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 10–19 by 3–6 cm, apex acuminate, base acute, undulate-crenate, glabrous, with scattered minute rusty scales on lower surface at least when young; glandular dots generally colourless, scattered, convex on both surfaces when dry; lateral nerves 14–18 pairs, with short intermediates, meeting in an irregular intramarginal vein near edge; veins and veinlets fine, not evident. Inflorescence compound umbellate, terminal on branches, covered with ferruginous short hairs. Peduncle 5–10 mm; primary rays 2–3, 1–3 cm long, each bearing 3–7 flowers. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, somewhat longer in fruit. Calyx 1.5–2 mm, split almost to base; lobes ovate to oblong, ca 1 mm wide, obtuse, membranous, glabrous, generally not punctate, rarely with 1–2 brown glandular dots. Corolla pink, 5–6 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm wide, acute, usually without coloured glandular dots. Anthers lanceolate, ca 3.5 mm, usually not punctate. Ovary glabrous; style 5–6 mm. Drupe globose, reddish or blackish, 7–9 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544617	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544617	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 1000–1400 m. Flowering in March–July.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544617	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544617	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Burma, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544617	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544620	general	EN	"Shrub ca 50 cm high; branches rather thick, terete, densely fulvous-villous, later glabrate, grayish-brown. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 10–15 mm, villous; lamina elliptic, 13–20 by 5–7 cm, apex acute or somewhat obtuse, base cuneate, obscurely and remotely crenulate above the middle, glabrous above, sparsely villous beneath when young, soon glabrate except on the midrib beneath; glandular dots and lines numerous, scattered, on young leaves; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs, at some distance from the margin arcuately connected. Inflorescence subumbellate-corymbose, many-flowered, in axils of leaves near apex of branches, with indumentum as the branches but denser. Peduncle 3.5–4.5 cm. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm. Calyx ca 3.5 mm, split nearly to base; lobes broadly ovate to suborbicular, ca 3 mm wide, obtuse, pubescent, dotted with black and orange glands, fimbriate-ciliate. Corolla pink; tube ca 1 mm; lobes elliptic-ovate, ca 7 by 5 mm, acute, densely marked with black and orange glandular dots and short lines. Anthers ca 6 mm, lanceolate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 4.5 mm, punctate."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544620	ecology	EN	Common in clearings; alt. 500–600 m. Flowering in September.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544620	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544624	general	EN	"Undershrub to 1 m high; stems erect from the decumbent and rooting base, terete, young parts densely fulvous-villous. Leaves subopposite; petiole 1–3 cm, villous; lamina elliptic to obovate-oblanceolate 5.5–19 by 2.6–6 cm, apex acute to broadly acute, base cuneate or sometimes ± rounded, sharply serrate, thinly chartaceous, upper surface minutely hirtellous when young, soon becoming glabrous, lower surface hirsute-villous mainly on the raised midrib and nerves, dotted with dark or pellucid glands; lateral nerves 8–14 pairs, curved-ascending, anastomosing near edge. Inflorescence subumbellate, simple or compound, puberulous, in axils of reduced leaves near apex of stem. Peduncle 0.6–2 cm. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Calyx ca 1.5 mm, split nearly to base; lobes ovate, acute, rarely obtuse, punctate puberulous outside, minutely ciliate. Corolla pink to white, 3.5–4 mm; tube ca 0.5 mm; lobes narrowly ovate-elliptic, 1.5–2 mm wide, acute or obtuse, densely dotted with brown lineolate and rounded glands. Ovary lepidote-puberulous or sometimes glabrescent; style 1.5–2 mm. Drupe globose, 7–8 mm diam, bright red when ripe, dotted with dark glands."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544624	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544624	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at low elevation (50–100 m). Flowering in April.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544624	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544624	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malaysia (type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544624	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544710	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree to 6 m high; branchlets, inflorescence, petiole and underside of leaves densely covered with ferruginous scurfy hairs mixed with some stellate scales. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 8–16 mm; lamina oblong or elliptic-oblong, 8–16 by 3–5 cm, apex acute, tip blunt, base broadly cuneate or somewhat rounded, entire, upper surface drying dark brown, glabrous, lateral nerves 15–18 pairs, irregularly spaced, obscure above, raised beneath, departing at an angle about 65°, at some distance from the edge arching upwards and connected; veinlets slender, obscure on lower surface. Inflorescence a terminal lax leafy-panicle, up to 20 cm long, with a spread of 18 cm at base, 2x-branched; primary branches 1–4.5 cm, secondary branches 6–15 mm, bearing subumbeliate clusters of 6–10 flowers. Bracts foliaceous, spathulate or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–5 cm. Pedicel ca 5 mm. Calyx ca 1.5 mm, split to ⅔ of its length; lobes ovate-triangular, acute, ciliate, ± scaly. Corolla pink, ca 4 mm; lobes ovate, ca 2 mm wide, acute, shortly fused at base, with numerous pellucid glands. Anthers lanceolate, ca 3 mm. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style ca 3 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544710	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544710	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest on slope of hills. Flowering in April.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544710	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544710	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malaysia (Perak, type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544710	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544730	general	EN	"Small tree to 5 m high; branchlets slender, terete, or slightly angular, sparsely puberulous when young, later glabrescent; terminal bud densely ferruginous villous. Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous, petiole 1–1.5 cm, initially puberulous, lamina narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 6–12 by 2.5–4 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, entire glabrous, with scattered black glandular dots on both surfaces; lateral nerves numerous and fine, parallel, at some distance from margin arcuately connected; veinlets visible on both surfaces. Inflorescence umbellate, usually 2-flowered, emerging from lower part of the current year’s branch, sparsely puberulous. Peduncle 1–2 cm. Pedicel ca 1.5 cm, divaricate, arching upwards, slightly thickened towards apex. Flowers pink, 6–7 mm. Calyx ca 2 mm, split to ¾ of its length; lobes broadly ovate or orbicular, ca 2 mm wide, puberulous, with scattered glandular dots, fimbriate-ciliate. Corolla-tube ca 1.75 mm; lobes ovate, ca 4.5 mm wide, obtuse or ± acute, dotted with purplish or black glands. Anthers 4 mm, acute, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style 4.5 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544730	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544730	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 800 m. Flowering in April.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544730	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544730	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544730	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544733	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–6 m high; branches glabrous, smooth, terete or obtusely angular. Leaves subcoriaceous; petiole 5–15 mm; lamina oblong-elliptic, rarely oblong-lanceolate, 13–23 by 3.5–9 cm, apex acute or obtuse, rarely shortly acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces; glandular dots many, slightly convex when dry, colourless; lateral nerves 12–14 pairs; veins and veinlets usually indistinct. Panicle terminal, 10–25 cm, erect or obliquely ascending, 1x-branched; branches 1–3 cm long, bearing 3–10 corymbosely arranged purple flowers. Pedicel 5–15 mm. Calyx ca 3 mm, split to ⅚ of its length; lobes ovate, cilitate, puberulous and glandular punctulate outside. Corolla-tube ca 1 mm; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca 3 mm wide, acute, sparsely punctulate. Anthers lanceolate, ca 5 mm, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 6 mm. Drupe globose, ca 6 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544733	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544733	ecology	EN	"Most frequent in evergreen forest along ravines, but also in dry deciduous forest and bamboo thickets, alt. 50–800 m. Flowering in September–November; fruiting in January–February."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544733	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544733	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544733	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544757	general	EN	"Tree to 8 m high; branchlets grey, ± angular, young parts and inflorescence densely covered with rusty scales. Leaves chartaceous; petiole ca 5 mm; lamina elliptic, 7–13 by 2–4.5 cm, apex acuminate, tip ± blunt, base cuneate, entire or obscurely undulate, glabrous, lower surface covered with minute appressed rusty scales; glands numerous, translucent; lateral nerves numerous and fine, parallel, meeting in an intramarginal vein near edge; reticulation of veins and veinlets distinct on both surfaces. Inflorescence pseudoterminal, corymbose-paniculate, 1.5–4 cm long, with a spread of 2–7 cm at base, 1–2x-branched; the branchlets bearing 3–8 subumbellate flowers. Pedicel 4–7 mm. Calyx ca 1 mm, glabrescent, deeply split; lobes ovate, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla white; tube ca 0.5 mm; lobes ovate, ca 2 by 2–2.5 mm, acute, with a few indistinct brown glands. Anthers 1.75–2 mm, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style 3.5–4 mm, exserted before anthesis. Drupe depressed globose, ca 5 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544757	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544757	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest and disturbed forest, frequently on limestone hills; alt. 200–900 m. Flowering in March to May; fruiting in August to October."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544757	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544757	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544757	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544798	general	EN	"Small undershrub 30–60 cm high; stem usually unbranched, woody at base, upper part herbaceous, densely fulvous-villous. Leaves subopposite; petiole 3.5–5 cm, fulvous-villous, not winged; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic or slightly obovate-elliptic, 15–22 by 5.5–7 cm, apex acute, base long-cuneate, sharply denticulate-serrulate except for a short distance near the base, thinly chartaceous, glabrous above except on the puberulous midrib, fulvous-villous on veins beneath; glandular dots small and numerous, not prominent; lateral nerves 10–14 pairs, irregularly spaced, curved-ascending, anastomosing at some distance from the margin; veins prominent beneath. Inflorescence a slender panicle, composed of small corymbs, 4–15 cm long including the common peduncle. Peduncle of corymbs 2–5 mm long, bearing 2–4 flowers. Pedicel 5–8 mm, puberulous. Calyx ca 1.75 mm, deeply split; lobes ovate, acute, dotted with thick black glands. Immature fruit oblong, beaked at apex, covered with rusty scales."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544798	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544798	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544833	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1–3 m rarely to 6 m high, glabrous throughout; branchlets terete, greyish brown. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1–3 cm; lamina elliptic, oblong-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate 8–23 by 3.5–7 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, entire glandular dots many, black, more numerous along the margin; lateral nerves numerous and fine, parallel; reticulation of veins visible on both surfaces. Inflorescence an abbreviated raceme axillary or occasionally subterminal, 5–8(–2)-flowered. Peduncle 2.5–5 cm, to 9 cm in fruit, ± compressed. Pedicel ca 1 cm in fruit. Flower-buds rounded, 4–5 mm. Calyx split nearly to base; lobes orbicular, 2–2.5. mm diam, distinctly dotted with black glands, margin scarious, ciliate. Corolla reddish purple, 6–7 mm; tube less than 1 mm; lobes broadly ovate, 3.5–4 mm wide, obtuse or ± acute, densely dotted with rounded or lineolate glands. Anthers 4–5 mm, apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style ca 4 mm. Drupe subglobose, ca 7 mm diam, with numerous black glandular dots."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544833	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544833	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, from sea level up to 1400 m. Flowering in December–May."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544833	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544833	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), West Malaysia."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544833	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544840	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, to 15 m high; branchlets densely ferruginous-villous, glabrescent, with raised lines from the edge of the base of petioles. Leaves chartaceous or thinly coriaceous; petiole ca 1 cm, ferruginous-pubescent; lamina oblong-elliptic or slightly obovate, 13–24 by 4–8 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, entire, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent on nerves beneath; glands numerous near margins; lateral nerves 14–20 pairs; reticulation of veins distinct on both surfaces. Umbels 3–8-flowered, subsessile, in the axils of fallen leaves on old branches. Pedicel 10–13 mm, pubescent. Calyx ca 2 mm, split nearly to base; lobes ovate, obtuse or ± acute, pubescent and obscurely punctate outside, distinctly ciliate along the edge, strongly reflexed after flowering. Corolla white, deeply lobed; lobes broadly ovate, 6–7 mm long, short-acuminate, sparsely punctulate. Anthers ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style as long as anthers. Drupe globose, 6–9 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544840	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544840	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest along streams; alt. up to 150 m.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544840	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544840	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544840	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544848	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–5 m high; branchlets terete, greyish, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina elliptic-oblong to elliptic-obovate, 10–15 by 3.5–6.5 cm, apex shortly acuminate to ± acute, base cuneate, entire and slightly recurved, glabrous, upper surface dark green and somewhat shining, lower paler, with scattered minute appressed rusty scales; lateral nerves 10–12 pairs, faint on both surfaces; veinlets invisible. Inflorescence a terminal corymbiform panicle, 6–18 cm long, with a spread of 5–12 cm at base, ± rusty scaly, usually 1x-branched; branches ascending, bearing a corymbose or subumbellate cluster of 2–8 flowers. Pedicel 1–1.8 cm. Calyx 4–5 mm, split to ⅘ of its length; lobes oblong-elliptic, 2.5–3 mm wide, obtuse, glabrous, dotted with dark glands, minutely ciliate. Corolla pink, 10–11 mm, tube ca 1.5 mm; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, with scattered black or dark purple glandular dots and short lines. Anthers 4.5–5 mm, apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 7 mm. Drupe globose, slightly depressed, ca 6 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544848	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544848	ecology	EN	In freshwater swamp forest at low altitude. Flowering in March.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544848	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544848	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544848	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544855	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 2–3 m high; branchlets grey, terete or compressed below inflorescence, glabrous. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1–2 cm, often flattened at base, lamina elliptic-oblong, 15–36 by 6–15 cm, apex bluntly acute to obtuse, base broadly cuneate, entire, narrowly recurved, upper surface glabrous, lower sparsely covered with rusty scales; lateral nerves 20–35 pairs, parallel, arcuately connected near margin; veinlets obscure above, conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence a terminal pyramidal panicle, 12–18 cm long, with a spread of 15 cm at base, 3-branched; branchlets bearing 4–8 subumbellate flowers; rachis and branches compressed, sparsely covered with ferruginous scurfy hairs, glabrescent in fruit. Pedicel 2–4 mm. Calyx ca 2.5 mm, split to ⅘ of its length; lobes ovate, glabrescent, densely dotted with dark rounded and lineolate glands, minutely ciliate. Corolla ca 4.5 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, ca 2.5 mm wide, acute, with scattered glandular dots and lines. Anthers ovate, ca 2 mm, apiculate punctate on back. Ovary rounded, glabrous; style ca 3 mm. Drupe subglobose, ca 4 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544855	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544855	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 150–400 m. Flowering in March.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544855	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544855	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544855	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544877	general	EN	"Shrub, ca 1.5 m high; branchlets obtusely quadrangular or terete, young parts and inflorescence ferruginous puberulous. Leaves chartaceous; petiole ca 5 mm, puberulous; lamina elliptic, 7–16 by 2.5–5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, undulate-dentate, glabrous above, sparsely puberulous on nerves beneath; glandular dots large, dark brown, scattered, more numerous and distinct near the margin; lateral nerves 10–12 pairs, curved-ascending, anastomosing near edge; reticulation of veins prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescence a few-flowered corymbiform raceme, axillary. Peduncle 5 cm, with a small leaf (18 by 7 mm) at apex. Pedicel 15–20 mm. Calyx split almost to base; lobes ovate, 3–3.5 mm, acute, puberulous outside, with glandular dots, ciliate. Corolla pink; lobes ca 7 by 3–3.5 mm, acute, with scattered purplish glandular dots. Anthers ca 5 mm, acute, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style 5 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544877	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544877	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, at low altitudes. Flowering in August."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544877	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544877	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544877	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544922	general	EN	"Shrub 0.5–1 m high; stems terete or slightly angular, dark purplish brown or blackish, young parts and inflorescence densely rusty-pilose. Leaves subcoriaceous; petiole 3–5 mm; lamina elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5–8 by 1–3 cm, apex acute, tip blunt, base cuneate or obtuse, undulate-crenate and narrowly recurved, glabrous above, sparsely pilose and with appressed rusty scales beneath; glandular dots many, generally colourless, slightly convex when dry; lateral nerves 10–15 pairs, obscure above, subconspicuous beneath; veinlets usually invisible. Inflorescence subumbellate, many-flowered, terminal on apex of branchlets. Pedicel 12–15 mm. Flowers pink, 7–8 mm. Calyx deeply split; lobes ovate, 2.5–3 by 1.5–2 mm, acute, glabrescent, thickly dotted with dark glands, margin somewhat scarious. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes ovate, 4–4.5 mm wide, acute, with scattered purple or black glandular dots. Anthers lanceolate, ca 5.5 mm, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 6 mm. Drupe globose, red when ripe, with black glandular dots, 6–7 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544922	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544922	ecology	EN	"In open grassy land and pine forest, on sandy soil; alt. 1200–1300 m. Flowering in November–December. Fruit maturation takes a year."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544922	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544922	distribution	EN	"Thailand, apparently confined to Phu Kradueng, but here rather common."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544922	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544941	general	EN	"Shrub or tree to 8 m high, glabrous throughout; branchlets stout, terete or slightly angular, marked with large leaf scars. Leaves chartaceous; petioles 1–2 cm; lamina oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate, 12–20 by 4–8.5 cm, apex bluntly acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, entire; glandular dots numerous, black, scattered, more distinct on young leaves; lateral nerves 12–20 pairs, with short intermediates, arching upwards at some distance from the margin. Inflorescence an abbreviated raceme, in axils of present or fallen upper leaves, usually many-flowered; peduncle 3–10 cm, thick and compressed; rachis very short at start of flowering, to 1–6 cm in fruit and usually recurved. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm at flowering. Flower-buds conical, 8–10 mm. Calyx 4–5 mm, deeply split; lobes broadly ovate to reniform, ca 3 mm wide, dotted with black glands, minutely ciliate. Corolla pink, deeply lobed; lobes broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, dotted with black glands. Anthers oblong-lanceolate, ca 5 mm, apiculate, punctate on black. Drupe depressed globose, 7–9 mm diam, densely punctate."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544941	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, dry Dipterocarp forest, on sandstone hills; alt. 400–900 m."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544941	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), China, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544987	general	EN	"Small tree to 5 m high; branchlets terete or slightly compressed, densely ferruginous lepidote when young, later glabrescent, greyish, striate when dry. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7–12 by 1.8–2.5 cm, apex obtuse or ± rounded, base cuneate, entire, upper surface glabrous, lower sparingly and minutely rusty-scaly; glandular dots numerous and minute, slightly convex on both surfaces when dry; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs, with several shorter intermediates, prominent beneath; veinlets obscure. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, 2–3.5 by 1.5–2 cm, densely ferruginous lepidote; rachis somewhat zigzag, with 3–4 short branches, each bearing a subumbellate cluster of 3–7 flowers. Pedicel 1.5–2 mm. Flowers pale pink, ca 3 mm. Calyx ca 1 mm, deeply split; lobes ovate or triangular, obtuse, with glandular dots outside, margins scarious and minutely ciliate. Corolla lobed almost to base; lobes ovate, acute, with scattered black glandular dots. Anthers ovate, ca 1.5 mm, glandular-punctate dorsally. Ovary ovoid; style ca 4 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544987	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544987	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. ca 300 m. Flowering in July.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544987	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000544987	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000544987	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545004	general	EN	"Shrub ca 3 m high; branchlets grey, obtusely guadrangular, somewhat sulcate when dry, swollen at base, young parts and inflorescence covered with appressed rusty peltate scales. Leaves chartaceous; petiole ca 10 mm; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 9–18 by 2.5–4.5 cm, apex shortly acuminate or ± acute, base cuneate, entire and slightly recurved, glabrous, lower surface with scattered minute rusty scales when young; glandular dots numerous, scattered, slightly convex on both surfaces when dry; lateral nerves 15–18 pairs; reticulation of veins and veinlets faint above, distinct beneath. Panicle axillary, on the upper part of branches, 5–7.5 cm long including the peduncle, with a spread of 2.5–5 cm at base, 1–2x branched; branchlets bearing 2–4 umbellate flowers. Pedicel 3–5 mm. Calyx deeply split; lobes ovate ca 1 mm long, obtuse, ciliate, dotted with black glands. Corolla pink, deeply lobed; lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, ca 3 by 2 mm, obtuse, dotted with black and brown glands. Anthers ovate, ca 1.75 mm, acute. Ovary glabrous; style ca 5 mm, exserted before anthesis."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545004	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545004	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 333–1200 m. Flowering in February.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545004	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545004	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545004	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545011	general	EN	"Small shrub, stem creeping at base, upper part ascendent, to 30 cm high, densely covered with light brown crisped long hairs when young. Leaves opposite or subverticillate; petiole ca 5 mm, villous; lamina elliptic-ovate or obovate, 1.5–6.5 by 1–3.5 cm, apex acute or obtuse, base acute or rounded, serrate or denticulate, chartaceous, upper surface sparsely strigose at least when young, lower surface strigose or mixed with long crisped hairs, with scattered minute orange glandular dots, especially along the margin; lateral nerves 4–6(–8) pairs, prominent beneath, ending in callose teeth; reticulation of veinlets conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescence umbellate, (1–)2–4-flowered, pubescent or hirsute, axillary from axils of reduced leaves. Peduncle slender, 1–4 cm. Pedicel 4–10 mm. Calyx split nearly to base; lobes lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, acuminate, pilose or glabrescent, indistinctly punctate. Corolla white or pink, 3–4 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate or broadly ovate, acute, sparsely punctate. Anthers ovate, generally punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style equaling corolla-lobes. Drupe globose, ca 5 mm diam, red when ripe, dotted with small dark glands."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545011	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545011	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, along rivers, on sandstone hills; alt. 600 m. Fruiting in December."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545011	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545011	distribution	EN	"China, Japan (type), Korea and Philippines. Its isolated occurrence in Thailand is far from the distribution centre."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545011	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545028	general	EN	"Shrub usually 1.5–2 m, occasionally up to 6 m high; branchlets slender, terete, young parts densely covered with rusty peltate scales. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5–15 by 1.5–3(–4) cm, apex acuminate, tip blunt, base cuneate, entire and slightly recurved, upper surface glabrous, dull greyish green, lower brownish, generally covered with rusty scales; lateral nerves numerous and fine, parallel, meeting in an intramarginal vein near edge; veinlets indistinct. Inflorescence cymose or subumbellate, 2–12-flowered, lateral or pseudoterminal. Peduncle slender, (5–)10–25 mm. Pedicel 4–8 mm, as the peduncle glabrous or nearly so. Calyx 1–1.5 mm, split to ¾ of its length; lobes triangular-ovate, acute, minutely ciliate. Corolla white, ca 3 mm, deeply lobed; lobes broadly elliptic ovate, acute or obtuse, dotted with black glands. Anthers ovate, ca 1.25 mm, acute to apiculate, ± black-punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3 mm. Drupe typically depressed-globose, 5-angled, frequently globose and without angles."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545028	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545028	ecology	EN	In evergreen and bamboo forest along streams; alt. 600–1700 m. Flowering in May; fruiting in November.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545028	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545028	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545028	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545075	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m high; branchlets slender, spreading, minutely ferruginous pubescent. Leaves membranous; petiole 5–15 mm; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 8–20 by 3.5–4.5 cm, apex long acuminate, base cuneate or shortly narrowed, prominently and regularly undulate-crenate, upper surface glabrous, dark brown when dry, lower much paler, with scattered minute rusty peltate scales; glandular dots sparsely scattered on both surfaces; lateral nerves 10–14 pairs, irregularly spaced; veins and veinlets obscure. Inflorescence an umbellate-raceme, 3–12-flowered, subsessile, terminal on branchlets, these bearing only 2–3 leaves near apex. Pedicel slender, 1.7–3.4 cm, minutely rusty pubescent. Flower-bud ovoid. Calyx ca 1.8 mm, deeply split; lobes broadly triangular, acute or obtuse, sparsely punctate and puberulous. Corolla ca 3.75 mm; tube very short; lobes broadly ovate, ca 2.5 mm wide, acute, densely dotted with black glands. Anthers oblong ca 2 mm. Ovary glabrous; style slender, ca 1.5 mm. Drupe ovoid, 7–8 mm diam, dark red, sparsely striate and gland-dotted."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545075	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545075	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest by stream; alt. 200 m.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545075	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545075	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malaysia (type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545075	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001389826	general	EN	"Inflorescence glabrous; flowers larger, corolla ca 6 mm long."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001389826	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001389826	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, alt. 150–500 m. Flowering in February."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001389826	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001389826	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malaysia (Kedah)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001389826	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545090	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–4 m high; branchlets slender, terete or obtusely quadrangular, ferruginous pubescent when young, later glabrous, purplish brown when dry. Leaves thinly coriaceous; petiole 6–10 mm; lamina oblong-elliptlc, 5–11 by 2–4 cm, apex acuminate to cuspidate-acuminate, rarely ± acute or obtuse, base broadly cuneate to acute, shallowly crentate and distinctly recurved, with large marginal glands, glabrous and shining above, covered with minute rusty scales beneath; lateral nerves 10–14 pairs, irregularly spaced, curved-ascending, connected near margin, usually ending in marginal glands; reticulation of veins invisible. Inflorescence compound-umbellate, terminal on branches, minutely ferruginous puberulous. Peduncle 5–10 mm, primary rays 1–2 cm, each bearing (2–)4–7 flowers. Pedicel 1.5–2 cm, white or pink. Calyx less than 1 mm, split to middle or a little below; lobes triangular to oblong-ovate, obtuse, glabrescent, not punctate. Corolla pink to purple, 6–8 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca 2.5 mm wide, acute, glabrous, with a few purplish glandular dots. Anthers ca 3.5 mm, apiculate, sparsely punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 5.5 mm. Drupe globose, black, 6–7 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545090	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545090	ecology	EN	Scattered in evergreen forest; alt. 600—1300 m. Flowering in October–May.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545090	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545090	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545090	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545102	general	EN	"Shrub; branchlets terete or obtusely quadrangular, greyish, young parts densely covered with rusty scales. Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous; petiole 5–10 mm, rusty scaly; lamina lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 8–16 by 1.5–4 cm, apex acuminate, somewhat falcate, tip ± blunt, base cuneate, entire, slightly recurved, upper surface dull olive-brown when dry, glabrous, lower light brown, with scattered minute appressed rusty scales; glandular dots many, rather large, convex on both surfaces when dry; lateral nerves 20–25 pairs, with shorter intermediates, parallel; reticulation of veins indistinct. Inflorescence subumbellate, lateral on the upper part of branchlets, scurfy puberulous. Peduncle 8–20 mm; branches 5–10 mm. Pedicel ca 5 mm in fruit. Calyx split almost to base; lobes lanceolate, acute, distinctly ciliate. Corolla of immature flowers ca 2 mm long; lobes ovate, acute. Immature fruit globose, 4.5 mm diam, glabrous, with elongate glands."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545102	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 2100 m.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545102	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545233	general	EN	"Small shrub ca 1 m high; branchlets slender, terete or obtusely quadrangular, densely covered with ferruginous scurfy hairs when young, glabrate and becoming grey or greyish brown with maturity. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 3–10 mm; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 6–16 by 1–3.5 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, indistinctly undulate, glabrous, with a few scattered minute rusty scales on lower surface; glandular dots many, scattered, purplish or black, slightly convex on both sides, lateral nerves numerous, parallel, at a distance of 1.5–2 mm from margin, meeting in an intramarginal vein and with large elongate glands. Inflorescence umbellate, 3–6-flowered, ferruginous puberulous, terminal on flowering branches, 5–15 cm long, bearing 2–3 leaves near apex. Peduncle very short. Pedicel 10–15 cm. Calyx in fruit 2–2.5 mm, deeply split; lobes broadly ovate, ca 2 mm wide, acute, puberulous outside. Corolla not seen. Drupe spherical; ca 6 mm diam, sparsely puberulous, red when ripe."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545233	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545233	ecology	EN	Scattered in dry evergreen forest; alt. ca 200 m. Fruiting in February.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545233	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545233	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545233	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545248	general	EN	"Shrub ca 2 m high; branchlets obtusely quadrangular, young parts and inflorescence densely covered with ferruginous short hairs. Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous; petiole ca 5 mm; lamina elliptic, 7–12 by 3–6 cm, apex shortly acuminate or subacute, tapering towards the ± obtuse base, entire or obscurely crenate on the upper half, glabrous above, sparsely covered with minute capitate hairs mainly on the nerves beneath; glandular dots many, black, scattered; lateral nerves 8–10 pairs, curved-ascending, anastomosing near margin; reticulation of veins prominent beneath. Inflorescence subumbellate, 2–4-flowered, in axils of reduced leaves on young branchlets. Peduncle 1.3–2 cm, with foliaceous bracts, 5 by 2 mm, at apex. Pedicel 8–15 mm. Flowers pink, 7–8 mm. Calyx ca 3.5 mm, deeply split; lobes elliptic-ovate, ca 2 mm wide, obtuse, puberulous, dotted with small black glands, distinctly ciliate. Corolla-tube ca 0.5 mm; lobes ovate, 3.5 by 4 mm wide, acute, with rather dense purplish glandular dots. Anthers lanceolate, ca 4 mm. apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style 5 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545248	ecology	EN	In scrub at low altitudes. Flowering in March.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545248	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545255	general	EN	"Large shrub or small tree to 6 m high; branchlets terete or slightly angular, minutely rusty-scaly when young. Leaves ± crowded towards apex of branches; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina oblong-elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 8–18 by 3.5–6 cm, apex shortly acuminate or obtuse base cuneate, entire, thinly coriaceous, glabrous; glandular dots large, mainly along margins; lateral nerves 10–15 pairs, with short intermediates, raised beneath; veins visible on both surfaces when young. Inflorescence a terminal compact pyramidal panicle, 7–10 cm long, with a spread of 5–10 cm at base, ± scurfy-puberulous, 2x-branched; common peduncle none or very short; rachis rather thick; branchlets slender, bearing many racemosely arranged flowers. Pedicel 5–7 mm long. Calyx split to ⅔ of its length; lobes orbicular, margin erose-denticulate and ciliolate. Corolla white; lobes broadly ovate, 3.5–4 mm long, acute, with a few brown glandular dots, margin denticulate. Anthers ovate, acute ca 2.5 mm long, dorsally punctate. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3.5 mm. Drupe globose, ca 5 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545255	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, by stream; alt. up to 600 m."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545255	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Java, Sumatra (type), West Malaysia, Burma."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545258	general	EN	"Shrub 1–2.5 m high; branchlets terete or slightly angular, glabrous. Leaves rigidly chartaceous or subcoriaceous; petiole 5–10 mm; lamina 7–18 by 2–5 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base acute to obtuse, undulate-crenate, with distinct marginal glands, glabrous, not punctate or with a few glandular dots along the margin, rather densely covered with rusty scales on lower surface; lateral nerves 14–20 pairs, curved ascending, meeting in an inconspicuous intramarginal vein near edge; veins and veinlet fine, visible beneath. Inflorescence compound corymbose-umbellate, terminal on branches, covered with ferruginous short hairs. Peduncle 1–3 cm; primary rays 2–3, 3–6(–11) cm long, ± compressed in fruit, each bearing 4–8 flowers. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm. Calyx 2.5–3 mm, slightly enlarged in fruit, split nearly to base; lobes ovate, ca 1.5 mm wide, obtuse, with a very few obscure glandular dots, glabrous outside. Corolla pink, 5–6 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca 2.5 mm wide, acute, with a few scattered purplish minute glandular dots. Anthers lanceolate, ca 4.5 mm. Drupe globose, 8–9 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545258	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545258	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 1000–1900 m. Flowering in April; fruiting in December.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545258	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545258	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Laos."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545258	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545283	general	EN	"Shrub 0.5–2 m high; branchlets slender, glabrous, with raised lines descending from base of petioles. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 6–10 mm; lamina oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 7.5–15 by 2–4.5 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, distinctly crenulate-denticulate; glabrous on both surfaces; glandular dots scattered, more numerous and prominent near margin; lateral nerves numerous and fine, at first parallel, then arching upwards and anastomosing at some distance from the margin; reticulation of veins prominent. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, 3–13 cm long, glabrous, 1x-branched; branches very slender, 2–10 cm long, bearing many racemosely arranged flowers. Pedicel slender, 8–20 mm. Flowers 4-merous, buds slender. Calyx 1–1.25 mm, deeply split; lobes ovate, ca 1 mm wide, obtuse, dotted with black glands, minutely ciliate. Corolla pink, 5–6 mm, cleft nearly to base; lobes lanceolate, ca 1.75 mm wide, acute, with scattered black and orange glandular dots and short lines. Anthers linear-lanceolate, ca 5 mm, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style slender, ca 5 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545283	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545283	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, alt. 50–300 m. Flowering in April to May."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545283	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545283	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545283	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545305	general	EN	"Small shrub, ca 0.3 m high; branches obtusely quadrangular, sparsely puberulous when young. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1–2 mm, initially puberulous; lamina elliptic, 15–20 by 4–6 cm, apex acuminate to acute or subacute, base cuneate, undulate-crenate, glabrous and greyish green on both surfaces; glandular dots pellucid, numerous; lateral nerves 12–14 pairs, curved-ascending. Inflorescence lateral, just below the uppermost leaf of branches, umbellate, ca 6-flowered, ferruginous puberulous. Peduncle ca 10 mm. Pedicel thick, 8–10 mm. Calyx deeply split; lobes ovate or triangular, ca 2 by 1.5 mm, obtuse, not punctate or sparsely punctate, puberulous outside, not ciliate. Corolla pink, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, 6 by 3–3.5 mm, subacute, glabrous, sparsely punctate. Anthers acuminate, sparsely punctate on back. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, ca 1 mm diam; style 4 mm. Drupe red, globose, ca 1 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545305	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. 200–600 m. Flowering in January.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545305	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545314	general	EN	"Shrub ca 1.5 m high; branchlets blackish, marked by ridges descending from bases of petioles, glabrous, uppermost and the terminal bud covered with appressed peltate rusty scales. Leaves subcoriaceous; petiole ca 5 mm; lamina lanceolate, 8.5–13.5 by 1.5–3 cm, apex acute, shortly tapered towards the base, entire, glabrous, upper surface deep green-black, lower purplish when dry; glandular dots few, scattered, colorless and inconspicuous; lateral nerves about 12 pairs, very obscure above, slightly prominent beneath; veins and veinlets invisible. Inflorescence lateral, racemose, in axils of reduced leaves near apex of branches, glabrous; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm; rachis 1–1.5 cm; pedicel ca 1 cm. Calyx ca 1.75, split to ¾ of its length; lobes ovate, acute, with glandular dots, margin glabrous. Corolla purple (ex Kerr), 4.5–5 mm; tube ca 1 mm; lobes ovate, ca 2.5 mm wide, acute, indistinctly dotted with brownish glands. Anthers ovate, ca 2.5 mm, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; style 3 mm. Immature fruit globose, glabrous."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545314	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545314	ecology	EN	In mixed deciduous forest; alt. ca 200 m. Flowering in May.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545314	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545314	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545314	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545320	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree to 4 m high; bark smooth; branchlets reddish brown, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous; petiole 8–15 mm, ± scaly; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, 8–14 by 2.8–5 cm, apex acuminate, base shortly attenuate to rounded, dark green and ± shining above, ferruginous lepidote beneath, lateral nerves 14–18 pairs, obscure on both surfaces, anastomosing near margin. Inflorescence a lax terminal panicle, 5–15 cm long, 2x-branched; rachis compressed, scaly; branchlets 3–6 mm, bearing an umbellate cluster of 3–8 flowers. Pedicel 2.5–4 mm. Calyx ca 0.8 mm, split to ⅔ of its length; lobes ovate, ± blunt, punctate, minutely ciliate. Corolla white to light pink; tube ca 2 mm, lobes broadly ovate to orbicular, 1.8–2 by 1.5–2 mm, acute or obtuse, with a few reddish glandular dots. Anthers ovate, ca 1 mm, apiculate, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 2.8 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545320	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545320	ecology	EN	Lowland forest; alt. 50 m. Flowering in June.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545320	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545320	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malaysia (type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545320	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545337	general	EN	"Small shrub ca 0.3 m high; branchlets densely covered with rusty scales when young, later glabrescent, greyish, striate when dry. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm, initially rusty scaly; lamina narrowly elliptic, 5–10 by 1.5–3 cm, apex shortly acuminate or somewhat acute, base cuneate, crenate-dentate, with obtuse teeth, glabrous or with a few scattered rusty scales above, rather densely covered with rusty peltate scales beneath, especially on midrib; glandular dots many, scattered; lateral nerves 10–12 pairs, slightly raised beneath, meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; veins and veinlets fine, visible on both surfaces. Inflorescence axillary, usually a 2-flowered simple umbel, rarely with 1–2 branches and in a few-flowered panicle. Peduncle equaling the pedicel (5–8 mm), all densely rusty scaly. Calyx ca 1.25 mm, split almost to base; lobes ovate, scaly outside, dotted with thick glands. Corolla-tube very short; lobes ovate, 2.5 by 2 mm, acute, dotted with red glands. Stamens ca 2 mm; anthers acute. Ovary ovoid; style ca 3.5 mm."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545337	ecology	EN	In lowland evergreen forest.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545337	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545341	general	EN	"Shrub ca 0.5 m high; branchlets terete or slightly angular, densely rusty pubescent, glabrescent, dark brown. Leaves chartaceous; petiole ca 5 mm; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 7–14 by 2.8–4.5 cm, apex acuminate to cuspidate-acuminate, base cuneate, subentire or shallowly crenulate above middle, upper surface glabrous, lower ferruginous-pubescent mainly along nerves; glandular dots many, scattered, obscure, slightly convex when dry; lateral nerves 10–12 pairs; reticulation of veinlets fine, obscure. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicel ca 2.5 mm, ferruginous-pubescent. Calyx ca 3 mm, split almost to base; lobes ovate-elliptic, ca 2 mm wide, dotted with rounded brown or black glands, ciliate. Corolla white, ca 8 mm long; tube very short; lobes lanceolate, ca 3 mm wide at base, with a few glandular dots near apex. Anthers linear-lanceolate, ca 6 mm long. Ovary ovoid, pubescent; style slender, ca 7 mm long."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545341	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545341	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest on sandstone hills at low altitude. Flowering in June.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545341	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545341	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545341	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545370	general	EN	"Shrub, stem erect, 0.5–1 m high; young shoots, inflorescence and the midrib of leaves densely ferruginous villous or hirsute, the hairs often crisped. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 5–10 mm, densely villous; lamina elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, varying greatly in size, 4–20 by 1.5–7 cm, apex acuminate or acute, base cuneate, subentire or undulate-crenate, upper surface glabrous or nearly so (except on the impressed midrib), lower surface densely villous or hirsute; glandular dots many, black, scattered, conspicuous or sometimes obscure; lateral nerves 10–15 pairs, slender; veinlets very fine, obscure. Inflorescence umbellate, simple or compound, terminal on branches, rarely lateral on the main stem. Peduncle 0–2 cm. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Flowers pink to violet, rarely white, 5–7 mm. Calyx almost equaling the corolla, split nearly to base; lobes oblong-lanceolate, ca 2 mm wide, obtuse or acute, densely villous outside, with scattered black glandular dots. Corolla deeply lobed; lobes ovate 3.5–4 mm wide, acute, glabrous, with scattered glandular dots. Anthers lanceolate, ca 4.5 mm, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 5 mm. Drupe dark red or black, 5–7 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545370	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545370	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest and dry dipterocarp forest; on granite and Limestone; alt. 350–1500 m. Flowering in June–July; fruiting in February–April.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545370	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545370	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, West Malaysia (type), Indochina, China."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545370	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545379	general	EN	"Shrub 1–3 m high; branches terete or obtusely quadrangular, glabrous, marked with black glandular lines. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 1–1.5 cm, lamina oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 9–20 by 3–8.5 cm, apex acuminate or abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, margin crisped or sometimes crenulate with large marginal glands, glabrous, sometimes with scattered minute appressed scales on lower surface, generally abundantly black-punctate, at least along the margin beneath; lateral nerves 15–20 pairs meeting in an intramarginaI vein near the edge; reticulation of veins usually distinct on both surfaces. Inflorescence compound-corymbose or subumbellate, glabrous, terminal on branches. Peduncle very short; primaly rays 3–7 cm, ± compressed, each bearing 4–8 flowers. Pedicel 1–2 cm, lengthening to 3 cm in fruit. Calyx split nearly to base; lobes oblong-ovate to suborbicular, 2.5–3.5 mm, obtuse, thickly dotted with black glands. Corolla white, 6–8 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate to broadly ovate, ca 4 mm wide, acute or obtuse, with scattered black or purplish glandular dots and short lines. Anthers ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–5 mm. Drupe globose, 7–9(–10) mm diam, red, densely marked with rounded and elongate black glands."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545379	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, alt. 500–2500 m. Flowering in June–July."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545379	distribution	EN	"This is a widespread species found from Assam (type) to southern China, and southwards through Indochina to the Malay Peninsula."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545388	general	EN	"Small shrub, 20–50 cm high; branchlets thick, slightly angular ± pubescent when young. Leaves chartaceous; petiole 8–15 m, ± puberulous; lamina elliptic-obovate, 9–15 by 3–6 cm, apex shortly acuminate, base cuneate, remotely crenulate-dentate distally, glabrous on both surfaces; glandular dots numerous, scattered slightly convex on both surfaces when dry; lateral nerves 8–10 pairs, prominent beneath, curved-ascending and anastomosing at some distance from the margin, the lowest pair at first almost parallel to the midrib; veins fine but visible. Inflorescence subumbellate, in axils of leaves near apex of branches, puberulous, 3–6-flowered. Peduncle 10–25 mm. Pedicel 10–13 mm. Flowers pink or white. Calyx 2.5–3 mm, split nearly to base; lobes ovate, ca 2 mm wide, acute, puberulous outside, dotted with black glands, minutely ciliate. Corolla ca 5.5 mm, deeply lobed; lobes ovate, ca 3.5 mm wide, acute, densely dotted with black glands. Anthers ca 3 mm, punctate on back. Ovary glabrous; style ca 3.5 mm. Drupe globose, ca 5 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545388	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545388	ecology	EN	In open bamboo forest; alt. ca 100 m. Flowering in November.	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545388	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000545388	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type)."	"K. Larsen, Chi-ming Hu"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000545388	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000546980	general	EN	"Trees up to 20 m high; bark grey to whitish grey, lenticellate. Leaves (1–)2–4 jugate. Leaflets ovate, 2–7 by 2–4 cm, chartaceous; base shortly attenuate; apex emarginate to acuminate; usually subpilose close to base of midrib on both sides, seldom villous underneath. Inflorescences up to 15 cm long, with long cincinnate cymules. Flowers reddish green (sepals), pleasantly scented, 1.5–1.8 cm in diam. Sepals ovate to elliptic, 5.5–9 by 1.7–4.5 mm. Petals obovate, 3–3.3 by 0.7–1.2 mm, white. Stamens: filaments 6.3–9.1 mm long, green; anthers 1–1.2 by 0.5–0.8 mm, orange. Fruits 3.2–5.5 by 3–4.3 cm, stipitate; wings up to 2 cm wide. Seeds black with brown hairs, 5–5.5 by 5.5–6.5 mm."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000546980	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000546980	use	EN	The bark is used to prepare a decoction against 'Bahoog' (Northern).	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000546980	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000546980	ecology	EN	"Scattered to common in evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, and bamboo thickets; usually found on limestone. Altitude: 50–600 m. Flowering: November-February, (August); fruiting: January-April."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000546980	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000546980	distribution	EN	Apparently only in Laos (syntype) and Thailand.	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000546980	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547534	general	EN	"Prostrate, stem zigzag, sparsely pilose. Leaves lying flat on ground; petiole 0–3 mm; lamina ovate-oblong, 2.1–3.6 by 1.9–2.6 cm, base cordate, margin entire ± uneven and repand, apex rounded, upper surface glabrous, rough or scabrous, lower surface hirsute, densely hirsute when young, palmately 5–7-nerved. Flowers solitary, without floral bracts; pedicels 1–1.5 cm, laxly minutely hirsute; ovary 5–9 by 1–2 mm, densely hairy. Perianth 3.5–5 cm, utricle spherical or ovoid, 4–8 by 3–6 mm, tube 2–3 by 0.2–0.3 cm, limb linear 1.5–2 by 0.2–0.4 cm, apex obtuse, reddish-brown. Anthers oblong, 0.9–1 by 0.4–0.5 mm. Gynostemium 2.6 by 1.6 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, longer than the anther, slightly curved inwards. Fruit broadly ellipsoid, ± 1.5 by 1.2–1.5 cm; pedicel 1–1.5 cm. Seeds triangular-obovate, not winged, 4.5 by 4.5 mm, thick and convex at the apex, verrucose on one side, the other side brown."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547534	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547534	ecology	EN	"On sandy saline soil, along road sides, at 100–200 m altitude."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547534	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547534	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type)."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547534	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547713	general	EN	"Climber, stem glabrous. Leaves: petiole 4–7.5 cm, glabrous; lamina deeply 3-lobed to within 2–3 cm from the base, slightly 3-lobed when young, lobes subequal, the central lobe oblong-lanceolate, slightly longer than lateral ones, acuminate, 3-nerved, the lateral ones obliquely obovate-oblong, 9–11.5 by 3–4 cm, obtuse, 2-nerved. Inflorescences 1–2, axillary, racemose, 5–7 cm; bracts amplexicaul cordate, rose-coloured, 0.5–1.7 cm. Flowers few; pedicels 3–4 mm; ovary 5–6 by 1 mm, glabrous. Perianth 4–5 cm, dark blue; utricle narrowly ovoid, 1.3–1.5 by 0.6–0.7 cm, tube short cylindrical, 0.4–0.6 by 0.1–0.2 cm, limb subsagittate, 2–2.5 by 0.6–1 cm. Anthers broadly oblong or suborbicular 0.6–0.7 by 0.25–0.3 mm. Gynostemium 1–1.1 by 2–2.5 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, small conical. Fruit oblong, 3–3.5 by 1.5–1.7 cm base cuneate, apex mucronate; pedicel 1.8–2 cm. Seeds ovate to triangular-ovate, not winged, ± 5 by 4 mm, verrucose on both sides, light brown."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547713	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547713	ecology	EN	Alt. 250–440 m altitude.	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547713	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547713	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (Penang, type)."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547713	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547763	general	EN	"Woody climber, stem glabrous. Leaves with pseudo-stipules, leaf-like, amplexicaul, ± 1.2 by 2 cm; petiole 3.5–4 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina triangular 4–5.5 by 6–7 cm, base cordate, margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse, glabrous on both sides, but young leaves pubescent, palmately finely 3-nerved, venation reticulate, obscured. Flowers solitary, large; pedicel and ovary 7–8.5 cm. Perianth white or greenish with purple-black mottlings; utricle obliquely ellipsoid, 2.5–3 by 1.2–1.5 cm, tube bent upwards, 1.2–2 by ± 0.5 cm, limb orbicular, 5–7 cm diam. Anthers linear, ± 4 by 1 mm. Gynostemium ± 5.8 by 4.5 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, flattened, outside apically pubescent, with margins recurved outwards. Fruit not seen."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547763	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547763	ecology	EN	Cultivated.	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547763	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547763	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Brazil."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547763	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547853	general	EN	"Woody climber, branches glabrescent. Leaves: petiole 3.5–9 cm, pubescent; lamina broad-oblong, oblong-ovate, elliptic, obovate or oblong-obovate, 11.5–25 by 6.5–15 cm, base rounded or cuneate, margin entire or ± undulate, apex obtuse ± cuspidate rarely retuse, glabrous above, villous below, pinnately 6–7-nerved, veins transverse, venation reticulate, conspicuous above, prominent below. Inflorescences racemose, few-flowered, brown tomentose; bracts ovate ± 2 by 1 mm. Flowers with slender pedicels, 3.5–7.5 cm, bent at the top; ovary 1–2 by 0.2–0.4 cm. Perianth 5.5–6 cm, white, outside, yellow inside, veins brown; utricle obliquely ovoid, 2–3 by 0.8–0.9 cm, bent upwards, tube obliquely funnel-shaped 1.6–1.8 cm, lower part 0.4 cm, upper part 1–1.2 cm diam., margin of the tube recurved, tuberculate. Anthers oblong, ± 2.5 by 1.5 mm. Gynostemium 4.5–4.8 by 4–4.3 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, ovate, obtuse, slightly curved inwards. Fruit ± 13 by 3 cm (immature), longitudinally 6-angled, pubescent, greyish-black."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547853	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547853	ecology	EN	"In evergreen and dry evergreen forests often by streams, at 750–1300 m altitude."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547853	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547853	distribution	EN	"Thailand, known only from the type."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547853	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547862	general	EN	"Stem zigzag, tomentose. Leaves: petiole 0.3–0.6 cm; lamina lanceolate or ovate, 6.1–10.7 by 1.9–3.2 cm; base cordate; margin entire ± repand or undulate, apex acute or obtuse; upper surface puberulous, lower surface velutinous; pinnately 7–8-nerved, venation reticulate, slightly visible above, prominent below. Inflorescences densely racemose, densely velutinous; bracts ovate or lanceolate 2.5–3 by 1.2–1.6 mm. Flowers with pedicels 0.2–0.3 cm; ovary 0.3–0.5 by 0.15–0.2 cm. Perianth 3–3.5 cm, purple or brown; utricle spherical or ovoid 0.4–0.45 by 0.3–0.4 cm, tube ± 0.8 by 0.2 cm, limb nearly orbicular, ± 1.2 by 1 cm, apex rounded or emarginate, glabrous above. Anthers ellipsoid, about 0.8 by 0.4 mm. Gynostemium 1.6–1.8 by 1.8–3 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, long conical, obtuse. Fruit ovoid, 1.2–1.6 by 1.2–1.5 cm; velutinous pedicel 6–7.5 mm. Seeds triangular-obcordate, not winged, ± 2.3 by 2.2 mm, verrucose."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547862	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547862	ecology	EN	"On limestone range near sea, up to 250 m altitude."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547862	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547862	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Laos."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547862	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547872	general	EN	"Prostrate herb. Stem zigzag, very slender, scabrous or villous. Leaves: petiole 2.2–5 mm, slender, scabrous or villous; lamina broadly ovate, 8–14 by 8–14 mm, base cordate, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate, upper surface scabrous, lower surface tomentose or villous, palmately 3–5-nerved, venation reticulate, inconspicuous above, prominent beneath. Flowers solitary, without bracts; pedicels 4–5 mm, slender, pubescent or villous; ovary 2–3 by 0.5 mm, pubescent or villous. Perianth 14–17 mm, glabrous outside, utricle spherical or ovoid, 2–2.5 by 2–2.5 mm, tube 5–9 by 1–1.5 mm, limb 1-lipped, oblong, 7–8 by 3 mm, obtuse. Anthers oblong ± 0.5 by 0.3 mm. Gynostemium ± 1.5 by 1.3 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, conical, obtuse. Fruit spherical ± 7 mm diam.; pedicel ± 5 mm. Seeds obovate or ± obcordate, not winged, ± 3.2 by 2.8 mm, smooth on both surfaces or slightly verrucose on one side."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547872	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547872	ecology	EN	On limestone rocks.	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547872	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547872	distribution	EN	Peninsular Thailand only.	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547872	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547943	general	EN	"Climber, stem glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 3–3.2 cm, glabrous; lamina ovate-lanceolate, triangular, triangular-ovate to broadly ovate, 5.2–7.4 by 4.5–6.6 cm, base truncate or ± cordate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous above, puberulous below, gland-dotted on both sides, palmately 5-nerved, venation finely reticulate, obscure above, prominent below. Inflorescences axillary, fascicled racemes 1.5–3 cm long, puberulous; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–1.2 by 0.2–0.5 cm longitudinally veined, densely gland-dotted. Flowers with 0.8–1.1 cm pedicel & ovary 2–3 by 0.5–1 mm. Perianth 1.3–2 cm, purple, inside cream; utricle spherical or ovoid, 2.9–4.7 by 2.7–4.1 mm, tube 3.1–7.5 by 1.3–2 mm, bent on transition from utricle, limb sagittate, 0.7–1.4 by 0.4–1.2 cm. Anthers ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 by 0.8–1 mm. Gynostemium 0.8–1.8 by 1.2–3.6 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, short, obtuse. Fruit ovoid, 1.8–2.2 by 1.6–1.8 cm; pedicel 1.8–2.2 cm. Seeds obovate, flat, not winged, 4–4.5 by 2.3–2.6 mm, verrucose on both sides."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547943	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547943	ecology	EN	In all type of forests; up to 1370 m altitude.	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547943	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000547943	distribution	EN	"Thailand only (Chiang Mai, type: KERR 627, K)."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000547943	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548202	general	EN	"Climber, stem glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.9–1.5(–3.5) cm, grooved above, hairy along edges, glabrous beneath; lamina lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 8.5–13.8 by 2.8–4.6 cm, base cordate, margin entire, slightly recurved, hairy above, apex acute or tapering acute, upper surface finely pubescent, lower surface puberulous, with scattered gland-dots on both sides, palmately 5-nerved, lateral nerves 3–4, venation reticulate, conspicuous above, prominent below. Inflorescences racemose, 3.5–7 cm, tomentose; bracts lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 0.8–1.2 by 0.35–0.45 cm both sides hairy. Flowers with 0.4–1 cm pedicels, slender; ovary 3.7–4.5 by 0.5–1 mm. Perianth 2–3.5 cm, utricle spherical or ovoid, 3.5–4.5 by 3–4 mm, purple inside, tube 5–8.5 by ± 1 mm, greenish light brown, limb oblong, 1–1.5 by 0.45–0.55 cm, purplish-brown. Anthers oblong ± 0.4 by 0.2 mm. Gynostemium 1.8–2.1 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, long conical, obtuse. Fruit ovoid, 2–2.5 by 1.8–2 cm; pedicel 3.2–4.5 cm. Seeds broadly obcordate or triangular, winged, 4.7–5.1 by 5.5–6 mm, verrucose on both sides."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548202	ecology	EN	"Clearings in evergreen forests, at 150–900 m altitude."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548202	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type), Burma."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548223	general	EN	"Climber, stem laxly adpressed puberulous. Leaves: petiole 3.5–5.2 cm, puberulous; lamina entire or 3-lobed, broadly ovate, lobes less than half the length of the lamina, 11–11.5 by 12–13.6 cm, base deeply cordate, apex acute, acuminate or obtuse, lateral lobes obtuse, laxly pubescent and gland-dotted on both sides, palmately 3-nerved with transverse nerves conspicuous above and prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary panicles, 6 cm, densely puberulous; bracts ovate or lanceolate, ± 1 by 0.5 mm. Flowers with pedicels 6–7 mm; ovary 6–8 by 1–1.2 mm, densely pubescent. Perianth 2.4–4.4 cm, brown, purplish, reddish, straight; utricle spherical or ovoid, 3.5–7.5 by 3.3–4 mm; tube 0.8–1.6 by 0.1–0.2 cm; limb obovate, oblong or spathulate, 1.3–1.8 by 0.5–0.7 cm. Anthers ellipsoid, 0.7–0.9 by 0.7–0.9 mm. Gynostemium 2–2.2 by 2.7–3 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, conical, obtuse. Fruit ovoid, 4–4.5 by 2.5–3 cm; pedicel 5–6 cm. Seeds triangular-obcordate, thin, winged, 7.5–8 by 6.7–7 mm, verrucose on one side the other side smooth, brown."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548223	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548223	ecology	EN	"Common on limestone hills, scattered in deciduous forests, also in evergreen forests and in savannas; at 100–1400 m altitude."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548223	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548223	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type)."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548223	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548271	general	EN	"Climber, stem glabrous; the whole plant gland-dotted. Leaves with pseudo-stipules, leaf-like, reniform, unequal, the bigger one 1.5–2.5 by 2–3 cm, the smaller one 0.6–1.5 by 1–2 cm; petiole 3–8 cm, slender, glabrous; lamina reniform, 5–10 by 7.5–14.5 cm, base deeply cordate, margin entire, apex rounded, ± cuspidate, glabrous, but young leaves slightly pubescent, palmately nerved, nerves branched near the margin, venation reticulate. Flowers solitary, large, dark red or dark purple; pedicel ± 6.5 cm; ovary 2.5–4.5 by 0.1–0.2 cm. Perianth 17.5–27 cm; utricle obliquely ellipsoid, 4–7.5 by 3–4 cm, tube bent upwards, 2–2.5 by 0.6–0.8 cm, limb 2-lipped, upper lip spathulate, 4.5–6 cm, reticulate, lower lip oblong-lanceolate, 9–15 cm, apex obtuse. Anthers linear, 5.5 by 0.8 mm. Gynostemium ± 8 by 5 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, long conical, obtuse. Fruit oblong, 7–7.5 by 3–3.5 cm; pedicel 10–12 cm, strongly 6-ribbed. Seeds including wing obovate, 9–12 by 5–7.5 mm, seed proper obcordate, 3–3.5 by 2.5–3.5 mm, brown with light brown verrucae, the other side dark brown, wing light brown."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548271	ecology	EN	"On sandy soil at ca 1000 m altitude. Introduced, sometimes escaped from cultivation."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548271	distribution	EN	"Tropical S. America (Jamaica, type)."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548379	general	EN	"Climber, young stem pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves: petioles 3–6 cm, grooved above, pubescent along grooved surface, glabrous below; lamina ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 9.5–16.5 by 5.8–7.6 cm, base deeply cordate, margin entire ± recurved, apex acuminate, mature leaves glabrous on both sides, nerves and veins ± pubescent, laxly gland-dotted; palmately 3-nerved, pinnately 3–4-nerved along the midrib, veins transverse, venation reticulate, obscurely above, prominent below. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose, 6–13.5 cm, pubescent to nearly glabrous; bracts ovate, 1.8–3 by 1–1.5 mm, base cuneate, margin ciliate, apex acute, puberulous on both surfaces. Flowers with pedicel 5–8 mm; ovary 5–9.7 by 1–1.5 mm. Perianth 3.6–5 cm long, greenish, dark purple hairy inside, laxly hairy outside; utricle globular, 5–6.5 by 5–7 mm, tube 0.6–1.2 by 1–1.5 mm, limb linear-lanceolate, 1.6–2.5 by ± 0.8 cm. Anthers ellipsoid ± 1 by 0.8–1.7 mm. Gynostemium 3–4 by 3.5–4 mm, stigmatic lobes 6, long conical, obtuse. Fruit ovoid, 3.3–5.5 by 2.7–4.3 cm; pedicel 3.3–5.8 cm. Seeds broadly obovate ± obcordate, winged, 5–7.5 by 7–7.5 mm, laxly verrucose on one side, the other side smooth, light brown."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548379	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, mixed deciduous forests, open places and on sandy loamy soil; from 5–1030 m altitude."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548379	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Malesia (Luzon, type); to Solomon Is. and Australia."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548456	general	EN	"Climber, stem pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–2 cm, adpressed hairy; lamina oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or elliptic oblong, 11.2–17.5 by 3.4–4.7 cm, base narrowly slightly cordate, margin entire ± undulate with adpressed hairs, apex acuminate, upper surface laxly pilose, with scattered gland-dots, or nearly glabrous, lower surface pubescent, midrib and nerves adpressed hairy on both sides, pinnately 9–10-nerved, venation reticulate, prominent beneath conspicuous above. Inflorescences racemose, 1–3-flowered, ± 10 cm long; bracts very small, densely yellowish long pilose. Flowers with 1–2 cm pedicels, slender, brown pilose; ovary 1.2–1.6 by 0.2–0.25 cm, brown pilose. Perianth 6–7 cm, brown with purple veins, inside glabrous, outside yellowish pilose; utricle ovoid, 0.8–1 by 0.8–1.2 cm, tube 1.3–2.3 by 0.5–0.7 cm, limb patent, 4.6–5 cm diam. Anthers oblong, 2–3.5 by 0.8–0.9 mm. Gynostemium 3.8–5.2 by 2–2.3 mm, stigmatic lobes 3, ovate, obtuse. Fruit not seen."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548456	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548456	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests and on sandstone in mixed deciduous forest.	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548456	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000548456	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Yunnan, type)."	L. Phuphathanaphong		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000548456	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000276216	general	EN	"Large tree, 20–60 m tall. Leaves thin coriaceous, narrowly oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 8–16(–25) by 3–5(–8.5) cm; apex acuminate or cuspidate; base rounded or cuneate; glabrous on both surfaces; lateral veins 12–15 pairs; tertiary veins and reticulation very prominent; petiole 0.5–1.4 cm long, pulvinous at base. Flower-buds elongate, 4–4.5 cm long; peduncle slender, 4–5 cm long. Tepals 24–32, linear-lanceolate, 3.5–4 cm long yellowish-white or pure white. Fruiting carpels ovoid, 4.5–5.5 by 3–3.5 cm; brown, densely lenticellate."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000276216	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000276216	use	EN	"Only a sterile specimen (Smitinand 11738) was collected on October 6, 1972. The description here is based on the Malayan material."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000276216	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000276216	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, at low (ca 50 m) altitude."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000276216	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000276216	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya, Bangka, Sumatra and Java (type)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000276216	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000549895	general	EN	"Stems 50–100 cm, g1abrous. Leaves, sessile, semi-amplexicaul, 5–15 by 0.5–2.5 cm, acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed to base, with distant small acute teeth, glabrous or scabrid on both surfaces. Inflorescences 10–20 cm, glabrous or scabrid, rarelyshort-glandular; pedicels 2–7 mm, glabrous or scabrid. Bracts linear to lanceolate, acuminate, 5–10 mm. Calyx campanulate, 5 by 4 mm in flower, 8 by 8 mm in fruit; lobes ovate, acuminate, scabrid. Corolla purple, 2–2.5 cm long; upper lip ca 8 by 10 mm; lower lip spreading, 10–13 by 15–18 mm; projections of the tube inside ca 1 mm long, pilose. Stamens , posterior pair ca 4 mm, anterior pair ca 8 mm; appendages of the anterior filaments globose, ca 1 mm. Capsule globose, 5–7 mm, glabrous. Seeds ca 0.4 by 0.25 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000549895	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000549895	ecology	EN	"Swampy areas, edge of rice-fields, sandy wet soils in scrub; up to 400 m altitude."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000549895	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000549895	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Ceylon, Malesia, Cambodia, Vietnam and Philippines."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000549895	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001255220	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 5 mm diam., densely covered with scales throughout; scales narrowly subtriangular, gradually narrowing from peltate base to acuminate apex, up to 8 by 1.5 mm, white with pale brown base, minutely toothed at margin. Stipes stramineous to castaneous, densely scaly at base, glabrous upwards, 10–20 cm long. Laminae oblong in outline, 20–40 by up to 33 cm, imparipinnate; rachis pale castaneous, glabrous; lateral pinnae 2–7 pairs, subopposite, caudately acuminate at apex, deeply cordate and amplexicaulous at base, 8–18 by 1.5–3.5 cm, the edges subentire, margined with cartilaginous membrance; terminal pinna rounded to cordate at base, gradually narrowing upowards, up to 19 by 3.5 cm; main veins 5–8 mm remote, veins copiously anastomosing with many included veinlets; herbaceous, glabrous, light green, glaucous beneath. Sori at junction of several veinlets, round, 2–3 mm diam., medial, superficial."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001255220	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001255220	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or muddy crevices of moist cliffs in dense evergreen forests at 800–1800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001255220	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001255220	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (Tonkin, type), Laos."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001255220	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117818	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 5 mm diam., dirty brown, densely scaly throughout; scales ovate-oblong with long tails, round at peltate base, up to 7 mm long including tails about 5 mm in length, 1.5 mm broad, nearly concolorously brown or more or less paler towards margin, minutely toothed at apical portion. Stipes stramineous or pale castaneous, 10–20 cm long, glabrous. Laminae oblong, up to 45 by 40 cm, imparipinnate; rachis like the upper part of stipes; lateral pinnae 3–9 pairs, patent or slightly ascending, straight, sessile, lanceolate, caudately acuminate at apex, cuneate to round at acroscopic and round to subtruncate at basiscopic bases, up to 20 by 3 cm, subentire to waved and more or less crisped at margin, marginate by cartilaginous membrane; terminal pinna larger, about 20 cm long, like the lateral ones; main veins 3–5 mm remote, veins anastomosing copiously, more or less visible; herbaceous, green glabrous. Sori at junction of reticulate veins, two rows between adjacent main veins, 3 or 4 rows at each side of costa, round, up to 2 mm diam., superficial."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117818	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117818	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy rocks in dense evergreen forests at high altitudes (1500–2400 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117818	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117818	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (type from Bhutan) to Upper Burma, SW. China, Taiwan, and south to the Philippines (Luzon)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117818	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147888	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 6 mm diam., densely covered with scales: scales subulate, up to 17 mm long including the long tapering filiform portion 7 to 10 mm in length, about 2 mm broad entire but sparsely ciliolate towards the apex, whitish with brownish center. Stipes up to 25 cm long, glabrous, straminaeous or pale brown. Laminae ovate-oblong in outline, up to 60 by 30 cm; rachis like the upper part of stipes; lateral pinnae 7–12 pairs, subopposite, the basal two or three pairs the largest, patent and straight or slightly undulate on the margin, margined with caudately prolonged at apex, up to 25 by 3 cm, the upper ones smaller, usually up to 15 by 1.5 cm; terminal pinna like the middle lateral ones, sometimes slightly auricled at base, up to 18 by 2 cm; costae distinct on both surfaces; thinly papyraceous. Sori in two rows between adjacent main veins, round, in several rows on each side of costae, up to 1 mm diam., superficial."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147888	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147888	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy rocks in dense evergreen forests at ridge at 1500–1600 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147888	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147888	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147888	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125813	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 4–7 mm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales narrowly subulate with long tails, up to 6 by 1.2 mm, irregularly toothed at margin, brown, indistinctly clathrate. Stipes 20–30 cm long, castaneous, densely scaly at base, glabrous upwards. Laminae imparipinnate, oblong, 20–33 by up to 23 cm; rachis castaneous, glabrous; lateral pinnae subopposite, 2–7 pairs, ascending, straight, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, caudately acute at apex, broadly cuneate to round or rarely subcordate at base, 8–15 by 1.5–3 cm, the edges subentire or undulate, margined with narrow cartilaginous membranes; terminal pinna larger, up to 16 by 3 cm, usually narrowing from base to apex; main veins 4–6 mm remote, veins anastomosing copiously with many included veinlets; subcoriaceous, green, glabrous. Sori at junction of reticulate veins, large, round or elliptic, 3–58 mm diam., in a single row at each side of costa, medical or a little closer to costa, superficial."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125813	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125813	ecology	EN	Terrestrial on rather dry slopes along path in mixed forests at about 600–1400 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125813	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125813	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (Szechuwan, type and Yunnan)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125813	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107754	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, irregularly branching, about 1.5 mm diam., bearing distant fronds; scales small, reniform with tails, 2 by 0.7 mm, dark brown, appressed. Stipe on distinct phyllopode (a stipe base remaining as a scar after leaf-shedding) 2–3 mm high, 2–4 cm long, pubescent. Lamina linear-lanceolate, up to 40 by 7 cm, pinnate; middle pinnae larger, oblong, patent or ascending, round or moderately acute at apex, auricled at anterior and dimidiate at posterior bases, sessile, subentire or shallowly crenate at margin, up to 4 by 1 cm; rachis densely hairy; costa densely hairy above, sparsely beneath, texture softly papyraceous; veins more or less visible, forming acute angle with costa, forked. Sori in one row, submarginal or ⅓ way from margin of pinna to costa; indusia rotund-reniform smaller, usually shrink in matured sori."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107754	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107754	ecology	EN	Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks in semi-shaded places.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107754	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107754	distribution	EN	"Old World tropics throughout, Africa (type) to the Pacific."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107754	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000550703	general	EN	"(Shrubs to) trees up to 20 m high; bark smooth, greyish green to almost black. Leaves mainly 2 - or 3-jugate. Leaflets ovate to elliptic, 4–31 by 1.5–12 cm, chartaceous, base acute to slightly attenuate; apex acuminate to cuspidate; glabrous on both sides (Thailand); domatia present as many sacs. Inflorescences 1.5–17 cm long. Flowers 1–3.5 mm in diam., cream to yellowish, fragrant. Calyx deeply incised, lobes up to 2 mm long. Petals triangular to rhomboidal to (ob)ovate, 0.5–2.2 mm long, claw 0.1–0.4 mm long; scales 0.2–1.2 mm long, apex broadened. Disc glabrous to pilose. Stamens 6–8(–10); filaments 2–4 mm long, anthers 0.7–1.1 mm long. Fruits 0.7–3.6 by 0.5–2.3 cm, smooth, orange to red; stipe ca 3 mm long, slender (Thailand); lobes 8–23 by 5–21 mm. Seeds blackish brown, 6–24 by 5–19 mm; arillode red."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000550703	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000550703	ecology	EN	"In primary and secondary forest, savannah; on all kinds of soils. Altitude 0–1500 m. Flowering: February; fruiting: July-September."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000550703	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000550703	distribution	EN	"From N.E. India (Bay of Bengal) throughout S.E. Asia up to S. China (Hainan), through Malesia (type: Indonesia, Nusa Kambangan) to the Solomon Islands."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000550703	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000340708	general	EN	"Annual. Culms 17–32 cm by 0.5–1 mm, trigonous to subterete, smooth. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, 2–7 cm by 0.5–1.2 mm, subacute, flattish-canaliculate; sheath up to 7 cm long, reddish or purplish brown, ventrally white-scarious. Involucral bracts 3–4, reflexed, dilated at base, the longest 9–15 cm long. Spikes 1–3, ellipsoid to globose, central spike 5–10 by 4–5 mm, lateral spikes (when present) much smaller. Spikelet bracts spathulate to obovate-oblanceolate, 1.4–1.6 by 0.4–0.6 mm, cuspidate; adaxial seta present, 1 mm long. Glumes oblong-obovate, margins partially enclosing flower, 0.8–1.2 mm long, apex elongated, recurved, 1.3–1.5 mm long, yellowish to pale brown, indistinctly 5-nerved. Stamen 1; anther 0.2–0.3 mm long. Nutlets oblong-obovoid, trigonous to subterete, 0.7–0.8 by 0.4 mm, maturing dark brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000340708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000340708	ecology	EN	"On wet ground in savannah forests, lake margins and river banks, 100–450 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000340708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000340708	distribution	EN	Thailand (type) and Indo-China.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000340708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000340746	general	EN	"Annual. Culms up to 9.5 cm by 0.3–0.4 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, 3–9 cm by 0.7–0.8 mm, long acute, flattish to canaliculate; sheath ca 1 cm long, pale to mid-brown. Involucral bracts 3–4, reflexed, dilated at base, the longest 2.5–4.7 cm long. Spikes 3–4, ellipsoid to globose, central spike 4–6 by 3–4.5 mm, lateral spikes smaller. Spikelet bracts linear, 1.1–1.2 by 0.1 mm, acute. Glumes pouch-like, completely enclosing achene, 1.5–1.6 mm long including awn, the awn 0.3–0.4 mm long, erect or slightly recurved, whitish, prominently several-nerved. Stamen 1. Nutlets oblong obovate, flattened-trigonous, 0.5–0.7 by 0.3 mm, pale to dark brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000340746	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000340746	ecology	EN	"Open, seasonally wet areas, 300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000340746	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000340746	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa (Angola, type), Vietnam."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000340746	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552287	general	EN	"Stem tomentose when very young, later pubescent to glabrescent, striate, when old with prominent corky longitudinal ridges, up to ca 5 cm diam. Leaves scarcely peltate (outside Thailand petiole inserted, 1–2 mm from basal margin); petioles densely patent-pubescent, 7–12 cm; lamina ovate to broadly ovate, base cordate to truncate, rarely distally 3-lobed and with pointed subhastate basal lobes, apex caudate-acuminate, 9–19 by 7–17 cm, palmately 5(–7)-nerved at base with 2(–3) pairs of lateral nerves, both surfaces pubescent especially around base and along nerves; thinly papyraceous. Inflorescences up to 35 cm long, lateral branches 1–3 cm, patent-pubescent. Male flowers on pubescent pedicels, 1–3 mm; sepals 6–12, outer 3–6 green, ± narrowly elliptic, 2–3.5 mm long, puberulous, inner 3–6, yellow, obovate to broadly elliptic, 3 mm long, glabrous; petals 6, yellowish-green, cuneate-obovate with lateral edges inrolled, apically truncate; synandrium 2 mm long, column thick. Female flowers: sepals as in male; petals narrower; staminodes 1.5 mm long; carpels narrowly subovoid, 1.5 mm long; stigma reflexed, lobed. Drupes dark red, glabrous, drying flattened with a prominent longitudinal dorsal ridge, oblong-ovate in outline; endocarp flattened, scutiform, 17 by 10 mm, pointed at base and apex, marginal wings notched along the edge."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552287	use	EN	Fruits said to be edible (in Sikkim).	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552287	ecology	EN	Near streams in evergreen gully and on limestone boulders; at 1485–1620 m alt.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552287	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalayas (Sikkim-syntype), Burma and SW. China (Yunnan)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552287	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552347	general	EN	"Young parts red-brown hairy. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate-elliptic to ovate-oblong, 5–9 by 2.5–6 cm; apex retuse; base obtuse or rounded; mature leaves glabrous, except the proximal part of the midrib beneath; margin hyaline and often red hairy; lateral veins 4–5 pairs; petiole 1–1.5 cm long, sparsely hairy. Inflorescences rusty brownish pubescent, with short rachis, up to 12 cm long; peduncle 0.5–5 cm long; pedicels articulate at the middle, basal part densely hairy, more sparsely hairy towards the tip, older glabrous, except below the bracteoles, in flower 1–1.5 cm long, in fruit 2.5–3.5 cm long; bracts ca 1 mm long; bracteoles minute. Sepals ovate-oblong; apex rounded, ca 2 by 1 mm, glabrous. Petals whitish, oblong; apex rounded, 4–5 by 2–3 mm. Stamens: filaments 1.5–2 mm long, as long as the anthers. Ovary glabrous; styles 3–4 mm long; disk-lobes persistent, ca 2 mm long. Mericarps: lateral wings orbicular, pale, translucent; dorsal wing small, broadened towards base. Seeds triangular, 5–6 by 3–4 mm."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552347	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552347	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; 100–400 m alt.	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552347	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552347	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, Borneo, and Java."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552347	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552372	general	EN	"All parts except flowers yellowish-brown, hirsute. Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic, ovate to obovate, 7–17 by 4–10 cm; apex acuminate to cuspidate; base subcordate; flower surface glaucous; margin ciliate; lateral veins, 6–9 pairs: petiole 4–10 mm lomg. Inflorescences with branches regularly opposite, umbel-like; pedicels articulate below middle, 3–7 mm long; bracts lanceolate, acute, 4–8 mm long; bracteoles acute, 1–2 mm long. Sepals oblong, apex rounded, base truncate, ca 2 by 1 mm, glabrous. Petals obovate, apex rounded, base truncate, keeled, 3–4 by 2–2.5 mm. Stamens: filaments 1–1.5 mm long; anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Ovary glabrous, globose, 0.5–1 mm in diam.; styles ca 3 mm long. Mericarps: lateral wings oblong, slightly narrowed towards the apex, both ends rounded or truncate, sometimes slightly repanda coriaceous, glabrous, 3.2–6 by 1–2 cm; dorsal wing undeveloped. Seeds linear, ca 7–10 by 2–3 m."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552372	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552372	ecology	EN	In mixed deciduous forests; 300–500 m alt.	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552372	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552372	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type)."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552372	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552383	general	EN	"Young parts mostly white-pubescent; old branches glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, ovate, obovate or suborbicular, 6.5–13 by 5–12 cm; apex acuminate to cuspidate or mucronate; base obtuse, rounded or subcordate; upper surface glabrous; flower surface white-pubescent; nerves preminent; lateral veins 4–7(–8) pairs; petiole 1–4 cm long, pubescent, becoming glabrous with longitudinal ridges. Inflorescences up to 28 cm long; peduncle up to 7.5 cm long, pubescent; pedicels glabrous, articulate at middle or above, in fIower 2–18 mm long, in fruit 12–22 mm long; bracts lanceolate, 1–7 mm long; bracteoles acute, ca 1 mm long. Sepals obovate-oblong, apex rounded, base truncate, 1–2 by 1 mm, glabrous. Petals oblong to elliptic-oblong, apex rounded, base truncate, 4–5 by 2–2.5 mm. Stamens: filaments 1.5–2.5 mm long, filiform, broadened and slightly connate at base; anthers l–1.2 mm long. Ovary hirsute, globose, ca 1 mm in diam.; style 2–2.5 mm long. Mericarps: lateral wings ovate, apex emarginate or rounded, long whitish hairy, membranous, 1.8–3.5 by 1.3–2.5 cm; dorsal wing undeveloped; carpophore pyramidal, 1–2 mm high; disk-lobes acute, ca 1 mm high. Seeds linear, ca 10 by 2 mm."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552383	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552383	ecology	EN	"On limestone hills, in mixed deciduous and scrub forests; 50–600 m alt."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552383	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552383	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Indo-China."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552383	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552401	general	EN	"Young parts rusty brownish hairy, becoming glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, elliptic-ovate or obovate, 7–18 by 4–10 cm; apex acuminate to cuspidate; base subcordate; upper surface glabrous; flower surface brownish pubescent; lateral veins 5–8(–9) pairs; petiole 0–5 mm. Inflorescences pubescent; pedicels slender, articulate below middle, 3–15 mm long, pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 3–10 mm long; bracteoles acute, 1–2 mm long. Sepals ovate to ovate-oblong, apex rounded, base truncate, 2–3 by 1 mm, glabrous. Petals light yellowish, obovate-oblong, apex rounded, base truncate, keeled, 4.5–6 by 3 mm, sometimes ciliate. Stamens: filaments ca 1.8–2.5 mm long; anthers ca 1.5–2 mm long. Ovary glabrous, globose, ca 0.5 mm in diam.; style 2–2.5 mm long. Mericarps: lateral wings oblong, both ends rounded, truncate, or emarginate, coriaceous, glabrous, 2.5–5.2 by 1–1.8 cm; dorsal wing not developed. Seeds linear, 10 by 1.5 mm."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552401	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552401	ecology	EN	In mixed deciduous and scrub forests; 10–600 m alt.	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552401	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552401	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552401	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552402	general	EN	"Branches pale brownish to dark reddish-brown hairy; older branches glabrescent. Leaves coriaceous, suborbicular, ovate, obovate, lanceolate or elliptic, 6–13 by 5–14 cm; apex obcordate-cuspidate, rounded-cuspidate or acuminate; base rounded to subcordate, cuneate; upper surface glabrous except when young, often glaucous when dry, nerves sulcate; flower surface densely yellowish or brownish hairy, or sometimes glabrous except on midrib, veins prominent; lateral veins, 4–6 pairs; petiole 1–4 cm, hairy. Inflorescences up to 27 cm long; peduncle 1.5–7 cm long, yellowish or brownish hairy, as well as the rachis; pedicels slender, articulate below middle, glabrous except below the bracteoles, 0.5–2 cm long; bracts acute, 2–3 mm long; bracteoles acute, ca 1 mm long. Sepals ovate-oblong, apex rounded, base truncate, ca 3 by 1 mm, glabrous. Petals white to light yellowish, oblong, apex rounded, base truncate, 5–6 by 1–1.5 mm. Stamens: filaments, 2–2.5 mm long; anthers ca 1 mm long. Ovary glabrous, ovoid, ca 1 mm in diam.; styles ca 3 mm long. Mericarps: lateral wings ovate, apex emarginate, pale translucent, 2.5–3.5 by 1.5–3 cm, glabrous; dorsal wing 3–4 mm high; carpophore acute, 4–6 mm long, persistent. Seeds linear, ca 10 by 2 mm."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552402	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552402	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; 275–2000 m alt.	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552402	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552402	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Java (type), Malay Peninsula, Philippines, probably E. Burma, W. Cambodia and Borneo."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552402	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108093	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, ascending, densely covered with scales at apex; scales linear, gradually narrowing towards hair-pointed apex, up to 15 by 1 mm, dark brown, clathrate, entire, more or less crisped at upper portion. Stipe dark green to nearly black, minutely scaly or glabrescent, about 15 cm long. Lamina oblong-subtriangular, narrowing towards apex, about 30 by 15 cm, bipinnate; pinnae more than 10 pairs, lowest ones the largest, stalked, oblong-subtriangular, acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate at base, up to 10 by 3.5 cm, pinnules of lower pinnae oblong-subquadrangular, rounded to moderately acute at apex, narrowly cuneate at base, shortly stalked or subsessile, lobed to ¼–⅓ , or deeply lobed to have an acroscopic lobe, about 15 by 6 mm; lobes acute to moderately acute at apex, serrate with one-nerved teeth, chartaceous to subcoriaceous; veins distinct on both surfaces, a few times forked. Sori many, up to 5 mm long; indusia pale, stiff and persistent."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108093	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108093	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks in moist dense forests at medium. altitudes (400–1300 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108093	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108093	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands (type), Seychelles, Ceylon, S. India, Hainan, Cambodia, Malesia to New Hebrides and Fiji."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108093	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122737	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, bearing a few fronds in a tuft, scaly; scales brown, clathrate, up to 4 by 2 mm. Stipe green to stramineous, winged nearly to the base, glabrescent. Frond spathulate, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, rather abruptly narrowing from the broadest portion and broadly decurrent to wings of stipe, up to 60 cm long including stipe, 6 cm broad, the foliar portion about a half of whole length, subentire at margin; chartaceous, glabrous, green, paler below; midrib raised below, flat on upper surface, veins more or less visible on upper surface, usually forked near midrib, joining at apex to form submarginal veins about 0.5 mm inside margin. Sori elongate along vein, extending from near base to about 5 mm inside margin; indusia broad."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122737	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122737	ecology	EN	On moist limestone cliffs in dense forests at about 1900 m on Doi Chiang Dao.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122737	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122737	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (type) and Indochina (Tonkin and Laos)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122737	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000152868	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping or ascending, sometimes climbing on trees, up to 1 cm diam., bearing rather close fronds, scaly; scales gradually narrowing from rounded base towards long-acuminate apex, up to 7 by 2 mm, dark brown, clathrate. Stipe about 3 cm long, stamineous, scaly. Lamina simple, about 45 by 7 cm (much larger in Malesian plants), broadest at middle or above, gradually narrowing downward and suddenly truncate at base where the lamina is 1.5 cm broad at each side, acute at apex, usually proliferous near apex, entire; midrib distinctly raised below with wings, flat above; veins distinct, at wide angle to midrib, simple or forked; chartaceous. Sori on simple acroscopic branches of veins, leaving naked 2–5 mm from midrib and 6–8 mm from edges of frond, covering nearly the whole under surface of frond except for basal and apical portions; indusia about 1 mm broad, brown, firm."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000152868	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000152868	ecology	EN	Epiphytic on tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests at medium altitudes (600–700 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000152868	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000152868	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Borneo, Sumatra (type), Java, Malaya and the adjacent islands."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000152868	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109307	general	EN	"Similar to <i>A. falcatum</i>, but the pinnae many, more than 20 pairs, narrower, hardly 1.5 cm broad, lobed more than ⅓ way towards costa, ofter densely scaly on rachis and stipe."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109307	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109307	ecology	EN	On mossy trunks or on mossy rocks in dense forests.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109307	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109307	distribution	EN	SE. Asia generally to Polynesia (type).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109307	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115210	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 2.5–4 mm diam., bearing two rows of alternate fronds closely on dorsal surface, scaly near apex; scales gradually narrowing from base towards long, hairy apex, up to 4 by 0.5 mm, clathrate, sometimes the cell-walls very thick. Stipe 8–18 cm long, purple, polished but dirty on the lower portion, more or less warty on upper portion. Frond pinnate, narrowly lanceolate in outline, subtruncate at base, attenuately acuminate at apex, 20–30 by up to 5 cm; pinnae up to 40 or more pairs, subquadrangular, dimidiate, the lower half very narrow, thus the midrib close to entire lower margin, rounded at apex, truncate at acroscopic base, lobed to ⅕ way on upper margin, lobes rounded or forked at apex, about 1 mm broad, usually a lobe placed on each apical portion of lower margin, up to 25 by 8 mm, a few lower pairs slightly reduced or reflexed, shortly stalked, thin, pale green; veins distinct, all free. Sori confined to lobes, one or rarely two on each lobe, 1.5–2 mm long; indusia thin, opening outwardly."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115210	ecology	EN	On moist muddy rocks or terrestrial on wet sandy slopes usually along streams in lower montane forests at 1000–1800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115210	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon (type), S. India, E. Himalaya, S. China, Burma, indochina, Malaya, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan and north to southern edge of Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000153991	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, densely scaly; scales narrow, gradually narrowing towards hair-point apex, about 20 by 0.8 mm, entire, greyish to dark brown, crisped. Stipe about 20 cm long, dark stramineous to polished dark purple or nearly black, grooved above. Lamina elliptic to oblong-subtriangular, acuminate, 30–40 by 10–20 cm, tripinnate; rachis glabrous, grooved; lower pinnae 2–5 cm from the next ones, ascending, oblong-subtriangular, cuneate to subtruncate at base, gradually narrowing and bending up towards caudately acuminate apex, stalked, 10–15 by up to 5 cm; larger pinnules stalked, oblong-subtriangular, acute at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatifid to pinnate, up to 3 by 1.5 cm; ultimate segments (or secondary pinnules) spathulate, rounded and toothed at apex, cuneate and sessile at base, up to 10 by 5 mm, sometimes lobed to half-way, papyraceous to coriaceous; veins raised on both surfaces. Sori up to 7 mm long, usually nearly to midrib, close together but rarely confluent; indusia thin but firm, persistent."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000153991	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000153991	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or often on root mass of <i>Asplenium nidus</i> in dense evergreen forests at low to medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000153991	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000153991	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000153991	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118246	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards hairy pointer apex, up to 7 by 1 mm, the margin bearing irregular and sparse projections, brown to black. Stipe usually up to 10 (rarely up to 15) cm long, dark brownish-purple to nearly black, bearing narrow scales throughout. Frond narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards both ends, acuminate at apex, usually about 30 by 6 cm, fairly variable in size; rachis with very narrow hair-like scales; lateral pinnae about 25 pairs, sessile, narrowly subtriangular to elliptic, falcate or nearly patent, acute at apex, auricled at acroscopic base, narrowly cuneate at basiscopic base, the middle largest ones 2.5–5.5 by 0.7–1.5 cm, indistinctly lobed; lobes with a few teeth, each containing a single veinlet, softly chartaceous, deep green in living condition and brown when dried. Sori long, crescent-shaped along the posterior veinlets, opening towards posterior."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118246	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118246	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy or muddy rocks, usually in lower montane forests at 900–1600 m alt."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118246	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118246	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, S. China (type) and Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118246	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125539	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, densely scaly; scales narrow, up to 2.5 by 0.5 mm, gradually narrowing from base towards long-acuminate apex, nealy black with brown margin, clathrate. Stipe 5–10 cm long in fertile frond, up to 3.5 cm in sterile one, dark purplish, distinctly polished, grooved on upper surface, softly pubescent or glabrescent. Frond simple, nearly circular, rounded or rarely very moderately acute at apex, deeply cordate but seldom imbricate at base, up to 5 cm long and broad, sterile ones smaller, margin subentire to moderately crisped, chartaceous, grass-green on upper surface, paler below, glabrous; costa brown and polished like stipe only in lower ⅓, the base of veins like stipe and then all the veins hardly visible on both surfaces, once or twice furcate, all free and nearly reaching the margin. Sori elongate along veins, usually from base to near apex; a pair of sori facing each other having their indusia attached laterally by their outer edges."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125539	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125539	ecology	EN	Only once collected in Thailand (TAGAWA et al. T-1084) on muddy crevices of calcareous rocks in dense forests at about 900 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125539	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125539	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (type), Assam (CLARKE 41927E), Upper Burma and Tonkin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125539	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116665	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, bearing fronds in a tuft, scaly at apex: scales gradually narrowing from base towards apex, dark brown, paler near margin, about 6 by 1 mm at base, entire, more or less clathrate. Stipe dark, indistinct from lamina, narrowly winged to the base. Frond simple, entire or rarely irregularly waved at margin, spathulate, broadest in upper quarter, narrowing towards caudately acuminate apex, gradually narrowing and attenuate at base, about 30 by 1.7–4 cm, subcoriaceous, glabrous; midrib distinctly raised on both surfaces, grooved on upper surface; lateral veins ascending, forming angles of about 20° to midrib, forked near base, visible on lower surface, hardly os above. Sori oblique, elongate along acroscopic branches of veins, up to 3 cm long; indusia thin but firm."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116665	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116665	ecology	EN	On tree-trunks on rocks in lower montane forests at high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116665	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116665	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, India (type), SW. China and Indochina, extending north to southern edge of Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116665	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116261	general	EN	"Similar to <i>A. unilaterale</i> but different from it in: plants 30–40 cm long, 7–18 cm wide; pinnae larger, gradually becoming smaller upwards, the largest ones shortly stalked, a little falcate, up to 9 by 2 cm, acuminate at apex."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116261	ecology	EN	On wet ground or on wet muddy rocks usually along streams in dense forests at 300–1500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116261	distribution	EN	"Tropical Africa, Ceylon, S. India, Himalaya, Malesia throughout to Polynesia (type from Samoa) and Hawaii, north to Tonkin, S. China, Taiwan and the Ryukyus."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109315	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, bearing fronds very close together or nearly in a tuft; scales narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards hair-pointed apex, up to 7 by 0.6 mm, dark brown to nearly black, clathrate, entire. Stipe castaneous to purplish, polished, bearing linear scales when young, up to 5 cm long, often bearing pinnae nearly to the base. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, attenuate towards both ends, about 10 by 1.5 cm, pinnate; lateral pinnae about 20 pairs, the middle ones the largest, stalked, oblong, patent, rounded at apex, auricled at acroscopic and cuneate at basiscopic bases, variously lobed, about 6 by 2 mm, the lower ones reflexed and the upper ones ascending; rachis paler or stramineous, glabrescent, grooved above; segments of pinnae usually oblique, narrowly subdeltoid, rounded to obtuse and toothed at apex, separated by broad sinus, thinly papyraceous, glabrous; veins hardly visible, simple to a few times forked. Sori one to several on each pinna, 1–2 mm long, usually confluent at maturity occupying the whole under surface of pinna; indusia pale, firm but burst at maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109315	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109315	ecology	EN	On moist mossy limestone cliffs in thicket at 1900–2100 m.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109315	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109315	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. India (type), Himalaya to China, Tonkin, Taiwan and the Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109315	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001110133	general	EN	"Close to A. macrophyllum, differing from it in narrower, falcat pinnae, lobed to ⅓ way towards casta. Lateral pinnae stalked, up to 12 by 2 cm."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001110133	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001110133	ecology	EN	On mossy trunks in mountain forests.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001110133	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001110133	distribution	EN	On World tropics (type from Mauritius).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001110133	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126705	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, bearing several fronds in a tuft, covered with scales; scales brown, up to 4.5 by 2.5 mm, indistinctly clathrate, bearing hair-like projections at margin. Stipe dark brown to nearly black, very narrowly winged almost to the base, bearing small scales when young. Frond spathulate, broadest at middle to upper ⅔, narrowing towards caudately acuminate apex, gradually narrowing towards attenuate base and then decurrent on stipe as wing, up to 25 cm long including stipe, up to 4.5 cm broad, the edges subentire or slightly undulate, papyraceous or thicker, green, paler below, minutely scaly when young, glabrescent; midrib green to darker, a little raised below, veins hardly visible on both surfaces, unusually once forked near midrib, joining at apex forming submarginal vein about 0.5 mm inside margin. Sori elongate along veins, extending from near midrib to about 5 mm from margin on the whole under surface; indusia about 0.7 mm broad."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126705	ecology	EN	Terrestrial in tropical evergreen forests at high and low elevations.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126705	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Tenasserim, type) and Indochina (Laos & Cochinchina)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001275647	general	EN	"Similar to <i>A. antrophyoides</i>, different from it in: sterile frond narrowly decurrent to stipe, the wing about 3 mm at each side at middle portion of stipe."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001275647	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001275647	ecology	EN	On wet limestone cliff in dense forests at about 500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001275647	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001275647	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tonkin (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001275647	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122745	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping or ascending, densely scaly; scales narrowly elliptic, gradually narrowing towards acuminate but not hair-pointed apex, about 4 mm long, up to 0.7 mm broad, entire, nearly black, clathrate. Stipe purplish below, grooved on upper suface, up to 20 cm long. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid, widest at base, narrowing towards acuminate apexs, up to 20 by 17 cm, bipinnate-tripinnatifid; pinnae up to 10 pairs, larger ones bipinnatifid, stalked, up to 8 by 3.5 cm, upper ones gradually becoming smaller and less dissected; rachis and costa pale green, grooved, glabrous; larger pinnules and upper pinnae deeply lobed with 2–5 segments, shortly stalked, up to 1.2 by 7 mm; ultimate segments oblong to sparthulate, toothed at rounded to truncate apex, up to 5 by 3 mm, herbaceous to softly papyraceous, pale green to yellowish-green, glabrous; non-spore-bearing fronds shorter, thinner, usually not erect; veins distinct, a little raised. Sori 1 to 3 on each segment, 3–5 mm long, sometimes fusing to the neighbouring ones at maturity; indusia thin, ferrugineous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122745	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122745	ecology	EN	On moist rocks usually on limestones in moist dense evergreen forests at 500–1600 m.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122745	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122745	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Kweichow, type) and Tokin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122745	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000157261	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, about 5 mm diam., densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing towards hair-pointed apex, up to 5 by 0.8 mm, entire, dark brown, clathrate with long cells. Stipe up to 20 cm or more long, or lower pinnae placed just above the rhizome leaving stipe of less than 3 cm, purple or darker, scaly when young. Frond more than 1 m long, pinnate, usually viviparous at apical portion of rachis, up to 20 cm or more wide; rachis grooved and scaly with narrow scales on upper surface; lateral pinnae usually more than 50 pairs, sessile or very short stalked, patent or slightly ascending, almost straight, truncate at acroscopic and broadly cuneate at basiscopic bases, slightly rounded and auricled at both sides, gradually narrowing towards caudately long-acuminate apex, slightly serrate at margin; midrib with two ridges above, veins once or twice forked. Sori long, from near the midrib, up to 1 cm long, a little curved; indusia rather firm, persistent."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000157261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000157261	ecology	EN	On rather dry ground along path in light shade at about 200 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000157261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000157261	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina to W. Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000157261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108064	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, up to 1 cm diam., densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing toward long-acuminate apex, about 5 by 1 mm, dark brown to black with narrow margin only in young ones. Stipe up to 25 cm long, purplish, scaly or glabrescent. Frond oblong to narrowly oblong-subdeltoid, usually broadest just above the very base, rounded at base, acute at apex, up to 35 by 28 cm, imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 3–6 pairs, with the stalks less than 5 mm long, cuneate at basiscopic and roundly auricled at acroscopic bases, gradually narrowing towards caudately long-acuminate apex, up to 12 by 4.5 cm, distinctly toothed at margin, the basal second pair usually the largest; terminal pinnae larger, broadly rounded to subhastate at base, up to 12 by 6 cm, chartaceous; veins more or less visible, forming narrow angles with costa. Sori long, usually occupying the whole length of veinlets from near costa to near margin, up to 3 cm long; indusia herbaceous, open to posterior side."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108064	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108064	ecology	EN	"On rocks, on mossy tree-trunks or terrestrial on calcareous rocky slopes in evergreen forests at low altitudes below 700 m."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108064	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108064	distribution	EN	"Old World tropics, E. Africa (type) to Polynesia, north to Tonkin and Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108064	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108020	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect or ascending, stout, bearing a rosette of fronds, usually with a mass of roots on which are growing various epiphytes, scaly; scales brown to darker, membranous, up to 2 cm long, 3 mm broad, clathrate. Stipe stramineous to dark, 2–5 cm long, scaly at base. Frond simple, up to 1 m or more long, 12–30 cm broad (but occasionally narrower, about 6 cm broad in soriferous ones), broadest at middle, gradually narrowing towards both apex and base, coriaceous, grass-green when living, paler below; midrib raised on upper surface, flat below, veins once or rarely twice forked, the first forking near midrib and then running parallel, uniting at apex to from submarginal veins about 0.5 mm inside leaf margin. Sori elongate along veins, extending from near midrib half-way to the margin, usually on every vein; indusia about 0.5 mm broad, with a space of 0.5 mm or wider between.</br>Two varieties are recognized as:"	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108020	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125540	ecology	EN	Usually on tree-trunks or on rocks in dense forests or under heavy crowns of trees in light shade at various altitudes below 2000 m.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125540	distribution	EN	Throughout the Old World tropics (type from Java).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125540	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158070	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, densely scaly; scales narrow, gradually narrowing from base to long-tailed apex, up to 1.5 cm long, 1 mm broad, entire and distinctly crisped, brown, finely clathrate. Stipe nearly black, glabrous, up to 40 cm long. Frond bipinnate, elliptic or narrower, narrowing towards acuminate apex, slightly narrow at base, about 60 by 25 cm; rachis dark, glabrous, slightly grooved on upper surface; lateral pinnae more than 10 pairs, with stalks of about 1 cm, ascending, narrowly lanceolate, narrowing towards acuminate apex, truncate at base, up to 13 by 4 cm; costa wingless, grooved, glabrous; pinnules about 8 pairs, below indistinctly lobed apical portion, shortly stalked, round to moderately acute at apex, truncate at acroscopic base, dimidiately cuneate at basiscopic base, up to 2.2 by 1.2 cm, shallowly toothed at margin, papyraceous, glabrous; veins subdichotomously 3 to 5 times forked, visible on both surfaces. Sori 5–7 mm long; indusia thin, pale."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158070	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158070	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, S. India (type), E. Himalaya (Nepal to Assam) and W. Malesia (Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo and Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158070	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108058	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards hair-pointed apex, up to 4 by 0.7 mm, bicoloured, the central portion black, with longitudinal cells, the edges brown to dark brown. Stipe very deep castaneous to nearly black, more or less polished, up to 15 cm long, usually about 10 cm long, grooved with two low but distinct ridges on adaxial surface. Frond lanceolate to narrower, pinnate, slightly narrowing at base, gradually narrowing upwards, caudately acuminate at apex, up to 30 by 4.5 cm; rachis wingless throughout, viviparous; lateral pinnae up to 40 pairs, sessile, patent or slightly reflexed, oblong, rounded at apex, lobed to ⅕ way on both margins, narrowly cuneate at basiscopic base, auricled and truncate at acroscopic base, about 20 by 6 mm; midrib rarely viviparous; veinlets simple or forked, not running to the very top of lobes. Sori up to 3 mm long; indusia thin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108058	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108058	ecology	EN	"Terrestrial on rather dry slopes, humus-rich slopes or on Sphagnum-bog, on wet muddy rocks or in crevices of cliffs, or on mossy basal tree-trunks in lower montane forests usually at above 1000 m altitude."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108058	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108058	distribution	EN	"Old Word tropics throughout, north to Himalaya (type) and Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108058	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108025	general	EN	"Similar to <i>A. excisum</i> but differing in: rhizome not so long, often green and fleshy; stipe and rachis green or brownish, never polished; lateral pinnae patent, little falcate, less widely spaced; sori short, usually up to 3 mm long, allantodioid or in more or less sausage-from."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108025	ecology	EN	On wet sandy ground or on moist muddy rocks in evergreen forests at 900–1600 alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108025	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Madagascar, Ceylon, S. India and E. Himalaya, Burma, Indochina, S. China, Taiwan, and throughout Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158217	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, 5–7 mm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, entire, up to 7 by 1 mm, dark brown, the margin a little paler. Stipe stramineous or darker, purplish at basal portion, sparsely scaly, up to 20 cm long. Frond broadly lanceolate, pinnate, acute at apex, round at base, up to 40 by 15 cm; rachis stramineous, darker below, minutely scaly or glabrescent, gemmiferous at upper portion; pinnae about 10 pairs, ascending, stalked, lower ones with stalks of 0.5–1 cm, falcate, gradually narrowing from base towards apex, caudately acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate and roundly auricled at acroscopic base and cuneate at basiscopic base, minutely toothed at margin, up to 10 by 3 cm, softly chartaceous to papyraceous, light green; costa grooved above with ridges, raised below, glabrous, the other veins hardly visible. Sori long, up to 2.5 cm long, occupying almost the whole length of veins, 1–3 for each vein group, open to posterior side."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158217	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158217	ecology	EN	On moist muddy rocks in lower montane and evergreen forests up to 1500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158217	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158217	distribution	EN	"Thailand, W. Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158217	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108076	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, up to 1 cm diam., densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards long-tailed apex, up to 10 by 0.8 mm, dark brown to black, bright, with very thick internal cell-wall. Stipe dark purple, up to 10 cm or more long, or reduced pinnae auricle-like placed just above the rhizome. Frond lanceolate in outline, broadest at middle, gradually narrowing towards both apex and base, up to 50 cm or more long, 10 cm wide; rachis covered with linear scales; lateral pinnae many, up to 50 pairs, the middle ones the largest, patent, sessile, gradually narrowing towards round to acute apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at roundly auricled acroscopic base, narrowly cuneate at basiscopic base, lobed to ⅖ at margin, up to 5 by 2.5 mm, rounded at slightly waved apex, including 4 or 5 veinlets branched from a single lateral vein, papyraceous to thinly chartaceous; veins more or less visible. Sori elongate along posterior veinlets of vein groups, up to 7 mm long, more or less curved, not reaching the lobes."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108076	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108076	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy or moist, muddy rocks usually near streams in evergreen forests at 100–900 m alt."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108076	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108076	distribution	EN	"Old World tropics, from E. Africa (type) to New Guinea, north to Sikkim."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108076	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158243	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, bearing a tuft of fronds, densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards hair-pointed apex, entire, or with a few long projections near base, up to 10 by 1 mm at base, brown. Stipe polished black to dark brownish-purple, scaly throughout, 10–25 cm long. Frond narrowly oblong, acute at apex, a little reduced downwards up to 40 by 16 cm; rachis like the upper part of stipe, scaly with narrow scales; pinnae 15–20 pairs, stalked, middle ones the largest, ascending, narrowly subtriangular, caudately acuminate at apex, auricled at acroscopic and cuneate at basiscopic bases, lobed nearly to costa, up to 8 by 2.5 cm; lobes oblong or quadrangular, oblique, dentate at apex, usually 5–7 mm wide; softly chartaceous to chartaceous, veins visible. Sori long, crescent-shaped, 1–4 for each lobe; indusia herbaceous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158243	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or on moist rocks in lower montane forests at 1000–1700 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000158243	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000158243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118135	general	EN	"Similar to <i>A. nidus</i>, differing from it in: rhizome-scales brown, broader; frond up to 80 by 7 cm (in exceptional cases up to 10 cm broad); midrib raised below; sori usually reaching more than half-way to margin, often occupying ¾ of the length of veins.</br>Two subspecies are recognized as:"	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118135	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001275642	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping or ascending; scales narrowly subtriangular, gradually narrowing towards hair-pointed apex, about 4 by 0.5 mm, dark brown to nearly black, clathrate, entire or bearing irregular projections. Stipe up to 5 cm long, with dense patent scales, stramineous to darker. Frond bipinnate- tripinnatifid, narrowly elliptic, acute at apex, narrowing towards base, up to 20 by 4.5 cm; rachis densely scaly throughout; pinnae 20 or more pairs, elliptic-subdeltoid, acute to truncate at apex, cuneate at base, with larger basal acroscopic pinnules, subsessile, up to 2.3 by 1.2 cm; costa winged, about 0.7 mm broad, minutely scaly below, pinnules about 5 pairs, spathulate, cuneate at base, with 2–4 teeth at apex, up to 7 by 3.5 mm; ultimate lobes (or teeth of pinnules) one-nerved, about 0.5 mm broad, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, edges usually revolute, with narrow scales on axes and veins, glabrous on laminar surfaces, green to deep green. Sori elliptic, usually one to each segment, indusia pale, thin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001275642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001275642	ecology	EN	"On lower level of tree-trunks, usually in dense moist forests at medium to high altitudes."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001275642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001275642	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma: N' Bapa-Nawng Haeng, DICKASON F290A(C). A specimen from S. Lushai, WAGNER 26 (BM), is also referable to this."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001275642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125541	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, scaly; scales appressed, narrowly subdeltoid, long-acuminate at apex, about 10 by 1.5 mm, dark brown and more or less clathrate centrally, the edges paler, thin-walled, irregularly margined, about 0.1 mm broad. Stipe 10–30 cm long, green to stramineous, darker towards base, wingless, glabrous or minutely scaly. Lamina simple to pinnate, simple frond like the terminal pinna of pinnate frond, up to 35 by 25 cm in pinnate form; lateral pinnae up to 3 pairs, shortly stalked or subsessile, linear, falcate, up to 20 by 2.2 cm, long-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, entire, or minutely serrate above; terminal pinna and simple frond gradually narrowing towards long-acuminate apex, attenuate to cuneate at base, up to 30 by 3.5 cm, chartaceous, light green, glabrous or minutely scaly; midrib raised below, hardly so above, glabrous; veins forked near midrib, visible on both surfaces but not raised. Sori along acroscopic branches of veins, up to 7 mm long; indusia up to 0.7 mm broad, pale brown, thin but firm, persistent."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125541	ecology	EN	On tree-trunks or on moist mossy rocks in humid places usually along streams in dense evergreen forests at low or medium altitudes (100–800 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125541	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China, Burma and Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128165	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, bearing a few to several fronds in a tuft, scaly near apex; scales oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards acute apex, about 7 by 3 mm, dark brown centrally, paler at edges, sometimes bearing irregular projections at margin, clathrate. Stipe not distinct from lamina, winged, stramineous or brownish. Frond simple, linear, up to 60 by 2.5 cm, broadest at middle, narrowing towards caudately long-acuminate apex, attenuate towards base, with shallow serration at margin at least in upper part or subentire; chartaceous, minutely scaly on midrib; midrib raised below, flat above, rather thick; lateral veins forming angles of 70°–80° to midrib, simple or forked. Sori elongate along simple veins or acroscopic branches of forked ones, from near midrib to about ⅔ way towards edge of frond; indusia up to 1.3 nm broad, firm."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128165	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy rocks usually in dense evergreen forests at 900–1600 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128165	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina and Malaya (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000159274	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending or suberect, bearing several living fronds and numerous stipes without pinnae, and appearing brush-like, densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards acuminate apex, about 2.5 by up to 0.4 mm, nearly black with brown edges which becoming fimbriate or soft hairy in age. Stipe very dark purple to nearly black, polished, glabrous but scaly at base, up to 4 cm long or in smaller fronds less than 1 cm. Lamina simply pinnate except for the decompound apical portion, 3–8 cm long, lower half of lamina pinnate, 6–10 mm wide, nearly parallel at edges; pinnae sessile, 2–5 mm apart, rounded at apex, a little ascending and nearly straight at basiscopic side, subtruncate at inner side, and shallowly lobed at acroscopic edge, 3–7 by 2–3 mm, fallen ones leaving minute scars on rachis; lobes rounded, with round sinus; veins hardly visible, a few times forked, not reaching the margin of lobes; rachis bearing branches at middle or above, sometimes the axes forked a few times, each branch taking appearance of pinnate frond; the apical pinnae adnate at base ending in indistinct apical pinnae. Sori one to three in each lobe, 1–1.5 mm long; indusia covered under sporangia at maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000159274	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000159274	ecology	EN	"Sandstone rock at about 1300 m alt., known only by the type collection, SOERENSEN et al. 2279, 7905 (C, K)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000159274	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000159274	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000159274	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001227409	general	EN	"Similar to <i>A. phyllitidis</i> but differs in: frond gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, long-attenuate at base."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001227409	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001227409	ecology	EN	In moist evergreen forests by streams at medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001227409	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001227409	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001227409	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001237618	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping to suberect, scaly; scales up to 1.2 cm long, 1.3 mm broad, dark brown, clathrate, the margin paler, irregularly waved. Stipe dark green to brownish, up to 5 cm long and merging upwards with the decurrent base of frond, scaly throughout with small, brown, clathrate scales. Lamina simple, narrowly elliptic, long-acuminate at apex, broadest in upper ¼ , then gradually narrowing towards attenuate base, 30–50 cm including stipe, up to 8 cm broad, subentire or slightly crisped at margin; leathery, green to dark green, with small scales on both surfaces when young; midrib distinctly raised below, minutely caducous scaly, flat and glabrous on upper surface; veins forming angles of about 45° or more with midribs, more or less visible on both surfaces, usually forked near midribs and free. Sori along simple or acroscopic branch of veins, from near midrib to about 1 cm from edge, occupying whole of under surface except basal portion; indusia up to 1 mm broad, thin but firm, not enrolling the sori, pale brown."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001237618	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001237618	ecology	EN	On muddy rocks in dense evergreen forests at medium altitudes (about 600 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001237618	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001237618	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001237618	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116683	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, up to 5 mm diam.; scales narrowing from base towards long-acuminate apex, about 5 by 1.2 mm, dark brown, clathrate, the edges bearing long projections. Stipe up to 15 cm long, dark green to dark brown, scaly throughout with smaller scales or glabrescent. Frond pinnate, usually widest at base, acuminate at apex, up to 27 by 8.5 cm; rachis winged throughout, minutely scaly when young, proliferous; lateral pinnae about 20 pairs, patent to slightly ascending, falcate, acuminate at apex, auricled and subtruncate at acroscopic base and subdimidiate to narrowly cuneate at basiscopic base, regularly serrate with a single veinlet in each tooth, up to 5 by 1.5 cm, the upper ones smaller; chartaceous, green, glabrescent; costa raised above, veins visible on both surfaces, simple or basal acroscopic ones forked; crenae at margin oblique, rounded at apex, one-nerved, about 2 by 1.3 mm. Sori elongate along veins, up to 4 mm long, from near costa to below sinus; indusia thin but persistent, up to 0.8 mm broad."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116683	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116683	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or on rocks in dense evergreen forests at medium altitudes (500–1100 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116683	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116683	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon and S. India to Polynesia (type), north to Tonkin and Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116683	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115217	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending to suberect, densely scaly; scales narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowing from base towards apex, dark brown, clathrate, entire, about 4 by 0.8 mm. Stipe green or purplish, grooved above, scaly at base, glabrescent above, about 10 cm long. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, up to 20 by 10 cm, quadripinnate to quadripinnatifid; rachis sometimes gemmiferous; lateral pinnae shortly stalked, unequally subtriangular, acuminate at apex, 10 by 2.5 cm, gradually becoming smaller upwards, basal ones a little smaller; pinnules ovate-subdeltoid, rounded to broadly cuneate at base, moderately acute to rounded at apex, up to 1.5 by 1 cm; secondary pinnules with a few lobed segments or a segment with a few lobes; ultimate lobes oblong, acuminate at apex, entire, about 1 mm broad, one-nerved; papyraceous, glabrous, light green. Sori one to each lobe, medial; indusia firm, pale green to whitish."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115217	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115217	ecology	EN	Lower montane forests along streams in moist places.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115217	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115217	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, S. India, E. Himalaya from Nepal (type) to Assam, SW. China, Indochina and Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115217	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108108	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect; scales subdeltoid with acuminate apex, up to 3 by 0.8 mm, dark brown to nearly black and clathrate in central portion, pale brown, thin-walled at edges with irregular small projections at margin. Stipe up to 7 cm long, green to brownish, minutely scaly or glabrescent. Lamina bipinnate- tripinnatifid, elliptic in outline, moderately acute at apex, subtruncate at base, up to 20 by 6 cm; rachis with the wings curved upwards and continuous to lamina; lateral pinnae about 15 pairs, shortly stalked with narrowly winged stalks, elliptic, round to obtuse at apex, auricled at acroscopic base, subdimidiate at basiscopic base, up to 4 by 1.5 cm; costa winged and just like the ultimate segments which are narrowly lanceolate, oblique, up to 7 by 1.2 mm, rounded at apex, entire, basal acroscopic ones once or twice forked, one-nerved, chartaceous, glabrous. Sori along veins, occupying posterior half of ultimate segments; indusia thin but firm, persistent, reaching the margin or segments, thus apparently bilobed opening outwards."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108108	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108108	ecology	EN	On trees or on mossy rocks in evergreen forests at medium altitudes (about 900 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108108	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001108108	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina and W. Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001108108	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107227	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 3–4 mm diam., bearing many roots on ventral and two rows of fronds on dorsal surfaces, scaly; scales gradually narrowing from base towards hair-pointed apex, up to 4 by 0.5 mm, dark brown to nigrescent, clathrate. Stipe close or up to 1 cm apart, castaneous to purplish, polished, scaly near the base, 10–25 cm long. Frond pinnate, lanceolate, broadest at basal ⅕-⅛ portion, almost parallel or slightly narrowing upwards and then rather suddenly narrowing to caudate apex, 10–20(–35) cm long, about 4 cm (sometimes up to 9 cm) wide; rachis terete throughout; pinnae usually 20–30 pairs, roundly quadrangular, posterior half of lower portion dimidiate, truncate and slightly auricled at acroscopic base, rounded at apex, lobed to ⅕ way at upper and anterior half of lower margin, lobes rounded, oblique, moderately acute to rounded at apex, commonly 20 by 6 mm, sometimes up to 4 by 1 cm, a few lowest pairs shortly stalked, slightly smaller, more or less reflexed, thin, herbaceous, light green; veins visible. Sori 4–6 mm long; indusia herbaceous, pale, opening towards anterior side."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107227	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107227	ecology	EN	Terrestrial on wet sandy slopes on moist muddy rocks along streams in dense primeaval forests at 700–1800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107227	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107227	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed throughout the Old World tropics (type from Comoros), north to central Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107227	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109367	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, bearing fronds in a tuft; scales narrowly elliptic, gradually narrowing towards apex, about 3.5 by 0.5 mm, dark brown, clathrate, entire. Stipe castaneous, or stramineous upwards, glabrous, grooved above, 2–3 cm long. Lamina oblong-subdeltoid, acute at apex, about 5 by 3 cm at base, bipinnatifid; rachis green, grooved above, glabrous; pinnae shortly stalked, with 3–6 segments below indistinctly dissected apical portion, about 2 by 1 cm; ultimate segments spathulate, round and toothed at apex, cuneate at base, herbaceous, green, glabrous; veins visible, each entering a tooth of ultimate segments. Sori 2 to 5 for each segment, up to 2 mm long, hardly confluent to each other; indusia enrolling the sori, thin but firm."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109367	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109367	ecology	EN	In moist muddy crevices of mossy limestone cliffs in dense forests at 1900–2000 m.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109367	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109367	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Africa, Ceylon, S. India, Himalaya (type), China, Indochina, Japan and Hawaii."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109367	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114942	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, scaly; scales dark brown to nearly black, narrow, subulate, entire, up to 5 by 0.5 mm. Stipe usually up to 15 cm long, dark green to brownish, not polished, sparsely scaly. Frond narrowly lanceolate, commonly about 20 by 5 cm, sometimes up to 40 by 8 cm, acute to acuminate at apex, pinnate; rachis like the upper part of stipe, rarely gemmiferous; pinnae 12–25 pairs, stalked, dimidiate, rhomboid, acute at apex, broadly cuneate and auricled at acroscopic base, narrowly cuneate and entire at basiscopic base, margin irregularly lobed with dentate margin, 2–4 by 0.7–1.5 cm, chartaceous, deep green, brownish in dried specimens. Sori elongate, many near the costa."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114942	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114942	ecology	EN	Usually epiphytic on mossy tree-trunks in dense forests at altitudes above 1300 m.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114942	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114942	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, N. & S. India, Burma, S. China, Indochina, Taiwan, Philippines, north to Japan (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114942	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552878	general	EN	"Rhizomatous herb up to 2.5 m; base of shoot and young shoots provided with a dense cover of long, soft, reddish-brown hairs. Stem thin, hollow but stiff, with stattered patent and glandular hairs. Leaves few, large, bipinnate or tripinnate compound; stipules partly joined to the petiole, scarious, up to 2 cm, free part bilobed, 4–6 mm, triangular, acute; petiole 15–40 cm with long patent hairs; leaflets narrowly ovate, sessile or petiolate up to 2 cm, middle one symmetric, the two lateral ones strongly asymmetric, base rounded to cordate, apex long acuminate; margin serrate, upper surface dark green or reddish with scattered stiff hairs, lower one pale with prominent tomentose veins. Inflorescence large, terminal panicles up to 40 by 20 cm. Flowers small, white or reddish, subtended by a persistent, narrow, serrate bract ca 2 mm; pedicels 1–2 mm with 1–2 minute bracteoles; sepals ovate, glabrous, 1–2 mm; petals absent or 1–2 minute; stamens 5–10(–12), filaments 2–3 mm; anthers orbicular; ovary of 2 almost free carpels. Carpels divergent, 4–5 mm long."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552878	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552878	ecology	EN	The species is abundant in forest margins from about 2500 to the summit.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552878	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000552878	distribution	EN	"From Bhutan, Nepal (type) and N. India to China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000552878	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117798	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, scaly; scales narrow and subulate, up to 8 by 1 mm, entire, tailed at apex, more or less bicoloured. Stipe up to 12 cm long, stramineous, dark and scaly at base. Frond narrowly oblong, acuminate to attenuate at apex, up to 20 by 6 cm, pinnate-bipinnatifid; pinnae stalked, patent or deflexed in lower ones, oblong to oblong-subdeltoid, rounded to acute at apex, auricled at acroscopic and cuneate to dimidiate at basiscopic bases, up to 35 by 1.2 mm, lobed nearly towards costa; lobes rounded, toothed; papyraceous, minutely scaly on rachis and costa. Sori medial, round, rather large; indusia round to oblong, opening outwards, more than 1 mm wide, crenate to lacerate at margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117798	ecology	EN	On humus-rich floor of dense evergreen forests above 1800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117798	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka, S. India, Himalaya, Burma, SW. China (Yunnan, type, and Kwangtung), Taiwan, Indochina, Malaya, Borneo, and Luzon."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117797	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, bearing close fronds; scales narrow, up to 10 by 1 mm, pale brown, entire. Stipe up to 30 cm long, stramineous, dark brown at broadened base, scaly in lower part. Frond narrow, widest at base, acuminate to attenuate at apex, up to 30 by 12 cm in soriferous and 15 cm wide in sterile fronds, bipinnatifid; pinnae more than 15 pairs, lower pinnae shortly stalked, linear-lanceolate, falcate, truncate at base, acuminate at apex, up to 6 by 1.5 cm in soriferous and up to 8 by 2.2 cm in sterile ones, deeply lobed nearly to costa, upper pinnae becoming smaller upwards; ultimate segments patent to oblique, oblong to subdeltoid, rounded to moderately acute at apex, toothed at margin; papyraceous to subcoriaceous, light green; veins pinnate, veinlets simple or forked, ending in sharp teeth at margin. Sori oblong or sometimes round, naked, sometimes uniting with the next ones at maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117797	ecology	EN	On rather dry ground or on mountain slopes in mixed or evergreen forests at 600–1500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117797	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalaya and Yunnan (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118527	general	EN	"Rhizome erect, with a few fronds, at apex, scaly; scales narrow with long-tailed apex, up to 6 by 0.8 mm, dark brown, entire. Stipe up to 20 cm long, stramineous, dark brown and scaly at base. Frond broadly oblong, acute at apex, up to 30 by 20 cm, bipinnate-tripinnatifid; pinnae about 10 pairs, lower pinnae stalked, ascending, oblong-lanceolate, up to 11 by 5 cm, the upper pinnae becoming smaller upwards; pinnules subsessile or shortly stalked, oblong, oblique, moderately acute to rounded at apex, truncate to auricled at anterior and cuneate at posterior bases, about 2.5 by 1 cm; ultimate segments oblong, rounded at apex, distinctly toothed; papyraceous to subcoriaceous; veins pinnate, veinlets simple or rarely forked, ending in teeth at margin of segments. Sori oblong, usually close to costules; indusia opening anteriorly, oblong, crenate at margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118527	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118527	ecology	EN	On rather dry mountain slopes in dense evergreen forests at 1100–1300 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118527	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118527	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), SW. China and Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118527	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122800	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, bearing a few fronds at apex, scaly; scales narrow, with tailed apex, up to 8 by 1 mm, brown, entire. Stipe up to 35 cm long, stramineous, dark and scaly at broadened base. Frond narrowly oblong, acuminate at apex, up to 30 by 15 cm, bipinnate-tripinnatifid; lower pinnae 3–5 cm apart, patent or slightly deflexed, narrowly oblong, acuminate at apex, auricled at acroscopic base, the upper pinnae smaller, ascending; pinnules oblong, oblique, round at apex, auricled or broadly cuneate at anterior and narrowly cuneate at posterior bases, subsessile or shortly stalked, about 1 by 0.5 cm, deeply lobed; lobes oblong, oblique, rounded to obtuse at apex, toothed; papyraceous, light green; veins pinnate, veinlets ending in teeth; a unicellular hair present at each junction between costa and costule and between veins and veinlets. Sori round to oblong, costular; indusia thin, all one-sided, crenate at margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122800	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122800	ecology	EN	On humus-rich mountain slopes near streams in dense mossy forests at 2000–2500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122800	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122800	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalaya (type) to Yunnan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122800	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000301941	general	EN	"Small to medium-sized tree, up to 30 m; with butresses to ca 2 m high. Stipules narrowly oblong, thick. slightly falcate. 3–4 by ca 1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole stout, 4–8(–10) mm long; blade elliptic to narrowly obovate, 6–9(–12) by 2–3.5(–6) cm, glabrous, coriaceous, base attenuate, apex rounded, occasionally enurginale, upper side shiny; midrib prontinent, reddish when dry, nerves fine, numerous. Flowers tiny in clustered cymes joined in short panicles; peduncles up to 3 cm long, thick when pistillate, axis hairy to puberulous; inflorescence bracts triangular, ca 2.5 mm long hairy; bracts to the flowers broadly triangular. 1–1.5 mn long, bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers on up to 2 cm long peduncles; pedicel 4–6 mm long, sparsely hairy; sepals 4(–5), obovate, ca 2 mm long, reflexed, glabrous; filaments 2–3 mm long. anthers ca 0.5 mm long; pistillode brown hairy. Pistillate flowers: pedicel ca 2 mm long, thick; sepals 2+2, broadly triangular, subequal, 1.5–2 mm long, densely brown hairy, fleshy; ovary ellipsoid-ovate, 3–4 min long, densely brown hairy, 2-locular; stigma subsessile, 2-lobed. Fruits obovoid, 10–14 by 8–10 mm, with 2 bivaled cocci, purplish-green, finely verrucose, drying brown; epicarp thin, separating from the thickly crustaceous cocci; coluinn T-shaped, slender, 10–13 mm long, brownish. Seeds ca 7 by 4 mm, black when dry, caruncle laciniate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000301941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000301941	ecology	EN	In evergreen rainforest; at low altitude.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000301941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000301941	distribution	EN	"Thailand, throughout Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000301941	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557404	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 15 m; branches erect. Leaves 7–19-jugate, usually teminally tufted; rachis 17–60 cm; leaflets up to 12 by 4 cm, underneath tomentose to puberulous, not glaucous, lowest reflexed. Panicles cauliflorous down to ground level, rarely axillary, up to 20 cm. Pedicels 4–17 mm, articulate near the middle. Petals 10–20 by 3–4 mm, distinct, glabrous inside. All stamens with anthers. Ovules 4–7 per cell. Berry up to 10 by 5 cm, terete-obtuse-angular in cross section. Seeds exarillate."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557404	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557404	use	EN	"In Malesia the leaves are used as a paste against itches, eaten against syphilis, and a decoction is drunk after childbirth. In Jana the leaves are used against mumps, rheumatism, pimples, and piles; a decoction of the flowers is also used against cough and thrush. The fruits are eaten fresh or pickled, but are more acid than those of the preceding species. The juice is generally used against fever, scurvy, beri-beri, biliousness, coughs, and piles; it also removes stains from laundry, hands, and weapons."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557404	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557404	ecology	EN	"Along rivers, in primary and secondary forests."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557404	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557404	distribution	EN	"Native country unknown (E. Malesia?) (type from Ceylon); cultivated, often a relic of former cultivation."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557404	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557405	general	EN	"Tree up to 14 m; branches often drooping. Leaves 3–6-jugate, not crowded terminaly; rachis up to 20 cm; leaflets up to 10 by 4 cm, glabrescent, glaucous beneath, lowest not reflexed. Panicles axillary, rarely some ramiflorous, up to 7 cm. Pedicels 3–6 mm, articulated below the flower. Petals up to 8 by 2 mm, coherent above the claw, inside with minute septate-glandular hairs. Shorter stamens without anthers, often with swollen base. Ovules 3–5 per cell. Berry up to 12.5 by 6 cm, stellate in cross section. Aril present, bilabiate, enclosing the seed."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557405	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557405	use	EN	"The fruits are eaten fresh or pickled. Leaves and fruits are said to be good against fevers, aptha, angina, chicken-pox, ringworm, headaches, scurvy, dysentery, piles, and affections of skin and eyes; they excite the appetite, but may cause vomiting. It is antiphlogistic and a sialogogue. The fruit removes stains from laundry, hands, and weapons."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557405	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557405	ecology	EN	"At low altitudes, along rivers in ravines, in primary and secondary forests."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557405	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000557405	distribution	EN	"Native country unknown (central and E. Java?) (type from Ceylon); often cultivated, escaping freely, often a relic of former cultivation."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000557405	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558019	general	EN	"Erect, glabrous shrub up to 4 m with long, drooping branches; thorns 1 or 2 divergent in the leaf axils, up to 10–15 mm long, articulate at base, easily breakable. Stipules 2, minute, subulate. Leaves variable from suborbicular to ovate or elliptic, rounded or acute with pointed apex, terminated by a 1–2 mm thorn-like structure; upper surface shining; midrib prominent, 2–6 by 1.5–6 cm; petiole 2–8 mm. Inflorescences racemes or panicles in the leaf axils and larger panicles up to 25 cm terminal on the shoots. Bracts and floral parts persistent after flowering. Flowers yellowish green, polygamous. Male flowers crowded, subsessile; calyx ± deeply divided ca 2 mm; petals slightly longer, green, often finely serrate in upper part; filaments longer than corolla, anthers oblong. Female flowers: pedicel up to 8 mm; calyx and petals somewhat shorter than in the male flowers; staminodes with sterile, sagittate anthers, shorter than corolla; ovary imperfectly 4-loculed; stigma deeply bifid. Berry white, globose, 5–6 mm diam. Seeds (1–)2–3."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558019	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558019	ecology	EN	"Open, dry habitats, mostly in the lowland, at edges along rice fields, margin of mangroves, waysides, in thorny shrub and dry, deciduous forests, found up to 800 m in open pine forests in Chiang Mai."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558019	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558019	distribution	EN	Throughout SE Asia to New Guinea and the Philippines (Type from Java).	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558019	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109619	general	EN	"Plants small, up to about 2 by 1 cm. Leaves less than 1 mm long, green to purplish in old ones; upper surface papillose. Roots up to 5 cm long, bearing fine root-hairs."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109619	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109619	ecology	EN	Floating in water hole.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109619	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109619	distribution	EN	"American tropics (type from N. America), dispersed to the tropics throughout the world and the range being dubious at present."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109619	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107239	general	EN	"Stems densely pinnate, forming triangular outline for the whole plants, 1–3 cm long. Leaves less than 1 mm long, purplish to reddish in old ones; upper surface densely papillose, with semitransparent cartilaginous membrane at margin. Roots up to 5 cm long, bearing root-hairs."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107239	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107239	ecology	EN	Floating on canals or on paddy fields usually in sunny places at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107239	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107239	distribution	EN	Palaeotropics (type from Australia).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107239	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304430	general	EN	"Tree up to 25 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak, usually hairy. Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs on black dots. Stipules triangular, 2–6 by 1–2.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 8–65(–87)mm long; blade ovate (to obovate), 3.5–21 by 1.7–9.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–3.4, papery to sub-leathery, base truncate to attenuate, lower surface with black disc-like glands; nerves in 3–8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, 1–3 together, up to 16 cm long; bracts 2–6 mm, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 1.5–2.9 mm in diam., caducous at moment of opening; pedicel 0.3–1.2 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 1–2.2 by 0.6–1.5 mm, ± of equal size, white to yellow to green to pink to red to brown; stamens 4 or 5, 0.25–0.5 mm long; filaments 0.05–0.3 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.25 by 0.15–0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, single, up to 6.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers 4–12 mm in diam., yellowish to greenish to (red)brown; pedicel 1–5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5(6), ovate to elliptic, 3.5–11 by 0.9–3.5 mm, ± of equal size; staminodes exceptionally present; ovary 2- or 3-locular; style 0–1.6 by 0.5–1 mm; stigmas 0.9–2.5 mm long, cleft for upper 70–90%. Fruits globose to pyramidal, fleshy capsules, 19–25 mm in diam. when fresh, 10.5–23 by 14–25 by 14–25 mm when dry, red to orange-brown-green, only partly loculicidally dehiscent, subglabrous to densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside. Seeds (6.2–)7–10 by (4–)4.5–6.5 by 3–4.8 mm; arillode (orange) yellow."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304430	use	EN	"Aril and fruit wall edible, sour. In Sarawak and Sabah wood used for building."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304430	ecology	EN	"Primary, secondary forest, freshwater swamp, peat swamp, heath swamp, exceptionally in mangrove forest; on usually white sand; altitude: 0–40(–900) m. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304430	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304473	general	EN	"Tree up to 10 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong (young branches scaly), densely hairy when young. Indumentum simple hairs. Stipules 8–16 by 2–5 mm. Leaves: petiole 11–50 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 15–35 by 6.2–14.4 cm, length/width ratio 1.9–3, papery, base cuneate to round, lower surface without disc-like glands; nerves in 11–15 per side. Staminate inflorescences ramiflorous to just below the leaves (to axillary), 1–8 together, up to 17.5 cm long; bracts 1.5–6 mm long, bracteoles usually present. Staminate flowers 1.5–3 mm in diam., yellowish green; pedicel 1.7–2.2 mm long; sepals 3–6, obovate or different in shape, 0.5–2 by 0.5–1.4 mm; stamens 5, 0.5–1 mm long; filaments 0.3–0.9 mm long, geniculate; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.1–0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous (to ramiflorous to axillary), 1–3 together, up to 22.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers 5–7 mm in diam.; pedicel 0–4.5 mm long; sepals 4, obovate to elliptic, 5.6–6.5 by 1.5–3.5 mm; ovary 2- or 3-loculate; style ca 0.2 by 1 mm wide; stigmas ca 1 mm long, Fruits globose, fleshy capsules to berries, 14–20 by 10–18.5 by 10–17 mm, white to red to pink, indehiscent to exceptionally splitting, glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 8–13 by 6–8 by 3.1–5 mm; arillode blue to violet to exceptionally red."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304473	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304473	use	EN	Locally grown for its edible fruits.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304473	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304473	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest, seasonal swamp forest; on sand, clayand, granite; altitude: 20–700 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304473	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304473	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, N.W. Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304473	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304837	general	EN	"Tree up to 30 m high; candelabriform branching pattern usually weak; branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules (3–)5–16 by 2–6 mm. Leaves: petiole 16–184 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 9.2–45 by 3.7–26.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–3.4, papery, greenish-grey (to greenish-brown) when dry, base attenuate to round, lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves 6–13 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous, many together, up to 18 cm long; bracts 0.4–1.5 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 2–7 mm in diam., yellow to pink to purple to cream-white; pedicel 1.8–7 mm long; sepals (3)4 or 5, obovate to spathulate, often variable in size and shape, 1.1–5.5 by 0.6–2.7 mm; petals often 3–5, rudimentary; staminodes 3–5; stamens (3)4 or 5, 0.4–0.6 mm long; filaments 0.1–0.3 mm long, straight; anthers 0.2–0.35 by 0.2–0.4 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous, few together, up to 33(–50) cm long. Pistillate flowers 3.5–10 mm in diam., yellow to orange to purple to reddish-cream to whitish; pedicel 0.8–4.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to obovate, 1–6 by 0.9–3.2 mm; petals 2–8, reduced; ovary 3- or 4-locular; style absent; stigmas 0.7–1 mm long, cleft for upper 10–90%. Fruits globose to ellipsoid berries, ca 38 by 60 mm when fresh, 24–54 by 16.5–41 by 16.5–41 mm when dry, green to yellow to whitish to greyish to brownish, glabrous outside and inside. Seeds 12.2–26 by 8–15 by 4.8–9 mm; arillode white to grey, translucent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304837	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304837	use	EN	"The in bamboo pounded leaves are drunk with water against stomach ache. Fruit wall and arillode edible but sour and, therefore, eaten with sugar or salt, nice with chicken rice. Occasionally cultivated."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304837	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304837	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest, riverine forest, on slopes; on sandy clay to loam; altitude: 0–1300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304837	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304837	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, N. Java (type), Borneo, Palawan."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304837	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304880	general	EN	"Tree up to 27 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak; branchlets glabrous. Indumentum small stellate and simple hairs. Stipules 2–9 by 1–5 mm. Leaves: petiole (10–)22–145 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), (7.2–)9–37 by 3.1–17.5 cm, length/width ratio (1.1–)1.6–2.8(–3.5), leathery to papery, base attenuate to cuneate (to round), lower surface usually somewhat hairy on midrib and nerves, disc-like glands present; nerves in 6–10(–13) per side. Staminate inflorescences (axillary to) ramiflorous to cauliflorous, 1 to few together, up to 13 cm long, flowers scattered along rachis; bracts 1–3 mm long, bracteoles usually present. Staminate flowers 0.7–2 mm in diam., green to yellow to white; pedicel 1–2 mm; sepals 5, elliptic, 0.7–1.5 by 0.4–0.7 mm; stamens 5(6), 0.1–0.25 mm long; filaments 0.1–0.2 mm long, straight; anthers ca 0.1 by 0.15 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to cauliflorous, 1–3 together, up to 18 cm long. Pistillate flowers 2–4.5 mm in diam.; pedicel 3–7.5 mm long; sepals 4–6, ovate, 1.5–2.8 by 1–1.3 mm; ovary 3- or 4-locular; style 0.5–1.5 by ca 1 mm wide; stigmas 0.5–1 mm long, cleft into 2 lobes. Fruits (sub)globose, fleshy capsules, up to 80 mm in diam. when fresh, 30–65 by 34–75 by 34–75 mm when dry, brown to yellow to orange to dull red to dark green, loculicidally (and septicidally) dehiscent, (sub)glabrous outside, subglabrous to densely hairy inside. Seeds 13–23 by 11–18.5 by 4–7 mm; arillode white to yellow (to orange)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304880	use	EN	"Arillode edible, sweet to sour. Often cultivated. Fruits sold in the market."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304880	ecology	EN	"Primary rainforest, riverine forest, swamp forest, exceptionally in secondary forest; on granitic sand, sandy clayand, red clay; altitude: 0–1,600 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304880	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Borneo. (Ambon, Irian Jaya)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304892	general	EN	"Tree up to 27 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum stellate hairs. Stipules often leaf-shaped, 2–11 by 3–11.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 30–88 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 9.6–33 by 4.5–14.4 cm, length/width ratio 1.9–2.3(–2.9), papery, base round to cuneate, lower surface (sub)glabrous, disc-like glands present; nerves in 6–13 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, 1 to few clustered together, up to 8.6 cm long, flowers in top of rachis; bracts 1.5–2.5 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 0.7–1.5 mm in diam., green to yellow; pedicel 0–0.7 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.4–0.9 by 0.4–0.6 mm; staminodes 0–4; stamens 4 or 5, 0.2–0.7 mm long; filaments 0.1–0.7 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.2–0.3 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous, few together, up to 25 cm long. Pistillate flowers 2–4 mm in diam., green; pedicel 2–5 mm long, upper part geniculate (90° bent); sepals 4, lanceolate, ca 1.5 by 1–1.5 mm; ovary (2)3-locular; stigmas sessile, ca 0.7 mm long, not lobed. Fruits globose, fleshy capsules, 10–16 by 9.5–15 by 9.5–15 mm, usually green to sometimes light yellow to whitish violet to reddish to brown, loculicidally dehiscent to irregularly splitting, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous to densely hairy inside. Seeds 8–12.5 by 7.5–11 by 2–4 mm; arillode translucent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304892	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304892	use	EN	"Arillode edible, sweet to sour."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304892	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304892	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary rainforest, peat swamp forest; altitude: 0–650 m. Flowering: February-July, October-November; fruiting: March, June-October."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304892	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304892	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo, Maluku."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304892	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304975	general	EN	"Tree up to 35 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong; branchlets subglabrous. Indumentum simple hairs. Stipules 1–4 by 0.7–1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 7–35 mm long; blade ovate (to obovate), 3.5–16.3 by 1.6–8.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–3.2(–4.2), papery, base (rounded to) cuneate to attenuate, lower surface with disc-like glands; nerves in 4–8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, 1–3 together, up to 5 cm long; bracts ca 4.5 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 0.8–2 mm in diam., clustered at top of branchlets, greenish-yellow to yellow, exceptionally flushed pink; pedicel absent; sepals 4 (5), each with a different shape, 0.3–1 by 0.3–1 mm; stamens 4(5), 0.2–1 mm long; filaments 0.2–1 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.1–0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous, 1–4 together, up to 28 cm long. Pistillate flowers 3–8 mm in diam., green; pedicel 2–2.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate to obovate, each with a different size and shape, 2.2–4.5 by 1–2.2 mm; staminodes exceptionally present; ovary 3-locular; style 0–3 mm long; stigmas 0.8–1.4 mm long, apically lobed up to the base. Fruits globose, fleshy capsules, 8–14 by 10–15 by 10–15 mm, orange to ochre, dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally, densely hairy outside, velutinous inside. Seeds 5.9–9.5 by 5.4–8.3 by 0.1–0.3 mm; arillode dull, yellow to orange."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304975	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304975	use	EN	"Arillode edible, sour-bitter. Wood used in house construction."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304975	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304975	ecology	EN	"Primary, old secondary, and bamboo forest, on ridges or slopes; on granite, yellow sand or yellow sandy loam; altitude: 0–1,200 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304975	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000304975	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000304975	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305017	general	EN	"Tree up to 20 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak, branchlets densely hairy. Indumentum simple hairs. Stipules 5–10 by 1.5–3.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 23–84 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 13.5–37 by 5.2–15 cm, length/width ratio 1.9–2.5, papery, base narrowly cordate (Thailand) (to round), lower surface hairy, without disc-like, nerves in 10–17 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous to axillary, 1–5 together, up to 24 cm long; bracts 1–2.5 mm long; bracteoles bract-like. Staminate flowers 2–3 mm in diam., green to yellow; pedicel 1.6–2.3 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.7–1.4 by 0.5–1.4 mm; stamens 5–10, 0.4–0.6 mm long; filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, geniculate to straight; anthers ca 0.1 by 0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to cauliflorous, 1–5 together, up to 42 cm long. Pistillate flowers 4–10 mm in diam., green to yellow; pedicel 2–5.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 4–8 by 1.5–3.5 mm; ovary 3-locular; style 0–0.4 by 0.8–1.2 mm wide; stigmas 0.5–1 mm long. Fruits globose to ellipsoid berries, 22–45 by 15–25 by ca 25 mm, greenish yellow to white, glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 13–20 by 9–14.5 by 2.5–4 mm; arillode translucent white to exceptionally purple."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305017	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305017	use	EN	"Locally grown for its edible fruits; arillode edible, sour to sweet. Squeezed inner bark used for sore eyes."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305017	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305017	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary rainforest, exceptionally riverine forest, often cultivated; on yellow clay, sand or limestone; altitude: 15–500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305017	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305017	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo (type), Maluku (Halmahera)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305017	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305136	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 15 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong; branchlets glabrous. Indumentum simple hairs. Stipules usually 2.5–7 by 1.5–2.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 4–55 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 5–23 by 2–9.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.6–3.7, papery, base attenuate to cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands; nerves in (3–)5–10 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous, at base of trunk, many together, up to 28 cm long; bracts 0.3–1.6 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 1–5 mm in diam.; pedicel 0.4–6 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, each with a different size and shape, 0.5–3 by 0.5–1.2 mm, red to yellow outside, cream to yellow inside, whitish outside; stamens 5–7, 0.5–0.9 mm long; filaments 0.4–0.8 mm long, straight; anthers 0.2–0.3 by 0.1–0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous, at base of trunk, many together, up to 28 cm long. Pistillate flowers 5–7.5 mm in diam.; pedicel 2–6(–9) mm long; sepals 4 or 5, narrowly elliptic to obovate, 2.7–8 by 0.9–2 mm, white to yellow to usually red; ovary with or without 6 wings, (2)3(4)-locular; style 0–2 by ca 1 mm; stigmas 0.1–1.5 mm long, cleft apically only or up to base. Fruits fusiform berries, often with 4–6 narrow longitudinal wings, 16–32 by 7–15 mm, dull red to maroon turning purple to black, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 9–16 by 4–8 by 1–5 mm; arillode red to purple to white."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305136	use	EN	"Fruit wall and arillode edible, sour-sweet. Wood used as box-wood."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305136	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary evergreen forest, riverine forest, dipterocarp forest with much bamboo, gingers, and <i>Donax grandis</i> in undergrowth; on steep hillsides to dry parts of swamps; on sandstone to white sandy soil; altitude: 0–1250 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305136	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305136	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305238	general	EN	"Tree up to 30 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak; branchlets not scaly, velutinous. Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs. Stipules 2.2–10 by 0.5–2 mm. Leaves: petiole 7–78 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 5.5–21.5 by 3.1–12.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–2.7, papery to slightly leathery, base round to cordate (to attenuate), lower surface without disc-like glands; nerves 7–14 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves (to ramiflorous), 1–5 together, up to 7 cm long; bracts 0.2–1.3 mm long, bracteoles usually present. Staminate flowers 1.1–3.3 mm in diam., green to yellow to greenish-white; pedicel 0–0.5 mm long; sepals 4–6, ovate, 0.7–1.5 by 0.5–1.5 mm, stamens 4–8, 0.3–0.7 mm long; filaments 0.2–0.6 mm long, geniculate to straight; anthers ca 0.1 by 0.2–0.3 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, 1–3 together, up to 34.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers 2.5–6.5 mm in diam.; pedicel 2–5.8 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.5–5.9 by 0.3–3.5 mm, ochre; ovary 3-locular; style 0.1–0.2 by 0.5–0.8 mm; stigmas 0.6–0.9 mm long, cleft for upper 60–90%. Fruits globose to subglobose, fleshy capsules, 10–26 by 12–26 by 12–26 mm, loculicidally dehiscent, yellow to orange, scarcely hairy to velutinous outside and inside. Seeds 7.8–11 by 5–9.8 by 2–5 mm; arillode red; testa orange."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305238	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305238	use	EN	"Arillode edible, sweet to sour."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305238	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305238	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest, swamp forest; soil: sand, clay, loam, granite; altitude: 20–600 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305238	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305238	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305238	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305259	general	EN	"Shrubs to trees up to 9 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 4.3–6.5 by 1.7–3 mm. Leaves: petiole 9–46 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic to obovate, 7.4–20 by 3.3–7.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.6–2.8, papery, base attenuate to cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves 6–8 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous to axillary, single, up to 15 cm long; bracts 0.3–1.6 mm long, bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers 2.6–3.1 mm in diam., red; pedicel 1.4–2.6 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.5–3 by 0.5–1.2 mm; stamens 5–7,0.5–0.9 mm long, filamens 0.4–0.9 mm long, anthers 0.2–0.3 by 0.1–0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous to ramiflorous, many clustered together, up to 36 cm long. Pistillate flowers 4.2–9 mm in diam., red; pedicel 1.5–5 mm long; sepals 5, elliptic to obovate, 4–9 by 1–2 mm; ovary 3-locular, 6-winged; style ca 1 by 1 mm; stigmas ca 1.2 mm long, cleft for upper 80%. Fruits fusiform berries, 17–20.3 by 7.2–11 by 7.2–11.6 mm, rugose between narrow wings."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305259	ecology	EN	Evergreen and swamp forest; altitude: 1–200 m.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305259	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Bangladesh, Myanmar (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305368	general	EN	"Tree up to 15(–20) m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong; branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum simple hairs. Stipules usually 3–7.5 by 1–1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 12–77 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic to obovate, 5.8–22 by 2.3–18.8 cm, length/width ratio 2.2–4.6, papery, base cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands; nerves 4–10 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous to just below the leaves, 1–5 together, up to 10 cm long; bracts 0.2–1.1 mm long, bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers 1–3 mm in diam., creamy yellow to white; pedicel 0.4–2.5 mm long; sepals 4(5), ovate to obovate, 0.9–1.8 by 0.7–1.5 mm; stamens 5–7, 0.5–0.8 mm long; filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, straight; anthers ca 0.15 by 0.2–0.25 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous to axillary, single (to few together), up to 28 cm long. Pistillate flowers 3–9.2 mm in diam., greenish yellow; pedicel 1–2.9(–6.7) mm long; sepals 4(5), obovate to lanceolate, 2–6 by 1–2.7 mm, indumentum of silvery hairs when dry; ovary (2)3(4) locular; style 0.2–0.4 by ca 1 mm; stigmas ca 0.3 mm long, not lobed. Fruits (sub)globose berries or fleshy capsules, 14–30 by 16–25 by 16–25 mm, yellow to orange (to pink to red), outer fruit-wall loculicidally dehiscing, inner fruit wall indehiscent, glabrous to scarcely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 9–11.5 by 6.5–9.2 by 2.5–6 mm, arillode blue to purple to violet."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305368	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305368	use	EN	"Arillode edible, sour to sweet."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305368	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305368	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary rainforest, riverine forest, fresh water swamp forest; on yellow or red sandy clay, granite."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305368	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305368	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (type), Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305368	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305379	general	EN	"Tree up to 13 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong; branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum simple hairs. Stipules 2.5–6 by 1–2.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 10–63 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 7.1–25.5 by 2.9–8.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–4, papery, base attenuate to cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands absent; nerves 4–9 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to cauliflorous, 1 to many together, up to 8.5(–15.5) cm long; bracts (1.5–)3–4 mm long, bracteoles absent. Staminate flowers 1.1–4 mm in diam., yellow; pedicel 0.8–2.6 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, different in shape, 1–2.4 by 0.5–1.4 mm; stamens 5–8, 0.7–1.1 mm long; filaments 0.5–0.9 mm long, straight; anthers 0.2–0.3 by 0.2–0.4 mm. Pistillate inflorescences just below the leaves to cauliflorous, single to many together, ca 10 cm long. Pistillate flowers 3–8 mm in diam., yellow; pedicel 1.5–3 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, elliptic. 3.5–5 by 1–2 mm; ovary (2)3(4)-locular; stigmas sessile, ca 0.5 mm long, not lobed. Fruits globose to ovoid berries, 19–37 by 14–28 by 14–28 mm, red to orange to pink to purplish outside, cream inside, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 9–15 by 9–11 by 1.5–6 mm; arillode white."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305379	use	EN	"Arillode edible, sweet to sour.; in northern used by hilltribes as medicine; bark, root bark and wood are used in decoction of dried and grinded material."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305379	ecology	EN	"Primary rain forest, often cultivated; soil: sand, granite; altitude: 50–1,700."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305379	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Assam), Burma, Laos, China (Yunnan, Hainan), Vietnam (type), Malay Peninsula, Andaman and Nicobar Islands."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305379	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305568	general	EN	"Tree up to 43 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong; branchlets glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 1–7 by ca 1 mm. Leaves: petiole 5–48 mm long; blade ovate to sometimes obovate, 3–19 by 1.2–7.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.1–2.9(–3.75), papery, base attenuate to cuneate (to rounded), lower surface without disc-like glands; nerves 5–8(–10) per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to somewhat ramiflorous, 1(–3) together, up to 2.3(–5.4) cm long, flowers grouped at upper part of inflorescence; bracts ca 1 mm long, bracteoles absent. Staminate flowers sessile, 0.9–1.8 mm in diam., yellowish-green; sepals 3–5, each with a different size and shape, 0.3–1.2 by 0.3–1 mm; stamens 4–6,0.4–1 mm long, filaments 0.4–0.9 mm long, anthers 0.1–0.15 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, 1(–4) together, up to 6.5(–9) cm long. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 mm in diam.; pedicel geniculate (90° angle) at abscission zone, 2.2–2.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to obovate, each with a different size and shape, 0.5–1.3 by 0.5–1.4 mm; ovary 2-locular; style 0–0.1 mm long; stigmas not lobed to apically lobed up to the base. Fruits flattened, ellipsoid, fleshy capsules, 9–17 by 4–10 mm, yellow to orange to reddish, dehiscing loculicidally, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 6–9 by 4–7.5 by 2–4 mm; arillode orange."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305568	use	EN	Used as timber wood.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305568	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest; on sand and sandy clay; altitude: 0–1,550 m. Flowering: March-November.; fruiting: throughout the year."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000305568	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000305568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558250	general	EN	"Annual herbs; stems erect 20–50 cm. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at apex, narrowly attenuate to base, distally serrulate or entire, 1–7 by 0.2–0.5 cm; glabrous. Pedicels 0.5–2 mm long, scabrid. Bracteoles subulate, 1.5–2 mm, scabrid. Calyx 5–6 mm long in flower, 6–7 mm long in fruit, sparsely glandular-pilose on both surfaces, scabrid on margins; upper sepal largest, orbicular-ovate, 4–5 mm wide; two flower ones ovate, acute, ca 3 mm wide; two lateral ones smallest, linear, acuminate, 0.3–0.5 mm wide. Corolla whitish, 4–5 mm long, lobes orbicular, ca 0.8 mm long and wide. Capsule globose, 4 mm long and wide. Seeds ca 0.3–0.35 by 0.2 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558250	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558250	ecology	EN	Rice-fields; up to 300 m altitude.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558250	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558250	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Ceylon, S. China, Laos, Vietnam, Malesia, Philippines and Australia (type)."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558250	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558282	general	EN	"Prostrate herbs; stems 10–40 cm, much branched, rooting at the nodes. Leaves spathulate or obovate, obtuse at apex, entire, 6–20 by 1–5 mm. Pedicels 6–15 mm long, glabrous. Bracteoles linear, 2–3 mm. Calyx 5–6 mm long, glabrous; upper one and flower two sepals ovate, acute or subacute, 2.5 mm wide; two lateral ones lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 mm wide. Corolla white or pale violet, 8–10 mm long; lobes subequal, oblong-obovate, rounded or subemarginate at apex, ca 4 by 2.5 mm. Capsule ovoid, 5 by 3 mm. Seeds ca 0.5–0.6 by 0.3 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558282	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558282	ecology	EN	"Moist rice-fields, damp sandy soils, solfaiaric damp grasslands."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558282	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558282	distribution	EN	Widespread in subtropical and tropical regions. Type from Jamaica.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558282	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000310830	general	EN	"Small often diffuse shrub less than 2 m sometimes with weeping branches. Outer bark light grey-brown. Twigs grey-brown, soon flaking, with the fissures red-brown tomentose. Stem swollen below nodes. Leaves acerose, 3–8 by 1 mm, flat or channeled, thick, base decurrent. Petioles minute (ca. 1 mm) or absent. Flowers axillary, usually solitary. Bracts minute (ca. 3 by 1 mm). Pedicels minute (ca. 1 mm). Calyx narrowly infundibuliform with raised pustulate glands, ca 3 mm; lobes obtuse ca 1 mm. Pseudostipe absent. Petals white pink, ca 2 mm long. Stamens (8–)10 with the connective expanded into an apical gland (ca. ⅓ as long as the anther). Style 1–1.5 mm, stigma globose. Hypanthium deeply cup-shaped, glabrous. Fruits ca 1.5 by 1.5 mm, brown, topped by persistent calyx lobes and style. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, minutely-tuberculate, reniform."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000310830	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000310830	use	EN	"The dried leaves are used either as a herbal tea which relieves fever and sunstroke or as a clothes preservative. The essential oils are used in scents and soaps. The wood is hard, dark brown and durable but rarely of sufficient diameter for building."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000310830	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000310830	ecology	EN	Either upland in evergreen forest and savanna or coastal on poor sandy soils.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000310830	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000310830	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Vietnam, China (type), Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000310830	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000313210	general	EN	"Tree up to 26 m high. Stipules ca 1.5 by 0.5 mm. Leaves: petiole (2.5–)3.5–9.5 cm long; blade ovate (to elliptic), (8–)10–22 by 4–11 cm, length/width ratio 2–2.5, leathery, base obtuse to acute, margin flat, apex acuminate, pale papillate beneath, basal glands 1.5–2.25 mm in diam., usually 4–10 mm above base of blade and sometimes touching midrib; nerves in 10–16 pairs till apex. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm long; calyx 0.5–1 mm long; filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, anthers 0.25–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.6–1 mm long; calyx ca 1 mm long; ovary ca 1.5 mm long; style 0.1–0.5 mm long; stigmata 0.75–2 mm long. Fruits flattened globular, 8–9 by 9–11 by 4–5 mm thick; sulcate when 2-seeded. Seeds ca 5 by 4.5 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000313210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000313210	use	EN	Used as a timber and as a wayside plant. The wood is not very durable. The fruits are mealy and sweet and in Sumatra sometimes used for flavouring food.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000313210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000313210	ecology	EN	"Primary and disturbed dipterocarp forest, bamboo forest, secondary forest, mixed deciduous forest, also along streams and on slopes; on brown and yellow clay and loam, sandy loam, over limestone, granitic and volcanic bedrock; altitude: 15–1800 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000313210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000313210	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalaya, India (Sikkim) and Bangladesh (type) to Indochina and China (Yunnan), Andamans, and W. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (excl. Singapore), Sumatra, Borneo (W. and E. Kalimantan)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000313210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558623	general	EN	"Monoecious plants (inflorescences bisexual); length from fusion with host root to top of inflorescences (3–)5–10(–15) cm. Tubers single or several together in a mass, branching from the base. Single tubers obconical, narrow at base, broadening near top to (1–)1.7(–2) cm, length (1.1–)2.5(–3.5) cm. Leaves 3–7, distichous, slightly imbricate, ovate, obtuse or emarginate, cucullate, 1–2 cm by 0.7–1.5 cm. Inflorescence: &#9792; part ovoid (1.0–)1.5(–2.5) cm by (0.5–)1.0(–2.3) cm; &#9794; flowers 10–20, sessile in a zone 0.5–2 cm high just below 2 part, (3–)4–5(–8)–merous, slightly to conspicuously zygomorphic on account of lateral elongation. A 4-merous flower has two narrow, ovate, acute lateral tepals and two wide, truncate, almost square median tepals, 1.5–2 mm long. Synandrium about 1 mm long, slightly compressed, lateral width 1.5–2 mm, anterior-posterior width 0.5–0.7 mm. Anther loculi 16–20, parallel, running from base to top of synandrium."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558623	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests from sea level, to c. 1000 m alt. Flowering (July–) October–December. Host not recorded from Thailand, outside Thailand mostly <i>Ficus</i> species and <i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i>."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558623	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa, Madagascar and Comoros, India, S. China, Hainan, Cambodia, Andaman Is., Malesia (Java, type), Tahiti."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558661	general	EN	"Dioecious plants. Tuber from fusion with host root repeatedly branched into elongated, more or less cylindrical parts, thus forming an entangled mass of branches up to 20 cm diam.; single tuber branch cylindrical, 0.9–1.3 cm diam.; tuber masses apparently perennial. Leaves 15–35, spirally arranged. In other characters agreeing with var. indica."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558661	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558661	ecology	EN	Insufficiently known. In Thailand collected in montane evergreen forest at 1800 m alt. in March. Parasitizing <i>Litsea</i> sp. on the crests of mountain ridges.	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558661	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558661	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Nilgiris)."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558661	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558666	general	EN	"Dioecious plants; length from fusion with host root to top of inflorescence (6–)10–16(–20) cm. Tubers single or a few together in a mass, branching from the base; single tuber 1–2.5 cm wide. Stem slender, 0.7–0.9 cm diam. In fresh condition. Leaves (6–)10–20(–34), spirally arranged or subopposite, adpressed to the stem, 2.5–4.5 cm long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide. &#9794; inflorescence ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.8–2.5(–4.5) cm by 1.5–2.1 cm; flowers subtended by one bract-each, the bracts fused together, thus forming a number of hexagonal pits, from the bottom of which the pedicellate flowers appear. Pedicels (3–)5–7 mm. &#9794; flower 3-merous with tepals triangular, up to 2.5. mm long and 4–5 mm wide. Anthers 3, forming a flat, depressed synandrium, transversally opening. &#9792; inflorescence (1–)2–4(–4.5)cm by (0.5–)1–2(–2.5) cm, ovoid or ellipsoid."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558666	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous forest on slopes at foot of limestone hill, alt. 250–300 m. Flowering October–November. Host not recorded from Thailand, but one report from China mentions <i>Ficus</i> sp."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558666	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Assam), China, Taiwan, Hong Kong (type)."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558697	general	EN	"Dioecious plants (inflorescences unisexual); length from fusion withhost root to top of inflorescence 10–25 cm. Tubers in a mass branching from the base; single tuber subspherical-ellipsoid, 1.9–4.3 cm by 1.7–2.6 cm; surface of tubers fine granular with few to numerous stellate warts. Leaves 3–4(–6), distichous, well spaced, patent. &#9794; inflorescence long-ellipsoid, 5–9 cm by 1.5–2.5 cm with flowers expanded. Bracts truncate, 3 mm long and 5 mm wide, sometimes with the middle part reduced and thus appearing like two teeth. Pedicels (1.5–)2–3(–6) mm. 3 flowers zygomorphic on account of lateral elongation and correspondingly compressed in anterior-posterior direction, 4–5(–9–14)–merous. A normally developed 4-merous flower has two narrow, ovate, acute, lateral tepals, 3–3.5 mm by 1.5–2 mm and two wide, nearly square, truncate median tepals 3–3.5 mm by 3–4 mm. Synandrium laterally elongated, somewhat compressed. Anther cells 16–20 or more, parallel, always running from base to top of synandrium, opening longitudinally. &#9794; inflorescence long-ellipsoid or almost cylindrical with obtuse top part, (1–)4–6(–7) cm by (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) cm."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558697	ecology	EN	"Common in various kinds of forest from sea level up to 1600 m alt.; also collected in temple gardens in Bangkok. Flowering season (July–) September–October (–May). Parasitizing various trees and climbers, e.g. <i>Ficus religiosa</i> cult., <i>Tetrastigma</i> sp."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558697	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina (type), Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558698	general	EN	"Dioecious plants (inflorescences unisexual), deep crimson to dark red, turning purple. Length of &#9794; plants from fusion with host root to top of inflorescence (8–)10–20(–30) cm, of &#9792; plants (7.5–)10–15(–20) cm. Tubers in a mass branching almost from the base. Single tuber subspherical or slightly longer than wide, 1–3 cm by 1–2.5 cm. Surface fine granular with stellate warts. Leaves opposite, decussate in 2–7 pairs, 2–2.5 cm by 1–1.5 cm. &#9794; inflorescence (3–)6–12(–18) cm long and (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) cm wide, slender and tapering. Bracts absent or each bract reduced to 2 short, blunt bodies below the flower. Pedicels absent or extremely short, less than 1 mm. &#9792; Flowers zygomorphic on account of slight lateral elongation, normally 6-merous and then with 2 truncate, median tepals and 4 acute, lateral tepals: sometimes 4–5–merous or 7–12-merous flowers are found, especially towards the proximal and distal parts of inflorescences. Tepals 2–3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, subequal in size, or the 2 median ones slightly wider than the 4 lateral ones. Synandrium much depressed, low-domeshaped, subcircular or slightly elliptic, being laterally elongated, anterior-posterior width 4.5–5 mm, lateral width 6 mm. Anther cells often divided into smaller locelli about 2 times longer than wide. &#9794; inflorescence (2–)3–5(–6) cm long and (0.8–)1.5–2(–3) cm wide, ellipsoid."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558698	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558698	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest at high altitudes. Flowering season August–October. Hosts not known in Thailand; in China and Taiwan species of <i>Alnus</i>, <i>Celastrus</i>, <i>Rhododendron</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Pinus</i>, <i>Elatostema</i>, and <i>Pilea</i> have been recorded."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558698	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000558698	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tibet, China (type), Taiwan, Indochina."	B. Hansen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000558698	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000314238	general	EN	"Shrub up to 3 m high, dioecious. Leaves: petiole 2–6(–9) cm long; blade usually oblong to elliptic, slightly ovate or obovate, 10–20 by 3–8 cm, chartaceous, base usually cuneate, rarely rounded, margin serrate to slightly crenate, apex acute to acuminate or slightly caudate, strigose on lower surface or both sides; triplinerved or penninerved with nerves in 6-10 pairs, midrib prominent on both sides. Inflorescences glabrous to pubescent; Staminate inflorescences 1–16 cm long. Pistillate inflorescences 2–3 cm long. Staminate flowers globose, 0.8–2(–3) mm in diam.; pedicel (0.5–)1–2(–3) mm long; sepals orbicular to ovate, 1–2.5 by 0.8–2 mm, subglabrous; disc free glands in a circle of 0.6–1.2 mm in diam.; stamens 9–21, filaments (0.2–)1–2 mm long; anthers oblong, (0.3–)0.6 by ca 0.2 mm. Pistillate flowers 3–7 mm in diam.; pedicel 1–2 mm long; sepals elliptic or oblong (or slightly ovate), 3–5(–8) by 1–2(–4) mm, chartaceous, pubescent or almost glabrous, pale green to greenish-yellow; ovary subglobose, 1–3 mm in diam., glabrous or slightly pubescent, style slender, 1–3 mm long. Fruits erect, subglobose, 1(–1.2) by ca 0.8 cm; calyx persistent and accrescent up to 5(–8) by 2(–4) cm. Seeds subglobose, brown to dark brown, ca 4 by 3 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000314238	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000314238	ecology	EN	"In dry evergreen to montane evergreen forest; in partly open areas, along streams or on hillsides; altitude: 650–2,500 m. Flowering June-February; fruiting September February."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000314238	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000314238	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Bangladesh, Nepal, China (Yunnan), Burma."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000314238	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000314537	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 2 m high, monoecious (rarely dioecious). Leaves: petiole 2–13 cm long; blade usually ovate to oblong, 8–21 by 3–10 cm, chartaceous, base usually rounded, rarely cuneate, margin serrate or crenate, frequently deeply 3–5-lobed, apex obtuse or acute, glabrous or strigose on both surfaces venation basally 3–5-nerved, nerves in 6–8 pairs along the midrib. Inflorescences glabrous to pubescent. Staminate inflorescences 1–8(–16) cm long. Pistillate inflorescences 0.1–1 cm long. Staminate flowers 2–3 mm in diam.; pedicel 2–12 mm long; sepals orbicular to ovate, ca 1.5 by 1 mm; disc annular, cup-shaped, 1–1.5 mm in diam.; stamens 10–12, filaments 0.5–1 mm long; anther oblong, ca 0.5 by 0.2 mm. Pistillate flowers 2–4 mm in diam.; pedicels 0.2–1 cm long; sepals 5, ovate or triangular, 1–2 by 0.8–1 mm, pubescent outside; ovary subglobose, 1–3 mm in diam., pubescent; style stout, 1.5–3 mm long. Fruits pendulous, subglobose, 0.8–1.3 in diam., calyx persistent, accrescent to (3–)5 by 2(–3) cm. Seeds ovoid, ca 3.5 by 3 mm, brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000314537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000314537	use	EN	"The seeds are a drastic purgative, and used as a substitue for <i>Croton tiglium</i> L. Oil from the seeds and leaves is irritant when touching the skin."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000314537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000314537	ecology	EN	"In rather dry mixed deciduous to evergreen forest, occasionally with bamboo, or along forest margin common in open areas; altitude; sea level up to 900 m. Flowering & fruiting: December-March."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000314537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000314537	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Pakistan, India (type), Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsular, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000314537	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000559923	general	EN	"Glabrous except for a dense rusty stellate tomentum on the young vegetative parts and inflorescences. Stem internodes somewhat angular when young but soon terete. Leaves opposite or displaced, with pairs of normally developed leaves usually separated by one or more pairs of vestigial ones; normally developed lamina narrowly ovate to ovate, 6–16 by 2–7.5 cm, cuneate to truncate at the base to a petiole 5–17 mm long, acuminate and acute at the apex, dull on both sides; venation pinnate with the midrib visible above and prominent below and other venation obscure; vestigial leaves 5–7 mm long, channeled above, deciduous. Inflorescences at the nodes, a 6- to 12-flowered capitate spike; axis 1–2 mm long; bracts ca 0.5 mm long, concave. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Corolla in mature bud cylindric or somewhat narrowed in the middle, angular, obtuse, in male flowers ca 4 mm long, in female flowers 2.5–3 mm long, usually white to yellow but sometimes pink or red. Anther ca 1.5 mm long, sessile."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000559923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000559923	ecology	EN	"Probably in primary evergreen forests, from 0 to 1900 m altitude, recorded as parasitic on <i>Antidesma</i> and </i>Ficus</i>; in Thailand recorded from 665 m altitude with no host record"	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000559923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000559923	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java."	B.A. Barlow		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000559923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000781260	general	EN	"Tree 6–15 m high, stunted and crooked; young leaves, thyrse, calyx and corolla sparsely stiff-stellate-hairy, later more or less glabrescent. Leaves 13–27 cm long; leaflets 4–7-pairs, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3.6–7.5 by 1.7–2.8 cm, base usually oblique, obscurely blunt serrate or crenate to subentire; petiolules 2–5 mm long. Thyrse 16–28 cm long. Calyx tubular-campanuiate, 1.1–1.5 cm long, with scattered, slightly warty glands. Corolla tube 3–4 cm long, cylindric basal tube 8–12 mm long, suddenly tubular-campanulate widened above, 2.3–3.3 cm long, pinkish-white in the lower part, pink to pinkish-mauve in the upper. Capsule 12–16 cm long; valves 2.8–3.8 cm broad, with scattered, sessile glands; pseudoseptum ca 2.1 cm broad. Seeds ca 2.8 by 1.3 cm."	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000781260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000781260	ecology	EN	Confined to dry limestone hills.	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000781260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000781260	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000781260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000781261	general	EN	"Tree 8–20 m high. Leaves 17–35 cm long; leaflets 5–10 pairs, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5–7 by 2–3 cm, base obtuse, slightly oblique, subentire, glabrous; petiolules 1–5 mm long. Thyrse 20–35 cm long, peduncles and pedicels usually with scattered, minute tuberculate glands, sparsely pilose, later glabrescent. Calyx tubular, 1.5–1.9 cm long with dense, minute tuberculate to warty glands. Corolla tube straight, gradually and narrowly funnel-shaped, widened towards the mouth, 4.5–5.5 cm long, white to pale lilac, with greenish-yellow throat. Capsule 10–16 cm long, valves 2.6–3.3 cm broad with dense, minute tuberculate glands; pseudoseptum ca 1.7 cm broad. Seeds ca 2.6 by 1.1 cm."	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000781261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000781261	ecology	EN	Confined to dry limestone hills.	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000781261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000781261	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000781261	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000823202	general	EN	"Herbaceous climber up to 10 m long, all parts succulent varying in colour from red to green. Leaves broad ovate with acute apex and acute to cordate base, glabrous, 3–7 by 2–4 cm; petiole 1–3 cm. Spikes up to 25 cm long, oriferous only in the upper part. Bracts minute, caducous; bracteoles similar. Perianth tube greenish, segments varying in colour from white to dark purple; whole flower 3–4 mm long. Fruit surrounded by the persistent, ?eshy, black, almost spherical, perianth. Seeds spherica 1."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000823202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000823202	use	EN	Cultivated as a vegetable.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000823202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000823202	ecology	EN	Often found near villages and old clearings. Probably an escape from cultivation.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000823202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000823202	distribution	EN	"Probably indigenous to tropical Africa, now pantropical; in Asia northwards to China and Japan. Type a cultivated specimen, ""Hort. Carlsruhe""."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000823202	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000212858	general	EN	"Erect shrub up to 3 m high; young branches greyish pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves ovate to rotundate, up to 14 by 13 cm, 9–11-nerved; bifid to ⅓(–½) with broad sinus, tip of lobes triangular acute; base cordate to subtruncate; upper surface glabrous, lower greyish-brown pubescent particularly on the nerves. Stipules linear, ca 1 cm long, caduceus. Petioles pubescent, 3–4 cm. Racemes branched, lateral and terminal, short, 3–10-flowered. Pedicels 5–15(–20) mm. Bracts linear-acuminate; bracteoles similar, inserted below the middle of the pedicel. Buds (including receptacle) up to 4 cm long, fusiform, thinly hairy to glabrous, apex with 5 free calyx-teeth, 3 mm long. Receptacle turbinate, ± striate, ca 5 mm long. Calyx spathaceous. Petals white, oblong, blunt, 4–6 by 2 cm, shortly clawed. Stamens 10 fertile, subequal; filaments 15–25 mm long, hairy at base; anthers 3–5 mm long. Ovary stipitate, subglabrous: style-subglabrous, up to 15 mm; stigma small, peltate. Pods dehiscent, up to 11 by 1.5 cm with sharp-edged, raised sutures. Seeds 5–11, flattened, up to 1 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000212858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000212858	distribution	EN	"Cultivated all over South-East Asia; Ceylon (type). Possibly wild in Java, Borneo, the Philippines and the lesser Sunda Islands."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000212858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199456	general	EN	"Large tendrilled climber; young branches rusty tomentose, later glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves ovate, up to 19 by 13 cm, 9–13-nerved; bifid to ½–⅔ with narrow sinus, tip of lobes triangular, obtuse to acuminate; base cordate to truncate; upper surface glabrous, lower brownish tomentose to glabrescent. Stipules ear-shaped, up to 6 mm long, caducous. Petioles glabrescent, 2–7 cm. Inflorescences lateral or terminal broad racemes or panicles, many-flowered; axis rusty tomentose to glabrescent. Pedicels up to 7 cm. Bracts linear-lanceolate up to 8 mm, bracteoles smaller, inserted near the middle of the pedicel. Buds oblong, brownish tomentose, ovoid fusiform. Receptacle short ca 1 mm. Calyx splitting in 2 during anthesis, forming right angles with the pedicel, 5–8 mm long. Petals pubescent, yellowish-green, subequal, blade deltoid with crenulate margin, 10 by 7–8 mm, sometimes purple blotched; claw 10–2.5 mm long. Stamens 2 fertile, filaments ca 2 cm long, pubescent; anthers 1–2.5 mm long; reduced stamens 7, 3–9 mm long; staminode 1, short, filiform, between the fertile stamens. Ovary stipitate, brownish pilose; style 7–10 mm, glabrous towards the small stigma. Pods glabrescent, smooth, 9 by 3 cm. Seeds 3–5, flattened, orbicular ca 1 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199456	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199456	ecology	EN	A common climber on evergreen and mixed deciduous forests.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199456	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199456	distribution	EN	"(of var. bassacensis). Thailand, Laos (type), Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaya (Kedah, Kelantan)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199456	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000212869	general	EN	"Tendrilled, erect and straggling shrub, up to 5 m high; branches greyish. Leaves consisting of 2 free, obliquely ovate leaflets with broadly rounded ends, ca 3 by 2 cm, 4–5-nerved; glabrous on both sides. Stipules minute. Petioles slender, 15–25 mm. Inflorescence: lateral or terminal, short racemes, ca 6 cm long. Pedicels 1 cm. Bracts scaly; bracteoles. subulate, minute, inserted below the middle of the pedicel. Buds ovoid, pointed, finely pubescent. Receptacle 5–8 mm long, striatc. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acute, 5–6 mm long. Petals white to purplish with darker veins, short clawed, 1–2 cm long, woolly pubescent outside, less hairy inside. Stamens 10 fertile, red, subequal, up to 2cm long; anthers 3 mm long. Ovary stipitate, glabrous, 8–10 mm, stipe 2–3 mm; style red, 5 mm; stigma peltate. Pods indehiscent, ± curved, ca 20 by 3 cm with rounded ends. Seeds 6–13, flat, shining, brown, trapezoid, 10 by 7 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000212869	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000212869	ecology	EN	"In Thailand restricted to a very small area, growing in scrub on sandy soil near the seashore; perhaps introduced."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000212869	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000212869	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines (type), Australia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000212869	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196998	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree up to 6 m high; young branches reddish pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate; 4–8 by 5–10 cm, 9–11-nerved; bifid to ⅓ with broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded-acute; base slightly cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower with scattered brownish glands and ± densely hairy. Stipules falcate, ca 2 mm long. Petioles pubescent, 1–2 cm. Racemes short, dense, leaf-opposed, 2–5 cm long. Pedicels slender, 7–8 mm. Bracts linear, 2–3 mm, bracteoles smaller, inserted at base of the pedicel. Buds ovoid, acute, brownish pubescent, ca 5 mm long. Receptacle turbinate, very short. Calyx splitting into two segments, 3 mm long. Petals white, grabrous, narrowly ovate, tapering towards the short claw, 5–7 mm long. Stamens 10 fertile, outer whorl as long as petals, inner whorl shorter; anthers tiny. Ovary 2–3 mm long, densely hairy; style short; stigma indistinct. Pods dehiscent, 3–5 by 1 cm. Seeds 2–4."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196998	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196998	ecology	EN	In Thailand only found in rock crevices at ca 2000 m alt. on top of a limestone mountain; here it occurs in a stunted form ca 50–60 cm high with leaves smaller than the type.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196998	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196998	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196998	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199470	general	EN	"Large, tendrilled climber; young branches greyish pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves ovate to rotundate, 3–15 by 5–14 cm, 9–11-nerved, bifid to ⅓ tip. of lobes deltoid-obtuse; base cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower pubescent on the nerves. Stipules falcate-auriculate, up to 10 mm on sterile shoots, smaller on flowering shoots, caducous. Petioles sparsely pubescent, 1–7 cm. Inflorescences lateral or terminal broad racemes or panicles, many-flowered, with greyish pubescent axis. Pedicels 4–7 cm. Bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, varying in size; bracteoles narrower, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds greyish-brown pubescent, oblong with pointed apex, zygomorphic. Receptacle 3–4 mm long. Calyx during anthesis splitting into 5 reflexed segments, 8–9 mm long. Petals yellowish-green, subequal, blade spathulate with crenulate margin, 5–13 mm long, claw ca 15 mm long. Stamens 2–3 fertile; filaments up to 35 mm long; anthers ca 3 mm long; reduced stamens 8–7: 5–6, subequal, up to 10 mm long, 1 longer placed between the 2 fertiles. Disc produced into a 2–4 mm persistent, tubular outgrowth. Ovary brownish velvety pubescent; on a 5–7 mm velvety stipe, tapering towards the velvety style; stigma capitate. Pods dehisccnt, flat, woody-valved, glabrous, dark brown, ca 17 by 5 cm, narrowed towards the base. Seeds 2–8, flattened, orbioular, ca 15 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199470	ecology	EN	Along margin of forests and in scrub up to 500 m.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199470	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199491	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber or shrub; young branches densely greyish pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves entire, ovate, 3.5–9 by 1–5 cm, 5–7-nerved; apex obtuse to acuminate, base cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower ferrugincous pubescent. Stipules caducous (not seen). Petioles 1–3 cm. Racemes greyish pubescent, lateral or terminal, unbranched or branched up to 20 cm long. Pedicels ca 1 cm. Bracts subulate, 2 mm long; bracteoles minute, inserted below the middle of the pedicel. Buds globose, 2–3 mm diam. including the very short receptacle. Calyx splitting into ± free, oblanceolate, cucullate, obtuse, 3 mm long segments, later reflexed. Petals greenish, obovate with emarginate apex, ca 5 mm long including the short claw. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments 4–5 mm long; anthers ca 1 mm long; staminodes 2, minute; disc glabrous. Ovary glabrous, ca 2.5 mm long on a short stipe; style glabrous; ovules few. Pods strap-shaped, thin-valved, 4–5 by 1–1.3 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199491	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199491	ecology	EN	"Limestone hill, 50–250 m."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199491	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199491	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199491	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199492	general	EN	"Tendrilled shrub to large climber; young branches greyish puberulous. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 5–7 by 2.5–6 cm, 5–7-nerved; entire to emarginate or bifid ⅕ with broad sinus, tip of lobes acute to subacute; base rounded to slightly cordate; upper surface glossy, subglabrous, lower pubescent to subglabrous. Stipules minute, acute. Petioles ± pubescent, 1–3.5 cm. Racemes lateral and terminal, lax- flowered, mainly unbranehed, 10-20 cm long; main axis greyish-pubescent. Pedicels capillary, up to 2 cm long. Bracts 1–2 mm long; bracteoles minute, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds ovoid-acute, pubescent, 2–3 mm long. Receptacle short. Calyx splitting into 2–3 segments. Petals greenish, 5–7 mm, unequal, two lower spathulate, 3 upper very narrow, claw 2–3 mm. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments 4–5 mm; anthers oblong, caduceus; staminodes 2, minute. Ovary glabrous, shortly stipitate, emerging laterally from the yellow, glabrous disc; style short; stigma inconspicuous. Pods dehiscent, strap-shaped, 5–6 by 1.5 cm, glossy, smooth, thin-valved, with a short curved beak. Seeds 2–6, flat, ca 1 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199492	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199492	ecology	EN	"Margins of evergreen forests, most frequently wet, on limestone up to ca 500 m. In clearings it becomes a low shrub."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199492	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199492	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Northern Malaya (type from Langkawi), Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199492	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199501	general	EN	"Deviates from var. sericea by having smaller buds and all floral parts. Inflorescence narrower but with larger, ± persistant bracts and bracteoles. Petals outside hairy at base and on the central part of the blade, glabrous towards apex. Staminodes absent. Sutures of ovary and stipe densely hairy. Pods dehiscent, flat, glabrous, 10–11 by 4 cm. Seeds 3–4, suborbicu1ar, ca 2 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199501	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199501	ecology	EN	On limestone hills at lower altitueds.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199501	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199501	distribution	EN	"Thailand, along the Tehasscrim range, Burma (type), Malaya."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199501	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199508	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber; young branches sericeous later glabous. Leaves broadly or narrowly ovate, up to 15 by 9 cm, 7–9-nerved; apex shallowly bifid with narrow sinus; tip of lobes acute to acuminate; base truncate to rounded; both surfaces glabrous, glossy; leaves on adventitious shoots larger and split into two free leaflets. Stipules ovate-falcate, ca 5 mm. Petioles glabrescent, up to 7 cm. Flowers in crowded; simple or compound, sericeous corymbs with short axis. Pedicels ca 2.5 cm. Bracts oblong, acute, ca 5 mm; bracteoles minute inserted above the middle of the pedicel. Buds globose, sericeous, with pointed apex, 4 mm diam. Receptacle tubular, striate, 2–3 mm. Calyx splitting into (2–)3(–4) reflexed segments. Petals white, sericeous outside, obovate, 8–10 mm long, tapering towards the short claw. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments filiform, slightly longer than the petals; anthers oblong, 2.5 mm; staminodes 4, joined at base plus 1 separate, minute. Ovary brownish hairy along sutures, 5 mm shortly stipitate; style glabrous 5 mm; stigma inconspicuous. Mature pods not known."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199508	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199508	ecology	EN	On limestone hills at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199508	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199508	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Laos."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199508	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001056091	general	EN	"Deviates from subsp. glauca in the following characters: Leaves larger and only 1; bifid, 9–11-nerved, 7–9 cm long. Petiole shorter, 1–2(–3) cm. Inflorescence larger. Buds hairy as well as the 2.5–3 cm long receptacle (longer than the pedicel). Flowers slightly larger."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001056091	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001056091	ecology	EN	shrubs and at margin of jungles up to 1100 m.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001056091	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001056091	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and S. China."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001056091	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199517	general	EN	"Large, tendrilled climber; young branches rusty hairy, later glabrous. Leaves ovate-suborbicular, 5–8 by 6–9 cm, (7–)9-nerved; (emarginate to) bifid to ⅕ with broad Sinus, tip of lobes rounded, base cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower glabrous to sparsely hairy particularly on the nerves. Stipules early caduobus (not seen). Petioles glabrous, 1.5–4 cm. Inflorescences large, composed of simple, elongated racemes with numerous small flowers; main axis rusty tomentose. Pedicels 2–3 mm. Bracts setaceous, 2 min long, bracteoles minute. Buds fusiform with acute tip, 2–3 mm long (including receptacle), greyish tomentose. Receptacle very short. Calyx splitting into 2–3 reflexed segments. Petals yellowish -green, spathulate, 2–3 mm long, with crenulate margins, claw short. Stamens 3 fertile, filaments twice the length of the petals; anthers narrow, 1 mm; staminodes 7, minute, sub-equal. Ovary shortly stipitate; stipe, base of ovary and sutures pilose; style glabrous, short; stigma inconspicuous; disc hairy. Pods (not mature) 11 by 2.5 cm , broadest towards the rounded, mucronate apex. Seeds 6–7 (mature seeds not seen)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199517	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests up to 300 m alt. It can reach large dimensions and totally covers even tall trees. Common along the banks of the Mae Ping River.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199517	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199518	general	EN	"Deviates from var. harmsiana in having flower buds, calyx and petals twice as large; ovary glabrous, disc glabrous, Also the petioles and pedicels are longer."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199518	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196986	general	EN	"Leaves subrottindate, often broader than long, 9–16 cm diam, 7–9-nerved; bifid to ¼–⅓ with broad sinus, tip of lobes triangular with blunt apex; base slightly cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower brownish pubescent particularly on the nerves. Stipules linear-subulate, ca 1 cm long, caducous. Petioles pubescent, 2–5 cm. Racemes lateral, short, few-flowered. Pedicels 5–15 mm. Bracts subulate, 3–6 mm; bracteoles similar, inserted below the middle of the pedicel. Buds fusiform, hirsute, up to 4 cm long, apex with 5 free calyx-teeth, 2–3 mm long. Receptacle turbinate, ca 5 mm long. Calyx spathaceous. Petals white, oblong, blunt, 3–4 by 1.5 cm, short-clawed. Stamens 10 fertile, subequal; flaments 7–20 mm long, hairy at base; anthers 2.5 mm long. Ovary stiptate, subglabrous; style glabrous 10 mm; stigma small, peltate. Pods dehiscent, up to 6–9 by 1.5.cm with curved tip. Seeds 5–10, flattened, oblong, ca 8 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196986	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196986	ecology	EN	"At lower altitudes, in open deciduous forests. Flowers throughout the year."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196986	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196986	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, S. Vietnam, Malaya, Java (type), China (Yunnan)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196986	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199522	general	EN	"Large, tendrilled climber; young branches rusty pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate to rotundate, up to 12 by 15 cm. 9–11-nerved; apex entire to emarginate or shallowly bifid with a wide deltoid sinus, tip of lobes acute to rounded; base deeply cordate; upper surface glabrous, glossy, lower glabrous when fully grown. Stipules minute, rounded, early caducous. Petioles 1–5 cm. Flowers in rusty pubescent panicles composed of corymbose racemes. Pedicels slender; up to 3 cm. Bract narrowly lanceolate, up to 3 mm; bracteoles minute, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds globose with acute apex, 3–4 mm diam. Receptacle tubular, striate, 2–4 mm. Calyx splitting into 2–3 reflexed segments. Petals 8–15 mm long, orange turning red, hirsute outside, obovate, tapering towards the short claw. Stamens 3 fertile. Filaments filiform, slightly longer than the petals; anthers ellipsoid ca 1 mm; staminodes 2, minute. Ovary subsessile, ca 4 mm, rusty hirsute; style 5 mm, glabrous towards the capitate stigma. Pods dehiscent, oblong, glabrous when ripe, 15–20 by 2–5 cm. Seeds 5–8, flat, ovate-orbicular, ca 2 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199522	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199522	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests up to 900 m.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199522	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199522	distribution	EN	"(of subsp. integrifolia). Thailand, Malay Peninsula (Penang, type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199522	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199526	general	EN	"Large, tendrilled climber; young branches puberulous, later glabrous. Leaves ovate, 6–15 by 5–12 cm, 9–11-nerved; bird to ½ with rather narrow sinus; tip of lobes deltoid, obtuse; base cordate-truncate; both surfaces glabrous. Stipules minute, early, caduceus. Petioles glabrous, 3–7 cm. Inflorescences lateral or terminal panicles, many-flowered, with greyish pubescent axis. Pedicels 6–10 cm. Bracts lanceolate, 10 by 5 mm; bracteoles elliptic-1anceolate, 15–20 by 7–10 mm, inserted near base of receptacle. Buds greyish pubescent, oblong with pointed apex. Receptacle tubular, 7–10 mm long. Calyx splitting into 4–5 eventually reflexed segments, 10–15 mm long. Petals yellowish-green, subequal, blade rhomboidal with crenulate margins; ca 2 cm long, claw reddish, slightly longer. Stamens 3 fertile; flaments first green later red, 30 mm long, subglabrous; anthers 4–5 mm long; reduced stamens 7, red, subequal, 7–15 mm long, with small, cordate anthers. Ovary glabrous, on a 7–10 mm long stipe; style 5 mm long; stigma small, capitate. Pods dehiscent, flat, woody-valved, dark brown, 12 by 3 cm, narrow towards base. Seeds ca 5, flattened, orbicular, ca 15–25 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199526	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199526	ecology	EN	On limestone hills at low altitudes in open deciduous forests.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199526	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199526	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199526	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199533	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber or shrub; young branches (and all young parts) rusty pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves rotundate to reniform, 4–5 by 5–6 cm, 9-nerved; bifid to ½ with narrow sinus, tip 9 lobes rounded; base deeply cordate; upper surface subglabrous, lower appressed reddish hirsute particularly on the nerves. Stipules falcate, acute. Petioles slender, hirsute, 1.5–2 cm. Flowers in ca 5 cm long corymbs. Padicels slender, 1–1.5 cm. Bracts ca 6 mm long, subulate, hirsute; bracteoles similar, inserted near the middle of the pedicel. Buds ovoid, ca 4 mm long, reddish hirsute. Receptacle striate, reddish hirsute, 2–2.5 cm long. Calyx splitting into 5 reflexed sepals. Petals white, ovate-oblong, ca 1 cm long, shortly clawed. Stamens 3 fertile, reddish; filaments 1 cm long; anthers ellipsoid, 1–2 mm long; staminodes 7, 2 minute between the stamens, 5 small, unequal, joined at base. Ovary glabrous, very shortly stipitate; style very short; stigma obliquely peltate. Pods dehiscent, thin-valved, strap-shaped, 10–12 by 1.5–2 cm. Seeds 8–10(–16), ellipsoid, 9 by 4.5 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199533	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199533	ecology	EN	Margins of dry deciduous and dry evergreen forests and along waysides.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199533	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199533	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, N. Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199533	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199536	general	EN	"Tree up to 15m high, dioecious; branches glabrous to pubescent. Leaves ovate to rotundate up to 4 by 8 cm diam, 9–11-nerved; bifid to ⅙–⅓ with broad sinus, tip of lobes broadly rounded; base truncate to cordate; upper surface glabrous, finely reticulate, lower glaucous (whitish when dry), glabrous to pubescent. Stipules linear, acute, 2–3 mm long, early caducous. Petioles glabrous to pubescent, 2–4 cm. Racemes short, compound, up to 5 cm long. Pedicels pubescent, filiform, 1–2 cm. Bracts minute, triangular; bracteoles diminutive. Buds club-shaped, pubescent, 6–10 mm long (♀ larger than ♂). Receptacle turbinate, 3–5 mm long (longer in the ♀). Calyx tubular, splitting into 3–5 segments in upper part. Petals white, oblong with very short claw, ca 10 mm long. ♂ flowers with 10 fertile stamens shorter than petals, outer whorl longer than inner filaments glabrous; anthers oblong, 2 mm. ♀ flowers: staminodes 10, minute. Ovary stipitate, densely tomentose, 5–6 mm long, with peltate stigma. Pods indehiscent, strap-shaped with long straight beak, glabrous, striate, 20–25 by l–l.5 cm. Seeds 10–30, oblong."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199536	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199536	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous forests in the lowlands, rarely above 300 m."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199536	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199536	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia (Java to Timor). Missing in Malaya, avoiding the tropical rain forests."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199536	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213034	general	EN	"Large shrub or tree up to 15 m high; young branches rusty pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, 7–20 cm in diam, 11–13-nerved; bifid ⅓–½ with narrow sinus, tip of lobes rounded-acute; base cordate to truncate; upper surface glabrous, lower pubescent on the nerves. Stipules triangular, acute, 3–6 mm long. Petioles 3–6 cm. Racemes shortly pubescent, few-flowered. Pedicels pubescent. 10–15 mm. Bracts lanceolate, ca 10 mm. long; bracteoles linear, 3–6 mm long, inserted at the base of receptacle. Buds fusiform, apex forming 5 minute, acute tips. Receptacle 2.5–3 cm long. Calyx tomentose, spathaceous, 1.5–2 cm long. Petals obovate, 4–5 cm long, gradually tapering towards the short claw; four petals creamy with pink streaks, the posterior one yellow with large, purple spots. Stamen 1 fertile; filament ca 4 cm long, hairy at the base; anther sagittate, 6 mm long; staminodes 9, ca 3 mm long. Ovary as long as the stamen, stipitate; style sparsely pubescent; stigma oblique, flattened. Pods dehiscent, linear, up to 20 by 2 cm, smooth. Seeds 10–20, fattened, black, shining, ca 1 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213034	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213034	distribution	EN	"Origin unknown (type from Burma), it may be neotropic, but is now found all over the tropics cultivated and escaped."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213034	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199545	general	EN	"Large, tendrilled climber; young branches brownish hirsute, later subglabrous. Leaves suborbicular up to 7 by 7.4 cm, 13–nerved; bifid to ⅓ with broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded; base shallowly cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower brownish hirsute. Stipules ovate-auriculate, ca 6 mm. Petioles brownish hirsute, 1.5–2.8 cm. Inflorescences lateral or terminal, lax panicles; axis brownish velvety. Pedicels 4–4.5 cm. Bracts lanceolate, 15 mm long, bracteoles similar, slightly smaller, inserted near the middle of the pedicel. Buds obovoid, slightly oblique, brownish tomentose, ca 2 cm. Receptacle tubular, striate ca 2 cm. Calyx splitting in 4 reflexed, subequal segments, 2–3.5 cm long. Petals white to yellowish, subequal, hairy particularly on the outer side, blade ovate-orbicular with cordate base, up to 2.5 cm; claw as long as or slightly shorter than blade. Stamens 3 fertile filaments ca 5 cm long, glabrous; anthers ca 1 cm long; staminodes 6, filiform, subequal up to 7 mm. Ovary stipitate, 10 mm, brownish tomentose; style ca 12 mm. tomentose; stigma peltate; ovules ca 10. Pods not seen from Thailand."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199545	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199545	ecology	EN	Mixed deciduous forest in the lowland.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199545	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199545	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India [Sylhet (type), Assam, Khasya], China (?), Upper Burma."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199545	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000197074	general	EN	"Bauhinia ornata is widely distributed from North-Eastern India through Burma, Northern Thailand to Laos, N. Vietnam and Southern China, it is an extremely polymorphic taxon, and a number of specie has been described within its variation range; some of these taxa are only known from the type locality. On basis of the meterial available from the total distribution range of the species we have found it reasonable to divide it into 5 varieties, of which 2 occur in Thailand, In some cases intermediate forms between the varieties have been observed; var. kerrii is the most widely distributed variety covering nearly the whole distribution range of the species."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000197074	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388117	general	EN	"Deviates from var. kerrii by its stout style which is hairy all over during anthesis, and theleaves bifid to ½ with narrower sinus, tip of the lobes acuminate. Pod dehiscent, flat, strap-shaped, velutinous, 15–28 by 3.5–4 cm. Seeds ca 8, suborbicular, 2–2.5 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388117	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388117	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forests and moist mixed deciduous forests, 400–1200 m alt."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388117	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388117	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388117	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000197084	general	EN	"Large, tendrilled climber; young branches rusty pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves ovate to rotundate, 10–15 pm diam, 11–13-nerved; bifid to ¼–⅓ with broad deltoid sinus, tip of lobes rounded to acute; base cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower ± pubescent. Leaves on adventitious shoots larger, deeply split sometimes consisting of 2 free leaflets, and often more hairy. Stipules falcate-ovate, 5 mm long, early caducuous. Petioles 5–10 cm. Flowers in dense, brownish pubescent corymbs. Pedicels tomentose, 1.5–4 cm. Bracts subulate, 5 mm; bracteoles minute inserted in the upper part of the pedicel. Buds ovoid to fusiform, brownish pubescent with pointed apex, 5–8 mm. Receptacle tubular, striate, ca 5 mm. Calyx splitting into 3–5 reflexed segments. Petals white turning creamy, obovate, hairy outside, up to 2 cm long including ca 5 mm long claw. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments pilose at base, slightly longer than petals; anthers elliptic, 2–3 mm; staminodes 0–4. Ovary densely brownish pilose, subsessile; style slender, glabrous towards stigma, up to 15 mm; stigma peltate. Pods unknown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000197084	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000197084	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forests and moist mixed deciduous forests, 400–1200 m alt."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000197084	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000197084	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Laos, N. Vietnam, and S. China."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000197084	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199554	general	EN	"Tendrillcd shrub up to 2 m high with slender, reddish villous branches. Leaves ovate, 5–6 by 4–6 cm; 7–9-nervcd, bifid to ⅔–⅗ with rather broad sinus, tip of lobes subacute; base deeply cardate; upper surface glabrous, lower rusty red mainly on the nerves, soon subgiabrous. Stipules lanceolate, 2–3 mm long. Petioles woolly pubescent, 2–4 cm. Racemes reddish pubescent, lateral and terminal, mainly unbranched, lax-flowered, up to 15 cm long. Pedicels 1–2 cm. Bracts filiform, 5 mm long; bracteoles shorter, inserted below the middle of the pedicel. Buds fusiform, 4–5 mm long, apex with 5 free calyx teeth. Receptacle short, attenuate. Calyx splitting into 5 persistent, reflexed segments. Petals yellow, densely reddish hairy outside, lanceolate, acuminate, 4–5 mm long, short-clawed. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments 3–4 mm long; anthers elliptic-oblong, ca 1 mm long. Disc glabrous. Ovary glabrous, attached laterally to the disc, shortly stipitate, 2 mm long; style 1–2 mm; stigma inconspicuous. Pods dehiscent, glabrous, thin-valved, oblong, up to 6 by 2 cm, with a straight beak. Seeds unknown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199554	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199554	ecology	EN	Characteristic species of the poorest dry deciduous dipterocarp forests on lateritic soil; where the ground is burnt annually it rarely becomes a scandent shrub but every year produces 25–50 cm high shoots.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199554	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199554	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Western Laos, and Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199554	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199563	general	EN	"This variety is also white-flowered and closely related to var. subsessilis, from which it can be distinguished by its velvety (not strigose) ovary."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199563	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199563	distribution	EN	"Thailand, it is known only from the type specimen."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199563	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199563	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests alt. 200 m.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199563	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199565	general	EN	"Related to var. velutina from which it deviates in the following characters: 1. Lower leaf-surface reddish-brown pubescent withs fewer glands. 2. Buds light brown, terete, tapering towards the acute apex."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199565	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199565	ecology	EN	Along margin of forests at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199565	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199565	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya (type, Penang)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199565	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199558	general	EN	"Shrub or large, straggling tree without tendrils; young branches pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves ovate to rotundate, 9–14 by 10–15 cm, 11–15-nerved; bifid ⅓(–½) with broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded; base cordate; upper surface brownish puberulous to glabrescent; lower surface rusty pubescent particularlyi on the nerves. Stipules minute, early caduceus. Petioles pubescent, 3–4 cm. Racemes lateral and terminal, up to 10 cm long. Pedicels 1–1.5 cm. Bracts triangular, 3–5 mm; bracteoles similar, inserted about the middle of the pedicel. Buds 3–4 cm long, elongate, reddish brown velvety. Receptacle tubular as long as bud. Calyx splitting up into 2–5-reflexed segments. Petals red with yellow centre, lanceolate, 4–6 cm long with claw shorter than blade; the posterior broader. Stamens 3 fertile; flaments glabrous, 3–4.5 cm; anthers linear, 10–12 mm; staminodes few (2), minute, subulate. Ovary 1–1.5, cm with a 1–2 cm long stipe; style 2–3 cm; stigma peltate, all reddish brown hirsute. Pods dehiscent, velvety, with thick dorsal suture, strap-shaped, broadest towards the acuminate, beaked apex. Seeds 4–6, flattened, orbicular, 1–1.5 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199558	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199558	ecology	EN	"Along margin of forests at lower altitudes, rare."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199558	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199558	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malaya (Kedah, type), Indonesia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199558	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199568	general	EN	"This variety deviates from a–c in being white-flowered. Petals lanceolate with short claw, the posterior one with a yellow patch. Easily distinguished from all other varieties by the strigose ovary. Pods nearly glabrous, dorsal suture not raised. The leaves have a rusty velvety upper surface."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199568	ecology	EN	"Along margin of forests at lower altitudes, but with a more northern distribution."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199568	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya (Perlis), Cambodia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199570	general	EN	"Deviates from var. pottsii in the following characters: 1. Upper leaf surface greyish-green velvety (often with a “mouldy” appearance, also in dried material), lower surface greyish pubescent with brownish glands. 2. Buds greyish velvety, clavate with 5 longitudinal ridges and crested apex. 3. Petals with claw longer than lamina, the posterior spathulate. 4. Ovary greyish appressed pubescent. 5. Style truncate with indistinct stigma."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199570	ecology	EN	Along margin of forests at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199570	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Malaya."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199573	general	EN	"Low shrub up to 1.5 m high; branches glabrous or nearly so. Leaves suborbicular, up to 17 cm in diam., 9–11-nerved, membranous; bifid to ⅕–⅓ with broad sinus, tip of lobes obtuse; base shallowly cordate; upper surface glabrous; lower subglabrous. Stipules setaceous, persistent, 5 mm long. Petioles 5–8 cm. Racemes axillary or terminal, mostly compound, ca 3 cm long. Pedicels 3–4 nm. Bracts short, subulate; bracteoles similar, inserted at the base of the pedicel. Buds oblong, shortly acuminate; appressed hairy, ca 1 cm long. Receptacle very short. Calyx spathaceous. Petals white, subequal, narrowly obovate, 15 mm long, short-clawed. Stamens 10 fertile, unequal; filaments sparsely pilose at base, unequal in length up to 8 mm long; anthers 2.5 mm long. Ovary? (only reduced ovary in ♂ flowers seen); stigma peltate. Pods dehiscent, linear, 10 by 1.5 cm. Seeds flat (mature seeds not seen)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199573	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199573	ecology	EN	In Thailahd only once collected in mixed deciduous forests; in Burma said to grow in “high teak forests”.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199573	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199573	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199573	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199575	general	EN	"Low, tendrilled climber, up to 5 m; young branches, grayish pubescent later glabrescent. Leaves ovate, up to 15 by 14 cm, 9–11-nerved, bifid to ½–⅔ with rather narrow sinus, tip of lobes acute, rarely obtuse; base deeply cordate; upper surface glossy, glabrous, lower glabrous to pubescent. Stipules falcate, ca 5 mm long. Petioles glabrescent, 2–4 cm. Racemes lateral and terminal, dense, pyramidal, up to 20 cm long. Pedicels pubescent, up to 1 cm. Bracts subulate, with broad triangular base, ca 1 cm long, surpassing the young buds; bracteoles linear, ca 5 mm long, inserted near the middle of the pedicel. Buds subglobose, silvery hairy, 8–10 mm long; receptacle indistinct. Calyx cup-shaped, not covering the. Corolla in bud, splitting during anthesis into 5 triangular segments. Petals greenish, hairy outside, narrowly ovate, with crenulate margins, ca 15 nim long including the ca 5 mm long claw, Stamens 3 fertile, filaments longer than the petals; anthers narrow, ca 3 mm long; staminodes 7, minute, subulate. Disc corrugated glabrous. Ovary velvety, ca 1 cm long on a 3–5 mm long stipe; style velvety, 5 mm; stigma inconspicuous. Pods dehiscent, woody-valved, flat, velvety, strap-shaped, up to 30 by 3.5 cm with a short straight beak. Seeds 10–20, flat, glossy, rectangular-orbicular, 10–15 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199575	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199575	ecology	EN	"Margin of forests, along wayside, common in thorny scrub and savannas. The species is particularly common on the drier areas, e.g. the Korat plateau."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199575	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199575	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199575	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213155	general	EN	"Shrub or tree up to 10 m high; young branches glabrescent. Leaves suborbicular, up to 12 cm diam., 9–13-nerved; bifid to ⅓–½ with narrow to broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded to acute; base rounded to cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower sparsely hairy. Stipules minute, 1–2 mm long. Petioloes 2–3 cm. Racemes lateral or terminal, 6–10 flowered. Pedicels thick, 1–1.5 cm. Bracts ovate, acute, 1–2 mm long; bracteoies similar, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds clavate, velvety, greyish-green, 4–5 ang1ed mainly towards the ± twisted apex, ± 3–4 cm long. Receptacle 7–12 mm long. Calyx spathaceous. Petals pink to dark purple, narrowly lanceolate, the posterior broader, blanceolate, 3–5 cm long, claw 5–10 mm. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments shortly connate at base, 3–4 cm long; anthers 5–7 mm long; staminodus 5–6, thread-like, 6–10 mm long. Ovary velvety, 1 cm long, stipitate, stipe 1 cm; style short; stigma oblique, flat. Pods dehiscent, linear, 20–25 by 1.5–2.5 cm, glabrous, irregularly veined. Seeds ca 10, flat, orbicular, ca 15 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213155	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213155	distribution	EN	Originally palaeotropic (type from the Philippines). Cultivated throughout the tropics.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213155	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213166	general	EN	"Tree up to 15 m high; branches drooping, velvety when young, later nearly glabrous. Leaves reniform, 4–10 by 3–7 cm, 7–9-nerved; bifid to ⅕–¼ with very broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded; base truncate to deeply cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower greyish velvety to subglabrous. Stipules minute, triangular, early caducous. Petioles pubescent to subglabrous, 1–3 cm. Racemes pubescent, lateral, drooping, lax-flowered, up to 15 cm long. Pedicels ca 5 mm. Bracts minute; bracteoles diminutive, inserted near base of the pedicel. Buds pubescent, fusiform, ± falcate, with curved, pointed apex, 5–7 mm long. Receptacle turbinate, 2–3 mm long. Calyx spathaceous. Petals white-yellow, linear-lanceolate, slightly longer than calyx. Stamens 10 fertile, 5 outer ca 7 mm long, the inner shorter; filaments densely hairy at base; anthers narrow oblong, hairy, 3–4 mm. Ovary glabrous, 2 mm on an equally long stipe; stigma inconspicuous. Pods indehiscent, turgid, glabrous, 8–25 by 1.5–2.5 cm, ± falcate. Seeds 10–20, oval, ca 1 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213166	ecology	EN	In dry deciduous dipterocarp forests at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213166	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (North-east, type), Burma, Yunnan."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199579	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber; all young parts rusty tomentose. Leaves ovate to subrotundate, 6–10 cm in diam., 9–11-nerved; bifid to ⅓–½ with rather narrow sinus, tip of lobes rounded; base truncate to cordate; upper surface brownish hirsute; lower rusty hirsute. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, falcate, 3 mm. Petioles densely hirsute, 2–3 cm. Racemes rusty, short, stout, dense-flowered. Pedicels stout, 3–5 mm. Bracts ovate, acute, 4–7 mm; bracteoles similar, smaller. Buds obovoid, ca 15 by 7 mm. Receptacle broadly cylindrical, slightly dilated at base, 8–10 mm long. Calyx eplitting into 5 free, ± reflexed sepals. Petals white, oblong, obtuse, 15–20 mm long, short clawed, densely silky tomentose outside. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments sparsely hairy, 2 cm long; anthers ca 7 mm long; staminodes 2, ca 1 cm. Ovary densely tomentose, 10–12 mm including the short stipe; style thick, 5 mm; stigma large, peltate. Pods uhknown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199579	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199579	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay [Penang (type), Perak, Kelantan, Kedah]."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199581	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree sometimes straggling up to 10 m, normally dioecious; branches glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate, 5–9 by 6–10 cm, 9–11-nerved, chartaceous; bifid to ⅓–½ sinus narrow to broad, tip of lobes triangular-acute; base truncate to cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower sparsely pubescent with brownish glands. Stipules minute, early caducous. Petioles glabrous, 2–3 cm. Flowers clustered in dense-flowered, compound racemes up to ca 7 cm long. Pedicels 2–3 mm. Bracts minute, 1–2 mm; bracteoles similar, inserted below the middle of the pedicel. Buds ellipsoid, pubescent, 5–8 mm long, with short receptacle. Calyx spathaceous or splitting in two. Petals white to pinkish, narrow, obovate, with short claw, 7–10 mm. ♂ flowers with 10 fertile stamens, 5 outer ca 6 mm long, the inner half as long; anthers oblong, 1 mm. ♀ flowers with 10 filiform staminodes. Ovary hairy, 10 mm long including the short style and peltate stigma. Pods glabrous, dehiscent, strapshaped, broadest towards the apex with short, curved beak, 7–14 by 2–2.5 cm. Seeds 3–5, flattened, orbicular, 12–15 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199581	ecology	EN	Common in savannas and mixed deciduous forests up to 800 m alt.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199581	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199582	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber up to 14 m; branches glabrous. Leaves obovate, 8 by 6 cm, 9–11-nerved; bifid to ⅓–½with broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded, base cordate; both sides glabrous, lower pale. Stipules gladucous, not seen. Petioles glabrous, 1.5–2 cm. Racemes dense, terminal, up to 10 cm long, shortly brownish puberulous. Peclicels up to 10 mm long. Bracts lanceolate, 8–12 mm, acuminate; bracteoles linear, 7 mm, inserted above the middle of the pedicel. Buds 8–10 mm long, clavate, slightly falcate, apex ending with 5 short, free tips. Receptacle tubular, 3–5 mm, slightly dilated towards base. Calyx splitting into 5 sepals, 11 mm long, attenuateat base. Petals greenish-white, glabrous outside, inside hairy towards the claw, posterior one deltoid, lateral ones narrow lanceolate, lamina 6–8 mm, claw as long as or slightly shorter than lamina. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments glabrous, twice as long as the petals; anthers oblong, 2–3 mm long; staminodes 2, filiform, 2–3 mm. Ovary reddish sericeous, 5 mm long on a 7 mm long stipe; style glabrous, 10 mm; stigma capitate. Pods dehiscent, flat, glabrous, 10 by 3 cm, narrowed towards base (only one young pod available)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199582	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199582	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous forests, 200–300 m alt."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199582	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199582	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, S. Vietnam (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199582	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199592	general	EN	"Large, tendrilled climber; young greyish-brown velvety. Leaves broadly ovate to subrotundate, up to 9 by 9 cm, 11–13-nerved, bifid to ½–⅔ with narrow sinus, tip of lobes deltoid, obtuse; base slightly cordate; upper surface velutinous when young, later glabrous, lower pubescent. Stipules ear-shaped, caducous. Petioles brownish pubescent, 1.5–3 cm. Racemes lateral or terminal, 5–15-flowered; axis pubescent. Perdicels pubescent, 3–8 cm. Bracts linear-lanceolate, 7–16 mm; bracteoles smaller, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds sericeous, oblong with pointed, ± curved apex. Receptacle 3–5 mm long. Calyx during anthesis splitting into 4(–5) ± reflexed segments, 15 mm long, Petals yellowish-green, subequal, blade narrow spatulate tapering towards the claw; 25–30 mm long (whole petal). Stamens 3 fertile; filaments red, 30–35 mm long; anthers 2–3 mm long; reduced stamens 7, with filaments up to 15 mm. Ovary pubescent, 6–10 mm on a 5–7 mm pubescent stipe, style as long as ovary; stigma peltate. Pods unknown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199592	ecology	EN	Mixed deciduous forests at lower altitudes on limestone hills.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199592	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Tenasserim) and Laos."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199594	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber up to 5 m; branches thin, glabrous. Leaves entire, ovate- oblong, 6–12 by 3–7 cm, 13–5-nerved; apex acuminate-emarginate to mucronate, base rounded to slightly cordate; both surfaces glabrous, Stipules falcate, 2–3 mm long, caducous. Petioles glabrous, 2–3.5 cm. Racemes terminal, narrow, elongated, dense-flowered, up to 1 m long; whole inflorescence red; axis sparsely hairy. Pedicels hairy, 8–15 mm. Bracts subulate, persistent, ca 1 cm long; bracteoles 2 mm, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds oblong, 12–1 5 mm long including the ca 5 mm long, campanulate receptacle. Calyx pubescent, cup-shaped, 5–7 mm long with 5 short teeth. Petals red, obovate, 12–15 mm long including the Short claw, pubescent towards the apex on both sides. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments red, slightly longer than petals; anthers narrowly oblong, 2–3 mm long; staminodes 7, unequal, 2–7 mm. Ovary shortly stipitate, pubescent, ca 7 mm long; style 7 mm long; stigma inconspicuous, oblique. Pods woody-valved, ca 16 by 3.5 cm. Seeds 8–9, oblong, 1.7 by 1 cm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199594	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199594	ecology	EN	In lowland deciduous dipterocarp forests and savannas. In areas which are burned annually it becomes a prostrate shrub; also along road–sides at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199594	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199594	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199594	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213258	general	EN	"Erect shrub up to 3 m high; branches brownish pubescent. Leaves subrotundate, broader than long, 4–8 cm in diam, 7–9-nerved; bifid to ⅓–½ with broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded; base truncate to slightly cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower brownish pubescent. Stipules linear, ca 1 cm long. Petioles pubescent, 1–3 cm. Racemes lateral, short, few-flowered. Pedicels ca 1 cm. Bracts subulate, ca 5 mm long; bracteoles similar. Buds fusiform, puberulous, ca 2 cm long (inc1uding receptacle). Receptacle campanulate, ca 5 mm long. Calyx spathaceous. Petals yellow, broadly obovate, 4–5 cm long, short-clawed. Stamens 10 fertile, unequal; flaments 1–2 cm long, pubescent at base; anthers 2–3 mm long. Ovary shortly stipitate, tomentose; style glabrous towards the peltate stigma. Pods dehiscent, velvety, linear, 7–15 by 1–1.5 cm. Seeds ca 5, flat, ca 1 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213258	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213258	distribution	EN	Originating from tropical Asia; cultivated all over the tropics.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213258	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199598	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber; young branches greyish pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves entire, ovate-oblong, 5–11 by 2.5–5 cm, 3-nerved; apex acuminate, base rounded to cuneate; both sides glabrous. Stipules minute, caducous. Petioles glabrescent, 1–4 cm. Racemes greyish pubescent, lateral and terminal, mainly unbranched, elongated, many-flowered, up to 20 cm. Pedicels pubescent, 15–20 mm. Bracts subulate, 2–3 mm; bracteoles minute, capillary, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds globose, greyish pubescent, 2–3 mm including the very short receptacle. Calyx cup shaped with 5 minute teeth. Petals green, spathulate, 5 mm long including the claw. Stamens 3 fertile; filaments slightly longer than the petals; anthers elliptic, 1.5–2 mm long; staminodes 7, minute, subulate. Ovary densely silky hairy, ca 6 mm long; style short glabrous; stigma oblique, discoid. Pods unknown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199598	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199598	ecology	EN	On limestone rocks in evergreen forests at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199598	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199598	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199598	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213330	general	EN	"Deciduous shrub or tree up to 15 m high; young branches pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate to subrotundate, 6–16 cm in diam., 11–13-nerved; bifid to ¼–⅓ with broad sinus, tip of lobes rounded; base cordate, upper surface glaucous, glabrous, lower sparsely puberulous. Stipules minute, 1–2 mm long, early caducous. Petioles glabrous, 3–4 cm. Racemes short, lateral, mainly on the old branches, few-flowered. Pedicels short, stout, 5 mm. Bracts and bracteoles minute, triangular. Buds fusiform, ca 3–4 cm long. Receptacle 15 mm long. Calyx spathaceous. Petals white or purple, obovate, 4–5.5 mm long, short-clawed. Stamens 5 fertile, unequal; filaments 2–4 cm long, anthers 7 mm long. Ovary 2 cm, pubescent mainly on the sutures; stipe 1.5 cm; style ca 1 cm; stigma small, capitate. Pods dehiscent, obliquely striate, 20–30 by 2–2.5 cm. Seeds 10–25, flattened, 10–15. mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213330	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213330	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous forest at altitudes from 500–800 m, often as a dominant. Cream-flowered and purple-flowered individuals grow together."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213330	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000213330	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Southern China, Laos, N. Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000213330	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388119	general	EN	"Deviates from var. viridescens in being densely patently hirsute on the young branches, the underside of the leaves and the whole inflorescence."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388119	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001388119	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001388119	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196995	general	EN	"Shrub up to 4 m high; branches slender, glabrous. Leaves ovate-rotundate, 6–15 cm, 7–11-nerved; bifid to ⅓–⅔ with broad sinus; tip of lobes triangular, obtuse to acute, base truncate-cordate; upper surface glabrous, lower glabrescent or shortly pubescent on the nerves. Stipules triangular with setaceous tip, 2–3 mm; intrastipular trichome often developed into a curved, 2–3 mm long spine. Petioles 2–5 cm. Racemes lax-flowered, lateral and terminal, 5–15cm long, many-flowered. Pedicels 2–3 mm. Bracts subulate, 2–5 mm; bracteoles minute, Buds glabrous, ellipsoid of fusiform whether ovary develop or not, 6–10 mm including the very short receptacle. Calyx spathaceous. Petals greenish-white, obovate-lanceolate, 7–12 mm long. ♂ flowers with 10 fertile stamens shorter than the petals, 5 outer ones longest. Anthers oblong, glabrous, 1–2 mm. ♀ flowers with 10 unequal, reduced stamens. Ovary shortly stipitate, 6–8 mm; style very short; stigma peltate, all pubescent. Pods strap-shaped, 5–7 by 0.7–1 cm, glabrous; dehiscent. Seeds 6–10, flattened, 3 mm max. length."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196995	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196995	ecology	EN	"At lower altitudes, in the drier areas up to 800 m. It is common in deciduous forests of dipterocarps and teak among shrubs and bamboo. Most records are from limestone areas, but it is also collected on sandstone."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196995	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196995	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia (Timor, type), Wetar."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196995	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199604	general	EN	"Tendrilled climber; young branches rusty pubescent, later glabrous. Leaves consisting of 2 free, obliquely ovate leaflets with broad rounded ends, 3–4.5 by 1.5–2.5 cm, 3–4-nerved. Stipules minute. Petioles slender 1 cm. Racemes lateral and terminal, mainly unbranched with stout, rusty pubescent axis, up to 15 cm long. Pedicels stout, 4–8 mm. Bracts linear, 5–8 mm long; bracteoles similar, inserted near. the base of the 4–6 cm long, tubular, rusty pubescent, striate receptacle. Buds fusiform, rusty pubescent, ca 3 cm long. Calyx splitting into 5 free sepals. Petals 4 white, lanceolate-acute up to 9 by 4 cm including the 1.5 cm long claw; the posterior one yellowish, slightly shorter and broader. Stamens 10 fertile, filaments white, ca 7 cm long. Ovary stipitate, 4 cm long; style as long as ovary; stigma peltate. Pods tardily dehiscent, thin-valved, glabrous, slightly reticulate, up to 30 by 8 cm. Seeds 6–10(–more), compressed, glabrous, 10–15 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199604	ecology	EN	Dry open deciduous forests and thorny scrubs.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199604	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000197050	general	EN	"Slender tendrilled climber or shrub; all vegetative parts glabrous. Leaves consisting of 2 free, bliquely ovate leaflets with broadly rounded ends, up to 6 by 3 cm, 4-nerved. Stipules lanceolate, 3 mm long. Petioles slender up to 3 cm. Racemes lax, lateral, elongated, unbranched, ca 15-flowered. Pedicels 2 cm. Bracts subulale, 2 mm; bracteoles similar, smaller, inserted at about the middle of the pedicel. Buds glabrous, oblong, ca 8 mm long. Receptacle tubular, as long as the bud. Sepals splitting into 2 free segments. Petals white to pinkish, hairy at apex, subequal, narrowly obovate, 2 cm long including the 5 mm long claw. Stamens 3 fertile, filaments 2.5 cm long; anthers 3 mm long; staminodes 7, 6–7 mm long. Ovary glabrous, 20 mm long including the 5 mm long stipe; stigma small, oblique. Pods dehiscent, rugulose, linear, up to 15 by 1.5 cm, acute at both ends, often slightly falcate. Seeds ca 10, flat, orbicular, 6 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000197050	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000197050	ecology	EN	"In mixed deciduous forests, 400–800 m alt."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000197050	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000197050	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China [Yunnan (type), Szechuan], Burma."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000197050	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321708	general	EN	"Leaves: petiole 1–3 cm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 8–29 x 3–11 cm, apex acuminate to caudate, base cuneate; tomentose when young becoming almost glabrous. Inflorescence lax; 15–25 cm long; peduncle 3–4(–6.5) cm long; 3–19-flowered. Sepals leafy; ovate, (3–)4.5–5.3 x 1.5–5 cm, apex acuminate; sparsely tomentose. Corolla white; tube 8.2–12 cm long; lobes (1.8–)4–5.5 cm long, apex acuminate; tomentose outside and inside on lobes, glabrous lower down. Stamens inserted at 2.5–4 cm from corolla base; filaments (3.3–)4.5–6 cm long, glabrous; anthers 13–16 x 2–3.4 mm. Disk pubescent at top. Ovary 2–3 mm, pubescent; style + pistil head 8.2–10 cm long, sparsely pubescent. Fruit 22–31 cm long, 5–6 cm wide; ellipsoid, obtuse at the apex. Seeds 15–25 x 4–7 mm; obtuse at both ends; coma 2–7 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321708	ecology	EN	"In forest, 130 m."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321708	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Nepal (type), Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Burma, Southern China, Vietnam."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321774	general	EN	"Leaves: petiole 2.5–3.5 cm long; blade elliptic, 14–25 x 12–15 cm, apex apiculate, base cuneate to almost rounded; tomentose. Inflorescence congested; 7–9 cm; peduncle 1.5 cm; 17–34-flowered. Sepals oblong-elliptic, 9 x 2.5 mm, apex acute; tomentose. Corolla greenish yellow; tube 1.7–2.4 cm long; lobes 0.8–1.2 cm, apex acute to apiculate; tomentose outside, sparsely tomentose on lobes and top of tube inside and again below the anther insertion with a glabrous band in the middle; with 10 small corona-like appendages alternating with the corolla lobes. Stamens inserted at 8 mm above the base; filaments 8.5 mm long, pubescent at base; anthers 7.8 x 1.5 mm. Disk pubescent at the apex. Ovary pubescent, 2.5 mm long; style + pistil head 1.7 cm long, sparsely pubescent. Fruit unknown."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321774	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321774	ecology	EN	In forest ca 100 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321774	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321774	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321774	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321794	general	EN	"Leaves: petiole 1–2 cm long; blade papery, elliptic to obovate, 5.5–22.5 x 2–8.5(–13) cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate; older leaves sparsely pubescent on abaxial veins. Inflorescence lax; 10–17 cm long; peduncle 1.5–10 cm long; 8–38-flowered. Sepals leafy; elliptic, (0.9–)1.8–1.9 x 0.2–0.6 cm, apex acuminate; tomentose. Corolla white and pale yellow or green; tube 3–4.6 cm long; lobes 1.7–3 cm long, apex acuminate; tomentose outside and on lobes inside, inside tube glabrous. Stamens inserted at 1–1.3 cm from corolla base; filaments 1.5–2.7 cm long, glabrous; anthers 10–13 x 1.9–3 mm. Disk glabrous or very sparsely pubescent. Ovary densely pubescent, 0.5–1.5 mm long; style + pistil head 3.2–3.7 cm long, very sparsely pubescent. Fruit a solitary follicle; oblong/ellipsoid, apex rounded, base cordate; 10–26 cm long, 3–7 cm wide; seeds numerous. Seeds ellipsoid; flattened; 15–20 x 3.5–4 mm; coma 2–5 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321794	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321794	distribution	EN	Native to Indonesia (type from Java) and Malaysia.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321794	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321804	general	EN	"Leaves: petiole 1–2.5 cm long; blade papery, elliptic or obovate, 9–29 x 4.5–14.2 cm, apex acuminate or apiculate, base obtuse to cuneate; tomentose when young becoming almost glabrous. Inflorescence lax; 11–16(–19.5) cm long; peduncle 2–3.3(–6) cm long; 3–15 flowered. Sepals leafy; ovate, 2.4–4 x 1.1–2.3 cm, apex acuminate or apiculate. Corolla white or yellowish; tube 4.2–6 cm long; lobes 1.8–5.6 cm long, apex acute or acuminate; tomentose outside and on lobes and upper corolla tube inside, otherwise glabrous. Stamens inserted at 1.8–2.2 cm from corolla base; filaments (1.5–)2.4–3.5 cm long, glabrous; anthers 10.7–14.2 x 2–2.4 mm, sagittate base 2–3.5 mm long. Disk glabrous or very sparsely pubescent. Ovary densely pubescent, 1.4–2.5 mm long; style + pistil head 3.6 cm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Fruit 18 cm long, 5 cm wide; ellipsoid, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base; glabrous. Seeds 11–20 x 4–5 mm; sparsely pubescent or glabrous; obtuse at both ends; coma 3–8 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321804	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321804	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests or thickets.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321804	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000321804	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000321804	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128375	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, about 2.5 mm diam., bearing fronds closely, densely scaly throughout; scales oblong-ovate, acuminate at apex, round at base, up to 2 by 1 mm, brown, clathrate, toothed at margin. Stipes up to 3–5 cm long, narrowly winged on upper portion, scaly at base, stramineous to pale castaneous. Fronds lanceolate, broadest at ⅓ way from base, gradually narrowing upwards, cuneate at base, plane at margin, about 15 cm long excluding the fertile apical portion, 2.2–3.2 cm broad; thin chartaceous; lateral main veins more or less distinct, the other veins hardly visible, copiously anastomosing; fertile portion continuously narrowing from the narrow apices of the sterile portion, about 5 by 0.5 cm, bearing a pair of medial linear sori."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128375	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128375	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks in light shade or in dense forests usually in moist places at medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128375	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128375	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos and Vietnam (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128375	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001230270	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, up to 5 mm diam, bearing fronds closely, densly scaly; scales narrowly subtraingular, gradually narrowing from base towards apex, long-attenuate and tailed at apex, up to 5 by 1.5 mm, broadcast at basal portion, concolorusly brown, clathrate, toothed at margin. Stipes short, castaneous, narrowly winged, scaly at base. Fronds narrowly cuneate at base, the sterile portion about 25 by 3–5 cm; papyraceous to thin chartaceous, veins hardly visible, the margin of fronds usually plane; fertile portion linear, not constricted at base, up to 15 by 0.4 cm, sporangia occupying the whole under surface except the midrib and margin, the margin hardly revolute."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001230270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001230270	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy rocks in dense evergreen forests at high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001230270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001230270	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas to SW. China (Yunnan, type) and N. Vietnam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001230270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115943	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, about 3 mm diam., bearing fronds rather closely, scaly; scales narrow, gradually narrowing from base towards long-attenuate apex, up to 5 by 1 mm, broadest at basal portion, dark brown, calthrate, toothed at margin. Stipes short, not distinct from lower part of midribs of fronds, narrowly winged, castaneous to dark, scaly at base. Fronds linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards both ends, attenuate at both apex and base, entire or a little revoluted at margin, up to 30 by 2.5 cm; subcoriaceous, veins hardly visible, copiously anastomosing; fertile portion of fronds at apex, usually constricted at junction with sterile portion, linear, up to 7 by 0.3 cm, wholly covered by sporangia except the very margin enrolled to protect the young sori."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115943	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115943	ecology	EN	On tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests at low or medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115943	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115943	distribution	EN	"Tropics of Asia (type from Malay Isl.), from Sri Lanka to Polynesia, north to Vietnam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115943	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147896	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, 3–5 mm diam., bearing many fronds closely, densely scaly; scales oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing from base towards apex, round at base, attenuate at apex, entire, about 3 by 1 mm, the central portion dark with thick internal walls, the marginal portion consisting in smaller cells with thinner internal walls, thus paler in colour. Stipes up to 5 cm long, not distinct from the midribs of fronds, narrowly winged on the upper portion, stramineous to pale castaneous, scaly at base. Fronds linear-lanceolate, usually broadest at middle portion, attenuate towards both ends, 15–25 cm long in sterile portion, 1–2.5 cm broad, the margin more or less revolute; softly chartaceous; veins hardly visible, copiously anastomosing; fertile portion linear, with distinct construction at base, up to 15 by 0.3 cm broad, covered wholly with sporangia except on the midribs and margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147896	ecology	EN	On tree-trunks in forests at medium to high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000147896	distribution	EN	"Tropics of Asia (type from Java), from Sri Lanka to Tahiti."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000147896	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000508549	general	EN	"Annual herb, shoots 2–7 m long, stem 3–5 mm diam., sparsely or densely grey or rusty hairy, hairs 2–5 mm long. Probract narrow-or broad-elliptic, (0.5–)1–2 cm long, acute or blunt. Tendrils 2- or 3-branched. Leaves: blade 5–7-angular or shallowly (sometimes deeply) lobed, 7–20 cm diam., cystoliths not apparent, base cordate, margin coarsely dentate, apex (of lobes) acute-acuminate; petiole 4–12(–20) cm long. Male flowers: pedicel 4–15 cm long, hairy; receptacle-tube broadly cup-shaped, 4–6 by 10–15 mm; sepals narrowly elliptic or linear, 10–20 mm long, acute, entire, or (deeply) 2–3-lobed or serrate; petals obovate to narrowly elliptic, 25–40(–70) mm long, subacute or obtuse, with minute mucro, hairy on veins outside, very densely pilose at point of insertion of stamens at ca ⅓ from the base in the receptacle-tube, the hairs screening off a small basal glabrous chamber without or with an inconspicuous disc at the bottom; filaments glabrous, erect, broad, 2–3 mm long; anthers somewhat connivent, 4–5 by 5–7(–10) mm, little exserted, thecae plicate along a broad, flat 3-lobed connective. Female flowers: perianth similar to male but smaller; pedicel 2–4 cm long; ovary densely hairy, (narrowly) ovoid or (narrowly) ellipsoid (cylindrical), 15–20(–40) by 5–10(–15) mm, style stout, 2–3 mm long, stigma stout, 5–10 mm diam., undulating because of 3 horseshoe-shaped lobes; disc a low ± undulating ring; staminodes inserted close to the disc, mostly inconspicuous, 1–2 mm long, flat. Fruit solitary, globose, ellipsoid or narrowly ellipsoid, 4–120 cm long, glabrescent; pericarp thin, leathery, when old woody, 1–1.5 mm thick; mesocarp ± absent or thick and fleshy; fruiting pedicel 3–5 cm long, usually curved, leaving a concave scar after breaking off. Seeds ovate elliptic, 7–10 by 4–7 mm, faces not ornamented, margin narrow, finely 2-grooved."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000508549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000508549	use	EN	Young and ripe fruits and young shoots are used as vegetables.	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000508549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000508549	distribution	EN	"Widely cultivated in SE Asia (and elsewhere), the wild form (Fig. 3.) mainly in C and E Malesia, Australia and in the Pacific."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000508549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564422	general	EN	"Tree 7–40 m high. Leaves oval or cordate, glabrous, 6–15 by 7–18 cm; apex shortly cuspidate, acute or rounded; base cordate; margin entire or undulate; 5–7-nerved at base; 3–5 pairs of nerves from midrib; scalariform veins distinct beneath; petiole 2–8 cm long, glabrescent. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, 5–20 cm long; flower buds globose, minutely apiculate, ± 5 mm diam. Sepals ovate. Petals slightly spathulate, 4–5 by 1–2 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, 3-locular, hairy. Fruit globose, hairy ± 1 cm diam.; each nutlet with a pair of wings."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564422	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564422	use	EN	Wood used in construction.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564422	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564422	ecology	EN	In moist upper mixed deciduous and edge of evergreen forests; alt. 100–400 m. Flowering and fruiting during April–September.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564422	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564422	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Ceylon (type), Burma, Andaman, Nicobar, Sudan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564422	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564428	general	EN	"Tree, 5–20 m high. Leaves oval, cordate or slightly five-angled, hairy on lower surface, 6–15 by 7–18 cm; apex shortly cuspidate or acute; base cordate; margin smooth or undulate; 5–7-nerved at base; 3–5 pairs of nerves from midrib; scalariform veins distinct beneath; petiole 2–8 cm long, pubescent. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, 5–20 cm long; flower buds globose, minutely apiculate, ± 5 mm diam. Sepals sometimes 3-merous; ovate. Petals slightly spathulate, 4–5 by 1–2 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, 3-locular hairy. Fruit globose, hairy, ± 1 cm diam.; each nutlet with a pair of wings."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564428	use	EN	Wood used in construction.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564428	ecology	EN	In moist upper mixed deciduous forest; alt. 100–1000 m. Flowering and fruiting during April–September.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000564428	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma (type), Vietnam, Cambodia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000564428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565432	general	EN	"Erect, dwarf shrub, often sympodially branched, up to 30 cm. Leaves 18–27 jugate, rachis 7–17 cm; terminal leaflets oblong to lanceolate, widest on or above the middle, 9–22 by 3–8 mm, as long as the preceding, ± symmetric; other leaflets elliptic to oblong, asymmetric, midrib excentric, from basiscopic corner, sparsely strigose, glabrescent. Inflorescences distinctly peduncled, puberulous with a few septate-glandular hairy. Peduncles 5–19.5 cm. Pedicels 5–17 mm. Sepals lanceolate, 4.5–6 by 1–1.5 mm, acute, sparsely strigose to glabrous, 0.5–0.7 as long as the corolla, in fruit half to ± equally long as the pedicels, 1.2–2 times as long as the fruit. Petals 9–10 by 1–2.5 mm, rounded to truncate, white with yellowish base. Fruit 3–4 by 2–3 mm, glabrous. Seeds 2–3 per cell, ca 1 by 0.8 mm, transversally tubercled and ridged."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565432	use	EN	Locally used for children’s diseases.	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565432	ecology	EN	"In crevices of (limestone) rocks along rivers and in open forests, up to 330 m. Fl. & fr. Jan.–Dec."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565432	distribution	EN	"S. Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Tenasserim (type), N. Malay Peninsula."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565517	general	EN	"Small, erect annual; stem simple, rarely up to 15 cm high. Leaves 3–9-jugate; rachis 0.5–3.5 cm; terminal leaflets longer than the preceding, obovate, ± oblique, 2–8 by 2–5 mm; other leaflets triangular to orbicular-elliptic, midrib ± median, rounded to obtuse, ± glabrous; nerves few, ± perpendicular to the midrib. Pedicels 1–3 mm. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 by 0.7–1.5 mm, ca 0.6 times as long as the petals, in fruit longer than pedicel, ± exceeding the fruit. Petals lanceolate, orange, or yellow in lower half and orange or red in upper. Fruit 3–4 by 2–2.5 mm, apically ciliate on the ribs. Seeds 3–4 per cell, with two longitudinal ridges, in between with transverse rows of minute tubercles."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565517	ecology	EN	Preferring areas with a dry season and heliophilous habitats. Up to 1150 m.	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565517	distribution	EN	"Tropical Africa (type), Madagascar, tropical SE. Asia to New Guinea; introduced in N. Australia."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565522	general	EN	"Unbranched, erect annual, up to 55 cm; stem pithy, compressible. Leaves 6–11(–14)-jugate, rachis 2.5–6.5(–10) cm; terminal leaflets obovate, largest, 7–12 by 4–7 mm, ± asymmetric; other leaflets ± symmetric, elliptic with ± parallel margins, midrib ± median at base, base truncate, ± glabrous; nerves many, little conspicuous, oblique. Inflorescences strigose and septate-glandular hairy. Peduncles up to 6.5(–12.5) cm. Pedicles up to 7 mm. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2.2–4 by 0.5–1 mm, acute, ± half as long as the corolla, in fruit 3–8-nerved, 0.5–0.7 as long as the pedicles, ± as long as the fruit. Petals 6–8 by 1–2 mm, rounded to emarginated, yellow, limb with red to purplish lines. Fruit 2–3 by 2–2.5 mm, apically puberulous and minutely septate-glandular hairy on the ribs. Seeds up to 3 per cell, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, transversally ridged and tubercled."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565522	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565522	ecology	EN	"Shaded, disturbed soil, river banks, under damp thicket, etc., up to 500 m. Fl. & fr. Jan.–Dec."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565522	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565522	distribution	EN	"Tropical SE. Asia, east to Malay Peninsula, Java (type), and Celebes."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565522	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565531	general	EN	"Erect, unbranched annual, up to 35 cm; stem pithy, compressible. Leaves 7–12(–14)-jugate, rachis 5–10(–16.5) cm; terminal leaflets largest, falcate-obovate, 8–18 by 3–10 mm, ± asymmetric; other leaflets ± symmetric, elliptic with parallel margins, base truncate, midrib median at base, ± glabrous; nerves many, little conspicuous, oblique. Inflorescences strigose mixed with septate-glandular hairs. Peduncles up to 14 cm. Pedicels 1.5–3.5 mm. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4–7 by 0.5–1.5 mm, acute, ± shorter than the corolla, in fruit 5–9-nerved, longer than the pedicels, 1.3–2 times as long as the fruit. Petals 5–7 by 1–2 mm, truncate, yellow, limb with purplish lines. Fruit 3–4 by 2 mm, apically puberulous and minutely septate-glandular hairy on the ribs. Seeds up to 3 per cell, 0.7–1 by 0.5–0.8 mm, transversally tubercled and ridged."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565531	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565531	ecology	EN	"Shaded, disturbed soil, river banks, under damp thickets, up to 500 m. Fl. & fr. Jan.–Dec."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565531	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565531	distribution	EN	Widely spread in the Indo-Malesian tropics (type from Ceylon).	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565531	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565549	general	EN	"Erect, dwarf shrub, often sympodially branched, up to 30 cm. Leaves 8–16-jugate, rachis 3–8 cm; terminal leaflets as long as the preceding, elliptic- to obovate-oblong, 7–15 by 4–9 mm, ± symmetric; other leaflets elliptic to oblong, asymmetric, midrib excentric, from basiscopic corner; strigose, glabrescent. Inflorescences nearly sessile in tuft, puberulous and septate-glandular hairy. Peduncles up to 2 mm. Pedicles 4–6 mm. Sepals ovate-oblong to -lanceolate; 5 by 1–2 mm, acute to acuminate, ± half as long as the corolla, in fruit ± as long as the pedicel, ± as long as the fruit. Petals 8–9 by 2–3 mm, rounded, white to yellowish white. Fruit 4 by 4 mm, sparsely puberulous and minutely septate-glandular hairy on the ribs. Seeds 4 per cell, 1 by 1 mm, transversally tubercled and ridged."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565549	ecology	EN	"Shaded, humid places, in woods, along rivers at low altitudes, up to 500 m."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000565549	distribution	EN	"Vietnam (type), Cambodia, Thailand."	J.F. Veldkamp		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000565549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342237	general	EN	"Tree up to 40 m high, dbh up to 2 m; buttresses often present; outer bark thin, slightly cracked to usually flaking with fibrous, thin strips or scaling, pale reddish to usually dark brown; inner bark pink to light reddish to cream inside, soft; sapwod white to light red, soft to hard; heartwood dark beefy red. Stipules ca 5 by 1.7 mm. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 5.5–16.5 cm long, petiolules up to 6.5 cm long, especially central one longer, blade mainly elliptic, 5–18 by 2.8–10 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–2.3, base cuneate, occasionally with two glandular teeth at point of petiole insertion on upper surface, apex acuminate, upper surface dark green, lower surface light green; nerves in 7–8 pairs. Inflorescences up to 32 cm long in fruit. Staminate flowers ca 2.5 mm in diam., red in bud, yellowish when open; pedicel ca 2.6 mm long; sepals almost circular, ca 1.2 by 1.1 mm, light green, apex rounded, slightly hairy; torus ca 0.5 mm high; filaments 0.5–0.6 mm long, light green; anthers ca 1 by 0.8 mm, yellow-green to light yellow. Pistillate flowers quickly developing into fruits; pedicel in fruit up to 11 mm long; sepals ovate, 2.1–4 by 0.8–1 mm, apex acute; staminodes up to ca 0.5 mm high; ovary green; style ca 0.7 mm long; stigmas 4.5-5 mm long, whitish. Fruits 8–10 by 7–10 mm, dark red to brown. Seeds ca 4.2 by 3.2 by 3 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342237	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342237	use	EN	Medicinal use in China (Hainan); fruits eaten in Borneo (Sarawak); wood used as firewood in New Guinea and for fencing (grows!) in the Solomon Islands; in the latter the squeezed bark or the latex is used as a brown or black dye.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342237	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342237	ecology	EN	"In many different habitats: primary wet evergreen to dry evergreen to deciduous to disturbed forest, beach forest, riparian forest, degraded scrub forest, thickets, village commons; usually in wetter places, often along streams, forest margins, roads, on sand, loam, clay, limestone, coral reef; altitude: sea level up to 1,000(–2,350). Fruits eaten by Oriolus birds."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342237	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342237	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Assam, Kerala), Bangladesh, China (Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong), Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (type), Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, E. Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Cook Islands. Note the absence in Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342237	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342784	general	EN	"Shrub or shrubby tree, up to 5 m high; bark smooth, grey. Leaves: petiole 0.5–1 cm long, glabrous; blade obovate-oblong to obovate, 10–22 by 3–9 cm, rather coriaceous, base cuneate or rounded, margin glabrous, apex obtuse to acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, nerves in 6–7 pairs, midrib prominent on both sides. Inflorescences cymose or umbellate, glabrous. Staminate inflorescences ca 3.5 cm long; peduncle 2–2.3 cm long. Pistillate inflorescences subsessile. Staminate flowers 2–5 mm in diam.; pedicel 5–6 mm long; sepals orbicular, pale green; petals orbicular, white to light yellow; disc glands oblong, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, stamens 17–24; filament 3–3.5 mm long, slender; anthers ca 0.5 by 0.5 mm. Pistillate flower 1.5–4 mm in diam.; pedicel 2–5 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, green, margin glabrous, caducous; disc glands ca 1 by 0.5 mm; ovary 2- or 3-locular, subglobose, glabrous (rarely pubescent); stigmas filiform, 2–3 mm long. Fruits subglobose, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., green, glabrous. Seeds ovoid, ca 6 by 4 mm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342784	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342784	ecology	EN	"Common in open dry evergreen forest and bare granite boulders, or on limestone; altitude: up to 300 m. Flowering September-February; fruiting February."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342784	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342784	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam, Andamans (type), Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342784	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342951	general	EN	"Shrub to shrubby tree, up to 5 m high; bark fissured, brown to grey. Leaves: petiole 0.3–1 cm long, usually pubescent; blade rhomboid-obovate, (2–)4–4.5 by (1–)2–3 cm, chartaceous, pubescent or almost glabrous, base cuneate, margin ciliate, apex obtuse or acute; nerves in 5–9 pairs, midrib prominent on both sides. Inflorescences umbellate, pubescent. Staminate inflorescences ca 2 cm long; peduncles 0.1–0.5(–1) cm long. Pistillate inflorescences 1.5–2 cm long; peduncles 0.1–0.7 mm long. Staminate flowers 4–5 mm in diam.; pedicel 1.2–1.4 cm long; sepals 5 or 6, orbicular, 1.5–1.7 by 1–1.2 mm, revolute, membranous, pale green; petals orbicular, 1.5–1.7 by 1–1.2 mm, membranous, pale yellow-green; disc glands ca 0.8 by 0.4 mm; stamens 14–21, filaments ca 3 mm long, anthers ca 0.5 by 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1–3.5 mm in diam.; pedicel 5–13(–23) mm long; sepals 5 or 6, ovate to slightly triangular, 2.5–4 by 1–1.3 mm, margin ciliate; disc glands ca 0.8 by 0.4 mm; ovary subglobose, 1.5–1.7 by 0.3–1 mm, pubescent; stigmas filiform, 5–6 mm long, green. Fruits subglobose, 0.8–1 cm in diam., slightly pubescent; calyx persistent. Seeds oblong to subglobose, ca 6 by 4 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342951	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342951	ecology	EN	"Common in open dry evergreen forest, on bare granite boulders, frequently along streams; altitude: sea level up to 100 m. Flowering March; fruiting March-July."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342951	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342951	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (Hainan)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342951	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001280636	general	EN	"Shrub, 1.5–5 m high, branchlets terete and with an indumentum of minute peltate and sessile glands (<a href=""../image/flora/7/MELA_Fig26.jpg"" target=_blank >Fig. 26E</a>), sometimes also with plumose hairs when young, older branchlets glabrous. Leaves of a pair often unequal, elliptic, smaller one (3–)4–14(–21) x 0.7–4(–8) cm, larger one (4.6–)8–19(–28) x 1.6–6(–10) cm, base attenuate, acute or rounded, apex long acuminate, margin entire or weakly dentate, lamina with (1–)2 pairs of lateral primary veins, the outer pair faint, both surfaces when young with minute brown glands and minute plumose hairs on the midrib, upper surface glabrescent, petioles 0.5–3.5 cm long. Inflorescences axillary or terminal cymes 3–6 cm long. Flowers 4-merous (<a href=""../image/flora/7/MELA_Fig26.jpg"" target=_blank >Fig. 26B</a>). Hypanthium campanulate to urceolate, ca 3.5 mm long, with yellow peltate glands and sometimes also plumose hairs, sepal rim truncate, about 0.2–0.5(–1.2) mm high, dorsally with 4 cusps. Petals ovate, (1–)2–2.5 mm long, white. Stamens 4, pink, anthers 2.5–3.5 mm long. Ovary 4-locular, partially adnate to the hypanthium for its entire length, apically deeply depressed around the style base. Fruit an urceolate or campanulate capsule, sometimes weakly ribbed, about 3–4 mm long, apex not beaked or otherwise adorned."	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001280636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001280636	ecology	EN	Common in the undergrowth of evergreen forest; 400–1600 m alt.	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001280636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001280636	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo (type) and Celebes."	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001280636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001121797	general	EN	"Rhizome erect, up to a few decimetres tall, densely scaly; scales gradually narrowing toward acuminate apex, up to 5 by 0.7 mm, bright brown in central portion, brown and thin in margin. Stipe up to 30 cm long, stramineous, scaly at base, glabrous upwards, not bearing any auricles. Frond up to 50 by 18 cm, elliptic with acute apex; pinnae ascending, up to 30 pairs, subopposite, linear, truncate to cordate at sessile base, gradually narrowing towards acuminate but not pointed apex, minutely but sharply serrate at margin, up to 15 by 1.5 cm; soriferous pinnae usually narrower, about 7 mm wide; veins spreading nearly at right angles, about 1.5 mm apart near costa and usually twice forked, visible on both surfaces; subcoriaceous, glabrous thoughout. Sori linear, along costa, usually from near rachis to less than 1 cm from apex; indusia thin but firm, often hidden under sori at maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001121797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001121797	ecology	EN	On plains in lower mountain forests or near sea coast.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001121797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001121797	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Mishmee, Indochina, Malesia throughout (type from Java) to Polynesia and Australia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001121797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107240	general	EN	"Rhizome thick, ascending or suberect, densely covered with scales; scales linear, gradually narrowing towards apex, 2 cm or more long, up to 2 mm broad, tailed at apex, dark brown with pale cartilaginous edges which sometimes becoming uneven. Stipe stout, stramineous, or sometimes purplish when young, up to 60 cm long, densely scaly at base, bearing small auricles (reduced pinnae) throughout. Lateral pinnae many in number, close, 2–3 cm apart from each other, ascending, linear, gradually narrowing towards long-tailed apex, round or subtruncate at sessile base, or decurrent at posterior base and adnate in the upper ones, entire, 30 by 1.2–2 cm; veins simple or forked usually near costa, distinct on both surfaces, very close, up to 0.5 mm apart; coriaceous, green, glabrous throughout. Sori narrow, long-continuous along costa; indusia narrow, usually broken before maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107240	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107240	ecology	EN	On rather dry open slopes or in light shade at low or medium altitudes throughout Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107240	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107240	distribution	EN	"Tropics of Asia, Australia and the Pacific, India to Polynesia, north to southern edge of Japan (Yakushima)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107240	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346903	general	EN	"Tree 7–30 m high; branches glabrous. Leaves opposite or 3–4-verticillate; petiole 2–8.5 cm long, terete; blade rhomboid, broadly elliptic or ovate, 8–19.5 by 3.5–12 cm, coriaceous, glabrous, base obtuse or cuneate, with 2 small blotch-like glands above, margin not pale, apex abruptly acuminate with obtuse tip to 1.5 cm long, usually drying greyish-green, shiny above; nerves in 3–5 pairs, reticulation obscure, midrib very distinct and rounded beneath. Staminate inflorescences axillary and lateral on thickened nodes, fascicled, very short, paniculate, peduncle short, many flowers, glabrous. Staminate flowers: pedicel 4–7 mm long, glabrous; sepals 3, ovate, ca 4.5 mm long, reflexed, glabrous; stamens ca 30. Pistillate inflorescences fascicled or in short panicles, peduncle 5–9 mm long, with few to many flowers. Pistillate flowers: calyx cup-shaped, 4-lobed or 4-dentate, ca 1 mm long, glabrous; disc 4-lobed; ovary oblong, flattened, mainly 2-locular; stigmas 2. Fruits rounded, flattened, ca 4.5 by 3.5 cm, 1.5 cm in diam., hard, with remnant of style, stalk stout, 5 mm long. Seeds subreniform."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346903	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346903	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; altitude: 150–200 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: April.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346903	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346903	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346903	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346984	general	EN	"Tree 10–18 m high, bole fluted; sometimes with small buttresses, often with stilt-rooted; crown dense, small; bark warm orange brown, smooth, sometimes eye-marked, very finely rugulose; inner bark granular, soft, greyish-brown. Leaves spirally arranged, opposite or 3 verticillate; petioles 1.5–5.5 cm long, slender to stout, grooved above; blade oblong to elliptic, 7–17 by 3.5–11.5 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate, not glandular, margin often pale whitish when fresh and dry, apex ± abruptly acuminate with obtuse tip, shiny above, glabrous or sparsely pilose on nerves, usually drying brown to greyish-green, young leaves purplish; nerves in 6–8 pairs arched to the margin, prominent beneath, reticulation distinct. Staminate inflorescences racemes, 2.5–20 cm long, solitary or 2 together; flowers in groups of 1–3. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2–14 mm long; sepals 4, oblong, lanceolate or ovate, 4–5 mm long, reflexed, glabrous; stamens 14–18. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to terminal, very short, with 3–9 flowers; peduncle 1–2.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers: sepals 3–5, oblong or linear triangular, 1–4 mm long, recurved, margin and outside puberulous; disc annular, fleshy, some denticulate warts; ovary ovoid, acute, mainly 3-locular, glabrous; stigmas 3. Fruits round, green, very slightly flattened, 3.5–5 by 3–4.5 cm, grooved or strongly keeled sutures, ripening orange. Seeds bean shaped, 25–27 by ca 17 mm, black, enclosed in cream jacket."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346984	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346984	use	EN	Fruit is stated to be edible.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346984	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346984	ecology	EN	Common in peat swamp forest. Flowering in September; fruiting in February.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346984	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346984	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346984	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000770592	general	EN	"Monoclinous herbs, stems 0.5–3 cm long. Leaves basal, 2.5–60 by 0.5–1.2 cm, finely serrate, apex acute. Inflorescence sessile or with peduncles to 50 cm long; spathe flattened. Flowers mostly solitary, rarely paired, projected to water surface; stamens 3. Fruit terete, 20–80 by to 5 mm. Seeds ellipsoidal, smooth, with up to 12 ridges, with or without basal and/or apical tails, 1.2–2 mm long, ridges muricate to spiny."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000770592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001066601	general	EN	"Seeds smooth or with up to 12 irregular, longitudinal ridges, without apical or basal tails, 1.2–1.8 mm, ridges mostly interrupted, muricate."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001066601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001066601	ecology	EN	"Pools, streams and lakes, up to 1000 m."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001066601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001066601	distribution	EN	"S. Northern America, Africa (type Madagascar), throughout tropical Asia."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001066601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000770593	general	EN	"Seeds with up to 12 irregular, longitudinal ridges, with apical and/or basal tails, 1.5–2 mm, ridges distinctly spiny, tails to 5 mm long, mostly less."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000770593	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000770593	ecology	EN	"Wide variety of aquatic habitats, from rice fields, to pools, lakes, rivers and streams, up to 1300 m."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000770593	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000770593	distribution	EN	Throughout tropical Asia (type Bangladesh).	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000770593	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000773026	general	EN	"Monoclinous herbs; stems 10–20 cm or more long. Leaves alternate, 15–50 cm by 0.4–4 mm, minutely serrulate, apex attenuate to rounded. Inflorescence sessile or with peduncles to 11 mm long; spathe tubular. Flowers solitary or rarely 2, emergent and chasmogamous or submersed and cleistogamous; stamens 3. Fruits terete, 1–2 cm long. Seeds fusiform, without ridges, without basal or apical tails, 1.5–2 mm long."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000773026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000773026	ecology	EN	"Rice fields and pools, sea level to 1200 m."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000773026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000773026	distribution	EN	"Southern and Southeast Asia, Japan (type)."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000773026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000770622	general	EN	"Dioecious herbs; stems 2–3 cm long. Leaves basal, 2.5–70 by 0.2–0.5 cm, entire, apex obtuse, boat-shaped. Inflorescence sessile or with peduncles to 50 long; spathe flattened. Staminate flowers to 20 per spathe, projected to water surface; stamens 9; carpellate flowers solitary or 2 per spathe. Fruit terete, 5–9 cm long. Seeds fusiform, with 4–5 ridges, without basal or apical tails, 3–3.5 mm long, ridges serrate to smooth."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000770622	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000770622	ecology	EN	"Pools and small streams, sea level to 1500 m."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000770622	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000770622	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Myanmar."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000770622	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000567916	general	EN	"Herb up to 1 m, sometimes more; often richly branched, erect or decumbent at base, glabrous or puberulous particularly in the upper part. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute to obtuse at apex, truncate to rounded at base, 2–4 by 1.5–3 cm; flower surface often whitish with inserted, reddish glands along the margin; upper surface green. Petioles 1–4 cm. Inflorescences lax, many-flowered; ultimate peduncles glandular, terminated by a small cymose group of flowers. Pedicels 0.5–2 mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm long. Perianth campanulate, ca 2 mm long, constricted at the middle, white, pink or red. Stamens 2–3, slightly exserted. Ovary ovoid; style slightly exserted; stigma capitate-discoid. Anthocarp clavate, 2–3 mm long, with 5 longitudinal ribs with scattered, minute, sessile and stipitate glands."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000567916	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000567916	use	EN	Locally used for medicinal purposes.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000567916	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000567916	ecology	EN	"From sea-level up to 2000 m alt., usually on open ground; on all soils inclusive of salt pans, sands and limestones. "	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000567916	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000567916	distribution	EN	Pantropical weed. Type of unknown origin.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000567916	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000567944	general	EN	"Slender herb, up to 80 cm, puberulous particularly towards apex. Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to lanceolate with rounded to truncate base; apex acute, 2–3.5 by 1–2.5 cm; flower surface often whitish and with inserted red glands. Petioles 2–4 cm. Inflorescences an open panicle; ultimate branches with cymes, 2–3 flowers, with peduncle 1.5–2 cm. Pedicels 0.5–5 mm. Perianth white, pink or red, tubular-campanulate, ca 2 mm, constricted about the middle. Stamens 1–2, exserted for 0.5 mm as the stigma. Anthocarp obconical, broadest at the truncate apex, glabrous, with 5 strongly marked ribs, star-shaped in cross-section."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000567944	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000567944	ecology	EN	"From sea-level up to 2000 m alt., usually on open ground; on all soils inclusive of salt pans, sands and limestones as <i>B. diffusa</i> but much rarer, only a dozen collections from"	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000567944	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125337	general	EN	"Rhizome up to 1 cm diam.; scales up to 6 by 1.3 mm, dark brown, entire. Sterile frond: stipe stramineous, densely scaly at base, rather densely above with small fugacious more or less irregularly shaped scales, about 40 cm long; lamina oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, 60–80 by 30–40 cm; rachis scaly with membranous appressed scales usually irregular in shape; lateral pinnae up to 20 pairs, middle ones the largest, patent or slightly ascending, straight, sessile, linear-lanceolate, caudately acuminate, round at base, up to 23 by 2.3 cm, slightly lobed at margin, the lobes up to 1.5 mm long, a sharp tooth present at bottom of each sinus, terminal pinna distinct, narrow, up to 20 by 1.5 cm, lobed at base, often viviparous at middle portion; veins raised on upper surface, forming three rows of areoles between main veins, sparsely scaly beneath; softly coriaceous, green glabrous. Fertile frond: lamina 35–45 by 18–27 cm; lower lateral pinnae shorty stalked, up to 130 by 6 mm, terminal pinna distinct, 70 by 5 mm, with lobed broader base."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125337	ecology	EN	On mountain slopes in dense evergreen forests at 500–1100 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125337	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas to Ceylon, eastwards to Taiwan (type) and Luzon."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114885	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping; scales light brown or grayish, linear, up to 4 by 0.7 mm. Sterile frond: stipe stramineous, sparsely scaly, 5–13 cm long; lamina lanceolate, acuminate at apex, 10–30 by 3.5–10 cm; rachis scaly beneath, winged at least on upper part, sometimes viviparous near apex; pinnae 15–25 pairs, basal ones slightly shorter than the next above, middle ones the largest, patent or ascending, stalked, oblong to longer or gradually narrowing from base to apex, rounded to acute at apex, more or less auricled at acroscopic and dimidiate at basiscopic bases, margin shallowly lobed, 1.5–5 by 0.5–1.2 cm, the apical pinna variable in shape and size, usually narrowly subtriangular; veins pinnate, all free; lobes shallow, round, with a distinct tooth at each sinus; papyraceous, deep green, dark when dried. Fertile frond taller: stipe up to 25 cm long; lamina linear-lanceolate, 15–25(–40) by 2–5 cm; rachis wingless, seldom viviparous; pinnae stalked or subsessile, linear or narrowly oblong or, often moniliform, patent, straight or a little falcate, 0.7–2.5(–4) cm by (2–)3–5 mm; veins simple, forked or pinnate; sporangia dispersed on the lower surface of pinna or lobes."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114885	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114885	ecology	EN	On muddy rocks near streams or in stream-beds in dense forests or in light shade at low or medium altitudes usually below 1200 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114885	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001114885	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China, India to SE. Asia generally, throughout Malesia, northwards to Taiwan and the Ryukyus (type from India Or.)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001114885	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000146743	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping or ascending, densely scaly: scales dark brown, up to 6 by 1.2 mm, entire, Sterile frond: stipe stramineous, scaly at base, very minutely scaly upwards, 20–25 cm long; lamina oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards attenuate apex, up to 30–45 by 15–20 cm; pinnae up to 25 pairs, middle ones the largest, lanceolate, straight, slightly ascending, shortly stalked and jointed to rachis, gradually narrowing towards caudate-acuminate apex, subtruncate at anterior and cuneate at posterior bases, up to 10 by 1.7 cm, distinctly serrate in apical part, subentire or very slightly lobed in basal part, lower lateral pinnae shorter than the next above, apical pinna rarely distinct, small if any; rachis viviparous near the apex, costa glabrous, veins raised beneath, forming a row of costal areoles and costular ones in larger pinnae; subcoriaceous, light-green, reddish in dried condition. Fertile frond: lateral pinna distinctly stalked, linear with unequal base, up to 6 by 1.2 cm, shallowly lobed at margin; sporangia confined to margins and near veins, leaving broad sterile portion along costa."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000146743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000146743	ecology	EN	On rather dry to moist mountain slopes or on muddy rocks in dense evergreen forests at usually up to 600 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000146743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000146743	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000146743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125338	general	EN	"Rhizome thick, scaly. Sterile frond: stipe stramineous, about 60 cm long, densely scaly with light brown appressed membranous oblong-ovate scales; lamina oblong-lanceolate, about 65 by 28 cm; rachis minutely scaly; lateral pinnae 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, caudate at apex, round to cuneate at base, subentire, up to 20 by 4 cm, shortly stalked, ascending and straight or slightly falcate, little reduced towards both ends; terminal pinna longer, 23 by 3.8 cm, cuneate at base, viviparous near apex; costa sparsely scaly beneath; veins raised on lower surface, main veins 3–5 mm apart, more than one row of areoles between main veins, a few veinlets included; coriaceous, green but reddish when dried. Fertile frond: stipe about 60 cm long, scaly; lamina 30 by 12 cm; lateral pinnae 6 pairs, linear with round apex, shortly stalked, up to 80 by 8 mm; terminal pinna like the lateral ones, a little longer; sporangia dispersed on the whole under surface of pinnae."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125338	ecology	EN	On rather dry slopes in mountain forests at 600–1000 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125338	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117296	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, scaly; scales nearly black with narrow brown ferrugineous margin, linear, up to 5 by 1 mm. Sterile frond: stipe 10–30 cm long, stramineous; lamina simple or imparipinnate with one or two pairs of lateral pinnae; lateral pinnae oblong, cuneate and shortly stalked at base, caudate at apex, 4–7 cm apart, 7–15 by 3–6 cm, almost entire or irregularly shallowly waved, terminal pinna oblong, or often very long-tailed with narrow linear tails 50–80 cm long, up to 15–20(–30) cm long excluding the tail, 5 cm broad; rachis narrowly winged, glabrescent; costa naked, sometimes viviparous; veins distinct on both surfaces, finely reticulated, without included free veinlets; herbaceous or softly papyraceous, glabrous, deep green, blackish when dry. Fertile frond not seen in Thailand, those of the Philippines plants: stipe nearly the same as or larger than those of sterile ones; lateral pinnae up to 4 pairs, oblong, about 5 by 2.7 cm, apical pinna a little larger than lateral ones, veins reticulate; sporangia spread over the whole undersurface of pinnae."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117296	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117296	ecology	EN	"On wet ground or on muddy moist rocks usually near streams in dense forests, or rarely epiphytic on base of tree-trunks, at low or medium altitudes."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117296	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117296	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India, Upper Burma, S. and SW. China, Taiwan, Ryukyu, Indochina, throughout Malesia (type from Luzon) to New Guinea."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117296	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001043580	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, up to 1 cm diam.; scales gradually narrowing from base towards long-acuminate apex, up to 5 by 0.5 mm, entire or with irregular projections at margin, concolorously brown, not clathrate. Stipe stramineous, grooved above, scaly throughout with narrow subclathrate scales, about 10 cm long in sterile fronds, twice as long as in fertile ones. Sterile lamina about 35 by 10 cm; middle lateral pinnae the largest, patent or ascending, very shortly stalked, elliptic with acute apex and truncate or very broadly cuneate at base, subentire or slightly crenate at margin, up to 4.7 by 1.5 cm, the lower ones shorter, patent or deflexed, apical pinna narrowly subtriangular, elongate at apex, up to 5 cm long, gemmiferous; rachis stramineous, minutely scaly throughout, winged in upper portion; costa raised on both surfaces, pale, glabrous, veins more or less visible, all free, basiscopic branches of vein groups running to sinus ending in distinct teeth about 0.7 mm in length. Fertile lamina about 18 by 3.5 cm; pinnae 1–1.5 cm apart, moniliform, shortly stalked, 17 by 1.7 mm, sporangia forming 5–8 groups but usually confluent at maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001043580	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001043580	ecology	EN	On mountain slopes in dense evergreen forests at medium altitude.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001043580	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001043580	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India (type) and Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001043580	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001257601	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping; scales up to 6 by 1.5 mm, blackish. Sterile frond: stipe stramineous, up to 40 cm long, scaly; lamina 20–50 by 7–25 cm, oblong in outline; rachis like the upper part of stipe, minutely scaly; lateral pinnae 5–7 pairs, widest at about the middle portion, up to 15 by 4 cm, entire or serrate at margin, reddish when dry; veins reticulate to form a row of costal areoles and one or two additional rows of areoles at each side of costa, usually with one or more free included veinlets. Fertile frond: stipe up to 50 cm long; lamina up to 40 by 12 cm; pinnae up to 8 by 1.5 cm, entirely covered by sporangia except on costa."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001257601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001257601	ecology	EN	On rocks in dense forests at 200–800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001257601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001257601	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Indo-China, Malesia (type from Luzon)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001257601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000146793	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, scales grayish-brown, narrowly subtriangular with long-acuminate apex, entire, up to 4 by 0.8 mm. Sterile frond: stipe 15–30 cm long, scaly at base with brown, appressed, membranous, small, broadly oblong scales; lamina narrowly subtriangular, the apex attenuately long-tailed, often viviparous at apex; rachis sparsely scaly, winged in upper part; lateral pinnae up to 5 pairs, basal pinnae the longest, stalked, middle pinnae patent, lanceolate, shortly stalked, upper ones ascending, oblong, moderately acute to rounded at apex, less lobed, adnate at base to from indistinct apical pinna; lobes oblique, rounded at apex, up to 7 mm broad, close to each other; main veins raised beneath, sparsely minutely scaly, veinlets simple or forked, all free; herbaceous to papyraceous, deep green, dark brown when dried. Fertile frond about the same height as or lower than the sterile one; stipe 25–40 cm long; lamina narrower, 15–25 by 5–7 cm; lower lateral pinnae oblong, gradually narrowing from base to apex, subtruncate or rounded at distinctly stalked base, rounded to moderately acute at apex, subentire or very slightly waved at margin, terminal pinna narrowly subtriangular with lobed base, about 4 cm long; veins pinnate, veinlets simple, all free, the apex ending inside the distinct cartilaginous margin; sporangia dispersed on the undersurface, naked."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000146793	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000146794	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, ascending, scaly; scales grayish-brown, rather stiff, lanceolate, up to 4 by 1 mm. Sterile frond simple or tri- to quinque-foliate; stipe stramineous or darker, 3–9 cm long, sparsely scaly; simple laminae or terminal pinnae broadly oblanceolate, acuminate at apex, gradually narrowing towards base, 15–30 by 5–7.5 cm, subentire at margin; midrib scaly beneath; main veins distinct but other veins obscure on both surfaces, reticulate without included veinlets, areoles irregular, many; thickly papyraceous, glabrous. Fertile frond nearly the same height as sterile ones; stipe 15–25 cm long; lamina simple or imparipinnate with 2–3 lateral pinnae and a large terminal pinna; lateral pinnae lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards both ends, sessile, up to 6 by 0.7 cm, terminal or simple pinna lanceolate, about 12 by 2 cm, veins reticulate, obscure."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000146794	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000146794	ecology	EN	On wet mossy rocks by streams in dense evergreen forests at low altitude.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000146794	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000146794	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, eastwards to the Philippines (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000146794	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001127909	general	EN	"Rhizome not known from Thailand; stipe and rachis densely scaly throughout; scales small, ovate-oblong, up to 3 mm long, appressed, dark brown, irregular at margin. Sterile frond: lamina 80 by 30 cm, narrowly elliptic with attenuate apex; lateral pinnae more than 30 pairs, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, caudately acuminate with unlobed apical projections of 3.5 by 0.4 cm, lobed to ⅔ way towards costa, up to 16 by 3 cm; costa raised on both surfaces, densely scaly beneath; lobes oblong-subdeltoid, oblique, rounded to moderately acute at apex, up to 13 by 6 mm, subentire with setae at margin; main veins distinct on both surfaces, veinlets simple or forked, basal posterior veinlets springing directly from costa, basal posterior veinlets running to sinus and ending in sharp narrowly triangular teeth 1.5 mm in length, the other veinlets reaching the margin of lobes and ending in setae up to 1 mm in length; softly papyraceous, glabrous, dark brown to blackish in dried specimens; rachis bearing gemmae. Fertile frond lower, with about twelve lateral pinnae; pinnae narrowly oblong, rounded to subtruncate at short stalked base, moderately acute at apex, entire, up to 3.5 by 6 mm, covered entirely by sporangia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001127909	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001127909	ecology	EN	"Only once collected at 550–950 m alt., WINIT 1022 (K)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001127909	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001127909	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tonkin (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001127909	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115227	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, thick, densely scaly; scales thin but firm, dark brown, up to 8 by 1.5 mm. Sterile frond: stipe 30–40 cm long, densely scaly throughout, scales on upper portion light brown, ferrugineous, appressed, irregular in shape; lamina oblong-ovate to oblong, 35–60 by about 30 cm; lateral pinnae 5–7 pairs, stalked, straight, ascending or patent in lower ones, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, caudate at apex, narrowly cuneate or unequally rounded at base, up to 25 by 6 cm, toothed at margin, more or less waved; costa minutely scaly beneath, veins slightly raised on undersurface, reticulate with a few included veinlets in each areole; subcoriaceous, glabrous, green both in living and dried condition, terminal pinna like lateral ones or slightly larger, viviparous near apex. Fertile frond nearly as high as the sterile ones: stipe up to 55 cm long; lamina up to 40 by 20 cm; pinnae 4–6 pairs, linear, acuminate at apex, stalked, up to 20 by 2 cm; sporangia dispersed on the whole undersurface of pinnae."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115227	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001381624	general	EN	"Different from the type variety in: fertile pinnae broader, 4–9 by 0.8–2 cm, about 3–7 times as long as wide."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001381624	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001381624	ecology	EN	Moist ground by streams in dense evergreen forests at low altitude less than 300 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001381624	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001381624	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya; also Cochinchina, vide Hennipm., l.c."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001381624	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000341696	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms usually solitary, occasionally 2–3, 8–3 cm by 1–2 mm, trigonous to triquetrous, smooth, base thickened, fibrous. Leaves ± basal; blade linear, 6–20 cm by 2–4 mm, gradually narrowed, acuminate; sheath 2–10 cm long, pale brown, ventral side truncate at apex. Involucral bracts 2–3, the lowest 3–15 cm long, patent to reflexed, or erect and continuous with culm, sheath absent. Inflorescence terminal or pseudolateral, capitate, comprising 1–5(–7) spikelets. Spikelets ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, terete, 8–20 by 3–10 mm, pale yellowish to pale brownish. Glumes ovate-elliptic to broadly elliptic, 6–8 by 2–2.7 mm, acute, often 2-toothed, pubescent, awn up to 1 mm long. Perianth segments 0–4, minutely retrorsely scabrous. Anthers 2 mm long. Stigmas 2. Nutlets broadly obovate, biconvex, 2–3 by 1.5–1.8 mm, shiny, brown, minutely reticulate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000341696	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000341696	ecology	EN	"Inland swamps, 200 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000341696	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000341696	distribution	EN	Afghanistan and Turkestan through N. India (type) eastwards to Indo-China.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000341696	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568339	general	EN	"Large-sized tree, up to 30 m high; bark dark brown to blackish, covered with stout hard conical prickles, occasionally without; branches spreading, prickled; young twigs stout, with prominent leaf-scars. Leaves usually crowned at the end of twigs, with 5–7 unequal leaflets; the outer much smaller than the inner ones; leaflets obovate, elliptic, 8–18 by 4–8.5 cm; apex shortly acuminate; base slightly cuneate to acute; coriaceous, glabrous or glabrescent, pale on lower surface; secondary nerves in 10–15 pairs, arching and anastomosing near margin. Petioles 10–20 cm, glabrous or glabrescent, petiolules 1–1.5 cm. Flowers solitary, rarely 2–3 flowered, in the upper leaf-scars; buds ellipsoid, ca 3 by 1.5 cm; pedicel ca 1 cm, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, slightly, narrowed towards the base, ca 3–4 by 3 cm, with (3–)4(–5) unequal lobes, whitish hairy within. Petals white, occasionally greenish or pinkish; obovate, 7–9 by 1.5–2.5 cm, sparsely hairy inside, densely hairy outside, strongly reflexed in anthesis. Stamens numerous, densely tufted, 6–7 cm long, united at base to a disc-like staminal tube, enclosing ovary and lower part of styles then divided into 5 groups; anthers 1-celled, reniform, then twisted. Ovary ovoid, with 5-longitudinal ridges, pubscent; style cylindrical, glabrous, pinkish, 8–9 cm long, protruding from stamens; stigma dark pink with 5 cohering lobes. Capsule oblong, with 5 longitudinal ridges, usually curved to one side, woody, silky within, 10–18 by 4–7 cm, dehiscent. Seed numerous."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568339	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568339	use	EN	The cotton is used for stuffing mattresses and pillows. Wood is used for toys and indoor furniture.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568339	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568339	ecology	EN	"In mixed deciduous and dry dipterocarp forest, often on limestone hill; altitude 100–900 m. Flowering and fruiting: November–February."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568339	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568339	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Burma."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568339	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568340	general	EN	This variety differs from the typical one by its hairy along style and leaves especially on lower surface and petiole.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568340	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568340	ecology	EN	In mixed deciduous forest; altitude: 300–500 m.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568340	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568340	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Burma."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568340	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568369	general	EN	"Large-sized tree, up to 30 m high; bark whitish, covered with stout, hard, conical prickles, occasionally without; branches spreading nearly horizontally, prickly; young twigs stout, with prominent leaf-scars. Leaves usually crowded at the end of twigs, with 5–7 unequal leaflets, the outer much smaller than the inner ones; leaflets elliptic, 8–15 by 3–5.5 cm; apex long cuspidate to acute; base acute to obtuse; coriaceous, glabrous, glaucous on lower surface; midrib and secondary nerves distinct on lower surface, secondary nerves in 9–15 pairs, arched and anastomosing near margin. Petioles 12–18 cm long; glabrous, petiolules 0.5–2 cm. Flowers solitary, at the upper leaf-scars; buds ellipsoid ca 3 by 1.5 cm; pedicel 5–10 mm, glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped, ca 2 by 3 cm, with (3–)4(–5) unequal lobes, silky hairy within. Petals red, dark orange or bright yellow, obovate, oblong, 5–8 by 2.5–3 cm, erect then recurved, softly hairy on both sides. Stamens numerous, 3.5–7 cm long, united at base to a short staminal tube, enclosed ovary and lower part of style, then divided into 10 groups, the outer 5, each with 5–6 pairs, equal and erect, the inner 5, each with 5 unequal stamens attached to the style; anthers 1-celled, reniform, then twisted. Ovary ovoid, 5-longitudinal grooved, glabrous; style cylindrical, pinkish, 8–8.5 cm, protruding beyond the stamens; stigma dark pink with 5 spreading lobes. Capsule oblong, smooth, woody silky within, 8–10 by 4–5 cm, dehiscent. Seeds numerous."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568369	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568369	use	EN	"The cotton is used for stuffing mattresses and pillows. Young fruits and flowers are consumed by local people. Wood is used for toys, dug out boats and indoor furniture."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568369	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568369	ecology	EN	Mostly cultivated; altitudes: 10–800 m. Flowering and fruiting: January–March.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568369	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568369	distribution	EN	"Tropical America, Carribean (type), tropical Eastern Himalaya to South-East Asia (cultivated for cotton)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568369	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568432	general	EN	"Large-sized tree, up to 30 m high; bark whitish, covered with stout, hard, conical prickles, occasionally without; branches spreading nearly horizontally, prickly; young twigs stout, with prominent leaf-scars. Leaves usually crowded at the end of twigs, with 5–9 unequal leaflets, the outer much smaller than the inner ones; leaflets obovate, oblanceolate, 10–40 by 5–12.5 cm; apex acute to acuminate; base cuneate to attenuate; chartaceous, sparsely hairy and glaucous on lower surface, then glabrescent; reticulate veins distinct on lower surface, secondary nerves in 13–25 pairs, arched and anastomosing near margins. Petioles 14–35 cm, glabrous; petiolules 1–1.5 cm. Flowers solitary, at the upper leaf-scars; buds ellipsoid, ca 3 by 2 cm; pedicel ca 2 cm, glabrous. Calyx urceolate to tubular, ca 3. –3.5 by 2–2.5 cm with 5(–4) unequal lobes, sparsely hairy, glabrescent outside, woolly hairy inside. Petals red or dark orange, occasionally white; obovate to oblanceolate or slightly spathulate, 9–13 by 2–2.5 cm, erect then recurved. Stamens numerous, 6–8 cm long, united at base to a short staminal tube, enclosing the ovary and lower part of style, then divided to 5 groups, each group splitting, only one stamen or none to attach the style; anther 1-celled, reniform, then twisted. Ovary ovoid, 5-longitudinal grooves, glabrous; style cylindrical, pinkish, glabrous; stigma dark pink with 5 cohering lobes, occasionally spreading. Capsule elongated with 5 longitudinal ridges, usually curved to one side, woody, silky within, 18–25 by 2.5–3 cm, dehiscent. Seeds numerous."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568432	use	EN	The cotton is used for stuffing mattresses and pillows. Wood is used for toys and indoor furniture.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568432	ecology	EN	In mixed deciduous and dry dipterocarp forest; altitude: 150–500 m. Flowering and fruiting: January–March.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000568432	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma (type), South China, Laos."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000568432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115231	general	EN	"Rhizome very short, erect, bearing fleshy roots, with a frond in each year in addition to a bud including a young shoot for the next year. Phyllomophore green or pale castaneous, fleshy, bearing stipule-like scales at base, downy hairy; trophophyll quadripinnate, oblong-subdeltoid, acute to acuminate at apex up to 30 cm long, 25 cm wide; lateral pinnae with 3 or more in opposite or alternate pairs below indefinite terminal ones, patent or slightly ascending, or the basal one somewhat deflexed, ultimate segments moderately acute or obtuse, with gross dentation formed by the apex of veinlets; texture coarse, fleshy, bearing pale downy hairs on axes as well as on laminar surfaces; sporophyll placed on rachis higher than at least the basal pair of lateral pinnae, with stalks 6–12 cm in length, spikes bi- or tripinnate, axes all downy hairy. Sporangia sessile on ultimate axes of spikes, globose."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115231	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115231	ecology	EN	"Terrestrial on rather dry mountain slopes in thickets or in muddy crevices of cliffs in light shade, at medium altitudes, locally abundant. The habitat of this species on Doi Chiang Dao is different from that on Doi Inthanon. On a huge limestone cliff, Doi Chiang Dao, this species is known only in the muddy crevices of calcareous rock, and no leaves are observed in winter. On Doi Inthanon, on the contrary, it is a common terrestrial on grassy slopes, and the plants still persist in December. The Chiang Dao plants are more slender, though no taxonomic distinction is recognizable between them."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115231	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115231	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India (type from Nepal) to China and Taiwan, south to Ceylon, Tonkin, Philippines, Java and Sumatra."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115231	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364477	general	EN	"Trees to 18 m high; branchlets woody; bark reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves: petioles 3–14 cm long, slender, strongly pulvinate, blade lanceolate-oblong, elliptic-oblong, or oblong, 13–35 by 3.5–10 cm, papery to subcoriaceous, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire or undulate, apex acuminate with narrow tip of ca 1.5 cm, drying pale yellowish brown; nerves in 9–17 pairs, joining at the margin, raised below, veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, prominent below. Staminate inflorescences ca 25 cm long, pendulous. Staminate flowers: sepals purplish red; anthers bright yellow in a globose mass, connective peltate. Pistillate inflorescences up to 7 cm long, among leaves and on trunk. Fruits packed tightly in a dense mass to 13 cm long, ca 3 by 2.5 cm, crimson, ripening dark brown, style 1.5 cm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364477	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364477	ecology	EN	"In primary lowland forest, on blackish soil or sandy loam or lime; altitude: up to ca 200 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364477	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364477	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, West Java (type) Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364477	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000367704	general	EN	"Branchlets sparsely puberulent or glabrous; branches with small lenticels. Leaves: petiole 0.8–2.5 cm long; blade coriaceous, oblong to narrowly elliptic, 5.5–13.1 x 1.3–3.7 cm, apex caudate, base acute to cuneate; secondary veins 17–24 pairs, straight, anastomosing into an intramarginal nerve; glabrous, punctate beneath. Inflorescence 2.4–6 cm long; flowers lax; glabrous or very sparsely puberulent; pedicels 3.5–9 mm long. Sepals ovate, 2.3–2.8 x 1.3–2.1 mm, apex rounded; glabrous. Corolla white; tube 5.1–6.7 mm long; lobes 2.9–3.1 mm long; glabrous outside and inside. Stamens inserted at 2.2–4 mm from corolla base; filaments 0.3–0.7 mm long; anthers 2.9–3 x 0.8–0.9 mm. Disk 0.7–0.9 mm long. Ovary 2 mm long; style + pistil head 1.8 mm long. Fruits ovoid; 2–3 x 1.5–3 cm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000367704	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000367704	ecology	EN	Recorded from montane forest at 1500–1600 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000367704	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000367704	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, Laos (type), China."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000367704	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570356	general	EN	"Shrub ca 1 m tall; nodes bearded with brownish hairs. Leaves membranous, unequal-sided, elliptic-oblong to oblanceolate, 10–15 by 4–5 cm; apex caudate-acuminate; base cuneate; lateral nerves, 7–9 pairs, anastomosing 5–12 mm from the margin, prominent on flower surface; petiole 2–5 mm long, sulcate. Stipules acicular, ca 3 mm long. Raceme up to 12 cm long; pedicels 3–5 mm long; bracts and bracteoles persistent, ciliate. Sepals imbricate, ovate, obtuse, 1.5–2.5 by 1–1.5 mm. Petals oblong-obtuse, 8–12 by 4–5 mm. Stamens with filaments of inner whorl straight, 2 mm long; those of outer whorl curved, about twice as long; anthers 4 mm long. Ovary ovate, ca 2 mm long; styles 0.8–1 cm long. Mericarps with dorsal crest, reticulate, hairy, 4–5 mm long."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570356	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570356	ecology	EN	Scattered in evergreen forest on limestones; ca 50 m alt.	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570356	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570356	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570356	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570357	general	EN	"Small tree, ca 5 m tall; nodes bearded with copius, shiny brown hairs. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 10–20 by 4–7 cm; apex acuminate; base acute; lateral veins, 7–12 pairs, anastomosing 2–3 mm from the margin; petiole 2–3 mm long, sulcate, broader at base. Stipules triangular, ca 2 mm long. Raceme ca 1–2 cm long; pedicels 2–3 cm long; bracts and bracteoles caducous, minute, ciliate. Sepals obtuse with broad base, 2–3 by 1.2 mm. Petals obtuse, more or less narrowed towards the base, 9–10 by 3–6 mm, finely ciliate. Stamens with filaments of outer whorl, 5–7 mm long, slightly longer and broader than the inner ones; anthers 3–5 mm long. Ovary ovate, ca 2–3 mm long; styles ca 1 cm long. Mericarps with dorsal crest, reticulate, glabrous, 1–1.5 cm long."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570357	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570357	ecology	EN	Scattered along streams in evergreen forests; ca 50–200 m alt.	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570357	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570357	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo (Sara-wak) and Lingga Archip."	P. Sirirugsa		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570357	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570662	general	EN	"Annual, straggling herb, stems branched, up to several metres long, glabrous, 4-angular with swollen nodes. Leaves opposite, petiolate, broadly lanceolate with acute base and entire margin; sparsely hairy. Inflorescences axillary, richly flowered cymes; peduncles pubescent; bracts lanceolate, pubescent. Sepals scarious, ca 6 mm long. Petals lanceolate, apically obtuse half as long as sepals, or shorter. Staminodes 5; anthers basifixed. Ovary spherical, apically depressed; styles 2, ovules 4. Capsule 4-valved, globose. Seeds 4, warty."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570662	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570662	ecology	EN	Open vegetation on limestone from 400 m alt. upwards.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570662	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570662	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Central and Eastern Himalaya (Nepal, type), Burma to S.W. China."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570662	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570704	general	EN	"Tree, up to 30 m, 1 m diam. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, 7.5–20 by 2.5–6 cm, obtuse to acute, sometimes acuminate at apex, acute, often ± tapering at base, margin entire, ± acicular-denticulate in young treelets. Inflorescences made up of many-flowered, shortened, sessile cymes, flowering successively or simultaneously, the rachis often not growing on vegetatively after flowering; pedicels 10–15 mm, up to 20 mm in fruit, those of one cyme fixed close together in ca 3, ± distinct tiers. Torus ca 0.5 mm high, 1 mm diam., in fruit up to 3 mm high, 5 mm diam. Sepals ovate to obovate, 4–5 by 1.5–2 mm. Petals ovate to obovate, 3.5–5 by 1.5–1.8 mm. Stamens with 1–1.5 mm long filaments; anthers 1.5–2 by ca 0.5 mm. Carpels ca 0.7 by 0.5 mm; style 1.5–3 mm, in fruit up to 5 mm. Drupes up to 6.5 by 5.5 mm."	A. Kanis		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570704	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570704	ecology	EN	"In primary, evergreen forests, from sea level up to 750 m, usually on poor, sandy soils."	A. Kanis		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570704	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570704	distribution	EN	"Thailand, in the Andaman, the Malay Peninsula (type), and Borneo."	A. Kanis		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570704	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570710	general	EN	"Tree, up to 30 m, 1 m diam. Leaves (ovate-)oblong to (ovate-)lanceolate, 4–12.5 by 1.5–5 cm (up to 20 cm long in young treelets), mostly acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse at apex, rounded to acute, often ± tapering at base, margin entire, ±acicular-denticulate in young treelets. Inflorescences made up of 3(–5)-flowered, shortened cymes, sessile or with up to 0.5 cm long peduncle, flowering simultaneously, sometime 2 inflorescences of different stages in close succession, the 5–10(–25) mm long rachis growing on vegetatively, sometimes branching in the lower parts; pedicels 8–15 mm, up to 20 mm in fruit, those of one cyme fixed close together in one tier. Torus ca 0.5 mm high, 1 mm diam., in fruit up to 4 mm high, 6 mm diam. Sepals ovate to oblong, 3.5–5.5 by 1.5–3 mm. Petals ovate to obovate-lanceolate, 3.5–6 by 1.5–3 mm. Stamens with 1–2 mm long filaments; anthers 1.5–2(–3) by ca 0.5 mm. Carpels ca 0.7 by 0.5 mm; style 2.5–4 mm, in fruit up to 6 mm. Drupes up to 8 by 6 mm."	A. Kanis		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570710	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570710	ecology	EN	"In primary evergreen forests, from sea level up to 1000 m, in peat swamps or on poor, sandy soils."	A. Kanis		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570710	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570710	distribution	EN	"The subsp. palustris in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula (type), and Borneo; 2 other subspp. are found in Palawan and Celebes (one in each place)."	A. Kanis		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570710	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122823	general	EN	"Rhizome erect, forming a trunk of more than 50 cm in height, the apex densely covered with scales; scales narrow with orbicular basal portion about 2 mm in diam., up to 30 by 0.5–0.8 mm, entire, glabrous, brown with dark brown central strand. Stipe 15–30 cm long, thick, stramineous, densely scaly at base. Lamina simply pinnate, with numerous pinnae, dimorphic; sterile lamina 40–70 by 30 cm, oblong-lanceolate with acute apex; lateral pinnae close, straight, slightly ascending, linear, gradually narrowing towards the finely acute apex, sessile, decurrent at base in uppermost ones, broadly cuneate to deeply cordate towards base, the margin sharply serrate, up to 15 by 1.2 cm; veins close; papyraceous, green to paler; fertile frond narrower; lateral pinnae up to 10 by 0.5 cm."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122823	ecology	EN	Terrestrial on rather dry slopes in not so dense forests or in recent clearings at medium altitude (1000–1200 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001122823	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas, S. China (type from Hongkong), Burma, Indochina, Malaya and N. Sumatra."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001122823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570797	general	EN	"Stems slender, ascending, laxly branched, densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolale, 3–9 by 1.5–4 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, glabrous above, densely covered with stellate fulvous or white tomentum beneath; petioles 6–12 mm long. Pedicels 6–12 mm long. Bracts linear to oblong, 1–7 mm. Calyx 5–6 by 4–5 mm, densely fulvous tomentose outside, white long-pilose inside, 5-dentate, teeth deiloid acute. Corolla brownish-yellow, 2–2.5 cm long, upper lip 8 mm long, pilose inside; flower lip deeply 3-lobed, lobes ovate-lanceolate. Capsule broadly ovate, acute, 10 by 8 mm, tomentose. Seeds 4–6 mm mm long, 0.7 wide."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570797	ecology	EN	Edges of evergreen forests along stream; at altitudes of 1000–1600 m.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000570797	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), W. China, Laos and Vietnam."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000570797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000410969	general	EN	"Tree, up to 25 m high; bark smooth, greyish; twigs lenticellate; young shoots, leaf rachis and inflorescences axis puberulous to pubescent. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 30–80 cm long; stipules very early caducous; leaflets sessile or shortly petiolulate, 4–8 pairs; opposite or subopposite; membranous, lanceolate–oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 8–25 by 2.5–6 cm; glabrous on both surfaces or slightly hairy on midrib; flower surface glaucous; base cuneate to rounded; unequal sided, except on the terminal leaflet; apex acute to acuminate; lateral veins 10–15 pairs. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, up to 40 cm long. Flowers showy, pink, 3.5–4 cm long, 3.5–4 cm diam.; pedicels 2–3 cm long, puberulous. Calyx large, campanulate, teeth shallow, ca 2 cm long; pubescent on both surfaces. Petals all similar, concave; broadly obovate to suborbicular, 1.8–2 by 1.8–2 cm; apex rounded; base cuneate and gradually, narrowing into the claw; claw about half as long as the petal. Stamens 8, filaments stout, terete, 2.5–3 cm long; pubescent, close together in fine group; all declining towards the upper side of the flower and curved downwards. Ovary broadly, ellipsoid to globular, 3–4 mm long; sessile, pubescent; style 3.5–4 cm long. Fruit spindle-shaped, 4 cm long, dehiscent; the valves 1.5–2 cm wide. Seeds ellipsoid, one to two in each valve, ca 20 by 12 mm."	C. Niyomdham		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000410969	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000410969	ecology	EN	"In flower montane forest, at 1500 m alt."	C. Niyomdham		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000410969	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000410969	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China: Human, Gweizhou, Guangdong and Yunnan (type), and Vietnam (Tonkin)."	C. Niyomdham		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000410969	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412023	general	EN	"Shrub to 1.5 m (outside Thailand to 5 m high), glabrous. Stipules 1.5–2.5 by ca 1 mm. Leaves: petiole 2–3 mm long; blade ovate-elliptic, 3.5–8 by 2–4 cm, length/width ratio 1.9–2.4, membranous, base obtuse, apex acute, dark green above, pale green and slightly glaucous when dry beneath; nerves in 6–9 until the apex, slightly glaucous beneath with veinlets distinct. Staminate flowers with pedicel up to 4–6 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary, with pedicel ca 2.5 mm long; calyx ca 2 mm long, chartaceous to coriaceous; stignias 0.2–0.3 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel (2–)3–5 mm long; calyx chartaceous, slightly accrescent, ca 5 mm in diam., nearly as wide as the fruit, flat and with very shallow lobes less than 0.5 min long, outside glaucous or not; capsule ca 4.5 by 5.5 mm, with a distinct apical crown, turning red and later black, drying shiny brown. Seeds not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412023	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412023	ecology	EN	"Tropical rainforest (outside of Thailand known from open bamboo forest, clearings, streamsides and rocky places); granite bedrock; altitude: 150 m (outside of Thailand to 1,200 m)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412023	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412023	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type), Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412023	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412068	general	EN	"Shrub to treelet, up to 3 m high, tomentose all over, often straggling to climbing, root often creeping. Stipules 1–2 by 0.6–0.9 mm. Leaves: petiole 1–3 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 1.3–3.8(–5) by 0.8–2.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.6–1.9, chartaceous, base obtuse to acute, margin recurved, apex acute, dark green above, very light pale green and distinctly glaucous when dry beneath; nerves 5–7 until the apex, veinlets slightly visible beneath. Staminate flowers ca 1.5 mm diam.; pedicel 0.5–3 mm long; calyx dull pinkish-white, ca 1,7 by 1.5 mm, very thick; androphore ca 1 mm long, anthers ca 0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary; pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm long; calyx ca 1.5–2 mm long, turning pinkish to red, lobes 1.5–2.2 mm wide, only hairy outside; ovary 0.9–1.2 by 1.2–1.3 mm initially tomentose all over; stigmas ca 0.2–0.3 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel 1.5–2.5 mm long; calyx 4–5 mm in diam., with free lobes ca 0.7–1 mm long; capsule, 5–6 by 5.5–6.5 mm, with a small apical crown, turning pinkish to red, drying shiny brown. Seeds ca 4 by 2 by 2 mm, orangish."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412068	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412068	ecology	EN	"Thickets, clearings and secondary forest, in rubber plantations; on sandy soil; altitude: 0–300 m, in Malesia to 1,250 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412068	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412068	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (Singapore, type), Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412068	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412593	general	EN	"Shrub up to 3.5 m high, glabrous. Stipules 1.2–2.2 by 0.8–1.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 2–4 mm long; blade elliptic to ovate, 2.2–7.7 by 1.5–3.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–2.7, coriaceous, base broadly obtuse to acute, symmetric, margin often recurved, apex-acute to acuminate; nerves 6–8 until apex, distinctly glaucous beneath with veinlets indistinct. Staminate flowers 2.6–3 mm in diam.; pedicel 2–4.4 mm long; calyx yellowish to orangish, 2.6–3.2 by 2.6–3 mm, relatively thick, straight; androphore 2–2.2 mm long, anthers 1.2–1.4 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1–4 per axil; 3–4.1(–11 in fruit) mm in diam.; pedicel 3–3.5 mm long; calyx 2.2–3.7 mm long, chartaceous to coriaceous, greenish, glaucous outside or not, lobes 1.3–2.4 mm wide, overlapping; ovary cylindrical, 1.2–1.7 by 0.9–1 mm; stigmas 1–1.2(–2 in fruit) mm long, not united, apically split for at least 0.5 mm, reflexed and often spreading horizontally. Fruits solitary or more often in groups; pedicel 3–5 mm long; calyx chartaceous to coriaceous, 5.5–8 mm in diam., with free lobes 1–1.5 mm long; capsule 5–5.5 by 6.5–8 mm, yellowish to orange, without an apical crown. Seeds 4.6–5 by ca 3 by 3 mm, red."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412593	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412593	use	EN	The young shoots are edible.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412593	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412593	ecology	EN	"Dry Dipterocarp forest, secondary forest, deciduous and evergreen scrubs and roadsides, evergreen savanna margins, open rocky places; on sandstone bedrock; altitude: 100–1,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412593	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412593	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Indochina."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412593	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412635	general	EN	"Shrub to treelet, up to 5 m high, much branched, sometimes struggling, glabrous. Stipules 1.6–2.5 by 0.8–1.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 2–4 mm long; blade elliptic to ovate, 3.3–7.5 by 1.5–4.3 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–2.7, coriaceous, base obtuse to acute, symmetric, margin often recurved, apex acute to acuminate; nerves 6–8 until apex, distinctly glaucous beneath with veinlets indistict. Staminate flowers 2.6–3 mm in diam.; pedicel ca 3 mm long; calyx green to orange, 2.2–2.5 by 2.6–3 mm, relatively thin, straight; androphore 1.8–2.3 mm long, anthers 1.2 1.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1–4 per axil, 2.2–8 mm diam.; pedicel 1.2–2.5 mm long; calyx 2–3 mm long but soon accrescent, chartaceous to coriaceous, green to yellow, glaucous outside or not, lobes 1–3.2 mm wide, overlapping; ovary fusiform, 1.6–2 by 0.9–1 mm diam.; stigmas 1.1–1.3(–2 in fruit) mm long, not united, apically split for 0.1–0.2 mm or simple, erect to slightly reflexed but never spreading horizontally. Fruits solitary or in groups; pedicel 2.5–6 mm long; alyx chartaceous to coriaceous, 6.5–8 mm in diam., with free lobes 1–1.5 mm long, capsule ca 5 by 6–7 mm, turning yellow to red, drying shiny blackish-brown, without an apical crown. Seeds 3.7–4.2 by 2–2.2 by 1.7–2 mm, red."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412635	ecology	EN	"Dry deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest, dry evergreen forest, oak-pine forest, coastal sand dune forest, gallery forest, hill evergreen forest, transition with Melaleuca swamp forest, secondary thickets and forest, roadsides; on granitic, shale or sandstone bedrock, sandy, even on poor or bare soil; altitude: sea level to 1,300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000412635	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Laos, Borneo (Sabah, Anamba Islands)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000412635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000413990	general	EN	"Shrub up to 3 m tall, often straggling to climbing, glabrous. Stipules 1.3–2 by 0.5–1 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.5–3 mm long; blade ovate(-elliptic), 1.9–3.6 by 1.2–2 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–2.2, chartaceous to coriaceous, base obtuse to rounded, symmetric, margin recurved, apex acute, dark green above, pale green and distinctly glaucous when dry beneath; nerves 6 or 7 until the apex, veinlets not visible beneath. Staminate flowers with pedicel up to 3 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary, 1.7–3.5 mn in diam.; pedicel 0.5–1.8 mm long; calyx 1–1.8 mm long, chartaceous to coriaceous, lobes 0.7–1 inm wide; ovary obconical, ca 1.3 by 1.3 mm; stigmas 0.15–0.25 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel 1.5–3 mm long; calyx chartaceous, 2.25–3.5 mm in diam., with free lobes of 0.3–0.7 mm, usually glaucous outside; capsule 4–5 by 4.5–6 mm, becoming red, with a thin fleshy outer part and drying blackish-brown, without an apical ring. Seeds ca 4 by 2.3 by 2.3 mm, orange."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000413990	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000413990	ecology	EN	"In scrub, forest edges, open grassland, near beach forest; on sandy soil; altitude: sea level up to 500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000413990	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000413990	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Nicobar Islands), Malay Peninsula (incl. Singapore), Sumatra, Java (type), Borneo, Sulawesi."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000413990	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000414213	general	EN	"Shrub to treelet up to 5 m high, somewhat scandent; branches turning brown soon, glabrous. Stipules 1.2–2 by 0.6–0.7 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.6–2.5 mm long; blade oblong-elliptic, 1.2–3.6 by 0.6–2 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–2.5, membranous, base obtuse, asymmetric, margin flat, apex round to indistinctly acute, mucronulate, dark green above, very light pale green beneath; nerves 5–7 until apex, distinctly glaucous beneath with veinlets indistinct. Staminate flowers 1.8–3.4 mm in diam.; pedicel 1.5–5 mm-long; calyx pale green to orange, 3–5 by 1.8–3.4 mm, relatively thin, straight; androphore 1.1–1.6 mm high, anthers 0.8–1 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary; pedicel 1.2–3 mm long; calyx initially 1.2–1.5 mm long, soon accrescent and 2.3–7.8 mm long, membranous, greenish to pinkish/pale red; ovary 0.5–1.2 by 0.8–1.2 mm; style seldom absent, 0.2–0.8 mm long; stigmas 0.5–0.6 mm long, apically split for 0.2–0.3 mm, spreading. Fruits solitary; pedicel 2–6 mm long; calyx distinctly accrescent, 6–17 mm in diam. and larger than the fruit, membranous, with free lobes 1.5–3 mm long; capsule 4.5–7 by 5–8 mm, turning orange to red to purple, drying reddish-brown, apically ± smooth or with a shallow crown. Seeds 3.6–4 by 2.2–2.8 by 2.2–2.8 mm, yellow to red."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000414213	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000414213	ecology	EN	"In oak-pine forest, dry dipterocarp forest, secondary thickets and forest, also seasonally burned, tea and pine plantations, degraded dry to wet and bamboo-rich evergreen forest, seasonal mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, on rocky places and slopes, along rivers, on alluvial, sandy, shale, phyllite, limestone, granite or sandstone bedrock; altitude: 100–1,360 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000414213	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000414213	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, S.W. China, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000414213	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415036	general	EN	"Shrub to treelet up to 5 m high, sometimes struggling to climbing, glabrous. Stipules 5–2 by 0.6–0.8 mm. Leaves: petiole 2–3 mm long; blade elliptic to ovate, 2–5.5 by 0.9–3 cm, length/width ratio 1.6–2.2, membranous, base obtuse, symmetric, margin flat, apex acute to nearly obtuse; nerves 6 or 7 until apex, slightly glaucous beneath with distinct veinlets. Staminate flowers 1.3–1.8 mm in diam.; pedicel 2.5–4 mm long; calyx greenish, 1.5–2 by 1.3–1.8 mm, relatively thin; androphore 1–1.1 mm high, anthers 0.8–0.9 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2.5–4 mm long; calyx 1.3–2.8 mm long, chartaceous to coriaceous, greenish to red, lobes 0.4–2.2 mm wide; ovary cylindrical, 1.8–2.2 by 0.8–1.3 mm; stigmas ca 0.2 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel 2.5–4 mm long; calyx chartaceous, 2–3(–4) mm in diam., with lobes 0.5–1 mm long, glaucous or not; capsule 3.5–5 by 4.5–6 mm, turning pink to red and finally black-purple, drying shiny brown, without an apical crown but sometimes with a short beak. Seeds 3–4.5 by 1.8–2.5 by 1.7–2.5 mm, yellow-brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415036	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415036	use	EN	Leaves are used fresh or mashed topically against ‘Fii’ in the North. The roots are used as a fish poison.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415036	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415036	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forest, savannahs, <i>Melaleuca</i> swamp forest, bamboo thickets, clearings, waste ground, along roads, rivers, beaches, railway embankments, forest edges; usually scattered; on sandy podsol, termite mounds: altitude: sea level up to 800 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415036	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415036	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Sri Lanka, Burma, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415036	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415424	general	EN	"Undershrub to tree up to 6 m high; branchlets puberulous when young, scattered lenticellate. Stipules narrowly triangular, 4–5 by ca 1 mm, abaxially pubescent, rather persistent. Leaves: petiole 4–6(–7) mm long, pubescent; blade elliptic (to obovate), 4.4–22 by 2.6–8.7 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–3.3, chartaceous, glabrous above, puberulous to pubescent beneath, base obtuse to acute, margin entire to shallowly crenate, apex acute to obtuse; venation prominent on both sides, nerves in (9–)11–15 pairs, joining marginal vein, tertiary veins scalariform. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with up to 10 (sub)sessile flowers, pistillate flowers surrounded by staminate ones. Flowers 4–6 mm in diam., dark red; pedicel indistinct, up to 0.5 mm long; sepals triangular, 1.5–3 by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous, dark red (also when dry); petals variable in shape, 1–1.2 by 1–1.3 mm, cream, base spathulate, apex irregularly lobulate with gnawed margin; staminal column ca 1 by 0.3 mm; anthers ellipsoid, ca 0.6 by 0.3 mm, cream; ovary ovoid, styles 2, ca 1.3 mm long; stigmas ca 3 mm long, upper half bifid, not exserting. Fruits 1 or 2 per glomerule, bilobed, 5–7 mm high, 6–8 by 5–6 mm, 2-locular, dark purplish black; endocarp semigloboid, ca 3.5 by 5 by 6 mm, light brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415424	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415424	use	EN	"Medicinal tree (Thailand, <i>Collins 1588</i>, K)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415424	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415424	ecology	EN	"Deciduous and evergreen primary forest, also in disturbed places; probably no preference for soil, on granite bedrock to limestone; altitude: 250–750 m. Shade and humidity seemingly required; locally common."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415424	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000415424	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Yunnan and Hainan)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000415424	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000417578	general	EN	"Scrambling shrub to rarely a tree, up to 6 m high; branchlets pubescent to tomentose, glabrescent, lenticels whitish; stem thorny. Stipules widely ovate, 1.5–2 by ca 2 mm, brownish pubescent, early caducous. Leaves: petiole 4–8 mm long, pubescent to tomentose; blade elliptic (to obovate), 4–12 by 2–6.4 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–2.4, chartaceous, glabrous above except for veins, puberulous to pubescent (to subglabrous) beneath, base (bluntly rounded to) acute, margin (sub)entire, apex very shortly acuminate; venation especially prominent beneath, nerves in 6–9 pairs, especially basally with a rather acute angle of divergence (<45°), not joining marginal vein but closing with next nerve, tertiary veins scalariform. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with 10–20 subsessile to pedicelled flowers. Flowers brownish red with yellow to green centre, 4–5 mm in diam.; pedicel up to 3 mm long; sepals triangular, 1.5–2 by 1.2–1.5 mm, puberulous, at least at base outside; petals variable in shape, ca 1 by 0.7–0.8 mm, greenish yellow with pink base, base spathulate, apex roundish to lobulate, in pistillate flowers outside pubescent to tomentose and somewhat fleshy. Stamens: staminal column ca 1 mm long; free part of filaments 1–1.2 mm long; anthers shortly semigloboid, 0.4–0.5 mm in diam. Ovary globose, ca 1.2 by 1.2 mm in diam.; styles 2, basally united, together with stigmas ca 1 mm long, not exserting flower; stigmas bifid. Fruits 3 or 4 per glomerule, ovoid to globose, tapering or only pointed at apex, 6–7 by 5–5.5 mm in diam., 1-locular, dark brown; endocarp 1, glossy. Seeds (semi)ellipsoid with lateral furrow, 4–5 by 2.3–3.5 mm in diam., light brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000417578	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000417578	ecology	EN	Primary and secondary mixed peat swamp forest; occasionaly: altitude: sea level to 600 m.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000417578	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000417578	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000417578	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000417921	general	EN	"Scrambling shrub to tree up to 7 m high; branchlets glabrous to puberulous, with scattered lenticels. Stipules narrowly triangular, up to 4 by 0.6–0.7 mm, glabrous, early caducous. Leaves: petiole 3.5–6 mm long, rarely puberulous; blade narrowly elliptic to) oblong with parallel sides, 3–8 by 1–3.6 cm, length/width ratio (1.5–)2–2.8, rigidly coriaceous, glabrous (to some hairs on nerves), base mainly rounded to obtuse, margin entire, apex rounded (to bluntly acute); venation prominent on both sides, nerves in 5–10(–12) pairs, joining marginal vein, tertiary veins usually reticulate. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with up to 12 sessile flowers. Flowers green; staminate ones 3–5 mm in diam.; pistillate ones 4–5 mm in diam., pedicel rarely up to 1 mm long; sepals triangular-ovate, 1.5–3 by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous, greenish yellow; petals variable in shape, up to 1 by 0.7 mm, whitish yellow, base cuneate to spathulate, apex roundish, notched or lobulate. Stamens: staminal column ca 1 by 0.3 mm; free part of filaments up to 0.7 mm long; anthers ellipsoid, 0.6–0.7 by 0.3–0.4 mm; ovary globose, ca 1.5 mm in diam.; styles 2, only basally united, with stigmas up to 1.2 mm long; stigmas deeply bifid. Fruits 2 or 3(–6) per glomerule, depressed-ovoid, apically emarginate, slightly bilobate, 4.5–6.5 mm in diam., 2-locular, greenish purple to black; endocarp 2, semigloboid, ca 4 by 5 by 2.5 mm, brown. Seeds semigloboid to ovoid, with lateral furrow, ca 3 by 4 by 2 mm, brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000417921	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000417921	use	EN	"The fruits are edible and medicinally used in Cambodia (<i>Martin 155</i>, L)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000417921	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000417921	ecology	EN	"Mangrove, tidal riversides, evergreen forest, open and disturbed areas (savannah), road sides; often on limestone; altitude: 10–1,000 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000417921	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000417921	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula (type), N. Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000417921	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000418760	general	EN	"(Shrub to) tree, up to 30 m high; branchlets pubescent to tomentose, glabrescent, lenticels inconspicuous on especially the young branches, bark brownish; older branches thorny. Stipules ovate triangular, 8–12 by 3–5(–6) mm, brownish pubescent, caducous. Leaves: petiole 5–11 mm long, pubescent; blade ovate (to elliptic), 4–28 by 2–12 cm, length/width ratio 1.9–3.1, (membranous to) chartaceous, glabrous above (except for veins), pubescent (to glabrous or tomentose) beneath, base truncate to acute, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; venation prominent beneath, nerves in (7–)11–18(–20) pairs, with a moderately acute angle of divergence (> 45°), not joining marginal vein but closing with next nerve, tertiary veins ± reticulate. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with up to 50 pedicelled flowers. Flowers yellowish green, 3–5 mm in diam.; pedicel 2–6 mm long; sepals (narrowly) triangular, 1.5–2.3 by 1–1.5 mm, pubescent or puberulous outside; petals variable in shape, 0.6–0.8 by 0.2–0.5 mm, white, base ± narrowed; staminal column 0.8–1.5 mm long; free part of filaments up to 1 mm long, whitish; anthers ellipsoid to slightly ovoid, 0.5–0.6 by 0.3–0.4 mm, pale yellow; ovary globose to slightly ovoid, 0.6–0.7 by 0.3–0.4 mm in diam.; styles 2, basally united, together with stigmas up to 1.2 mm long, slightly exserting flower; stigmas bifid. Fruits up to 8 per glomerule, (conical) ellipsoid, acute or blunt at apex, 5.5–10(–12) by 4.5–7.5(–9) mm in diam., 1-locular, bluish black; endocarp 1, ellipsoid, 5–8 by 4.5–6.5 by 3–4.5 mm, light greenish-brown. Seeds not known."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000418760	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000418760	use	EN	"Timber tree, wood hard and durable, used for house and bridge construction in Indonesia, for house posts and fuel in Mindanao (Philippines), and used in an Agri ritual on Mindanao."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000418760	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000418760	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest, often near rivers; soil: well-drained volcanic, sandy, loamy, clayey, sandstone, limestone, grey schists, granite; scattered to locally common; altitude: sea level up to 1,500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000418760	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000418760	distribution	EN	"From E. India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Burma throughout Malesia (Java: type) except for the Lesser Sunda Islands."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000418760	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000419825	general	EN	"Decumbent shrub, up to 60 cm high; branches strongly pubescent when young. Stipules very narrowly triangular, up to 6 by 0.9 mm, abaxially puberulous, long persistent. Leaves: petiole (2.5–)3–5 mm long, densely tomentose; blade broadly ovate to elliptic (to obovate), (2–)3–8 by 1.3–5(–5.6) cm, length/width ratio 1.3–2.1, rigidly coriaceous, subhirsute above, glabrescent, densely pubescent to tomentose beneath, base mainly rounded, margin entire to faintly crenate, apex obtuse (to bluntly acute); venation prominent beneath, nerves in 7–10(–12) pairs, joining marginal vein, tertiary veins reticulate to scalariform. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with 3–6(–10) subsessile flowers. Flowers whitish yellow; staminate ones (3–)4–5 mm in diam., cup-shaped, not widely opened; pistillate ones 5–6(–7) mm in diam.; pedicel up to 1 mm long; sepals narrow ovate-triangular, 1.5–2 by ca 1 mm, hairy outside; petals rotundate to elliptic, 0.8–1.4 by 0.7–1.2 mm, whitish yellow, base cuneate to spathulate, apex slightly notched; staminal column 0.8–1 mm long; free part of filaments ca 0.5 mm long; anthers shortly ellipsoid, 0.6–0.9 by 0.4–0.7 mm; ovary globose, ca 1 mm in diam.; styles 2, basally united, with stigmas up to 1 mm long; stigmas shortly bilobed. Fruits 3 (4) per glomerule, depressed- and compressed-globose, bilobate, emarginate at apex, 5–7 by 3–5 by 4–6 mm, 2-locular, dull dark reddish to black; endocarp 2, semigloboid, brown. Seeds semigloboid, with ventral furrow, ca 4 by 3.8 by 2.5 mm, blackish."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000419825	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000419825	ecology	EN	"Deciduous forest, open Dipterocarp forest, open spaces in forest; on sandy soil; altitude: sea level to 460 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000419825	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000419825	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina (Laos: type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000419825	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000420159	general	EN	"Medium to large tree, up to 25 m high; branchlets glabrous, lenticels raised and very conspicuous on one but last generation branches, bark then greyish. Stipules very narrowly triangular, up to 5 by 0.8–1.3 mm, sparsely brownish puberulous, early caducous. Leaves: petiole 4–8 mm long, glabrous; blade (broadly) elliptic (to obovate), 4.5–21 by 2.5–8.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–2.7, chartaceous (to subcoriaceous), glabrous above, glabrous to puberulous on venation beneath, base obtuse to acute, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate; venation prominent beneath, nerves in 9–13(–14) pairs, with a rather moderately acute angle of divergence (>45°), not joining marginal vein but closing with next nerve, tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with 15–30 sessile to shortly pedicelled flowers. Flowers: staminate, 2–2.5 mm in diam., creamy yellow; pistillate ones 2–3(–3.5) mm in diam., whitish cream with red disc; pedicel 0–1.5 mm long; sepals triangular, ca 1.2 by 1.2 mm, puberulous outside; petals variable in shape, tiny, 0.3–0.5 by 0.3–0.5 mm, base cuneate; staminal column ca 1 mm long; free part of filaments up to 0.8 mm long; anthers ovoid to semigloboid, ca 0.4 mm in diam.; ovary ovoid, ca 1 by 0.7 mm in diam.; styles 2, basally united, together with stigmas 1–1.5 mm long, exserting flower; stigmas shortly bifid. Fruits up to 10 per glomerule, ellipsoid to ovoid, pointed at apex, 6–11 by 4–6 mm in diam., 1-locular, bluish black; endocarp 1, woody. Seeds ovoid, tapering at apex, 6–7 by 3.5–4.5 mm in diam., greenish-brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000420159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000420159	use	EN	"Timber sometimes used in house-building (Sulawesi), as house posts (Bougainville), for knife handles (Lesser Sunda Islands). Bark used for colouring the saguwer (palm wine) red. The fruits are edible. The plant provides native medicine for headache (Sabah, Borneo) and a decoction of the leaves is applied as a lotion against itch (Malay Peninsula). The leaves provide a wrapping for smokes (Papua New Guinea)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000420159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000420159	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary rain forest, often along rivers, but also on dry land; soil: on sandy to loamy, clayey, limestone; altitude: from sea level to 1,500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000420159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000420159	distribution	EN	From Burma to Vietnam (type) throughout Malesia to the Solomons and N.E. Australia	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000420159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000423275	general	EN	"Scrambling shrub to tree, up to 8 m high; branchlets glabrous, with scattered lenticels. Stipules narrowly triangular, up to 7(–10) by up to 1.2 mm, glabrous, early caducous. Leaves: petiole (3–)4–6 mm long, glabrous; blade elliptic (to oblong), 5–18 by 2–8(–10) cm, length/width ratio (1.4–)2–2.2, chartaceous, glabrous on both sides, base (slightly cordate to) obtuse, margin entire, apex obtuse to rounded (to bluntly acute); venation prominent on both sides, nerves in 13–17 pairs.joining marginal vein, tertiary veins reticulate to scalariform. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with 1 to more than 20 subsessile to shortly pedicelled flowers. Flowers yellowish green; staminate ones 3–5 mm in diam.; pistillate ones 4–6 mm in diam.; pedicel 1.5–2(–2.5) mm long; sepals triangular, up to 2 by 1.5 mm, glabrous, greenish cream tinged red; petals elliptic, 0.5–1.2 by 0.7–1 mm, whitish yellow, apex roundish or notched; staminal column ca 1 by 0.3 mm; free part of filaments up to 0.8 mm long; anthers shortly ellipsoid, ca 0.5 by 0.3–0.4 mm; ovary globose, 0.6–0.7(–1) mm in diam.; styles 2, only basally united, together with stigmas up to 1.2 mm long; stigmas deeply bifid. Fruits to 9 per glomerule, depressed-ellipsoid, apically emarginate, bilobate, 5–7 by 6–7.5 by 7–8 mm, 2-locular, pale greenish purple to black, endocarps 2, semigloboid, ca 6 by 4–5.5 by 3–3.5 mm, brown. Seeds semigloboid, with lateral furrow, ca 3.5–5 by 4.5–5 by 2–2.5 mm, reddish black."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000423275	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000423275	use	EN	The leaves are used in Thailand for wrapping cigarettes and medicinally against lues (syphilis) and as a purgative.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000423275	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000423275	ecology	EN	"Sandy beach, savannah, dry evergreen and deciduous forest, moist monsoon forest; on sandy, calcareous soil or limestone; locally common: altitude: sea level up to 800 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000423275	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000423275	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, N. Malaysia, Indonesia: E. Java and Lesser Sunda Islands (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000423275	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000424897	general	EN	"Tree, up to 10(–20) m high; branchlets densely pilose when young, glabrescent; stems somewhat spiny. Stipules ovate triangular, up to 2 by 2 mm, whitish woolly, early caducous. Leaves: petiole 7–12 mm long, glabrous; blade elliptic (to obovate), 6–25.5 by 3–11.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.4–2.7, rigidly (sub)coriaceous, glabrous above (except midrib), pubescent to tomentose (to glabrous) beneath, base (subcordate to) rounded to obtuse (to acute), margin entire to shallowly crenate, apex (emarginate to) obtuse to acute; venation prominent on both sides, nerves in (16–)19–23(–27) pairs, joining marginal vein, tertiary veins scalariform. Inflorescences glomerules usually on leafless branches and spike-like, with (3–)8–15 subsessile flowers. Flowers: staminate ones 4–5 mm in diam., pale yellow green to brown; pistillate ones 5–5.5 mm in diam., reddish brown; pedicel up to 2 mm long; sepals ovate-triangular, up to 1.7–2 by 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous to pilose at base, rarely also at the apex; petals variable in shape, 0.8–1.6 by 0.6–1 mm, base spathulate, apex roundish or lobulate with gnawed margin; staminal column 1–1.3 by 0.2–0.4 mm; free part of filaments 0.8–1 mm long, white; anthers ovoid, 0.5–0.7 by 0.3–0.4 mm, reddish to purplish; ovary globose, 0.7–1.6 mm in diam.; styles 2, only basally united, together with stiginas up to 1 mm long; stigmas shortly bifid. Fruits 1–3 per glomerule, depressed-globose, sometimes apically bluntly pointed, sometimes bilobate, 5–8 by 5–9 mm in diam., 2-locular, dark to bluish black; endrocarp 2, semispherical, ca 5 by 6 by 5 mm, brown. Seeds semiglobose, with ventral furrow, ca 4.5 by 5 by 3 mm, reddish-brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000424897	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000424897	use	EN	"In India all kinds of uses, the dull red wood is used for construction, railway ties, fuel, rafters, posts, floor-boards, cart-shafts, wheels, agricultural implements, tool-handles, and shelves. The bark, which contains tannin (16–40 %), shows to be of pharmaceutical use because of its antiviral, hypoglycaemic, hypersensitive properties. The leaves are used as fodder and is said to free cattle of intestinal worms. The fruit is edible but very astringent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000424897	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000424897	ecology	EN	"Common in dry evergreen and deciduous forest and open land; on sandy-loamy, granite, basalt derived sand; altitude: 50–600(–1,400) m. Resistant to fire in regularly burnt grass savannah. Leaves turning pinkish brown before falling. Fruits are eaten by pigeons in India."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000424897	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000424897	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type?), Sikkim, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Indochina, S. China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000424897	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000427631	general	EN	"Scrambling shrub to tree, up to 8 m high; branchlets tomentose, glabrescent. Stipules (narrowly) triangular to ovate, 3–10 by 2–4 mm, whitish to reddish brown pilose, late caducous. Leaves: petiole 3–9 mm long, tomentose; blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 3–17 by 1.3–11 cm, length/width ratio 1.2–2.6, chartaceous, pilose to villose above, tomentose beneath, base (slightly emarginate to) obtuse to rounded (to acute), margin subentire to somewhat crenate, apex (rounded to) acute; venation prominent beneath, nerves in 9–13(–15) pairs, joining marginal vein, tertiary veins scalariform. Inflorescences glomerules often along leafless branches and spike-like or along branches with small leaves, with (1–)3–6 (sub)sessile flowers. Flowers: staminate ones cream to greenish or yellowish, 6–10 mm in diam., pistillate ones reddish green, up to 12(–14 in fruit) mm in diam.; pedicel stout, ca 1 mm long; sepals (acuminately) triangular, 4–5 by 2–3 mm, at least (partly) abaxially hairy; petals variable in shape, (1.5–)2–3 by (1–)1.5–2.5 mm, base cuneate to spathulate, apex roundish to lobulate; staminal column ca 2 by 0.5 mm; free part of filaments ca 1.5 mm long; anthers ellipsoid, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, purple; ovary ovoid to globose, 1.5–2 mm in diam.; styles 2, only basally united, together with stigmas 1.5–3 min long; stigmas bifid for ca 1 mm. Fruits 1–5 per glomerule, ellipsoid to subglobose or ovoid, apically blunt to acute, often bilobate, 7–12 by 6–11 mm in diam., 2-locular, dull dark reddish to black, endocarp 2, brown. Seeds semi-ovoid, dorsally keeled, ventrally sulcate, 6–7 by 3–5.5 by 2–3.5 mm, reddish-brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000427631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000427631	use	EN	"The plant is said to be poisonous. The twigs are used in basketry (India). The bark is used as medicine against intestinal worms and for tanning; a decoction is used for cough, fever, and asthma and shows hyposensitive hypoglycaemic action (also on animals). An infusion of the leaves is used for colic in Java and for jaundice in India. The fruits are edible, produce a sticky fluid when wounded and a black dye. The seeds possess hemaglutinating properties and yield a fatty oil."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000427631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000427631	ecology	EN	"Primary and secondary forest, often near wet places (rivers, swamps, seashore, mangrove); usually on sandy soil, but also limestone or loam; altitude: sea level up to 400(–1,100) m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000427631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000427631	distribution	EN	"Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, S.E. Asia mainland, Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, and the Philippines (unknown from Mindanao)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000427631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000428079	general	EN	"Scrambling to erect shrub to tree, up to 13 m high; branchlets glabrous to tomentose, lenticels scattered; old branches sometimes thorny. Stipules narrowly triangular to ovate, 2–4(–5) by ca 1 mm, apex sometimes aristate, glabrous to tomentose, early caducous. Leaves: petiole 2–5.5 mm long, glabrous to tomentose; blade elliptic to obovate, 2.5–14 by 1–6 cm, length/width ratio (1.7–)2–3.7, papery to thinly chartaceous, pilose to villose above, tomentose beneath (Thailand), base obtuse (to acute), margin entire to somewhat crenate, apex (bluntly) acute (to acuminate); venation (weakly) prominent on both sides, neres 7–12(–15) pairs, joining marginal vein, tertiary veins irregularly scalariform. Inflorescences glomerules in axils of normal leaves, with up to 10(–20) sessile flowers. Flowers green; staminate ones 2–3 mm in diam., pistillate ones 3–4 mm in diam.; pedicel 0(–1) mm long; sepals triangular 0.8–1.5 by 0.5–1.2 mm, glabrous, petals variable in shape, up to 1 by 0.8 mm, base cuneate to spathulate, apex roundish, notched or lobulate; staminal column ca 0.7 mm long; free part of filaments up to 0.5 mm long; anthers shortly ellipsoid, 0.4–0.5 by 0.3–0.4 mm; ovary globose, ca 1 inm in diam.; styles 2, completely free, together with stigmas 0.5 mm long; stigmas bifid. Fruits up to 7 per glomerule, (sub)globose, sometimes depressed and laterally compressed, emarginate at apex, slightly bilobate, 4.5–6.5 mm in diam., 2-locular, blackish; endocarp 2, ca 4 by 5 by 2.5 mm, brown. Seeds semigloboid to broadly semi-tear-shaped, with deep lateral furrow, 3–3.5 by ca 4 by 2–2.5 mm, brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000428079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000428079	use	EN	"Timber tree, wood suitable for baskets, carts, wheels, and tool handles. The bark produces tannin and is, therefore, used for tanning, and colouring wood black. The bark, though astringent, and the leaves (as infusion) are used against colic in Java. The fruits are eaten and the seeds are used by children as bullets in bamboo guns. Well known in village medicine and folk tales."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000428079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000428079	ecology	EN	"Deciduous to evergreen forest, primary to secondary vegetation, cominon on waste land and in secondary forest; on sandy or loany soil, limestone, granite bedrock; altitude: sea level up to 1,000 m. Flowers visited by butterflies."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000428079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000428079	distribution	EN	"From E. India. E. Nepal and Sikkim lo S. China and Taiwan, throughout S.E. Asia and Malesia (Borneo only S.E. corner, type: Java) up to N. Australia."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000428079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572659	general	EN	"Shrub to small tree, 2–5 m high. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 7–16 by 2–4 cm; apex emarginate or acute; base obtuse or emarginated; margin smooth and reflexed; secondary nerves 5–12 pairs, curved and anastomosing before margin; reticulate veins hardly distinct; petioles 2–10 mm long, hairy. Inflorescence terminal and axillary near the end of branches, 10–20 cm long; flower buds ovate, ± 5 by 3 mm. Sepals unequal, triangular. Petals oblong, ± 5 by 2 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose hairy. Fruit distinctly two-lobed, 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572659	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572659	ecology	EN	In scrub and evergreen forests; 0–50 m alt. Flowering and fruiting during August–October.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572659	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572659	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Vietnam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572659	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572679	general	EN	"Tree up to 30 m high. Leaves peltate, 18–50 by 12–30 cm; 7–9 nerved from leaf base; scalariform veins spidery; margin smooth or undulate; petioles 4–20 cm long, sparsely hairy. Inflorescence terminal, 10–40 cm long; flower buds globose, 2–4 mm diam. Sepals triangular. Petals slightly spathulate, 5–7 by 2 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, hairy. Fruit distinctly two-lobed, 2–3 by 2–2.5 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572679	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572679	ecology	EN	Along streams in evergreen forests; 50–600 m alt. Flowering and fruiting during February–August.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572679	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572679	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, North Borneo (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572679	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572690	general	EN	"Shrub to small tree, 2–10 m high. Leaves lanceolate, 10–21 by 2.5–6 cm; apex acute; base obtuse; margin smooth; secondary nerves 6–8 pairs, curved and anastomosing before margin; reticulate veins hardly distinct; petiole 5–10 mm long, glabrescent. Inflorescence axillary, 3–7 cm long; flower buds globose, ± 1.5 mm diam. Sepals triangular. Petals oblong, ± 4 by 1.5 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, hairy. Fruit distinctly two-lobed, 1.5–2 by 1–1. 5 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572690	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572690	ecology	EN	In swamp forest; alt. 0–20 m. Flowering and fruiting during March–May.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572690	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572690	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572690	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572705	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 0.3–10 m, up to 10 cm diam. Leaves 20–50 cm long; leaflets 3–15, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, sparsely hairy above, more or less pubescent beneath, sometimes completely glabrous, 3.5–11 by 1.5–5 cm, the younger ones usually densely pubescent; margin bluntly serrate or crenate; nerves 6–15 pairs, parallel, ending in a marginal gland; petiole 5–10 cm, lateral petiolues 2–9 mm, terminal one 3–40 mm. Peduncle almost absent, rhachis 7–60 cm; bracts deltoid, small. Flowers greenish-white to greenish-red or purple. Male flowers: pedicels very slender, up to ca 3 mm long; sepals pubescent, sometimes toothed, ca 0.5–1 by 0.35–0.5 mm; petals sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous, sometimes toothed, 1–2 by 0.5–1 mm; filaments subulate, ca 0.6 mm, anthers ca 0.4 mm long. Female flowers: pedicels up to 2.5 mm; sepals and petals as in male flowers. Stamens 0 or vestigial. Fruit: mature dried drupes 1–4 together, 4–5(–7) mm long; pedicels 2–6 mm; endosperm 0.2–0.5 mm thick."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572705	use	EN	"Fruits locally used as an antidysentery, antidiarrhoea and febrifuge; the extraction of the kernel yields bruceine."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572705	ecology	EN	"A common, tolerant species preferring open sites and light secondary forest and thickets, under both ever wet and seasonal conditions; alt. 0–450 m."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572711	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1–8 m, stem 3–10 cm diam. Leaves 20–60 cm long; leaflets 3–9(–13), ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, entire, toothed, undulate, bluntly serrate, or crenate, glabrous or pubescent, 5–16 by 1–8 cm; nerves 4–9(–11) pairs, not parallel, usually anastomosing; petiole 2–13 cm, lateral petiolules 2–10 mm, terminal one 3–40 mm. Inflorescence and flowers as in B. javanica, but the pedicels of the female flowers up to 6 mm long. Flowers white, creamy, green, or red. Fruit: mature dried drupes 1–2(–3) together, 9–13 mm long; pedicels 4–10 mm; endosperm membranous."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572711	ecology	EN	"Open forests, old clearings; alt. 530–1100 m."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572711	distribution	EN	"From the East Himalayas, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Hainan to the Philippines (type)."	H.P. Nooteboom		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572742	general	EN	"Tree up to 23 m by 20–30 cm. Leaves thin, elliptic, 7–17 by 2–8 cm, acute, base cuneate; petiole 1–4.5 cm. Stipules 2.5–3.5 cm long. Pedicels 1–4 mm. Flowers greenish, 10–12 mm long. Calyx tube smooth, 4–6 by 2 mm, lobes 8, about as long as the tube. Petals 3–4 mm long, outer margins usually fringed with white hairs at the lower part. Stamens 1.5–2.5 mm. Hypocotyl cylindrical, often curved, 8–15 by 0.5 cm."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572742	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572742	use	EN	"Wood for temporary construction, fire-wood, and charcoal."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572742	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572742	ecology	EN	Mangrove forests.	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572742	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572742	distribution	EN	"SE Asia (type), throughout Malesia to N. Queensland."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572742	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572750	general	EN	"Tree up to 33 m by 70 cm. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 9–16 by 4–7 cm, acute, base cuneate; petiole 2.5–4 cm. Stipules 3.5 cm long. Pedicles 6–8 mm. Flowers pale green, 1.7–2.2 cm long. Calyx tube slightly ribbed at the upper part outside, lobes 10, as long as the tube. Petals 7–9 mm long, outer margin fringed with white hairs at the lower part. Hypocotyl cigar-shaped or slightly clavate, slightly curved, up to 9 cm by 11 mm."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572750	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572750	use	EN	"Wood for temporary construction, fire-wood, and charcoal."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572750	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572750	ecology	EN	Mangrove forests.	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572750	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572750	distribution	EN	"E India, E Pakistan, Burma (type), Thailand, and Malesia."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572750	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572758	general	EN	"Tree up to 24 m by 15–30(–55) cm. Leaves elliptic, 7.5–13 by 2.5–4 cm; apex acute; base cuneate; petiole 1.5–2 cm. Stipules ca 4.5 cm long. Pedicels 6–13 mm. Flowers yellowish green. Calyx tube ridged, 7–9 mm long, lobes 8, ca 0.2–0.25 as long as the tube. Petals 1.5–2 mm long, white hairy at the lower margin. Stamens 1.5 mm. Style 1.2–1.5 mm. Hypocotyl cylindrical, 7.5–13 by 0.5 cm, smooth."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572758	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572758	use	EN	"Wood for temporary construction, lire-wood, and charcoal."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572758	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572758	ecology	EN	Mangrove forests.	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572758	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572758	distribution	EN	"SE Asia (type), throughout Malesia to Melanesia and Australia. Introduced in Hawaii."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572758	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572763	general	EN	"Tree up to 33 m by 65(–80) cm. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong, rarely oblanceolate, 8–13(–16) by 3–6 cm, acute at both ends; petiole 1.5–5 cm. Stipules green or yellowish, 3.5–4 cm long. Pedicels 6–12 mm. Flowers 2.7–4 cm long. Calyx 10–12-lobed, tube 1–1.5 cm long. Petals 1.5 cm long, densely fringed with hairs along the outer margins. Stamens 7–14 mm long. Style 1.5–2.2 cm. Hypocotyl cigar-shaped, rather angular, 6–8 by 1.5 cm."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572763	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572763	use	EN	"Wood for temporary construction, fire-wood, and charcoal."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572763	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572763	ecology	EN	Mangrove forests.	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572763	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000572763	distribution	EN	"Ceylon, SE Asia (type-Cochin-China), throughout Malesia to New Britain. Introduced and naturalized in Hawaii."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000572763	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573560	general	EN	"Stems stout, simple, erect, 30–50 cm, sparsely pubescent; radical leaves withering in flower. Leaves opposite, sessile; flower oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 1.5–5 cm by 4–7 mm, obtuse or subacute at apex, attenuate towards the base, undulate or 1–3-dentate, scabrid on both surfaces; middle and upper leaves linear, acuminate, 3–10 cm by 2–7 mm, scabrid on both surfaces, 3–4-serrate, teeth deltoid-linear, acute. Inflorescences quadrangular, densely flowered, 1–7 cm long, ca 1.2 cm wide, densely covered by long white hairs. Bracts broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, cuspidate, 5–6 mm long and wide, subequalling the calyx, densely villous on both surfaces. Bracteoles 2, ovate, acuminate, 5–6 by 3 mm. Calyx tubular, 6 by 2 mm, densely covered by white long hairs; lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 by 0.8 mm. Corolla blue, ca 1 cm long, tube 8 by 1 mm, hirsute outside; lobes obovate-orbicular, ca 1.5 mm long and wide. Capsule ovoid, acute, ca 4 by 2 mm. Seeds ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573560	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573560	ecology	EN	In dry dipterocarp forests.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573560	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573560	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia and Laos (type). "	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573560	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573579	general	EN	"Stems slender, simple, 20–80 cm, pubescent. Leaves opposite, alternate upwards; flower sessile, occasionally shortly petiolate, obovate, elliptic or oblong, 1–5 by 0.7–1.8 cm, obtuse at apex, attenuate to base, entire or obscurely crenate, scabrid on both surfaces; middle and upper leaves lanceolate to linear, acute at apex, attenuate to base, sessile, 1–4 cm by 1.5–9 mm, entire, undulate or obscurely 2–3-demate, scabrid on both surfaces. Inflorescences densely flowered, 0.5–4 cm long, 0.7–1.3 cm wide. Bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than calyx. Bracteoles 2, lanceolate, acuminate, ca 3 mm. Calyx 4 by 1 mm, pubescent; lobes linear, aristate-acuminate. Corolla purple, ca 1 cm long; tube cylindric ca 8 by 0.5 mm, pubescent; lobes subequal, elliptic or obovate, 1.5 mm long and wide. Capsule oblong-ovoid or oblong, 4–5 by 2 mm, subequalling or longer than persistent calyx. Seeds ca 0.45 by 0.25 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573579	ecology	EN	"Open deciduous dipterocarp forests, open oak forests, and open grassy ground; lowlands and up to 1600 m altitude. "	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573579	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Nepal (type), Khasia, Burma, S. China, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. "	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573786	general	EN	"Stems stout, simple, 25–50 cm, hirsute or villous; radical leaves withering in flower. Leaves opposite, sessile; flower oblong, 1.5–3 by 0.6–1.5 cm, obtuse at apex, attenuate towards base, undulate or 2–3-dentate, scabrid on both surfaces; middle and upper leaves Iinear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1-3 cm by 1.5–7 mm, obtuse or acute at apex, entire or 2–3-dentate, scabrid. Inflorescences stout, densely flowered, 2–3 cm long, 1–1.3 cm wide, villous. Bracts ovate or broadly ovate, acuminate at apex, 4–5 by 3–5 mm, equalling or slightly shorter than the calyx, villous. Bracteoles 2, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 by 1 mm. Calyx tubular, 5 by 2 mm, scabrid; lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ca 2 mm long. Corolla purple, ca 8 mm long; tube ca 6 by 1 mm, densely hirsute; upper 2 and lateral 2 lobes of flower lip obovate-oblong, ca 2.5 by 1 mm; central lobe of flower lip broadest, ca 2.5 by 1.5 mm. Capsule ovoid, 4 by 2 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573786	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573786	ecology	EN	Open grassy ground and in open deciduous forests; up to 400 in altitude.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573786	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573786	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam, Burma (type), Cambodia and Laos."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573786	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573923	general	EN	"Shrubs 1–5 m high; most parts with stellate hairs. Branchlets more or less terete. Leaves remotely to very serrate, 2.5–16 x 0.6–3.6 cm; petiole ± sessile to ca 80 mm; upper surface, sometimes pubescent, tip acuminate, base cuneate or decurrent or winged, stipules reduced to a line. Inflorescence terminal and or axillary, thyrsoid to spiciform, ca 1.5–31 x 0.5–2 cm, cymes sometimes subtended by a narrowly linear to lanceolate bract 1.5–5 x ca 0.5 mm, sometimes sparsely scaly, and sometimes exceeding length of cymes. Calyx campanulate, entire, 2–3.5 x 1–2.25 mm, inside usually glabrous, sometimes puberulent, teeth 1–1.75 x 0.5–1 mm, narrowly triangular to triangular, apex acuminate, occasionally puberulent with scattered groups of scales, margins sometimes glabrous or puberulent, somtimes with a linear-lanceolate bracteole 1.5–2.25 mm long. Corolla: lobe margins and inside usually glabrous, white, (yellowish-brown and dark red has been recorded); tube 3–6 x 1–1.5 mm; mouth sometimes slightly constricted, with a broad ring of dense usually pilose hairs extending to top of stamens, hairs less dense towards base of tube; lobes 0.75–1.75 x 0.05–1.5 mm, campanulate usually orbicular, sometimes crenate. Stamens clavate, deeply cordate at base, included, top of anthers about level with mouth, 0.5–1 mm; filament ± sessile–0.75 mm, usually about half length of anther. Ovary usually glabrous; conical, pyriform to ovoid, gradually tapering or abruptly narrowed into style, bottom of ovary often with irregular saccate ring; stigma clavate, usually glabrous; pistil 1.75–3.5 mm; ovary 1–1.75 x 0.5–0.75 0.3–0.7 mm, stigma 0.5–0.75 mm; style ca 0.25–1 mm. Capsule conical, 3–4.5 x 1.25–2.25 0.5–1.75 mm. Seeds reticulate, ellipsoid to irregular, 0.5–1 x 0.2–0.35 mm."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573923	use	EN	"Root used in decoction as part of mixed drug, against stones in the urinary tract, crushed leaves applied to burns."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573923	ecology	EN	"Cleared areas at edges of forests, along riversides and streams, scattered in old clearings and in secondary grassy vegetation. Altitude ca 300–2550 m."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000573923	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam (type), Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000573923	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574133	general	EN	"Shrubs, 0.8 4 m high; most parts densely stellate. Branchlets slightly rectangular. Leaves shortly petiolate to almost sessile, serrate, acuminate, blade usually decurrent, adaxially gla brous, slightly tomentose or pubescent, abaxially rusty on drying, 3.5–17 x 1–7 cm, stipules small, rounded to triangular, truncate, leaf-like; petiole, ± sessile–15 mm. Inflorescence terminal, spiciform, dense, 5.5–26 x 1–3.5 cm, cymes sometimes interrupted low down, sometimes with a narrowly lanceolate bract 12–22 x 1–3 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca 4–5 mm; teeth ca 1.5–2 x 1.5–3 mm, triangular to narrowly triangular, apex acuminate, inside glabrous; sometimes with a small linear lanceolate bracteole ca 2–4.5 mm. Corolla pinkish to blue to orange, throat sometimes dark orange; tube ca 7–11 x 2–3 mm, mouth with ring of pilose hairs, extending to top of ovary, ± glabrous lower down, outside glabrous under calyx; lobes ivory, margins sometimes slightly pubescent, ca 2–2.5 x 2–3 mm, rounded to slighty crenate. Stamens ± sessile; anthers parallel, oblong, ca 2 x 0.5 mm, top of anther + 0.1 mm below mouth, deeply cordate ± divergent. Ovary conical to ellipsoid, gradually narrowing into style, densely stellate; stigma clavate, glabrous with some hairs on the stigmatic area; pistil ca 6.5 mm; ovary 3–3.5 x 2–1.5 mm, stigma 1.25 mm; style 1.75–2.25 mm. Capsule ovoid ca 10 x 3.5 x 3 mm. Seeds irregular, ca 2–2.5 x 0.3–1 mm, reticulate."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574133	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574133	ecology	EN	Altitudes of ca 1600–2285 m.	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574133	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574133	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Assam), Sikkim, Bangladesh (type), Burma, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Vietnam."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574133	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574137	general	EN	"Scrambling shrub or climber. Branchlets terete, ± furrowed. Leaves petiolate, entire, sometimes remotely sinuate, moderately broad, base ± attenuate to rounded occasionally sub cordate, apex acuminate, underside of immature leaves densely stellate, rusty on drying, ma ture leaves ± moderately stellate. Stipules reduced to a line. Bracts narrowly linear, some very long. Inflorescence terminal and axillary in upper leaves, rather lax, and open, panicu late to thyrsoid; peduncles sessile to long especially towards base of inflorescence. Calyx companulate with very broad, short triangular teeth usually less than 0.25 x the length of the tube. Corolla yellow, orange to salmon; narrowly tubular, sometimes narrowing towards tube-base. Anthers barely included, usually showing in mouth. Ovary sub-globose, densely stellate, base becoming glabrous, style base densely stellate then becoming ± stellate; stigmatic area sometimes with a few villous hairs. Fruit baccate."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574137	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574137	ecology	EN	Cultivated.	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574137	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574137	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574137	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574187	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree. Branchlets furrowed, terete to sub-terete, mature growth ± stellate. Leaves petiolate, ovate, to oblong, sub entire-serrate, remotely sinuate to crenate decurrent into petiole; upper surface sparsely to densely stellate, mature leaves ± stellate, sometimes slightly bullate. Stipules linear or very small and leafy. Inflorescence in interrupted panicles, terminal and axillary in upper leaves. Bracts lanceolate, sometimes long. Calyx campanulate, teeth triangular, usually more than 0.3 x the length of the tube. Corolla pinkish-cream to lavender, or tube mauve with limb white, usually with orange throat; narrowly tubular; densely stellate, ± glabrous towards base. Top of anthers just below mouth of tube. Ovary ovoid bottle shaped, densely stellate ± glabrous towards base; style ± stellate, with apex glabrous. Fruit a capsule, sparsely ± stellate."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574187	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574187	ecology	EN	Cultivated.	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574187	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000574187	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, Burma."	"P. Opie, J. Parnell"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000574187	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342079	general	EN	"Annual. Culms densely tufted, 5–30 cm by 0.2–0.4 mm, ± terete, smooth, glabrous. Leaves basal; blade filiform, 4–10 cm by 0.2–0.5 mm, acute, glabrous to sparsely pilose above; sheaths 0.5–2 cm long, brownish. Involucral bracts 1–3, setaceous, the longest 0.3–2.5 cm long. Inflorescence capitate, 5–15 mm wide. Spikelets 2–20, lanceolate to ovoid-conical, angular, 3–8 by 1–1.8 mm. Glumes 7–15 per spikelet, ovate, 1.5–2.3 by 1–1.5 mm, acute, recurved-mucronate, sides membranous, yellowish green to rusty or chestnut brown, ciliolate to puberulent, margins hyaline, keel acute. Stamen 1; anther 0.2–0.3 mm long. Nutlets obovoid-orbicular, trigonous, 0.6–0.8 by 0.4–0.6 mm, whitish, smooth to finely papillose."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342079	ecology	EN	"In open semi-dry sandy places, frequent on dunes and sandy ground near sea; also in inland savannah grasslands and on rock outcrops, 0–1000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342079	distribution	EN	"Old World tropics and subtropics (India, type); also S.E. USA."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342153	general	EN	"Annual. Culms tufted, filiform, 5–40 cm by 0.2–0.5 mm, smooth, glabrous. Leaves basal; blade filiform, 2–10 cm by 0.4–0.5 mm, acute, glabrous to sparsely pilose; sheath pale brown. Involucral bracts setaceous to ± glume-like, the longest up to 0.7 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, sometimes condensed and appearing ± capitate; primary branches 1–5, 2–5 cm long. Spikelets (1–)2–8, solitary or clustered, cylindric ovoid to ovoid, somewhat angular, 3–6 mm by 1.5 mm. Glumes 5–18 per spikelet, ovate to broadly ovate, 1.5–2 by 1 mm, subacute, sides membranous, glabrous, light chestnut brown, margins hyaline, keel acute, pale brown. Stamens 2; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm long. Nutlets obovoid-orbicular, trigonous, 0.7–0.9 by 0.5–0.8 mm, maturing greyish, indistinctly transversely wrinkled, minutely papillose."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342153	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342153	ecology	EN	"Open, wet, grassy places or on wet rock outcrops, up to 1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342153	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342153	distribution	EN	"Widespread in the Old World tropics (India, type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342153	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342305	general	EN	"Annual. Culms densely tufted, 7–40 cm by 0.3–0.8 mm, scabrid, glabrous to puberulent. Leaves basal; blade filiform, 2-9 cm by 0.3-0.6 mm, glabrous to puberulent; sheath 0.8–3 cm long, pubescent, pale brown. Involucral bracts 2–4, leaf-like, the longest up to 4 cm long. Inflorescence simple, often condensed and appearing ± capitate, 1–1.5 by 1.5 cm. Spikelets (1–)5–20, solitary, ovoid to cylindric-ovoid, angular, 4–8 by 1.4–1.6 mm. Glumes 5–14 per spikelet, broadly ovate, 1.7–2.2 by 1.5–2 mm, acute, recurved-mucronate, sides membranous, pale greenish to light brown, densely pubescent, margins hyaline, keel acute. Stamen 1; anther 0.5–0.7 mm long. Nutlets broadly obovoid, triquetrous, 0.8–1 by 0.5–0.8 mm, whitish to pale yellowish, transversely wrinkled, obscurely reticulate with longitudinally oblong epidermal cells."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342305	ecology	EN	"Open semi-dry, sandy ground, often near coast."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000342305	distribution	EN	"Widespread in tropical Africa (Madagascar, type) and Asia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000342305	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000575875	general	EN	"Annual or perennial flowering in first year; stems erect 30–50 cm much branched above. Leaves narrow oblong to oblong, ca 40 by 8 mm, cuneate at base, subsessile, prominently veined, apically mucronulate. Umbels numerous, mostly lateral, borne on slender peduncles up to 4 cm. Rays 3–5, subequal or unequal, ± filiform. Bracts and bracteoles ovate to ± lanceolate, thin, herbaceous to ± pellucid, prominently veined, cuspidate. Pedicels equalling flowers. Petals ca 0.6 mm. Fruit oblong, ca 2.5 by 1 mm, smooth with filiform ribs."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000575875	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000575875	ecology	EN	"Open ground, 1700–2100 m alt."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000575875	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000575875	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China, Vietnam, Burma, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal (type), Kashmir, Pakistan."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000575875	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000576002	general	EN	"Tree, 5–15 m high. Leaves cordate, 6–13 by 5–10 cm, apex acute or in young stage sometimes tri-lobed; base cordate; margin smooth 5–7-nerved at base secondary nerves 2–4 pairs, not anastomosing; scalariform veins spindly-arranged; petiole 3–4 cm long, hairy then glabrescent. Inflorescence solitary or in pairs, axillary, 1–2 cm long; flower buds ovate, apiculate, ± 5 mm diam. Sepals elliptic. Petals oblong, ± 1.2 by 0.5 cm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary ovate, with 5 longitudinal ridges, hairy. Fruit elliptic-oblong, with 5 longitudinal wings, 4–5 by 1.5–2 cm (including wings)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000576002	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000576002	ecology	EN	On limestone and granite in deciduous forest; alt. 10–400 m. Flowering and fruiting during July–December.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000576002	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000576002	distribution	EN	"Thailand, South China (type), Burma."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000576002	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000576009	general	EN	"Tree, 5–10 m high. Leaves ovate to elliptic ovate, 9–13 by 5–7 cm, apex acute; base truncate to slightly cordate; margin undulate; 3-nerved at base, secondary nerves 3–5 pairs, not anastomosing; reticulate veins distinct on lower surface; petiole 6–11 mm long, hairy then glabrescent. Inflorescence axillary, near the end of branches, up to 6 cm long; flower buds ovate, acute, ± 7 mm diameter. Sepals ovate. Petals spathulate, up to 7 mm long. Stamens glabrous. Ovary ovate, with 5 longitudinal ridges, hairy. Fruit unknown."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000576009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000576009	ecology	EN	Flowering in June.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000576009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000576009	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000576009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762564	general	EN	"Herbs to 60 cm tall. Leaf blades obovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–10 by 0.2–2 cm, with 3–6 veins, apex obtuse to acute and tipped by a hard, blunt mucro, which has a hydathode on its underside, base acute; petioles 5–14 by 0.1–0.2 cm, base with a sheath to 6 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, scapose and umbellate with 3–11 flowers; peduncles generally longer than petioles, 5–40 by to 0.6 cm; bracts triangular lanceolate, 0.25–1.25 by 0.1–0.50 cm, apex acute to round; pedicels 5–15 by 5–10 mm. Flowers ca 2 cm wide, sepals 4.0–6.0 by 2.0–3.5 mm, petals 0.75–1.0 by 0.5–1.0 cm, stamens 8–9, in 3 series, anthers 0.75–1.5 by 0.25–0.50 mm, filaments 2.0–3.0 mm long, carpels 2.5–5.0 cm long. Fruits 8–13 by 1–3 mm; fruiting aggregate 5–10 by 3–7 mm. Seeds to 0.5 mm long."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762564	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762564	ecology	EN	"In muddy soil or water to 0.5 m deep of streams, rivers, lakes, and marshes."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762564	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762564	distribution	EN	"Tropical Africa to Southern and Southeast Asia, Nepal (type) and to Northern Australia."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762564	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001269413	general	EN	"Climber or scandent shrub with 6 small longitudinal ridges, sparsely hairy when young. Leaves cordate, 10–18 x 5–15 cm, chartaceous, tri-lobed, each lobe with cuspidate apex, base cordate, margin dentate or doubly serrate; 5–7 main nerves from leaf base, the middle one swollen or glandular near base, secondary nerves 5–8 pairs, ascending, scalariform veins distinct on lower surface. Petiole 4–13 cm long, glabrescent, wrinkled or flat at base when dry. Inflorescences a bundle of compound, lax umbels, axillary, up to 15 cm long, stellate hairy. Flowers pale to reddish. Calyx cup-shaped, with narrow triangular to lanceolate segments, hairy on both surfaces. Petals free, spreading, 4–5 x 1.5 mm, glabrous except along median line of inner side. Stamens and staminodes united at base by a cup-like membrane. Ovary ovoid with 5 longitudinal grooves, 0.5–1 mm diameter, gland-dotted; style subulate, ± 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Fruit globose, dehiscent, 2.5–3 cm diam. (including spiny tubercles), glabrous; spiny tubercles pointed or hooked at apex; fruit stalk 1–3 cm long, glabrescent. Seeds black, ellipsoid with 3 longitudinal grooves."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001269413	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001269413	ecology	EN	"Common on rocky ground or in old clearings, by streams; altitude 50–700 m. Flowering and fruiting during July to September."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001269413	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001269413	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), India."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001269413	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577123	general	EN	"Woody climber or scandent shrub with 6 slightly raised longitudinal ridges, sparsely stellate hairy when young. Leaves cordate, 6–18 x 4–14 cm, chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, apex cuspidate, base cordate, margin entire, 5 main nerves from leaf base, the middle one swollen or glandular near base, secondary nerves 5–8 pairs, ascending, scalariform veins distinct on lower surface. Petiole 4–17 cm long, glabrescent, wrinkled or flattened at base when dry. Inflorescence a bundle of compound umbels, axillary, lax, up to 10 cm long, stellate hairy. Flowers greenish. Calyx free spreading, lanceolate or narrowly triangular, hairy on both surfaces. Petals free, 4–5 x 1.5 mm, glabrous except along the dorsal inner surfaces. Stamens 5 short, with plicate filaments and 5 longer staminodes united at base by a cup-like membrane. Ovary ovoid with 5 longitudinal grooves, 0.5–1 mm diam, gland-dotted; style subulate, ± 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Fruits globose, dehiscent, 3–5 cm diam. (including spiny tubercles), sparsely stellate hairy; spiny tubercles pointed; fruit stalks 0.5–3 cm long, glabrescent. Seeds black, ellipsoid with 3 longitudinal grooves."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577123	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577123	ecology	EN	Common in old clearings or open spaces; altitude 100–700 m. Flowering and fruiting during June–December.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577123	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577123	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), China, Vietnam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577123	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577179	general	EN	"Climber or scandent shrub, bark smooth, sparsely stellate hairy. Leaves ovate oblong, 12–18 x 5–7.5 cm, chartaceous, apex acuminate, base obtuse or truncate, margin entire or undulate, 3–5 main nerves from leaf base, the middle one swollen or glandular near base; secondary nerves 6–8 pairs, curved and anastomosing, scalariform veins distinct on lower surface. Petiole 2–10 cm long, glabrescent, wrinkled or flattened at base when dry. Inflorescence a bundle of compound umbels, axillary, lax, up to 5 cm long, stellate hairy. Flowers white. Calyx cup-shaped, with narrow triangular to lanceolate segments, hairy on both surfaces. Petals free, spreading, 2–3 x 1 mm, glabrous except along the dorsal inner surfaces. Stamens and staminodes united at base by a cup-like membrane. Ovary ovoid with 5 longitudinal grooves, 0.5–1 mm diam., gland-dotted; style subulate, 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Fruits globose, dehiscent, 2.5 cm, diam. (including spiny tubercles), sparsely hairy; spiny tubercles awl-shaped; fruit stalks 1–3 cm long, glabrescent Seeds black, ellipsoid with 3 longitudinal grooves."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577179	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577179	ecology	EN	Scattered in mixed deciduous and scrub forest; altitude 30–200 m. Flowering and fruiting during April–June.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577179	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577179	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577179	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577299	general	EN	"Woody climber or scandent shrub, stem pilose on all parts with 6 slightly raised longitudinal ridges. Leaves cordate to palmate, 7–16 x 4.5–13 cm, chartaceous to sub coriaceous, tri-to seven-lobed, the middle one cuspidate, the other either cuspidate or obtuse, base cordate, margin serrulate; 5–7 main nerves from leaf-base, the middle one swollen or glandular near base, secondary nerves 5–7 pairs, ascending, scalariform vein distinct on lower surface. Petiole 2–15 cm long, pilose, wrinkled or flattened at base when dry. Inflorescences a bundle of compound umbels, axillary, lax, up to 20 cm long, stellate hairy. Flowers pale yellow. Calyx cup-shaped, with narrow triangular segments, hairy on both surfaces. Petals free, spreading, 4–5 x 1–2 mm; sparsely hairy externally, ± glabrous internally. Stamens and staminodes united at base by a cup-like membrane. Ovary ovoid with 5 longitudinal grooves, 0.5–1 mm diam., gland-dotted; style subulate, ± 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Fruits globose, 2–2.5 cm diam. (including spiny tubercles), with black hairy spiny tubercles pointed or hooked at apex; fruit stalk 1–2 cm long, sparsely hairy. Seeds black, ellipsoid, with 3 longitudinal grooves."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577299	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577299	ecology	EN	Common in old clearings or scrub forest; altitude 50–500 m. Flowering and fruiting during September–February.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577299	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000577299	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000577299	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186378	general	EN	"Climber armed with recurved prickles. Stipules scale-like, caducous. Leaves: rhachis 15–45 cm; pinnae 4–6 pairs, leaflets; 6–107 alternate, petiolulate (2–3 mm), ovate to obovate, 15–40 by 10–20 mm, rounded-emarginate or acute at the tip, obtuse or acute at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Sepals glabrous, gland-dotted outside, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals yellow, reddish at the base and on the nerves, gland-dotted outside; standard smaller, constricted towards the middle into a claw which is marked inside by two longitudinal ridges and at the top by a densely woolly ligule. Filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous, 5–6 ovulate. Pods sessile on the receptacle, elliptic-oblong, 8–10 by 2.5–3 cm, including the 4–8 mm wide wing; surfaces dull; receptacle persistent, laterally flattened, the dorsal and ventral edges recurved. Seeds 2–5, separated from each other, countable from outside."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186378	ecology	EN	In thickets and hedges. Fruits from January to May.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186378	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Andaman Isl. (type), S. Vietnam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago (Sumatra)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214186	general	EN	"Climber armed with straight or recurved prickles. Stipules pinnate consisting of 3–5 leaflets up to 2 cm. Leaves: rhachis 30–50 cm; pinnae 3–9 pairs; leaflets 8–12 pairs, opposite or subopposite, petiolulate (0.8 mm), ovate-lanceolate, 2–4 by 1–2 cm, acute or rounded and mucronulate at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes supra-axillary, sometimes branched, some with ♂ flowers, others with ♀ flowers (anthers without pollen). Bracts linear, 6–12 mm, recurved, lately caducous. Pedicels 4–6 mm, pubescent, faintly jointed near the top. Sepals pubescent, subequal. Petals yellow, the standard constricted and hairy inside towards the middle. Filaments hairy. Ovary ca 1 mm, stalked, hairy and bristly, 2-ovulate, in male flowers rudimentary. Pods stalked above the receptacle (0.5–1 cm), elliptic in outline, 5–8 by 4 cm, set with hairy 7–9 mm long bristles. Seeds 2, subglobular, 15–20 mm, greyish."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214186	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214186	use	EN	"Seeds are like cat’s eyes and used as medicine in India, Malay Peninsular and Archipelago; no such medicinal use reported for Thailand."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214186	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214186	ecology	EN	Along sea beaches as well as in inland scrub jungle and hedges. Flowers from July to October. Fruits from November to April.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214186	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214186	distribution	EN	"Pantropic; in Asia from Ceylon to Bonin Isl.: Ceylon (type), India, Sikkim, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, S. and N. Vietnam, China (Hainan, Kwangtung), Hongkong, Taiwan, Bonin Isl., Malay Peninsula and Archipelago."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214186	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164573	general	EN	"Climber, glabrous on all vegetative parts, armed with recurved prickles. Stipules awl-shaped, ca 1 mm, caducous. Leaves: rhachis 10–20 cm; pinnae 2–4 pairs; leaflets 2–4 pairs, opposite, petiolulate (2–4 mm), elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, 2–6 by 1–3 cm, obtuse or shortly acuminate at the tip, rounded or cuneate and subequal at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicle. Bracts ca 1 mm, caducous. Pedicels 10–15 mm, glabrous, jointed near the top. Sepals glabrous, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals yellow, the standard red or red-striped, constricted, and hairy inside towards the middle. Filaments hairy. Ovary shortly stalked, glabrous or pubescent, 1–2-ovulate. Pods stalked aboye the receptacle (2–5 mm), subel-liptic or rhombic in outline; 4–7 by 2.5–3.5 cm, obtuse to acute at the top and at the base. Seeds 1 (rarely 2) flattened, subreniform, 12 by 20 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164573	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164573	ecology	EN	In thickets along streams; mangroves and sea shore. Flowers in January. Fruits in June.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164573	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164573	distribution	EN	"From India to Polynesia: Ceylon (type), India, Andaman Isl., Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, S. and N. Vietnam, S. China, Taiwan, Ryu Kyu Isl., Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, N. Australia, Polynesia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164573	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187461	general	EN	"Climber strongly armed with recurvcd prickles. Stipules wanting. Leaves: rhachis-15–30 cm; pinnae 2–5 pairs; leaflets 4–5 pairs. opposite, petiolulate (3–5 mm), ovate, 5–10 by 3–6 cm, acuminate-obtuse or acute at the tip, somewhat unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Bracts very early caducous. Sepals glabrous, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals yellow, standard reddish, bilobed, butterfly-shaped. Filaments short-hairy towards the base. Ovary glabrous, 1(–2)-ovulate. Pods 2–4 mm, stalked above the persistent receptacle, elliptic-oblong, 8–12 by 2.5–3.5 cm, including the 5–7 mm wide wing; surfaces shining. Seeds 1(–2) in the middle of the pod."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187461	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187461	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests along streams and on fringes. Flowers in January–February. Fruits in February–March.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187461	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187461	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Assam, type), Sikkim, Nepal, Andaman Isl., Burma, S. and N. Vietnam, China (Yunnan), Malay Peninsula and Archipelago (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, Philippines)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187461	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214241	general	EN	"Climber or shrub up to 10 m, armed with recurved or straight prickles. Stipules obliquely ovate, 4–20 by 2–8 mm, lately caducous. Leaves: rhachis 12–40 cm; pinnae 4–10 pairs; leaflets 8–12 pairs, opposite, subsessile or petiolulate up to 1 mm, elliptic-oblong, 10–25 by 4–10 mm, rounded at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes terminal and axillary. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5–8 mm, caducous. Pedicels 20(–40 mm), pubescent, jointed near the top. Sepals glabrous or pubescent, the lowest one hood shaped. Petals yellow, the standard smaller, rounded at the top, constricted towards the middle into a claw, hairy inside and along the margins. Filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous or pubescent, 8–10 ovulate. Pods subsessile on the receptacle, elliptic-oblong in outline, 6–10 by 2.5–3 cm, prolonged in a beak up to 2 cm, ± keeled or winged on the upper side (2–3 mm). Seeds 4–8, ellipsoid, 10 by 6 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214241	ecology	EN	Only two specimens recorded from Thailand without ecological information.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214241	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, India (type), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos; S. and N. Vietnam, China, Corea, Japan, Malay peninsula and archipelago."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214253	general	EN	"Climber or scandent shrub, armed with recurved prickles. Stipules linear, awl-shaped, ca 2 mm, caducous. Leaves: rhachis 15–20 cm; pinnae 8–12 pairs; leaflets 8–12 pairs, opposite, subsessile, oblong, 8–12 by 3–4 mm, rounded, slightly emarginate and mucronulate at the tip, unequal fat the base. Racemes, axillary and. combined into terminal panicles. Bracts awl-shaped, ca 5 mm, caducous. Pedicels slender, spreading, 15–25 mm, glabrous, not jointed above the base. Sepals glabrous, dotted, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals yellow, the standard constricted towards the midd1e, hairy inside and along the margins of the claw. Filaments densely hairy. Ovary glabrous or somewhat hairy on the sutures, 2–4-ovulate. Pods indehiscent, subsessile on the persistent receptacle, clliptic-oblong in outline, 35–50 by 15–20 mm, constricted between the seeds, thickened on both sutures. Seeds (1–)2–3(–4), subglobose, 12 by 9 mm, dark brown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214253	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214253	ecology	EN	"In clearings, thickets, forest fringes, open and dry places up to 700 m. Flowers from July to October. Fruits from November to January."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214253	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214253	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, India (type), Nepal, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, S. Vietnam, China (Hainan), Malay Peninsula and Archipelago."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214253	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196960	general	EN	"Climber armed with recurved prickles. Stipules scale-like, very small. Leaves: rhachis 20–30 cm; pinnae 8–12 pairs; leaflets 8–10 pairs, petiolulate (ca 1 mm), opposite, elliptic-oblong, 15–25 by 5–8 mm, rounded, slightly emarginate at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Bracts 1–2 mm, very early caducous. Pedicels 10–20 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy, jointed near the top. Sepals glabrous, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals yellow, the standard suborbicular With a claw protracted into a glabrous, bilobed ligule. Filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous, 4–6 ovulate. Pods not ovary shortly stalked above the rather long persistent receptacle, elliptic-oblong, 8–10 by 2.5–3 cm, including the 5–7 mm wide dorsal wing; surfaces shining. Seeds 4–6, separated from each other, easily counted from outside."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196960	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196960	ecology	EN	In secondary growth clearings. Flowers in October–November. Fruits from December to February.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196960	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196960	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N.E. India (type), Burma, S. Vietnam, S. China (Kwangsi), Malay Archipelago (Java, Celebes)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196960	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199375	general	EN	"Climber armed with recurved prickles. Stipules scale-like, persistent. Leaves: rhachis 25–30 cm; pinnae 6–8 pairs; leaflets 7–12 pairs, opposite, petiolulate (ca 1 mm), elliptic, 18–25 by 7–13 mm, rounded-emarginate at the tip; unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Bracts linear, 8–12 mm, caducous. Pedicels 20–35 mm, glabrous, ± evidently jointed near the top. Sepals glabrous, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals yellow; standard constricted and hairy inside towards the middle, rounded or emarginate at the apex. Filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous, 4–5-ovulate. Pods sessile on the receptacle, oblong-lanceolate, 8–20 by 3–6 cm, including the 12–20 mm wide wing; surfaces dull; receptacle persistent, the dorsal and ventral edges recurved. Seeds 2–4, separated from each other to be count able from outside."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199375	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199375	ecology	EN	In open places and scrub jungle. Flowers in November. Fruits from January to April.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199375	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199375	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Lesser Sunda Islands (Timer, Alor)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199375	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199378	general	EN	"Climbing shrub up to 3 m, armed with short prickles. Stipules triangular, 0.8 mm. Leaves: rhachis 10–20 cm; pinnae 4 pairs; leaflets 5–6 pairs, alternate or opposite, petiolulate (ca 1 mm), elliptic-oblong, 15–35 by 10–15 mm, rounded at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Bracts erect, triangular, 2–3 mm. Pedicels 6–8 mm, pubescent, jointed at the top. Sepals pubescent, the lowest one strongly concave. Petals white outside, yellowish inside, the standard 2-lobed, constricted towards the middle into a claw marked with two longitudinal ridges. Filaments densely hairy. Ovary densely. pilose, 2–3-ovulate. Pods sessile on the receptacle, obovate in outline, 6–7 by 2–2.5 cm, narrowed at the base, enlarged, truncate and prolonged in a beak at the top. Seeds 1–3, flattened, ovate, 12–14 by 8–10 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199378	ecology	EN	"In scrub jungle, arid and sandy soils. Flowers and fruits from October to January."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199378	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, S. Vietnam (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000188102	general	EN	"Climber armed with recurved prickles. Stipules scale-like, very small. Leaves: rhachis 20–40 cm; pinnae 6–10 pairs; leaflets 6–8 pairs, opposite or subopposite, petiolulate (ca 1 mm), obovate, 12–25 by 6–15 mm, rounded-emarginate at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Bracts triangular acuminate, 5–6 mm, very early caduceus. Sepals pubescent, the lowest one hoodshaped. Petals yellow; standard orbicular with a claw protracted into a glabrous, bilobed ligule. Filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous, 4–6-ovulate. Pods ca 5 mm, stalked above the caducous receptacle, lanceolate, 10–15 by 2.5–3.5 cm, including the 6–12 mm wide dorsal wing; surfaces dull or shining. Seed 3–6, separated from each other, easily counted from outside."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000188102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000188102	ecology	EN	"In secondary growths, scrub jungle, up to 800 m. Flowers from July to September. Fruits from December to February."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000188102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000188102	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, Andaman Isl., Burma (type), Laos, Cambodia, S. Vietnam, S. China (Yunnan), Malay Archipelago (Sumbawa, Timor)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000188102	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000178132	general	EN	"Climber armed with straight and recurved prickles. Stipules awl-shaped, 1–3 mm; caducous. Leaves: rhachis 30–50 cm; pinnae 3–7 pairs; Leaflets 3–7 pairs, opposite to subopposite, shortly petiolulate (1–2 mm), elliptic-ovate, 2–8 by 1–5 cm, acute-mucronate at the tip, rounded and subequal at the base. Racemes supra-axillary, simple or branched, some with ♂ flowers, others with ♀ flowers (anthers without pollen). Bracts linear, 3–5 mm, erect, very early caducous. Pedicels 6–12 mm, pubescent, faintly jointed near the top. Sepals densely pubescent, subequal. Petals yellow, the standard constricted and hairy inside towards the middle. Filaments hairy. Ovary stalked, hairy and bristly, 3–4-ovulate, in the male flowers rudimentary. Pods stalked above the receptacle (5–10 mm), elliptic; in outline, 5–10 by 3–5 cm, set with hairy 6–7 mm long bristles. Seeds 2–4, subglobular, 20 by 15 mm, grey-green."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000178132	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000178132	ecology	EN	In thickets near the sea. Flowers in August–September. Fruits from November to March.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000178132	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000178132	distribution	EN	"Pantropic; in Asia: Ceylon, India, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, S. Vietnam, Ryu Kyu Isl., Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Type: drawing in Medikus, l.c."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000178132	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196945	general	EN	"Erect or climbing shrub, densely hispid and bristly on all parts. Stipules awl-shaped, 7–15 mm, caducous. Leaves: rhachis 25–40 cm; pinnae 10–30 pairs; leaflets 10–20 pairs, opposite, subsessile, oblong, ca 10 by 4 mm, rounded-mucronulate at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes terminal. Bracts awl-shaped, 4 mm, villous. Pedicels 2–3 cm, hispid and bristly, jointed near the top. Sepals villous, dotted outside, the lowest one more concave. Petals yellow, the standard obovate, the others suborbicular. Filaments densely hairy. Ovary pilose, 2-ovulate. Pods sub-sessile on the receptacle, bladder-like, narrowed at the base, rounded-truncate and prolonged into a beak at the top. Seeds 2, ellipsoid, ca 10 by 7 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196945	use	EN	Young shoots are locally consumed as fresh vegetable.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196945	ecology	EN	"In thickets, clearings and hedges. Flowers from October to Febmary. Fruits in January–February."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000196945	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Laos, S. and N. Vietnam, China (Yunnan)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000196945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185054	general	EN	"Climber armed with straight and recurved prickles. Stipules linear, 8 mm. Leaves: rhachis 30–45 cm; pinnae 5–8 pairs; leaflets 6–12 pairs, opposite, shortly petiolulate (± 1 mm), elliptic-oblong, 25–40 by 10–18 mm, acute, rarely rounded, mucronate at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes simply or branched, terminal. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 15–20 by 5–7 mm, caducous. Pedicels 20–25 mm, pubescent, jointed near the top. Sepals pubescent, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals white-yellowish, the standard reddish, smaller, constricted towards the middle, glabrous inside. Filaments hairy. Ovary hairy along the sutures, bristly, 7–8 ovulate. Pods subsessile on the receptacle, eiliptic-oblong in outline, 10–15 by 4–4.5 cm, set with 12 mm-long, pubescent or glabrous bristles. Seeds 6–7, ellipsoid, 18 by 10 mm, black."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185054	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185054	ecology	EN	In thickets and scrub jungle. Flowers and fruits all the year.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185054	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185054	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Laos, S. and N. Vietnam, S. China (type, Kwangtung), Hongkong, Taiwan."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185054	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199396	general	EN	"Shrub or climber, prickly. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, 8–20 by 3–10 mm. Leaves: rhachis 15–25 cm; pinnae 8–12 pairs; leaflets 6–18 pairs, opposite, sessile, elliptic-oblong, 8–25 by 4–10mm, rounded-emarginate at the top, very unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Bracts linear, ca 1 mm, caducous. Pedicels 5–6 mm, pubescent, jointed near the top. Sepals pubescent, the lowest one larger and more concave. Petals yellowish, the standard smaller, constricted and hairy inside towards the middle. Filaments hairy. Ovary pubescent, 2-ovulate. Pods subsessile on the receptacle, obovate oblique in outline, 4.5 by 2 cm, narrowed at the base, enlarged and truncate at the top. Seeds 2, flattened, orbicular, ca 2 cm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199396	ecology	EN	In thickets and evergreen forests. Flowers and fruits from October to December.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199396	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Borneo, Philippines."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199400	general	EN	"Climber sparsely armed with recurved prickles. Stipules acute, ca 2 mm. Leaves: rhachis 25–50 cm; pinnae 6–12 pairs; leaflets 6–8 pairs, opposite, subopposite or alternate, shortly petiolulate (ca 1 mm), elliptic, 10–15 by 5–8 mm, rounded, sometimes emarginate at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and terminal. Bracts linear, acuminate, 10–12 mm, lately caducous. Pedicels 20–30 mm, pubescent, faintly jointed near the top. Sepals pubescent, the lowest one hood-shaped. Petals yellow, standard orbicular with a claw protracted into a glabrous, entire or emarginate ligule. Filaments hairy. Ovary pubescent, 4–7-ovulate. Pods shortly stalked (1–2 mm) above the caducous receptacle, elliptic, 10–15 by 4–5 cm, including the 10–15 mm wide dorsal wing. Seeds 4–7, close together in the middle of the pod, not distinguishable from outside."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199400	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199400	ecology	EN	In thickets. Flowers in August.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199400	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199400	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Vietnam; Malay Archipelago (type from Java)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199400	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214363	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, unarmed or nearly so, glabrous. Stipules a 2 mm, caducous. Leaves: rhachis 10–40 cm; pinnae 3–10 pairs; leaflets 6–12 pairs, opposite, petiolulate (1–2 mm), elliptic-oblong, 10–20 by 6–10 mm, rounded-emarginate at the tip, unequal at the base. Racemes axillary and terminal. Bracts linear, 3–7 mm, caducous. Pedicels 3–7 cm. Sepals unequal, the lowest hooded, larger. Petals red or yellow, up to 25 mm long, the standard smaller. Stamens exserted; filaments red, 5–6 cm, hairy in the basal part. Ovary 10–12-ovulate; style 5–6 cm. Pods short stalked above the receptacle (2–5 mm), flattened, 7–12 by 1.5–2 cm. Seeds 8–10, 9 by 7 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214363	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214363	distribution	EN	"Probably from South America, widely cultivated throughout the tropics."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214363	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214430	general	EN	"Small tree or shrub up to 10 m, armed with recurved prickles. Stipules 3–4 mm, caducous. Leaves: rhachis 15–40 cm; pinnae 8-16 pairs, leaflets 6–12 pairs, opposite, subsessi1e, oblong, 10–20 by 6–10 mm, rounded-emarginate at the tip, very unequal at the base. Racemes supra-axillary and combined into terminal panicles. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate 6 mm, caducous. Pedicels 15–20 mm, pubescent, jointed near the top. Sepals glabrous, the lowest one more concave and larger. Petals yellow, obovate, the standard smaller, constricted into a claw and hairy inside towards the middle. Filaments hairy. Ovary pubescent, 3–6–ovulate. Pods sessile on the receptacle, flattened, 7–12 by 1.5–2 cm, widest and truncate-acuminate towards the top, rounded at the base. Seeds 2–4, elliptic in outline, 18 by 10 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214430	use	EN	From the wood a red dye can be obtained. The shrub is used also in hedges.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214430	ecology	EN	"In scrub jungle, limestone hills and in cultivation around the villages. Flowers from June to December. Fruits from December to May."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214430	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon (type), India, Burma, Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, N. and S. Vietnam), South China, Malay peninsula and archipelago."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214430	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762632	general	EN	"Herbs to 85 cm tall. Leaves deep green, floating; blades narrowly elliptic, ca 12 by 4 cm, pellucid punctate, veins 9–17, the apex round, base cordate to near sagittate; petioles to 70 cm, prominently septate. Inflorescences emergent, paniculate; peduncles mostly longer than petioles, to 75 cm long. Flowers ca 1.5 cm wide; sepals reflexed, 1.5–4 by 1–2.5 mm; petals ca 2–6 by 3.5–4 mm; stamens 6; filaments white to pale yellow, 0.5–2 mm; anthers bright yellow, ca 1 by 0.5 mm; carpels 5–15, obovate. Fruit with 5 long ribs on each face; ribs, at least some, provided with blunt, more or less conspicuous warts."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762632	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762632	ecology	EN	"In pools and ditches, and along riverbanks."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762632	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762632	distribution	EN	"Western Africa, Southeast Asia to Northern and Eastern Australia (type)."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762632	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762635	general	EN	"Herbs to 80 cm tall. Leaves deep green, floating or emergent; blades broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 2.5–12 by 4–17 cm, without pellucid markings, the veins 13–17, the apex round, the base cordate; petioles 22.5–50 cm, prominently septate. Inflorescences emergent, paniculate; peduncles mostly longer than petioles, to 75 cm long. Flowers ca 1.5 cm wide; sepals erect, 3.5–4.5 by 2–2.5 mm; petals ca 5 by 3.5–4 mm; stamens 6; filaments white to pale yellow, 2–2.5 mm; anthers bright yellow, ca 1 by 0.5 mm; carpels 5–15, obovate. . Achenes with 3–5 longitudinal smooth ribs on each face. Seeds pale brown, ca 2 by 1 mm."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762635	ecology	EN	"Permanent lowland swamps, rooting in shawllow water."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000762635	distribution	EN	"Northern and Central Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia to China, Japan and Northern Australia."	R.R. Haynes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000762635	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000775642	general	EN	"Shrub or tree to 10 m. Outer bark grey-brown, inner bark light brown. Leaves lanceolate, 4–11.3 by 1 cm, acute, flat, margins ciliate, outer veins 0.5 mm from the margin forming an intramarginal-like vein; true intramarginal vein absent, upper and lower surfaces drying light green, silky when young, the lamina glabrous when mature often villous at the base. Petioles absent. Flowers usually 5-merous, in dense bottle-brush-like spikes. Pedicels absent. Calyx infundibuliform, 5–6 mm, villous; lobes rounded 1–2 mm, villous. Pseudostipes absent. Petals white, ca 4 mm long, obovate, strongly glandular pustulate, villous. Stamens prominent, numerous, filaments red, 1–3 cm, connective not forming a distinct gland. Style 1–3 cm, stigma capitate. Hypanthium deeply cup-shaped, pubescent when young."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000775642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000775642	ecology	EN	"Lui dok (หลิวดอก), phu naiphon (พู่นายพล) (Bangkok); praeng lang khuat (แปรงล้างขวด) (Central)."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000775642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000775642	distribution	EN	Eastern Australia (type).	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000775642	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116506	general	EN	"Rhizome stout. Stipes stramineous to darker, to 13 cm long; hairs reddish brown to darker, bright, patent, stiff, multicellular, to 5 mm long. Fronds tripinnate to quadripinnatifid, to 25 cm long, 8 cm wide, oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, roundly cuneate at base; rachis dark stramineous to brownish, densely hairy with shorter and darker bristles, wingless or very narrowly winged in upper portion, easily broken; pinnae usually more than 1 cm apart, narrowly elliptic, more or less falcate, acute at apex, truncate acroscopically and cuneate basiscopically at base, up to 6 cm long, 1.5 cm wide; pinna-rachis narrowly winged throughout, glabrous; pinnules oblong, round at apex, unequally cuneate at base, up to 1.5 cm long, 5 mm wide; ultimate segments linear, round to moderately acute at apex, entire; cell walls thin, smooth, sometimes the pagina clathrate. Sori on short branches, usually at distal side of pinnules; involucre cup-shaped, about 1 mm long and diam., with truncate mouth; receptacles long extruded."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116506	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116506	ecology	EN	On rocks in evergreen forest at about 1100 alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116506	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116506	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Japan (Yakushima), Ryukyu, Nicobar, Taiwan, throughout Malesia (type from Luzon) to Fiji, not in Malaya."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116506	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000580855	general	EN	"Tree with a broadly pyramidal crown. Bark whitish, scaly. Leaves on mainshoots up to 1.2 cm long, ending in a minute spine, those on lateral shoots 0.6–0.8 by 0.2–0.3 cm, tapering towards the tip and terminated by a sharp tooth, glaucous beneath. Cones ellipsoid, 0.6–1.2 cm long, on short, four-sided, slender shoots; scales 6, woody, drying black."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000580855	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000580855	use	EN	"The wood is fragrant, very durable, resistant to termites, often used underground. It is much esteemed for cabinet work and furniture."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000580855	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000580855	ecology	EN	Along stream banks in the lower montane forest; alt. 800–1200 m.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000580855	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000580855	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, SW. China (type), Indochina, Hainan, Taiwan."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000580855	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001252740	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, bearing several fronds in tuft at apex, sparsely scaly; scales thin, brown, not clathrate, oblong-lanceolate, up to 2 by 0.7 mm. Stipes indistinct, very short, green or brownish, winged to the very base, hairy with pale setose hairs up to 0.3 mm in length. Laminae narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards both ends, 1.5–3.5 by up to 0.5 cm wide, deeply lobed to midrib with a wing less than 0.2 mm broad on each side; sterile lobes oblong, ascending, round to moderately acute at apex, entire, up to 2.5 by 0.7 mm; thinly leathery, veins simple, hardly visible, glabrous or nearly so except for hairy midrib; fertile lobes at upper parts of fronds, 2–7 pairs. Sori solitary, the basiscopic half of fertile lobes folded to protect young sori, hus the fertile lobes appearing bivalvate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001252740	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001252740	ecology	EN	"On muddy rocks in spraying stream-beds in gloomy dense forests at medium altitudes (600–900 m), rather rare."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001252740	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001252740	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001252740	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001120248	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, bearing many fronds in tuft, scaly; scales brown, not clathrate, about 3 by 0.87 mm, narrowly oblong, rather suddenly narrowed at acuminate apex, entire at margin, glabrous. Stipes very short, dark brown, winged. Laminae linear, up to 5 cm by 5–8 mm, lobed oblong, round to moderately acute at apex, entire at margin, up to 4 by 1.5 mm; thin veins simple, distinct, very sparsely hairy with pale soft hairs; fertile lobes on upper part of fronds. Sori solitary, naked but protected by folded basiscopic half of the fertile lobes, thus the fertile lobes bilabiate in appearance."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001120248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001120248	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests on ridges at high altitudes, rather rare."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001120248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001120248	distribution	EN	"Palaeotropics (type from Java), Sri Lanka and Sumatra to Australia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001120248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582291	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 2–10 m high. Leaves chartaceous, oblong-ellipticor elliptic, 6–9 by 2.5–4 cm; apex acute or acuminate; base cuneate to rounded; margin crenate or crenulate; petiole 4–7 mm long. Bracteoles and sepals not clearly differentiated, 10–11, ovate to rounded, 3–5.5 mm long. Petals white, 5, obovate to broadly elliptic, 8–13 mm long, concave; apex rounded. Filaments of the outer stamens united their whole length to form a tube irregularly dentate above; anthers attached on the sinus; inner stamens 3–5, free. Ovary densely tomentose, 4 mm long; style short and stout, 3-branched. Capsule subglobose, 2.8 cm high, 3-sulcate with 1 large seed in each locule, or rounded with only 1 seed developed."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582291	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, often by stream or shade places from low to medium altitudes (800–2000 m)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582291	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582598	general	EN	"Tree to 10 m high. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to broadly elliptic, 9–15 by 3.5–6.5 cm; apex acute or rounded, abruptly acuminate; base cuneate; petiole 0.5 cm long. Flowers solitary at the end of branchlets. Bracteoles 2 or 3, caducous. Sepals 5 or 6, broadly ovate or orbicular, 5–8 mm long. Petals 5, white, ovate to orbicular, connate below, 1.2–1.5 cm long. Outer stamens connate below and adnate to the corolla. Ovary glabrous; styles 5, free to the base."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582598	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582598	ecology	EN	"On slopes in moist upper mixed deciduous forest, altitude 1250 m. Locally common."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582598	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582598	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina (N. Vietnam, type)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582598	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582677	general	EN	"Shrub, small or tall tree, lip to 15 m high. Leaves thin coriaceous, broadly elliptic, 8–14(–22) by 3.5–5.5(–7.5) cm; apex acuminate; base broadly cuneate or rounded. Bracteoles 2–3, caducous, ovate, about 2 mm long. Sepals 5–6, ovate to orbicular, 3–5 mm long. Petals yellowish white, 5–6(–8), connate below, broadly ovate or orbicular, 1–2 cm long. Outer stamens shortly connate at the base. Ovary densely hairy, 3–4 mm long. Capsule depressed globose, 1.1–1.5 cm high, 3- or 2-lobed, with 1 or 2 seeds in each locule."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582677	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582677	use	EN	Cultivated for conventional tea and fermented tea.	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582677	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582677	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, scattered on ridges and by streams, at low altitudes (800–1100 m)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582677	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582677	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Assam (type), Burma, Indochina, and SW. China."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582677	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582705	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 2–7 m high. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic tobroadly elliptic, 9–15 by 3–6.5 cm; apex acute or shortly acuminate; base cuneate, entire; margin elsewhere serrulate or subentire. Bracteoles 2–3, caducous. Sepals orbicular, 2–4 mm long. Petals white, about 11, connate below, oval or obovate, 1.2–3.5 cm long. Ovary glabrescent, 2–3 mm long."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582705	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at altitude of 1400 m.	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582705	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (Yunnan, type)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582708	general	EN	"Shrub, to 3 m high. Leaves thin coriaceous, oblong to elliptic, 5–8 by 2–3.5 cm; apex acuminate or abruptly acute; base cuneate; petiole 2–4 mm long; veins on larger leaves strongly sunken below. Bracteoles and sepals not clearly differentiated. Petals white, 5–6, oblong or obovate, briefly connate below, 0.8–1.4 cm long, concave. Outer stamens briefly connate below. Ovary hirsute; styles 3, slender, free to the base. Fruit 2–3-lobed, 3–3.5 cm across, 1.5–2 cm high. Seeds subglobose, ca 1.5 cm across."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582708	ecology	EN	In deciduous or evergreen forest at low altitudes (300–650 m).	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000582708	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (Yunnan, type)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000582708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001214872	general	EN	"Vigorous climbing shrub with aerial rootlets. Leaflets 4–6 pairs, serrate to crenate, pubescent below, subsessile. Calyx reddish-orange; deeply lobed; lobes acute to short acuminate or mucronate. Corolla tube 2 to 3 times longer than calyx, reddish-orange; lobes 1.5–2.5 cm wide, rather dark dull red inside. Two longest stamens about equal to corolla tube."	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001214872	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001214872	distribution	EN	Native to the southern and eastern states of the U.S.A. from Pennsylvania to Texas.	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001214872	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000343805	general	EN	"Rhizome branched. Stem up to 2.5 m high. Leaves with a short petiole; lamina dark green with purple tones, obovate to lanceolate up to 50 by 20 cm. Flowers 1–2 in each cincinnus; bracts green, ovate, 6–9 mm long. Outer tepals lanceolate ca 15 mm; inner tepals joined a base to a 15 mm long, yellow to orange tube, lobes lanceolate, ca 4 cm, yellow or red. Outer staminodes ca 5 by 1 cm; labellum red, often with yellow spots ca 5 cm; stamen lanceolate ca 4.5 cm. Ovary green, ca 5 mm in diam.; style red and yellowish-orange, ca 6 cm. Capsule broadly ovoid 1.5–2 cm long."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000343805	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000343805	use	EN	"In some parts of the tropics cultivated for its edible rhizomes which are also locally used as medicine. Recently this, the following and other hybrids have been widely used in Thailand in constructed wetlands particularly in peninsular Thailand."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000343805	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000343805	distribution	EN	From Bolivia and throughout northern South America northwards to Mexico; cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000343805	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000343790	general	EN	"This name is given to a group of hybrids of unknown origin. They are widely cultivated in the tropics. All floral parts are larger and staminodes broader than in Canna indica. Flower colour varies from red to pink and yellow and in some cultivars spotted, streaked or variegated."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000343790	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000343790	use	EN	"In some parts of the tropics cultivated for its edible rhizomes which are also locally used as medicine. Recently this, the following and other hybrids have been widely used in Thailand in constructed wetlands particularly in peninsular Thailand."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000343790	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584001	general	EN	"Robust, tall, erect herb, 1–5 m high; all parts viscid pubescent; stems slightly angular. Leaves opposite at base, spirally arranged upwards; stipules erect, filiform or narrowly subulate, ± 0.5 cm long, persistent; petioles 1.5–7 cm long, pubescent; lamina (3–)5–7(–11)-partite; upper ones often undivided, entire; segments narrowly lanceolate, serrate, 4–14 by 0.3–1.8 cm; upper surface scabrid with short, stiff hairs on systoliths, and pubescent with appressed hairs on the under surface; apex acuminate to caudate; base narrowly cuneate; nerves 8–20 pairs, reticulate veins inconspicuous. Male flowers in axillary or terminal panicles with few leaves. Tepals 5, free, finely pubescent, ± 5 mm long. Stamens 5, with slender filaments; anthers dehiscing by an apical pore. Female flowers solitary, axillary and terminal; each flower enveloped by a membranous spathe-like, dark green bract with glandular hairs. Perianth absent. Ovary 1-locular; style short divided into 2 long stigmatic arms; ovule 1. Fruit smooth, shining, yellowish or brownish, ovoid or ellipsoid, ± 4 mm long; seeds with fleshy endosperm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584001	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584001	use	EN	Fibre from the stems (male plant) for rope making and textile (especially Hill-Tribes in northern Thailand); leaves from female plant as euphoric drug for smoking (hashish). 	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584001	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584001	distribution	EN	"Cultivated nearly throughout the world, native of Central Asia, type from India."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584001	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584025	general	EN	"Herbs, up to 35 cm high; stems moderately branched, quadrangular. Leaves all cauline, narrowly ovate, 2–5 by 1–2.5 cm, not transparent; apex acute. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, up to 1 cm long. Inflorescence lax; flowers up to 3 cm long; pedicels up to 1.5 cm long. Calyx herbaceous, 8–ribbed; tube cyclindrical, 11 by 2.8 mm; lobes 4, dentate, 2 mm long. Corolla white or purple; tube cylindrical, 15 cm long; lobes 4, 2 broader than the others, obovate, 6–8 mm long, apex acute. Stamens 4; filaments unequal, inserted at different levels of the upper part of the corolla tube, the longest 1.8 mm long, 3 shorter 0.3 mm long; anthers ovoid, 1.3 mm long. Ovary elliptic; style 11.5 mm long; stigma bifid. Capsule elliptic, 8 by 2.5 mm."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584025	ecology	EN	"Common in evergreen forests, from 300–1600 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584025	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Assam, type), China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaya (Kedah)."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584026	general	EN	"Herbs, 13–25 cm high; stems simple, 4-winged. Leaves basal rosette, 15–20 by 10–13 mm; cauline much smaller, lanceolate, boat-shaped, adpressed to the stem, 3–5 by 1–3 mm, not transparent; apex acute. Bracts ovate, boat-shaped, scarious, 1–2 mm long. Flowers fascicled, 1 cm long; pedicels 0.1 mm long. Calyx membranous, often 2-winged; tube cylindrical, 4–5 mm long; lobes 4, deltoid, 1.5 mm long; apex acute. Corolla white; tube cylindrical, constricted half-way, brownish, 7 mm long; lobes 4, ovate, 3 mm long, apex obtuse. Stamens 4; filaments equal, inserted near the throat, 2 mm long; anthers oblong, 1 mm long. Ovary oblong; style 3–5 mm long; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, 3–5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm across."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584026	ecology	EN	"In dry deciduous dipterocarp forests, 100–200 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584026	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type)."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584030	general	EN	"Herbs, 8–50 cm high; stems copiously branched, 4-winged. Leaves all cauline, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 10 by 0.6 mm, not transparent; apex acute. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, herbaceous, 2 mm long. Inflorescence lax; flowers 1–1.5 mm long; pedicels up to 2.2 cm long. Calyx herbaceous, 4-winged; tube cylindrical, 8 by 1.6 mm; lobes 4, dentate, 1 mm long. Corolla white; tube cylindrical, as long as calyx; lobes 4, 2 smaller than the others, obovate, 6 mm long, apex obtuse. Stamens 4; filaments equal, inserted in the upper part of the corolla tube, 2 mm long; anthers oblong, 1.5 mm long. Ovary subcylindrical; style 6 mm long; stigma bilobed. Capsule subcylindrical, 5 by 1 mm."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584030	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584030	ecology	EN	"In open spaces in lower montane forests, 1100–1500 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584030	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584030	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, India (type), Burma."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584030	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584031	general	EN	"Herbs, 5–80 cm high; stems copiously branched, quadrangular. Leaves all cauline, lower ones elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 4 by 1 cm, thin and semitransparent; apex acute; upper leaves cordate, 1.7 by 1 cm; apex acute. Bracts ovate, membranous, 1–1.5 mm long. Inflorescence lax; flowers up to 1.5 cm long; pedicels up to 1.5 cm long. Calyx herbaceous, 4-ribbed; tube cylindrical, 6 by 1.5 mm; lobes 4, dentate, 1.5 mm long. Corolla pink; tube cyclindrical, 7 mm long; lobes 4, 2 connate higher than the others, elliptic, 4 mm long, apex round. Stamens 4; filaments equal, inserted in the tube near the throat at different levels; anthers narrowly ovoid, 1.1 mm long. Ovary oblong; style 3 mm long; stigma bifid. Capsule oblong, 7 by 1.5 mm."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584031	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584031	ecology	EN	"On damp rocks or rocky crevices in stream bed in deciduous forests, from 100–780 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584031	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584031	distribution	EN	Old world tropics and Australia.	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584031	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584038	general	EN	"Herbs, up to 60 cm high; stems moderately branched, terete. Leaves all cauline, connate-perfoliate and radiately nerved, 1–3 cm across, not transparent; apex broadly acute. Bracts as leaves. Flowers solitary, up to 0.9 cm long. Pedicels 0.5–1.5 cm long. Calyx herbaceous, terete; tube urceolate, 7 by 5 mm; lobes 4, broadly triangular, 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla white; tube urceolate, as long as calyx; lobes 4, broadly lingular, 2–3 mm long. Stamens 4; filaments equal, inserted near the base of the narrow part of the corolla-tube, 2–3 mm long; anthers oblong, 1 mm long. Ovary ovoid, style 3–5 mm long; stigma capitate. Capsule subglobular, 5 by 3 mm."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584038	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584038	ecology	EN	"In crevices of limestone cliff and on damp limestone rocks near river, at 300 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584038	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584038	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584038	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584041	general	EN	"Herbs, up to 50 cm high; stems moderately branched, quadrangular. Leaves all cauline, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thin and semi-transparent, 2–7 by 1–4 mm; apex acute. Bracts linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, 1 mm long. Inflorescence lax; flowers 0.8 cm long; pedicels up to 1.2 cm long. Calyx scarious; 6-winged; tube urceolate, 6.5 by 5.1 mm; lobes 6, dentate, 1 mm long. Corolla white; tube subcylindric-infundibular, 8 mm long; lobes 6, oblong, 2 mm long, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments equal, inserted below the middle of the corolla, 3 mm long; anthers oblong, 1 mm long. Ovary obovoid; style 4 mm long; stigma capitate. Capsule obovoid, 3 by 2.5 mm."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584041	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584041	ecology	EN	"At foot of rocks in shade, up to 300 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584041	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584041	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584041	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584055	general	EN	"Herbs, up to 50 cm high; stems copiously branched, terete. Leaves all cauline, ovate-lanceolate, not transparent, 1.5–5.5 by 0.5–2 cm; apex acute or acuminate. Bracts herbaceous, connate-perfoliate at base, ± ovate, 13.5 by 7 mm. Inflorescence lax; flowers 1.3 cm long; pedicels 5.5 mm long. Calyx scarious, 3-winged; tube urceolate, 8 by 5 mm; lobes 3, broadly triangular, 2 mm long. Corolla white; tube urceolate, 10 mm long; lobes 6, oblong, 3 mm long, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments equal, inserted more or less at the middle of the corolla, 6 mm long; anthers oblong, 1.5 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid; style 6.5 mm long; stigma capitate. Capsule ellipsoid, 6.5 by 2.5 mm."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584055	ecology	EN	"In crevices of limestone rocks in bamboo forests and on old walls, from 10–300 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584055	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia (type)."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584088	general	EN	"Liana up to 8 m, often with hanging branches, or erect shrub with spiny stem. Leaves glabrous, ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, (3–)5–9(–13) by 1.5–4(–5) cm; apex acuminate; base shortly attenuate to attenuate; petiole 3–5 mm, densely hairy. Spikes 1–4 in the axil of one leaf, 1.3–2.5(–4) cm long when flowering, usually with more than 8 flowers; bracts ovate to triangular, 1 mm long. Perianth urceolate, greenish-yellow, tube (2–)2.5–3 mm long; lobes recurved, 0.5 mm. Filaments filiform, ca 2 mm; anthers broadly oval, reaching as far as the throat. Disc-scales ovate, ca 0.7 mm long, slightly fleshy. Ovary ca 1 mm long; style ca 1 mm long, the 4-lobed stigma a little exceeding the tube of the perianth. Drupe orange, 10–13 by 7–9 mm."	P. Hiepko		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584088	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584088	ecology	EN	"In deciduous and mixed evergreen forests, from sea level up to 700 m (Doi Suthep)."	P. Hiepko		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584088	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584088	distribution	EN	"Thailand, lndia (type), Nepal, Andamans, Nicobars, Burma, S. China, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Philippines."	P. Hiepko		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584088	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584458	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–4 m; branches glabrous, sometimes brown tomentose, soon or tardily glabrescent; thorns straight, 2–3 mm long, or wanting. Leaves elliptic, sometimes ovate, 4.5–9 by 2.5–4.5 cm, papery, sometimes subcoriaceous; base acute or cuneate; apex abruptly acuminate, tip up to 1 cm; nerves 4–5 pairs, arched. Petiole 4–8 mm. Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows. Pedicels 13–20 mm. Sepals 4–5 by 2–2.5 mm, outside glabrous, inside tomentose, ciliate. Petals oblong, 7 by 2.5–3 mm, densely tomentose on both sides, ciliate. Gynophore 7–22 mm, glabrous, rarely thinly puberulous towards the base. Ovary ovoid or ellipsoidal, 1–1.5 by 1 mm, glabrous. Fruits globose, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; pericarp thin, smooth; stipe 3–4 cm, slender."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584458	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584458	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest and bamboo forest; alt. 50–2000 m. Flowering March–May; fruiting in June.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584458	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584458	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), China and Indo-China."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584458	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584501	general	EN	"Shrub; branches pubescent, soon glabrescent; shoots with cataphylls at base;thorns small or wanting. Leaves oblong, 12.5–31.5 by 3.5–7.5 cm, subcoriaceous, glabrous, pale below; base acute; apex acuminate; nerves 8–9 pairs; midrib deeply grooved. Petiole ca 5 mm. Flowers in terminal racemes, ca 15 cm long, many-flowered, with small subulate bracts, 2 mm long; rachis slender, sparsely pubescent. Pedicels ca 2 cm. Sepals elliptic, 4 by 2.5 mm, margin thin, sparsely pubescent outside. Petals white, oblong or ovate, 5 by 2 mm, truncate, puberulous towards the base. Stamens about twice as long as the gynophore. Gynophore 8–11 cm, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 2 by 1 mm, acute, glabrous. Fruits red, borne on a thin stipe, globose, ca 7 mm in diam. Seeds 1."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584501	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584501	ecology	EN	"In lowland, evergreen forests; alt. 800–900 m. Flowering in April."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584501	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584501	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, China and Laos."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584501	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584566	general	EN	"Climber; branches slender, pubescent when young, soon glabrescent; thorns minute, straight, 2 mm long. Leaves elliptic or oblong, 3–8.5 by 1.5–3 cm, subcoriaceous, upper surface often olive greenish, below often brownish when dry; base acute or obtuse; apex acuminate, mostly mucronate; nerves 6–7 pairs, inconspicuous on both surfaces; midrib grooved on the upper surface. Petiole 4–5 mm. Flowers in subumbels arranged in terminal or axillary leafy panicle. Pedicels 4–8 mm; bracts subulate, tomentose, caducous. Sepals 3–5 by 3 mm, margin thin, pubescent outside. Petals obovate, 5–6 by 1.5–2 mm; base narrow; margin pale. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 3.5–5 mm, glabrous. Ovary sub-ellipsoidal, 1.5–2 by 0.5–1 mm, glabrous. Fruit ellipsoidal or globose, 10–12 by 10 mm, smooth; stipe ca 12 mm. Seeds fine to few, globular, 5–6 mm to elliptic, 10 by 7 by 5 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584566	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584566	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; alt. 10–350 m. Flowering April–November; fruiting in February.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584566	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584566	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, China (type), Andamans, Indo-China, Malesxa: central Sumatra, Java eastwards to Sumbawa; northwards through Celebes and the western Moluccas to the southern Philippines."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584566	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584657	general	EN	"Straggling shrub or climber; branches slender, straight, reddish pubescent when young, soon glabrous; thorns rather small, straight, 1–2 mm long. Leaves elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, 2–7.5 by 1–3.5 cm, subcoriaceous, glabrous; base acute or obtuse; apex obtuse and retuse or sometimes acute or acuminate; nerves 6–8 pairs, thin. Petiole 2–3 mm. Flowers in terminal subumbels, sometimes lateral on small twigs. Pedicels 1.5–3 cm, filiform. Sepals 4–5 by 2–4 mm; margin thin, glabrous. Petals white, oblong, 8 by 3 mm, hairy inside. Stamens 12–20. Gynophore 9–18 mm, filiform, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 1 by 1 mm, beaked, glabrous. Fruits subglobose, ca 8 mm in diam.; stipe ca 5 cm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584657	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584657	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, secondary forest on limestone hills; alt. 10–260 m. Flowering January–April; fruiting from April."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584657	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584657	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula (type), and fine off-shore island north of Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584657	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584674	general	EN	"Shrub, 50–200 cm high; branches slender, terete, pubescent when young, soon glabrous; thorns vigorous, recurved, 2–4 mm long. Leaves ovate or sometimes elliptic, 2–8.5 by 1.5–3.5 cm, papery when young, soon subcoriaceous, paler beneath; base rounded; apex gradually acuminate with a short mucro; nerves 4–6 pairs, thin. Petiole 3–4 mm. Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows. Pedicels 1–2 cm. Sepals elliptic, 4–5 by 2–4 mm, densely white tomentose inside, outside pubescent. Petals elliptic, 5–8 by 2 mm, densely white tomentose inside, outside pubescent; not distinctly veined. Stamens 8–10. Gynophore 1.5–2 cm long, hairy towards the base. Ovary elliptic, 2 by 1 mm, densely whitish or greyish tomentose. Fruits subglobose, 1–2 by 1–1.5 cm; more or less apiculate, densely covered with corky warts; stipe 22–28 mm. Seeds numerous; ± 8 by 6 by 4 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584674	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584674	ecology	EN	"Common in evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, bamboo forest, and on rocky limestone hills; alt. 50–750 m. Flowering January–August; fruiting July–August."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584674	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584674	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584674	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584687	general	EN	"Climber; branches terete, densely tomentose when young, soon pubescent; thorns small, recurved, ca 1 mm long. Leaves elongate, obovate or oblong, 8–17.5 by 3–4.5 cm, subcoriaceous, glabrous, often reddish-brown when dry; base obtuse or acute; apex acuminate and mucronate; nerves 6–8 pairs, strongly curved. Petiole 5–7 mm. Flowers in subumbels arranged in terminal, leafless panicle, with peduncle about 12–20 cm. Pedicels 4–15 mm, slender, with small linear tomentose bracts at base. Sepals unequal, 4–6 by 2–3 mm, margin thin, glabrous. Petals white to greenish, sometimes tinged reddish, suborbicular, ca 6 by 4 mm. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 2–5 mm, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 2 by 1 mm, glabrous. Fruits globose, 6–10 mm in diam.; pericarp smooth; stipe 2–2.5 cm. Seeds 1–4, 9–10 by 4–5 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584687	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584687	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; alt. 150–400 m. Flowering August–March; fruiting in March.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584687	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584687	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indo-China, Malesia: Malay Peninsula, S. Sumatra, W. & E. Java (type), Borneo (Sarawak)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584687	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584708	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 2–4 m high; branches densely fulvous or greyish stellate tomentose; thorns straight or slightly recurved, 1–3 mm long. Leaves obovate, elliptic or rhomboid, 1.5–3 by 1–2 cm, papery or subcoriaceous, densely fulvous tomentose, soon glabrescent; apex retuse, mucronulate or sometimes emarginate; base obtuse, cuneate or acute; nerves 3–5 pairs, the first 2 pairs radiating from the very base; reticulation obscure. Petiole 3–4 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicels 1–3 cm. Sepals 6–8 by 4–5 mm, densely fulvous tomentose outside. Petals yellow, obovate, 8–9 by 4–6 mm, densely tomentose outside. Stamens 6–12, yellowish. Gynophore 1.5–2.5 cm, bent, fulvous tomentose. Ovary ellip-soidal or ovoid, densely fulvous tomentose. Fruits subglobose or ellipsoidal, 2.5–4 by 2–3.5 cm, apiculate, densely covered with small protuberances, grayish tomentose; pericarp 2–5 mm thick; stipe 3–3.5 cm long, 4–5 mm thick. Seeds 6–8 by 3–7 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584708	ecology	EN	Common in scrub and mixed deciduous forests; alt. 40–350 m. Flowering December–April; fruiting May–November.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584708	distribution	EN	"From central Burma, Thailand, to southern Indo-China."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584717	general	EN	"Woody climber; branches glabrous; thorns present, recurved, but mostly wanting. Leaves elliptic, oblong, sometimes obovate, 6–9 by 2.5–4 cm, coriaceous, shining above, usually pale green on the under surface, and dark green on the upper when dry; base obtuse or rounded, rarely cuneate; apex obtuse or rounded, with short mucro; nerves 8–12 pairs, reticulation obscure. Petiole 8–15 mm. Flowers in subumbels arranged in terminal or axillary leafy panicle. Pedicels 8–12 mm; bract linear. Sepals 4 by 3 mm; margin thin, patent and persistent after anthesis. Petals white, oblong or ovate, 3–5 by 2 mm, thin. Stamens 7–9. Gynophore 6–10 mm, fine pubescent. Ovary ovoid, 1.5–2 by 1 mm, acute, glabrous. Fruits globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam.; pericarp smooth, wrinkled when dry; stipe 12–15 mm. Seeds 1–3, 13 by 10 by 6 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584717	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584717	ecology	EN	"Common in evergreen forests, on limestone hills, sometimes in coastal vegetation; alt. 100–250 m. Flowering February–April; fruiting May–November."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584717	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584717	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Ceylon, Burma, China, Taiwan, Indo-China, Malaysia, Moluccas, Java and the Philippines."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584717	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584752	general	EN	"Tree 5–10 m high; branches tomentose when young, soon pubescent, striat; thorns small or wanting. Leaves elliptic or ovate, 5–10.5 by 2–6.5 cm, papery to subcoriaceous, sparingly tomentose on the upper surface, more densely below; base acute or cuneate; apex acute, obtuse or mucronate; nerves 8–10 pairs, parallel then arched towards the margin. Petiole 7–9 mm. Flowers in subumbels arranged in terminal leafy panicle; often in the axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm. Sepals 5–6 by 4 mm, inner pair broadly elliptic, concave, pubescent outside. Petals white, obovate, 8 by 3 mm; narrowed towards base, ciliate at base; apex rounded. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 10–25 mm, slender, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 2 by 1.5–2 mm, glabrous. Fruits globose, 1.2–4.5 cm in diam., pointed when young; pericarp smooth; stipe 2–4.5 cm long, 3–7 mm thick, thickened towards the top, striate. Seeds 1–6(–15), 10–13 by 6–8 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584752	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584752	ecology	EN	"In dry deciduous forests, limestone hills, also in grassland; alt. to 250 m. Flowering February–March; fruiting May–November."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584752	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584752	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Ceylon (type), Burma and S. Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584752	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584815	general	EN	"Shrub, about 2 m high; branches slender, with dense ferrugineous, branched hairs; shoots with a few cataphylls at base; thorns small, straight, or wanting. Leaves obovate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7–18 by 4–6 cm, papery, coriaceous when old, with scattered ferrugineous branched hairs; base cuneate; apex acuminate or acute; nerves 6–8 pairs, arched. Petiole 8–10 mm, with narrow undulate wings. Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows, up to 5 flowers in each axil. Pedicels ca 1 cm. Sepals oblong or elliptic, 5–6 by 3 mm, outside puberulose. Petals oblong, 6–8 by 2–2.5 mm, hairy on both sides. Gynophore ca 2 cm, glabrous. Ovary ellipsoidal, 1.5 by 1 mm, beaked, glabrous. Fruits unknown."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584815	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584815	ecology	EN	"Scattered by streams, in evergreen forests; alt. 300–1500 m. Flowering February–March."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584815	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584815	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584815	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584819	general	EN	"Woody climber; branches pubescent, vigorous, terete; thorns recurved, 3–4 mm long, broad-based. Leaves elliptic, 16.5–22.5 by 8–13 cm, coriaceous, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; base obtuse, rounded or subcordate; apex acute; nerves 6–7 pairs, distant. Petiole 12–15 mm. Flowers in terminal raceme or sometimes lateral. Pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm, pubescent. Sepals rounded, 11–13 by 6–7 mm, coriaceous, pubescent without. Petals white, 1.5–2 by 0.5–1 cm, hairy at base. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 3.5–5.5 cm, robust, glabrous. Ovary globose, 4 by 3 mm, with a short stigmatic point, glabrous. Fruits globose or ellipsoidal, 3–7 by 2.5–5 cm; pericarp 8–8.5 mm thick; stipe woody, 4.5–6 cm long, 6–10 mm thick. Seeds unknown."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584819	ecology	EN	"In scrub, at low altitude. Flowering in March; fruiting in December."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584819	distribution	EN	"Thailand, endemic to the Isthmus of Kra."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584901	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1–6 m high; branches glabrous, mostly zigzag; shootwith cataphylls at base; thorns directed upwards, 2 mm long. Leaves oblong, elliptic, ovate or sometimes rounded, 8–24 by 4–10.5 cm, papery; base obtuse to rounded or subcordate; apex obtuse, rounded, acute or slightly emarginate, with a callose mucro; coriaceous, glabrous, shining; nerves 5–10 pairs. Petiole 1–1.5 cm. Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows, up to 7 flowers in each axil. Pedicels 1 cm, pubescent. Sepals ovate or oblong, 4–10 by 2–4 mm, subcori-aceous, ciliate. Petals oblong, 10–15 by 3–7 mm, thin, obtuse to rounded; distinctly veined, tomentose on both sides. Stamens ca 30. Gynophore 1.5–3 cm long. Ovary ovoid or ellipsoidal, 3 by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid, globose or elongated, 1.5–7 by 1.5–3.5 cm; pericarp woody, coriaceous when dry; stipe 3.5–4 cm long, 3–6 mm thick. Seeds numerous, reniform, 7 by 5–6 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584901	ecology	EN	"Common in evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, dry limestone hills, dry dipterocarp forest, open roadside thickets and limestbne ridges near the sea; alt. 100–500 in. Flowering August–April; fruiting May–November."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584901	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Indo-China, China, Hainan, Andamans, Malesia (Java-type), Philippines (Celebes and Moluccas)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584901	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584915	general	EN	"Shrub, ca 1 m high; branches slightly zigzag with stellate hairs when young, soon glabrescent and densely verruculose; sometimes shoots with a few cataphylls at base; thorns straight or slightly recurved, 2–4 mm long. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 4–7 by 2–4 cm, coriaceous, with stellate hairs when young, soon glabrous, shining above; base obtuse or acute; apex acuminate or acute, mucronate; nerves 2–4 pairs. Petiole 3–4 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicels 5–15 mm. Sepals ovate, 13 by 5 mm; acute and concave; tomentose outside. Petals white with yellow patch; obovate, 25–28 by 8 mm, tomentose outside. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 21–24 mm, tomentose. Ovary elongate, 5 by 1 mm, long beaked; both tomentose; stigma capitate. Fruits unknown."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584915	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584915	ecology	EN	"Common in evergreen forests, on limestone hills; alt. 100 m. Flowering February–August."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584915	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000584915	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000584915	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585026	general	EN	"Climber or straggling shrub, to 2 m; branches rather zigzag, robust, glabrous; thorns robust, strongly recurved, 2–5 mm long. Leaves elliptic, oblong or obovate, 2–6.5 by 2–3.5 cm, coriaceous, upper surface glossy, usually reddish-brown when dry; base acute or obtuse; apex retuse, rarely emarginate; nerves 5–8 pairs. Petiole 5–6 mm, minutely warty. Flowers in subumbels arranged in terminal, or axillary leafy panicles. Pedicels 7–10 mm, with subulate bracts at base. Sepals 6 by 5 mm, coriaceous, glabrous. Petals oblong, 9 by 4 mm, pubescent. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 12–13 mm, robust, glabrous. Ovary ± ovoid, pointed; both glabrous. Fruits globose, 2.5–3 cm in diam.; pericarp ca 2 mm thick, smooth; stipe ca 3 cm long, 3 mm thick. Seeds 14–19 by 10–14 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585026	ecology	EN	Common in scrub forest; alt. 10–50 m. Flowering December–February; fruiting July–August.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585026	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indo-China."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585033	general	EN	"Shrub, 2–5 m high; branches densely tomentose when young, soon glabrescent; shoots with cataphylls at base; thorns minute, straight or slightly curved upward, sometimes wanting. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 9–15 by 3.5–8.5 cm, papery to subcoriaceouS, woolly when young, soon glabrous; base acute; apex acuminate; nerves 6–8 min. Petiole 5–10 mm. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Pedicels ca 1 cm. Sepals 4 by 3 mm, woolly outside. Petals white, obovate, 6–7 by 3–4 mm, glabrous or ciliate at apex. Stamens many. Gynophore 1–1.5 cm, woolly. Ovary ovoid, 2.5 by 1 mm, gradually tapering to apex, woolly. Fruits globose or ellipsoidal, 7–12 by 7–19 mm, pointed, glabrous. Seeds 5–15(–25), 4; 6 by 5 by 4 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585033	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585033	ecology	EN	Scattered in evergreen forests; alt. 700–800 m. Flowering January–April.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585033	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585033	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Hainan, Indo-China, throughout Malesia (Timor-type)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585033	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585045	general	EN	"Shrub, 2–8 m high, sometimes climbing; branches terete, slender; all parts densely minutely stellate, silvery or fulvous tomentose when young, glabrescent when old; thorns straight or slightly curved, 2–3 mm long, or wanting. Leaves ovate or oblong, occasionally rhomboid, 4–10.5 by 2.5–5.5 cm, papery to sub-coriaceous, more densely hairy on the flower surface than the upper; base broadly obtuse, acute or cordate; apex always abruptly acuminate with a blunt tip; nerves 4–7 pairs, arched. Petiole 4–7 mm. Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows, 2–4 flowers in each axil. Pedicels 1–2.5 cm, slender. Sepals 4–6 by 2–4 mm, the inner pairs smaller, acute, with stellate hairs on both sides. Petals white, pale yellow or greenish, elliptic, 6–7 by 2–4 mm, apically rounded, with stellate hairs on both surfaces, ciliate; veins conspicuous. Stamens ca 30. Gynophore 1.5–2 cm, filiform, hairy towards the base. Ovary ellipsoidal or ovoid, 2 by 0.5 mm, glabrous. Fruits black when ripe, globose, 5–8 mm in diam.; pericarp thin, rugose; stipe 2.5 cm, slender. Seeds 2–6, 6 by 3–4 by 2 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585045	ecology	EN	"Common in evergreen forest, bamboo forest, scrub, hed-gerow and waste ground; alt. 200–1500 m. Flowering November–April; fruiting in October."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585045	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indo-China (Vietnam), Malesia (Sumatra, east to Sunda Islands). Type: Poxvnasn. (P-JU, cat. 11252) not seen."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585057	general	EN	"Shrub to 4 m high; branches glabrous, densely covered with minute warts; shoots with cataphylls at base; thorns strongly recurved, 3–4 mm long. Leaves oblong or ovate, 3.5–9.5 by 1.5–6.5 cm, coriaceous, glabrous; base rounded or subcordate; apex retuse; nerves 5–6 pairs. Petiole 5–6 mm, upper part densely papillose. Flowers 1–3, arranged in supra-axillary rows. Pedicels 8–13 mm. Sepals elliptic, 12 by 4 mm, acute, pubescent on both sides. Petals obovate, 14 by 4 mm, obtuse or rounded; distinctly veined. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 12–18 cm, glabrous. Ovary oblong, 4 by 1 mm, ridged, pubescent when young, soon glabrous; stigma discoid. Fruits ovoid, 4–5 by 3–4 cm; stipe ca 4 cm, curved. Seeds reniform, ca 8 by 6 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585057	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585057	ecology	EN	"By streams in scrub, open dense thickets bordering rice fields and savanna. Flowering January–March; fruiting in March."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585057	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585057	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indo-China (Laos-type)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585057	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585089	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1.5–4 m; branches glabrous; shoots with a few cataphylls at base; thorns straight, 3–4 mm long, or wanting. Leaves elliptic or oblong, 4.5–10 by 2–4.5 cm, papery; base acute or cuneate; apex gradually tapering to a tip, up to 2 cm, or acuminate; nerves 3–7 pairs, arched. Petiole 5–8 mm. Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows. Pedicels 12–20 mm. Sepals 5–6 by 2–4 mm; outside glabrous; inside tomentose; ciliate in the inner pairs. Petals oblong, 7 by 2.5–3 mm, densely tomentose on both sides. Gynophore 15–20 mm, glabrous. Ovary ovoid or ellipsoidal, 2 by 1 mm, glabrous. Fruits globose, ca 1 cm in diam.; pericarp thin, smooth; stipe 2.5–4 cm slender."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585089	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585089	ecology	EN	"In scrub, evergreen forest and mixed deciduous forest; alt. 200–2000 m. Flowering March–May."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585089	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585089	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Laos (Wiang Chan-type)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585089	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585113	general	EN	"Shrub, 2–4 m high, sometimes climbing; branches robust, zigzag, fulvousor greyish pubescent when young, soon glabrescent;.thorns strongly recurved, 2–5 mm long. Leaves elliptic, ovate or oblong, 2.5–7.5 by 1–4 cm, subcoriaceous, glabrescent beneath; base obtuse or rounded; apex obtuse or rounded and nearly retuse; nerves 3–7 pairs, reticulation obscure. Petiole 3–6 mm. Flowers in subumbels of 7–15, terminal; sometimes in the axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels 1–2.5 cm. Sepals 4–5 by 3–4 mm; outer pair more or less coriaceous; inner pair elliptic, glabrous. Petals white, oblong, 5–7 by 1–3 mm, narrowed towards base; base pubescent. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 4–10 mm, glabrous. Ovary ellipsoidal, 1–2 by 1 mm, pointed, glabrous. Fruits globose, 6–10 mm in diam.; stipe 2.5–3 cm long, thin. Seeds usually 1, 8 by 5 by 4 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585113	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585113	ecology	EN	"Common in scrub, limestone ranges near the sea; alt. 50–700 m. Flowering December–May; fruiting June–August."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585113	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585113	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E and SE tropical Africa, Madagascar, India (type), Ceylon, Andamans, Burma, Indo-China, throughout Malesia to Australia (Queensland)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585113	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585130	general	EN	"Shrub, 1.5–5 m high; branches straggling, yellowish-brown tomentose when young, soon glabrous; shoots usually with some cataphylls at base; thorns slender, recurved, 1–2 mm long. Leaves ovate, 5–10.5 by 3–4.5 cm, papery to more or less subcoriaceous, pubescent especially along the nerves and midrib; base subcordate, obtuse or rounded; apex acute and mucronate, sometimes acuminate; nerves 4–7 pairs, the first 1 or 2 pairs radiating from the very base. Petiole 7–8 mm. Flowers large, solitary, axillary. Pedicels 10–13 mm. Sepals 10–12 by 4–6 mm, densely tomentose without. Petals greenish or whitish; the upper pair with a deep-yellow blotch, fading red, obovate, 20–25 by 5–8 mm; densely tomentose towards the apex without. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 2–2.5 cm, rather robust, yellowish tomentose. Ovary ovoid, 375 by 2.5 mm, beaked, densely yellowish tomentose. Fruits ellipsoidal or ovoid, 3.5–5.5 by 2.5–3 cm, pointed; with 8 longitudinal rows of small knobs, sometimes glabrous; stipe 4–5 cm long, 4–6 mm thick, pubescent. Seeds 7–10 by 5–6 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585130	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585130	ecology	EN	"Common in dry deciduous forest, rocky limestone hills, bamboo forest and scrub; alt. 50–350 m. Flowering December–April; fruiting May–November."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585130	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585130	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585130	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585210	general	EN	"Shrub up to 3 m high; branches spreading, glabrous; thorns recurved, sharp, 2–3 mm long. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, 4.5–6.5 by 3–7.5 cm, papery; base rounded, sometimes acute; apex abruptly acuminate; nerves usually 4 pairs, arched, reticulations inconspicuous. Petiole 4–7 mm. Flowers white, arranged in supra-axillary rows, 2–7 in each axil. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm, slender. Sepals ovate, 4–5 by 1.5–2 mm, densely tomentose inside, outside glabrous. Petals oblong, 5–7 by 1.5–2 mm, acuminate, tomentose on both sides. Stamens 8–15. Gynophore 14–18 mm long, filiform, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 1–3 by 0.5–2 mm, beaked, glabrous. Fruits subglobose, 5–10 mm in diam, sometimes pointed; pericarp thin, smooth; stipe 3.5–4 cm, slender. Seeds 1–2, ± 5 by 4 by 3 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585210	ecology	EN	"Common in scrub, mixed deciduous and bamboo forests; alt. 350–1200 m. Flowering October–April; fruiting in August."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585210	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Africa, India (type), Cylon, Burma and Andaman Islands"	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585210	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585218	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m; branches slender, pubescent; thorns robust, strongly recurved, 3–5 mm long. Leaves broadly elliptic, 1.5–4 by 1–2.5 cm, subcoriaceous, pubescent along midrib; base obtuse or rounded; apex rounded and retuse; nerves 4–6 pairs, thin, reticulation obscure. Petiole 3–6 mm. Flowers in subumbels arranged in terminal leafy panicles. Pedicels 10–12 mm. Sepals 5–7 by 2 mm; margin thin, glabrous. Petals white, obovate, 7–8 by 3 mm; pubescent inside towards the base. Stamens ca 35. Gynophore ca 15 mm, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 1.5 by 1 mm, pointed, glabrous. Fruit globose, 1–2.5 cm in diam; pericarp hard, shining; stipe 2–3.5 cm long, 1–4 mm thick. Seeds 1–2, 15 by 10 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585218	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585218	ecology	EN	Scattered in bamboo forest and open dry deciduous forest; alt. 40–400 m. Flowering December–March; fruiting May–August.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585218	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585218	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type), Cambodia and Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585218	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585270	general	EN	"Scandent shrub or climber; branches terete, brown-pubescent when young, soon glabrous; thorns straight or slightly recurved, 1–2 mm long. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 3.5–8.5 by 1.5–3.5 cm, subcoriaeeous, glabrous on both surfaces; obscurely nerved; base acute or obtuse; apex acuminate, with a more or less retuse tip. Petiole 4–8 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary, or sometimes in terminal group of 2–4. Pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm, robust, angular, glabrous. Sepals 8–15 by 9–14 mm; outside glabrous. Petals pink or white, 1.5–2 by 7 mm, tomentose at base outside. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 3–5 cm, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 3–3.5 by 1.5–2 mm, acute; both glabrous. Fruits globose or ellipsoidal, 3 by 2.5 cm, apiculate; pericarp ca 2 mm thick, rough; stipe about 4 cm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585270	ecology	EN	Scattered along seashores; alt. 5 m. Flowering January–May; fruiting in October.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585270	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Vietnam, Malay Peninsula and China."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585272	general	EN	"Scandent shrub, up to 6 m; branches densely brown-tomentose; thorns recurved, 2–4 mm. Leaves ovate, elliptic, oblong or occasionally obovate, 5.5–9.5 by 2–3.5 cm, coriaceous, underneath densely brown tomentose; base obtuse or subcordate; apex acuminate; nerves 4–7 pairs, arched. Petiole 10–15 mm. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Pedicels 2–3 cm, robust. Sepals orbicular, 11–15 mm long, brown-tomentose outside. Petals violet, obovate, 12–20 by 15 mm; apex rounded; veins distinct; tomentose outside. Stamens numerous. Gynophore ca 3.5 cm, sparingly tomentose at base. Ovary globose, 3 mm in diam, glabrous. Fruits unknown."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585272	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585272	ecology	EN	Scattered in old clearings; up to 1100 m. Flowering in March.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585272	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585272	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tonkin (type) and China (Yunnan)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585272	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585299	general	EN	"Climbing shrub, 2–4 m high; branches densely ferrugineous to greyish tomentose when young, soon glabresent; thorns recurved, 1–4 mm long. Leaves ovate, elliptic, obovate or rhomboid, 5–16.5 by 2.5–10.5 cm, subcoriaceous, shining above, sometimes pubescent beneath; base obtuse, acute, rounded or subcordate; apex acute or rounded, sometimes emarginate, with a recurved stiff mucro; nerves 4–5 pairs, arched. Petiole 1–2 cm. Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm. Sepals 8–17 by 4–8 mm; inner pair elliptic or oblong, tomentose. Petals oblong, 6–10 by 4–14 mm, rounded; distinctly veined, tomentose. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 3.5–4 cm, hairy towards the base. Ovary ellipsoidal, 3 by 2 mm, glabrous. Fruits ellipsoidal or globose, 16–30 by 12–30 mm; stipe 3.5–6.5 cm, striate. Seeds numerous, 5–7 by 5–4.5 m."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585299	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585299	ecology	EN	"In mixed deciduous forest, near streams in evergreen forest, dry dipterocarp forest, open thickets and waste areas, scrub, bamboo forest; alt. 100–300 m. Flowering November–February; fruiting March–June."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585299	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000585299	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon (type), India, Burma, Indo-China, Hainan, Andaman Islands, Malesia (Java and Lesser Sunda Islands) and Philippines."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000585299	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586012	general	EN	"Tree up to 50 m by 70 cm. Leaves papyraceous to thin-coriaceous, elliptic, obovate to oblanceolate, rarely suborbicular, 5–15 by 2–10 cm, entire, serrate, or denticulate, acute to shortly acuminate, base cuneate; petiole 1 cm. Stipules 1–2.5 cm long. Inflorescences usually shining by secreted resin. Flowers shortly pedicellate or sessile. Calyx lobes deltoid. Petals suborbiculate, ca 1.5 mm in diam. Stamens ca 2 mm. Fruit globose, ca 7 mm in diam. Seeds reniform."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586012	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586012	use	EN	Wood for construction.	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586012	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586012	ecology	EN	"In evergreen or mixed forests, sometimes along the river bank or the edges of freshwater swamp forests, from the lowland up to 1320 m, in Malesia up to 1800 m."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586012	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586012	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed from Madagascar to tropical Asia (type-Indo-China), throughout Malesia, to Melanesia and N. Australia."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586012	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586648	general	EN	"Slender annual (? or perennial) herb. Stems ascending to 20 cm, glabrous or with scattered simple hairs especially at stem base. Leaves few, simple or rarely with 1–2 small basal lobes, thin-textured, ± ovate-orbicular in outline, subentire to crenate; basal leaves ca 4–6 by 3 cm with a ca 8 mm petiole. Racemes short, lax, ca 5–10-flowered. Petals white, ca 3 mm. Fruiting pedicels ascending-erect, ca 7 mm. Siliqua ± erect, ca 25 by 0.9 mm; valves brownish-green. Seeds ca 1 by 0.5 mm, apically finely winged."	I. Hedge		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586648	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586648	ecology	EN	Under bushes.	I. Hedge		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586648	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586648	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sikkim (type), China (W. Hunan. Yunnan), ?Vietnam."	I. Hedge		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586648	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586924	general	EN	"Annual. Stems ± slender, often branched from the base, with erect or ascending branches to ca 50 cm but usually less, glabrous or with scattered simple hairs more numerous at stem base. Leaves pinnate, the basal ones forming a rosette; segments ± ovate, crenate or lobed. Petals ca 3 by 1.5 mm, scarcely exceeding the sepals, rarely absent. Fruiting pedicels erect-spreading, 3.5–7 mm. Siliqua ± erect, over-topping the flowers, ca 15–20 by 0.9 mm; style 0–0.5 mm. Seeds 0.9 by 0.5 mm, broad oblong, brown with a minute wing at apex, smooth."	I. Hedge		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586924	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586924	ecology	EN	"In moist places, in river shingle, waste ground and cultivated ground; alt. 700–1300 m."	I. Hedge		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586924	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000586924	distribution	EN	"Europe (type), Asia; an almost cosmopolitan weed."	I. Hedge		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000586924	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000802651	general	EN	"Much branched climber with twining terete stems which often preserve their freshness after the fall of the leaves, and are loaded with fruits then, 2–5(–9) m. Leaves remote, polymorphous, broadly ovate in outline with a cordate base, generally ± deeply or irregularly 3–5(–9)-lobed, apex acutish, lobes acute or obtuse, lamina occasionally entire or almost so (resembling then those of the East Malesian ca moluccana Bl.), herbaceous, (4–)6–12(–17) by (3–)4–7–(–16) cm, main nerves 7–9 radiating from apex of petiole, the latter (3–)5–12 cm. Panicles solitary on 3–5(–10) cm long peduncles, 1–2(–3)-forked, cincinni rather few-flowered, glandular-puberulous initially, 5–10 cm, accrescent in fruiting stage. Flowers white. Fruit obovate-elliptic in outline, including the flat stramineous and densely parallel-veined wings 18-28 by 12–18 mm, tipped by the accrescent style which remains green and succulent for a long time."	H. Sleumer		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000802651	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000802651	ecology	EN	"In primary an secondary deciduous forest, bamboo forest, scrub jungle, hedgerow, waste ground, even on open limestone rocks, at low elevation, rarely up to 100 m."	H. Sleumer		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000802651	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000802651	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam, W. Bengal, Burma, N. & W. Vietnam, Yunnan, W. Malesia (type)."	H. Sleumer		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000802651	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000587875	general	EN	"Climber, often much branched, stems deeply 5-sulcate. Leaves 5–8 by 5–8 cm, sparsely appressed (sub)pilose. Leaflets ovate, symmetrical, herbaceous; base attenuate; apex and lobes acute, mucronulate; glabrous above, subpilose underneath; domatia absent. Inflorescences 5–14 cm long. Flowers 2–3.5 mm long, white. Sepals outer broadly ovate to suborbicular, 1–1.5 by ca 1.2 mm, inner suborbicular to broad-elliptic, 2–2.5 by 1.5–2 mm. Petals obovate-cuneate to orbicular, 1.5–2.5 by 1–2 mm; scales 1.2–2 by ca 1 mm, bearded; crest glabrous. Disc lobes glabrous. Stamens: filaments 0.8–2.5 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 mm long, yellow. Fruits 1.5–4 cm in diam., mostly sparsely short-hairy, green to tinged reddish; shortly stipitate. Seeds subglobular, ca 4 mm in diam., dull-black, smooth, glabrous; hilum white."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000587875	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000587875	ecology	EN	"In everwet as well as seasonal climate, on acid as well as basic soils, dry to marshy or even periodically flooded with fresh water, preferably in sunny places such as waste ground, road-sides, grassland, scrubland, hedges in cultivated areas, also along forest edges and sometimes along sandy beaches. Altitude up to 1500 m. The fruits are dispersed by sea, rivers, over short distances by the wind, but mainly by man. Flowering and fruiting: whole year, in Thai specimens: July, November, December."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000587875	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000587875	distribution	EN	"Probably of American origin, but now a fairly common weed of the tropics and subtropics."	P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000587875	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344453	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culm central, 20–50 cm by 1.5–2 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal; blade broadly linear, 15–75 cm by 5–20 mm, acute to shortly acuminate, flat; sheath 5–12 cm long, pale greenish to brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 15–30 cm long. Inflorescence with 2–3 nodes each subtending 1(–2) rather distant spikes; terminal spike male, rarely androgynous, lateral spikes female. Male spike linear, 3–6 cm long, subsquarrose. Female spikes shortly pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, 4–8 cm long. Female glumes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, obtuse to shallowly 2 lobed. awned, the awn 5–15 mm long, sides membranous, pale green or brown, nerves 0, keel 3-nerved. Utricles suberect, lanceolate or ellipsoid-lageniform, trigonous, 7–10 by 2–2.8 mm, slightly inflated, greenish, glabrous, gradually narrowed into beak; beak 2.5–3 mm long, apex deeply 2-toothed, teeth up to 1 mm long, recurved. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovate-elliptic, trigonous, 4–5 by 1–2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344453	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344453	ecology	EN	"Floors of evergreen tropical and subtropical forests, 1100–1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344453	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344453	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (type), Hainan, Vietnam, Sumatra and Java."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344453	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344790	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 60–150 cm by 4–7 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves cauline, blade linear, up to 100 cm by 5–15 mm, gradually narrowed, long acute, flattish; sheath 10–16 cm long, greenish to reddish brown, the basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, exceeding inflorescence. Inflorescence paniculate; nodes 5–8, lower ones distant, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescences 5–25 cm long, branched into 5–20 spikes. Spikes cylindric, 2–6 cm long, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate to elliptic, 2.5–3.5 mm long, acute to obtuse, often mucronate, sides herbaceous, pale brown, glabrous or hispid. Utricles ellipsoid to subglobose, indistinctly trigonous, 3.5–4.2 by 1.7–2.5 mm, much inflated, 6–8-nerved, whitish or green at first, maturing dark reddish or blackish, abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 0.3–0.7 mm long, margins hispid, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets elliptic, trigonous, 2.7–3 by 1–1.2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344790	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344790	ecology	EN	"Open grassy slopes, scrub, forest margins and clearings, 900–2500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344790	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344790	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type) to Taiwan, Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344790	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344964	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms tufted, lateral, 3–13 cm by 0.3–0.5 mm, triquetrous, scabrid above. Leaves basal; blade linear, 15–50 cm by 2–5 mm, long-acuminate, flattish-plicate; sheath 1–2 cm long, mid- to dark brown, becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 1.5–2.5 cm long. Inflorescence 0.8–2 cm long; nodes 2–4, crowded, each subtending a single spike; terminal spike male, lateral spikes female. Male spike linear-clavate, 0.3–0.5 cm long. Female spikes ± sessile, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 0.5–0.7 cm long. Female glumes deltoid to deltoid-lanceolate, 1.5–2.7 mm long, acute or acuminate, shortly mucronate, sides membranous, nerves 0, whitish, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, ovoid-rhombic, trigonous, 3.5–4 by 1.6–1.8 mm, glaucous, 10–14 nerved, glabrous to puberulent; beak conical, 0.6 mm long, apex deeply 2-toothed, teeth up to 0.5 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly ovate, triquetrous, 2.3–2.4 by 1.6 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344964	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344964	ecology	EN	"Stream sides in evergreen forests, 600–700 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344964	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000344964	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type) and Vietnam."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000344964	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345107	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms tufted, almost hidden, 10–30 cm by 1 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal; blade linear, 25–90 cm by 4–7 mm, long-acute, flattish-plicate; sheaths up to 2 cm long, mid- to dark purplish-brown on veins, eventually becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 40 cm long. Inflorescence 8–9 cm long; nodes 5–8(–20), usually subtending a single spike sometimes with branching at lower nodes; terminal spike male, lateral spikes female or often androgynous with short male section above. Male spike shortly pedunculate, erect, narrowly linear, 1–2 cm long. Androgynous/female spikes ± sessile to pedunculate, ± erect, narrowly cylindric, 1–3 cm long. Female glumes oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate, 2–by 1–1.8 mm, obtuse or rounded, shortly mucronate, sides membranous, faintly several-nerved, whitish or pale brown, margins hyaline, ciliolate at apex. Utricles erect-patent, rhomboid-lageniform, trigonous, 3.7–5 by 1.2–1.5 mm, pale green, faintly many-veined, glabrous to sparsely puberulent above; beak conical, 0.5–1 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets rhombic-fusiform, 2.5–3 by 1.2–1.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345107	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345107	ecology	EN	"Wet areas on forest floor, 600–1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345107	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345107	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka (type), Vietnam, Taiwan, Ryuku Is., Malesia and N. Australia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345107	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345393	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms central, 70–100 cm by 1–2 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade linear-lanceolate, 15–70 cm by (10–)20–40 mm, acuminate, flat, base gradually narrowed into pseudopetiole (3–)7–18 cm long; sheath up to 3 cm long, greenish. Lowest involucral bract setaceous, 1–3.5 cm long, shorter than inflorescence. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, 6–19 by 3–7 cm, branched, branches up to 3.5 cm long. Spikes ovoid, 0.8–1.5 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate, 1.8–2.5 by 1.2–1.5 mm, acute to subobtuse, shortly awned, sides membranous, pale brown, keel 3 nerved. Utricles patent, ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, 3.2–3.7 by 1.3–1.6 mm, olive green, 8–12-nerved, glabrous, rather gradually narrowed into beak; beak 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid-ellipsoid, triquetrous, 2–2.3 by 1.2–1.3 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345393	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345393	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, 1200–1600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345393	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345393	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Khao Ngai Yai, KERR 10371. holotype K, isotype BM)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345393	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345620	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome woody, knotted. Culms 50–90 cm by 2–3.5 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, 30–70 cm by (13–)20–30 mm, acute, flattish, gradually narrowed into pseudopetiole 8–12 cm long; sheath 2–10 cm long, pale brown to purplish brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 15 cm long, equalling or exceeding inflorescence. Inflorescence paniculate, 7–25 cm by 3–5 cm; nodes 2–5, lower 1–2 usually distant, upper crowded, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescence pedunculate, ovoid-pyramidal, 3–7 cm long, branched, the branches 1–3 cm long. Spikes 0.5–1 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.8–2.5 mm long, subacute to obtuse, shortly awned, sides membranous, ciliate on upper margins, pale brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, ovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, 3–4 by 1.3–1.6 mm, olive-green, 6–10 nerved, glabrous or hispid above, rather gradually narrowed into beak; beak 1–1.5 mm long, hispidulous, obliquely truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets rhombic-ellipsoid, triquetrous, 2–2.5 by 1.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345620	ecology	EN	"Shady places in dry evergreen forest, 900–1550 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345620	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sumatra, Java (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345638	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms up to 60 cm by 1.4 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade narrowly linear, up to 46 cm by 2.5–3 mm, long-acuminate, flat; sheath 7–14 cm long, greenish to reddish. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 38 cm long. Inflorescence 16–28 cm long, with 5–8 nodes each subtending 1 spike only or 1 branch with up to 3 spikes. Spikes sessile or very shortly pedunculate, cylindric, 3–5.5 cm long, upper section male, lower female, many-flowered. Female glumes lanceolate, 3–4 by 0.8–1.2 mm, acute, awned, the awn 0.8–1.2 mm long, sides membranous, mid-brown, keel greenish. Utricles broadly elliptic, trigonous, 1.8–2 by 1.1–1.5 mm, not or slightly inflated, greenish maturing pale to mid-brown, nerves 0, densely hispid above, rather abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 0.5–0.8 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets elliptic-obovoid, trigonous, 1.5–1.7 by 1–1.1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345638	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345638	ecology	EN	"Mountain top, 2285 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345638	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345638	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Nepal."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345638	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345650	general	EN	"Similar to <i>C. cruciata</i> but: partial inflorescences oblong to oblong-lanceolate, up to 15 cm long. Spikelets with male section 5–8 mm long. Male glumes 3.7–5 mm long. Female glumes sometimes ± hispidulous. Utricles hardly inflated, 0.8–1.2 mm wide darkish green."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345650	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345650	ecology	EN	"Grassy forest floors, 800–2500 m, similar to <i>C. cruciata</i>."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345650	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345650	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345650	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345702	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 30–90 cm by 1–2.8 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade narrowly linear, 25–75 cm by 2–8(–10) mm, long-acuminate, flattish-plicate; sheath 2–6 cm long, green to dark purplish brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 30–50 cm long. Inflorescence narrow, paniculate, (6–)15–30 cm long, nodes (2–)5–7, distant, each subtending 1(–2) partial inflorescences; partial inflorescences sessile to pedunculate, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 1.5–7 by 1–2 cm, branched below, the branches 2–5-spicate, hispid. Spikes ellipsoid-cylindric, 0.4–0.9 cm long, upper section male, 0.2–0.4 cm long, lower female. Male glumes 2.2–2.9 mm long. Female glumes ovate, 1.2–2.8 by 1–1.7 mm, obtuse to subobtuse, awned, sides membranous, faintly 4–5-nerved, reddish brown. Utricles patent, recurved, narrowly ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, 3–4.3 by 0.8–1 mm, greenish, tinged with reddish brown, several-nerved, hispid above, gradually narrowed into beak; beak 1–1.2 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets elliptic, 1.7–2.5 by 0.8–1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345702	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345702	ecology	EN	"Moist forest floors, 100–1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345702	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345702	distribution	EN	"From India (type) to S. China, Thailand, and Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345702	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345741	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms densely tufted, 20–60 cm by 1–1.5 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves mostly cauline, lower ones with reduced blades; blades narrowly linear, up to 21 cm by 1.7–3 mm long-acute, flattish; sheaths 2–5 cm long, pale green to dark brown, basal sheaths becoming somewhat fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf like, up to 23 cm long. Inflorescence linear, spike-like, 5–13 cm long, with 10–16 rather distant spikes. Spikes erect-patent, ellipsoid, 0.5–0.9 by 0.4–0.6 cm, androgynous, upper section female, lower male, few-flowered. Female glumes ovate to ovate lanceolate, 2.2–2.8 mm long, acute to acuminate, often mucronate, sides membranous to scarious, keel 3-nerved. Utricles elliptic to ovate-elliptic, compressed, 3–3.2 by 1–1.3 mm, winged, light green, 8–12-nerved, glabrous; beak ca 1 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 2. Nutlets oblong-ovate, compressed, 2 by 0.7–0.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345741	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345741	ecology	EN	"Moist open ground, 1300–1600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345741	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345741	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345741	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345798	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Rhizome woody, creeping to ascending, covered with fibrous leaf sheath remains. Culms several, lateral, 10–50 cm by 0.3–1 mm, trigonous, flexuous, smooth. Involucral bracts reduced to short-bladed sheaths 0.7–2 cm long. Inflorescence 6–27 cm long; nodes up to 6, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence or a single spike, the partial inflorescences 3–12 by 1 cm, with up to 8 spikes. Spikes erect, ± sessile to shortly pedunculate, cylindric, 1–3 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate, 2.2–2.8 mm long, acute to subacute, very shortly mucronate, sides membranous, indistinctly several-nerved, pale brown, keel indistinctly 3-nerved. Utricles erect, obovate to obovate-fusiform, trigonous, 3.5–5.5 by 1.5–2 mm, pale brown, finely many-nerved, sparsely puberulent above, rather abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 0.5–0.7 mm long, apex minutely 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid, trigonous with sides concave above, 2 by 1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345798	ecology	EN	"Wet grassy forest floors, 50–1200 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000345798	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S.E. China, Taiwan, Indo-China, Malesia (New Guinea, type), Australia"	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000345798	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346070	general	EN	"Habit very similar to that of <i>C. phacota</i>, but culms 25–70 cm tall and leaves somewhat shorter. Inflorescence with 3–8 spikes, upper crowded, lower more distant; terminal spike androgynous with male section above and below and female in middle, lateral spikes androgynous with upper section male, lower female or female. Androgynous spike pedunculate, erect to nodding, 3–7 cm long. Female spikes pedunculate, nodding, cylindric, 2–7 cm long. Female glumes oblong to oblong-spathulate, 1.5–2.5 mm long, rounded or shallowly emarginate, awned, awn 0.5–4 mm long, sides membranous, whitish spotted with reddish brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, broadly elliptic or somewhat obovate-orbicular, compressed, 3–3.8 by 1.5–2.5 mm, yellowish green to reddish brown, densely papillose, rounded above into beak; beak 0.3–0.4 mm long, apex truncate. Stigmas 2. Nutlets suborbicular, compressed, 1.8–2 by 1.2–1.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346070	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346070	ecology	EN	"Wet or swampy grasslands, and muddy streamsides, 700–1500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346070	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346070	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India, Burma (Myanmar), Vietnam, China and Japan (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346070	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346208	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms solitary or tufted, up to 160 cm by 2–2.5 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade linear, up to 150 by 7–20 mm, long-acuminate, conduplicate; sheath 4–6 cm long, greenish to brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Inflorescence paniculate, up to 60 cm long; nodes 4–7, distant, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescence pedunculate, oblong-ellipsoid, up to 14 cm long, branched, the branches bearing several spikes. Spikes ellipsoid globose, 0.4–0.9 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, 0.2–0.4 cm long, lower female. Male glumes 2.5–3.3 mm long. Female glumes ovate-deltoid, 1.8–2.3 mm long, acute, shortly cuspidate, sides hyaline, brownish, keel 1-nerved. Utricles spreading, oblong-ovoid, trigonous, 2.5–3.5 by 0.5–0.7 mm, many-nerved, apex gradually narrowed to beak; beak 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous, apex deeply 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid, triquetrous, 1.4 mm long."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346208	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346208	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, 100–1400 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346208	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346208	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346208	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346524	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 20–80 cm by 1–3 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal; blade linear, up to 40 cm by 2–7 mm, long-acuminate, flattish; sheath up to 10 cm long, pale brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 12–20 cm long. Inflorescence with 4–9(–12) spikes, upper 2–5(–6) male, remainder female, rarely with short male section above. Male spikes suberect, sessile, crowded, clavate to cylindric, 1–5 cm long. Female (androgynous) spikes suberect, sessile to pedunculate, distant, oblong-cylindric, 1–5 cm by 5–7 mm. Female glumes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–4 mm long, acute, obtuse or ± emarginate, awned, awn 1–2 mm long, sides membranous, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, 3.5–5 by 1.5–2.2 mm, somewhat inflated, yellowish green to brown, 6–10-nerved, densely hispid, gradually to ± abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 1–1.2 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets elliptic, trigonous, 2–3 by 1–1.7 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346524	ecology	EN	"Muddy river banks and margins of lakes and ponds, 400 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346524	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Afghanistan through to N. India (type), Nepal, N. Vietnam and China."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346584	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 30–160 cm by 1–5 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade linear to broadly linear, 30–70 cm by (4–)7–12 mm, long-acute flat; sheath 2–10 cm long, greenish to reddish or purple brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, usually shorter than inflorescence. Inflorescence paniculate, 15–60 cm long; nodes 3–8 nodes, distant, each subtending 1–2 partial inflorescences; partial inflorescences sessile to pedunculate, ovate-lanceolate to pyramidal, 4–12 by 2.5–6 cm, branched below, the branches 3–7 spicate. Spikes cylindric, 0.4–2 cm long, upper section male, 0.2–0.4 cm long, lower female. Male glumes 2.2–3.3 mm long. Female glumes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–2.2 mm long, subobtuse or subacute, often mucronate, sides membranous, pale-brown with dark brown or dark red flecks, glabrous to hispid above, indistinctly nerved, keel 3-nerved. Utricles spreading, somewhat recurved, ovate-elliptic, trigonous, 3–5 by 0.7–1 mm, 8–14-nerved, greenish to pale or golden brown sometimes with dark red, glabrous; beak 1.3–1.8 mm long, glabrous or sparsely hispid, apex obliquely truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets elliptic, trigonous, 1.5–1.8 by 0.7–0.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346584	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346584	ecology	EN	"Damp areas in evergreen forest, 500–2500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346584	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000346584	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type) and Sri Lanka to China and Taiwan, also Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000346584	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347385	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome woody. Culms central, 20–50 cm by 1–3 mm, trigonous, smooth to scabrid above. Leaves basal; blade broadly linear to lanceolate, 17–60 by 10–50 cm, gradually acute, flattish to conduplicate, base gradually narrowed into pseudopetiole 5–30 cm long; sheath 1–7 cm long, dark brown, often disintegrating. Lowest involucral bract reduced to sheath 2–9 cm long or rarely leaf-like, with blade up to 3 cm long, brownish. Inflorescence narrow, paniculate, 17–20 cm long; nodes 3–6 crowded to distant, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescences pedunculate, contracted, ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.5–4 by 1–2.5 cm. Spikes broadly ovoid, 0.6–1 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 3–7 mm long, subacute, obtuse or shallowly 2-lobed, awned, sides membranous, 6–11-nerved, whitish to pale brown, hispid above. Utricles spreading, ovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, 5.5–6.5 by 1.5–1.8 mm, whitish to pale brown, finely 10–14 nerved, hispid above, gradually narrowed into beak; beak 3–3.5 mm long, apex obliquely truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovoid-ellipsoid, triquetrous, 2.5–2.8 by 1.4–1.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347385	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347385	ecology	EN	"Along rivers in evergreen forest, 0–400 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347385	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347385	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347385	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347544	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 50–100 cm by 1.7–4 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade broadly linear, 60–90 cm by 7–18 mm, long acuminate, flattish; sheath 3–12 cm long, light green to reddish brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 30–80 cm long. Inflorescence paniculate, 20–70 cm long; nodes 4–8, lower distant, upper crowded, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescence pedunculate, narrowly pyramidal to lanceolate, 3–10 by 2–5 cm, branched, branches 1–3 cm long. Spikes 0.5–1.2(–1.5) cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female, laxly flowered. Female glumes oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 1.5–2.2 mm long, obtuse to subtruncate-emarginate, awned, sides scarious, pale brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent to spreading, narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, recurved, 3.7–4.5 by 1–1.5 mm, olive green, 10–16-nerved, glabrous, rather abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 1.5–2 min long, 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets rhomboid-obovoid, triquetrous, 2–2.2 by 1–1.2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347544	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347544	ecology	EN	"Deciduous or evergreen forests, 350–1000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347544	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347544	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Java (type), Maluku, New Guinea and eastern Australia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347544	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347613	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome long-creeping. Culms solitary or ± tufted, erect, 60–240 cm by 3–5 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves cauline; blade linear, 10–40 cm by 4–8 mm, long-acuminate, flattish, margins recurved; sheath 4–12 cm long, pale greenish to dark brown or purplish brown with ligule 1–2 mm long, purplish-brown, hairy. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 30 cm long. Inflorescence narrow, paniculate, 20–40 by 3–4 cm; nodes 6–9, distant, each subtending 1–2 partial inflorescences; partial inflorescences pedunculate, corymbiform, 2–3 by 3–5 cm, with 3–6 patent branches, each with 3–7 spikes. Spikes unisexual; female spikes terminal and forming upper 2–5 spikes on each branch, cylindric to ellipsoid-cylindric, 0.5–0.8 cm long; male spikes 0–3, borne below female spikes, elliptic, 0.2–0.4 cm long. Female glumes ovate to ovate lanceolate, 1.8–2.5 mm long, acute or acuminate, sides hyaline to thinly membranous, pale brown, keel 1-nerved. Utricles ovoid, trigonous, 1.2–1.8 by 0.8–1.1 mm, pale green to reddish, 0–5-nerved, glabrous, abruptly narrowed into beak; beak conical, 0.25 mm long, apex subtruncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovate, triquetrous, 1–1.2 by 0.6–1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347613	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347613	ecology	EN	"Montane forest, 2000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347613	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347613	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type), Sumatra, Borneo."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347613	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347699	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, (25–)50–90 cm by 1–3 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves mostly basal, sometimes 1–2 cauline; blade linear, 30–90 cm by 5–14 mm, long-acuminate; sheath 4–10 cm long, pale brown to blackish brown, basal sheaths soon becoming densely fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 50 cm long. Inflorescence paniculate, 16–40 cm long; nodes 3–8, distant, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescence pedunculate to long-pedunculate, pyramidal to narrowly ovoid, 4–10 by 2–6 cm, 1–2-branched, the branches bearing 3–7 spikes. Spikes linear-cylindric when young to ovoid, 1–1.5(–2.2) cm long, androgynous, upper section male, (0.6–)0.8–1.5 cm long, lower female, 0.5–0.7 cm long, 2–8-flowered. Male glumes 4–6.5 mm long. Female glumes deltoid-ovate to deltoid-lanceolate, 2–3 by 1.3–2 mm, obtuse to subacute, awned, often shallowly 2-lobed, sides membranous, whitish to light brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent to spreading, ellipsoid to subglobose, trigonous to subterete, 3–4.5 by 1.5–2.3 mm, distinctly inflated at maturity, olive-green, 15–18-nerved, glabrous, abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 1–1.5 mm long, apex ± truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovate-orbicular, trigonous, 2–2.5 by 1.5–2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347699	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347699	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forests, scrub, grassy swamps and river margins, 0–1000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347699	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347699	distribution	EN	"From India (type) to S. China, Thailand, and through Malesia to Australia, New Caledonia and Fiji."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347699	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347701	general	EN	"Culms 20–70 cm long. Leaves up to 10 mm wide. Female glumes oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 2–4 by 1–1.5 mm, awned, light brown to chestnut brown. Utricles patent, narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 3.7–5 by 1.2–2 mm, less inflated, rather gradually narrowed into beak; beak 1.5–2 mm long."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347701	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347701	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forests, scrub, grassy swamps and river margins, 0–1000 m, as in subsp. <i>indica</i>."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347701	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347701	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka (type), Malesia, New Caledonia, Fiji and E. Australia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347701	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347880	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome slender, long-creeping. Culms central, 25–30(–40) cm by 1–1.7 mm, triquetrous, smooth or scabrid on upper angles. Leaves basal and cauline; blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 18–50 cm by (10–)20–30 mm, long-acute, flattish, base gradually narrowed into purplish pseudopetiole 3–7 cm long; sheath up to 3 cm long, pale brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, narrowly linear, 5–9 cm long. Inflorescence narrow, paniculate, 8–17 by 1.5–4.5 cm; nodes 4–5, rather distant, each subtending | partial inflorescence; partial inflorescences sessile or lower ones pedunculate, ovoid-pyramidal to somewhat lanceolate, 1–3 cm long, each with 2–5 ± capitate clusters of spikes. Spikes 0.6–0.8 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female, Female glumes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, acute or subobtuse, sides membranous, faintly 11-nerved, whitish to light brown, glabrous, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, rhomboid-ovoid, trigonous, 4–4.6 mm long, pale reddish brown, finely 8–12-nerved, sparsely hispid, rather abruptly narrowed into beak; beak recurved, 2 mm long, apex truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets rhombic-ovoid, triquetrous, 1.8–2 by 1.2–1.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347880	ecology	EN	"Open areas in dry mixed or evergreen forests, 200–600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000347880	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Nakhon Thai, HOSSEUS 723, BM. K. P)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000347880	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000348055	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms lateral, 5–30 cm by 0.5–1 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal; blade linear, 20–40 cm by 4–7 mm, long-acuminate, flattish; sheath up to 6 cm long, mid- to dark brown, becoming fibrous. Involucral bracts leaf-like, up to 2.5 cm long. Inflorescence contracted, head-like, 0.7–1.2 cm long, comprising 3–6 crowded spikes; terminal spike male, lateral spikes female. Male spike ± hidden by female spikes, linear-oblong, 0.4–0.6 cm long. Female spikes oblong. 0.5–2 cm long, Female glumes oblong, 2.3–3 by 0.7–1.5 mm, acute to obtuse, mucronate, sides membranous, pale greenish brown, keel 1-nerved. Utricles suberect, narrowly rhomboid lageniform, trigonous, 3.5–4 by 1–1.5 mm, greenish brown, slenderly many-nerved, glabrous to puberulent; beak narrowly conical, slightly swollen above utricle apex, 1–1.2 mm long, margins ciliolate, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid or rhomboid oblong, trigonous, 3–3.3 by 1–1.2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000348055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000348055	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, along river margins, 600–1400 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000348055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000348055	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Khao Soi Dao, KERR 9647. holotype K)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000348055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000348640	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms tufted, 20–60 cm by 1.5–2 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal to cauline; blade linear, up to 30 cm by 2.5–8 mm, long-acuminate, flattish-plicate, margins slightly recurved; sheath 3–6 cm long, pale to rusty brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 22 cm long. Inflorescence with 3–4(–6) spikes, upper 2–3 crowded, lower 1–3 distant; terminal spike male, lateral spikes female. Male spike erect, linear-cylindric, 1–4.5 cm long. Female spikes erect, sessile to pedunculate, cylindric, 1–4 cm long. Female glumes oblong-ovate, 1.7–2 mm long, obtuse to acute, sides thinly membranous, 5-nerved, ± translucent pale brown. Utricles erect to patent, ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous 2–3 by 1–1.8 mm, dark reddish brown or blackish when dry, 5–10-nerved, densely papillose, rounded above into beak; beak 0.2–0.5 mm long, apex truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovate or elliptic, trigonous, 1.5–1.8 by 1–1.2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000348640	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000348640	ecology	EN	"Scattered by stream in open pine forest, ca 1250 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000348640	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000348640	distribution	EN	"Thailand, from India (type) and Sri Lanka, to China, Taiwan, Japan and W. Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000348640	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349203	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms central, 30–80 cm by 1–4 mm, trigonous, often scabrid above. Leaves basal and 1–3 cauline; blade linear, up to 90 cm by 4–10 mm, long acuminate, plicate; sheath 7–14 cm long, pale brown to yellowish brown, becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 3–15 cm long. Inflorescence 15–17 cm long, with 4–8 spikes, mostly ± fastigiate, lowest 1–2 distant; terminal spike male, lateral spikes female. Male spike erect, linear-cylindric, 3–10 cm long. Female spikes subsessile or shortly pedunculate, cylindric, 4–8 cm by 4–7 mm. Female glumes lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long, acute, awned, the awn 1–4 mm long, sides membranous, pale brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, obovate to obovate-elliptic, trigonous, 3–4 by 1 mm, dark green, 5–6 nerved, hispid, rather abruptly narrowed into beak; beak recurved or reflexed, 1–1.7 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3, elongated. Nutlets obovoid, trigonous, 1.3–1.8 by 0.8–1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349203	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349203	ecology	EN	"Stream banks, wet places in evergreen forests, swamps, 300–800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349203	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349203	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India to Burma (Myanmar), Vietnam, China and Japan (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349203	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349484	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms tufted, 50–120 cm by 2–3 mm, triquetrous, sides concave, smooth. Leaves basal and 1–2 cauline; blade 30–120 cm by 4–8 mm, long-acuminate, flattish plicate; sheath 5–17 cm long, pale brownish to reddish brown or reddish purple. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 30–50 cm long. Inflorescence 18–25 cm long, with 4–8 spikes, upper 3–4 ± fastigiate, remainder distant; terminal spike male, lateral spikes female. Male spike linear, 4–8 cm long. Female spikes long-pedunculate, ± erect, narrowly cylindric, (2–)6–12 cm by 2–4 mm. Female glumes oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. 1.8–3 mm long, obtuse or truncate, awned, awn 1–2 mm long, sides pale brown, sometimes brownish-punctate, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 3–3.8 by 1–1.3 mm, slightly inflated, dark green or brown, 5–6-nerved, gradually narrowed into beak; beak straight, ca 1 mm long, apex ± truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets narrowly elliptic, triquetrous, 2–2.3 by 0.8–1.2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349484	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349484	ecology	EN	"Open boggy or swampy places, 2400–2580 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349484	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349484	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Vietnam to S. China, Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349484	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349924	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 60–220 cm by 1.5–5 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal and 2–3 cauline; blade linear, 10–70 cm by 3–25 mm, gradually acute; sheath 5–8 cm long, pale green, basal sheaths dark chocolate brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 30–70 cm long. Inflorescence narrow, paniculate, up to 50 cm long; nodes 4–6, distant, each subtending 2–4 partial inflorescences; partial inflorescences pedunculate, ± linear, 8–20 by 0.5–1 cm, long, branched with 8–30 spikes. Spikes solitary or in groups 2–3, ± erect, sessile or shortly pedicellate, cylindric to lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate or obovate elliptic, 3–4.5 mm long, subacute, awned, sides membranous, yellowish brown to whitish, keel 1-nerved. Utricles suberect, obovate-elliptic to elliptic, triquetrous, 3.7–6 by 1.5–1.8 mm, yellowish brown to whitish, 10–16-nerved, hispid above, gradually narrowed into beak; beak 1–2.3 mm long, apex truncate to 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets elliptic to ovate-elliptic, trigonous, 2.5–3 by 1–1.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349924	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349924	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forests and wet grassy forest clearings, 600–2500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349924	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349924	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type), S. China, Taiwan, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349924	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349988	general	EN	"Perennial. Rhizome short-creeping. Culms loosely to densely tufted, 20–90 cm(–120) cm by 1–3 mm, triquetrous, smooth to scabrid below inflorescence. Leaves few, basal and 1–2 cauline; blade narrowly linear, 15–100 cm by 3–8 mm, long-acuminate, plicate, margins recurved; sheath pale to dark brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, much exceeding inflorescence. Inflorescence with 4–6 spikes, upper 2–3 crowded, remainder somewhat distant; terminal spike male, lateral spikes androgynous with upper section male section lower female or female. Male spike nodding, linear, 2–7 cm long. Androgynous and female spikes mostly pedunculate, nodding, cylindric, 3–9 cm long. Female glumes oblong-ovate or ovate, 1.2–2.5 mm long, obtuse to rounded, awned, sides membranous, rusty brown to dark brown, keel broad, 3-nerved, greenish. Utricles erect-patent, broadly elliptic, broadly obovate or suborbicular, compressed, 2.5–3.2 by 1.5–2.2 mm, distinctly longer than subtending glumes, greenish brown to dark brown, few-nerved towards base, minutely papillose, rounded above into beak; beak 1 mm long, apex entire, minute. Stigmas 2. Nutlets orbicular, compressed, 1.8—2 by 1.2–1.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349988	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349988	ecology	EN	"Bogs, wet or swampy, open grasslands, up to ca 1200 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349988	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000349988	distribution	EN	"From N. India and Nepal (type) through Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and Indo-China north-eastwards to Japan, and eastwards to Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000349988	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350022	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 50–60 cm by 1–1.5 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal and 1–2-cauline; blade linear, 30–45 cm by 3–5 mm, long acuminate, flattish; sheath 5–8 cm long, greenish to dark brownish, tightly clothing the culm; basal sheaths 5–8 cm long, yellowish brown to mid-brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 22 cm long. Inflorescence narrow, paniculate, 18–30 by 1.5–2 cm; nodes 3–4, close above, distant below, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescences pedunculate, 5–15 cm long, branched, with 4–12 spikes. Spikes erect, ± cylindric, 1–2 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm long, acute, awned, sides membranous, yellowish brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles suberect, fusiform, trigonous, 4.5–5(–6) by 0.8–1 mm, green, finely many-veined, hispid to spinulose-hispid except at base, gradually narrowed into beak; beak 1.7–2 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets narrowly elliptic, trigonous, 1.8–2 mm long, 0.7–0.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350022	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350022	ecology	EN	"In thickets and open grassy ground, 1500–2100 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350022	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350022	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Doi Chiang Dao, KERR 6615, BM, K)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350022	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350135	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 5–17 cm by 0.8–0.9 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal; blade linear, up to 40 cm by 4–8 mm, long-acuminate, flattish; sheath up to 4 cm long. mid- to dark brown, becoming fibrous. Involucral bracts leaf-like, 1.5–4.5 cm long. Inflorescence 3–10 cm long, comprising 3–6 spikes, spikes crowded above, less so below; terminal spike male, lateral spikes female. Male spike linear-cylindric, visible, 0.8–1.5 cm long. Female spikes sessile to shortly pedunculate, narrowly cylindric, 1–2 cm long. Pistillate glumes ovate, ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–4 mm long, acute to obtuse, often shortly awned, sides membranous, nerves 0, greenish brown, keel 1-nerved. Utricles erect-patent, narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, 4.2–5.8 by 1.2–1.5 mm, greenish brown, many-nerved, glabrous to puberulent, gradually narrowed into beak; beak narrowly conical, slightly swollen 1.5–2 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3 Nutlets elliptic-rhomboid, trigonous, 3.2–3.3 by 1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350135	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350135	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, 1200–1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350135	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350135	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type) and Cambodia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350135	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350296	general	EN	"Perennial. Culms tufted, 40–90 cm 1–1.5 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal; blades linear, up to 90 cm by 3–6 mm, long-acuminate, flattish, margins recurved; sheath 1–20 cm long, reddish brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 30 cm long. Inflorescence with 3–5 spikes, upper ones crowded, the lower 1–2 distant; terminal spike male, lateral spikes androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Male spike erect, cylindric to linear-cylindric, 2–4 cm long. Androgynous spikes erect to ± nodding, pedunculate, cylindric, 1–4 cm long. Female glumes ovate-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 2.5–3.5 mm long, acute to subacute, lower ones often shortly awned, sides membranous, light brown, keel 3-nerved, green. Utricles patent to spreading, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, compressed, 3–4 by 1.8–2.3 mm, equalling or slightly longer than subtending glumes, glaucous, tinged with brown, obscurely 2–5-nerved, densely papillose, abruptly narrowed into beak; beak ca 0.1 mm long, apex truncate. Stigmas 2. Nutlets suborbicular, 1.8–2 by 1.5–1.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350296	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350296	ecology	EN	"Wet grasslands and bog, ca 1200 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350296	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350296	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type) to Java."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350296	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350406	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome up to 10 cm long. Culms solitary, central, 17–35 cm by 2.8–4 mm, 2-winged, smooth. Leaves basal; blade broadly linear, 22–45 cm by 9–12 mm, long-acuminate, flat; sheath 4–6 cm long, pale to dark brown, persistent along rhizome. Involucral bracts subtending uppermost spike 1–3, leaf-like, 4–30 cm long. Inflorescence with 1(–3) spikes, the lowest spike often arising near base of culm. Spikes ± sessile, 2.5–4 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, linear-cylindric, female section ellipsoid. Female glumes elliptic to oblong-ovate, 3–5 by 2.5–3 mm, acuminate, sides thickly membranous, pale brown with broad paler margin, 8–12 nerved, keel 3-nerved. Utricles erect-patent, ellipsoid to rhomboid-ellipsoid, trigonous, 5.5–7 by 2–2.8 mm, pale green, faintly many-nerved, hispid above, margins ciliate above, gradually narrowed into beak; beak conical, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid, triquetrous, 4–4.7 by 2–2.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350406	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350406	ecology	EN	"On mountain ridges, 1600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350406	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000350406	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000350406	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351241	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 30–60 cm by 1–1.3 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves basal; blade narrowly linear, 17–70 cm by 2–3.5 mm, long-acuminate, flattish, margins recurved; sheath 6–16 cm long, pale brown to dark reddish brown in basal sheaths. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 18 cm long. Inflorescence with 4–8 spikes, upper 2–4 male, remainder androgynous with upper section male, lower female or female. Male spikes ± erect, sessile, narrowly linear, 2–5 cm long. Androgynous/female spikes erect, sessile to pedunculate, narrowly cylindric, 3.5–6 cm by 5–7 mm, densely many-flowered above, becoming less dense towards base. Female glumes oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3–3.7 mm long, acute, awned, awn up to 1.5 mm long, sides membranous, pale green to reddish, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, broadly ovate to suborbicular, compressed-trigonous, 2.2–2.8 by 1.5 mm, brown to dark reddish, nerves 0, densely hispid, abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 0.5–0.8 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid to ellipsoid-obovoid, triquetrous, 1.5–1.7 by 0.7–0.9 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351241	ecology	EN	"Open grassy clearing in forest, 2000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351241	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (India, type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001364366	general	EN	"Leaf blades 30–70 cm by 9–20 mm, acute, septate-nodulose. Spikes 3–5 cm long. Female glumes 3–3.5 mm long. Utricles 5.5–6.2 by 1.8–2.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001364366	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001364366	ecology	EN	"Similar to subsp. <i>speciosa</i>, 1100–1200 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001364366	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001364366	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Doi Suthep, SØRENSEN ET AL. 4545, holotype C)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001364366	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351427	general	EN	"Culms 40–60 cm by 1 mm, triquetrous to trigonous, not winged. Leaf blades 17–45 by 5 mm. Spikes 4–5, narrowly cylindric, 3–4 cm by 3–4 mm. Utricles puberulent at least on upper part."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351427	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351427	ecology	EN	"Similar to subsp. <i>speciosa</i>, 800–2500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351427	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351427	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Doi Inthanon, TAGAWA ET AL. T-3036, holotype KYO, isotype E)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351427	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351428	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms densely tufted, central, (4–)8–45 cm by 0.5–1.5 mm, triquetrous, often narrowly winged, smooth. Leaves basal; blade narrowly linear, 10–60 cm by 1.5–6 mm, long-acuminate, flattish to plicate; sheath up to 8 cm long, usually becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bracts 1–2, leaf-like to setaceous, 0.3–19 cm long. Inflorescence with 1–3 distant spikes. Spikes ± cylindric, 0.7–3.5 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate-elliptic, 2–3.2 by 1.8–2.3 mm, obtuse to acute, sides thickly membranous, 4–6-nerved, fine veins on each side, pale greenish to brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent-erect, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, triquetrous, 2.5–3.5 by 1.8–2.3 mm, pale green, faintly many-nerved, glabrous to sometimes puberulent, margins shortly ciliate, gradually narrowed into beak; beak conical, ca 0.6 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, triquetrous, 3–3.5 by 2–2.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351428	ecology	EN	"Forest, scrub or open grassy hillsides, 200–1800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351428	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, S. China (Yunnan), Sumatra and Java."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351428	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351585	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms few, 40–130 cm by 1.5–3.5 min, trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade linear to broadly linear, 20–70 cm by 6–15(–20) mm, acuminate, flattish-plicate; sheath 3–13 cm long, greenish to purplish, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 16–40 cm long. Inflorescence paniculate, 10–40 cm long; nodes 2–4, lowest 1–2 distant, the remainder crowded, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescences ± sessile to long-pedunculate, ovoid to pyramidal, 2–39 by 2–4 cm, simple to branched. Spikes ellipsoid when young, becoming ovoid, 0.5–1.7 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, 0.4–0.7 cm long, lower female. Female glumes ovate-lanceolate to ovate-deltoid, 2–2.8 mm long, obtuse to truncate or ± emarginate, shortly awned, sides membranous, several nerved, whitish, glabrous or rarely hispid, keel 3-nerved. Utricles spreading, ovoid, trigonous, 4–5 by 1.5–1.8 mm, slightly inflated below, whitish green, 8–12-nerved, glabrous, abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 1.5–1.8 mm long, apex obliquely truncate. Stigmas 3. Nutlets rhomboid, triquetrous, 2.2–2.8 by 1.5–1.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351585	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen or mixed forest, 400–1800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351585	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India (type) to S. China and S. Burma (Myanmar) to Java."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351585	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351703	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome woody. Culms loosely tufted, 90–140 cm by 2–3 mm, triquetrous, sinooth. Leaves basal and cauline; blade linear to broadly linear, 60–120 cm by 10–20 mm, long-acuminate, flattish; sheath 5–10 cm long, pale green to dark brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, ± equalling inflorescence. Inflorescence narrowly paniculate, nodding above. 30–40 by 2–3.5 cm; nodes 4–6, distant below, crowded above, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescence pedunculate to long-pedunculate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 6–15 cm long, branched, branches 2–5 cm long. Spikes broadly ovoid to subglobose, 0.3–0.5 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female, densely flowered. Female glumes ovate, 1.5–1.7 mm long, subacute to subobtuse, sometimes 2-lobed, awned, sides membranous, pale brown, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, rhombic-ellipsoid, trigonous, 2.5–3 by 1–1.3 mm, greenish, 10–16-nerved, glabrous; beak conical, 0.6 mm long, apex 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets rhomboid-ellipsoid, triquetrous, 1.5–1.7 by 1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351703	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351703	ecology	EN	"Evergreen and bamboo forest, 1100–1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351703	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351703	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Phu Miang, SHIMIZU ET AL. T-11407, holotype KYO, isotype BKF)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351703	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351861	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, up to 30 cm by 0.4–0.5 mm, triquetrous, scabrid. Leaves basal and cauline; blade narrowly linear, 10–35 cm by 1.4–2 mm, long acuminate, flat, scabrid; sheath up to 4 cm long, green to brown. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 9 cm long. Inflorescence up to 23 cm long; nodes 5–8, each subtending 1–2 spikes. Spikes narrowly cylindric, long-pedunculate, 2–3.5 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes elliptic, elliptic-ovate, 2.5–4.5 mm long, acute, shortly awned, sides membranous, pale to mid-brown, glabrous. Utricles elliptic, compressed, 2.8–3 by 1.1–2 mm, greenish to mid-brown, several-nerved, hispid-scabrid, rather abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 1.2–1.5 mm long, apex minutely 2-toothed. Stigmas 2. Nutlets elliptic to oblong-elliptic, compressed, 2–2.5 by 1–1.3 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351861	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351861	ecology	EN	"Rock crevices on boulders in stream, 600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351861	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351861	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma (Myanmar), S. China, Indo-China, Japan, Korea, Sumatra."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351861	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351965	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culm solitary, 20–40 cm by 0.8–1.5 mm, triquetrous, smoothish to scabrid on angles. Leaves mostly basal, 1 cauline; blade narrowly linear, 30–50 cm by 3–5 mm, long-acuminate, flattish-plicate, margins recurved; sheath 2–5 cm long, pale green to dark brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, 20–30 cm long. Inflorescence narrow, paniculate, 12–20 by 2–3 cm; nodes 3–5, lower 1–2 distant, upper crowded, each subtending 1 partial inflorescence; partial inflorescence ovoid to ellipsoid, 2–4 cm long, branched below, branches 8–15 mm long. Spikes turbinate, 0.5–0.9 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 2.3–2.8 mm long, acute to subacute, shortly awned, sides pale brown, 3–4-nerved, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, trigonous, 4 by 1.3–1.5 mm, pale green, 12–16-nerved, glabrous; beak 1.5–2 mm long, apex slightly 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets narrowly rhomboid-ellipsoid to rhomboid-ovoid, triquetrous, 2–2.5 by 1–1.5 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351965	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351965	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forests, 100–500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351965	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351965	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Kaengrachan, SMITINAND 26922. holotype AAU, isotypes BKF, NY)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351965	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351974	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, (10–)15–35 cm by 1.5–3 mm, trigonous, smooth, base bulbous. Leaves basal and cauline; blade narrowly linear, up to 40 cm by 2–4.5 mm, long-acuminate, flattish-plicate, rather stiff; sheath up to 6 cm long, pale green to dark brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 30 cm long. Inflorescence subcylindric, spike-like, 3–8 cm long, with 20 or more crowded spikes. Spikes patent, broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.3–0.8 cm long, androgynous, short upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2–2.5 by 1.3–1.5 mm, acute to cuspidate, sides membranous, white with brownish spots, keel 3-nerved. Utricles patent, ovate to ovate-elliptic, compressed, 2.2–2.8 mm by 1–1.3 mm, narrowly winged, pale brown with darker spots, finely many-nerved, serrulate above, gradually narrowed into beak; beak 0.3 mm long, serrulate, apex entire. Stigmas 2. Nutlets oblong-ovate, compressed, 1.3–1.6 by 0.8–1 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351974	ecology	EN	"Along streams and rivers in forests, 400–1200 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000351974	distribution	EN	"From India (type) through N. Burma (Myanmar), Thailand to Vietnam."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000351974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000352084	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome somewhat creeping. Culms usually solitary, central, 15–50 cm by 0.6–1.2 mm, triquetrous, angles narrowly winged and densely scabrid above. Leaves basal and 1–3-cauline; blade broadly linear, 20–45 cm by 4–11 mm, acuminate, flat; sheath up to 5 cm long, green to dark brown, basal sheaths becoming fibrous. Lowest involucral bract leaf-like, up to 10 cm long. Inflorescence with 1–3(–4) spikes, the upper 2–3 spikes forming a head, the lowermost usually distant. Spikes ± sessile, ovoid-globose, 0.6–1.2 cm long, androgynous, upper section male, lower female. Female glumes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–4 mm long, acute to subacute, awned or mucronate, sides membranous, white, densely hispid, keel 3-nerved, whitish. Utricles patent, ellipsoid, trigonous, 4.2–5.8 by 1.8–2 mm, whitish to brownish, several-nerved, densely hispid-pilose, abruptly narrowed into beak; beak 1–2 mm long, apex minutely 2-toothed. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly elliptic to obovate-elliptic, triquetrous, 2.5–3 by 1.7–2 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000352084	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000352084	ecology	EN	"Scrub, forest clearings, floors of deciduous forests, mostly on wet clay soil, 100–600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000352084	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000352084	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China and Java (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000352084	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000588009	general	EN	"Tree, 3–4 m high; stem usually unbranched, with large prominent leaf-scars; wood soft and succulent. Leaves ovate or orbicular in outline, up to ca 75 cm long and broad, deeply palmately divided into 3–7 lobes, lobes pinnatifid, with toothed margin, lobe-apex acute to acuminate; petiole 40–100 cm long, 1–3 cm in diam. Flowers fragrant. Staminate flowers in panicles, up to 40(–100) cm long, pendulous; sessile, 3–6 by 1.5–2 cm; calyx ca 2 mm long, 5-lobed, acute; corolla creamy yellow, tube 2.5–3(–6) cm long, lobes 5, twisted in bud, ca 1 by 1.5 cm; filaments ca 1.5 mm long; anthers 1.5–2 mm long, papillose, 2-celled, basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Pistillate flowers in few-flowered inflorescences or solitary with a staminate flower on either sides; peduncle 1-2 cm long; bracts fleshy, leaf-like, 1–2 cm long, caducous; calyx lobes oblong, 5–8 mm long, acute, green and fleshy; petals lanceolate, 5–6.5 by 0.8–1.5 cm, obtuse; ovary 3.5–4 by 1.5–1.8 cm; stigma lobes fimbriate, ca 6 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid, cylindrical, narrowly obovoid or pyriform, 20–30 by 8–15 cm, yellow or orange when maturity; thick yellow, orange or red pulp. Seeds ellipsoid, ca 2 mm in diam., black, wrinkled."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000588009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000588009	use	EN	"Ripe fruit when eaten raw, is stomachic, digestive and carminative. The milky sap of unripe fruit contains papain which has a wide range of medicinal application. It is also used in tenderizing meat. The seeds are used to quench thirst and as vermifuge."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000588009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000588009	ecology	EN	Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000588009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000588009	distribution	EN	"Native to Tropical America, cultivated all over the tropics and subtropics."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000588009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000803077	general	EN	"Climber, shrub or small tree to 5 m. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole ca 1–3 mm long; blade coriaceous, broadly ovate or oblong, 3–7 x 1.5–4 cm, apex rounded or retuse, base obtuse; 4–12 pairs of secondary veins, ascending; glabrous. Inflorescence ca 3.5–5.5 cm long. Sepals ovate, 1.8–3.5 x 1–2 mm, acute; sparsely puberulent or glabrous, ciliate. Corolla white or pale pink; tube 16–21.5 mm long; lobes 7–10 mm long; pubescent outside and inside on tube and lobes. Stamens inserted at 10.5–14 mm from base; filaments 0.3–0.5 mm long; anthers 2–3 x 0.6–0.8 mm. Ovary 1.5–23 mm long, glabrous; style + pistil head ca 1 cm long. Fruit red or black, 15–23 x 12–17 x 12–17 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000803077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000803077	use	EN	Fruit edible.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000803077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000803077	ecology	EN	In Thailand known only in cultivation.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000803077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000803077	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, China, Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia (largely in cultivation). Probably native only in Southern India."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000803077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000803913	general	EN	"Climber, shrub or small tree to 5 m tall. Branchlets glabrous or sparsely puberulent, becoming glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1.5–4.5 mm long; blade coriaceous, ovate to obovate or orbicular, 1.4–5.5 x 0.8–4.7 cm, apex weakly retuse to acuminate, apiculate or mucronate, base cuneate to rounded; 2–5 pairs of secondary veins, strongly ascending; glabrous to pubescent on both sides. Inflorescence 1.4–4 cm long; terminal and/or axillary; glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Sepals ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.5–3 x 0.4–1.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate; glabrous, rarely sparsely puberulent, ciliate. Corolla white; tube 5–21.5 mm long; lobes 1.5–15 mm long, ovate or oblong, apex acuminate to acute; glabrous outside, lobes ciliate and glabrous or pubescent inside, tube pubescent inside. Stamens inserted at 3.3–16 mm from base; filaments 0.2–0.5 mm long; anthers 1–2.5 x 0.3–0.7 mm. Ovary 0.5–1.5 mm long, glabrous or weakly papillose; style + pistil head 3–11.4 mm long. Fruit ovoid or subglobose; 3–60 mm long, 3–60 mm diameter; glabrous."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000803913	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000803913	ecology	EN	In open areas or in dry deciduous forest to 500 m. Also cultivated.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000803913	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000803913	distribution	EN	Extremely widspread from Senegal to New Caledonia.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000803913	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000588055	general	EN	"Herb up to 1 m. Stems thin, puberulous (almost glabrous towards apex), rooting at the nodes. Leaves delicate, asymmetric, ovate oblong to lanceolate, 4–16 by 3–9 cm, apex acuminate to long cuspidate, puberulous on both sides, dentate crenulate, petiole 2–5 cm long. Inflorescences corymbs densely flowered, 4–5 cm across, with two reduced, spathulate leaves at base; peduncles up to 2 cm. Flowers cream coloured, in pairs; pedicels 1–2 mm, without bracteoles. Calyx tube puberulous, ca 1 mm, lobes 4(–5) linear, puberulous. Corolla puberulous outside, inside glabrous, ca 6 mm, lobes 4, rounded, 1–2 mm. Disc cylindric, low with crenate margin. Stamens 2; filaments ca 1 mm, inserted in the middle of the tube; anthers twice as long. Style filiform, ca 5 mm long. Capsule pyramidal, ca 3 mm by 7 mm, 4 lobed, dehiscing by 2 valves. Seeds ca 1 mm long, black, reticulate."	C. Tange & K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000588055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000588055	ecology	EN	"Montane forests; altitude: 600–1,700 m (in Thailand found at 1,670 m)."	C. Tange & K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000588055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000588055	distribution	EN	"Thailand, NE India (Mishmi Hills), China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Indonesia (N Sumatra)."	C. Tange & K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000588055	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214636	general	EN	"Herb or undershrub up to 60 cm high; all parts sticky through viscid hairs. Leaves with 2 pairs of leaflets. Stipules linear, acute, 24 mm long. Petioles 2.5–3.5 cm, rhachis 5–8 mm; a ligulate, acute gland between each pair of leaflets. Leaflets subsessile, very unequal-sided, 2–3 by 1–2 cm, rounded at both ends, pubescent on both sides. Racemes 4–12 cm long on a very short peduncle. Bracts ovate-auriculate, 2 mm long; bracteoles shorter. Pedicels 3–4 mm, hairy. Sepals viscous outside, narrowly ovate, 3–4 mm long. Petals yellow to orange-red, obovate, glabrous, 5–7 mm long, tapering towards a short claw. Stamens 5; filaments 2 mm long; anthers slightly shorter opening by apical slits; reduced stamens absent. Ovary strigose; style glabrous; stigma spathulate, recurved, ciliate. Pods flat, strap-shaped, thin-valved, 4–5 by ca 1 cm, 5–8 seeded. Seeds flat, ovate, 3–4 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214636	ecology	EN	Weed at low altitudes; prefers open sunny areas and savannas.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214636	distribution	EN	Palaeotropic.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214636	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214708	general	EN	"Tree up to 10 m high; young branches puberulous. Leaves with 6–7 pairs of leaflets. Stipules reniform, mucronate, 1 cm long. Petioles 1.5 cm, rhachis 10–15 cm. Leaflets with a 2–4 mm long petiolule, broadly elliptic, apex-rounded with acute to mucronulate tip, base rounded, both surfaces puberulous, 3.5–5.5 by 2.5–3 cm. Inflorescence stiff terminal, corymbs composed of 6–10 racemes. 6–9 cm long. Peduncle 2–3 cm. Bracts ovate, long acute, puberulous, 2–3 mm: bracteoles similar. Pedicels 3–3.5 cm. Sepals narrowly ovate, puberulous, 4–5 mm long. Petals pink, ovate to spathulate, 15–18 mm long, short-clawed, puberulous outside. Stamens 10; 3 with filaments 25 mm long and anthers 4 mm long opening by apical, large and smaller, basal slits; 4 with filaments half as long but with larger anthers opening by basal pores; reduced stamens 3, with filaments ca 5 mm long and anthers 2 mm long. Ovary puberulous, style stout, stigma inconspicuous. Pods terete, glabrcus, black with numerous seeds (mature pods not seen)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214708	use	EN	Ornamental. Pods used as in <i>C. fistula</i>.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214708	ecology	EN	Evergreen forests. Flowering March–June.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214708	distribution	EN	From NE. India to Laos and N. Vietnam. Commonly cultivated in tropical Asia. Type from Borneo (cult).	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214708	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214719	general	EN	"Shrub 1–2(–5) m high with pubescent, horizontally spread branches. Leaves with 8–20 pairs of leaflets. Petioles robust ca 2 cm; rhachis 30–60 cm. Stipules auriculate, persistent, deltoid, 6–8 mm long. Leaflets oblong-elliptic, rounded at both ends, 5–15 by 3–7 cm, glabrous; petiolules robust, 2–3 mm. Racemes axillary, dense, robust, 20–50 cm long, 3–4 cm broad. Bracts caducous, 2–3 by 1–2 cm. Pedicels very short ca 2–4 mm. Sepals unequal, oblong, 10–20 by 6–7. mm. Petals bright yellow, ovate-orbicular to spathulate, short-clawed, 2 by 1.0–1.5 cm. Stamens 9–10; 2 largest with thick filaments, 4 mm long and anthers 12–13 mm long opening by apical pores; 4 with filaments 2 mm long and anthers 4–5 mm opening by apical pores; 3–4 stamens reduced. Ovary and style glabrous; stigma small. Pods thick, flattened, winged, glabrous, septate, 10–15 by 1.5–2 cm; wings 5 mm. Seeds ca 50, flattened, ± quadrangular, 7–10 by 5–8 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214719	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214719	use	EN	Decoction of leaves used against ring-worm and other skin diseases.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214719	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214719	ecology	EN	On waste places; often along ditches between the rice-fields.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214719	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214719	distribution	EN	"Pantropical, indigenous to S. America (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214719	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192840	general	EN	"Tree up to 10 m high; all younger parts densely hairy. Leaves with 5–7 pairs of leaflets; rhachis 15–40 cm, light-brown velvety pubescent as the 2–4 cm long petiole. Stipules narrow-lanceolate, pointed towards both ends, attached in the middle. Leaflets oblong-oblanceolate, 6–8 by 1.5–3 cm, both ends ± rounded; apex with a small sharp point; on both sides ± densely velvety hairy; petiolule 2 mm long. Racemes lateral, 5–12 cm long, 1–few together; main axis yellowish pubescent. Bracts lanceolate, apex long-pointed, hairy on both sides, 7–12 by 3 mm at base; bracteoles same shape but only ⅓ of the lenght. Flowers large (the largest Cassia flowers in Thailand) on a 6 cm, thinly pubescent pedicel, more densely hairy in a ring just below the calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate with acute apex, 9–12 by 2–3 mm, hairy on both surfaces. Petals ovate-lanceolatc, pinkish, 3.5–4.5 by 1–2.5 cm with a 5 mm long, narrow claw. Stamens 10; 3 long with filaments 3.5–5 cm long, swollen in the middle, anthers 5 mm long, ovoid, opening by apical and basal slits; 4 with filaments only half the length but with anthers nearly twice as long, opening by slits; reduced stamens 3 small, with filaments 1–1.5 cm long and very small anthers. Ovary 4 cm long, recurved, on a 1–1.5 cm long stipe, white pubescent with a subapical, punctiform stigma. Pods terete, softly grey to brownish velvety pubescent, 30–40 cm long, 1–1.5 cm diam. Seeds 30–40, separated by spongy septa."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192840	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192840	use	EN	Timber. Pods used as in <i>C. fistula</i>.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192840	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192840	ecology	EN	300–1000 m mainly on limestone in open dipterocarp forests.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192840	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192840	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192840	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214812	general	EN	"Glabrous shrub up to 3 m high. Leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets, the upper pairs largest. Petioles 1–3 cm; rhachis 1–2 cmwith clavate glands between the 2 lowermost leaflets. Stipules linear-acute, caduceus, 3 mm. Leaflets obovate, ± unequal-sided, 15–30 by 10–15 mm; apex rounded, sometimes with a short mucro; base obliquely cuneate; petiolules short. Flowers in slender racemes, 5–15 cm long in the upper leaf axils. Peduncle 2–3 cm. Bracts linear–acute, 1–2 mm long, caducous; bracteoles minute, early caducous. Pedicels 2–8 mm. Receptacle 2 mm long. Sepals ovate, 8–10 mm long. Petals yellow, obovate, 12–15 mm long. Stamens 10, 2 long with filaments up to 10 mm long, anthers 7 mm long, curved, opening with apical pores and slits; 5 shorter subequal with filaments 1–2 mm long, anthers 4–7 mm opening by pores; reduced stamens 3, subsessile with very small, anthers. Ovary and style normally glabrous; stigma small. Pods inflated, cylindrical, brown, glabrous, indehiscent, 15–20 cm long; 1.5 cm diam, septate. Seeds 40–60, olive green, flattened, ovate, 8 mm across."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214812	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000214812	distribution	EN	Originates from South America (type from India). Sometimes cultivated elsewhere in the tropics for green manure.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000214812	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163802	general	EN	"Tree, rarely above 10–15 m high with glabrous branches. Leaves with 3–8 pairs of leaflets, large. Petioles 7–10 cm; rhachis 15–25 cm. Leaflets ovate-oblong, 7–12 by 4–8 cm, glabrous when mature; petiolules 5–10 mm. Stipules small, caduceus. Racemes axillary, few together, pendent, lax, 20–40 cm long. Pedicels glabrous, 15–35 mm. Bracts 8–10 mm long, caduceus. Sepals ovatc-elliptic, velutinous outside, 7–10 mm long. Petals yellow, ovate, 30–35 by 10–15 mm, subequal, short-clawed. Stamens 10; 3 long ones with filaments 3 cm long, anthers 5 mm long opening by apical and basal slits; 4 shorter with filaments 8–10 mm long, anthers opening by a basal pore; reduced stamens 3 with filament 5 mm long and minute anthers. Ovary and style velutinous; stigma small. Pods terete, glabrous, black, 20–60 cm long, 1.5–2 cm diam., with numerous seeds separated by spongy septa. Seeds elliptic, flattened, glossy brown, 8–9 by 5 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163802	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163802	use	EN	Timber used locally; pods harvested for medical purposes (laxative).	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163802	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163802	ecology	EN	"Frequent in mixed deciduous forests, scattered in dry deciduous dipterocarp forests."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163802	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163802	distribution	EN	"Probably native of India (type), Ceylon and Malesia (Java ?, Celebes), at an early date spread to China and Egypt and later throughout the tropics mainly as an ornamental but also for medical purposes."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163802	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163856	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree up to 4 m high; young part gleyish puberulous. Leaves with 2 pairs of leaflets. Stipules linear, acute, 2–4 mm long. Petioles 2–5 cm; rhachis 1–2.5 cm with 1 obtuse gland between the lower pair of leaflets; petiolules short. Leaflets very unequal-sided, oblique-ovatc, apex acute, base cuneate, upper surface glabrous, lower puberulous; upper pairs larger, 4–10(–15) by 2–4(–7) cm. Racemes short, towards the ends of the branches, in leafy panicles. Bracts linear, 2–3 mm long, early caducous; bracteoles cup-shaped, enclosing the bud. Pedicels 3–5 mm (enlarging in fruit). Sepals pubescent oblong, subequal, ca 1 cm long. Petals broadly ovate, 2–3 by 2 cm, with a 1–3 mm long claw. Fertile stamens 7, 3 with filaments 3–4 mm long, slender; 4 with stouter filaments, anthers subequal, curved, thick, opening by terminal pores, 7–10 mm long; staminodes. 2–3 normally present, flattened towards apex, 3–4 mm long. Ovary appresscd pubescent. Pods terete, slight1y annulate, with flat raised margin, 15–25 cm long, 1 cm- diam. Seeds numerous embedded in a sticky pulp."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163856	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163856	use	EN	Roots said to be of medical value.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163856	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163856	distribution	EN	Indigenous to Central America and West Indies (type). Cultivated as ornamental.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163856	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186535	general	EN	"Tree up to 10 m high; branches puberulous, later glabrous. Leaves with 6–9 pairs of leaflets. Petioles 4–5 cm long; rhachis 10–20 cm long. Stipules early caduceus (not seen). Leaflets lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate with rounded base, 5–9 by 2–5 cm, glabrous or nearly so; petiolules 4–6 mm. Inflorescences terminal, leafy, compound racemes, 9–20 cm long, many-flowered; axis densely yellowish velutinous. Pedicels 3 cm, pubescent. Bracts ovate, acute, caducous, 4 mm long; bracteoles minute. Sepals unequal, 2 outer smaller, ca 5 mm long, 3 inner twice as long, broadly elliptic, puberulous outside. Petals yellow, obovate, 15–18 mm long, with a 4 mm long claw. Stamens 10, 2 largest with flattened filaments, 7 mm long, anthers 7–9 mm long curved, opening by apical pores; 5 shorter with smaller anthers; reduced stamens 3, ca 2 mm long. Ovary and style glabrous or puberulous along the margin; stigma indistinct. Pods flat, glabrous, thin-valved, 15–22 by 2–4 cm, often twisted. Seeds ca 20, 9 by 5 mm, brownish."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186535	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186535	use	EN	Heartwood used as wooden nails in beat building. Young leaves and flowers edible.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186535	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186535	ecology	EN	"Deciduous forests, not collected above 500 m."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186535	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000186535	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000186535	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163908	general	EN	"Deciduous tree (see below) up to 20 m high with buttressed trunk; young branches and inflorescence covered with short brownish to white wool. Leaves with 10–20 pairs of leaflets. Petioles 2–3 cm, woolly; rhachis 10–25 cm. Stipules minute. Leaflets with short petiolule, subcoriaceous, elliptic-oblong, 3–5 by 1–2 cm, upper surface glossy, lower woolly; apex and base rounded. Racemes lateral, 10–20 cm long with on 20 flowers. Bracts ovate, acute, 5 mm long, caduceus; bracteoles smaller inserted at base of the 1–2 cm long pedicel. Sepals pubescent on both sides, obovate, rounded, 5–8 min long, finally reflexed. Petals obovate, 15 mm long, short-clawed, first red, later pink, finally orange. Stamens 10; 3 long with recurved filaments, 3 cm long, anthers pubescent, 2.5 mm long, opening by apical large and smaller, basal slits; 5 shorter with straight filaments and smaller anthers; 2 reduced stamens 2 mm long. Ovary silky tomentose; style short; stigma small. Pods woody, rugose, glabrous, compressed-cylindric, blackish, 20–40 cm long, 3–4 cm diam. Seeds 20–40."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163908	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163908	use	EN	Ornamental.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163908	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163908	ecology	EN	"It is said to be deciduous in Thailand and N. Malaya, evergreen in Java. Flowers February–March."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163908	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163908	distribution	EN	Tropical America (type from Surinam); cultivated through out the tropics.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163908	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163963	general	EN	"Herb or undershrub up to 2.5 m high, hirsute, with a foetid smell. Leaves with 4–5 pairs (rarely more or less) of subopposite or opposite leaflets. Petioles 5–6 cm, villous with a sessile, oblong gland above the joint; rhachis 7–10 cm. Stipules linear, acute, hairy, ± caduceus, 5–15 mm long. Leaflets lanceolate-acuminate, 5–9 by 2–3 cm, hirsute on both surfaces; apex acute, base rounded; the upper pairs largest; petiolules short. Racemes few-flowered, short, from the upper leaf-axils. Bracts 4–5mm long, hirsute. Flowers on a 1–2 cm pubescent, filiform pedicel. Sepals unequal; 2 outer small, orbicular, 5–6 mm; 3 inner larger, 7–9 mm. Petals yellow, unequal, obovate, 15–28 mm long, glabrous, short-clawed. Stamens 10, 2 large with flat filaments 5–7 mm long, anthers curved, 7–8 mm, opening by apical pores; 4 smaller opening the same way; reduced stamens 4, 3 mm long. Ovary grayish woolly, recurved; style glabrous; stigma slightly enlarged, ciliate. Pods falcate to nearly straight, 6–13 by 0.5 cm, hirsute, angulate. Seeds numerous dark olive, orbicular, ca 3 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163963	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163963	use	EN	Decoction of leaves used against irritation of skin in the peninsular region.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163963	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163963	ecology	EN	"Flowers throughout the year. Mainly around villages as a ruderal, and mainly at lower altitudes."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163963	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000163963	distribution	EN	Originating from tropical America (type not designated). Now as a weed in many places in the tropics but not very common.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000163963	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184994	general	EN	"Deciduous tree up to 15 m high; young specimens with the trunk armed with stumps of branches; branches nearly glabrous. Leaves with 5–15 pairs of leaflets. Stipules falcatc to pointed, elliptic, attached in the middle. Petiole 1.5–4 cm, nearly glabrous; rhachis 20–30 cm. Leaflets on a short petiolule, elliptic-ovate to oblong, 2.5–5 by 1.5–2.5 cm, apex rounded to blunt, base usually broadly rounded; upper surface feebly shining lower dull, finely appressed pubescent. Racemes arising laterally from the branches, forming a corymb, patent or deflexed, 5–16 cm long. Peduncle 2–3 cm. Bracts ovate-acute, 10–15 mm long; bracteoles axillary, linear oblong, 4–5 mm long. Pedicel 3–5 cm. Sepals ovate-acutce, dark red to reddish brown, 7–10 mm. Petals first pink later dark red, finally pale, obovate, 25–35 by 7–8 mm with a 3 mm long claw. Stamens 10; 3 long recurved with a spherical enlargement near the middle of the 20 mm long filament, anthers 4 mm long opening by apical and basal slits; 4 shorter ones ca 10 mm long with larger anthers opening by basal pores; reduced stamens 3 ca 10 mm long with minute anthers. Ovary pubescent, slender, recurved on a thin stipe; stigma indistinct. Pods terete, glabrous, black, indehiscent, 20–60 cm long, 1–1.5 cm diam. Seeds 50–75, glossy corky, brown, flat, ± orbicular, embedded in a flat disc."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184994	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184994	use	EN	Ornamental. Pods used as in <i>C. fistula</i>.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184994	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184994	ecology	EN	Seems mainly to occur in thc deciduous monsoon forests at lower altitudes. Flowers February to April.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184994	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000184994	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indonesia (type Java) to the Philippines."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000184994	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164147	general	EN	"Deciduous tree up to 20 m high, always with an unarmed trunk. Differs from subsp. javanica in normally having fewer leaflets (5–12 pairs) with an acute apex. The inflorescence rhachis is normally more slender. The petals are smaller. In living specimens the green calyx is an easy distinguishing character."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164147	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164147	use	EN	Ornamental. Pods used as in <i>C. fistula</i>.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164147	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164147	ecology	EN	Mixed evergreen forests at lower altitudes. Flowers February–April.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164147	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164147	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma, Malesia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164147	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164336	general	EN	"Herb with woody base or low shrub up to 1 m, erect or decumbent; branches appressed pubescent. Leaves with 20–80 pairs of leaflets; leaves and leaflets sensitive to touch. Stipules persistent, linear, acute, 5–10 mm. Petioles 3–10 mm with a flat, discoid, sessile gland just below the lowest pairs of leaflets; rhachis not canaliculate, serrate or crenate-crested along upper side, sparsely pubescent, 3–10 cm. Leaflets sessile, very unequal-sided, with ± parallel sides, (2–)4–8 by 1 mm (median ones), glabrous, sparsely ciliate along the margins; apex acute mucronate; base oblique truncate. Flowers axillary, mostly solitary, sometimes 2–3 together in a very short raceme. Bracts lilo: the stipules; bracteoles smaller. Pedicels pubescent, 5–10 mm. Sepals lanceolate, 4–8 mm long. Petals bright yellow, short-clawed, obovate to orbicular, equal to or slightly longer than the sepals. Stamens 7–10, fllaments 1–2 mm anthers straight, varying in length, 2–4 mm long, opening by apical pores. Ovary covered with short, stiff, appressed hairs; style glabrous, recurved; stigma flat, ciliate. Pods flat, strap-shaped, dehiscent, with scattered appressed hairs to nearly glabrous, 3–6 by 0.5 cm. Seeds 10–20, brown, smooth, flat, 4 by 2 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164336	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164336	ecology	EN	Mainly found in open grassland; also weedy in sunny places. Flowers all year round.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164336	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164336	distribution	EN	Pantropical (type from Ceylon). Probably indigenoys to continental SE. Asia.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164336	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164441	general	EN	"Herb or undershrub up to 150(–250) cm, ± glabrous. Leaves with (3–)4(–5) pairs of leaflets. Petioles 3–4 cm long with a relatively large, ovoid gland just above the petiole joint; rhachis 8–12 cm. Stipules linear-acute, ± falcate, 1–2 cmlong. Leaflets membranous, ovate-oblong, ± unequal-sided, 4–10 by 2–3 cm, apex acuminate, base rounded; petiolues 2 mm. Racemes short-peduncled, 2–4-flowered, mainly terminal. Bracts linear-acute, caducous. Pedicels 5–10 mm. Sepals unequal, outer ones orbicular, 6 mm diam., inner ovate, larger. Petals yellow with violet veins, 2 outer slightly larger, 1–2 by 1.5 cm, short-clawcd. Stamens 9–10, 2 long with filaments 5–6 mm long, anthers 5–7 mm long, opening by apical pores; 4 with filaments 2–3 mm long and anthers 5–6 mm long, opening the same way; reduced stamens 3–4 with filaments 1–2 mm long and minute anthers. Ovary tomentose; style glabrous; stigma lateral, small. Pods flattened, glabrous, brown with pale margins, 10–12 by 1 cm. Seeds 30–40, flat, orbicular, 3–4 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164441	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164441	use	EN	Infusion of seeds used to substitute tea.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164441	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164441	ecology	EN	In waste places mainly. Flowers throughout the year.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164441	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164441	distribution	EN	Pantropical weed of S. American origin (type from Jamaica).	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164441	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185224	general	EN	"Herb with woody base or low shrub, rarely above 50 cm, procumbent, sometimes erect; branches pubescent. Leaves with 10–25 pairs of leaflets; leaves and leaflets sensitive to touch. Stipules persistent, linear acute, 5–10 mm long. Petioles 3–7 mm, pubescent with, a long-stipitate gland below the lowest pair of leaflets; rhachis grooved in side view, pubescent, 2–5 cm long. Leaflets sessile, unequal-sided with ± parallel sides, 7–12 by 2–3 mm, glabrous or with few hairs along the midrib, apex rounded, with a long mucro. Flowers supra-axillary, solitary or more often 2–3 together in a very short raceme. Bracts and bracteoles as the stipules but shorter. Pedicels pubescent, 4–6 mm. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 5–6 mm long. Petals bright yellow, unequal, oblong–obovate, 2–3 mm long, short-clawed. Stamens 5, subequal; filaments 1–1.5 mm; anthers straight, 1.5–2 mm long, opening by apical pores enlarging into a short slit. Ovary appressed tomentose; style glabrous, recurved; stigma small, peltate. Pods flat, strap-shaped, dehiscent, thinly pubescent, 2–5 by 0.5 cm. Seeds 10–15, brown, smooth, flat, subrhomboidal, 3 mm long."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185224	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185224	ecology	EN	"Lower altitudes in monsoon areas, often on sandy soil near the beach; also weedy along waysides and in dry deciduous forests."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185224	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000185224	distribution	EN	"Tropical Asia (India, type) to Australia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000185224	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164734	general	EN	"Medium-sized tree; young branches striate, finely pubescent. Leaves with 7–10(–15) pairs of leaflets. Petiole 2–3 cm; rhachis 10–25 cm long. Stipules minute, subulate, caduceus. Leaflets on a short petiolule, ovate-oblong, base rounded, apex rounded or emarginate with a short, mucronate tip, glabrous on upper surface, ± finely pubescent on lower, 3–7 by 1–2 cm. Flowers in large terminal panicles on a robust 5–7 cm long peduncle. Bracts olbovate with long acute apex, 5 mm long; bracteoles absent. Pedicels 2–3 cm, velutinous. Sepals 5, orbiculat, thick, unequal, 2 outer small, 5 mm long, 3 inner up to 9 mm long, hairy on the outer side. Petals yellow, broadly obovate, 1.5–2 cm long, short clawed. Stamens 10, 2 with filaments 10 mm long and 6–7 mm long, straight anthers opening by apical pores; 4–5 with filaments 2–4 mm long and anthers 5–6 mm opening the same way; reduced stamens 3, ca 2–4 mm. Ovary finely pubescent; style glabrous; stigma indistinct. Pods flat, glabrescent, longitudinally waved with raised sutures, 20–30 by 1–1.5 cm. Seeds 20–30, flat, oval, light brown, 10–15 by 5–6 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164734	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164734	use	EN	Timber used for indoor construction and furnitures; flowers and young leaves edible.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164734	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164734	ecology	EN	Various types of forests at lower altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164734	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164734	distribution	EN	Native of SE Asia (type from India). Widely cultivated in the tropics.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164734	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164848	general	EN	"Shrub 1–3 m high, dearly glabrous. Leaves with 4–9 pairs of relatively narrow leaflets. Petioles 3–5 cmlong with a thin, subulate gland, 0.5–1 cm above the petiole joint; rhachis 9–1 5 cm. Stipules ovate, caducous, ca 5 mm long. Leaflets membranous, lanceolate; apex acute, base rounded, 2–5(–8) by 1–2 cm, the upper leaflets largest. Flowers in axillary, few-flowered corymbs. Bracts ovate, ca 5 mm long. Peduncle 1–2 cm; pedicels 1–1.5 m; bracteoles absent. Sepals ovate-rounded, 5 mm long. Petals yellow, obovate, 10–14 by 7 mm, short-clawed. Stamens 9–10, 2 long with filaments 5–7 mm long, anthers 5–6 mm long, curved, opening by apical pores; 4 shorter with filaments 2 mm long and anthers 5 mm long, opening the same way; reduced stamens 3–4 ca 2 mm. Ovary finely pubescent; style thin, glabrous; stigma slightly swollen. Pods ± swollen, straight or nearly so, 10 by 0.5–1 cm, glabrous. Seeds 30–40, ovoid, compressed, ca 4 mm long."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164848	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164848	use	EN	Medicinal.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164848	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164848	ecology	EN	"Weedy, mainly at lower altitudes."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164848	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164848	distribution	EN	Origin uncertain. Type from India. Found throughout the tropics.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164848	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164866	general	EN	"Small tree up to 7 m high with long, spreading leafy branches; young parts softly pubescent. Leaves with 10–15 pairs of leaflets. Petioles 3–4 cm, rhachis 20–30 cm. Stipules linear, falcate, early caducous, 1 cm long. Leaflets with short petiolule, narrow elliptic, 3–7 by 1–2 cm, base rounded, apex acute, mucronate; upper surface glabrous, lower finely appressed pubescent. Inflorescences large, terminal, leafy panicles, 20–30 cm. Bracts ovate, 4.5 mm long, caducous. Pedicels 2–3 cm, velutinous. Sepals unequal, 2 outer pubescent; 3 inner glabrous, larger, 5–7 mm long. Petals yellow, spathulate, short-clawed, the lower one larger, broad falcate, 2–2.5 mm long. Stamens 10; 7 large with filaments 2–3 cm long, anthers opening by apical poresand a slit; reduced stamens 3, with reniform anthers much smaller. Ovary glabrous, recurved; style and stigma inconspicuous. Pods ± terete glabrous, glossy, black, annulate septate, 18–25 by 1 cm. Seeds 50–70, suborbicular, pointed at one end, 5 mm diam; septa papery."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164866	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164866	use	EN	Ornamental.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164866	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164866	distribution	EN	Central American origin (type from Brasil).	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164866	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187196	general	EN	"Deviate from subsp. surattensis by having 4–6 pairs of larger, lanceolate leaflets with acute apex, 5–10 by 2.3–5 cm. Also inflorescence, floral parts and pods are larger"	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187196	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187196	distribution	EN	"S.E. Asia, type from India."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187196	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164962	general	EN	"Small tree up to 10 m high; young branches and leaves varying in indumentum from nearly glabrous to yellowish and golden hairy. Leaves with 10–20 pairs of leaflets. Petioles 1–2 cm ;rhachis 20–30 cm, pubescent. Stipules large, auriculate, 1.5–2.0, cm long. Leaflets with short ยetiolule, oblong, 2–6 by 1–1.5 cm with rounded base and subacute to mucronate apex, from nearly glabrous to yellowish pubescent on both sides. Inflorescences axillary, dense racemes, 10–30 cm long; axis ± glabrous to yellowish, pubescent. Bracts caduceus, ovate, acute up to 20 by 15 mm. Pedicels 1–3 cm, pubescent. Sepals unequal, oblong-ovate with rounded apex, 7–15 mm long, yellowish pubescent outside. Petals yellow, obovate, short-clawcd, 15–20 by 10–15 mm. Stamens 10, 2 largest with filaments 2–4 mm long, anthers 8–10 mm long opening by apical pores; 5 somewhat smaller opening the same way; reduced stamens 3, ca 2 mm. Ovary ± glabrous; style glabrous; stigma inconspicuous. Pods flat glabrous, dehiscent, 8–16 by 1–1.5 cm. Seeds 10–30, elliptic, glossy, flattened, 7 by 5 mm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164962	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164962	ecology	EN	Seems to prefer limestone areas. It is a small tree always found in open forest (high light requirements) and therefore a common member of the deciduous dipterocarp forests in monsoon Asia. It is often seen as a pioneer species.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164962	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000164962	distribution	EN	"From Ceylon, throughout SE. Asia to N. Australia. Type from Timer."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000164962	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000165003	general	EN	"Herb or undershrub up to 1 m high, nearly glabrous. Leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets. Petioles 1–4 cm; rhachis 2–3 cm with a subulate, 2 mm long gland between the 2 lower pairs of leaflets. Stipules setaceous, 10–15 mm long, ± caducous. Leaflets increasing in size distally with a short petiolule, membranous, obovate; apex broadly rounded, base cuneate-rounded, 2–5 by 1.5–2 cm. Racemes axillary, short, 1–3-flowered. Bracts linear acute, 2–3 mm long. Pedicels 4–10 mm (enlarging in fruit). Sepals subequal, ovate, 5 by 2–4 mm. Petals yellow, unequal, obovate, short-clawed with rounded apex, up to 10 by 6 mm. Stamens 7, nearly equal; filaments 1.5–2 mm; anthers 1.5–2.5 mm long, opening by apical pores; reduced stamens absent. Ovary densely pubescent; style glabrous with truncate apex (stigma). Pods terete, linear, ± falcate, 10–15 by 0.5 cm. Seeds 20–30, glossy, rhomboidal, 5 mm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000165003	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000165003	ecology	EN	"Around villages, most frequent at lower altitudes."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000165003	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000165003	distribution	EN	"Pantropic weed, probably of S. American origin. Type from India."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000165003	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812678	general	EN	"Tree, 10–40 m high, 60–250 cm girth. Lateral buds ellipsoid, ca 1 mm long, glabrous. Twigs pubescent then glabrescent, blackish or dark brown when dry. Bark greyish-brown to dark brown, densely lenticellate, flaky and longitudinally fissured; inner bark granular, reddish, brownish or yellow; sapwood yellowish-white. Stipules triangular, 1.5 by 1 mm. Leaves elliptic oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5.5–13 by 1.5–4 cm; base obtuse to slightly oblique; apex caudate, acuminate or cuspidate; margins serrate in the upper half; subcoriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface and pale on the lower; midrib prominent on the lower surface and subdepressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–11 pairs, conspicuous on both surfaces, scalariform and reticulate veins hardly distinct on either surface. Petiole 1–1.4 cm, pubescent then glabrescent. Inflorescences: male and female separate, rarely mixed, erect, terminal or axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescence much branched or simple, spikelets 8–15 cm long. Male flowers yellowish, solitary, rarely in clusters; bracts and bracteoles triangular, 1.5–2 by 1 mm, pubescent outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, ovate or obovate 1.5–2 by 1 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate; stamens 10–12, glabrous, 2–3 mm long; rudimentary ovary globose, ca 0.5 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescences spike 8–15 cm long. Female flowers as male; styles 3, divergent, stigmata blunt, glabrous. Fruits sessile, globose or ovoid, 1–1.5 by 0.8–1.3 cm (including cupule), on erect infructescence 9–12 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing but not fused with the nut; wall sparsely covered with simple spines, curved beyond their bases, pubescent then glabrescent; dehiscent. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, ca 1 cm in diam., glabrous."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812678	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812678	use	EN	"Nuts edible, a pioneer species for forest plantation."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812678	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812678	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, lower montane rain forest, mixed deciduous forest, on granite to limestone bedrock."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812678	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812678	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia (type), Taiwan, Japan, New Guinea."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812678	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812715	general	EN	"Tree, 12–30 m high, 60–200 cm girth. Lateral buds ovoid 3–4 by 2–3 mm, pubescent outside. Twigs pubescent then glabrescent, blackish, lenticellate. Bark greyish-brown, roughly scaly, longitudinally furrowed; inner bark with dense, irregular, narrow, pale brown ridges. Stipules lanceolate, 3–5 by 1–1.5 mm, ciliate, pubescent outside. Leaves elliptic, broadly elliptic, elliptic or oblong, 10–20 by 4–7 cm; base obtuse, oblique or slightly cuneate; apex blunt or acute, rarely acuminate or cuspidate; margins entire; subcoriaceous to coriaceous, glabrous and glossy green on the upper surface, pubescent on the lower; midrib prominent on both surfaces; lateral nerves 7–12 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, prominent on the lower surface and depressed on the upper, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface, reticulate veins conspicuous on the upper. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, pubescent, glabrescent. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, axillary or terminal, pubescent to tomentose. Male inflorescence much branched, spikelets 7–12 cm long. Male flowers greenish or whitish, smell disagreeable, in 3–7-flowered cluster; bracts and bracteoles round to acute, 1.5–3 by 1–1.5 mm, pubescent outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes ovate, acute, 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 12, 2.2–3.2 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, 1–2 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence single or branched spikes, spikelets 5–20 cm long. Female flowers as male; styles 1.5–2 mm long, hairy in lower half, divergent, stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, globose, 4–6 cm in diam. (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence 15–30 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing but not fused with the nut; wall densely covered with branched spines, almost obscuring, branches of spines erect and hairy; indehiscent. Nuts 1–(3) per cupule, ovoid, 2–2.5 by 1–1.5 cm, tomentose throughout; scar ca 0.5 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812715	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812715	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812715	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812715	ecology	EN	"Hill evergreen forest, pine deciduous dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest, savannah; altitude 50–1,680 m (most commonly 900–1,100 m). Flowering January–December (most commonly March–April); fruiting February–November (most commonly May–July)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812715	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812715	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812715	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812734	general	EN	"Tree, 9–20 m high, 60–200 cm girth. Lateral buds ovoid, with acuminate scales. Twigs densely pubescent then glabrescent, lenticellate. Bark blackish, lenticellate, deeply furrowed. Leaves obovate, elliptic, to oblong, 12–17 by 4–7.5 cm; base cuneate; apex acute, obtuse or acuminate; margins entire; coriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface and light tan on the lower; midrib prominent on both surfaces; lateral nerves 6–10 pairs, sharply ridged, prominent and arched but not anastomosing on the lower surface and slightly depressed on the upper, scalariform and reticulate veins conspicuous on the lower surface. Petiole 1–1.7 cm long; glabrous, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, axillary or terminal. Male inflorescence with few to many branches spikelets 5–12 cm long, hairy throughout. Male flowers white, fragrant, in 1–3-5-flowered cluster; calyx 6, free, lobes 1–2 by 0.5 mm, incurved stamens 12, 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose ca 0.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Female inflorescence spike to 25 cm long. Female flowers in 1–5 flowered cluster; bracts and bracteoles hairy; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, globose or ovoid, ca 4 cm in diam. (including cupule), on erect infructescence 10–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall with simple and branched woody spines, the latter erect and pubescent near base. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, conical 1–1.5 cm in diam., at both ends more or less oblique; scar flattened, ca 1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812734	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812734	ecology	EN	"Lower montane rain forest, dry evergreen forest, lower montane, pine-oak forest; altitude 350–1,300 m (most commonly 500–900 m). Flowering February, November (most commonly June–July); fruiting March–December (most commonly August November)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812734	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812734	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, India, Burma (type), Vietnam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812734	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812757	general	EN	"Tree, 8–20 m high, 80–180 cm girth. Terminal buds and lateral ellipsoid or ovoid, ca 3 by 2 mm; bracts ca 2 by 1 mm, pubescent outside. Twigs pubescent then glabrous, lenticellate. Bark dark green or brown, roughly, vertically cracked, irregularly fissured; sapwood white. Leaves elliptic, oblong or obovate-oblong, 10–23 by 3.5–10 cm; base acute to broadly obtuse; apex acute, acuminate to obtuse; margins entire; coriaceous, glabrous, dark glossy green on the upper surface and pale on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface and depressed on the upper, scalariform veins dominant on the lower surface, reticulate veins indistinct. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescences always branched, spikelets 3–9 cm long; bracts and bracteoles triangular, ca 1 by 1.5 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers white to yellowish, scented, solitary or in 1–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, obovate, 1.5–2 by 1 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 6–(12); rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 10–15 cm long. Female flowers solitary, rarely in clusters, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, stigmata pointed. Fruits ovoid, 5–6 cm in diam. (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence 10–25 cm long, always clustering by erect spines in groups of 2–3 on the rachis. Cupule completely enclosed except the umbo, and partly fused with the nut; wall completely covered by the tufted, erect, simple spines. Nuts solitary, ovoid, 1.5–2.5 by 1–2 cm; scar more than half the length of the nut and fused with the inner side of the cupule."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812757	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812757	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812757	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812757	ecology	EN	"Lower montane rain forest, evergreen rain forest, pine-deciduous dipterocarp forest, lower montane pine-oak forest; altitude 100–1,850 m (most commonly 800–1,100 m). Flowering January–September (most commonly February–April); fruiting January, December (most commonly March–July)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812757	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812757	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Nepal, Burma (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812757	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812906	general	EN	"Tree, 10–18 m high, 80–100 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, ca 3 mm in diam.; bracts pubescent outside. Twigs tomentose, then glabrescent, lenticellate. Stipules ovate, ca 2 by 1 mm, pubescent outside. Leaves oblong, 10–16 by 4.5–5 cm; base obtuse, slightly oblique, apex obtuse, blunt, acute or shortly acuminatel; margins entire; subcoriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface and dull, pale on the lower; midrib and nerves prominent on the lower surface and subdepressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–15, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface and hardly distinct on the upper; reticulate veins slightly distinct on the upper surface. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, pubescent then glabrescent, blackish when dry. Inflorescences males and females separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescence a branched panicle, 3–5 cm long; bracts and bracteoles triangular, 4–5 by 2 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6 lobed, lobes triangular, ca 2 by 1 mm, hairy outside; stamens 10–12, 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam. Female inflorescence spike 8–15 cm long. Female flowers always solitary, not in clusters, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent, stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, ovoid, ca 3 cm in diam.(including cupule), solitary or 2–3-clustered held by their spines, on erect infructescence, 8–20 cm long. Cupule enclosing up to ¾ of the nut; wall completely covered by the tufted, erect, simple spines. Nuts (2)–3 per cupule, ca 1 by 1.5 cm, pubescent then glabrescent; scar basal, ca 1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812906	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812906	ecology	EN	"Lower montane rain forest, lower montane pine-oak forest; altitude 650–1,600 m (most commonly 1,000–1,400 m). Flowering March–June; fruiting March–November (most commonly March)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812906	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812906	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812906	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812946	general	EN	"Tree, 6–20 m high, 100–200 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, hairy outside. Twigs stout, quadrangular, pubescent then glabrescent, sparsely lenticellate. Bark brown, fissured. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 14–20 by 5–9 cm; base cuneate; apex obtuse or broadly acute; margins serrate; coriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface and pale on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface and depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 14–22 pairs, straight and reaching the points of serrate margins, scalariform veins conspicious on the lower surface. Petiole slender, 1–3 cm long, eglandular, pubescent then glabrescent. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed. Male inflorescence always branched, terminal or axillary, spikelets 4–10 cm long. Male flowers white or whitish-yellow, in 2–5 flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes obovate, free, ca 1.5 by 0.5 mm, glabrous; stamens 12, 1.5–2 mm long; bracts ovate, ca 2 by 1.5 mm glabrous; rudimentary ovary 3-lobed, villous. Female inflorescence spike, axillary, up to 8 cm long. Female flowers not clustered, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3(4) ca 1 mm long; stigmata divergent, all glabrous. Fruits sessile, ovoid, 1–1.6 by 1–1.2 cm, (including cupule), on erect infructescence 15–20 cm long. Cupule enclosing up to ½ of the nut; wall with thin imbricate scales or lamella, the latter acute, free and erect at apex. Nut 1, ovoid, rarely flattened, 1–1.5 by 0.9–1.5 cm, glabrous except around the umbo."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812946	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812946	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812946	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812946	ecology	EN	"In moist upper mixed deciduous forest, hill evergreen forest, lower montane rain forest, on granite bedrock; altitude 700–2,000 m (most commonly 1,800–2,000 m). Flowering January–May (most commonly April–May); fruiting April–December (most commonly July–October)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812946	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000812946	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Yunnan, type), Laos, Vietnam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000812946	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813079	general	EN	"Tree, 10–20 m high, 40–100 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, 4–5 by 2–3 mm. Twigs at first ferruginous, then glabrescent, tetra-to pentangulate, lenticellate. Bark grey, shallowly fissured; inner bark ca 2 cm thick, yellow with white stripes. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 4 5 by 1.5–2 mm, glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate, 13–29 by 4–11 cm; base cuneate; apex acute, broadly acute to obtuse; margins serrate; coriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface and greenish to glaucous on the lower; midrib prominent on the lower surface and slightly depressed on the upper, pubescent then glabrescent; lateral nerves 14–17 pairs, narrowly ridged on the lower surface and subdepressed on the upper, glabrous, scalariform veins conspicuous on both surfaces. Petiole 1.5–2.3 cm long, flattened adaxially, glabrous. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed. Male inflorescence always branched, terminal or axillary, spikelets 7–15 cm long. Male flowers yellowish-cream, scented, in 1–8–10 flowered cluster; bracts ovate, glabrous; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous; stamens (10)–12, 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary ca 1 mm in diam. Female inflorescence spike, axillary, 8–12 cm long, pubescent, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3; stigmata erect to divergent. Fruits obconical, 1.5–3.2 by 1–3 cm (including cupule), on erect infructescence 15–20 cm long, fruit-stalk 0.5–1 cm. Cupule enclosing up to ¾ of the nut (when young completely enclosed except around the umbo); wall with thin imbricate scales or lamellae, the latter truncate and fused with the wall or curved inwards. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, conical 1.5–2.3 by 1–1.8 cm, glossy brown; scar flattened, ca 8 mm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813079	ecology	EN	"On ridges in evergreen rain forest, lower montane rain forest, mixed deciduous forest; altitude 900–1,800 m (most commonly 900–1,500 m). Flowering March–June (most commonly March–April); fruiting March–December (most commonly March–April)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813079	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813291	general	EN	"Tree, 6–20 m high; 40–150 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, 3–5 by 2–3 mm, scales ovate, acute, 3–4 by 2–3 mm. Twigs densely tomentose, then glabrescent, sparsely lenticellate. Bark smooth, shedding profusely; inner bark fibrous, yellowish; sapwood pale yellow. Stipules linear-triangular, ca 13 by 1.2 mm. Leaves oblong, 12–24 by 4–9.5 cm; base obtuse, slightly acute, sometimes unequal; apex cuspidate or caudate; margins entire; coriaceous, glabrous except along midrib on the upper surface, pubescent then glabrescent on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface and faint on the upper; lateral nerves 14–19 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins finely conspicuous on the lower surface and hardly distinct on the upper, reticulate veins hardly distinct. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 4–10 cm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate, 1–1.5 by 1 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, 1.5–0.5 mm, tomentose outside; stamens 12, 2.2–3.3 mm long; rudimentary ovary globose, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 15–20 cm long, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent, 1–1.5 mm long; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile or up to 0.5 cm pedicellate, ovoid and depressed on top, 1–1.5 by 1.5–3 cm (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence, 10–25 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except around umbo, but not fused to nut; wall sparsely covered with simple, curled to adaxial spines, pubescent then glabrescent; rarely dehiscent. Nuts 1–(3) per cupule, ovoid and depressed on both sides, ca 1 by 1.5 cm, adpressed with silky hairs."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813291	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813291	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, near streams, on granite and limestone bedrock; altitude 75–1,700 m (most commonly 200–300 m). Flowering February–June; fruiting April–October (most commonly April–August)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813291	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813310	general	EN	"Tree, 5–20 m high, 50–150 cm girth. Twigs glabrous, lenticellate. Bark greenish-brown, ca 2 cm thick, fissured. Leaves lanceolate rarely ovate, 9–16 by 2–6 cm; base acute, obtuse, usually equal; apex acuminate or caudate; margins entire; coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, dark glossy green on the upper surface and pale on the lower; midrib prominent on the lower surface and depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 6–9 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, conspicuous on both surfaces, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface and reticulate veins conspicuous on the upper. Petiole 0.8–1.5 cm, glabrous, black when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescence with few branches, spikelets 4–10 cm long; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate ca 1.5 by 0.3 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers solitary or in 1–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes obovate, ca 2 by 1 mm, glabrous except ciliate margins; stamens 12, ca 3 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary ovoid or conical, ca 0.5 mm in diam., pubescent. Female inflorescence spike 10–20 cm long. Female flowers solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile or up to 2 mm long pedicellate, ovoid or obovoid, 2–2.5 cm in diam. (including cupule), often in clusters of 2–3-fruits at intervals with solitary fruits on erect influctescence 10–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple spines (when young with a narrow spineless line from top to base adaxially). Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid or obovoid 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 cm, usually asymmetrical, covered by grey indumentum, then glossy brown except umbo; scar basal; ca 0.5 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813310	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813310	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813310	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813310	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, lower rain montane pine-oak forest, lower montane rain forest, near streams; altitude 200–1,600 m (most commonly 1,050–1,300 m). Flowering January–November (most commonly July–December); fruiting January–December (most commonly March–August)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813310	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813310	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Vietnam (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813310	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813584	general	EN	"Tree, 10–30 m high; 150–200 cm girth. Terminal buds and lateral ovoid; bracts 2–3 by 1–1.5 mm, pubescent on both sides. Twigs tomentose, then glabrescent. Bark brown with grey patches; inner bark with long, pale stripes. Leaves elliptic or oblong, 11–22 by 5–10 cm; base obtuse, sometimes slightly oblique; apex acuminate; margins entire; coriaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous except along midrib and nerves on the upper surface, pubescent then glabrescent on the lower; midrib and nerves prominent on the lower surface and depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–14 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface; reticulate veins inconspicuous. Petiole 1–1.5 cm long, tomentose then glabrescent. Inflorescences male and female mixed or separate, terminal and axillary, erect, tomentose. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 5–10 cm long; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, 4–5 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers creamy, fragrant, solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, oblong, free, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, ciliate; stamens 12, 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary ovoid, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 8–15 cm long. Female flowers always solitary, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent, pilose near base; stigmata pointed, more or less hairy. Fruits globose, 4–6.5 cm in diam. (including cupule), always solitary on erect and woody infructescence 15–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except umbo; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple spines. Nuts 1 (2–3) per cupule, ovoid to ellipsoid, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; glabrous except orbicular area of indumentum around umbo; scar basal."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813584	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813584	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813584	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813584	ecology	EN	"Lower montane rain forest, scrub forest, mixed deciduous forest, on granite bedrock; altitude 700–2,200 m (most commonly 1,000–1,500 m). Flowering February, November (most commonly February–August)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813584	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813584	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Laos."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813584	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813747	general	EN	"Tree, 10–30 m high; 50–150 cm girth. Twigs pubescent then glabrescent, lenticels scattered; inner bark dark brown; sapwood white with brownish stripes at intervals. Leaves lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong or elliptic, 12–21 by 3–5.5 cm; base slightly cuneate, obtuse or oblique; apex acuminate or caudate; margins entire; subcoriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, glossy green on the upper surface and greyish-brown on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves sharply ridged on the lower surface and more or less depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 10–18 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface and subdepressed on the upper; reticulate veins hardly distinct. Petiole 0.5–1 cm, pubescent then glabrous, black when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, axillary and terminal, pubescent. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 4–12 cm long; bracts and bracteoles triangular, ca 2 by 2 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate. Male flowers solitary or in 1–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes obovate, free, ca.1 by 0.4 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate; stamens 12, ca 1.5 mm long, glabrous, rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 0.5 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 15–20 cm long. Female flowers solitary or in 1–3-flowered cluster, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, ovoid, 2–3 cm in diam. (including cupule), often in 2–3-flowered cluster fruits, interspersed with solitary ones, on erect infructescence 15–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple spines (irregular, diffuse and sparse throughout when young). Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, 1.3–1.5 by 0.9–1 cm, usually asymmetrical, covered by grey indumentum then glossy green, except the umbo; scar basal, ca 1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813747	ecology	EN	"Lower montane rain forest; altitude 820–1,650 m (most commonly 1,200–1,400 m). Flowering March–December (frequently December); fruiting February–December (most commonly December)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813747	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Burma (type), Laos, Vietnam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813768	general	EN	"Tree, 15–20 m high; 90–120 cm girth. Twigs with reddish hairs, glabrescent, lenticellate. Inner bark yellowish-red; sapwood whitish-brown. Leaves obovate or obovate-elliptic, 18–25 by 6–9.5 cm; base slightly narrowed to the base; apex broadly acute or acute; margins serrate; coriaceous, glossy green on the upper surface, pale and tawny pubescent on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface and flattened on the upper; lateral nerves 14–17 pairs, straight and reaching the points of the serrate margins, scalariform and reticulate veins hardly distinct. Petiole 1–2.5 cm, pubescent then glabrescent, usually with an adaxial gland. Inflorescences male and female usually mixed, sometimes separate. Male inflorescence always branched, terminal or axillary, spikelets 10–15 cm long. Male flowers yellowish-white or yellow, in 1–3-flowered cluster; bracts broadly triangular, glabrous; calyx (5–) 6-lobed, lobes free, ca 1.5 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate; stamens 10, ca 2 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary ovoid, ca 1 mm in diam., hairy. Female inflorescence spike, solitary, rarely branched, 5–10 cm long, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3(4) divergent. Fruits ovoid, 2–2.5 by 1.5–2 cm (including cupule), on erect infructescence 7–10 cm long; fruit stalk 2–3 mm long. Cupule enclosing up to ½ of the nut (when young completely enclosed); wall with thin imbricate scales or lamellae, lamellae acute, free and erect at apex. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, ca 2 by 1.7 cm, glossy brown, with indumentum around the umbo."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813768	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813768	ecology	EN	"Lower montane rain forest; altitude 1,200–1,300 m. Flowering February, April; fruiting November–January."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813768	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813768	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Hong Kong, type), Burma."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813768	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813808	general	EN	"Tree, 10–15 m high; 30–40 cm girth. Axillary buds globose, ca 2 by 2 mm; bracts hirsute outside, reddish brown hairy inside. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, usually curved to one side, 12–18 by 5–6.5 cm; base oblique, broadly acute to minutely cordate; apex acuminate or acute; margins entire; coriaceous, softly woolly on the lower surface, greyish-green and glabrous except along midrib and nerves on the upper; midrib and lateral nerves prominent beneath and depressed on the upper surface; lateral nerves 13–17 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins distinct on the lower surface and slightly depressed on the upper. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, densely tomentose. Male inflorescence not seen. Female inflorescence spike 3–7 cm long, axillary and near terminal, densely greenish-grey hairy; bracts and bracteoles ovate, 1–3 by 1–1.5 mm, hairy outside, glabrous inside, ciliate. Female flowers simple, pubescent; ovary ovoid, 1–1.5 mm in diam., hirsute; styles 3, erect to divergent, hairy in lower half; stigmata pointed, glabrous. Fruits globose, ca 2 by 2 cm (including cupule), on erect infructescence, 3–7 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall with branched and silky spines. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, conical apex, ca 1 by 1 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813808	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813808	ecology	EN	Tropical evergreen rain forest; altitude 900 m. Flowering July.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813808	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000813808	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Kwangtung, type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000813808	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814085	general	EN	"Tree, 7–30 m high, 50–250 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, 5–6 by 3–4 mm; bracts pubescent outside. Twigs tomentose then glabrescent, lenticellate. Bark brownish or greyish, thick scaly; inner bark yellowish; sapwood white. Leaves oblong, ovate or slightly obovate, 10–20 by 4–10 cm; base obtuse, equal or suboblique; apex acute, acuminate, sometimes obtuse; margins serrate in upper half to two-thirds; coriaceous, glabrous except along midrib above, densely pubescent below; midrib and nerves prominent below, more or less depressed above; lateral nerves 15–21 pairs, rather straight to the end of the serrate margins, scalariform veins fine but distinct below. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, pubescent then glabrescent. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, tomentose. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 10–15 cm long; bracts and bracteoles triangular, ca 1.5 by 1.5 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers white, scented, solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes obovate, free, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 6–12, ca 2 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 8–25 cm long. Female flowers always solitary, not in clusters, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent, pilose at base; stigmata pointed, blackish. Fruits sessile, ovoid, 1.5–4 cm in diam. (including cupule), clustering by their spines in groups of 2–3 alternating with solitary fruit on an erect infructescence 15–30 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple spines. Nut 1 per cupule, conical or ovoid, 1.3–1.5 by 0.8–1.1 cm, usually curved to one side; scar ca 1 cm in diam.; at base or rather above."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814085	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814085	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814085	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814085	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, dry dipterocarp forest, moist upper mixed deciduous forest, open grassland; altitude 500–2,000 m (most commonly 500–900 m). Flowering February–December (most commonly February–May); fruiting February–December (most commonly May–July), usually flowering and fruiting at the same time."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814085	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814085	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Nepal (type), Burma, China, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814085	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814096	general	EN	"Tree, 9–20 m high, 40–150 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid-ellipsoid, ca 3 by 5 mm, scales ovate, acute, ca 5 by 2 mm, pubescent outside. Twigs pubescent then glabrous, sparsely lenticellate, blackish when dry. Bark ca 2 cm thick, grey, shallowly reticulate fissured; inner bark dirty brown or whitish; sapwood white; heartwood brown. Stipules triangular, ca 1 mm, caducous. Leaves obovate, obovate-oblong, oblong or lanceolate, 7–17 by 5–7 cm; base slightly cuneate, obtuse; apex acute or obtuse; margins entire or sometimes serrate; subcoriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface and pubescent then glabrescent on the lower; midrib prominent on the lower surface and depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 7–12 pairs, distinct on the lower surface and slightly depressed on the upper, scalariform and reticulate veins hardly distinct. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences male and female mixed or separate, terminal or axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 10–15 cm; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, ca 0.5 by 0.5 mm, tomentose outside. Male flowers white to yellowish, scented, usually in 3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, obovate, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous, stamens 12, 2–3 mm long; rudimentary ovary ovoid, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence always spike 10–15 cm long. Female flowers solitary or in 1–3–5-flowered cluster, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent, hairy near base; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, irregularly globose, 1.5–2.5 by 1.5–3.5 cm (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence 15–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo and more or less fused with nut; wall sparsely covered with simple, short, curled spines set in 3–5 lines. Nuts (1)–2–3 per cupule, ovoid, ca 1 by 1 cm, usually emarginate at apex."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814096	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814096	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, often near streams, on limestone and granite bedrock; altitude 80–200 m (most commonly 80–100 m). Flowering January–November (most commonly January–March); fruiting June–December (most commonly June August)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814096	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore (type), Indonesia, Philippines."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814107	general	EN	"Tree, 15–20 m high; 150–200 cm girth. Terminal buds globose, ca 3 by 3 mm; bracts ovate, acute, pubescent outside, ciliate. Twigs with reddish-brown indumentum, then glabrescent. Bark dark brown, fissured. Stipules lanceolate, 3–4 by 1.5 mm, hairy. Leaves elliptic, obovate or oblong, 8–17 by 4–6 cm; base slightly cuneate, usually asymmetrical; apex shortly cuspidate, blunt, acute or acuminate; margins entire; coriaceous, glabrous and glossy green on the upper surface and pubescent then glabrescent on the lower; midrib and nerves prominent on the lower surface; lateral nerves 8–10 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower. Petiole 0.8–1.2 cm, pubescent then glabresceent. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, terminal and axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 10–20 cm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, 1–1.5 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers white, solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes oblong or spathulate, free, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate; stamens 12, 2.5–3 mm, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, 1–1.5 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 10–15 cm long. Female flowers always solitary not in clusters, other characters as in male flowers, styles 3, divergent, pubescent; stigmata pointed, glabrous. Fruits ovoid, depressed on top, 3–4 cm in diam. (including cupule), solitary on erect and woody infructescence 10–25 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo but not fused, inside densely silky hairy; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple spines; dehiscent. Nut 1 per cupule, rounded and depressed on both sides, 1.5–1.8 by 2–2.5 cm densely brown hairy; scar basal; up to 2 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814107	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814107	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814107	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814107	ecology	EN	Tropical evergreen rain forest; altitude ca 100 m. Flowering January; fruiting November–January.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814107	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814107	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814107	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814266	general	EN	"Tree, 14–20 m high, 80–150 cm girth. Axillary buds curved, tubular, ca 0.5 cm long. Twigs glabrous, lenticellate. Bark greyish-black, inner bark ca 1 cm thick, yellow with brown stripes. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 10–15 by 3.5–5 cm; base slightly cuneate; obtuse or oblique; apex acuminate, caudate or acute; margins entire; subcoriaceous, glabrous on the upper surface, sparsely pubescent then glabrous on the lower; midrib prominent on both surfaces; lateral nerves 12–15 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, slightly prominent on both surfaces, scalariform veins hardly distinct. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences male and female always separate. Male inflorescence terminal, branched, spikelets 3–8 cm long, densely ferruginous. Male flowers yellow, scented, in 1–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6, ca 1 mm long, united in lower half, lobes triangular, pubescent outside; stamens 12, glabrous, 6 longer and 6 shorter the longer ca 3 mm, the shorter 1–1.5 mm; rudimentary ovary a square column, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous. Female inflorescence spike to 20 cm long, axillary and terminal, flowers solitary, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent. Fruits ovoid or obovoid, ca 2 by 1 cm (including cupule), on erect infructescence, 10–15 cm long, fruit sessile or with stalk to 1 mm. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall with thin imbricate scales or lamellae when young , 4–5 undulate lines when mature. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, apex conical, ca 1 by 0.5 cm (young), mature ca 2.5 by 2 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814266	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814266	ecology	EN	Evergreen and lower montane rain forest; altitude 10–800 m (most commonly 120–700 m). Flowering January–September (most commonly January–September); fruiting March–August (most commonly March).	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814266	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814266	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Himalaya (type), Bhutan, Burma."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814266	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814427	general	EN	"Tree, 10–15 m high, 60–100 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, 2–3 by 1–2 mm, scales ovate, acute, tomentose outside. Bark yellowish-brown, longitudinally furrowed. Leaves ovate or oblong, 8–15 by 3–5 cm; base obtuse, oblique; apex acuminate to bluntly acuminate; margins entire; subcoriaceous or coriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface, reddish-brown on the lower; midrib and nerves prominent on the lower surface, depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–10 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface. Petiole 0.8–1 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, erect, rufous. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 4–7 cm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers in 3-flowered cluster, calyx 6-lobed, oblong, free, ca 1.5 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 12, 3.2–4.3 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary subglobose, 1.5–2 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence not seen. Fruits ovoid, free, 5–6 by 4–5 cm (including cupule), always solitary on erect and woody infructescence 15–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple, dehiscent spines. Nut 1 per cupule, ellipsoid, 3–3.5 by 2 cm, flattened to one longitudinal side, glabrous except for a star-shaped area of indumentum around the umbo; scar basal, small."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814427	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814427	ecology	EN	Tropical evergreen rain forest.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814427	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814427	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia (type), Singapore, Indonesia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814427	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814450	general	EN	"Tree, 15–20 m high; buttress to 2 m. Terminal buds ovoid, ca 5 by 3 mm, with reddish brown indumentum. Twigs glabrous with sparse leaf scars and lenticels. Bark flaky or smooth, yellowish grey. Stipules linear, ca 5 by 2 mm long, with reddish-brown indumentum outside. Leaves oblong, 7.5–22 by 2.5–11 cm; base obtuse, minutely oblique; apex acuminate, obtuse; margins entire; coriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface, pubescent along nerves on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface, depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 11–16 pairs, rather straight then arched near margins, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface. Petiole 1.5–3 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, axillary or terminal, pubescent. Male inflorescence much branched, spikelets 4–8 cm long. Male flowers in 1–3-flowered cluster; bracts and bracteoles triangular, with reddish-brown indumentum outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes oblong, ca 7 mm long, hairy outside; stamens 12, glabrous, ca 2 mm long; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 10–15 cm long. Female flowers as male; styles 3, divergent, hairy near base; stigmata pointed. Fruits globose or ovoid, 5–9 by 4–7 cm (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence 15–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing and fused with the nut; wall densely covered with branched, pointed spines, until it is hardly visible, spines pubescent then glabrescent, dehiscent. Nuts 1–4 per cupule, ovoid or ellipsoid, usually flattened on one longitudinal side, 4–5 by 2.5–3 cm, hairy throughout, scar 0.5–1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814450	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814450	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814450	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814450	ecology	EN	Tropical evergreen rain forest; altitude 300–400 m. Flowering April; fruiting September.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814450	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814450	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia (type), Singapore, Indonesia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814450	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814581	general	EN	"Tree, 10–15 m high, 60–90 cm girth. Twigs sparsely pubescent, then glabrous, rounded lenticellate. Bark greyish-brown, roughly grooved; inner bark with yellow and purple stripes. Leaves elliptic or oblong, 10–17 by 3–6.5 cm; base obtuse, suboblique; apex acuminate or cuspidate to caudate; margins entire or serrate in the upper half; subcoriaceous or coriaceous, glabrous and glossy green on the upper surface, sparsely pubescent then glabrescent on the lower; midrib prominent on the lower surface, usually purple when dry; lateral nerves 9–13 pairs, ridged on the lower surface, subdepressed on the upper, scalariform veins hardly distinct. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm, pubescent then glabrescent, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, terminal or axillary. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 5–10 cm long. Male flowers solitary, yellowish or white; bracts and bracteoles ca 1.5 by 1 mm, pubescent outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes nearly free, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate; stamens 12, ca 4 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, 0.5 mm in diam., hairy. Female inflorescence spike or 2–3 branched, spikelets 8–15 cm long, pubescent, solitary, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits obovoid, always asymmetric, usually flattened adaxially, 2.5–3 by 2–2.5 cm (including cupule), fruit stalk 2–3 mm long, on erect woody infructescence 8–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing and fused with the nut; wall sparsely with short woody spines, 2–3 branched reclining and decurved; indehiscent. Nuts 1 per cupule, ovoid, usually depressed to one longitudinal side, 2–2.2 by 1.5–1.7 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814581	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814581	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, lower montane pine-oak forest; altitude 50–1,600 m (most commonly 200–800 m). Flowering January–May (most commonly February, March); fruiting February–December (most commonly July–September)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814581	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia (type), Singapore."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814581	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814811	general	EN	"Tree, 7–25 m high, 70–180 cm girth. Axillary buds ovoid, laterally compressed. Twigs pubescent then glabrescent, lenticellate. Bark greyish-brown, rather smooth; inner bark reddish brown with white stripes. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 10–20 by 3–6 cm; base cuneate, obtuse to oblique; apex acute, acuminate to cuspidate; margins entire; coriaceous, glabrous, dull green on the upper surface, pale or glaucous on the lower; midrib prominent on both surfaces; lateral nerves 7–11 pairs, distinct on the lower surfaces, subdepressed on the upper, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface. Petiole 1–2 cm, glabrous, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female mixed or separate, erect, axillary or terminal, spike or rarely branched. Male inflorescence a spike or with spikelets 6–15 cm long, pubescent. Male flowers yellow, scented, 1–3-flowered in a bract; bracts and bracteoles ovate, pubescent outside; calyx 6-lobed, ovate or obovate, ca 2 by 1 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 12, 3–3.5 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 15–20 cm long. Female flower solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, globose or bilobed, 4–6 cm in diam. (including cupule) on erect woody infructescence 15–30 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut but not fused with it, sparsely hairy inside; wall sparsely covered with woody, branched, curved spines; dehiscent. Nuts 1–3–(4) per cupule, ovoid in outline, sometimes curved to one side, densely white hairy around the umbo."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814811	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814811	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814811	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814811	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, pine-deciduous dipterocarp forest, moist upper mixed deciduous forest, along stream banks; altitude 10–350 m (most commonly 40–100 m). Flowering January–December (most commonly December–January); fruiting April December (most commonly April–June)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814811	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814811	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814811	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814822	general	EN	"Tree, 6–30 m high. Bark greenish-brown or greenish-grey; inner bark brown or pinkish. Leaves elliptic or oblong, 8–16 by 3–6 cm; base slightly cuneate acute; apex acuminate or acute; margins entire; subcoriaceous, glabrous glossy green on the upper surface, pale brown on the lower; midrib prominent on the lower surface, depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–11 pairs, conspicuous on both sides, scalariform and reticulate veins distinct on both sides when dry. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences male and female usually separate. Male inflorescence much branched, axillary or terminal, spikelets 8–15 cm long. Male flowers yellowish, in clusters of 3 or more; bracts pilose outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, 1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 12, ca 2 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary ovoid, ca 0.5 mm in diam., erect, hairy. Female inflorescence spike solitary, 8–10 cm long. Female flowers in clusters of 1–3, bracts and calyx as in male; staminodes 12; styles 3, divergent, glabrous. Fruits turbinate or pyriform, 2.5–3 by 2–3 cm (including cupule) on erect infructescence 10–15 cm long, fruit stalk 0.5–1 cm. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall smooth, without scales or spines, with 3–4 conspicuous, undulate lines outside. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, 2–2.3 by 2.3–2.7 cm, silky hairy around the umbo."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814822	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814822	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814822	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814822	ecology	EN	"Pine deciduous dipterocarp forest, dry evergreen forest, on sandstone bedrock; altitude 250–950 m. Flowering September–December; fruiting May–December, much most commonly June–September."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814822	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814822	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina, Laos (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814822	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000792524	general	EN	"Tree, 5–20 m high, 70–100 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, 5–6 by 2–3 mm; bracts hairy outside. Twigs dark brown tomentose then glabrescent, with sparse, round lenticels. Bark brown to dark brown, longitudinally furrowed; inner bark reddish-brown with pale longitudinal stripes. Leaves ovate or obovate, 6–10 by 3–7 cm; base obtuse to slightly cuneate; apex acute or obtuse to shortly acuminate, usually with minute emarginate tip; margins slightly serrate in the upper half to entire and revolute; coriaceous, sparsely pubescent then glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface; midrib and lateral nerves raised sharply on the lower; lateral nerves 5–7 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins hardly distinct. Petiole 4–5 mm, pubescent then glabrescent, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, terminal or axillary. Male inflorescences much branched, spikelets 4–7 cm long, pubescent. Male flowers whitish to yellowish, solitary or in 1–3-flowered cluster; bracts and bracteoles ovate, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes obovate or spathulate, free, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 11–12, 2–2.5 mm long, pubescent outside, ciliate; rudimentary ovary globose, ca 1 mm in diam., hairy. Female inflorecence spike to few branched, spikelets 8–17 cm long, pubescent. Female flowers as male; styles 3, hairy in lower half; stigmata pointed. Fruits ovoid, 1–2.5 cm in diam. (including cupule), sessile, on erect infructescence, 8–17 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall sparsely covered with woody, branched, decurved spines set in 4–5 irregular lines; indehiscent. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.3–1.5 by 1–1.2 cm, more or less glossy brown; scar flattened, ca 1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000792524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000792524	use	EN	Inner bark used to prevent dental caries.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000792524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000792524	ecology	EN	"Lower montane pine-oak forest and tropical evergreen rain forest; altitude 800–1,370 m (most commonly 1,000–1,200 m). Flowering March–December (most commonly March–April); fruiting December–January (most commonly December)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000792524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000792524	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000792524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814876	general	EN	"Tree, 6–25 m high, 60–150 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, 4–5 by 3 mm, sparsely pubescent. Twigs pubescent to glabrescent, with round lenticels. Bark deeply furrowed, brown to greyish-brown, defoliating in small flakes; inner bark yellowish to pinkish-brown, with white stripes. Leaves oblong, elliptic or obovate, 10–25 by 3.2–6.3 cm; base slightly acute or obtuse, asymmetrical; apex acute, acuminate, sometimes obtuse;margins entire; subcoriaceous, glabrous and glossy dark green on the upper surface, sparsely pubescent on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface, depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–11 pairs, conspicuous on the upper surface, scalariform veins distinct on both sides. Petiole 1.5–4 cm, pubescent then glabrescent, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, terminal or axillary. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 8–15 cm long, pubescent. Male flowers yellow, scented; bracts and bracteoles ca 1.5 by 1 mm, pubescent outside, always in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes spathulate or oblong, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous; stamens 12, 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam.; hirsute. Female inflorescence spike or 1–2 branched, spikelet 5–15 cm long, pubescent, solitary or in (1)–3-flowered cluster, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits globose, 4.5–6 cm in diam. (including cupule), fruit stalk 2–5 mm long, on erect woody infructescence 10–25 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut but not fused with it, inner part with adpressed, white, silky hairs, wall sparsely covered with woody, branched, curved spines; dehiscent. Nuts 1–3(4) per cupule, ovoid and compressed along one longitudinal side, 2–3 by 1 cm, sparsely, adpressed white hairy."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814876	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814876	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814876	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814876	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, dry evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, often near streams; altitude 50–1,300 m (most commonly 100–800 m). Flowering February, November (most commonly March–August); fruiting August–October (most commonly July August)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814876	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814876	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814876	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814976	general	EN	"Tree, 10–15 m high, 50–80 cm girth. Twigs pubescent then glabrescent. Leaves oblong, elliptic or obovate, 10–20 by 3.5–8 cm; base slightly cuneate, usually unequal; apex acute or obtuse, usually folded to one side; margins entire; coriaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, except along midrib; midrib and nerves prominent on the lower surface, subdepressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–12 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform and reticulate veins conspicuous on the lower. Petiole 1–1.5 cm long, glabrous, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 5–10 cm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers solitary or in 2–3–5-flowered cluster; calyx 6 lobed, lobes united near base, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate; stamens 12, ca 3 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 8–15 cm long. Female flowers almost always solitary, rarely in 2–3-flowered cluster, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, ovoid, 3–4 cm in diam. (including cupule), always solitary on erect infructescence, 12–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple spines. Nut 1 per cupule, globose or conical, 1.8–2 by 1.5–1.8 cm, slightly flattened at adaxial side; scar basal, ca 1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814976	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814976	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, pine-oak dipterocarp forest; altitude 100–800 m. Flowering March–October; fruiting January–July."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814976	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000814976	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000814976	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815011	general	EN	"Tree, 10–25 m high, 80–100 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, ca 5 by 3 mm; bracts ovate, pubescent outside. Twigs slightly 4-angled, densely tomentose then glabresent. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 5–10 by 1–2 mm, hairy on both sides. Leaves oblong, obovate oblong or elliptic, 13–28 by 5–11.5 cm; base slightly cuneate, obtuse; apex cuspidate or acute; margins entire; coriaceous, sparsely pubescent then glabrescent except along midrib and nerves on the upper surface and densely pubescent on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface, subdepressed on the upper; lateral nerves 8–12 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins prominent on the lower surface, subdepressed on the upper. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm, pubescent then glabrescent. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, terminal and axillary, villous. Male inflorescence branched, spikelets 3–10 cm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, ca 2 by 1 mm, hairy outside, ciliate. Male flowers solitary or in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes obovate, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 12, ca 2 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, hirsute. Female inflorescence spike or few branched, spikelets 15–25 cm long. Female flowers usually 3-flowered in a cluster, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits globose, 5–6 cm in diam. (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence, 15–25 cm long, always clustering by erect spines. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo, and fused with part of it; wall completely covered by tufted, erect, simple spines. Nut (1)2–4 per cupule, ovoid, ca 2 by 0.6 cm, strongly depressed on one or two sides; scar only at base of nut, fused with cupule only at base."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815011	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815011	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous forest, lower montane rain forest, lower montane pine oak forest; altitude 650–2,000 m (most commonly 1,600–2,000 m). Flowering November December; fruiting February March."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815011	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815011	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Vietnam (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815011	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815066	general	EN	"Tree, 5–25 m high, 100–120 cm girth, usually with buttresses to 1 m high. Terminal buds ovoid to elliptic, 3–5 by 2–3 mm, scales ovate, pubescent outside. Twigs tomentose then glabrous, sparsely lenticellate. Bark smooth, grey. Stipules linear, 3–7 mm long, caducous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, 9–19 by 2.5–7 cm; base obtuse to acute; apex acuminate, cuspidate or blunt acute; margins entire; coriaceous or subcoriaceous, glossy dark green on the upper surface, pale on the lower, pubescent then glabrous; midrib prominent on the lower surface, depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 9–12 pairs, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform veins conspicuous on the lower surface, reticulate veins fine, conspicuous on the upper. Petiole 1.5–3 cm, pubescent then glabrescent, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, terminal or axillary. Male inflorescence always branched, spikelets 8–15 cm long. Male flowers yellowish, in 3–7-flowered cluster; bracts and bracteoles ovate, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes oblong, free, 1–1.5 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 12, 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike to few branched, spikelets 6–10 cm long, pubescent as male flowers; styles 3, 1–1.5 mm long, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits obovoid, sometimes distinctly 4-lobed, 3–5 cm in diam. (including cupule), fruit stalk ca 1 cm long, on erect and robust infructescence, 4–7 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing and fused with the nut; wall with branched and simple woody spines, spines always curved and glabrous; dehiscent in (3)–4 parts when dry. Nuts 2–3, rarely one per cupule, ovoid, apex conical, ca 1.5 by 1.5 cm; scar flattened, ca 1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815066	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815066	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, scrub forest, mixed deciduous forest; altitude 100–400 m. Flowering February–December (most commonly November–December); fruiting July–December."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815066	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815066	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815066	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815159	general	EN	"Tree, to 20 m high. Twigs ferruginous when young, then glabrescent, angulate and lenticellate. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, rarely elliptic, 11–20 by 4.5–8 cm; base cuneate; apex acute; margins serrate; coriaceous, glabrous on the upper surface, tomentose then glabrescent on the lower; midrib prominent on the lower surface, slightly depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 16–18 pairs, narrowly ridged on the lower surface, subdepressed on the upper, scalariform veins conspicuous on both surfaces. Petiole 1–2 cm long, flattened adaxially, glabrescent. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed. Male inflorescences always branched, terminal or axillary, spikelets 7–15 cm long. Male flowers yellowish-cream, scented, in 1–8–10-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous; bracts ovate, glabrous; stamens (10)–12, 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary ca 1 mm in diam. Female inflorescence spike, axillary, 8–12 cm long, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3; stigmata straight to divergent. Fruits subglobose or obconical, 1.5–3.2 by 1.3 cm (including cupule), on erect infructescence 15–20 cm long, fruit-stalk 0.5–1 cm. Cupule enclosing up to three-quarters of the nut (when young completely enclosed except around the umbo); wall with thin, imbricate and tomentose scales or lamellae; more or less conspicuously 5–6 ringed when mature with truncate apex. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, conical, ca 1.2 by 1 cm, glossy brown; scar upcurved, ca 1 cm in diam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815159	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous to lower montane pine-oak forest; altitude 400–1,000 m."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815159	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000792525	general	EN	"Tree, to 20 m high. Lateral buds flattened, 0.4–0.5 by 0.2 mm, scales hooked; terminal buds ovoid, 9–10 by 3–4 mm, scales imbricate, with adpressed silver hairs along the midline and near the apex outside. Leaves oblong or oblong-ellipic, 10–12 by 3–4 cm; base cuneate to obtuse, more or less equal sided; apex cuspidate, caudate or bluntly acute; margins serrate on ⅓ to the apex; subcoriaceous to coriaceous, glabrous except along midrib near base on the upper surface and densely short pubescent especially along nerves on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface, more or less depressed on the upper; lateral nerves 12–15 pairs, rigid and curved near margins, scalariform veins distinct on the lower surface, subdepressed on the upper. Petiole 0.5–1 cm, densely blackish-grey hairy. Male inflorescence not seen. Female inflorescence spike or branched, spikelets terminal or axillary, 3–5 cm long, densely grey pubescent; bracts ca 10 by 3 mm, silver hairy outside. Male flowers solitary or in 1–2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes ovate, sparsely hairy outside, ciliate; staminode 12, very short, glabrous; styles 3, hairy in lower half; stigmata pointed and divergent. Fruits sessile, ovoid, subdepressed, 1.5 by 2–2.5 cm (including cupule), on erect and infructescence 8–15 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo; wall sparsely covered with curved, woody, branched spines; dehiscent in 3–5 parts when dry. Nuts urceolate, triangular in outline, (1)–2–3 per cupule, glossy brown except the narrow apex, styles and stigmata persistent."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000792525	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000792525	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest; altitude 800–1,000 m. Flowering November; fruiting October–November."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000792525	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000792525	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000792525	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815457	general	EN	"Tree, 6–40 m high, 70–150 cm girth. Terminal buds ovoid, 5–10 by 3–4 mm, pubescent outside. Twigs greyish pubescent, glabrescent. Bark dark brown, rough, with longitudinal irregular fissures 2 cm thick; inner bark reddish; sapwood white. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 7–21 by 3–6.5 cm; base obtuse, oblique; apex acuminate or acute, sometimes caudate; margins entire; coriaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, glossy green on the upper surface, subdepressed on the upper, brownish on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface; lateral nerves 9–13 pairs, arched but not anastomosing; other veins indistinct. Petiole 1–1.8 cm, glabrous, black when dry. Inflorescences male and female mixed or separate, terminal or axillary, pubescent. Male inflorescences always branched, spikelets 5–14 cm long; bracts and bracteoles triangular, ca 1 by 1 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers whitish to brownish, scented, usually in 2–3-flowered cluster; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, obovate, 1.5–2 by 1 mm, pubescent on both sides; stamens 12, 2.5–3 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flat on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 8–15 cm long. Female flowers solitary, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits ellipsoid, rarely ovoid, 1.5–2.5 by 1.5–2 cm (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence, 15–20 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing the nut except the umbo, but not fused with it; wall sparsely covered with simple spines which curl in twisted lines from base to apex. Nut 1, ovoid, 1.2–1.5 by 1–1.2 cm, apex conical."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815457	use	EN	"Nuts edible, a pioneer species for forest plantations."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815457	ecology	EN	"Lower montane rain forest, lower montane pine-oak forest, deciduous forest. From summit to gallery on sandstone to granite bedrock; altitude 600–1,700 m (most commonly 1,000–1,300 m). Flowering January–November (most commonly May–June); fruiting March–November (most commonly June–September)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815457	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Nepal (type), Burma, China, Laos, Vietnam."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815623	general	EN	"Tree, 10–30 m high, 60–200 cm girth. Terminal buds obovoid, ca 2 by 1 mm, hairy outside; axillary buds ovoid, ca 1 by 1 mm, glabrous. Stipules triangular, 3–4 by 1.5 mm. Twigs densely tomentose, then glabrescent. Bark greyish, finely fissured, lenticellate; inner bark brown. Leaves oblong, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, 9–16.5 by 3.5–5.5 cm; base slightly obtuse or obtuse to oblique; apex acuminate, slightly caudate, acute, usually curved to one side; margins entire; chartaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, glossy green on the upper surface, pale to glaucous on the lower; midrib and lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface, ridged on the upper; lateral nerves 8–12, arched but not anastomosing, scalariform and reticulate veins hardly distinct with naked eye. Petiole 0.5–5 cm, pubescent then glabrescent, blackish when dry. Inflorescences male and female separate or mixed, erect, axillary or terminal, pubescent. Male inflorescence much branched, spikelets 4–12 cm long. Male flowers 1–3-flowered in a bract; bracts and bracteoles ovate, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, pubescent outside; calyx 6-lobed, lobes free, linear ca 1 by 0.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens 12, 2.5–3 mm long, glabrous; rudimentary ovary globose, flattened on top, ca 1 mm in diam., hirsute. Female inflorescence spike 3–4 cm long. Female flowers usually 3 per bract, other characters as in male flowers; styles 3, divergent; stigmata pointed. Fruits sessile, globose, 2.5–4 cm in diam. (including cupule), on erect and woody infructescence 10–15 cm long. Cupule completely enclosing and fused with the nut; wall densely covered with woody, branched, curved spines; wall hardly visible, spines strongly squarrose with 3–7 pointed branches; indehiscent. Nuts 1–3 per cupule, ovoid 1.5–2 cm in diam., with adpressed silky brown hairs around umbo; scar flattened, ca 1.2 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815623	use	EN	Nuts edible.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815623	ecology	EN	"Tropical evergreen rain forest, often near streams; altitude 100 m (most commonly 10–50 m). Flowering January–November (most commonly July–September); fruiting January–August (most commonly January)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000815623	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia (type), Singapore, Indonesia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000815623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000590691	general	EN	"Evergreen, dioecious tree, 10–15 m high, with conical-cylindric crown; lateral branches sweeping; switch-like twigs greyish-green, shallowly grooved, ± glabrous; internodes, 10–15 mm long. Leaves very small, tooth-like or scale-like, greenish-white, in whorls of 9–11 (rarely 12 or 13). Male inflorescence a cylindrical or slightly clavate spikes, 3–8 cm long; bracts hairy on the outer parts, bracteoles 1–2 with cuspidate apex. Female inflorescence an ellipsoid spike, 1–2 cm long. Infructescence cone-like, ellipsoid, truncate, 1.5–2 cm long; seeds many, winged, 4–5 mm long."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000590691	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000590691	use	EN	"Wood is hard and strong, generally used for posts or poles. "	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000590691	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000590691	ecology	EN	"Often as a pioneer species in dry and periodically burnt areas, sometimes forming forest. Only male trees were introduced into Thailand. It thrives on any type of soil and is planted as road-side tree throughout the country. Being a fast-growing species, "	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000590691	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000590691	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Java (Wonosari, type), lesser Sunda Is."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000590691	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000819442	general	EN	"Stems puberulent. Leaves: petiole 2–8 mm long; blade papery, elliptic or slightly obovate, 1.5–6 x 0.6–2.6 cm, apex obtuse or rounded and apiculate, base obtuse to cuneate; 7–10 pairs of strongly ascending secondary veins; sparsely puberulent. Inflorescence of 1 or 2 flowers; terminal but appearing axillary; puberulent. Sepals lanceolate, 1.5–5 x 0.5–0.7 mm; puberulent. Corolla white or pink with a purple, pink or yellow eye; tube 2.3–2.9 cm long; lobes 1.3–1.9 cm long; puberulent on tube outside, around mouth and inside at top of tube. Stamens situated at top of corolla tube; filaments 0.4 mm long; anthers 2.6–2.8 x 0.6–0.8 mm. Disk lobes lanceolate; 2.3–2.6 mm long. Ovary 1.9–3 mm long, puberulent; style + pistil head 1.9–2.1 cm long. Fruits narrowly oblong, longitudinally grooved, apex acute; sparsely puberulent; 1.5–2.5 cm long, 1.5–3.2 mm wide. Seeds 1.6–2.1 x 0.7–1.2 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000819442	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000819442	use	EN	Decoctions are used against many different diseases.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000819442	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000819442	ecology	EN	Cultivated but also sometimes naturalised on sandy areas near sea or on waste ground.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000819442	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000819442	distribution	EN	Native of Madagascar.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000819442	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187712	general	EN	"Shrubby tree up to 4–5 m high; branches terete, puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves: rachis 4–7 cm; glands between the junctions of the pinnae ca 0.5 mm diam, circular, sessile, concave with raised margins; pinnae 2–4 pairs, opposite, 3–6 cm; glands below the junctions of the leaflets, 0.1–0.2 mm diam, circular, sessile; leaflets 5–13 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, 1–1.5 by 0.3–0.7 cm, oblong (the distal pairs obovate); base asymmetrical, truncate behind, rounded in front; apex asymmetrically rounded, mucronate; both surfaces glabrous; main vein excentric, ca ⅓ of the width of the leaflet from the upper margins, 3–4 accessory veins ascending from the base, connected by prominulous lateral veins forming a reticulate pattern of venation. Marginal flowers: Calyx 2.5–3 mm, subtubular, glabrous; teeth ca 0.3 mm long, triangular–deltoid, ciliate along the margins. Corolla 6.5–7 mm, funnel shaped, glabrous; lobes ca 2 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, ciliate at the margins and faintly adpressedly puberulous in the outer part (2 of the lobes may be united higher up). Staminal tube shorter than or as long as the corolla tube. Ovary sessile, glabrous. Pod up to 20 by 2–3 cm, segmented, ca 1 cm broad between the segments. Seeds ca 10–12 by 10 mm, suborbicular-obovate, ca 2 mm thick, flat, brown; areole ca 2.5 by 0.8 mm, oblong, the pleurogram not parallel to the margins."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187712	ecology	EN	In wet localities; along canal banks frequent in the area sub-merged during the rainy season; alt. up to 50 m.	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187712	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon (type), S. India, Cambodia?, Laos, S. Vietnam, Java–New Guinea, N. Australia [ssp. moniliforme (DC.) Brummitt]."	I.C. Nielsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187712	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000592594	general	EN	"Tree, up to 20 m high; bark smooth, greenish-brown; twigs slender to stout, with prominent leaf-scars, glabrous; stipules small, kidney-shaped, caducous. Leaves usually crowned at the end of twigs, with (5–)7(–8) unequal leaflets, the outer much smaller than the inner ones; leaflets elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, glaucous on lower surface, 6–20 by 2–4 cm; apex acuminate; base acute or cuneate; midrib and secondary nerves distinct on lower surface, secondary nerves in 7–12 pairs, arched and anastomosing well away from the entire margin. Petioles 10–20 cm long, glabrous; petiolules up to 5 mm long. Flowers in groups at the upper leaf-scars; buds ovoid, 1–1.5 by 0.8–1 cm; pedicel 1.5–3 cm long, glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped, with 5, unequal sepal, about 1.2 cm across and 1 cm high, globrous outside, appressed silky hairy inside. Petals white or pinkish, oblanceolate, 2–2.5 by 0.8–1 cm, apex obtuse, base slightly cuneate, long woolly hairy on outer part, glabrous except along margin and near apex inside. Stamens 5(–6), 2.5–3 cm long, opposite to the petals; anthers with (2–)3, reflexed sinuous lobes. Ovary ovoid; style cylndrical, 2.5–3 cm long., dilated upwards; stigma 3–5 lobes; each locule with many ovules. Capsule oblong, 12–15 by 3–5 cm, with 5 longitudinal grooves, dehiscent, densely silky hairy inside. Seeds reniform, black."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000592594	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000592594	use	EN	Cotton from fruits is used for stuffing mattresses and pillows; young fruits and flowers are consumed by local people. Wood is used for toyed boats and indoor furniture.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000592594	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000592594	ecology	EN	"Cultivated at altitudes: 10–350 m. Flowering and fruiting: January, March."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000592594	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000592594	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), cultivated in tropical South America, Africa and Asia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000592594	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000593019	general	EN	"Numerous further synonyms for wild and cultivated forms. Annual, erect, glabrous, 1-branched herb up to 1 m high. Leaves lanceolate to linear, upper ones sessile, flower ones with 1–4 cm long petiole; lamina attenuate towards base, acuminate towards apex, 5–15 by 1–5 cm. Inflorescence a white or pink spike, 1–2 cm broad, 2–10 cm long (or longer), often lengthening considerably during anthesis, dense-flowered. Bracts ovate-oblong, aristate, half the length of the tepals, persistent; bracteoles similar but smaller. Tepals 4–10 mm, ovate-linear, acuminate, scarious. Filaments joined at base to a 1.5–2 mm high staminal cup; free part of filaments longer than the cup. Pseudo-staminodes tiny, triangular. Ovary ovoid; style violet; ovules 5–9. Fruit surrounded by the perianth, ca 3 mm. Seeds few, ca 10, lenticular, black, glossy, 1.5 mm diam. In cultivated forms the upper flowers are often sterile, and branched, ""tree-like” outgrowths occur, such forms are often treated as ca cristata L. or var. (subsp. or f.) cristata auct. Pl., “cocks-comb”. The inflorescences are variously coloured: red, violet, yellow or orange."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000593019	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000593019	use	EN	Ornamental.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000593019	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000593019	ecology	EN	Mainly found around towns and settlements and along roadsides.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000593019	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000593019	distribution	EN	Origin uncertain (also of the type in LINN.). Cultivated in all warmer parts of the world and frequently naturalized.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000593019	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594096	general	EN	"Creeping herb with ± glabrous stems to several dm in length; leaf rosettes often distant. Leaves 0.5–4.5 by 0.8–5.5 cm, 1–4(–16) per rosette, glabrous or villous below, margins crenate; petiole 0.5–25 cm, scariously winged at base, glabrous to densely villous. Bracts ca 2 mm long, ovate-elliptic, scarious, soon deciduous. Rays (1–)3–5(–9), 2–15 mm, glabrous or villous. Bracteoles ca 2, ca 1.5 mm long, broadly ovate-elliptic, scarious. Pedicels ca 3, 0–1 mm. Petals 1–1.5 mm. Fruit ca 2 by 3 mm; styles 0.5 mm."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594096	use	EN	"Used raw or cooked and eaten with rice; as a tonic or a medicament for skin diseases, including leprosy (see Nature 163: 258. 1949). BUWALDA (1949) reports a capacity for holding soil against erosion."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594096	ecology	EN	"Pond and streamsides, evergreen forests, fields, or as a garden weed, 300–1450 m alt."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594096	distribution	EN	"Tropical and subtropical regions of the world (India, type)."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594096	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594243	general	EN	"Calyx 8–10 by 3–4 mm, densely hispid. Corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, entirely yellow, rarely with pink lobes. Upper part of staminal filaments patently lanate; one locule of anther much narrower than the other and longer spurred."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594243	ecology	EN	Damp ground and rice-fields; sea-level up to 1100 m altitude.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594243	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. and C. China, S. Korea, Japan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam (type) and Philippines."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594260	general	EN	"Stems erect, simple or few branched upwards, 10–50 cm, with spreading hispid hairs. Leaves opposite below, alternate upwards, obscurely petiolate, narrowly obovate, oblong-oblanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse or rounded rarely subacute at apex, attenuate-angustate into petiole, 1–5 cm by 3–12 mm, entire or obscurely 2–3-dentate, prominently uninerved, hispid on both surfaces. Flowers solitary and axillary. Bracteoles 2, setaceous, 1–2 mm long, hispid. Calyx membranous, attenuate-acuminate at apex, 10–15 by 3–5 mm, spreadingly hispid. Corolla purple, 2.5–3.5 cm long, obscurely bilabiate, 5-lobed; lobes orbicular, 3–4 mm long and wide. Stamens 4; filaments lanate in apical parts; anther-Ioculi unequal, the one narrower than the other. Capsule oblong, acuminate at apex, 8–10 by 4–5 mm. Seeds ovoid, ca 0.6 by 0.3 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594260	ecology	EN	Moist ground in evergreen or dry deciduous forests; from 200 to 1300 m.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594260	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594262	general	EN	"Stems laxly branched, erect or ascending, 6–20 cm, glabrous or sparsely hispid. Leaves opposite below, alternate upwards; flower ovate-oblong, small; middle and upper larger, linear to linear-filiform, 5–25 by 0.5–1.5 mm, acute to obtuse at apex, entire or remotely and obscurely dentate, glabrous or sparsely hispid, rarely with intermixed glandular hairs, uninerved. Flowers solitary in the middle to upper leaf-axils, subsessile. Bracteoles 2, at the base of pedicel, linear, ca 1 mm. Calyx ca 3 by 2 mm, subacute at apex, glabrous or hispid, rarely with intermixed glandular hairs. Corolla with maroon tube and yellow lobes, ca 1 cm long; upper lip ca 2 mm long, with two elliptic lobes; lower lip ca 3 mm long, with three broadly elliptic lobes. Stamens 4; filaments hirsute in the upper parts; anther-loculi conspicuously spurred at base. Capsule globose-ovoid, 4 by 3 mm, glabrous or hispid. Seeds ca 0.9 by 0.45 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594262	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594262	ecology	EN	"Open marshy or moist, grassy ground, or sandy soils; near sea up to 600 m altitude."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594262	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594262	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Ceylon, Malesia, Indochina and S. China."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594262	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000353066	general	EN	"Grass-like herb 10–20 cm high, with numerous, thin roots. Leaves tufted, 10–15cm long, with a very narrow ciliated band along the margin. Inflorescence apical on a 10–20 cm long cylindric scape, up to twice as long as the leaves, pubescent especially in the basal part. Lower bract oval, 8 mm X 7 mm, pubescent, supporting up to 12 flowers; upper bract slightly smaller. Flowers sessile, shorter than the bracts, ca 1 mm; bracteoles 2, hyaline, 6 mm long 2–3 mm broad, dentate at apex. Stamen 1. Carpels 5–7. Fruit 0.75 mm X 0.5 mm, ovoid."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000353066	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000353066	ecology	EN	"Open, temporarily waterlogged grassland on sandy soil. 0–1500 m."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000353066	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000353066	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Laos."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000353066	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001046037	general	EN	"Stems floating or ascending, terete, striate, densely appressed pubescent, rooting at the nodes, up to 150 cm long. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, entire, base acute, apex acuminate; on both surfaces covered with long, appressed, white hairs, particularly dense on young leaves; lamina 8–15 by 2–3 cm; petiole 1–3 cm. Inflorescences of erect, many-flowered spikes up to 45 cm when fully developed; rachis densely appressed hairy. Flowers glabrous, solitary, subtended by glabrous bracts and bracteoles, first crowded, later remote. Bracts ovate, 3–4 mm soon reflexed ; bracteoles ovate-orbicular, concave, ca 3 mm diam. Tepals membranous; outermost with a narrow, transparent margin and a recurved, subulate tip, 6–8 mm long; the other four shorter and with a broader margin. Stamens much shorter than tepals; pseudo-staminodes short, cuneate, at apex dentate and with a fimbriate scale much surpassing their apex. Ovary glabrous with 1 ovule; style filiform, short, persistent; stigma capitate. Utricle ovoid, thin-walled, ca 4 mm long. Seeds reniform."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001046037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001046037	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed from tropical Africa to SE. Asia; locally abundant, but on the whole rare on the Indo-Chinese Peninsula."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001046037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124572	general	EN	"Rhizome erect, bearing many wiry roots and a tuft of fronds. Stipes wingless, dark stramineous, covered with dark brownish hairs, 0.8–1.2 mm in diameter, 5 cm or more long. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, gradually narrowing both upwards and downwards, 10–20 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide; rachis very narrowly winged, sparsely hairy; pinnae many, with very short stalks, oblong-lanceolate, round at apex, unequally cuneate at base, serrate at margin, up to 2.5 cm long, 0.8 cm broad. Sori on acroscopic side of the upper pinnae, 2 to 5 on each pinna; fertile pinnae deeply cut on both sides of each sorus, sorus placed at apex of a lobe and the tips of involucre on the line of the edges of pinnae; involucre tubular, truncate at mouth, narrowly winged, thick in texture, 2 mm long, 1 mm diam.; receptacles very long extruded."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124572	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124572	ecology	EN	On sandy slopes or on wet muddy rocks by streams in dense evergreen forest at low or medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124572	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124572	distribution	EN	SE. Asia generally (type from Java).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124572	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594956	general	EN	"A medium-sized tree, bark brownish, smooth, defoliating inlongitudinal scrolls Leaves 2–5 by 0.2–0.4 cm, glossy green above, white beneath; apex acute; base rounded truncate or partly subcordate. Seed ellipsoid, ± 1.2 by 2.5 cm, with a short apical point and attenuate towards the base."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594956	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594956	use	EN	"Wood used for furniture, but rarely so in Thailand owing to the inaccessibility of its habitat. "	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594956	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594956	ecology	EN	In the lower montane forest; alt. 1000–1800 m.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594956	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000594956	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000594956	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107241	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, bearing a tuft of fronds, scaly; scales fuscous, thin entire, ovate and cordate at base. Stipe fleshy, green, up to 40 cm long. Frond dimorphic: sterile lamina bipinnatifid to tripinnatifid, subdeltoid to oblong, usually shorter than the fertile ones, 10–15 cm but in larger ones up to 35 cm long; rachis and pinna-rachis like the upper part of stipe, green; ultimate lobes linear, moderately acute at apex, glabrous; fertile lamina longer, up to 50 by 30 cm, more copiously divided; pinnules divided into linear lobes; ultimate lobes up to 5 cm long and about 2 mm broad. Sporangia on veins except on raised costae of ultimate segments, solitary, large with short stalks."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107241	ecology	EN	"Aquatic or subaquatic in paddy fields usually in open areas, common at low to medium altitudes throughout the country. This species is becoming rarer in the areas where herbicides are used, as in most parts of Japan: we are afraid that it will suffer similar damage in Thailand in near future."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107241	distribution	EN	Warmer regions throughout the world (type from Ceylon).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107241	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000834469	general	EN	"Tree or shrub to 9 m tall. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.9–4 cm long; blade papery to coriaceous, elliptic to obovate, 5.5–24 x 2–6.3 cm, apex abruptly acuminate, apiculate or, rarely, rounded, base cuneate; secondary veins 13–24 pairs anastomosing into an intramarginal nerve; glabrous. Inflorescence few to many flowered, lax, robust; 6.8–31 cm long; glabrous; pedicels 6.5–22 mm long. Sepals linear, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 9:5–17 x 2.9–5 mm; glabrous. Corolla white with a red eye (in Thailand); tube 2.6–4.3 cm long, narrow, widening near the throat; lobes 1.5–2.9 cm long; glabrous outside, pubescent most of length of tube inside. Stamens inserted just beneath mouth; anthers 1.3–1.7 x 1.1–1.8 mm. Ovary 1.4–1.8 mm long; style + pistil head 2.1–4 cm long. Fruit oblong or ellipsoid; reddish when mature; 6.5–10 cm long, 4.9 cm diameter."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000834469	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000834469	ecology	EN	On beaches above the high tide mark or in forest near sea.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000834469	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000834469	distribution	EN	From Seychelles through eastern Asia and Malesia (type from Java) to the Pacific Islands and northern Australia.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000834469	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000834592	general	EN	"Tree or shrub to 12 m tall. Leaves: petiole 1.6–3.8 cm long; blade papery to coriaceous, obovate, 8.9–26 x 2.4–5.7 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate; secondary veins 12–25 pairs anastomosing into an intramarginal nerve; glabrous. Inflorescence few to many flowered, robust, lax; 8.8–35 cm long; glabrous; pedicels 1.2–4 cm long. Sepals linear, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 8.6–26 x 2.6–5 mm, apex acute or acuminate; glabrous. Corolla white with a yellow eye (in Thailand); tube 1.3–2.2 cm long, bulging in middle; lobes 1.2–3.8 cm long; glabrous outside, pubescent in upper half of tube inside. Stamens inserted around middle of corolla tube; anthers 2.2–2.4 x 1.3–1.5 mm. Ovary 1.2–1.7 mm long; style + pistil head 9.1–12 mm long. Fruit spherical to ovoid; green when mature; 4.7–7.7 cm long; 3.7–6.6 cm diameter."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000834592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000834592	ecology	EN	"In, or on the edge of, mangrove forest or riverine forest or on beaches."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000834592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000834592	distribution	EN	From Sri Lanka (type) to New Caledonia.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000834592	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000597945	general	EN	"Tree up to 15(–25)m by 20 cm, often shrubby under unfavourable conditions. Leaves obovate to obovate-oblong, rarely elliptic-oblong, 5–11.5 by 2–7.5 cm, obtuse or sometimes slightly emarginate, base cuneate; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm. Stiuples 1.2–2.5 cm long. Inflorescences often in the axils of the terminal nodes of a branchlet, usually resinous, (2–)4–10-flowered. Calyx 6–7 mm long. Petals oblong, ca 4 mm long, apex with 3 clavate appendages. Stamens 3–5 mm, alternately long and short. Hypocotyl 15–25(–35) cm long."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000597945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000597945	use	EN	"Wood for temporary construction. fire-wood, and charcoal. Bark yields best tannin."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000597945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000597945	ecology	EN	Mangrove forests.	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000597945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000597945	distribution	EN	"E. Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia, throughout Malesia (type- Philippines) to Micronesia, Melanesia, and Australia."	Ding Hou		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000597945	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000836079	general	EN	"(Shrub to) tree, up to 45 m high. Stipules 3–6.5 by 0.6–2.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 3–17 mm long; blade ovate (to elliptic), 3.5–18.5 by 1.5–8 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–3.5, nerves 7–9 per side. Inflorescences densely hirsute. Flowers greenish yellow to white-yellow to yellow, slightly fragrant, sweet, staminate flowers 2.2–3.7 mm in diam., pistillate flowers up to 7.5 mm in diam; pedicels 3.3–5 mm long, woolly; sepals ovate to rounded, 1.5–3 by 1.5–3.3 mm; disc pink to red. Stamens: androphore 2.8–5 mm long, hairy, white; filaments 0.4–1 mm long; anthers 0.5–1.2 by 0.4–0.6 mm, yellow. Ovary ovoid, 1–1.3 mm long; styles 3, 0.3–1.2 mm long; stigma lobes 1–2 mm long. Fruit 8–18 by 8–18 mm, yellow turning reddish brown, glochidiate hairs ca 3 mm long. Seeds 5.2–5.5 by 3.5–5 by 2.7–3.5 mm, aril red; embryo ovoid, flattened, ca 4.3 by 3 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000836079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000836079	use	EN	"In NE Malaysia (Kelantan and Trengganu) the young leaves are cooked and eaten as spinach or chopped up with rice. The wood is used as a non-construction timber by the Iban (Sarawak, Borneo); for building purposes in Sri Lanka, and for sampans and columns in Indochina. The wood is said to be light red, moderately hard, close-grained, pores small, scanty, in short radial lines, medullary rays very fine, very numerous, narrow wavy concentric bands fairly regular and prominent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000836079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000836079	ecology	EN	"Often common, but scattered in (hilly) primary and secondary lowland forest, mixed Dipterocarp forest, coastal peat-swamp forest, seasonally swampy forest, along beaches and river banks, and in submontane scrubs; on yellow, brown or black sandy soil, sandy loam, sandstone, yellow clay, clay-loam, rocky coral, or granite; altitude: sea level up to 500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000836079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000836079	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka, India (type), Assam, Andaman Islands, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000836079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000599823	general	EN	"Small tree up to 10 m or shrub. Leaves glabrous, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 6–13(–20) by 2–8(–11) cm; apex slightly acuminate; base shortly attenuate to attenuate; petiole 3–5 mm. Panicles solitary or in groups of 2–4; main rhachis up to 16 cm long; bracts ovate, acute, 0.5–1 mm long. Hermaphrodite flowers: pedicels 2.5–5 mm, thickened upwards. Tepals yellowish-green, 1–1.5 mm, oblong, acute. Stamens as long as the tepals; anthers yellow, oval, 0.3 mm long. Disc green, annular, crenulate. Ovary green, 0.5 mm long. Female flowers green; pedicels short, ca 0.5 mm. Tepals ca 0.5 mm, acute; staminodes minute, 0.2 mm, scaly. Disc lobes smaller than staminodes. Ovary cylindric to ovoid, ca 0.5 mm long; stigma cushion-shaped. Drupe orange-red, 10–15 by 7–8 mm; pedicel 1.5–2(–4) mm."	P. Hiepko		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000599823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000599823	use	EN	Fruits and young leaves (shoots) eaten as vegetables.	P. Hiepko		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000599823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000599823	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, rarely in deciduous forests or scrub, from sea level up to 300 m, in Burma 700 m. Flowers from December to March. Fruit from January to April."	P. Hiepko		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000599823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000599823	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malesia, Philippines (type)."	P. Hiepko		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000599823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118134	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, covered with scales; scales narrow, shining brown, 2–3 mm long, entire. Stipe castaneous, polished, 8–15(–30) cm long, sparsely scaly on lower parts, minutely pubescent, grooved on adaxial surface. Lamina linear-lanceolate, bipinnatifid to bipinnate, 10–20(–30) by 3–5(–8) cm; lateral pinnae more than 15 pairs, 2–5 cm apart in lower fronds, closer in upper; pinnae larger, pinnate, up to 4 by 2 cm, oblong-subdeltoid, acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate and stalked at base; middle pinnae 10–25 by 5–10 mm, pinnatifid at base, oblong or lanceolate; pinnules oblong, oblique, subtruncate or broadly cuneate at base, round at apex, irregularly lobed in larger ones, apical pinnules of larger pinnae like upper ones, moderately acute or round at apex, entire at apical part; thickly papyraceous, yellow-green, glabrous on laminar surface; sometimes producing bulbils on lobes underneath; veins all free, hardly visible. Sori at margin of lobes, nearly continuous or interrupted, protected by reflexed margin of lobes to 0.7 mm in breadth."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118134	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118134	ecology	EN	On clayey banks of paths or on muddy rocks in mixed forests or in open areas at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118134	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118134	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India, S. China, Indochina and Malaya to the Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118134	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000141787	general	EN	"Rhizome short-creeping, bearing close fronds, densely scaly; scales linear, up to 3 by 0.1 mm, bright brown. Stipe slender, about 0.2 mm in diameter, bright castaneous, polished, glabrous or rarely scaly with small hair-like scales 1.5–2.5 mm long. Frond oblong-subdeltoid, widest at base, acute at apex, about 2.5 by 1.5 cm, bipinnatifid; rachis castaneous, grooved on upper surface, raised below, glabrous, narrowly winged nearly to the base; pinnae patent or upper ascending, opposite, adnate or decurrent at base, oblong to oblong-subdeltoid, round at apex, up to 10 by 5 mm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect; segments with one to four veinlets, lobes one-nerved, thin and glabrous; veins distinct on both surfaces with darker colour. Sori at apex of veinlets, with one to four sporangia; indusial flaps moderately acute to acuminate at apex, up to 0.7 by 0.5 mm, pale."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000141787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000141787	ecology	EN	"Without record of habitat; probably in crevices of rocks; known only by the type collection : PUT 3437 (BK, BM, K). Without record of habitat; probably in crevices of rocks; known only by the type collection : PUT 3437 (BK, BM, K)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000141787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000141787	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000141787	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107933	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect or ascending, scaly; scales linear, 2–4 mm long, entire, bicoloured. Stipe nearly black, polished, sparsely scaly on lower parts, hairless, up to 20 cm long. Lamina variable in size and from, commonly subdeltoid, acuminate at apex, 15–20 by 7–12 cm, bipinnate; rachis and costa like the upper parts of stipe, grooved above, grooves decurrent; pinnae sessile, the lowest the largest, asymmetric with larger basal acroscopic pinnules; middle pinnae narrowly oblong, falcate, adnate at base, deeply pinnatisect; pinnules narrowly oblong, oblique, round at apex, subentire or lobed in larger ones, papyraceous; lower surface coated with white waxy powder, without hairs and scales; veins all free. Sori terminal on veinlets, usually appearing continuous along the margin of lobes, protected by reflexed marginal flaps, the pellucid edges rather broad, crenate to fimbriate at margin, persistent."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107933	ecology	EN	"On rather dry rocks, sometimes on limestones cliffs, in light shade in mixed deciduous or evergreen forests usually at medium or high altitudes."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107933	distribution	EN	Tropics or warmer regions in both the Old (type from Arabia) and New Worlds.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124059	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, scaly. Stipe 5–12 cm long, dark purplish to castaneous, polished, scaly at base; scales lanceolate, thin, blackish in centre and brownish at marginal portion. Frond bipinnate, 5–10 cm long, oblong to lanceolate, covered with white or yellow waxy powder on lower surface. Indusia free, not or slightly lacerate at margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124059	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124059	ecology	EN	On rocks in light shade in mixed deciduous forests at medium altitude.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124059	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124059	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124059	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001123974	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, scaly; scales gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, about 4 mm long, up to 0.5 mm broad, brown, central portion sometimes stiff and darker, entire. Stipe castaneous or darker, up to 10 cm long, scaly near base, densely pubescent throughout, hairs woolly but patent, dark, up to 0.5 mm long. Lamina bipinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate or narrower, up to 25 by 7 cm in fertile, up to 15 cm by 7 cm in sterile fronds; rachis pubescent throughout, grooved on upper surface; pinnae alternate, sessile, narrowly elliptic, acuminate at apex, subtruncate at base, or narrowly oblanceolate with moderately acute apex, up to 4 by 1 cm; costa castaneous, green in distal portion, pubescent or glabrescent; pinnules close to somewhat distant, patent to oblique, oblong, round to moderately acute at apex, adnate at base, entire or slightly waved at margin, softly papyraceous, hairy at margin but glabrous on surface; veinlets simple, hardly visble. Sori at apex of veinlets, protected by thin reflexed flaps."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001123974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001123974	ecology	EN	On limestone rocks on ridges of hills in teak jungles at 750–930 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001123974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001123974	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Moulmein, type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001123974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116579	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, scaly; scales linear-lanceolate, dark brown, membranous. Stipe longer than laminae; scales ovate-subulate, rufo-brown, sometimes glandular at margin. Fronds 5–8 by 3–4 cm, bipinnatifid; lower pinnae with short stalk, basiscopic side wider than acroscopic side. Sori at margin of lobes, interrupted, protected by reflexed margin of lobes."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116579	ecology	EN	On rocks in light shade at medium or high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116579	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Japan and Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116579	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000142821	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, scaly; scales linear-lanceolate, bi-coloured, dense. Stipe castaneous, about 30 cm long, scaly at lower portion. Frond pentagonous to ovate-deltoid, about 17 by 15 cm, acumiate at apex, bipinnate-tripinnatifid; lowest pinnae largest, 10 by 6 cm, sessile to subadnate; pinnules 5–8 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, 5 by 1.5 cm, adnate at base; ultimate segments oblong, 6 by 1.5 mm; firm chartaceous, glabrous, covered with white waxy substances on the lower surface. Sori confluent at maturity; indusia membranous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000142821	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000142821	ecology	EN	"On calcareous rocks on cliffy mountain ridge near summit, 1900–2100 m alt."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000142821	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000142821	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000142821	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001233328	general	EN	"Rhizome short, scaly at apex; scales linear-lanceolate, dark in the center and light brown at marginal portion. Stipe castaneous, scaly at base. Fronds oblong-subtriangular. Indusia broad, interrupted, fimbriate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001233328	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001233328	ecology	EN	On rather dry rocks in light shade in mixed deciduous forests.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001233328	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001233328	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Nepal, India, China (S. of Yangtze River, type from Yunnan), and the Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001233328	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000143037	general	EN	"Rhizome short, suberect, scaly; scales narrowly lanceolate, brownish, pubescent. Stipe castaneous, polished, 20–30 cm long, glabrous with scaly base. Lamina oblong-lanceolate to deltoid-oblong, acuminate at apex, 20–40 by 15–25 cm, bipinnate-tripinnatifid; lateral pinnae 7–11 pairs, largest ones 7–18 by 3–7 cm, oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, with stalks 10–15 mm in length; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate, about 4 mm broad, acute, waved at margin; chartaceous, creamy farinose on lower surface of lamina. Sori terminal on veinlets, protected by reflexed marginal flaps."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000143037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000143037	ecology	EN	On limestone cliff at 350–500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000143037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000143037	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000143037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124048	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, covered with scales; scales linear, bicoloured, 3–5 mm long, up to 0.4 mm broad, entire. Stipe castaneous to nearly black, polished, not very densely scaly throughout, 12–20 cm long. Lamina bipinnatifid to bipinnatisect, oblong-oval to subdeltoid, acute to acuminate at apex, 8–15 by 5–8 cm; rachis winged on both sides except in the lower portion, scaly; lateral pinnae several pairs, opposite or nearly so, the lowest the largest, pinnately lobed, asymmetrically subdeltoid, falcate, up to 5 by 4 cm, sessile, basal acroscopic lobes the largest; middle pinnae narrowly oblong, lobed to midway between costa and margin, round at apex, adnate at base; larger pinnules oblong, oblique, slightly falcate, round at apex, subentire or lobed; herbaceous or thicker, green, with lemon-yellow to nearly white powderly wax on lower surface; lower surface of costa, veins and veinlets scaly; scales linear, brown, the larger bicoloured, up to 2 mm long. Sori at end of veinlets, appearing more or less continuous, or round, protected by reflexed margin of lobes; uneven pellucid edge persistent, reniform or continuous, fimbriate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124048	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124048	ecology	EN	In crevices of rather dry limestone cliffs in open areas at high altitudes (1600–2100 m).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124048	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124048	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Yunnan (type) and Tonkin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124048	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115235	general	EN	"Rhizome short, ascending, covered with scales; scales light brown, very narrow, entire, 3–4 mm long. Stipe castaneous, polished, slightly swollen and densely scaly at base, sparsely and minutely scaly upwards, 10–25 cm long, grooved on adaxial surface. Frond dimorphic; sterile lamina smaller, with stipe 8–12 cm in length, deltoid in outline. Fertile lamina tripinnate, or the larger quadripinnatifid, subdeltoid in outline, up to 20 by 8 cm; rachis and pinna-rachis scaly, grooved on upper surface; pinnae ten or more pairs, basal ones the largest, subtriangular, acute at apex; middle pinnae oblong-subtriangular; larger pinnules pinnatisect with a few pairs of lobes and a large terminal one, terminal lobes of pinnules like terminal pinnae and pinnules, oblong, round at apex, 5–10 by ca 3 mm, entire; ultimate lobes round or oval, 2–4 mm long, up to 1.5 mm broad, papyraceous, green; veins all free, obscure. Sporangia confined to the end of veins but appearing continuous at margin of lobes, when young protected by reflexed margin of lobes, edges uneven, pellucid."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115235	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115235	ecology	EN	On rather dry clayey banks of paths in mixed forests at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115235	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115235	distribution	EN	"Tropics of Asia and Oceania, from India and S. China through Malesia (type from India) to Polynesia, Australia and New Zealand."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115235	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117301	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, 6–10 mm diam., densely covered with hairs, bearing fronds 0.3–1.5 cm apart; hairs soft, pale brown, up to 5 mm or more long, multiseptate. Fronds dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipes up to 30 cm long, hairy at base, glabrous above, stramineous or darker; smaller laminae simple, narrowly bilobed, round at base, entire, up to 15 cm long, 12 cm wide; lobes acuminate with broad rounded sinus between them, up to 8 cm long, entire; main veins several times branching dichotomously, smaller veins forming elaborate network; coriaceous, deep green, paler beneath. Fertile fronds taller; laminae linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards both base and apex, up to 15 cm long, 1.5 cm broad, lower surface wholly covered with sporangia in acrostichoid condition except on main veins and narrow strip at edge, mixed with simple club-shaped hairs."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117301	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117301	ecology	EN	"On clayey slope along path in dense forests at higher altitudes (1000–1800 m), rather rare."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117301	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117301	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China, Vietnam, Malesia generally (Sumatra to New Guinea, type from Java), northwards to the warmer parts of Japan through Taiwan and the Ryukyus."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117301	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000600974	general	EN	"Annual or biennial herb up to 1 m with young stems glandular and with a strong smell of terpentine. Leaves broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 3–10(–20) by 2–3(–9) cm, attenuate at base, irregularly dentate, rarely laciniate or nearly entire; velvetly glandulose along the nerves. Inflorescence pyramidal, richly branced, leafy panicles, consisting of cymes with 2–10(–25) sessile flowers. The numerous leaves subtending the side branches of the inflorescence are diminishing towards apex. Perianth green, 1–1.5 mm with lobes free to the middle or more. Stamens 4(–5) or less, slightly exserted. Ovary spherical; stigmata 3. Seeds obovoid, 0.5–0.8 mm, subglabrous, dark brown, shining."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000600974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000600974	use	EN	Locally used for colds and stomach troubles.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000600974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000600974	ecology	EN	"Waste places, old clearings. The one Thai collection originates from an old clearing by hill tribes at Ban Tak Rai, 1200 m."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000600974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000600974	distribution	EN	"Cosmopolitan in the warmer parts of the world, considered neotropical of origin (type from Spain)."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000600974	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000601268	general	EN	"Annual herb up to 1 m. Stems covered by vescicular hairs giving the plant a mealy touch. Leaves rhomboid to lanceolate, with sinuate margin, up to 7 by 4 cm, diminishing in upper parts to 1–2 by 0.7–1.5 cm, attenuate at base, obtuse-mucronate at apex, upper surface green, lower greyish, mealy. Inflorescence richly branched, leafy in lower part. Perianth divided to about the middle; lobes carinate. Stamens 5. Ovary spherical-ovoid. Fruit with perianth pentagonal in outline. Seeds discoid, ca 1 mm diam., black, shining with numerous radial lines."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000601268	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000601268	ecology	EN	Forming large populations on sandy flats along the large rivers. Probably spreading in northern and central Thailand during the second half of the century.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000601268	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000601268	distribution	EN	Widely distributed in Europe and Asia (type not designated).	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000601268	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000843313	general	EN	"Branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.7–2.1 cm long; blade coriaceous, elliptic to obovate, 2.9–16.4 x 0.9–7.3 cm, apex acuminate or apiculate, base acute to cuneate; secondary veins 11–24 pairs, prominent beneath with weaker parallel veins; glabrous. Inflorescence 2–7 cm long; axillary; puberulent; pedicels 1–4 mm long. Sepals ovate, 1–1.5 x 0.8–1.4 mm, apex rounded; glabrous, ciliate. Corolla white or orange; tube 6–14 mm long; lobes 4.5–7.5 mm long, long acuminate; glabrous outside, pubescent beneath stamens inside. Stamens inserted at 2.1–3 mm from base; filaments 0.3–0.5 mm long; anthers 1.1–1.3 x 0.3–0.5 mm. Ovary 1–1.6 mm long; style + pistil head 0.8–2.4 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid or globular; glabrous; 2.2–8.7 x 2–3.4 x 2–4 cm. Seeds 5.6–8 x 4.5–5.8 x 1.8–5.4 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000843313	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000843313	use	EN	Fruit edible.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000843313	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000843313	ecology	EN	In evergreen or peat swamp forest to 150 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000843313	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000843313	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (type from Sumatra)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000843313	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000843376	general	EN	"Branchlets glabrous or puberulent. Leaves: petiole 0.7–1.6 cm long; blade coriaceous lanceolate, oblong or narrowly elliptic, 2.7–11.4 x 0.7–3.7 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse; secondary veins 20–40 pairs, not prominent, not much stronger than the parallel veins; glabrous. Inflorescence 2.1–5.5 cm long; axillary; puberulent; pedicels 3–3.7 mm long. Sepals ovate, 0.5–1.1 x 0.5–0.6 mm, apex rounded to obtuse; glabrous, ciliate. Corolla orange or yellow; tube 2.3–2.8 mm long; lobes 2.1–2.5 mm long, acuminate; glabrous outside, pubescent immediately below stamens inside. Stamens inserted at 1.3–1.7 mm from base; filaments 0.2–0.3 mm long; anthers 0.7–0.9 x 0.3–0.4 mm. Ovary 0.8–1 mm long; style + pistil head 1–1.1 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid; glabrous; 2.2–7.5 x 0.8–2.7 x 0.6–1 cm. Seeds 6–8 x 2–5.5 x 3.3–3.6 mm."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000843376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000843376	ecology	EN	In deciduous or evergreen forest to 650 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000843376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000843376	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia (type from Java)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000843376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830025	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, young shoots glabrous. Leaves coriaceous to subcoriaceous; petiole 7–10 mm long, glabrous; lamina glabrous, broadly oblanceolate-obovate, (6–)8–11 cm long, (2.5–)3–6.5 cm broad; base acute, attenuate onto the petiole; apex rounded-obtuse to retuse, usually with a short retrorse apiculum; 6–7 primary veins on each side of the midrib, slightly raised above and below, reticulate venation sometimes visible below. Inflorescence axillary, racemose-decussate to paniculate, 1–4 cm long, 5- to many flowered; flowers fragrant; rachis single or paired, glabrous; pedicels 0.5–1 mm long (to 3 mm in fruit). Calyx glabrous; tube 0.5 mm; lobes acutely triangular, 0.5–0.75 mm long. Corolla white; lobes strap-shaped, 2–3 mm long, 0.5–0.75 mm broad. Anthers very broadly ellipsoid, 1 mm long; filaments 0.5 mm long; connective not developed. Ovary bottle-shaped, 1 mm long; style scarcely differentiated, 0.25 mm long, stigma ± sessile, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit black when ripe, 10–11 mm long, 7–8 mm diameter."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830025	ecology	EN	Savanna on sandstone bedrock; alt. ca 130 – 550 m. Flowering during April.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830025	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830025	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830051	general	EN	"Small tree, 4–6 m tall, young shoots minutely velutinous to puberulous. Leaves somewhat coriaceous; petiole 3–5 mm long, minutely villous to puberulous; lamina elliptic to broadly elliptic, (3–)4–6.5 cm long, (1.5–)2–3 cm broad; base acute or obtuse, slightly decurrent onto the petiole; apex ± acuminate, often shortly so; 5–6 primary veins on each side of the midrib, usually obscure, sometime slightly raised below. Inflorescence short and dense, to 1 cm long, 3–5-flowered; rachis velutinous; flowers sessile. Calyx lobes 1 mm long, obtuse, densely shortly pilose. Corolla white; lobes strap-shaped (4–)5–6 mm long; 0.5 mm broad, usually curled. Anthers broadly ellipsoid, about 0.75 mm long; filament about 0.5 mm long; connective slightly developed. Ovary flask-shaped, 2 mm long; style 0.5 mm, scarcely differentiated, stigma shallowly 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, (0.6–)0.7 x (0.3–)0.4 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830051	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830051	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest on limestone; alt. 50 – 100 m. Flowering during April and October; fruiting during May.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830051	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830051	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830051	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830053	general	EN	"Tree to ca 8 m. tall, young shoots glabrous. Leaves coriaceous; petiole stout, 1–2 cm long, glabrous; lamina glabrous, broadly oblanceolate, 20–30 cm long, 9–12 cm broad; base ± cuneate; apex very abruptly acuminate; 7–8 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised above and below, secondary venation obscure. Inflorescence fascicled, racemose-decussate, from the axillary scars of shed leaves, 0.5–2 cm long, glabrous; flowers numerous, ± sessile. Calyx ciliolate, tube and lobes 1 mm long, lobes triangular, rounded. Corolla: (from Malayan material) lobes narrow, 5 mm long. Anthers not seen. Ovary broadly flask-shaped, 1 mm long; style 0.5 mm long, stigma very shallowly bilobed. Fruit (from Malayan material) ellipsoid, base flattened, 2.5 x 1.2 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830053	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830053	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest.; alt. ca 100 m. Flowering during March.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830053	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830053	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Sabah, Kalimantan (type)."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830053	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830077	general	EN	"Small tree to 7 m tall, young shoots finely velutinous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous above, except the midrib, usually velutinous, rarely the midrib only puberulous below; petiole finely velutinous, 7–10 mm long; lamina oblong-elliptic, 19–34 cm long, 6–11 cm broad; base acute; apex shortly and finely acuminate; 9–10 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised below, sunk above, otherwise obscure. Inflorescence racemose-decussate, 0.5–2 cm long; rachis finely pilose to subvelutinous; about 7- to 11-flowered; bracts 1 mm long, velutinous; flowers sessile to subsessile. Calyx glabrous, margins pilose, 1 mm long; tube very short. Corolla lobes strap-shaped, 3–4 mm long, 0.5 mm broad, ± involute. Anthers ellipsoid, 1–1.25 mm long, ± sessile; connective shortly developed. Ovary ovoid, 1 mm long; stigma ± sessile, slightly 2 lobed. Fruit not seen."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830077	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest; alt. ca 50 – 200 m. Flowering during December to February.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830077	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830094	general	EN	"Tree, young shoots glabrous. Leaves somewhat chartaceous; petioles 3–5 mm long, glabrous; lamina elliptic, 5–7 cm long, 1.5–2.7 cm broad; base subcuneate, attenuate onto the petiole; apex acuminate; 4 or 5 primary veins on each side of the midrib, slightly raised above and below, venation otherwise obscure. Inflorescence racemose decussate, 1–1.5 cm long, usually 7-flowered; rachis pilose or villous to densely villous in places; pedicels 0–0.5 mm long. Calyx ± pilose, especially on the margins; tube 0.5 mm long; lobes triangular to rounded, 0.5 mm long. Corolla lobes 2.5 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm broad, cuspidate. Anthers ellipsoid, 0.75 mm long; connective rounded, scarcely developed. Ovary flask-shaped, 0.75 mm long; style 0.5 mm long, stigma very slightly 2-lobed. Fruit not known."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830094	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830094	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest; alt. about 10 m.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830094	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830094	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830094	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830166	general	EN	"Tree to 15 m tall, young shoots glabrous. Leaves slightly coriaceous; petiole 2–4 cm long, glabrous; lamina glabrous, lanceolate to oblong, 11–18 cm long, 5.5–6.6 cm broad; base acute, attenuate onto the petiole; apex ± acuminate; 6–10 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised above and below. Inflorescence racemose-decussate, 2–4 cm long, about 7-flowered, rachis glabrous; bracts 1–2 mm long, long acute; pedicels 0.5–1 mm long. Calyx glabrous; tube 0.5 mm long; lobes 0.5–0.75 mm long, acutely triangular. Corolla white; lobes strap-shaped, 7–8.5 mm long, 0.5–0.75 mm broad, involute. Anthers very broadly ellipsoid, 1 mm long; filaments 0.5 mm long; connective not developed. Ovary bottle-shaped, 1 mm long; style scarcely differentiated, 0.25 mm long, stigma broadly and slightly 2-lobed. Fruit not known."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830166	ecology	EN	"Primary, mostly evergreen forest, near a stream, on granitic bedrock; alt. 1400 m. Flowering during February."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830166	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830170	general	EN	"Shrubs or small trees, ca 8–15 m tall; young shoots glabrous. Leaves somewhat coriaceous; petiole glabrous, 2–4 cm long; lamina glabrous, oblong-elliptic to slightly obovate, (9–)11–24 cm long, (3.5–)4.5–10 cm broad; base cuneate, long attenuate onto the petiole; apex shortly acuminate, 7–9 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised above, ± sunk below, secondary venation obscure. Inflorescence fasciculate, briefly paniculate, glabrous, 1–4 cm long, flowers numerous; pedicels 0.5–1 mm long. Calyx glabrous, ± membranous; tube 0.25–0.5 mm long; lobes rounded, 0.25–0.5 mm long. Corolla white or light yellow; lobes narrowly elliptic, 1.5–2 mm long, 0.5–1 mm broad, involute. Anthers broadly ellipsoid, 0.75–1 mm long, ± sessile. Ovary flask-shaped, 1 mm long; style scarcely differentiated, 0.25 mm long, stigma slightly 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.5–2.5 x 1 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830170	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; alt. less than 50 – 200 m. Flowering during August to December; fruiting during December.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830170	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830171	general	EN	"Tree, 6–15 m tall, young shoots glabrous. Leaves somewhat coriaceous; petiole 5–10 mm long, glabrous; lamina glabrous, narrowly ovate to broadly lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, (5–)6–11 cm long, (1.5–)2–4.5 cm broad; base usually acute, shortly attenuate onto the petiole; apex acuminate; 5–7 primary veins on each side of the midrib slightly raised to ± obscure below, slightly sunk to ± obscure above, other venation obscure. Inflorescence racemose-decussate to slightly paniculate, 2–5 cm long, (3–)5–7 flowered; rachis glabrous or finely puberulous; pedicels 0.5–3 mm long. Calyx puberulous to glabrous and ciliolate; tube 0.5–0.75 mm long; lobes triangular, 0.75–1 mm long, blunt to acute. Corolla white; tube 2.5–3 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, 4–9 mm long, 0.5–1 mm broad. Anthers ellipsoid-ovoid, 1 mm long, subsessile; connective slightly developed into a very short rounded appendage. Ovary flask shaped, 1.5 mm long; style 0.5 mm long, stigma very small, 2-lobed. Fruit almost spherical, 1.5–1.7 x 1.3–1.5 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830171	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830171	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest on sandstone bedrock; alt. 120 – 1200 m. Flowering during April to November; fruiting from April to August.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830171	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830171	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (type)."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830171	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830194	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, 3–6 m tall, young shoots glabrous. Leaves ± chartaceous; petiole 1–4 mm long, glabrous; lamina glabrous, ovate to lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, (4.5–)5–0 cm long, (1.5–)2–4 cm broad; base acute to somewhat obtuse; apex acuminate to usually almost caudate; 4–6 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised below, slightly impressed above. Inflorescence about 1 cm long; rachis glabrous or scattered puberulous, few-flowered. Calyx somewhat membranous, somewhat puberulous; lobes about 1 mm long. Corolla white; lobes linear 5–6 mm long, involute. Anthers ellipsoid, 1 mm long, subsessile; connective slightly developed. Ovary bottle shaped, about 1.5 mm long; style scarcely differentiated, stigma shallowly 2-lobed. Fruit narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, 1–1.5 x 0.6–0.7 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830194	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830194	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest; alt. 200 – 1700 m. Fruiting during August to December.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830194	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830194	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Andaman Islands (type), Vietnam."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830194	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830215	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, young shoots glabrous. Leaves slightly coriaceous; petioles (1.5–)2–3 cm long, glabrous; lamina glabrous, oblong-elliptic, sometimes somewhat lanceolate or oblanceolate, (7–)9–15(–21) cm long, (2.5–)3.5–5.5(–8) cm broad; base obtuse to acute, narrowed and attenuate onto the petiole; apex acuminate to shortly acuminate; 8–9 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised, secondary venation often obscure; petioles glabrous, (1.5–)2–3 cm long. Inflorescence paniculate, (4–)7–12(–15) cm long, glabrous; flowers numerous; pedicels 1–2 mm long. Calyx glabrous; tube 0.25 mm long; lobes 0.5–0.75 mm long, triangular. Corolla white, creamy white or yellowish (red or orange rarely recorded), slightly fragrant; lobes strap-shaped, 2–4 mm long, 0.75 mm broad, involute, apex ± obtuse. Anthers broadly ellipsoid, 0.75 mm long, almost sessile; connective developed into a very slight appendage. Ovary broadly flask shaped, 1–1.5 mm long; style short, scarcely differentiated, stigma ± sessile, slightly 2 lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.5–2 × 0.8–1.5 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830215	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830215	ecology	EN	"Evergreen, mixed or deciduous forest on granitic or limestone bedrock, often near a stream.; alt. 0 – 1500 m. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830215	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830215	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Eastern India, SE. China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Java, Philippines, Moluccas (type cult. ex Moluccas), New Guinea and Australia (Queensland)."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830215	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830246	general	EN	"Tree, 4–9 m tall, young shoots glabrous. Leaves slightly coriaceous; petiole glabrous, 1.5–3 cm long; lamina glabrous, oblanceolate to broadly oblanceolate, (10–)16–20(–32) cm long, (3.5–)6–8(–11) cm broad; base cuneate, attenuate onto the petiole; apex very shortly acuminate; (9–)10–11(–13) primary veins on each side of the midrib, venation raised-reticulate below, plane or slightly raised above. Inflorescence glabrous, broadly paniculate, (3–)5–15 cm long; many-flowered, flowers scented; pedicels 0–1.5 mm long. Calyx glabrous; tube 0.25–0.5 mm long; lobes triangular, 0.5–0.75 mm long. Corolla white to pale yellow; lobes linear, 3.5–4 mm long, 0.5 mm broad, slightly involute. Anthers 1 mm long, ± sessile; connective not developed. Ovary 1.5 mm long, merging into style 0.25 mm long; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Fruit almost spherical, 2 x 1.5 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830246	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830246	ecology	EN	In lower montane forest up to 1800 m. Flowering during October to December; fruiting during April to September.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830246	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830246	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830246	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830253	general	EN	"Tree, 8–20 m tall, young shoots glabrous to finely pilose. Leaves thinly coriaceous; petiole 1.5–3.5 cm long, glabrous, to sometimes slightly pilose; lamina glabrous, oblanceolate to elliptic oblong, (7–)11–18(–28) cm long, (2.5–)4–6(–7) cm broad; base acute, attenuate onto the petiole; apex acuminate, often shortly so; 9–12 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised above and below, usually obscure. Inflorescence paniculate, 4–8 cm long, pubescent to pilose or almost glabrous, flowers ± sessile, numerous, in groups of 3 at the ends of the rachis branches; lower bracts leaf-like, 3–10 mm long. Calyx puberulous; tube 0.25–0.5 mm long; lobes triangular, 0.75–1 mm long. Corolla white; lobes very narrowly blunt triangular, 2–3 mm long. Anthers ellipsoid, 1 mm long, sessile; connective slightly developed. Ovary bottle-shaped, 1 mm long; stigma 0.9 small, bilobed. Fruit ellipsoid-ovoid, 1.8–3.5 × 1.3–2 cm, blue-black when ripe."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830253	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830253	ecology	EN	Deciduous and evergreen forest; alt. 125 – 700 m. Flowering during June and December; fruiting during December to April.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830253	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830253	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia (types)."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830253	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830260	general	EN	"Tree, young shoots velutinous. Leaves coriaceous; petiole 1–2.5 cm long, velutinous; lamina velutinous below, glabrous above except for the midrib, oblanceolate, 12–21 cm long, 5–7 cm broad; base cuneate, attenuate onto the petiole; apex obtuse to acute, sometimes very slightly acuminate; 8–10 primary veins on each side of the midrib, raised below, sunk above, venation otherwise obscure. Inflorescence paniculate, 4–8 cm long, rachis velutinous; many-flowered, flowers ± sessile, sweetly scented. Calyx densely pilose; tube 0.5 mm long; lobes triangular, 1–1.25 mm long. Corolla white or yellowish-white; lobes narrowly blunt triangular, 4-5.5 mm long, 0.5 mm broad, involute. Anthers 1.25–1.5 mm long, ± sessile; connective slightly developed. Ovary bottle-shaped, 1 mm long; style 0.5 mm long, stigma sessile, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid, 2.4 x 1.3 cm."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830260	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous forest; alt, about 200 m. Flowering during March and April; fruiting during August."	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830260	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	P.S.Green		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830260	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001248451	general	EN	"Shrubby herb, subshrub or small shrub, 0.3–3 m tall, rarely epiphytic, iaromatic when crushed; nodes distinctly swollen, sometimes purplish. Leaves bright green, glossy above in life, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic- or ovate-oblong, 8–29 by 3–13 cm, usually long-acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, rather thin, the margin rather finely shallowly (rarely more coarsely) glandular-serrate, with ca 9 pairs of nerves sometimes purple beneath; petiole 0.75–1.7 cm; stipules minute, subulate. Inflorescences scented, with 5–13 spikes 2.5–5 cm long; bracts sheathing; ovate, acute. Anther-bearing organ yellow, between green and white or violet-white, 3-lobed, 1.2–1.6 mm long, median anther 2-locellate; lateral anthers 1-locellate. Ovary enclosed by the male part. Fruit white, cream or rarely tinged violet or pinkish, the tip sometimes dark violet-purple, succulent, glossy, 5–7 mm diam. Seed yellowish-white."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001248451	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001248451	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest (e.g. Dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest with much bamboo undergrowth, rain forests on granite) often riverine and mostly in damp shady places but occasionally on rather dry hills; 15–1650 m."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001248451	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001248451	distribution	EN	"Continental SE. Asia from Nepal (India, type) to Yunnan and Andaman Is., and throughout Malesia to New Guinea."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001248451	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603119	general	EN	"Herb to ± 40 cin tall with few erect stems from a rhizome and with brous roots; stems with cataphylls about 6 by 4 mm but true leaves apparently in a terminal whorl of 4 the two nodes confluent or almost so with internode 0–5 mm long (rarely with leaves at next flower node); stems ± glabrous except for exceedingly fine emergences. Leaves elliptic, obovate-elliptic or ± round, 4–18 by 2–12.5 cm, mostly distinctly acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely toothed, glabrous above and beneath or with fine but often ± dense emergences on venation beneath; venation prominent beneath in older leaves; petiole obsolete or distinctly developed, up to 2.3 cm long. Inflorescences fragrant, 1–5 at the apex, ca 10 cm long with peduncle 2.5–3.5 cm long; terminal one with cataphyll-like bracts up to 3 mm long some distance above node but lateral ones with bracts often right at base of peduncles; flowers subtended by ovate undivided bracts 1.5 mm long. Male part attached round the top of the ovary, white or yellow; central lobe linear 4–6 mm long, lateral lobes similar (5–)8–9(–10) mm long; anther-cells 1 mm long. Fruit green, ellipsoid, 4 by 3 mm, ± rugose and obscurely ribbed in dry state, constricted and smoother at the base; male scar near to stigma."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603119	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603119	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest on sandy soil, open pine forest on ridge, mixed deciduous forests on limestone; 400–1450 m alt."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603119	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603119	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. India (Kachin Hills), Burma (Shan Hills, type) and China (Yunnan and variants elsewhere)."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603119	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603131	general	EN	"Small glabrous shrub, 0.5–1.5 m tall, with ascending or ± spreading branehes. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 4–13.5 by 2–8.5 cm, rather obtuse or at least not or scarcely acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, rather coarsely crenate-serrate; nerves 4–6 pairs; petiole 0.4–1.2 cm; stipules membranous, linear, 2–3 mm, mucronate. Inflorescences terminal with 10–20 ascending spikes 2–5 cm long; peduncles 3–8 cm; bracts 1.5 mm; bracteoles 1 mm. Anthers 3, the central with 2-locelli and the laterals 1-locellate, the cells ± 0.5 mm long. Fruit green or yellowish, 4 by 2 mm, narrowed at the base."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603131	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China but widely cultivated elsewhere in Eastern Asia (Japan, type)."	B. Verdcourt		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851541	general	EN	"Shrub to tree up to 17 m high. Stipules 7–10 by 2–3 mm, scars up to 2 cm below the leaves. Leaves: petiole 2–10 cm long, sometimes with glands at the upper apical part; blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 7–45 by 2–15 cm, length/width ratio 2.4–4.5, nerves 10–25 per side. Inflorescences up to 25 cm long. Flowers white to cream to pale greenish. Staminate flowers 2–3 by 2.5–3.5 mm; pedicel ca 1 mm long; sepals ca 2.5 by 1 mm; stamens ca 30, filaments 2–3 mm long. Pistillate flowers ca 3 by 4 mm; pedicel ca 1.5 mm long; sepals ca 1.5 by 1 mm; disc ca 0.5 mm long, margin lobed; ovary 2–2.5 by 2.5–3 mm; stigmas ca 2 mm long. Fruits 0.4–1 by 0.5–1.5 cm long, glabrous to sericeous. Seed 0.5–1.2 by 0.4–0.7 cm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851541	ecology	EN	"Locally frequent in primary evergreen dipterocarp forest: on hillsides and ridges, often near streams; on sandy loam, clay-loam, granite; atulude: 70–2,310 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851541	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), and Sumatra (Indonesia)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851541	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851705	general	EN	"Branchlets terete, tomentose; branches glabrous and lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 0.6–1.1 cm long; blade coriaceous, elliptic, 10.6–26 x 5.7–9.8 cm, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate, base rounded to weakly cordate; secondary veins 10–12 pairs; puberulent above and beneath. Inflorescence 10–15 cm long; pubescent. Calyx connate for about half of its length, lobes deltoid; sparsely puberulent to glabrous; 10.5–14 mm long. Corolla white; tube 4.7–6.2 cm long; lobes 2.7–3.7 cm long; glabrous outside, pubescent inside. Stamens with anthers 10.5 x 1.6 mm. Disk shorter than ovary. Fruit ca 25 cm long, 1.3–1.5 cm wide."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851705	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Sri Lanka, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851705	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851743	general	EN	"Branchlets strongly angled or flattened when dry, tomentose to glabrate; branches lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 1.7–6 cm long; blade papery to subcoriaceous, broadly obovate to elliptic, 2–20.4 x 8.6–29.7 cm, apex sharp acuminate, base weakly cordate to rounded; secondary veins 9–14 pairs. Inflorescence 1.8–2.9 cm long; sparsely tomentose. Calyx deeply divided, often to the base; lobes linear; densely puberulent; 8.7–14.4 mm long. Corolla tube 2.8–4.3 cm long; lobes 3.5–6.5 cm long; outside glabrous or sparsely puberulent in 5 rows, inside densely pubescent. Stamens with anthers 9–9.5 x 1.7 mm. Ovary 2.5–3.2 mm long; style + pistil head 10.5 mm long. Fruit glabrous; 21.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, tapering to end. Seeds 11–15 x 2–2.7 mm; coma 5–6 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851743	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest 1300–1560 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851743	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851743	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851796	general	EN	"Branchlets terete, densely tomentose to villous; branches glabrate and lenticellate. Leaves: petioles 1.2–2.2 cm long; blade coriaceous, broadly elliptic to obovate, 8.5–27 x 6.5–17.5 cm, apex rounded to obtuse, base rounded to weakly cordate; puberulent to villous above and beneath. Inflorescence 12–13 cm long; tomentose. Calyx tube connate for more than half of its length, irregularly toothed; 1.8–2.5 cm long; tomentose. Corolla pinkish; tube 3–3.6 cm long; lobes 2.4–2.9 cm long; glabrate outside, pubescent inside. Stamens with anthers 7 x 1.4 mm. Ovary 3 mm long; style + pistil head 3 mm long. Fruit unknown."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851796	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851796	ecology	EN	In evergreen or deciduous forest 900–950 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851796	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000851796	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Laos (type)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000851796	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117730	general	EN	"Rhizome short, fleshy bearing a few fronds at apex. Stipes up to 30 cm long; laminae pedate with 3–5 leaflets; middle leaflets elliptic, acute at apex, narrowly cuneate at base, up to 25 cm long, 8 cm broad, entire; the other lobes elliptic, smaller in size than the middle ones, sessile or very short stalked; costae and main lateral veins distinctly raised; veins copiously anastomosing, often with included free veinlets. Sori at vein junction in two or more irregular rows between the main veins."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117730	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117730	ecology	EN	On moist sandy slopes near streams in dense moist evergreen forest at about 800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117730	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117730	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam to Java (type), not recorded from Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117730	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128377	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 2–4 mm diam., densely covered with scales; scales red-brown, peltate, up to 0.7 mm broad at basal portion and gradually or sometimes abruptly narrowing upwards as long tails like bristles, up to 10 mm long, sometimes clathrate to some extent with thick intermediate cell-walls or not, very sparsely short hairy at margin. Stipes pale to stramineous, glabrous except for the scaly base, about 30 cm long in those of sterile fronds, longer in fertile ones. Sterile fronds deeply tri-lobed (5-lobed in Malayan and Vietnamese plants), up to 30 cm both in length and width, round or slightly cordate at base, main lobes oblong with caudate apex, larger than the lateral ones, up to 30 by 7 cm; lateral lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, curved upwards; the edges of fronds thickened, entire or crisped; coriaceous, green on both surfaces but paler underneath; venation drynarioid, copiously reticulate with simple or branched included veinlets, not easily visible. Fertile fronds taller, lobes linear, up to 1.5 cm broad, longer than the sterile lobes, lower surface covered entirely with sporangia mixed with short, simple paraphyses."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128377	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128377	ecology	EN	Epiphytic in evergreen forests along streams.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128377	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128377	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sikkim (type), Vietnam and Malaya (Pahang)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128377	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603659	general	EN	"Small parasitic fleshy herbs (≤ 10 cm); stems very short or absent; pedicels usually very short. Buds covered in copious translucent, tasteless slime when immature. Flowers relatively large. Calyx yellowish or whitish, sometimes dark purple, tubular, ca 3 cm, 3-toothed (reportedly up to 5-toothed), teeth ca 3–6 mm long. Corolla long (ca 5–7 cm) tubular, campanulate, somewhat curved when fresh, 5-lobed; tube dirty white outside, sometimes tinged with purple; lobes ca 1 cm, bluish to violet with a yellow patch on the middle of the lower lip stretching down the interior of the tube. Stamens: filaments yellow; point of attachment with a distinct tuft of hairs, these effectively closing the throat of the corolla tube; 1 pair often prominently spurred; spur with an obvious conical projection at the tip. Style long. Capsule bivalved."	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603659	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603659	ecology	EN	Usually (always?) parasitic on bamboo; usually in deep shade; altitude: between 300 and 800 m; frequently on limestone.	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603659	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000603659	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma?"	J. Parnell		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000603659	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000852711	general	EN	"Herb to undershrub, up to 60 cm high. Indumentum consisting of stellate and (few) simple hairs. Stipules 1.3–2.7 by ca 0.3 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.8–5.5 cm long; blade ovate, not to usually distinctly 3-lobed, 2.6–9 by 2.6–9 cm, length/width ratio 1–1.9, pale green, base obtuse to usually emarginate, margin without distinct glands, lower surface with 2 glands near the base, 1 mm in diam., and usually several smaller ones submarginally. Inflorescences up to 4 cm long, elongating in fruit up to 10 cm long. Staminate flowers 4–6 mm in diam., yellow; calyx white, united part ca 1 mm high, lobes 3.2–4 by ca 1.2 mm; petals 3.7–3.8 by 1.5–1.6 mm; androphore 3.3–3.8 mm long, lower 1.2–1.3 mm without filaments; latter short, 0.3-0.8 mm long; anthers 0.9–1.3 by ca 0.7 mm, yellow. Pistillate flowers 3.2–3.3 mm in diam., (greenish to) yellow; pedicel 1.4–2 mm long, elongating in fruit up to 1.1 cm; calyx only basally united, lobes 1.5–2.2 by 0.5–0.7 mm; petals 1.3–2 by 0.4 0.6 mm; ovary ovoid, 2.7–3 by 2.2–3 mm wide. Fruits 8–9 by ca 5 mm. Seeds 3.8–3.9 by 3.2–3.6 by 3–3.2 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000852711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000852711	use	EN	"The fruits provide a blue-colouring dye, though the plant has never been cultivated for this purpose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000852711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000852711	ecology	EN	"Locally common in wet places like waste areas, along roads, and along and in stream beds; on clay (mud) and sandy soil; altitude: 10–200 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000852711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000852711	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type?), Burma, Andaman Islands, and Central Java (Indonesia). The plant has probably been accidentally introduced in Java, because it is only known from an area with a sugar cane factory."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000852711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830291	general	EN	"Shrub. Leaves coriaceous, obovate, 4–6 by 3–4 cm, base broad-cuneate, apex rounded, emarginated or apiculate, glabrous; nerves 7–10 pairs. Petiole short (2–3 mm). Cymes hairy. Calyx tube tomentose outside, ± pubescent inside. Petal white. Stamens ±20. Carpel villous. Drupe plum-sized; exocarp fleshy, yellow, red or violet, edible; stone obovoid, 25 by 15 mm, fluted."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000830291	use	EN	Fruit edible.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000830291	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000748037	general	EN	"Rhizome massive, prostrate, very densely covered with golden yellow hairs. Stipes thick, sometimes attaining to 2 cm diam., more than 1.5 m long in larger ones, densely covered with shining, golden yellow, long (more than 4 cm long in some larger ones), slender or warty hairs at base, the hairs on upper parts not so dense, brown to darker, setose, gradually becoming shorter upwards; lamina large, up to 2 m in length, more than 1 m in width, bipinnate; pinnae many, the largest ones up to 75 cm long, 25 cm wide, with numerous pinnules; pinnules deeply pinnatifid throughout, very shortly stalked or subsessile at posterior parts of pinnae, linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, broadly cuneate to subtruncate at base, 10–15 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide; ultimate segments oblong, oblique to subfalcate, acute at apex, shallowly but distinctly dentate at margin, glaucous in lower surface, 0.8–1.4 cm long, about 3 mm broad, with intervals of 4 mm between the adjacent costules; costae and costules covered with pale, entangled, flaccid, appressed hairs below; veins distinct, once (or twice in larger lobes) forked, sparsely hairy below. Sori terminal on usually unbranched lower veins, parallel to edge of lobes, protected by two indusia; outer indusia round, inner ones elongate at maturity, oblong."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000748037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000748037	use	EN	"Locally used for medicine, especially silky hairs on buds used for fresh wound."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000748037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000748037	ecology	EN	"On open hill slopes and stream banks in tropical evergreen forest at 500–800 m alt., and in lower montane forest at 1000–1500 m alt."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000748037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000748037	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas to S. China and Taiwan, south to W. Malesia, north to the Ryukyus."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000748037	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000605821	general	EN	"Slender woody climber, stems hispid when young, later glabrescent. Leaves bluish, rotund-ovate, 6–9 by 5.5–8.5 cm, base very broadly rounded, apex rounded or slightly retuse; at first hispid on both surfacac, later glabrescent above, reticulation very lax; thinly papyraceous; petioles hispid, 3–6 cm, inserted 8–15 mm from basal margin of lamina. Male inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid, 2.5–5 cm long, hispid. Male flowers glabrous, yellowish-green, on pedicels, 2–3 mm; sepals obovate, 2 mm long; corolla dish-shaped, undulate, 0.75 mm long; synandrium 2 mm long, with 4(–6), anther-cells. Female inflorescences subracemose, 6–10.5 cm long, hispid, flowers in fascicles of 4–5 subtended by a broadly ovate bract, 3–4 mm long. Female flowers glabrous, on pedicels, 1 mm; sepals 2, lateral, opposite, concave-elliptic, 1.5 mm long; petals 2, episepalous, broadly obovate, 0.75 mm long; carpels 1.5 mm long, including style with spreading lobes. Infructescences with accrescent bracts, broadly obcordate, 9–17 by 12–25 mm, hispid. Drupes on slender pedicels, 4–5 mm hispid, subrotynd in outline. 4 mm diam.; endocarp dorsally ornamented with irregular papilliform tubercles arranged, ± in 4 longitudinal rows."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000605821	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000605821	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; at 500–1000 m.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000605821	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000605821	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000605821	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000607858	general	EN	"Annual herb; stems to 3 m long, 2–4 mm diam., softly grey-hairy, hairs 2–3(–5) mm long. Probract oblong, (sub)obtuse, narrowed at base, 0.5–1.5(–2) cm long, glands not obvious. Tendrils 2- or 3-branched. Leaves: blade ovate to oblong in outline, 5–20 by 3–15 cm, pinnately (deeply) 3–5-lobed, glabrescent above, scabrid below; cystoliths and glands not obvious, base shallowly cordate, margin irregularly dentate, apex and apices of lobes rounded, obtuse or acute; petiole 3–12 cm long, soft hairy. Male flowers: pedicel 1–8 cm long, hairy; receptacle tube 3–4 mm long, villous; sepals linear, 3–5 mm long; petals 5–15 mm long; filaments ca 2 mm long, glabrous, anthers connivent into a globose mass ca 3 mm diam. Female flowers: pedicel 0.5–4 cm long; ovary 6–12 mm long, style 4–5 mm long. Fruit solitary, (sub)globose or ellipsoid, (3–)6–30(–60) cm long, (pale) green or greyish green without or with stripes or blotches, or yellow, glabrescent, smooth; pericarp hard but not woody; pulp (including mesocarp) white, yellow or pink(-red); fruiting pedicel 2–7 cm long. Seeds 6–12 mm long."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000607858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000607858	use	EN	The fruit is a popular tablefruit; roasted seed kernels are edible.	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000607858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000607858	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indigenous of southern Africa, the original wild form probably chiefly in the Kalahari desert; cultivated forms with numerous variants in the warmer part all over the world. Wild growing feral forms are commonly found on waste places."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000607858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000869122	general	EN	"Shrub, to 3 m high. Leaves: petiole 27.5 cm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 6.5–16 by 2.5–6 cm, base subpeltate, obtuse to rounded, apex acute to acuminate, dark green above, densely white pubescent and floccose beneath. Inflorescences 1–2 long; peduncle 0.5–1 cm long. Flowers yellow-green to white. Staminate flowers in heads of 5–6.5 mm in diam.; sepals ca 1.5 mm long, hairy outside, base and inside glabrous; stamens 2–3 mm long, anthers yellow. Pistillate flowers: sepals 5–6 mm long. Fruits 10–11 by ca 6 mm, white woolly."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000869122	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000869122	ecology	EN	"Common near streams in evergreen forest, on limestone hills, mixed deciduous forest; altitude: 30–450 m. Flowering: January-September; fruiting: October."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000869122	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000869122	distribution	EN	"Thailand, South China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Java, Philippines, and Lesser Sunda Islands."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000869122	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870131	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 8 m high, flowering branchlets up to 12 mm thick, mainly villose all over, glabrescent. Stipules minute, triangular, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm. Leaves: petiole up to 8 cm long, usually with 2 glands, hardly adaxially longitudinally grooved; blade ovate (to elliptic), above less hairy than underneath; nerves 9–12 per side, ending open near margin. Staminate racemes up to 33 cm long, yellow-green; flowers in groups of up to 8; bracts ca 2 by 1 mm. Staminate flowers ca 4.5 mm in diam., green to white; pedicel 2–3 mm long; sepals 3 (or 4), ovate, 2.3–2.5 by 1.2–1.3 mm; disc lobes ca 0.4 mm high; stamens ca 20, filaments 1.4–1.5 mm long, anthers 0.4–0.5 mm long. Pistillate racemes up to 7.5 cm long, dull light green; bracts ca 1.4 by 1.4 mm. Pistillate flowers ca 2.7 mm wide, green; pedicel 2–3.8 mm long; sepals 3 or 4(5), 1.3–1.8 by 0.9–2 mm; disc lobes smaller than sepals; ovary 3- or 4-locular, ca 2 by 2.7 mm wide; stigmas ca 1.1 mm long. Fruits 8–9.5 by ca 5 mm, dull light green to bluish green, densely whitish tomentose; column ca 4 mm long. Seeds 3–3.8 mm in diam., arillode red."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870131	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, disturbed hill evergreen forest, open areas with secondary growth, roadside clearings; on limestone and granitic: altitude: 80–1,650."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870131	distribution	EN	"From India to S. China and S.E. Asia, throughout Malesia (Java: type) to New Guinea."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870131	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870422	general	EN	"Undershrub to treelet, up to 5(–15) m high; flowering branchlets up to 5 mm thick, only sericeous when young. Stipules triangular, 1–3.5 by 0.6–1 mm. Leaves: petiole up to 12.5 cm long, seldom with glands, adaxially longitudinally grooved; blade elliptic (to obovate), 7.5–22 by 2.5–10 cm, length/width ratio 2–3.6, rough to touch, base broadly to narrowly attenuate, decurrent, drying green, only midrib below sericeous when older; nerves 8 or 9 per side, only apically looped and closed near margin. Staminate racemes up to 12.5 cm long; flowers in groups of up to 6; bracts ca 0.8 by 0.7 mm. Staminate flowers ca 4 mm in diam.; pedicel ca 4 mm long, yellow-green; sepals 3(–5), ovately elliptic, often unequal, 2.1–2.8 by 1–3 mm, yellow green to white; disc lobes ca 1.2 mm long; stamens ca 40; filaments ca 2 mm long, light yellowish below, whitish above; anthers ca 0.2 mm long. Pistillate racemes up to 7 cm long. Pistillate flowers ca 3.5 mm in diam.; pedicel 2.5–3 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, 1–1.2 by 0.8–1.5 mm; disc lobes partly united, 3 larger than sepals; ovary 3-locular, ca 4 by 3.5 mm wide; stigmas 1.5–1.8 mm long. Fruits ca 11 by 8 mm, green to brownish, densely tomentose; column 5–6 mm long. Seeds 4.5–5 mm in diam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870422	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870422	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, gallery forest; on granitic rock, sandstone and limestone; altitude: 50–950 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870422	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870422	distribution	EN	N.E. India to S.E. Asia and W. Malesia up to Borneo and Java (type).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870422	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870834	general	EN	"Shrub to treelet, up to 2 m high; flowering branches up to 5 mm thick, only sericeous when young. Stipules not seen. Leaves: petiole 0.7–3.5 cm long, usually (at least some leaves) with glands, adaxially somewhat longitudinally grooved; blade obovate, 12.5–25 by 5–10 cm, length/width ratio ca 2.5, rather smooth to the touch, base cuneate, (sub)glabrous when old, drying (bluish) greenish, sericeous when young; nerves 8–10 per side, looped and closed near margin. Staminate racemes up to 3.5 cm long. Staminate flowers: pedicel ca 2 mm long; sepals 3, ovate; stamens 25–30, anthers cream. Pistillate racemes up to 2 cm long. Pistillate flowers seen in young stage; pedicel 0.5–3.5 mm long; sepals 3, 1.2–1.5 by ca 1.2 mm; dise lobes mm long. Fruits ca 12 by 5 mm, glabrous to subsericeous, green. Seeds ca 5 mm in diam., arillode orange."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870834	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870834	ecology	EN	"Evergreen hill forest; altitude: 500–1,300 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870834	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000870834	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Kao Bangto, Phangnga, KERR 17205, holotype K, isotye BK)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000870834	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000871145	general	EN	"Treelet, only sericeous when young. Stipules not seen. Leaves: petioe up to 7 cm long; blade elliptic, 15–25 by 5–8 cm, length/width ratio ca 3, rough to touch?, drying purplish, base cuneate, only midrib below sericeous when older; nerves ca 8 per side. Staminate racemes up to 20 cm long; flowers in groups of 3–5. Staminate flowers pedicelled; sepals 4, densely sericeous outside; disc lobes purplish; stamens 45–50; filaments purplish. Pistillate racemes and fruits unknown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000871145	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000871145	distribution	EN	"Endemic to Thailand (type: Pang Tawn, Chiang Mai, PUT 3860, holotype K)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000871145	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872115	general	EN	"Branches glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1.3–1.7 cm long; blade papery, elliptic to oblong, 6.5–9.8 x 2.4–3.3 cm, apex abruptly caudate, base obtuse to cuneate; secondary veins 7–10 pairs almost perpendicular to midrib; glabrous. Inflorescence 4–7 cm long; puberulent; many flowered. Sepals ovate, 0.8–1.5 x 0.6–0.8 mm, apex obtuse; glabrous, ciliate. Corolla white or pale yellow; tube 1.6–2 mm long; lobes 1.8–3.2 mm long; glabrous or sparsely puberulent on lobes outside, pubescent inside. Stamens inserted at 0.5–0.9 mm from base; filaments pubescent; anthers 1.8–2.8 x 0.5–0.6 mm, puberulent on back at apex. Disk as high as ovary; lobes notched. Ovary 0.5–0.8 mm long; style + pistil head 1–1.2 mm long. Fruit 7–17 x 0.5–1.5 cm, not lenticellate. Seeds fusiform; 2.6 x 0.5 cm; coma 4–5 cm long."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872115	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872115	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at 1000 m.	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872115	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872115	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula (type)."	D.J. Middleton		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872115	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872166	general	EN	"Tree 5 m up to high. Stipules triangular, ca 0.6 by 0.3 mm. Leaves: petiole 1–3.7(–5) cm long; blade 7.2–15 by 2.4–5.5(–7.2) cm, length/width ratio (2–)2.7–3; nerves ca 12. Staminate inflorescences up to 7.5 cm long. Staminate flowers ca 2.2 mm in diam.; calyx 2.2 mm long, lobes 1.5–1.6 by 1.3–1.5 mm; stamens ca 0.7 by 0.7 mm, filaments ca 2.5 mm long; pistillode ca 1 mm high. Pistillate flowers ca 3 mm in diam. in young fruit; pedicel in fruit up to 14 mm long, gradually thickening to up to 5 mm; calyx ca 2.5 mm high; style ca 11 by 1.5 mm, staminode ca 1.2 mm long. Fruits 20 (1 lobe developed)-35 (2 lobes developed) by 24–26 mm, stipe ca 5 mm long, 1.8–2 (when 1 lobe developed) to 2.2–2.8 (when 2 lobes developed) by 1.4–1.6 mm, venation coarsely reticulate and raised when dry. Seeds flattened subglobose, ca 19 by 18 by 14 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872166	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forest; altitude: 750–1,150 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872166	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Burma (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872254	general	EN	"Shrub to tree, up to 15 m high. Stipules triangular, 2.5–4.5 by 0.8–2 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.3–5 cm long; blade 5–22 by 2.2–7.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.2–2.8, papery, dark green above, light green underneath, base narrowly rounded to cuneate; nerves 9–14 per side. Staminate inflorescences up to 19 cm long, pendulous, green. Staminate flowers ca 5.5 mm in diam.; pedicel ca 1.5 mm long, whitish-light greenish; sepals ovate, ca 3 by 2 mm, light green, basally hairy outside; filaments ca 1 mm long, whitish-light greenish; anthers ca 0.4 by 0.4 mm, light yellowish. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2.1–6.5 cm long, green; sepals 5, green, elliptic to slightly obovate, some ca 2.5 by 1 mm, others ca 5.5 by 2 mm, enlarging in fruit to 12–18 by 5–6 mm, margin somewhat entire; ovary 3-locular, ca 2.5 by 1.5 mm, green; style almost absent; stigmas 3, ca 8 mm long, split in upper 6 mm, dorsally light brown. Fruits 12–15 mm in diam., pilose, glabrescent. Seeds ca 8 by 8 by 7 mm."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872254	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872254	ecology	EN	"Uncommon in open areas; in dense mixed evergreen and deciduous forest; on limestone; altitude: 100–1,500 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872254	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872254	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Laos, Vietnam (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872254	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872362	general	EN	"Shrub to tree up to 20 m high, dbh up to 50 cm. Bark thin, smooth to finely roughened, brown to grey. Stipules triangular, 1.8–2 by 0.8–1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 2–8 cm long; blade 8.6–27 by 2.4–10 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–4, papery, dark green above, light green underneath, base often slightly oblique, narrowly rounded to cuneate; nerves 8 or 9 per side. Staminate inflorescences up to 23.5 cm long, erect, green. Staminate flowers 6–7 mm in diam., greenish (white) to yellowish; pedicel 1–4 mm long; sepals ovate, 2–3.3 by 1.8–2.8 mm, subglabrous outside; stamens ca 0.3 by 0.3 mm, cream, filaments 0.6–1.2 mm long, pale light green. Pistillate flowers 5–6 mm in diam., green; pedicel 3–9 cm long; sepals 5, ovate, 1.6–1.8 by 1.5–1.6 mm, margin somewhat fimbriate; ovary 2-locular, 5–6 by 3.5–5.2 mm high; style 3.5–15 mm long, greenish; stigmas 2,8–14 mm long, greenish. Fruits 1.8–2 (when 1 lobe developed) to 2.2–2.8 (when 2 lobes developed) by 1.4–1.6 cm, glabrous, yellow to brown. Seeds 12–13 by 10.5–11 mm, endosperm white."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872362	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872362	use	EN	"Sometimes cultivated for the oil in the seeds (Airy Shaw, 1972). Medicinal use: leaves are soaked in water and solution applied against sore eyes. The bark, wood, and roots are also used medicinally."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872362	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872362	ecology	EN	"Scattered to locally common in mixed (dry) evergreen forest, deciduous forest (often disturbed with much bamboo); in rocky areas, slightly disturbed places, old clearings, edges of clearings, along streams, and fire-prone areas; on limestone, shale and quartzite; altitude: 30–1,100 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872362	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000872362	distribution	EN	India (type) and S. China throughout S.E. Asia and Malesia to the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000872362	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876036	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m high; bark yellowish grey, young branches brown hairy, glabrescent. Stipules triangular, 1–1.5 by 1.5–2 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.4–0.5 cm long, slightly square in cross section, pubescent when young, glabrescent; blade elliptic, obovate or oblong-obovate, 3–15 by 2–7 cm. chartaceous to coriaceous, base attenuate, apex acute or acuminate, whitish hairy when young, glabrescent; nerves 7–9 pairs, inconspicuous, midrib prominent. Flowers axillary or on leafless branches, subsessile; bracts ovate, 1.5–3 by 1–1.5 mm, hairy outside. Staminate flowers: sepals ovate, 1–1.5 by 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, glabrous or hairy, petals spathulate, 0.5–0.8 by ca 1 min, margin irregularly lobed, glabrous; disc disciforin; stamens with ovate anthers; pistillode cylindrical, lobe apex obtuse, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: sepals elliptic, ca 2.5 by 1 mm, acute, hairy; petals spathulate or linear, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous or hairy at the apex; disc cup-shaped, margin irregularly lobed or nearly entire; ovary hirsute. Fruits not stipitate or stipe up to 6 mm long, about 1 cm in diam., slightly hairy, sometimes only along furrows or at base, black when mature."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876036	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876036	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; altitude: ca 200 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: March and June.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876036	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876036	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876036	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876058	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 4 m high; branches furrowed, brown hairy when young, glabrescent. Stipules triangular or flagelliform, ca 2.5 by 1.2 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.4–0.5 cm long, glabrous; blade broadly ovate or elliptic, (2–)3.5–10.5 by (0.5–)1.5–3.5 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate, glabrous; nerves 9(–11) pairs, conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary; yellowish, sessile; bracts ovate, ca 0.8 by 1.5 mm, hairy. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate flowers: sepals ovate, glabrous, petals spathulate, glabrous; disc cup-shaped outside, urceolate inside, enveloping the ovary; ovary glabrous. Fruits about 5 mm in diam., not stipitate, brown when mature, glabrous."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876058	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876058	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, over sandstone; altitude: ca 280 m. Flowering: September-February; fruiting: June."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876058	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876058	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876058	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876323	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree; bark grooved; young branches brown hairy, glabrescent. Stipules triangular, ca 2 by 0.8–1 mm, subglabrous or slightly hairy. Leaves: petiole 0.3–0.4 cm long, slightly pubescent; blade elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 4–10 by 2.5–5 cm, subcoriaceous, base cordate or subobtuse, apex acuminate, glabrous above except at base, densely tomentose beneath, especially on midrib, reddish purple when dry; nerves 11 or 12 pairs, conspicuous. Flowers axillary or along leafless branches or branches with small subglobular leaves of ca 0.5 by 0.5–0.6 cm; bracts triangular, 1–2 by 0.5–1.5 mm, densely hairy. Staminate flowers pedicellate; sepals apex acuminate, hairy; petals fan-shaped, glabrous; disc cup-shaped, with deeply 10 lobed; stamens with ovate anthers; pistillode apex truncate, hairy. Pistillate flowers: ovary hairy. Fruits not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876323	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876323	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest; altitude: 300–400 m. Flowering: March.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876323	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876323	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876323	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876356	general	EN	"Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 8 m high; bark grooved, glabrous or minutely hairy when young. Stipules triangular, ca 1.2 by 1 mm, glabrous, margin with irregular lobes. Leaves: petiole 0.2–0.4(–0.5) cm long. glabrous; blade ovate to elliptic, 2.5–6(–7.5) by 0.7–3.5 cm, subcoriaceous, base cuneate or subobtuse, apex caudate up to 3 cm long, glabrous, dark green above, glaucous or not beneath; nerves 4–7 pairs, obscure, midrib conspicuous. Flowers axillary or along branches with small leaves or on leafless branches, supported by many bracts; whitish green, sessile; bracts triangular or pentangular, 0.1–0.5 by 0.1–0.3 mm, acute, hairy inside and along margin. Staminate flowers 4-5 mm in diam.; sepals oblong, ca 3 by 1 mm, margin fimbriate, lobes acute, glabrous or minutely hairy at apex; petals fan-shaped, ca 1 by 1 mm, margin irregularly serrate, glabrous; disc cup-shaped, margin flattened, with irregular lobes, veined; anthers ovate-oblong; pistillode glabrous. Pistillate flowers 4–5 mm in diam.; sepals elliptic-oblong, 1.5–2 by 1.3–1.5 mm, glabrous; petals fan-shaped or linear, ca 0.5 by 0.1 mm, glabrous; disc outside cup-shaped, the inner part cylindrical, margin nearly entire, enveloping the ovary; ovary nearly globose, 1–2 by 0.5–1 mm, hirsute. Fruits sessile, with 1–2 seeds per locule, slightly hirsule, densely so ai base, red when mature. Seeds trigonal in transverse section."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876356	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876356	ecology	EN	"In dry evergreen forest, on limestone; altitude: ca 500 m; Flowering: February–April: fruiting: March–August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876356	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876356	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876356	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876378	general	EN	"Shrub to medium-sized trees, to 10 m high; bark brown, with small grooves, hirsute when young, glabrescent. Stipules triangular, 5–6 by(1–)1.5 mm, apex acuminate, hairy along the margin. Leaves: petiole 0.3–0.5 cm long, densely hairy; blade oblong to ovate-oblong or obovate-elliptic, 2–17.5 by 1–4(–9) cm, chartaceous or coriaceous, base obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, above hairy on the midrib, sparsely hairy beneath and especially hirsute on the midrib; midrib conspicuous above; nerves in 8–12 pairs, obscure above, more conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary, 1–6 per fascicle, whitish green, sessile; bracts obovate or subglobular, 3–4 by 1.5–2 mm, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Staminate flowers ca 7 mm in diam.; sepals elliptic, 3.5–11 by 1.5–3 mm, densely hairy outside; petals membraneous, fan-shaped, or deeply 2–3-lobed, 1.3–1.5 by 1–1.2 mm, margin irregularly 4- or 5-lobed, with visible veins, glabrous or rarely hairy; disc funnel-shaped, margin thick or cushion-shaped, irregularly 4-or 5-lobed; stamens with triangular androphore, 2.5 by 0.2–0.5 mm, anthers obovate-oblong; pistillode lobes acuminate, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: sepals ovate-oblong; petals ovate rhomboid, margin irregularly serrate; ovary with dense hairs. Fruits hairy, brown when mature."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876378	ecology	EN	"In hill evergreen forest, lowland evergreen forest and open areas on the beach; altitude: up to 1,000 m. Flowering: November–June; fruiting: November–May."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876378	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Malay Peninsula, Singapore."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876378	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876400	general	EN	"Medium-sized tree, up 10 m high; twigs grooved, glabrous. Stipules triangular, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.4–0.5 cm long, whitish pale yellow, subquadrangular; blade ovate-oblong, 8.6–15.5 by 3–5.2 cm, coriaceous, base narrowing into petiole and auriculate, apex cuspidate, to 2 cm long, glabrous, pale green above, glaucous beneath; nerves in 6–8 pairs, midrib distinct beneath, secondary and tertiary veins inconspicuous. Flowers: bracts triangular, hairy outside. Staminate flowers unknown. Pistillate flowers: sepals ovate. 3–5 by 1–1.8 mm, densely hirsute; petals fan-shaped, densely hairy. Fruits 2–3 per axil, sessile, with persistent calyx and corolla, 0.6–1 cm in diam., densely hirsute at base."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876400	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876400	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, along streams; altitude: 150–300 m. Fruiting: August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876400	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876400	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876400	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876411	general	EN	"Shrubs or small to medium-sized trees, up to 8 m high; bark smooth; young branches grooved, short brownish hirsute. Stipules triangular or flagellate, hairy, often bifid. Leaves: petiole 0.2–0.7 cm long, sparsely to densely hirsute; blade obovate-oblong, (2–)4–15 by (0.5–)2–4 cm, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, base obtuse or cuneate to subcordate, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous, sometimes hairy along the midrib on both surfaces or only beneath, densely hairy at base, dark green above, glaucous to pale green beneath; nerves in (7)8–13 pairs, conspicuous on both surfaces. Flowers axillary, (1)2–5(6) per fascicle, supported by many bracts, white or whitish green, sessile; bracts triangular or stipule-like, 2.5–3 by 1–2 mm, irregularly lobed, densely hairy outside. Staminate flowers 3-5 mm in diam.; sepals ovate oblong, 2–2.5 by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous or minutely hairy; petals spathulate or fan-shaped, 0.5–0.7 by 0.5–0.7 mm, margin irregularly lobed, apex deeply 3–5-lobed, clawed, glabrous; disc cup shaped, margin irregularly crenulate; stamens with triangular androphore, anthers ovate-oblong; pistillode hirsute at base, lobes truncate. Pistillate flowers 5–6 mm in diam.; sepals ovate oblong, ca 2 by 1 mm, glabrous; petals spathulate or fan-shaped, ca 1 by 1 mm, glabrous, margin irregularly lobed; disc with the outer part funnel-shaped, irregularly lobed, the inner part urceolate enveloping the ovary; ovary nearly globose, 1–2 by 0.8–2 mm, whitish hirsute. Fruits sessile, with 1–2 seeds per locule, densely hairy, slightly hairy at the apex, reddish brown when mature. Seeds obovoid-triangular, reddish-brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876411	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876411	use	EN	Leaves and fruits have stupefying properties.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876411	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876411	ecology	EN	"Dry and moist evergreen forest, dry dipterocarp forest with <i>Pine</i>, mixed deciduous forest: along streams, in open areas on the beach, on limestone; altitude: ca 850 m. Flowering: March–July: fruiting: April–December."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876411	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876411	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Malay Peninsula (type), Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876411	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876709	general	EN	"Tree; bark thick, glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 0.6–0.8 cm long, glabrous; blade obovate, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, 13–22.5 by 4.8–9 cm, coriaceous, base acute or obtuse, apex mucronate, glabrous on both surfaces; nerves 7–9 pairs, conspicuous on both surfaces. Flowers axillary, supported by many bracts, sessile; bracts ovate, hairy. Staminate flowers; sepals elliptic, glabrous, petals spathulate, clawed, margin irregularly serrate, glabrous; disc cup-shaped, margin entire; stamens with ovate-oblong anthers. Pistillate flowers: sepals ovate-oblong, glabrous; petals subquadrangular, apex 5-lobed, obtuse, glabrous; disc the outer part with crenulate margin, the inner part cylindrical, margin remotely serrate or entire; ovary hirsute. Fruits 3-lobed, 0.7–1.5 cm in diam., pale brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876709	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876709	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, along streams on limestone; altitude: 150–300 m. Fruiting: March–August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876709	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876709	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Singapore."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876709	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876930	general	EN	"Medium to large-sized tree, 10–30 m high, evergreen; bark smooth or fissured, reddish brown; branches glabrous. Stipules ca 1 by 1 mm, caducous. Leaves: petiole (0.4–)0.6–1.0 cm long, hairy; blade elliptic or oblong, 6–13 by (1.5–)2–5 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous above, densely golden-yellow glossy pubescent beneath; nerves in 7–10 pairs, conspicuous on both surfaces, tertiary veins obscure. Flowers axillary orin axils of fallen leaves, supported by many bracts, 10–21 per fascicle, staminate flowers numerous, surrounding pistillate flowers; sessile, (0.4–)0.5–0.7 cm in diam., bracts triangular or stipule-like. 2.5–3 by 1–2 mm, irregularly lobed, densely hairy outside. Staminate flowers: sepals greenish, elliptic, apex acuminate, margin entire or irregularly crenulate, glabrous, petals yellowish green, subchartaceous, fan-shaped, rhomboid or suborbicular, ca 0.7 by 1 mm, or margin irregularly lobed, glabrous; disc cup-shaped to obconical; stamens with filaments ca 1.8 by 0.2 mm; anthers cordate-oblong, ca 1 by 0.8 mm. Pistillate flowers pale green; sepals 5(6), elliptic, ca 2 by 1 mm; petals spathulate, 1–1.1 by ca 0.5 mm, glabrous, margin irregularly lobed; disc ca 1 mm in diam., urceolate, margin irregularly lobed, enveloping the ovary; ovary broad, ca 1 by 2 mm, glabrous. Fruits 1–7 per axil, stipe 5–6 mm long with persistent calyx and corolla, 3-lobed, 0.9–1.1 cm in diam., glabrous or slightly golden-yellow hairy at base, reddish purple when mature, remnant of stigmas at the apex. Seeds 1–3. ellipsoid."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876930	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876930	use	EN	"Wood for construction, furniture, and for packing. Leaves applied to treat asthma."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876930	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876930	ecology	EN	"Dry and moist evergreen forest; on limestone mountains, along streams; altitude: 50–600 m; Flowering: December–April; fruiting: February–July. The flowers have a notable smell."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876930	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000876930	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Indochina, Java (type), Borneo, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Australia (Queensland)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000876930	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877159	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 3 m high; bark smooth and thin, glabrous, lenticellate. Stipules triangular, 1.5–3.5 by ca 1 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.3–0.4 cm long, shallowly grooved, glabrous; blade obovate, (2.3–)5–10 by (1–)2–5 cm, chartaceous, base obtuse and subcuneate. apex mucronate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or brownish hairy at base on both surfaces or along both sides of the midrib, dark green above, pale green beneath; midrib distinct above, nerves in 7–8 pairs, conspicuous beneath, tertiary veins conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary or on leafless branches, supported by many bracts, 2–8 per fascicle, red or reddish-brown, sessile; bracts triangular or stipule-like, ca 1.2 by 1 mm, glabrous outside, tomentose inside. Staminate flowers 2–3 mm in diam.; sepals elliptic-oblong, 2.5–3.5 by ca 0.5 mm, glabrous, with 2–5 veins; petals spathulate or fan-shaped, 0.4–0.5 by 0.3–0.5 mm, margin irregularly lobed or 3-lobed, usually with prickle in the middle, glabrous; disc conical, margin irregular lobes; stamens with triangular androphore, anthers ovate-oblong; pistillode glabrous. Pistillate flowers 3–4 mm in diam.; sepals ovate-oblong, ca 5 by 1 mm, glabrous; petals fan-shaped or oblong. 0.7–0.9 by 0.2–0.7 mm, glabrous, apex almost entire or irregularly lobed; disc cup-shaped, irregularly lobed; ovary nearly globose, ca 1.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Fruits axillary or on leafless branches, sessile to subsessile, not stipitate, with persistent bracts, calyx and corolla, 3-lobed, 4.5–6 mm in diam., with 1–2 seeds per locule, glabrous, reddish-brown when mature. Seeds subglobose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877159	ecology	EN	"Dry evergreen forest, dry dipterocarp forest; along streams and in open areas in forest; altitude: 50–400 m; Flowering: December–March; fruiting: December–May."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877159	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877159	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877326	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 7 m high; bark minutely fissured; young twigs brownish-grey, grooved, densely brownish-yellow hairy, glabrescent, with many apical stipules and/or bracts. Stipules triangular or flagelliform, 6–7 by 0.8–3 mm, densely hairy. Leaves: petiole (0.1–)0.15–0.3 cm long, brownish strigose all over; blade ovate to obovate, 1.5–7 by 0.5–3 cm, chartaceous, base obtuse to cordate, apex acute to acuminate, with straight hairs along the midrib and along the margin above, hairy all over beneath, dark green above, glaucous beneath; venation distinct beneath, midrib also above, nerves in 5–9 pairs. Flowers axillary or along branches with small leaves, 3–10 per fascicle, supported by many bracts, whitish-green, sessile; bracts triangular or stipule-like, 4–7 by 0.4–2 mm, hairy outside and along margins. Staminate flowers ca 4 mm in diam.; sepals ovate-oblong, 3–5 by 1–1.8 mm, hairy; petals fan-shaped, ca 0.3 by 0.6 mm, margin irregularly lobed, hairy; disc cup-shaped, margin irregular lobes; stamens with elliptic ovate anthers; pistillode elliptic-ovate, hairy. Pistillate flowers 5–10 mm in diam.; sepals ovate-oblong, 4–5 by 1.5–2 mm, hairy; petals fan-shaped, 1.2–1.6 by 1–1.5 mm, hairy, margin irregularly crenulate; disc cup-shaped, irregularly lobed, the inner part urceolate enveloping the ovary, with irregularly serrate margin; ovary nearly globose, ca 3 by 1.5 mm, with dense white hairs. Fruits sessile, with persistent calyx and corolla, 3-lobed, 0.6–1 cm in diam., with 1–2 seeds per locule, densely hairy, with stigma on the top, brown when old. Seeds ellipsoid, brown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877326	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877326	use	EN	Branches with leaves are used for sweeping.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877326	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877326	ecology	EN	"In moist evergreen forest, or dry evergreen forest by streams, open areas on the beach, rubber plantations; altitude: up to 300 m. Flowering: (January) March–August; fruiting: May–August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877326	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877326	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type), Singapore."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877326	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877367	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m high; twigs stramineous, glabrous. Stipules unknown. Leaves: petiole 0.5–0.6 cm long, glabrous, drying blackish; blade oblong, obovate or elliptic, 8–16.5 by 2.5–5.5 cm, chartaceous, base narrowly cuneate, apex acuminate or caudate, glabrous or rarely strigose along the midrib beneath; nerves in 5–9 pairs, distinct beneath. Flowers axillary, only staminate or pistillate ones in spike-like fascicles, supported by many bracts, whitish-green; bracts triangular or ovate, acute to acuminate, hairy outside. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate flowers pedicellate; sepals elliptic, lobes triangular, glabrous, petals sub spathulate or obovate, shortly clawed, glabrous, margin irregularly crenulate; disc cup-shaped, the inner part urceolate enveloping the ovary, margin irregularly crenate; ovary ellipsoid, densely hairy; stigmas with spathulate lobes. Fruits with 4–5 mm long stipe or not stipitate, with persistent calyx and corolla, 0.8–1 cm in diam., black, glossy. Seeds 1–2 seeds per locule, brown or mottled."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877367	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877367	ecology	EN	"Moist and dry evergreen forest, on limestone hills; altitude: 50–400 m. Flowering: November–December (April); fruiting: May."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877367	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877367	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type), Borneo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877367	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877515	general	EN	"Shrub to medium sized tree; bark rough; young twigs rufescent hairy, glabrescent. Stipules triangular, ca 2 by 1 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.4–0.6 cm long, grooved, densely hairy; blade oblong or oblong-obovate, 7–18 by 3–6.5 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acuminate, tomentose above when young, glabrous or rufescent hairy along the nerves only when old, tomentose beneath; nerves in 8–9(–11) pairs, distinct. Flowers axillary or on branches with small leaves or on leafless branches, supported by many bracts, sessile; bracts ovate, 1–1.5 by ca 1 mm, densely hairy. Staminate flowers: sepals obovoid, apex hairy; petals obovate, apex obtuse; disc cup-shaped, irregularly lobed; pistillode hairy. Pistillate flowers: sepals elliptic, ca 1.5 by 1 mm, apex hairy; petals spathulate-oblong, ca 1 by 0.5 mm, glabrous; disc with the outer part cup-shaped, inner part urceolate enveloping the ovary, margin serrate; ovary ovoid, hairy. Fruits axillary or on leafless branches, subsessile, 3-lobed, glabrous, purplish-red when old."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877515	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877515	ecology	EN	Moist evergreen forest; altitude: 50–100 m. Fruiting: April–May.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877515	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877515	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877515	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877781	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 20 m high; bark glabrous or minutely fissured, brown or greyish brown; young twigs grooved, glabrous or minutely hairy near the fruiting areas, old twigs smooth with lenticels. Stipules ovate, caducous, entire to irregularly crenate. Leaves: petiole 0.5(–0.7) cm long, glabrous; blade ovate, 1.5–10 by 0.5–4 cm, sometimes with variable sizes in the same plant, coriaceous, base obtuse, obtuse-cuneate or truncate, apex acuminate with up to 1.5 cm long tip, glabrous, green above, pale green or glaucous beneath; nerves in 4–6(–8) pairs, inconspicuous, midrib distinct, tertiary veins inconspicuous. Flowers axillary or along branches with small leaves, supported by many bracts, whitish-green, sessile; bracts ovate, glabrous, usually densely hairy at the base of glomerule. Staminate flowers 5–6 mm in diam.; sepals ovate-oblong, 3–5 by 1–1.8 mm, apex acute, glabrous, with visible vein; petals fan shaped or spathulate, ca 0.6 by 0.7 mm, clawed, margin nearly entire; disc cup-shaped, margin thick crenulate; stamens ca 2.5 by 1 mm, anthers ovate; pistillode oblong, 3-lobed at apex, finely warty, glabrous. Pistillate flowers 4–5 mm in diam.; sepals elliptic-ovate, 3–4 by 1–2 mm, apex acute, glabrous; petals spathulate or fan-shaped, ca 0.7 by 0.5 to 0.5 by 0.7 mm, glabrous, margin nearly entire or crenate, with visible vein; disc conical, the outer part thin and with irregular acute lobes, the inner part thin, cylindrical with narrow apex, or urceolate and enveloping the ovary, with crenulate margin; ovary almost globose, ca 2.5 by 1.5 mm, densely hirsute, style thick. Fruits sessile, 3-lobed, ca 1 cm in diam., with 1–2 seeds per locule or none in some locules, with dense long straight hairs especially along the ridges and in the grooves, with remnant of stigmas, purplish-red when old. Seeds brown, trigonal."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877781	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877781	ecology	EN	"Mixed deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp forest, dry and moist evergreen forest, always by streams: altitude: up to 775 m. Flowering: January–March; fruiting: May–July."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877781	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877781	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra (type), Java, Borneo, Philippines, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Vietnam, China."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877781	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877796	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m high; bark smooth, greyish-brown; young twigs grooved, hirsute. Stipules triangular or flagelliform, 3–6 by ca 0.5 mm, densely hairy outside, nearly entire. Leaves: petiole 0.5–0.7 cm long, hairy allover; blade oblong or elliptic-oblong, 5.2–15.5 by 1–5 cm, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, hairy along the veins and margin beneath, dark green above, glaucous or not beneath; midrib distinct above, nerves in 7–9 pairs, conspicuous beneath, tertiary veins conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary or along branches with small leaves or leafless branches, single to numerous per node, supported by numerous bracts, mostly 2 flowers per bract, pale green, yellowish-green or creamy white, pedicellate; bracts ovate, 1.5–2.5 by 0.5–1 mm, acute, densely hairs outside. Staminate flowers 3–5 mm in diam.; sepals elliptic-oblong, 3.5–4.5 by 1.2–1.5 mm, with visible vein, glabrous, petals fan-shaped, 0.4–7 by 0.8–1.1 mm, scattered dots all over, margin irregularly crenate, glabrous; disc conical, margin cushion-shaped, irregularly crenate; stamens with triangular androphore, anthers cordate or ovate-oblong; pistillode oblong-ovate, apex shallowly 3-lobed, warty. Pistillate flowers 4–5 mm in diam.; sepals elliptic, 3–4 by 1–1.5 mm, apex acute, glabrous; petals fan-shaped, 1.2–1.5 by 0.5–1 mm, glabrous, with visible vein, always with acute auricle, margin irregularly crenulate; disc cup-shaped, margin irregularly acutely 5- or 6 lobed; ovary ovoid to almost globose, ca 2 mm in diam., densely pubescent. Fruits with 4–5 mm long pedicel, 3-lobed, 0.6–1 cm in diam., with 1–2 seeds per locule with remnant of stigma at the apex, sparsely to densely hairy when young, glabrescent, purplish-red. Seeds brown, trigonal."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877796	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877796	ecology	EN	Dry evergreen forest; by stream; altitude: 20–400 m. Flowering: November April; fruiting: November–June.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877796	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000877796	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam, China (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000877796	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878810	general	EN	"Tree to 10 m. Twigs terete or compressed, the bark greyish white or brown. Leaves with petiole 1.2–1.7 mm, lamina 21.2–23.6 by 6.6–7.3 cm, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, base cuneate, apex acute; midrib impressed on the upper surface, secondary veins 10–13 pairs, intramarginal vein absent. Inflorescence up to 13 cm, from the axils of fallen leaves, peduncle up to 45 mm, rachis and branches terete, compressed or angled; bracteoles 2 by 0.4 mm, triangular. Flowers white, sessile, usually in threes, sometimes in twos or in fours at the branchlet ends. Hypanthial cup 6.3–6.4 mm, broadly funnel-shaped. Pseudostipe 1–1.5 mm. Calyx 8.6 8.9 mm diam., calyptrate, apex 1–1.2 mm, rostrate. Petals 4, 3.7–4.8 mm, orbicular, rim hyaline, cohering and attached to the inside of the calyx, 75–120 gland dots per petal. Outer stamens 7–8.2 mm; anther 0.3–0.4 mm, oblong. Style 6.4–9.5 mm, approximating the stamens. Ovary 2-locular, 19–21 ovules per locule. Fruits unknown."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878810	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878810	ecology	EN	Streams and waterfalls in evergreen forest; 600–800 m.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878810	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878810	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878810	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001233989	use	EN	Fruits are edible. A decoction of the leaves can be used as an antiseptic and to treat stomach complaints.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001233989	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001233989	ecology	EN	Introduced and widely cultivated particularly in the North.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001233989	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001233989	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Bangladesh (type), Burma."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001233989	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878890	general	EN	"Tree, height unknown. Twigs terete or compressed at nodes, the bark brownish. Leaves with petiole 7–11 mm, lamina 7–10.5 by 3–4.9 cm, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute, rounded or retuse; midrib impressed on the upper surface, secondary veins 11–14 pairs, intramarginal vein 1. Inflorescence up to 7 cm, corymbose, both terminal and in the upper axils; peduncle 1.5–3 mm, rachis and branches 4-angled and slightly winged. Flowers sessile, usually in threes at the branchlet ends. Hypanthial cup 6–7 mm, funnel shaped. Pseudostipe 2 mm. Calyx 4.3 4.7 mm diam., calyptrate, apex hollow. Petals 4, 2.7–3.7 mm, orbicular, rim hyaline, cohering and attached to the inside of the calyx. Outer stamens 9.5–11 mm; anther 0.5 mm, oblong elliptic. Style 7.5–12 mm, not exceeding the stamens. Ovary 2-locular, 8–9 ovules per locule. Fruits (immature) oblong ovate."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878890	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878890	ecology	EN	Edge of tropical seasonal rain forest; 290–350 m.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878890	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878890	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam (Cochinchine, Caï-cong, Ongiem, type)."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878890	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878972	general	EN	"Tree to 8 m. Twigs terete, the bark reddish brown. Leaves with petiole 9–10 mm, lamina 7–10.4 by 2.9–4.4 cm, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute or acuminate; midrib impressed on the upper surface, secondary veins 11–14 pairs, intramarginal veins 2. Inflorescence up to 7.5 cm, both terminal and in the axils, paniculate; peduncle absent or up to 30 mm, rachis and branches angled. Flowers white, sessile, usually in threes at the branchlets ends, sometimes in twos, or clustered. Hypanthial cup ca 6.5 mm, funnel-shaped. Pseudostipe ca 2 mm. Calyx 5.2–5.7 mm diam., calyptrate, apex 0.7 mm, rostrate, Petals 4, 2.4–3.2 mm, orbicular, cohering and attached to the inside of the calyx, 75–100 gland dots per petal. Outer stamens 5.1–5.4 mm; anther 0.7 mm, oblong. Style 6.5–9 mm, approximating the stamens. Ovary 2-locular, 15–16 ovules per locule. Fruits (imma ture) ovate."	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878972	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878972	ecology	EN	Bamboo forest; 250 m.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878972	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000878972	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	J. Parnell & P. Chantaranothai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000878972	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611189	general	EN	"Annual herb; stem angular, all parts with scattered pale, appressed, basally swollen hairs. Leaflets 3–7; obovate or oblanceolate, 3–6 by 0.7–0.8 mm; base cuneate; apex acute or rounded; nerves 4–5 pairs. Petiole 2–5 cm. Flowers pink. Pedicels 2.5–4 cm. Sepals ovate, 3–4 by 1.5–2 mm, acuminate. Petals obovate, 12–15 by 3–5 mm glabrous; base attenuate; apex rounded. Stamens numerous; filaments thickened at the top; anthers oblong. Gynophore absent. Ovary linear, 5–10 mm long, beaked, glabrous. Fruits 4.5–8 by 0.2–0.4 cm, parallel veined, glabrous; stipe 3–4 cm. Seeds 1.5 mm in diam., brown, irregularly verrucate."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611189	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611189	ecology	EN	Common along paddy fields; flowering and fruiting all year.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611189	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611189	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Central and E. Java."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611189	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611317	general	EN	"Annual herb, up to 1 m high; all parts glandular pubescent. Leaflets 5, obovate-oblanceolate, 2.5–5 by 0.5–2.5 cm; base cuneate; apex acute or obtuse; entire or serrulate; nerves 5–9 pairs. Petiole 3–8 cm. Bracts small, leaf-like, 3-foliolate. Flowers white or tinged with purple; pedicels 1–2 cm. Sepals lanceolate, 3–6 by 1–2 mm. Petals elliptic or spathulate, 4–7 by 2–3 mm, with 3–4 mm claw. Androgynophore 8–23 mm, soon glabrous. Stamens 6; filaments 1–2 cm; anthers oblong, 2–3 mm long. Gynophore 1–2 mm in flower, extending to 11 mm in fruit, glabrous. Ovary cylindrical, 1.5–2.5 by 0.5 mm, elongate, glandular pubescent. Fruits 3–7.5 by 0.4–0.5 cm, tapering at both ends; stipe 4–5 cm. Seeds 1–1.5 mm in diam., black-brown, with short irregular cross-ribs and inconspicuous longitudinal ribs."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611317	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611317	ecology	EN	"Common weed along roadsides, edges of rice fields and sandy riverbanks; alt. 0–400 m. Flowering and fruiting all year."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611317	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611317	distribution	EN	"From Ceylon to SE. and E. Asia, Malesia, Africa (type) and America."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611317	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611568	general	EN	"Annual herb; all parts with scattered soft, whitish hairs, ca 1 mm long. Leaflets 3, ovate, subrhombic or lanceolate, 3–3.5 by 1–1.5 cm; base cuneate; apex acute; nerves 6–8 pairs. Petiole 3–3.5 cm. Flowers violet; buds oblong, ca 4 mm long. Pedicels 2–3 cm, filiform. Sepals ovate, 2.5–3 mm long; apex acute or acuminate. Petals obovate, 8–11 by 2.5–3 mm, clawed. Stamens 6; filaments 7–10 mm; anthers oblong, ca 2 mm long. Gynophore ca 1.5 mm. Ovary cylindrical, 5–7 mm long, curved, beaked. Fruits 4.5–6 by 0.3–0.4 cm, with parallel veins, glabrous; stipes 2.5–3 om. Seeds 1.5 mm in diam., brown, with conspicuous, ± anastomosing cross-ribs connected by much weaker longitudinal ribs; a whitish elaiosome present."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611568	ecology	EN	"Wayside weed, sometimes on rocks. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611568	distribution	EN	"Native to W. tropical Africa (type), introduced to Burma and Malesia."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611568	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611671	general	EN	"Annual herb, up to 1 m high; all parts, ± densely brownish glandular pubescent and viscid throughout. Leaflets 3–5; obovate or ovate, 1.5–4.5 by 1–1.5 cm; base cuneate; apex acute or obtuse; nerves 5–6 pairs. Petiole 1.5–6 cm. Flowers yellow. Pedicels ca 1 cm. Sepals lanceolate or oblong, 6–7 by 1–2 mm, acuminate. Petals spathulate or oblong, 7–10 by 3–5 mm; base cuneate into short claw, glabrous. Stamens many; filaments 5–7 mm; anthers linear, 1–2 mm long. Gynophore absent. Ovary 5–10 mm long. Fruits 4–9 by 2–3 mm, narrowed to the apex, with distinct veins, hairy; stipe 1–3 cm. Seeds ca 1 mm in diam., red-brown, with conspicuous anastomosing cross-ribs and weak longitudinal ribs."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611671	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611671	ecology	EN	"Common weed along edges of fields, in sunny places and sandy riverbanks; alt. 0–400 m. Flowering and fruiting all year."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611671	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611671	distribution	EN	"In tropical Africa (type), Asia and Australia and widely introduced in tropical America."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611671	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611772	general	EN	"Leaves coriaceous, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, 6–9 by 3–4 cm; the margin entire; apex obtusely acuminate; base cuneate; petiole 1–1.5 cm long. Flowers bisexual. Pedicels 1.5–2 cm long. Sepals subequal, orbicular, 3–3. 5 mm long. Petals whitish, ovate-oblong, 7–10 mm long. Stamens 4–6 mm long; anthers 2 mm long, hispid. Fruit globose or ovoid, 8 mm long, black."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611772	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611772	ecology	EN	In evergreen forest at medium altitudes (2120 m). In China and Japan it occurs in lowland forest; also cultivated.	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611772	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000611772	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Indochina, China, Japan (type), Formosa, and Korea. Several varieties are recognized by Kobuski (J. Arnold Arbor. 18:120.1937)."	H. Keng		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000611772	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001080580	general	EN	"Shrub, 1–1.5 m tall, branchlets hirsute with spreading glandular hairs. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 5–15 x 5–8 cm, base subcordate or rounded, apex acute to shortly acuminate, margin serrulate, lamina with 2 pairs of lateral primary veins, on both sides loosely covered with simple hairs, petioles to 3 cm long. Inflorescences axillary and usually few-flowered with 3–5(–15) flowers. Hypanthium campanulate, about 5 mm long and glandular-hirsute. Petals ovate, 8–11 mm long, white. Stamens 10, white, anthers 4–5 mm long, connective with a minute dorsal spur. Berries 5–7 mm in diam., dark blue."	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001080580	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001080580	ecology	EN	Disturbed sites from sea-level to 150 m elevation.	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001080580	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001080580	distribution	EN	"In the New World from Mexico to Bolivia; an invasive pest, called Koster's Curse, in much of the paleotropics and especially in Hawaii."	"S.S. Renner, G. Clausing, N. Cellinese, K.Meyer"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001080580	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898219	general	EN	"Plant strongly hirsute, covered with stinging hairs. Stipules triangular, 5–8 by 3–5 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.5–9 cm long; blade oblong or ovate, 6–17 by 3–7.5 cm, base deeply cordale, slightly auriculate, margin densely denticulate or serrulate, apex acuminate or cuspidate, surfaces with patent hairs and scattered bristles. Inflorescences 3–9 cm long. Flowers green. Staminate flowers many; calyx lobes triangular, ca 5 mm long, acute, outside hairy; stamens nearly enveloped by the calyx-tube, filaments thick, widened towards the apex. Pistillate flowers 1 to 2 at the base of inflorescence, subsessile; sepals ovate, 7–10 mm long, velutinous on both surfaces; ovary densely pilose; stigmas persistent. Fruits ca 1.5 by 0.7 cm; pedicel ca 3 mm long."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898219	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898219	ecology	EN	"Scattered in evergreen forest or bamboo forest; common long limestone boulders, sometimes in clearings, altitude: up to 200 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898219	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898219	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam, Burma, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898219	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898248	general	EN	"Plant pubescent or sparsely covered with stinging hairs. Leaves: petiole 2.5–4 cm long, covered with white stinging hairs; blade ovate, 3.5–6.5 by 2–4 cm, base truncate, margin subentire to shallowly sinuate-denticulate or shortly lobed at base, apex acuminate, upper suface sparsely white hairy or glabrous, lower surface with numerous white stinging hairs on nerves; venation pinnate, nerves ca 3 pairs. Inflorescences opposite the leaves, 1.2–2.5 cm long; peduncle white hairy. Staminate flowers: bracts linear; calyx-lobes ovate, velvety pubescent, greenish; stamens 3, filaments short, thick, connective broad, thickened. Pistillate flowers 1 or 2 at base of inflorescence; sepals subulate, white hairy; ovary pubescent. Fruits deeply 3-lobed, about 5 mm in diam., reddish-brown pubescent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898248	ecology	EN	On limestone rocks or slopes; altitude: ca 200 m.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898248	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. Malaysia (Langkawi Is.)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898248	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898259	general	EN	"Plant 1–4 m long, thinly pubescent with stinging hairs, often appearing glabrous. Stipules triangular, ca 5 mm long, caducous. Leaves: petiole 1.2–5 cm long; blade ovate or obovate, 5–11(–19) by 2–5.5(–7.5) cm; base narrlowly, shallowly, margins denticulate to dentate, apex cuspidate or abruptly acuminate; appressed hairy on both surfaces, soon glabrous; basal nerves 3–5, pinnate nerves in 5 pairs along midrib. Inflorescences axillary, sometimes leaf opposed. Staminate flower disciform or conical, ca 3 mm in diam.; calyx-lobes broad-ovate, ca 2.5 mm long, short appressed hairy on both surfaces; stamens with large, short filaments. Pistillate flower: sepals broadly ovate, ca 4 mm long, densely hairy outside, ciliate. Fruits ca 1 by 0.6 cm. Seeds globose, ca 4 mm in diam., yellowish, dusty."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898259	ecology	EN	"In moist evergreen forest and dry evergreen forest; on limestone and sandstone; altitude: 100–1,025 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000898259	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Laos."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000898259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612722	general	EN	"Liana, or at first a shrub. Branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves 15–31-foliolate; leaflets elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, 3–9 by 1–3 cm, apex obtuse to acuminate, base rounded to cordate, oblique, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; nerves 4–8 pairs. Inflorescences axillary fascicles 2–8 cm long. Flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3 mm, pubescent. Petals 3–4 mm, glabrous. Stamens glabrous. Fruits distinctly beaked, 3–4 by 1–1.5 cm, yellow or red. Seed black with red arillode."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612722	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612722	use	EN	The seeds are said to be poisonous. Roots and leaves are used in local medicine.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612722	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612722	ecology	EN	"In thickets, secondary and evergreen forests from sea level up to 500 m. Flowers from November to January. Fruits from February to April."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612722	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612722	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Andaman Is., Laos, Vietnam (type), Malay Peninsula."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612722	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612919	general	EN	"Climber to 8 m long, sparsely puberulous, early glabrescent; older stem to 15 mm across, with grey bark. Probract fleshy, elliptic to oblong, 2–3 mm long, caducous. Tendrils unbranched. Leaves: blade slightly succulent, 3–10 cm across, unlobed, (3- or) 5-angular or - lobed, or deeply 3–5(–7-)lobed, or dissected to ⅘ deep, the lobes short to oblong, with apex acute or rounded, glands small, several, near insertion of petiole and along lateral veins, cystoliths in older leaves present, base deeply cordate, margin minutely (blackish) dentate sinuate; petiole 1–2.5 cm long. Male flowers solitary (or 2 or 3); pedicel 20–50 mm long; receptacle-tube cup-shaped, narrowed to the base, 6–8 mm long, ca 6 mm wide at throat, greenish white; sepals oblong-subulate, ca 3 mm long, ± up-curved, pale green; corolla white (pale green veined), broad-campanulate, (15–)25–30 mm long, the lower (½–)⅔ fused, lobes ovate-oblong, acute(-acuminate), inside (sparsely) pubescent; stamens inserted ca 5 mm below the receptacle-throat; filaments either connate or free but coherent, forming a seemingly solid but hollow column (4–)5–6 mm long (sometimes leaving 3 openings at base); anthers two 2 thecous, one 1-thecous, free, but mostly coherent into a subglobose whole, ca 5 mm diam.; the receptacle-tube below the insertion of the stamens densely white-hairy, hiding a basal hollow, ca 3 mm deep, comprising a conspicuous green-yellow cup-shaped disc adnate to the bottom of the tube. Female flowers resembling male flowers, solitary; pedicel 1–3 cm long; ovary oblong, narrowed at both ends, 10(–13) by 2–3) mm; style 3–5 mm long, at base surrounded by a cup-shaped disc; stigmas 3, broad, oblong, 5–7 mm long, papillose; staminodes 3, minute. Fruit pendent, ellipsoid or oblong, 2.5–6 by 1.5–3 cm, apex subacute, green-white blotched, ripening red (starting at the apex), pulp juicy, red; fruiting pedicel 1–4 cm long. Seeds 6–7 by 2.5–3 by ca 1.5 mm, ± smooth, whitish, margin narrow."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612919	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612919	use	EN	Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable.	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612919	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612919	ecology	EN	"Prefers a (strong to) light monsoon climate. Common in open forest, scrub, along waste land, and roadsides; 0–400 m altitude; flowering & fruiting throughout the year."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612919	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000612919	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed in the Old World, northern tropical Africa, east to Arabia through India (type) to Malesia and tropical North Australia."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000612919	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613546	general	EN	"Slender climber; stems pubescent to tomentose. Leaves ovate to elliptic, 1.5–4.5 by 0.7–3.3 cm, base cuneate to truncate, apex obtuse to slightly retuse and with a fine mucro; villous to sparsely pubescent above, densely villous beneath, papyraceous; petiole 2–11 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence an axillary fascicle of 2–3 few-flowered, peduncled congested cymules, 3–7 mm long, sometimes arising along a young axillary shoot, thus appearing subracemose, villous. Male flowers with pedicels, 0.5–1 mm; sepals in 2 whorls of 3, pilose; outer 3 narrow, 1 mm long; inner 3, ± obovate, 1.25–1.5 mm long; petals 6, apex 2-lobed, 0.75–1 mm long, glabrous; stamens 6, 0.75 mm long. Female flowers: sepals and petals similar to male; staminodes absent; carpels 3, 1 mm long. Drupes obliquely subobovate in outline, ca 4 mm long; endocarp with prominent median dorsal ridge and branched radial dorsal ridges, mch side with a large aperture."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613546	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613546	ecology	EN	Sea-shore. Flowering and fruiting September (from only fine collection)	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613546	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613546	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa, Arabia, India (type), Ceylon, Burma and S. China."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613546	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613563	general	EN	"Erect shrub or tree up to 6 m; branchlets glabrous. Leaves elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic, 7–11(–15) by 3–5.5 cm, base usually acute, occasionally cuneate, apex acute, often rather attenuate, base strongly 3-nerved with the basal nerves, running almost parallel to the margin beyond the middle of the lamina, both surfaces glabrous, stiffly papyraceous; petiole 3–6(–10) mm. Male inflorescences axillary, composed of cymes arranged in a thyrse, or sometimes consisting of a single cyme, 0.5–4 cm long, glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Male flowers yellow, glabrous throughout, on pedicels up to 1 mm; sepals in 2 whorls of 3, all ± broadly elliptic; outer sepals, 0.5–0.75 mm long; inner sepals, 1–1.25 mm long; petals 6, cuneate, apex emarginate or divided into 2 rounded lobes, 0.5 mm long; stamens 6, 0.75 mm long. Female inflorescences similar to male, but fewer-flowered thus appearing subracemose. Female flowers on pedicels, up to 5 mm; sepals and petals as in male; staminodes 6, minute; carpels 3, 1 mm long; styles reflexed. Drupes rotund in outline, ca 4 mm diam., glabrous; endocarp with a small curved aperture on both sides, finely ridged over the dorsal surface."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613563	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613563	use	EN	An alkaloid in the bark has an action similar to that of curare (BURKILL. 1935).	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613563	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613563	ecology	EN	"In evergreen and deciduous forests, sometimes on limestone, up to 900 m. Flowering January–April; fruiting ? (no collections seen)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613563	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613563	distribution	EN	"S. Asia (India-type), SE. Asia including Sumatra, Java, Philippines, but absent from Malay Peninsula."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613563	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613595	general	EN	"Slender climber; stems pubescent to subglabrous. Leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 3–10 by 1–5.5 cm, base usually obtuse to truncate, apex usually rounded, sometimes emarginate; both surfaces sparsely pubescent to glabrous, papyraceous; petiole puberulous, 5–10(–20) mm. Male inflorescences axillary and terminal, the flowers in peduncled cymes, 0.8–1.5 cm long, which are often solitary when axillary, or arranged in a narrow thyrse, up to 7 cm, yellowish pubescent. Male flowers white, glabrous throughout, on pedicels, 1–2 mm; sepals in 3 whorls of 3; outermost whorl minute, often incomplete; middle whorl, up to 1 mm long; inner whorl with sepals obovate to rotund, 1–2.5 mm long; petals 6, ± oblong with the apex divided into 2 acute lobes, 1–1.5 mm long; stamens 6, 1 mm long. Female inflorescences axillary and terminal, much fewer-flowered than the male, appearing racemose, up to 5 cm long. Female flowers on bracteolate “pedicels”, ca 5 mm long (i.e. glabrous pedicel + puberulous inflorescence-branch); sepals and petals as in male; staminodes 6, minute, glabrous; carpels 6, glabrous, 0.75 mm long. Drupes dark blue, rotund in outline, 4–5 mm diam., glabrous; endocarp with a small curved aperture on both sides, dorsally ornamented with branched ridges."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613595	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613595	use	EN	Leaves used to prepare a jelly.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613595	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613595	ecology	EN	"Climbing in bushes, in scrub forest, mangrove-swamp and by the sea-shore. Flowering October–April; fruiting February (only fine collection seen)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613595	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000613595	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalayas to China (type), Japan and Taiwan; Malesia (Sumatra, Malaya, Java, Philippines) and Hawaii; Reunion and Mauritius (probably introduced)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000613595	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000905170	general	EN	"Ornamental shrub, up to 3 m high. Indumentum mainly absent. Cultivated for the showy leaves, these extremely variable among the various races; blade up to 30 cm long, always variegated or spotted, sometimes only the lower surface dark purplish and the upper green, usually venation yellowish or reddish to dark purplish, in some races leaves spotted with usually yellow dots, broader leaves often lobed, the linear ones often very undulate, sometimes midrib subapically detached and elongated, sometimes with a leaf-like appendix, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences up to 10–30 cm long, with white flowers. Staminate flowers 30–60 per inflorescence, 0.5–1 cm in diam.; pedicel 2.5–3 cm long; sepals 5; stamens numerous. Pistillate flowers 10–20 per inflorescence; ovary 3-locular; style ca 2 mm long. Fruits subglobose, ca 1 cm in diam. Seeds subglobose."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000905170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000905170	use	EN	"Ornamental plant for its variegated leaves, many races."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000905170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000905170	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea. Australia, West Pacific Island arcs up to Fiji."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000905170	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000917221	general	EN	"Subshrub ca 20 cm high; with a vertical woody rootstock ca 7 cm long. Indumentum pale, ca 0.2 mm long, sparse to absent on vegetative parts. Stipules ca 0.2 mm long, triangular. Leaves: petiole 2–3 mm long, sparsely pubescent; blade obovate, 2–6.5 by 0.5–1.2 cm, length/width ratio 2.5–6.5, thinly chartaceous, base attenuate, margin entire at base, apically serrate, apex acute to obtuse, slightly brighter below, base glands on the basal blade margin, ca 0.4–0.6 mm in diam., cup-shaped and sessile but prominent, additional glands absent; triplinerved, venation visible on both sides, side veins in 2–3 pairs, arching and indistinctly looped, veinlets indistinct. Inflorescences solitary, ca 2–2.5 cm long, nearly glabrous, with 1 pistillate flower at base, up to ca 10 staminate flowers apically; bracts ca 0.2 mm long, triangular. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2–6 mm long, glabrous; sepals oblong-elliptic, ca 2 by 1 mm; petals oblong elliptic, ca 2 by 1 mm; stamens 10–20, pilose in lower part. Pistillate flowers glabrous; pedicel 3–5 mm long; sepals ca 5 by 2–3 mm, irregularly ovate-elliptic, with visible pinnate venation, much larger than the ovary; ovary 2 mm long, apically sometimes truncate; style 1–2 mm long; stigmas 1.5–2 mm long, filiform, bifid for ca half the length. Fruits glabrous; schizocarp ca (4–)5–6 by 6–7 mm, slightly trigonal in cross-section and slightly sulcate, apex truncate and surrounded by a corona-like ring to ca 0.8 mm high. Seeds ca 3.5–4 by 3–3.5 cm, flattened ellipsoid and slightly carinate at side, yellowish-brown, no caruncle seen when dry but with small brownish caruncle when fresh."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000917221	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000917221	ecology	EN	In open grassy ground; altitude: 200 m.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000917221	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000917221	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000917221	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615146	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 2 m high. Stipules: elliptic, persistence. Leaves oblong and obovate oblong, 7–20 by 2.5–5 cm, softly hairy especially on lower surface; apex acute to caudate; oblique and auriculate at base; margin doubly serrate; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerves 3–7 pairs; scalariform and reticulate veins distinct and always depressed on upper surface; petioles 2–3 mm long, hairy. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered cymes, axillary, 2–3 cm long; flower buds ovoid, 0.5–1 cm diam. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals oblanceolate to spathulate, ± 5 by 1.5 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary ovoid, ± 3 by 2 mm diam., hairy. Fruit ovoid, with 5, even longitudinal ridges, ± 2.5 by 2 cm."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615146	use	EN	Timber used for interior cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615146	ecology	EN	Among swampy places in old clearings and deciduous forest; alt. 10–200 m. Flowering during May–September; fruiting during May–December.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615146	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615151	general	EN	"Tree, up to 10 m high. Leaves lanceolate, 6–12 by 1.5–3 cm; scabrous then glabrescent on lower surface; apex caudate; base slightly oblique; margin serrate to nearly entire; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerves 3–4 pairs; scalariform and reticulate veins distinct on lower surface; petioles 0.5–1 cm long, glabrescent. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, 3–10 cm long; flower buds globose, ± 1.5 mm diam. Sepals oblong. Petals oblong, ± 3 by 1 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose ± 2 mm diam., hairy. Fruit ovoid, with 2–3 longitudinal wings, ± 1 by 1.5 cm (including wings)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615151	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615151	use	EN	Timber used for interior cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615151	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615151	ecology	EN	On limestone hills in evergreen forest; alt. 20–250 m. Flowering between August–September; fruiting during August–December.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615151	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615151	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615151	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615154	general	EN	"Tree, up to 15 m high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 8–15 by 4.5–8.5 cm; apex acute to cuspidate; base oblique and auriculate; margin doubly serrate; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerves 4–6 pairs; scalariform veins distinct on both sides; petioles 1–1.5 cm long, hairy. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, 2–6 cm long; flower buds glabose, ± 4 mm diam. Sepals elliptic. Petals obovate, ± 3 by 2 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, ± 2 mm diam., hairy. Fruit ellipsoid, with 2–4 longitudinal wings, 1–1.5 by 3–4 cm (including wings)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615154	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615154	use	EN	Timber used for interior cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615154	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615154	ecology	EN	In old clearings; alt. 600–1000 m. Flowering and fruiting during March–May.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615154	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615154	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615154	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615157	general	EN	"Tree up to 10 m high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 10–22 by 2.5–9 cm; softy hairy beneath; apex caudate; base oblique; margin serrate or nearly entire; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerved 3–6 pairs; scalariform and reticulate veins distinct beneath; petioles 0.5–1 cm long, hairy. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, 5–15 cm long; flower buds globose, ± 3 mm diam. Sepals oblong. Petals oblong, ± 2 by 1 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, ± 1.5 mm diam., hairy. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, with 3 longitudinal wings, 0.5–0.8 by 1–2.5 cm (including wings)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615157	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615157	use	EN	Timber used for interior cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615157	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615157	ecology	EN	In mixed deciduous forest; alt. 400–1000 m. Flowering during June–October; fruiting during October–December.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615157	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615157	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Bengal (type), Vietnam, Laos."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615157	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615158	general	EN	"Tree, up to 15 m high. Leaves obovate or rounded, 8–38 by 7–24 cm; scabrous on both sides; rounded or shortly acute at apex; rounded or truncate at base; margin serrate to doubly serrate; 5(–7)-nerved at base; secondary nerves 2–3 pairs; scalariform and reticulate veins distinct beneath; petioles 2–4 cm long, hairy. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, 10–20 cm long; flower buds globose, 2–3 mm diam. Sepals oblong. Petals oblong slightly narrowed towards base, 3–5 by 1.5–2 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose 1–1.5 mm diam., hairy. Fruit ellipsoid, with 3–4 longitudinal wings, 0.6–0.8 by 1.3–2 cm (including wings)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615158	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615158	use	EN	Timber used for interior cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615158	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615158	ecology	EN	"In moist upper mixed deciduous forest on limestone hills, and dry evergreen forest; alt. 200–1300 m. Flowering between August–September; fruiting during October–December."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615158	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615158	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma (type), Vietnam, China."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615158	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615166	general	EN	"Tree, up to 15 m high. Leaves ovate to oblong, 12–30 by 8–14 cm; apex caudate; base oblique and auriculate; margin serrate to serrulate; 4–6-nerved at base; secondary nerves 3–5 pairs; scalariform and reticulate veins distinct and always depressed on upper surface; petioles 1.5–2.5 cm long, hairy. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, 10–20 cm long; flower buds ovoid, ± 4 by 3 mm. Sepals oblong. Petals oblong, 4.5–6 by 1.5–2 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, 1–2 mm diam., hairy. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, with 3 longitudinal wings, 0.8–1 by 2–3 cm (including wings)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615166	use	EN	Timber used for interior cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615166	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest; alt. 50–800 m. Flowering during June–August, and fruiting during December–February."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615166	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indonesia (type), Philippines, Malay Peninsula, Laos."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615166	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615185	general	EN	"Tree, up to 10 m high. Leaves ovate to oblong, 12–25 by 5.5–11.5 cm; apex 3 cuspidate-caudate; base oblique and auriculate; margin doubly serrate; 5(–7)-nerved at base; secondary nerves 3–5 pairs; scalariform and reticulate veins distinct on upper surface; petioles 0.5–1 cm long, hairy. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, 5–15 cm long; flower buds ovoid, 3–5 by 3–4 mm. Sepals oblong. Petals oblong, slightly narrow to the base, 5–10 by 2–2.5 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary globose, with 3–4 longitudinal grooves, ± 2 mm diam., hairy. Fruit ovoid, with 4(–3) longitudinal wings, 0.5–1 by 1.5–2 cm (including wings)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615185	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615185	use	EN	Bark fibres are good for making string. Timber used for cabinet work.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615185	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615185	ecology	EN	"In mixed deciduous forest; alt. 100–800 m. Flowering during June–September, and fruiting during July–December."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615185	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000615185	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000615185	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117223	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, about 4 mm diam., scaly throughout; scales oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing from base towards long-acuminate apex, 3 by 0.7 mm, finely clathrate with larger longitudinal cells, slightly toothed at margin. Stipes not distinct from the lower part of laminae with decurrent laminae forming winged of stipes, wingless part up to only 3 cm long. Laminae oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at middle portion of fronds, gradually narrowing towards acute apex, roundly narrowing anf then broadly decurrent downwards forming broad wings of stipes, 35–85 by up to 8 cm; lateral mian veins raised, about 8 mm apart at broadest portion, the veins distinct, forming areoles with included veinlets; herbaceous, dark green, brownish in dired condition. Sori round to shortly elongate, arranging in one usually regular row between adjacent main veins."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117223	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117223	ecology	EN	On wet rocks usually in stream-beds in dense forests at 1000–1500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117223	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117223	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalayas (type) to S. China, Taiwan and the Ryukyus, south to N. Vietnam and the Phillipines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117223	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115934	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping or climbing up, long, rather flat, about 4 mm in bradth, scaly; scales oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing towards long-tailed apex, 4 by 1.5 mm, dark brown, clathrate with smaller cells, irregular at margin. Stipes long in fertile fronds, up to 20 cm long, narrowly winged on upper half, indistinct in sterile fronds. Sterile laminae oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, gradually narrowing downwards and decurrenting nearly towards the base of stipes, up to 40 by about 6 cm. Fertile laminae oblong with shortly acuminate apex, cuneate at abse, about 20 by 8 cm; main lateral veins distinctly raised, dark, the other veins distinct, forming usually two rows of areoles between adjacent main veins; herbaceous, dark green, dark brown in dried condition. Sori extending from modrib nearly to the margin of fronds, occasionally broken."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115934	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115934	ecology	EN	On muddy rocks along streams in dense forests at 400–650 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115934	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115934	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115934	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117823	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, very dark, bearing fronds usually 1–3 cm apart, scaly; scales narrowly subtrangular, gradually narrowing from base towards taperly acuminate apex, 2.5 by 0.7 mm, dark grayish-brown, clathrate, toothed at margin. Fronds dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipes about 10 cm long, narrowly winged nearly to the base; laminae oblong, usually gradually narrowing towards acute to acuminate apex, round to cuneate at base, up to 35 by about 8.5 cm; main lateral veins distinct, up to 1.2 cm apart, the veins forming areoles with included veinlets; herbaceous, geen, dark in dried specimens. Fertile fronds: stipes up to 30 cm long, stramineous, wingless; laminae broadly oblong, broadest at middle portion, narrowing towards acute apex, round at base, up to 10 by 3.5 cm broad. Sori up to 4 mm broad, extending almost all the lower surface except on midrib and lateral main veins."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117823	ecology	EN	On moist or damp rocks in stream-beds or in deep shade or climbing on basal tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests at low to medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117823	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SE. Himalayas (type), SW. China (Yunnan), Vietnam to Malaya."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117823	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125788	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, bearing fronds sparsely, about 5 mm diam., scaly; scales oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing from round base towards long-acuminate apex, irregularly minutely toothed at margin, or subentire in young stage, up to 8 by about 2 mm broad, concolorously brown, clathrate. Stipes stramineous, brown at base, sparsely scaly on lower portion, up to 40 cm long, terete. Laminae imparipinnate, broadly ovate-subdeltoid to circular in outline, 15–35 by 20–35 cm; lateral pinnae up to 5 pairs, nearly equal in size, or the upper one or two slightly reduced, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at middle portion, caudately acuminate at apex, narrowly cuneate towards base, about 20 by 3 cm broad, the base decurrent to form very narrow wing of rachis; veins more or less obscure, forming two rows of areoles between adjacent main veins; herbaceous. Sori linear; continuous along a line between two rows of areoles, sometimes lacking on ¼ part near margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125788	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125788	ecology	EN	"On mountain-slopes usually in dense forests at high altitudes, rather rare."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125788	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125788	distribution	EN	"Thailand, SW. China (Yunnan, type) and Laos."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125788	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107252	general	EN	"Rhizome usually thick, about 5 mm diam., sparsely bearing fronds, scaly; scales oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing from round base towards long-attenuate apex, irregularly minute toothed at margin, up to 5 by about 1.3 mm, concolorous, dark brown, clathrate. Stipes stramineous, about 50 cm long, terete. Laminae imparipinnate, broadly oblong, up to 50 by 35 cm; lateral pinnae 6–12 pairs, upper 2 or 3 reduced upwards, the others nearly equal in size, or the lowest ones slightly reduced, narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards acute apex, narrowly cuneate towards base, decurrent to rachis forming very narrow wing, up to 25 by 2.8 cm; veins visible, forming two rows of areoles between the adjacent main veins; herbaceous, dark green in living condition, brownish in dried specimens. Sori linear, continuous along the line between two rows of areoles, usually forming 45° to costa."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107252	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107252	ecology	EN	"On rocky mountain-slopes in dense evergreen forests at high altitdes (1100–1600 m), rather rare."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107252	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107252	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalaya (type) to S. China and Taiwan, extending north to SW. Japan and the Ryukyus, south to Indochina and the Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107252	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125785	general	EN	"Very close to the preceding species, differs only in: fertile laminae not so contracted, acuminate at apex; sori narrower, up to 1 mm broad, more than 1 mm apart from each other."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125785	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125785	ecology	EN	On muddy rocks in dense evergreen forests at medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125785	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125785	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Kwangtung and Kwangsri, type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125785	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000617045	general	EN	"Small tree, up to 10 m high, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, pale and soft hairy on lower surface, ovate, 8–20 x 4–11 cm, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, apex acuminate or caudate, base cordate, semi-oblique to auriculate; 3-basal nerves, secondary nerves 6–8 pairs, arched and anastomosing, scalariform veins distinct on lower surface. Petiole 0.5–1 cm, softly hairy. Inflorescence of bifurcate cymes, axillary or terminal, lax, up to 10 cm long, softly hairy. Flowers white. Calyx ovate, free, hairy on both surfaces. Petals free, spreading, linear, glabrous on the inner side and sparsely hairy externally. Stamens and staminodes fused together. Ovary rounded with 5 longitudinal grooves ca 1 mm diam, glabrous; style 5, glabrous. Fruit rounded, 2–3 cm diam. (including bristly hairs); fruit stalk ± 1 cm long with soft hairy. Seeds rounded, with a sharp angle at apex."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000617045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000617045	ecology	EN	Scattered along edges of evergreen forest; altitude 10–100 m. Flowering and fruiting during January–June.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000617045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000617045	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Singapore, Indonesia, Burma, China, Vietnam, Phillippines, Australia."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000617045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125532	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, thick, densely covered with scales. Stipe stramineous, up to 1 m or more long, 1 cm diam., usually smaller, densely scaly at base, sparsely clad with minute scales upwards. Lamina bipinnate, up to 80 by 60 cm; rachis and pinna-rachis like the upper part of stipe, stramineous, minutely scaly, grooved on upper surface, grooves decurrent; lateral pinnae 5–8 pairs, lower 3–5 pairs bipinnate, upper ones simple; pinnules of larger pinnae like the upper simple lateral pinnae and apical ones, the lowest anterior pinnules rarely trifoliate or pinnate; leaflets oblong or narrower or oblong-lanceolate, usually slightly falcate, caudate at apex, cuneate at stalked base, dentate at margin, 20–30 by 3–4.5 cm; the apical pinnae or pinnules sometimes larger, herbaceous, thin, glabrous; costa distinctly raised on lower surface, grooved on upper surface; veins a few times forked, hydathodes placed below the bottom of sinus."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125532	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125532	ecology	EN	On rather moist mountain slopes in dense evergreen forests at high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125532	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125532	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Sumatra and Java (type). The range of the species is in Ceylon, India (type), S. China to Taiwan, Indochina and Malesia to the Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125532	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124138	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, up to 8 mm in diam., the apex covered with scales; scales linear, with long tails, 5–7 mm long, entire, glabrous, concolorously brown. Stipe stramineous, a little swollen at scaly base, minutely scaly upwards, 50–75 cm long, grooved on adaxial surface of the upper portion. Lamina oblong-oval, to 45 by 30 cm, simply imparipinnate with a few lateral pinnae; rachis scaly, grooved on upper surface; lateral pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate at apex, cuneate to round at base, entire at margin, up to 25 by 8 cm; apical pinna like the lateral ones, a little larger, cuneate at base; costa distinctly raised on lower surface, shallowly grooved on upper surface, with minute scales; veins parallel, once or twice forked, very rarely reticulate, more or less distinct on upper surface, hydathodes about 1 mm from cartilagineous margin; herbaceous to a little fleshy, green on upper surface, paler beneath, glabrous. Sporangia along veins, from costa to ¾–⅚ way to margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124138	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124138	ecology	EN	On wet sandy ground by streams in lower montane forests at about 1600 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124138	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001124138	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Yunnan and Tonkin (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001124138	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107255	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, thick, covered with scales. Stipe stramineous, thick, up to 50 cm long, 1 cm diam. near base, a little swollen and scaly at base, sparsely clad with minute scales or glabrescent upwards. Lamina bipinnate, oblong-subdeltoid in outline, up to 80 by 60 cm; rachis and pinna-rachis like the upper parts of stipe, grooved on upper surface, glabrescent; lateral pinnae up to 10 pairs, lower 3–5 pairs pinnate, upper ones simple; leaflets narrowly oblong to oblong-subtriangular, caudate at apex, truncate or broadly cuneate or rarely subcordate at base, straight or more or less falcate, distinctly serrate at margin, (8–)15–20(–30) by (1.5) 2.5–3.5(–4.5) cm, herbaceous, soft, glabrous; costa prominently raised on lower surface, grooved on upper surface; veins raised on lower surface, a few times forked, free, hydathodes placed in marginal teeth. Sori extending along veins, from costa to midway to margin, naked."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107255	ecology	EN	On wet floor of dense mossy-forests at about 2500 m on Doi Inthanon.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107255	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Himalaya (type), SW. China and Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107255	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618040	general	EN	"Liana or treelet. Leaves 5–7-foliolate, glabrous; leaflets ovate orelliptic, 3–13 by 3–7 cm, rounded at base, ± acuminate at apex, minutely verrucose beneath; nerves 5–7 pairs, curving towards the margin. Panicles terminal and subterminal up to 10 cm long, sparsely tomentose. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 3–4 by 1 mm, keeled, densely pilose outside, subglabrous inside. Petals linear, acute or blunt, 6–8 mm long, pilose outside, sparsely pubescent inside, punctate. Fruits obliquely ellipsoid, 2–3 by 1.5 cm, short stipitate (0.5 cm); pericarp thin, glabrescent outside, densely pubescent inside."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618040	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618040	ecology	EN	"In evergreen and deciduous forests, bamboo forests, clearings at low altitude, sandy beaches, along river banks. Flowers from February to April. Fruits from April to September."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618040	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618040	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. Laos, Cambodia, S. Vietnam (type), N. Malay Peninsula."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618040	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618079	general	EN	"Liana, sometimes shrub or small tree. Leaves 7–11-foliolate; rachis and petiolules densely brown-tomentose; leaflets oblong-obovate, 5–15 by 2–6 cm, usually rounded at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous above, ferruginous-pilose beneath; nerves 5–8 pairs, curved and joined near the margin. Panicles terminal, up to 30 cm long, densely brown-tomentose; flowers clustered. Sepals oblong, 4 by 1.5 mm, blunt, densely brown-tomentose on both surfaces. Petals linear, 7–8 mm, blunt, glabrous, ± punctate. Fruits ellipsoid, straight, 3.5–7 by 2–3 cm, shortly stipitate (0–10 mm); pericarp woody, ca 1.5 mm thick, outside and inside ± tomentose."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618079	use	EN	The Malays use the fruits for poisoning dogs.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618079	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests along edges and river banks up to c. 200 m.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618079	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type)."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618165	general	EN	"Liana, sometimes shrub or small tree. Leaves 5–9-foliolate, glabrous; leaflets ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 4–14 by 3–7 cm, cuneate or rounded at base, ± acuminate at apex, smooth beneath; nerves 3–8 pairs. Panicles terminal and subterminal, up to 15 cm long, tomentose. Sepals ovate, acute, 2–3 by 1.5 mm, ± keeled, pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Petals lanceolate to linear, blunt, 6–10 mm, tomentose on both sides, punctate. Fruits obliquely spindle-shaped to oblique-ellipsoid, 3–5 by 1–2 cm, ± stipitate; pericarp thin, glabrous outside, densely pubescent inside."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618165	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, in clearings along edges and river banks, at low altitude. Flowers from February to May."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618165	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo (type), Philippines, Timor."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618165	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618197	general	EN	"Liana, shrub or tree. Leaves 5–7-foliolate, glabrous in allparts; leaflets oblong to lanceolate, 10–16 by 4–6 cm, rounded at base, blunt or shortly acuminate at apex, not or little verrucose beneath; nerves 5–8 pairs, ± curved. Panicles terminal or subterminal, broad, up to 40 cm long, ± tomentose. Sepals elliptic to obovate, blunt to acute, 2.5–3.5 by 1–1.5 mm, distinctly keeled, pubescent outside, subglabrous inside. Petals narrow, blunt, 5–7 mm, pubescent outside, sparsely tomentose inside. Fruits semi-obovoid, 2–3.5 by 1.5 cm, shortly stipitate (0.4 cm); pericarp thin, glabrescent outside, pubescent inside."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618197	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618197	ecology	EN	In evergreen or bamboo forests up to 500 m. Flowers in January.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618197	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618197	distribution	EN	"Thailand, W. Deccan, Bengal (type), Assam, S. China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618197	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618214	general	EN	"Liana, sometimes shrub or tree. Leaves 3–5-foliolate, glabrous in allparts; leaflets oblong to lanceolate, 10–30 by 4–12 cm, broadly cuneate to rounded at base, blunt to shortly acuminate at apex; sometimes minutely warty beneath; nerves 8–12 pairs, midrib very prominent beneath, veins transverse to the midrib. Inflorescences up to 40 cm long, very broad, ferruginous-tomentose. Sepals elliptic to lanceolate, 3 by 1.5 mm, blunt to acute, densely tomentose outside, pubescent inside. Petals lanceolate, 5–6 mm long blunt, glabrous, punctate. Fruits ellipsoid to obovoid, 4–6 by 2.5–3 cm, the stipe 1–1.5 cm; pericarp woody, ca 1 mm thick, glabrous outside, sparsely pubescent inside."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618214	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618214	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests up to 200 m.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618214	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618214	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618214	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618259	general	EN	"Liana or scandent shrub, sometimes a small tree. Leaves 3–7-foliolate, glabrous or minutely pubescent; leaflets elliptic to lanceolate, 4–25 by 2–9 cm, cuneate to rounded at base, blunt to acuminate at apex, sometimes slightly verrucose beneath; nerves 4–12 pairs ± curved and joined near the margin. Panicles terminal and subterminal, broad, up to 35 cm long, ferruginous- or fulvous-tomentose. Sepals ovate, or elliptic, 2–4 mm, blunt to acute, ± prominently 2-nerved, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals lanceolate to linear, 3–7 mm, blunt, glabrous outside except margins and apex, ± glandular-punctate. Fruits 1.5–3.5 by 1–2 cm, the stipe 5–15 mm; pericarp thin, glabrescent outside, pubescent inside."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618259	use	EN	"Young shoots are probably eaten as a vegetable, as they are in neighbouring countries, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618259	ecology	EN	"In evergreen or deciduous forests, along edges and river banks, in clearings, thickets or scrubs from sea level up to 1000 m. Flowers from February to April. Fruits from April to June."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000618259	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, S. Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), W. Java, Micronesia, Melanesia."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000618259	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000619993	general	EN	"Annual herb, up to 1.5 m high. Leaves ovate, 3–8 by 1–4.5 cm; apex acute to acuminate; base rounded or obtuse; leaf base with a pair of filiform appendages margin serrulate and doubly serrate; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerves 3–5 pairs; scalariform veins hardly distinct; petioles 1–2.5 cm; sparsely hairs. Inflorescence solitary or in pairs, opposite the leaf; flower buds obovate, ± 2 by 1 mm, apiculate. Sepals linear. Petals spathulate, 3 by 1–1.5 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary oblong, hairy. Fruit cylindrical, slightly narrow towards the base, 1.5–3 by 0.3–0.5 cm, apex divided into 3 lobes; longitudinal ridges distinct."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000619993	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000619993	use	EN	The bark produces good fibres for making string.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000619993	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000619993	ecology	EN	"In open spaces, paddy fields or on shady limestone hills. Flowering and fruiting during September–December."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000619993	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000619993	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), India, Burma, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000619993	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620030	general	EN	"Annual herb, up to 2 m high. Leaves lanceolate oblong, 5–15 by 1–5 cm, apex cuspidate to caudate; base obtuse; leaf base with a pair of filiform appendages; margin serrate; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerves 3–6 pairs; scalariform veins hardly distinct; petioles 1–5 cm long, glabrescent. Inflorescence solitary or in cymes, opposite the leaf; flower buds globose, ± 2 mm diam., apically rounded. Sepals lanceolate. Petals spathulate, 3–4 by 1–1.5 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary obovate, glabrous. Fruit globose or orbicular, 1–1.3 by 0.8–1.2 cm; longitudinal ridges distinct."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620030	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620030	use	EN	The bark produces one of the best fibres for making sacks and clothes.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620030	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620030	ecology	EN	"In open spaces, paddy fields or swampy areas; alt. 50–400 m. Flowering and fruiting during October–December."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620030	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620030	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (type), Japan, India, Burma, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620030	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620125	general	EN	"Annual herb, 30–100 cm tall. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, 2.5–12 by 0.5–3.5 cm; apex cuspidate; base rounded or cuneate; leaf base with a pair of filiform appendages; margin serrate to serrulate; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerves 3–7 pairs; scalariform veins distinct on lower surface; petioles 0.5–4.5 cm long, sparsely hairy. Inflorescence solitary or in pairs, opposite the leaf; flower buds obovate, ± 4 by 3 mm, apiculate. Sepals lanceolate. Petals obovate, 3–4 by 1 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary oblong, hairy. Fruit cylindrical, slightly narrowed towards acuminate apex, 2.5–6 by 0.2–0.5 cm; apex three-pointed; longitudinal ridges distinct or hardly so."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620125	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620125	use	EN	The bark produces good fibres for making strings. Young leaves edible after being fried.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620125	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620125	ecology	EN	In open spaces and paddy fields; from sea level up to 300 m alt. Flowering and fruiting during August–December.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620125	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620125	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, India (type), Ceylon, Pakistan, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, U.S.A (Hawaii)."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620125	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620174	general	EN	"Annual herb, up to 50 cm high. Leaves ovate 3–7 by 1.3–3.2 cm; apex cuspidate; base rounded or obtuse; leaf base without a pair of filiform appendages; margin serrate to serrulate; 3-nerved at base; secondary nerves 6–8 pairs; scalariform veins hardly distinct; petioles 0.5–1.2 cm long, sparsely hairy. Inflorescence solitary or in pairs, opposite the leaf; flower buds oblong, ± 4 by 1.5 mm. Sepals lanceolate. Petals linear, ± 4 by 1 mm. Stamens glabrous. Ovary oblong, hairy. Fruit cylindrical, slightly narrow toward acuminate apex, 0.5–1.5 cm, apex three pointed; longitudinal ridges distinct or hardly so."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620174	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620174	use	EN	The bark produces good fibres for making strings.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620174	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620174	ecology	EN	"In open spaces, alt. 100–350 m. Flowering and fruiting during October–December."	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620174	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000620174	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	C. Phengklai		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000620174	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000764243	general	EN	"Erect shrub with unbranced or spacely branched stems up to 3 m in diam., up to 3 cm. Leaves with dilated base, petiole short or up to several cm, green or variegated, in some cultivars deep purple or with coloured stripes or spots, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 20–60 cm long including petiole; lamina 3–10 cm wide, apex acuminate, midvein raised on lower side. Inflorescence an erect, multi-flowered, green to purple panicle, 30–70 cm long with bracts at base of the spreading branches. Flowers 6–9 mm in diam., shortly petiolate, subtended by few, minute bracts. Perianth segments linear, various shades of pink, yellow or violet; tube 5–7 mm; lobes as long as tube. Stamens slightly shorter than perianth, inserted in the throat of the perianth. Ovary with style as long as perianth or slightly shorter. Capsule shining, reddish green. Seeds usually many, black, shining."	P. Suksathan & F. Borchsenius		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000764243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000764243	ecology	EN	"Grown along plantations and in hedges, sometimes naturalized around villages from the lowlands up to 1,500 m some places even higher."	P. Suksathan & F. Borchsenius		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000764243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000764243	distribution	EN	Origin uncertain but believed to be native in E Malesia and some Pacific Islands.	P. Suksathan & F. Borchsenius		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000764243	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000621274	general	EN	"Stems rather slender, 10–40 cm, solid, finely striate, branched above. Basal leaves soon deciduous. Stem leaves shortly petiolate, ultimate segments linear, mucronulate, basally with a white sheath on petiole. Rays of umbel 2–6, unequal, 0.5–2 cm. Bracteoles ca 3, linear, thin-textured, mucronulate, 2–3 mm. Sepals unequal, outer to ca 0.8 mm. Outermost petals 2.5–3 mm, entire or emarginate, inner ca 0.8 mm. Fruit ca 3 by 3 mm, pale brown, almost globose, ridges indistinct, undulate."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000621274	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000621274	use	EN	The fruit of coriander is used as a condiment and for flavouring; the leaves as a garnish or salad.	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000621274	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000621274	ecology	EN	Cultivated and subspontaneous in our area.	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000621274	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000621274	distribution	EN	"Europe (type), Mediterranean, Asia. Cultivated and often naturalized throughout the world."	I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000621274	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116747	general	EN	"Rhizome (unknown in Thai plants) thick, ascending to suberect, bearing a few fronds near apex; scales narrow, up to 8 by 2 mm, entire, brown, membranous. Stipe up to 30 cm or more long, stramineous to brown, more or less broadened at scaly base. Frond bipinnate to tripinnatifid, oblong with acute apex and round base, about 50 by 25 cm; pinnae subopposite, ascending, subsessile or shortly stalked in larger ones; rachis grooved, the grooves decurrent to those of pinnae; pinnules of the larger pinnae narrowly oblong-subdeltoid, acute to acuminate at apex, truncate or broadly cuneate at sessile base, about 8 by 2.4 cm, lobed nearly to costule with subquadrangular lobes with obtuse apex and subentire or crenate margin of about 1 by 0.5 cm, pinnules of the upper pinnae like the lobes of larger pinnules; herbaceous to thin-papyraceous, usually blackish when dry; veins pinnate with simple or rarely forked veinlets reaching the very margin of lobes. Sori oblong, costular, naked."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116747	ecology	EN	Terrestrial on mountain slopes at about 1000 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116747	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India, Nepal (type) to SW. Japan, south to Vietnam; also in Java."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116747	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623524	general	EN	"Leaves, ± ovate (in Thailand), 12–35 by 6–20 cm, base broadly rounded or truncate, apex acuminate to rounded, upper surface glabrous, often drying, bullate, flower surface whitish tomentellous, palmately 7–11-nerved, at base with 2–3 pairs of distal lateral nerves, thinly coriaceous; petiole 6–20 cm, inserted 1.5–5 cm from basal margin of lamina. Inflorescences: flowers in globose, densely and &#8734;-flowered heads, 10–13 mm diam. on peduncles, 10–25 mm, arranged in a raceme, 12–14 mm; bracts inconspicuous, scale-like, 1–2 mm long. Male flowers with pedicels, 1.5–2 mm; the inner sepals 3–6, spreading at anthesis, broadly elliptic to spathulate-obovate, 2.5–3 mm long; the outermost 3 elliptic, 1.5–2 mm long, inserted flower; stamens 6, 1 mm long. Female flowers: inner sepals 6, oblong to oblanceolate, 4–4.5 mm long; staminodes 6; carpels 3, as in C. fenestratum. Drupes tomentose to glabrescent in young state, other-wise unknown."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623524	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forests, on limestone rocks or near shore; at low altitudes."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623524	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (Penang-type, and Pangkor Is.)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623524	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623526	general	EN	"Leaves usually broadly ovate or ovate, rarely subpanduriform with basal, lateral lobes, 11–33 by 8–23 cm, base broadly rounded, truncate or shallowly cordate, rarely broadly obtuse, apex acuminate, upper surface glabrescent, usually drying smooth, midrib and other main nerves sunken; flower surface often whitish tomentellous, palmately 5–7-nerved at base and also usually two pairs of distal lateral nerves thinly coriaceous; petiole 3–16 cm, inserted up to 0.8(–2.7) cm from basal margin of lamina. Inflorescences: flowers in several-flowered, globose heads, 6–7 mm diam., on peduncles 10–30 mm, arranged in a raceme 5–11 cm, Inflorescences arising singly or a few together; bracts subulate, 4–5 mm long. Male flowers sessile or with pedicels, up to 1 mm; sepals broadly elliptic to obovate; the inner 3–6 spreading, yellow, 1.5–2 mm long; the outermost smaller, 1–1.5 mm long, inserted flower; stamens 6, 1 mm long. Female flowers: sepals as in male flowers; staminodes 6, claviform, 1 mm long; carpels 3, curved-ellipsoidal, 2 mm long, densely pilose; style filiform, recurved. Infructescences with carpophore globose, tomentellous, 7–8 mm diam., bearing 1–3 drupes. Drupes subglobose, tomentellous, brown to orange or yellowish, 2.8–3 cm diam.; pericarp drying woody, ca 1 mm thick; endocarp bony, 2.2–2.5 cm diam., wall 3 mm thick covered with anastomosing fibrous ridges; condyle deeply intrusive, thickly clavate. Seeds whitish, subglobose, enveloping the condyle."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623526	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623526	use	EN	"A distillation from the wood is used to treat fever. The plant is locally well known (recorded by KERR in the published report on his tour in the Record 16: 218. 1925). In Malaya the plant is used to dress wounds and ulcers, and also as an ingredient in arrow poisons. A yellow dye produced from the wood is used in Cambodia."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623526	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623526	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; at 200 m alt.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623526	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623526	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon (type), S. India, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623526	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000362979	general	EN	"Stem 1–2(–3) m, thickened at base, covered by glabrous sheaths, only bearing leaf blades in the apical part, erect when young, later bend over and branching in upper part; sheaths glabrous. Leaf blade to 20–25 by 6–7 cm, cuneate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous on both sides. Inflorescence on a separate shoot from the rhizome; peduncle short, covered by pubescent, overlapping sheaths, ± globose, ca 8 cm in diam. Bracts glabrous, red, 2–3.5 cm by ca 2.5 cm with rounded apex ending in a yellowish, spine-like tip, 2–3 mm, each subtending 1 flower. Bracteole ca 2 cm, scale-like, falcate, ca 4 mm broad. Flower: calyx yellow with red margin, tube ca 3 cm including ovary, glabrous, ca 5 mm, 3-dentate, each tooth ending in a short spine. Corolla tube ca 3.5 cm long, glabrous, lobes yellowish-orange, glabrous, lateral ones 4.5 by 2 cm, apiculatate, glabrous, median one ca 5.5 cm. Labellum red, glabrous with undulate margin, inside towards the throat pale reddish with scattered ampulliform hairs. Filament petaloid, ca 4 cm long, 1 cm broad at base, 1.5 in the middle, glabrous except at apex which is covered by stiff hairs along the margin; anther ca 1 cm long. Ovary glabrous, 15–18 by 7–10 mm. Fruit unknown."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000362979	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000362979	ecology	EN	Evergreen mountain forest; altitude: ca 500 m.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000362979	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000362979	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000362979	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363056	general	EN	"Stem to about 3 m, thickend at base, covered by glabrous or pubescent sheaths, only bearing leaf blades in the apical part, erect when young, later bend over and branching in upper part. Leaf blade to 30 by 10 cm, widest above the middle, unequally cuneate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous or pubescent beneath. Inflorescence on a separate shoot from the rhizome; peduncle 2–10(–20) cm, covered by pubescent, overlapping sheaths, ± globose, 5–9 cm in diam. Bracts red, 2–3.5 by ca 2.5 cm with rounded apex ending in a yellowish, spine-like tip, 2–3 mm, outer surface ± covered by stiff hairs, each subtending 1 flower. Bracteoles as long as bracts but much narrower, at base embracing the ovary. Flower: calyx tube 3–4 cm including ovary, pubescent as the bracts, lobes red, 6–8 mm, ending in a stout spine. Corolla tube shorter than calyx, lobes ca 3.5 by 2 cm, apiculatate, pubescent outside, pink to deep red. Labellum red or orange to yellow with long hairs along the margin, inside towards the throat whitish or yellowish hairy. Stamen puberulous, same colour as labellum or paler. Ovary appressed pubescent. Capsule enclosed by the bracts."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363056	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363056	ecology	EN	"In moist evergreen forests often near streams at low altitudes, sometimes epiphytic."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363056	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363056	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Java (type), Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363056	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363111	general	EN	"Stem 1–2 m, erect, usually not spirally curved, lower half of stem covered by blade-less sheaths, upper half leafy; sheath ca 4 cm, green, densely puberulous when young later glabrescent; petiole 5–10 mm. Leaf blade elliptic, to lanceolate-oblong, 20–40 by 6–15 cm, base rounded to cordate, apex acute to acuminate, upper side glabrescent, lower side sparsely to densely villous. Inflorescence terminal to about 10 cm long, 5–7 cm wide on a short, usually curved peduncle. Bracts 12–15 mm long, each subtending 1 flower, ovate, acute, green often flushed with red, with a narrow red, fleshy protuberance up to 5 mm long below the apex, glabrous to hairy, when old breaking into fibres. Bracteoles ca 10 mm, ovate, acute with ciliate margin. Flower: calyx green turning red, much longer than bract, up to 3 cm, with 3 reddish, unequal teeth, split to base on one side. Corolla tube shorter than calyx, lobes 3–5 by 2.5—3 cm, white or pinkish. Labellum 69 cm across, white to pinkish with a median yellowish band. Stamen petaloid, oblong ca 5 by 1.2 cm, filament ca 12 mm broad. Ovary flattened, ca 9 mm broad. Capsule ellipsoid, ca 2.4 cm long, hirsute crowned by the persistent calyx."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363111	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363111	ecology	EN	"In open grassland in deciduous forest, and along roadsides, often in moist places and together with C. speciosus; altitude: from 500–1,500 m (in Yunnan; altitude: up to 2,200 m)."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363111	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363111	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Bhutan, N India (type), China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Laos."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363111	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363601	general	EN	"Stem 1–3 m, branching with age in upper part, often spirally curved, lower half of stem covered by blade-less sheaths, upper half leafy, sheath ca 4 cm, green flushed with purple, silky hairy, at margin with longer hairs. Leaf blade oblanceolate-acuminate, up to 23 by 6 cm, widest above the middle, base rounded, upper side glabrous to appressed hairy, lower side from almost glabrous to densely sericeous; petiole 5–7 mm, appressed hairy. Inflorescence to about 10 cm long, 5-6 cm broad on a short, usually curved peduncle. Bracts 12–15 mm long, each subtending 1 flower, ovate, acute, green often flushed with red, with a narrow red fleshy protuberance up to 5 mm long, below apex glabrous to hairy. Bracteoles ca 10 mm, acute with ciliate margin. Flower: calyx green turning red, much longer than bract, up to 2.2 cm including the ovary, with 3 reddish, unequal teeth. Corolla tube shorter than calyx, lobes 3–5 cm, white or pinkish. Labellum 5.5–7.5 cm across, white with a median yellowish band with long yellow hairs. Stamen ca 2.5 cm long; filament when flattened 10–12 mm broad, yellow at apex, pubescent. Ovary flattened, ca 9 mm broad. Capsule red."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363601	ecology	EN	"Occurring in a variety of biotopes from peat swamp forests in the south at sea level to hill evergreen forest in the north, e.g. on Doi Inthanon; altitude: up to 1,400 m. Also common in the lowland deciduous forests in the central and north. It is found on limestone as well as on granitic rocks, in sunny places as well as in shade, preferable on humid ground."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363601	distribution	EN	"From India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma and S China to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, throughout Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines to N Australia and New Guinea. (type König: “Ind. Orient.”, probably Phuket, Thailand (C))."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001015046	general	EN	"Half-evergreen upright shrub with spreading branches. Leaves thickish, elliptic to ovate, 2–3 cm long, pubescent or glabrous above, whitish-tomentose beneath. Petiole 1–3 mm long. Corymbs 5–15-flowered. Calyx tube villous; lobes triangular. Petals white pinkish, upright. Carpel 3. Styles shorter than the stamens. Fruit ovoid, 6–7 mm log, orange-red, with calyx lobes persistent and turned down to the centre. Nutlets (pyrenes) usually 3."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001015046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001015046	use	EN	Often cultivated in European and American gardens.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001015046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001015046	ecology	EN	In open rocky grounds on limestone formation at about 2000 m. Flowers in June; fruits in November.	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001015046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001015046	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (Yunnan), Tibet. Originally described from plants cultivated in Paris from Tibetan seeds."	J.E. Vidal		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001015046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623647	general	EN	"Stems solitary, erect, 4.5–6.5 cm high, fleshy with 4–6 nodes, straw-coloured. Leaves scaly, triangular, 1.5 mm long, apex acute. Calyx tube 1.7 mm long; lobes imbricate, ovate or subovate, 0.8 mm long. Corolla pale blue; tube 2 mm long; lobes lingular, obtuse, 3.2 mm long, nearly 1 mm wide. Filaments filiform, 1 mm long; anthers erect oblong, slightly curved, 1.2 mm long. Ovary ovoid; style glabrous. Fruit not seen."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623647	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623647	ecology	EN	"Bamboo forests, at 200 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623647	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000623647	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type)."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000623647	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363933	general	EN	"Annual. Culms 10–50 cm by 1.5–2.5 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves: blade up to 50 cm by 1–5 mm, acuminate, flattish; sheath 1–15 cm long, light green to reddish brown, ventrally whitish-hyaline. Involucral bracts 3–6, the lowest 10–25 cm long. Inflorescence compound to decompound, 2–10 by 3–10 cm; primary branches 3–8, up to 9 cm long; secondary branches (when present) 1–1.5 cm long. Spikelets 6–15, in globose to stellate clusters 5–8 mm diam., broadly elliptic, 3-4 by 1.5 mm, strongly flattened. Glumes 2–3, elliptic, 3–3.5 by 0.8–1 mm, obtuse, apex, the sides hyaline, 1-nerved, pale brown tinged with yellow brown, keel glaucous, broadly winged, the wing surface reticulate. Nutlets fusiform, triquetrous, 2.5–3 by 0.5 mm, brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363933	ecology	EN	"Wet places, sometimes seen in rice fields, 100–1000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000363933	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Burma (Myanmar) and Vietnam."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000363933	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625678	general	EN	"Shrub 2 m to tree 25 m. Leaflets twice as long as wide; petiolule 3–8 mm; elliptic or ovate, 2–10 by 2–6 cm, subcoriaceous, mostly concolorous or slightly paler beneath; base acute to cuneate; usually bluntish acuminate with more or less obtuse apex, sometimes rounded; nerves 5–7 pairs. Petiole 7–9 cm. Flowers few, axillary, towards the top. Pedicels 4–8 cm; Sepals elliptic, 3–6 by 2–3 mm, mostly orange when dried. Petals white, turning yellow; blade elliptic, 1.5–2.5 by 0.5–1 cm; claw 3–7 mm. Stamens purple, filament ca 4 cm. Gynophore usually 5 cm. Ovary 2.5–3 by 2 mm. Fruits globose, 2–3.5 cm in diam.; pericarp red-violet-brownish tinged, at least when dry, smooth throughout; stipe 5–13 cm long, 2–4 cm thick. Seeds smooth, comparatively small, ca 8–9 by 7 by 6 mm."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625678	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625678	ecology	EN	"Sandy soil in mixed deciduous forest, limestone hills and bamboo forest, up to 350 m. Flowering February–June; fruiting May–August."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625678	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625678	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China, Hainan, Burma, Indo-China (type)."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625678	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625711	general	EN	"Tree 4–15 m high. Leaflets 3 times as long as wide; petiolule 5–7 mm; elliptic or lanceolate, 4.5–18 by 1.5–6.5 cm, subcoriaceous when mature, paler beneath; base acute to cuneate; apex gradually acuminate with acute tip, up to 2.5 cm; nerves 9–20 pairs; prominent beneath, usually reddish or brown when dry; reticulations conspicuous. Petiole 5–10 cm. Flowers numerous, in terminal racemes. Pedicels 4–5 cm. Sepals ovate, 2–3.5 by 1.5–2 mm acute. Petals white turning yellow; blade suborbicular or elliptic, 2–3 by 1–2.5 cm, claw 0.5–1 cm. Stamens purple, filaments 3.5–6.5 cm. Gynophore 3.5–8 cm. Ovary ellip-soidal 0r cylindrical, 4–6 by 1–2 mm. Fruits ellipsoidal, 2–6 by 1.5–4.5 cm; pericarp roughish, whitish; stipe 8–13 cm long, 3–5 mm thick. Seeds 6–11 mm in diam., dull dark brown."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625711	ecology	EN	"Common along rivers, in evergreen forest and mixed deciduous forest; alt. 30–700 m. Flowering December–April; fruiting April–September."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625711	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), S. China, Burma, Indo-China, Malesia and Pacific Island."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625724	general	EN	"Tree to 20 m high. Leaves clustered towards the end of branches. Leaflets 2 times as long as wide, mostly subsessile or petiolule not longer than 3 mm; elliptic or ovate, 5.5–16 by 2.5–7 cm, usually thin initially; base acute; apex acute or rather abruptly acuminate; nerves 5–9 pairs, distant, regularly arched, reticulations inconspicuous. Petiole 6. 5–13 cm. Flowers many. Pedicels 4–7 cm Sepals elliptic or ovate, obtuse or little acuminate, 5–6 by 2–3 mm. Petals white, turning yellow; blade broadly elliptic, acute to obtuse, 1.5–3.5 by 0.5–2 cm; claw 3–10 mm. Stamens reddish or purple, filament 1.5–5 cm. Gynophore up to 5.5 cm. Ovary ellipsoidal or ovate, 3–5 by 1–3 mm. Fruits mostly elongate to subglobose, 2–20 by 3–9.5 cm; pericarp greyish when dry; mostly roughish with dry flat papillae. Seeds 5–12 mm in diam."	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625724	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625724	ecology	EN	Along streams; up to 50 m.	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625724	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625724	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, Indo-China, Malesia, Pacific Island to Society Island (type). "	K. Chayamarit		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625724	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625843	general	EN	"Slender climbing herbs, 1–2 m long. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate; apex acute; base rounded or narrowed, 2–5 by 0.8–2.3 cm; petioles 0.2–1 cm. Calyx tube 5–7 mm long; lobes linear, 8–10 mm long, apex acute. Corolla up to 3 cm long, yellow with purple longitudinal lines; lobes triangular, 3–4 mm long. Filaments filiform, 1.6 cm long. Style 6 mm long. Berry 1.6 by 0.8 cm, stipe 1.2 cm long."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625843	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625843	ecology	EN	"In scrub, at 1700–1740 m alt."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625843	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000625843	distribution	EN	"Thailand, West Malesia, Java (type)."	A. Ubolcholaket		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000625843	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126769	general	EN	"Close to C. bipunctatum but different in the submarginal false veinlets uneven and often interrupted, the marginal cells sometimes more than 2 in rows, the other oblique striae many."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126769	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126769	ecology	EN	On moist rocks along streams usually in spray in dense evergreen forest.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126769	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126769	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Western Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126769	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109776	general	EN	"Rhizome about 0.7 mm diam., covered with dark brownish hairs. Stipes (0.5–)2–3 cm long, winged almost to the base, bearing short hairs. Fronds variable in shape and size, ovate to oblong, round to acute at apex, tripinnatifid, usually 4–8 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, often dwarfed with sori; pinnae 5–8 in pairs, the larger ones 1.5–3 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, shortly stalked or sessile in the upper ones; pinnules oblong to subdeltoid, with about 10 segments; ultimate segments linear-lanceolate, at a narrow angle to each other, acute at apex, entire and flat at margin; false veinlets marginal, continuous, occupying two rows of marginal cells, the other striae few. Sori on the apices of short axillary lobes; involucre tubular, 1–1.8 mm long, winged, the mouth bilabiate, the lips round to acute, as wide as long."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109776	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109776	ecology	EN	On mossy or muddy rocks or on mossy tree trunks in dense forest at various altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109776	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109776	distribution	EN	Old World tropics (type from Madagascar).	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109776	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145670	general	EN	"Rhizome slender, densely covered with dark brownish hairs, bearing the fronds about 1 cm apart. Stipes short, 0.2–0.6 cm long, winged in the upper part. Fronds bipinnatifid, ovate to oblong-ovate, moderately acute at apex, cuneate at base, 1.5–2 cm long, 0.7–1 cm wide; pinnae with 2–5 segments, costae and costules with broad wings; ultimate segments round to acute at apex, entire and flat, about 0.6 mm wide, decurrent onto axes forming wings; false veinlets many, short and oblique, or submarginal and interrupted. Sori at apices of the short acroscopic segments; involucre tubular, winged, with bilabiate mouth, the lips round at apex, about one-third of the length of the involucre."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145670	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145670	ecology	EN	On moist rocks near streams in dense evergreen forest.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145670	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145670	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Borneo, Philippines (type), New Guinea and Micronesia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145670	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145674	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping usually on branches of tree, slender, densely covered with blackish hairs, about 0.3 mm diam. Stipe not so remote, 1–5 cm apart, 0.5–1.3 cm long, hairy. Fronds tripinnatifid, ovate to oblong in outline, acute to moderately acute at apex, gradually narrowing downwards, 4–6 cm long, 2–3 cm wide; pinnae about 10 in pairs, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, round at apex, broadly cuneate at sessile base, the largest ones 2 cm long, 0.8 cm wide; pinnules with 2 to 4 segments; segments lanceolate, round to moderately acute at apex, entire but undulate at margin, about 0.6 mm broad, with a single vein; false veinlets marginal, continuous or interrupted, with two rows of marginal cells, oblique false veinlets few if any. Sori one to a segment, usually in apical part of fronds; involucre tubular with dilated mouth, about 1 mm long, 0.8 mm diam., the mouth distinctly dilated, about 1.5 mm diam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145674	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145674	ecology	EN	On branches of trees in evergreen forest at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145674	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145674	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sumatra and Malaya to the Philippines (type from Mindoro)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145674	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125318	general	EN	"Small dwarf plants. Rhizome very slender, densely covered with dark brownish hairs. Stipes short, less than 2 mm long, narrowly winged almost to the base, hairy. Fronds pinnate to bipinnatifid, oblong to subdeltoid but without definite shape, round to moderately acute at apex, broadly cuneate to subtruncate and often very shortly decurrent at base, at most 0.8 mm long 0.5 mm wide; ultimate segments 3 to 12, linear-lanceolate, round to acute or sometimes acuminate at apex, to 3 mm long, 0.7 mm broad, decurrent onto axes; intramarginal false veinlets continuous, with one row of marginal cells, other striae wholly wanting. Sori a few, sunk in the apex of the segments to the point of separation of the mouth; involucre funnel-shaped to campanulate, the mouth slightly dilated, with entire round lips, not typically bilabiate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125318	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125318	ecology	EN	"On damp rocks near the river in dense forest at low altitudes, khown only in one locality."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125318	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125318	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type) and Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125318	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117769	general	EN	"Similar to <i>C. bipunctatum</i> but differs in the lack of submarginal false veinlets, the other striae numerous, oblique."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117769	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117769	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree trunks or on mossy or muddy rocks in moist dense forest, common at various altitudes."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117769	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117769	distribution	EN	"Widely known in N. India (type), S. China and in SE. Asia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117769	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116517	general	EN	"Rhizome very slender, densely covered with short brownish hairs. Stipes about 0.5–1 cm apart, 2–4 mm long, very narrowly winged in the upper part, hairy especially in the basal part. Fronds almost circular to oblong-subdeltoid in outline, less than 2 cm long, 1.2 cm wide, often digitate in appearance but typically pinnate in branching; segments 5–12, linear-lanceolate, round to moderately acute at apex, entire but sometimes obscurely crisped at margin, with a single vein, 1–1.2 mm wide; false veinlets marginal, continuous, with two rows of marginal cells outside the false veinlets. Sori sunk in the apices or segments; involucre tubular with bilabiate mouth, about 1 mm long, 0.8 mm diam., the mouth just wider than the segments."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116517	ecology	EN	On muddy or mossy rocks in mixed or in evergreen forest at medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001116517	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam to S. China (type from Hongkong) including Taiwan, south to Malaya."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001116517	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145690	general	EN	"Rhizome wide-creeping, filiform with numerous rhizoids. Stipes short, winged upper part. Fronds almost digitate in appearance, bluntly quadrangular in outline, round at apex, cuneate at base, about 2 cm long including stipes of 5–8 mm in length, 1 cm wide, bipinnatifid or subdigitate, pinnae with 2–4 segments; segments round at apex, entire at margin, about 1 mm in breadth, the base decurrent to rachis, continuing to the wings on the upper part of stipes; false veinlets short, oblique or somewhat elongate between costa and margin of segments, submarginal ones wanting. Sori solitary, terminal on the ultimate segments, extruded on narrow constriction, cup-shaped, about 1.5 mm long; the mouth of involucre bilabiate."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145690	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145690	ecology	EN	On wet rocks in tropical evergreen forest at about 500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145690	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000145690	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000145690	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364504	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 12 m high, dbh up to 25 cm; bark thick, scaly and roughly vertically cracked, grey-brownish; branchlets slowly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate, flat to dendritic, yellowish-brown hairs with pale radii (appear creamy-yellowish), 0.2–0.3 mm (on flowers up to 0.5 mm) in diam., with ca 20–25 free radii. Stipules 1–1.5 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves alternate, often crowded; petiole 1.0–2.5 cm long, densely pubescent, hardly glabrescent; blade elliptic, 12–22 by 4–9.5 cm, index 2.8–3.8, chartaceous, base acute, margin subentire with very shallow and indistinct sertation, apex acute, slightly brighter below, glabrous above, below densely pubescent at the very base and sparsely pubescent on the midrib, otherwise subglabrous with few scattered hairs; basal glands flat, sessile, ca 0.5 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 15–20 pairs, not triplinerved. Inflorescences whitish-green to greyish-green, quite often several in an apical leafless whorl or with immature leaves, each one 8–24 cm long, most often completely staminate, rarely with 3–8 pistillate flowers, sometimes with bisexual bracts; densely and persistently pubescent throughout; bracts 1.5–2 mm long, stiff, persistent, eglandular. Staminate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 3–5 mm long; sepals 2 by 1 mm; petals 2 by 1 mm, stellate-pubescent outside; stamens ca 10, with filaments often pubescent. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 8–10 mm long (10–13 mm in fruit); sepals 2–3 by 1–1.5 mm, slightly shorter than the ovary, pubescent throughout outside; petals absent or as ca 1 by 0.2 mm, lineal lobes; ovary ca 3 mm long; stigmas 3–4 mm long, not fused at base, undivided for ca 1 mm at base and divided apically. Fruits 6–7 by 8–9 mm, sulcate, densely pubescent and smooth outside. Seeds 6 by 4 mm, with a rudimentary caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364504	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364504	use	EN	"The leaves, in mixture with other plants, are used for cuts."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364504	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364504	ecology	EN	"In disturbed hill evergreen, evergreen or deciduous seasonal hardwood, hardwood and pine, or mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, secondary thickets, clearings and fire prone places; on lateritic or clayey soil, over granite or limestone; altitude: (400–)600–1,400 m. Flowering: October–March (August); fruiting: January–April (August). Inflorescences fragrant."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364504	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364504	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand? To be expected in Laos.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364504	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927338	general	EN	"Bushy tree to tree, up to 10 m high, dbh to 20 cm, girth to 40 cm; bark grey brown, smooth, inner bark pink; young branchlets pubescent, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate to stellate-lepidote, hyaline hairs with a small brownish center (appearing silvery) on leaves and sepals, crcamish-brown hairs on leaf veins and fruits, flat, sometimes with a central porrect radius, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., with ca 15–17 free to partly fused radii. Stipules (2.5–)4–5 mm long, pubescent. Leaves alternate to apically crowded; petiole 5–12 cm long, densely pubescent; blade elliptic, 14–20 by 6–11 cm, index 1.5–2.3, chartaceous, base acute to obtuse but the very base distinctly cordate and slightly peltate, margin entire, apex short-acuminate, nearly glabrous above (few hairs in the very base), below completely and densely silvery-pubescent without visible surface and not glabrescent, brownish hairs only on the largest veins and on immature leaves; basal glands flat, sessile, 1–1.5 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 8–10 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets visible. Inflorescences yellowish-green to silvery, never crowded, 12–25 cm long, with 7–12 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; densely and persistently pubescent throughout; bracts 1–2 mm long, stiff, eglandular, caducous. Staminate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 5–6 mm long; sepals 3 by 1.5 mm; petals 3.5 by 1 mm, whitish lanate; stamens ca 10–12, glabrous or with partly pubescent filaments. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 4–6 mm long (10–13 mm in fruit); sepals 4–5 by 1.5–2.5 mm, fused at the base, spreading at the apex, much longer than the ovary; petals absent or as tiny scales up to 1 by 0.3 mm long; ovary 2 mm long; stigmas 3–4 mm long, free at base, undivided for up to 1 mm at the base, once bifid apically. Fruits 12–16 by 12–16 mm, not sulcate, densely pubescent. Seeds flattened, 10–11 by 7–8 mm, ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927338	ecology	EN	"Open areas, hill slopes and partly disturbed places in evergreen forest, secondary forest in rubber plantation, at rocky streams and roadsides; altitude: 50–400 m. Flowering: April–June, September, December; fruiting: August–November, January, Inflorescences very fragrant and with much nectar."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927338	distribution	EN	"Thailand, W. Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (type), Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, Philippines."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927338	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927482	general	EN	"Erect herb or subshrub, up to 1 m high; initially densely pubescent, later on glabrous. Indumentum consisting of stellate, whitish hairs (appearing as white dots), flat, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., with (8–)10–15 free radii. Stipules ca 0.5 mm long, filiform, subglabrous. Leaves mostly pseudo-verticillate, sometimes alternate; petiole 0.5–1.2 cm long, initially densely pubescent, glabrescent; blade ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 3–5.5 by 1–2 cm, index 1.5–3.5, membranous, base obtuse, margin serrate, apex acute to mucronate, with both sides of nearly same colour, initally pubescent on both sides, glabrescent; basal glands lateral on abaxial midrib base as a pair of prominent but sessile discs 0.3–0.5 mm in diam.; venation only visible below, side veins 6–7 pairs, basal pair different (triplinerved). Inflorescences creamy-white, 4–12 cm long, with 2–7 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; sparsely pubescent to subglabrous except for the distinctly pubescent ovaries; bracts ca 1 mm long, with a distinct pair of pillow-shaped glands ca 0.5 mm in diam., in staminate part often eglandular. Staminate flowers subglabrous to glabrous outside; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; sepals 1–1.25 by 1 mm; petals ca 1.5 by 0.5 mm; stamens 13–16, filaments glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel nearly absent (ca. 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm in fruit), subglabrous; sepals ca 1 mm long, subglabrous, shorter than the ovary; petals absent; ovary ca 1.5 mm long, very densely pubescent; stigmas free, 1.5–2 mm long, bifid for most (more than half) of their length. Fruits brownish-green, 5.5–6 by 4–4.5 mm, oblong, sulcate, thin-walled, initially densely pubescent but soon glabrescent. Seeds ca 4–5 by 2–3 mm, grey-blackish-brown, nearly smooth (finely rugulose), carunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927482	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927482	ecology	EN	"Weed on waste places, roadsides, paddy or sugar cane fields, seashores; on sand or sandy clay, altitude: sea level to ca 100 m. Flowering and fruiting: April, August, September, December (the whole year through?)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927482	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927482	distribution	EN	"Native to S. America (from Bolivia to Argentina, type from Argentina); introduced and naturalizing in Africa (Kenya), South-east Asia from Pakistan to Laos, Malay Peninsula (incl. Singapore), Borneo, Sulawesi, and probably further."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927482	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927588	general	EN	"Shrub 0.5–2 m high, dbh to 12 cm; bark thin, smooth, grey; densely pubescent, hardly glabrescent; Indumentum consisting of lepidote, hyaline hairs with a small yellowish-brownish center (appearing yellowish-silvery), completely brownish hairs scattered (on leaves) to dense (on floral parts), flat, 0.5–1.0mm in diam., with (30–)50–70 fused radii. Stipules 4–6 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves pseudo-verticillate apically, alternate on lower parts; petiole (0.3–)0.8–4 cm long, densely pubescent; blade elliptic to slightly obovate, 9–21 by 3.5–7 cm, index 1.8–3.6, chartaceous, base rounded to subcordate, margin entire, apex acuminate, glabrous above, below completely and densely silvery-pubescent without visible surface and not glabrescent, scattered darker hairs visible as distinct dots; basal glands as slightly elevated discs 0.2–0.8 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial midrib base, additional marginal glands absent; side veins 8–15 pairs, below prominent but not differing in colour, not triplinerved, tertiary veins very indistinct. Inflorescences silvery-white to yellowish-brown, solitary or a few in an apical whorl, 0.5–2 cm long and with very few flowers only, with 2(–4) pistillate flowers, apically with ca 3 staminate flowers, the medium part usually naked with scars only, without bisexual bracts; densely brownish pubescent throughout, not glabrescent; bracts 2–3.5 by 1–1.5 mm, covering a whole flower, eglandular, soon caducous; 1 staminate flower per bract. Staminate flowers: pedicel ca 1 mm long; sepals ca 2 by 1.5 mm; petals ca 2 by 1.5 mm; stamens ca 13–15, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel ca 0.5 mm long (0.5–1 mm in fruit); sepals 2.5–3 by 1.5–2 mm, incurved, longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary ca 2 mm long; stigmas 2–3 mm long, fused at the very base, filiform, bifid most of their length, apically slightly quadrifid, later on shed. Fruits green with brown scales, densely pubescent throughout, 4–5 by ca 5 mm, sulcate; stigmas shed and not present. Seeds flattened, ca 4 by 3.5–4 mm, ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927588	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927588	use	EN	Bark and roots are used as an antipyretic.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927588	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927588	ecology	EN	"In primary dry evergreen or mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, bamboo hardwood forest, secondary dipterocarp forest, on rocky slopes and outcrops, hills, also on streambanks, usually shaded, mostly collected on limestone, but also rarely on sandstone and basalt; altitude: sea level to 600 m. Flowering and fruiting: the whole year through. The flowers are slightly scented."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927588	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927588	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), S. China, Indochina (type), W. and C. Malesia (from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo, the Philippines, and the Maluku, but excl. Java); not yet recorded for Burma."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927588	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927601	general	EN	"Straggling shrub or woody climber up to 5 m high; branching sometimes in apical whorls but otherwise alternate; young branchlets densely pubescent, slowly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of yellowish-brown hairs, 0.3–1 mm in diam. on leaves (on the stems up to 0.1 mm small), stellate-dendritic and often porrect, with 6–12(–18) free radii. Stipules 2 mm long, filiform, quite glabrous. Leaves alternate; petiole 1–3 cm long, densely pubescent; blade ovate to elliptic, 3.5–9 by 2–4.5 cm, index 1.5–2.5, membranous to chartaceous, base cordate, sometimes nearly rounded, margin double-serrate to nearly entire, apex acute to subacuminate, initially distinctly brownish pubescent on both sides at least on the veins, usually also less densely between the veins, glabrescent; basal glands as one (rarely two) pairs of distinctly stalked (stalk 0.3–0.7 mm long) discs 0.7–1 mm in diam. lateral on the abaxial midrib base, additional smaller (0.2–0.7 mm) marginal glands common; side veins 5–8 pairs, triplinerved, veinlets distinct. Inflorescences greenish, 6–13cm long, with 9–25 pistillate flowers, sometimes with bisexual bracts; densely yellowish-brown pubescent on the axis; bracts 2–3(–5)mm long, filiform, eglandular, pubescent, soon caducous and rarely seen. Staminate flowers: pedicel 3–8 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals 3 by 1.5 mm, sparsely pubescent outside; petals 2 by 1 mm, glabrous to lanate outside; stamens at least 18, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1.5 mm long (to 4 mm in fruit), densely hairy; sepals 2.5–3 by 1.5 mm, sparsely pubescent outside, nearly as long as the ovary; petals absent; ovary 3 mm long, densely yellowish-brown hispid; stigmas ca 5–7 mm long, not united at base, once divided along their whole length. Fruits greenish with brown hairs, 12–18 by 12–18 mm, not sulcate, surface densely brownish pubescent and slightly muriculate; pericarp very thick (2 mm) and woody. Seeds 13 by 10 mm, with scattered hairs, ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927601	use	EN	"A root decoction causes purging and is used medicinally for constipation in the Malay Peninsula. In Indonesia, dried bark is used to relieve stomach disorders."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927601	ecology	EN	"In peat swamp forest, deciduous and evergreen forest, secondary forests and thickets, along rivers and streams; altitude: sea level to 200(–700) m. Flowering (and fruiting?): the whole year through."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927601	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka, India (type), Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, Indochina, W. and C. Malesia (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927601	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927697	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 2 m high, dbh ca 2 cm, multi-steinmed; young branchlets distinctly pubescent, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate to slightly dendritic hairs, cream brown to grey-brown hairs with a darker center, flat, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., with ca 12–16 free radii. Stipules 1.5–3 mm long. Leaves alternate to crowded; petiole 1.2–3.5 cm long, densely pubescent, slowly glabrescent; blade elliptic and often rhomboid, (9–)13–21 by (2.5–)4–6 cm, index 2.6–3.6(–6.4), chartaceous, base acute to slightly obtuse with the very base rounded, margin distinctly serrate, the teeth 5–14 mm apart, apex acute to subacuminate, brighter below, glabrous above, subglabrous with few scattered hairs particularly on base and midrib below; basal glands flat, sessile but slightly prominent, 0.7–1 mm large, lateral on the abaxial midrib base or more often on the petiole apex; side veins 10–14 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets distinct. Inflorescences greenish to yellow-green, solitary (or 2) apically, 3–8 cmn long, usually bisexual, often with precocious fruiting (fruits develop when staminate flowers are still in bud), with 2–6 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; distinctly pubescent throughout; bracts 0.7–1 mm long, less densely pubescent, eglandular or with a pair of flat glands up to 1 mm in diam., persistent. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2 mm long, with scattered to dense indumentum; sepals 2 by 1 mm, densely to sparsely pubescent; petals 2–2.5 by 1 mm, with few scattered hairs; stamens 10–12. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.7–1.5 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals 1.5–2 by 1 mm, densely to sparsely pubescent, shorter than or equalling the ovary; petals absent; ovary ca 2 mm long, densely pubescent; stigmas ca 4 mm long, basically united into a style column of 1–2 mm, otherwise nearly completely bifid. Fruits 7–8 by 10–10.5 mm, sulcate, with scattered but distinct hairs. Seeds 6–7 by 4.5 by 4.5 mm, with a small caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927697	ecology	EN	"In dry deciduous oak forest, rocky hardwood forest slopes, open sandy places, over sandstone; altitude: 100–600 m. Flowering and fruiting: January, March, April, September, November."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927697	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927753	general	EN	"Low shrub, up to ca 1 m high, with short and thick, crooked stem; branching irregular and rare; young branchlets densely pubescent, slowly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of yellowish-brown hairs, stellate-dendritic and often porrect, 0.7–1(–1.5) mm in diam., to 2 mm long, with 6–8(–10) free radii. Stipules 10–15 mm long, filiform, fringed with conspicuous black capitate glands, densely pubsecent, quite persistent. Leaves crowded to alternate but never pseudo-verticillate; petiole 1.0–2.2 cm long, densely stellate-hispid; blade ovate to elliptic, 3.5–10 by 1.5–5 cm, index 2.0–3.0, chartaceous to coriaceous, base rounded to sometimes slightly cordate or obtuse, margin coarsely double-serrate to subentire, apex acute to obtuse, densely brownish pubescent (hispid-dendritic) on both sides, even more so on the veins, hardly glabrescent; basal glands as one (to two) pairs of stalked (stalk 0.2–0.5 mmn long) to subsessile discs 0.2–0.5 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial midrib base, additional smaller (0.2 mm) marginal glands common; side veins 6–8 pairs, triplinerved, veinlets visible. Inflorescences yellowish, 5–7 cmn long, with 2–5 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; densely yellowish-brown stellate-hispid on all outer surfaces; bracts 2–4 mm long, filiform but ciliate and fringed with conspicuous black-capitate glandular lobes, pubescent, persistent. Staminate flowers densely stellate-hispid throughout; pedicel 2–2.5 mm long; sepals ca 2.5 by 1.5 mm, partly fused; petals 2–2.5 by 1–1.5 mm; stamens 12–15 (sometimes described as 20–25), glabrous. Pistillate flowers densely stellate-hispid throughout; pedicel 1 mm long (2 mm in fruit); sepals 4–5 by 1–1.5 mm, longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary 3 mm long; stigmas 3–4 mm long, not united at base, twice divided, once divided along their whole length and a second time in their upper half or more. Fruits 8–9 mm long, sulcate, surface stellate-hispid but otherwise smooth. Seeds 5–6 by 4 mm, with a distinct caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927753	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927753	use	EN	"Root used in medicine to treat cholera, dysentery and to cure an inflamed throat. In combination with <i>Clausena harmandiana</i> it is boiled and taken as antiflatulent."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927753	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927753	ecology	EN	"In the understorey of dry deciduous forest, dry and savannah-like dipterocarp forest, disturbed teak plantations, old clearings and roadsides, in open places and often among grasses; collected on granite, sandstone and limestone; altitude: 100–850 m. Flowering: October–June: fruiting: October, December, April."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927753	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927753	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Indochina, S. China (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927753	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364525	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 3 m high; bark greyish-brown, smooth; young branchlets densely pubescent at the top, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of cream-brown hairs, flat, 0.3–0.6 mm (on pistillate flowers up to 0.75 mm) in diam., stellate with ca 20–25 free radii. Stipules 2–4mm long, pubescent to subglabrous. Leaves crowded to pseudo-verticillate at nodes, alternate between; petiole 0.4–1.6 cm long, distinctly to indistinctly (but barely densely) pubescent; blade elliptic (hardly obovate), 12–30 by 3–8 cm, index 2.7–5.8, chartaceous, base acute with very base rounded-subcordate, margin distinctly serrate or double-serrate to subentire (teeth 4–8 mm apart), apex acute to subacuminate, brighter or same colour below, glabrous above. very sparsely pubescent below and soon glabrescent; basal glands sessile, flat to slightly elevated, 1–1.5 mm large, lateral on the abaxial inidrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 15–20 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets visible. Inflorescences whitish-green, erect, (3–)8–12 cm long, with 8–20 pistillate flowers or purely staminate, without bisexual bracts; initially densely pubescent throughout but the bracts and sepals very soon glabrescent, the axis slowly glabrescent; bracts 3–5 by 1 mm, membranous, usually glabrous, eglandular, very soon and already in late bud caducous, bracteoles of ca 1 mm common. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2–3 mm long, distinctly pubescent and slowly glabrescent; sepals, 2.5 by 1–1.5 mm, soon nearly glabrous; petals 2.5 by 1 mm; stamens ca 12, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel (1.5–)2.5–3.5 mm long, densely pubescent (5–7 mm and subglabrous in fruit); sepals 4 by 1–1.5 mm, pubescent at base but nearly glabrous above, longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary 2- mm long, densely pubescent; stigmas free at base, 4 mm long, bifid from the base, not quardifid. Fruits 7–9 mm long, slightly sulcate, surface sparsely pubescent but otherwise smooth, pericarp quite thin (0.5 mm). Seeds 6–7 by 4.5–5 mm, with a small caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364525	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364525	ecology	EN	"In disturbed evergreen and bamboo/deciduous forest, old clearings, along streams, shaded or exposed; altitude: 100–500 m. Flowering and fruiting: August–February(–April)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364525	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364525	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand? To be expected in Cambodia.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364525	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927803	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 10 m high, dhb to 50 cm; cut bark brownish, heartwood whitish; young branchlets densely pubescent, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of yellowish-brown hairs, 0.3–0.5 mm (on ovaries to 0.7 mm) in diam., stellate to slightly dendritic, sometimes with a central porrect radius to 1 mm, with ca (12–)25–30 free radii. Stipules 3–7 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves alternate to crowded; petiole 0.8–7 cm long, densely pubescent, hardly glabrescent; blade elliptic (to slightly obovate), 9–33 by 3–9 cm, index 3.0–4.5, chartaceous, base acute to obtuse with very base often rounded, margin shallowly but distinctly serrate (teeth ca 5–11 mm apart), apex acute to acuminate or rounded, brighter below, glabrous above, subglabrous with few scattered hairs particularly on the midrib below; basal glands sessile but slightly elevated, ca 0.7–1 mm large, lateral on the abaxial inidrib base; side veins ca 11–21 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets very distinct. Inflorescences pale yellow to whitish, usually several crowded in an apical whorl, 7–15 cm long, with 1–18 pistillate flowers, sometimes unisexual, sometimes with bisexual bracts; axis densely and persistently pubescent; bracts ca 2–3 mm long, subglabrous, eglandular, quite persistent. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2.5–3.5 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals 1.5–2 by 0.8–1.2 cm, pubescent at base, glabrescent at top; petals ca 2–3 by 1–1.5 mm; stamens 10 or 11, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1–3 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals 1.5–3 by 0.75–2 mm, subglabrous, nearly as long as or slightly longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary 1.5–2.5 mm long, densely pubescent; stigmas 1.5–2.5 mm long, free, undivided for ca 0.5 mm at base or completely once divided. Fruits ca 7 mm long, sulcate, with scattered but distinct hairs. Seeds not studied."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927803	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927803	use	EN	"For poles of houses, firewood."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927803	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927803	ecology	EN	"In open evergreen and mixed deciduous forest, transition evergreen deciduous forest, rocky streamsides, in scrub forest and open disturbed roadside thicket: altitude: sea level to 150 m. Flowering the whole year through; fruiting: February, December. The flowers are fragrant."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927803	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000927803	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina (type), Malay Peninsula (excl. Singapore), to be expected in Burma."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000927803	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931172	general	EN	"Shrub or tree up to 12 m high, dbh to 80 cm; bark smooth, light greyish-brown; young branchlets densely pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate, pale hyaline hairs (appearing pale-whitish-yellowish), flat, 0.2–0.4 (on flowers 0.5) mm in diam., with 12–15 free radii. Stipules 4 mm long, slightly pubescent. Leaves apically usually whorled but otherwise alternate; usually drying in a typical yellowish-brown colour; petiole 2.5–12 cm long, with scattered hairs to glabrous; blade elliptic, rarely slightly obovate, 11–27 by 4.5–12 cm, index 2.2–2.7, membranous to chartaceous, base (obtuse-)rounded to subcordate, margin shallowly serrate to subentire, apex rounded to mucronate, rarely acute to subacuminate, slightly brighter below, glabrous above, scatteredly but distinctly pubescent when young and soon to slowly glabrescent (similar to the petiole); basal glands sessile but distinctly (by ca 0.5 mm) elevated, 0.75–1.5 mm in diam., abaxial-lateral on the midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins (9–)13–16 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets visible. Inflorescences whitish, 7–30 cm long, often several grouped in an apical whorl, with 9–21 pistillate flowers, sometimes completely staminate or pistillate, sometimes with bisexual bracts; densely pubescent in bud but very soon glabrescent and therefore subglabrous on all surfaces when in flower except for the ovaries; bracts 1–2 mm long, eglandular, quite persistent. Staminate flowers subglabrous outside; pedicel 3–4 mm long; sepals 2 by 1–1.5 mm; petals 2 by 0.75 mm; stamens ca 10, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1–3 mm long, slightly pubescent; sepals 2 by 1 mm, slightly fused at base, slightly pubescent, longer than the ovary; petals not seen; ovary ca 2 mm long, very densely pale-yellowish pubescent; stigmas 3 mm long, slightly (0.5–1 mm) fused at base, undivided for 1–1.5 mm and once divided in the upper, ca half part. Fruits not seen for Thai collections, in the Malay Peninsula: pedicel glabrous; schizocarp 6.5–8 by 7–10 mm, deeply sulcate, with scattered hairs. Seeds not seen for Thai collections, in the Malay Peninsula: ca 7 by 6 mm, glabrous, ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931172	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931172	use	EN	A decoction of the leaves is used in Malaysia as bath after childbirth.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931172	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931172	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest and along streams, on granite bedrock; altitude: 50–300 m. Flowering: February–April; fruiting: July, August. The flowers are fragrant."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931172	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931172	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type) (incl. Singapore), Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931172	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931249	general	EN	"Erect herb, up to 40 cm high; whole plant with hispid, irritating hairs, not glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate-porrect, pale-brownish hairs, flat but usually with distinctly longer, central porrect radius, 0.5–2 mm in diam., with ca 10 (leaves ca 6) free radii. Stipules 4–5 mm long, quite persistent, with some hairs, often ciliate-lobed. Leaves alternate below, but crowded to pseudo-verticillate on apical branches, petiole 0.2–2 cm long, stellate-hispid; blade ovate, up to 3.5–5 by 2–4 cm, index 1.0–1.6, chartaceous, base rounded-obtuse, margin coarsely double-serrate, apex acute, with scattered hairs above, densely stellate-hispid and slightly brighter below; basal glands lateral-abaxial on the petiole/blade junction, as 1–2 pairs of stalked discs (stalk ca 1 mm long, discs ca 0.3 mm in diam.), additional marginal glands absent; venation indistinct above, side veins 3–5 pairs, distinctly triplinerved, tertiary veins visible. Inflorescences green, 2–3 cm long, with 2–7 pistillate flowers, withoiut bisexual bracts, distinctly pubescent throughout; bracts 1–2 mm long, filiform, subglabrous, often ciliate with 2 or 3 pairs of filiform, gland-tipped, free or partly fused lobes at base. Staminate flowers distinctly hispid; pedicel ca 0.25 mm long; sepals ca 0.8 by 0.3 mm; petals ca 1 mm long; stamens ca 10, filaments subglabrous. Pistillate flowers distinctly hispid; pedicel very short (ca. 0.2 mm) but soon elongating to 1–1.5 mm in fruit; sepals lineal, ca 2 by 0.5 mm, not to slightly longer than the ovary (3–3.5 by 0.5 mm in fruit); petals absent; ovary ca 1.5 mm long; stigmas free, 2 mm long, nearly completely divided. Fruits 3–3.5 by 3 mm, slighty sulcate, smooth, thin-walled, sparsely pubescent. Seeds ca 2.75 by 2 by 1 mm, variously yellow-brown/dark-brown/grey brown mottled, shiny but minutely reticulate-foveolate, carunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931249	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931249	ecology	EN	"Weed on waste places, old plantations, roadsides; altitude: sea level to ca 60 m (outside Thailand to 600 m). Flowering and fruiting: August, October, December."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931249	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931249	distribution	EN	"Native to C. and S. America (from Mexico to Argentina; type from French Guiana and cultivated in Paris); introduced and naturalizing in W. and E. Africa, Sri Lanka, Malesia from the Malay Peninsula to Papua New Guinea."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931249	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931280	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 12 m high, dbh to 100 cm; bark thick and corky, with deep vertical furrows, greyish; sap thick and yellowish, turning red; young branchlets densely pubescent, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate hairs, yellowish-brown in the center with whitish radii (appearing cream-yellowish), flat and sometimes with a central porrect radius, 0.2–0.5 mm (on ovary up to 0.75 mm) in diam., with ca (10–)20–25 free radii. Stipules 3–5 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves alternate albeit sometimes terminally crowded; petiole 3–8 cm long, densely pubescent but glabrescent; blade elliptic, rarely very slightly obovate, 13–28 by 5–12 cm, index 1.75–2.75, chartaceous, base obtuse to rounded(-subcordate), margin very indistinctly serrate to subentire, apex acute, mucronate, rounded or even emarginate but never acuminate, distinctly brighter below, glabrous above when mature, densely to scatteredly pubescent on the whole surface below (always densely pubescent on the midrib) with the surface partly visible, never glabrous; basal glands sessile to slightly elevated, ca 1 mm in diam., lateral on abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 14–21 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets indistinct. Inflorescences whitish to yellowish-green, 10–30 cm long, with pistillate 6–14 flowers (if not completely staminate), sometimes with bisexual bracts; densely and persistently pubescent throughout; the axis often thick (2–3 mm base diam.) and grooved; bracts small, 1.5 by 1 mm in the staminate part (3 mm long in pistillate part), eglandular, caducous. Staminate flowers densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 2–5 mm long; sepals 2.5–3 by 1.5 mm; petals 2.5 by 1–1.5 mm, pubescent outside; stamens ca 10, glabrous or filaments slightly pubescent at base. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 2–5(–8) mm long; sepals 3 by 1.5 mm, stiff, nearly as long as the ovary; petals often absent but sometimes present, 2 by 1 mm; ovary ca 3 mm long; stigmas 3–4 mm long, not fused at base, ?once divided along their whole length. Fruits ca 8 by 8 mm, sulcate, smooth, densely pubescent. Seeds not studied, but described as being 6 mm long, reddish."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931280	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931280	ecology	EN	"In degraded seasonal deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest, evergreen or deciduous, open and even savannah-like dry forest, scrub forest, rocky slopes; altitude: 100–700 m. Flowering: October–February; fruiting: December–March. Flowers sweet scented."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931280	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931280	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand (but to be expected in Burma).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931280	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931372	general	EN	"Shrub or treelet, up to 5 m high; bark thin, shallowly vertically cracked, brown; young parts pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate, pale-brownish hairs, flat but sometimes with a short central, porrect radius, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., with 13–17 free radii. Stipules 1–1.5 mm long, subglabrous. Leaves pseudo-verticillate at nodes, sometimes alternate on internodes; petiole 0.3–1.0(–3.0) cm long, initially pubescent, soon glabrescent; blade elliptic to slightly obovate, (4–)9–15 by 2–6 cm, index 2.0–4.3, chartaceous, base obtuse, margin indistinctly serrate to subentire (teeth 3–8 mm apart), apex acute to short-acuminate, mature blades glabrous or with few hairs on midrib, slightly brighter below; basal glands lateral on the abaxial midrib base but often visible from above, as distinctly stalked (stalk 1–2 mm long) disc 0.6 mm in diam.; side veins 9–12 pairs, basal veins slightly different but hardly triplinerved, smaller veinlets hardly visible. Inflorescences 2–7 cm long, white to yellow, with 1–6 pistillate flowers, sometimes purely staminate, without bisexual bracts; axis sparsely pubescent to glabrous; bracts 0.7–1.2 mm long, eglandular, persistent, subglabrous. Staminate flowers sparsely pubescent to glabrous outside; pedicels 1.5–2.5 mm long; sepals 1.5 by 0.8 mm; petals 1.5 by 0.5 mm; stamens ca 10, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1 mm long, sparsely pubescent; sepals 1–1.5(–2) by 0.7–1 mm, slightly pubescent (to subglabrous), as long as ovary; petals absent; ovary densely yellowish stellate-hispid; stigmas free, 1–2 mm long, bifid for more than half of their length, often completely. Fruits: pedicel 1.5–3 mm, subglabrous to glabrous; schizocarp 5–6 mm long, slightly sulcate, with scattered hairs to subglabrous. Seeds ca 5 by 4.5 by 4 cm, glabrous, ?earunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931372	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931372	ecology	EN	"In disturbed or primary evergreen seasonal hardwood forest, dry evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp forest, along streams, open and grassy spots in degraded forests, over sandstone. Flowering: (and fruiting?) January–July, October–December; altitude: 200–1,400 m."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931372	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931372	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand? To be expected in Laos.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931372	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931393	general	EN	"Shrub or treelet to 5(–14) m high, base diam. to 15(–30) mm; bark thin, creamy brown, quite smooth with fine vertical cracks; densely pubescent, hardly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of dentate to dentate-lepidote, whitish-hyaline hairs with a small darker center, flat, 0.25–0.4 mm in diam., scattered larger hairs (0.4–0.7 mm) brown throughout, with ca 25–35 partly to mostly fused radii. Stipules 1.5–4 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves alternate; petiole (0.5–)1.0–4.5 cm long, often considerably variable on one branch, densely pubescent, usually glandular; blade (elliptic to) ovate, (5–)9–17 by (2.5–)3.5–7 cm, index 2.0–2.9, chartaceous, base acute to obtuse (rarely rounded), margin entire, apex acuminate, with scattered hairs above (dense on venation), slowly glabrescent, below completely (brownish-)silvery pubescent without visible surface and not glabrescent, larger (ca. 0.6 mm) and darker hairs scattered as brownish dots; basal glands flat (to slightly cup-shaped) abaxial-lateral on the petiole apex and visible from above, 0.8–1.1 mm in diam., marginal glands absent; side veins 7–9 pairs below the apex, very distinctly triplinerved with the basal veins originating from the base of the blade, tertiary veinlets indistinct. Inflorescences: (6–)10–28 cm long, with 7–9 pistillate flowers, often with bisexual bracts; densely pubescent on all parts, hardly glabrescent; bracts 1–3 mm long, eglandular, quite persistent. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.8–1.5 mm long; sepals 1.5 mm long; petals of equal size; stamens ca 12. Pistillate flowers: pedicel ca 0.5–1 mm long (2–4 mm in fruit); sepals 2–4 by 1.5 mm; petals probably absent; ovary 1.5–2 by 2 mm long; stigmas ca 4 mm long, free, once bifid for nearly their whole length. Fruits ca 5 mm long, deeply sulcate, densely pubescent outside, slowly glabrescent. Seeds 3.5–4.5 by 3–3.5 mm, brownish-yellowish marmorated, carunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931393	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931393	use	EN	"The leaves are used in Indochina for various stomach disorders, and a decoction is externally applied for furuncles and impetigo."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931393	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931393	ecology	EN	"In dry and savannah-like dipterocarp forest, dry and hill evergreen forest, disturbed seasonal evergreen hardwood forest, clearings, secondary vegetation, also with bamboos, on sandy soil, sandstone; altitude: 15–1,200 m. Flowering: January–October, fruiting: April–December. Flowers fragrant."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931393	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931393	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Indochina (type from Vietnam), SW China (Yunnan)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931393	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364558	general	EN	"Tree, up to 15 m high, dbh to 25 cm; bark grey, smooth to very finely roughened and with prominent, scattered lenticels; young branchlets densely pubescent, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate to stellate-lepidote hairs (radii more fused on leaves) with a small brownish center, hyaline (appearing silvery) on the leaves, brownish only on leaf veins and floral parts, flat, sometimes with a porrect central radius, ca 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., with ca 20–30 free to partly fused radii. Stipules 7–20 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves often in an apical whorl but basically alternate; petiole 2.5–5.5 cm long, densely pubescent; blade elliptic to slightly ovate, 11–19 by 5–8.5 cm, index 1.8–2.3, chartaceous, base obtuse with the very base cordate, margin entire, apex short-acuminate, soon glabrous above, below completely and densely silvery-pubescent without visible surface and not glabrescent, hairs quite uniforin, brownish hairs only on largest veins; basal glands flat, sessile, 0.5–1 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 8–10 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets visible on both surfaces. Inflorescences solitary, 8–10 cm long, 2–6 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts, densely and persistently pubescent throughout; bracts ca 1 mm long, eglandular, quite persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; sepals ca 2 by 1.5 mm; petals ca 2–2.5 by 1 mm; stamens 11, pubescent at base. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel ca 1 mm long (3–4 mm in fruit); sepals ca 4–5 by 2–2.5 mm, longer than the ovary; petals 2 by 0.5 mm; ovary 2.5 mm long; style column short (ca 0.5 mm); stigmas 4–5 mm long, bifid on the apical ca 3 mm. Fruits 22–27 by 20–21 mm, often slightly obovoid, not sulcate, densely pubescent outside. Seeds flattened, 15–16 by 8–11 by 6 mm, sometimes slightly variegated, caruncle not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364558	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364558	ecology	EN	"In mixed deciduous and evergreen, seasonal hardwood forest, disturbed evergreen forest, open or shaded; shale bedrock; altitude: 200–650 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: July, August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364558	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364558	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364558	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931396	general	EN	"Straggling shrub to 3 m high; branching rich, alternate; young branches densely pubescent, slowly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate-dendritic to porrect, whitish hairs with yellowish-brown center on the leaves, then appearing white) or yellowish-brown throughout, 0.5–0.7 mm in diam., with ca 13–18 free radii. Stipules 2 mm long, entire, densely pubescent. Leaves sometimes in an apical whorl but otherwise alternate; petiole 0.8–2.0 cm long, densely pubescent; blade ovate, 2.5–5.5 by 1.5–3.5 cm, index 1.3–2.5, chartaceous, base cordate to rounded, margin distinctly serrate, apex acute, brownish pubescent with flat hairs mostly on the veins above, completely and densely whitish-cream pubescent below without visible surface, not glabrescent; basal glands as stalked (stalk 1 mm long) discs ca 1 mm in diam. lateral on the abaxial midrib base, sometimes smaller (ca 0.3 mm long) marginal glands present; venation usually impressed above, side veins 5–8 pairs, not triplinerved. Inflorescences pale yellowish. 4–9 cm long, with ca 6 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; densely brownish pubescent throughout; bracts very early caducous, none seen. Staminate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 2 mm long; sepals 2 by 1.5 mm; petals 2 by 1 mm; stamens 30 or more, glabrous. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 1 mm long or shorter; sepals 2.5–3 by 1 mm, longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary 2 mm long; stigmas 3 mm long, not united at base, divided along their whole length. Fruits 7–8 mm long (for Indochina described as being ovoid, 9–10 by 7 mm), densely pubescent, smooth. Seeds not studied, but in Indochina 5 mm long, covered with pale lepidote hairs."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931396	ecology	EN	"In evergreen scrub, on riverbanks or sandstone rocks in rivers, in rice fields, wet and swampy places; altitude: 20–120 m. Flowering: March–July, December, January; fruiting: January, May, September."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931396	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Cambodia (type), erroneously recorded for Borneo (Sabah)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931405	general	EN	"Thin shrub or treelet, up to 3 m high, with thick root at stem base; branching alternate; stems grey-green; branches distinctly hispid, older ones glabrous. Indumentum consisting of stellate, pale- to yellow-brown hairs (appearing hyaline to brownish), flat but mostly with a distinct central porrect radius, 0.75–1 mm in diam. (0.2–1.5 mm on leaves), with 5–7 free radii, on the leaves often reduced the single central porrect-hispid radius of (0.5–)0.75–1.5 mm. Stipules 1–2 mm long, hispid. Leaves regularly alternate (never crowded); petiole 0.5–2.7 cm long, hispid; blade ovate to elliptic, 3.5–11 by 2.5–5.5 cm, index (1.4–)2.0–2.9, membranous, base rounded to cordate, margin distantly (teeth 4–10 mm apart) and shallowly to very deeply serrate, apex acute to subacuminate, with distinct, scattered, hispid hairs on both sides but more densely so below especially on the midrib, never glabrous, below only slightly brighter and usually a bit rough-granulate (not smooth); basal glands distinctly stalked (stipe 0.5–1 mm long), obconical without a distinct apical disc, lateral on the abaxial midrib base, additional similar but smaller marginal glands often present; side veins 5–8 pairs, slightly to distinctly triplinerved, tertiary veins visible. Inflorescences 4–10 cm long, with 3–11 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; densely to scatteredly hispid throughout, not glabrescent; bracts 1.5 min long.eglandular, entire, persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent; pedicels 1–3 mm long; sepals and petals 1.2–1.7 by ca 1 mm; stamens ca 10. Pistillate flowers distinctly pubescent; pedicel 2–4 mm long (3–8 mm in fruit); sepals 3–6 by 1–2.5 mm, weakly membranous, quite free, longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary 2 mm long, densely yellowish-brown stellate-hispid; stigmas free, 4–5 mm long, completely bifid. Fruits 6–7 mm long (no complete ones seen), thin-walled, densely to sparsely stellate-hispid with the hairs on shallow to distinct muriculi (surface never smooth). Seeds flattened, 5–6 by 4–5 by 3.5 mm, with a very small caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931405	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931405	ecology	EN	"In dry evergreen forest, disturbed deciduous forest, on clearings, on granite and limestone; altitude; 50–300 m. Flowering: March–October, fruiting: March–November."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931405	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931405	distribution	EN	"In this wide concept from Burma (type of C. calococcus), Thailand, through Indochina (type of C. murex) to China (type of C. lachnocarpus)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931405	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931539	general	EN	"Shrub of unknown size; shoot apex distinctly pubescent but very soon glabrescent; flowering with mature leaves. Indumentum consisting of stellate, pale-brownish hairs, 0.2–0.4 mm in diam., flat, with ca 20 free radii. Stipules ca 2 mm long. Leaves alternate; petiole 0.7–1.5 cm long, with distinct but not dense hairs; blade narrowly elliptic to obovate, ca 11–18 by 3–4 cm, index 2.7–6.1, chartaceous, base acute to obtuse, margin serrate (teeth 1–4 mm apart), apex acute to subacuminate, slightly brighter below, glabrous above, subglabrous to slightly pubescent below; basal glands sessile, often in 2 pairs, flat, 0.75–1 mm in diam, and sometimes elongate-narrowed, mostly at least partly on the abaxial blade touching the midrib, marginal glands absent; side veins 14–16 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets visible. Inflorescences greenish, solitary or surrounded by several buds, ca 2–4 cm long, proterogynous, with ca 2 pistillate flowers or fruits (precocious fruiting common), without bisexual bracts; densely and persistently pubescent throughout except for the bracts; bracts ca 1 mm long, sparsely pubescent, eglandular, persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 1–2 mm long; sepals 1–1.5 by 1 mm; petals 2 by 1 mm; stamens ca 10, glabrous or pubescent even on the anthers. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 1.5–2 mm long; sepals 1.5–2 by ca 1 mm, slightly fused at base, less densely but still distinctly pubescent; shorter than the ovary; petals absent; ovary 2.5–3 mm long; stigmas 2 mm long, free, lindivided for ca 1 mm and once divided apically. Fruits 6 by 5.5 mm, sulcate, surface sparsely pubescent, smooth. Seeds 5 by 3 by 3 mm, no caruncle seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931539	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931539	use	EN	The leaves are used medicinally (dried and crushed or as bath).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931539	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931539	ecology	EN	Only known from cultivation. Flowering and fruiting: December.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931539	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931539	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931539	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931671	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 3 m high; young branches densely pubescent, later glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of dentate-lepidote to lepidote hairs, (yellowish-)whitish hairs without a darker center (appearing yellowish-silvery), flat, 0.2–0.4 mm in diam., with 30–40 fused to partly fused radii. Stipules 1–2 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves partly pseudo-verticillate apically but most leaves alternate; petiole 0.2–0.9 cm long, densely pubescent; blade elliptic, 3.5–7 by 1–2.5 cm, index 3.1–4.0, chartaceous, base obtuse, margin entire, apex rounded to mucronate-subacuininate, glabrous above, completely and densely silvery pubescent without visible surface below and not glabrescent, mature leaves with hairs of homogeneous colour, without brown dots, basal glands sessile, flat, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam. and lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; midrib distinct but additional venation nearly invisible and not different in colour, side veins ca 10 pairs, not triplinerved. Inflorescences 2–6 cm long, with 3–8 pistillate flowers, sometimes with bisexual bracts; densely pubescent throughout; bracts 1–2 mm long, triangular, eglandular, persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; sepals and petals ca 2 mm long, only seen in bud; stamens 11–12. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 1–2.5 mm long; sepals 2–3 by 1–1.5 mm, longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary ca 2 mm long; stigmas 2–2.5 mm long, not united at base, divided along their whole length, persistent. Fruits ca 4 mm long, shape unknown, densely pubescent, smooth. Seeds 4.5 by 2.5 mm, with scattered hairs, ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931671	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931671	ecology	EN	"In high-grass savannah; altitude: 15–50 m. Flowering: January, July, August; fruiting: August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931671	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000931671	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000931671	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932001	general	EN	"Tree to 5 m high, girth to 30 cm; young branchlets with scattered hairs, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of dentate-lepidote hairs (partly stellate-lepidote on floral parts), pale to yellowish-brown, flat, ca 0.2 mm in diam., with ca 25–30 mostly fused radii. Stipules 1 mm long, glabrous. Leaves alternate to crowded; petiole 1.1–2.0 cm long, with scattered hairs to glabrous; blade elliptic, 5–8.5 by 1.2–2.2 cm, index 3.2–4.2, chartaceous, base acute, margin shallowly serrate (teeth 3–6 mm apart), apex acute-subacuminate, slightly brighter below, slightly pubescent below when young, later glabrous; basal glands sessile but distinctly elevated, ca 0.75 mm in diam., adaxial-lateral on the petiole apex, only visible from above, marginal glands absent; side veins ca 15 pairs, not triplinerved. Inflorescences whitish, ca 12 cm long, solitary, completely staminate in the single collection; completely glabrous; bracts 1.5 mm long, eglandular, quite persistent. Staminate flowers glabrous outside; pedicel 3–4 mm long; sepals 2 by 1–1.5 mm; petals 2 by 0.5 mm; stamens 10, glabrous. Pistillate flowers unknown in Thailand, in Vietnam numerous (ca 10), pedicels 2 mm long, slightly pubescent; sepals 2–2.5 by 1.5 mm, glabrous, longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary very densely yellowish-brown pubescent; stigmas 1–1.5 mm long, once divided in the upper half. Fruits and seeds unknown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932001	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932001	ecology	EN	In swamp in evergreen forest; altitude low. Flowering: February.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932001	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932001	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type), to be expected in Laos."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932001	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932033	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 10 m high, dbh up to 55 cm; bark pinkish-brown, smooth with minute lenticels; young branchlets densely pubescent, slowly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of lepidote, greyish-yellowish-brown hairs, flat, 0.2–0.4 (on ovary up to 0.7) mm in diam., with ca 40–45 fused radii. Stipules 2–4 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves alternate, the terminal ones crowded; petiole 1.5–7 cm long, densely pubescent, hardly glabrescent; blade elliptic, rarely slightly obovate, 17–37 by 7–13 cm, index 2.0–3.7, chartaceous, base acute to rounded, margin distinctly and often deeply serrate, the teeth (5–)7–13 mm apart, apex acute to rounded, of nearly same colour on both surfaces, glabrous above, glabrous to sparsely pubescent below, slightly more so on the midrib; basal glands sessile to slightly elevated, 1–1.5 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 16–21 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets visible. Inflorescences whitish-green to yellowish with brownish hairs, 12–40 cm long, with 7–20 pistillate flowers (if not completely staminate), without bisexual bracts; densely and persistently pubescent on the axis and pedicels (very rarely axis subglabrous) but sepals glabrescent; axis conspicuously thick (3–4 mm base diam.) and grooved; bracts conspicuously large, 5 by 2 mm at base, 3 by 1 mm in the upper part, membranous, subglabrous, eglandular or sometimes with a pair of disc-shaped glands 1 mm in diam., caducous. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2–3 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals 2.5 by 1–1.5 mm, sparsely pubescent to subglabrous; petals 2.5–3 by 1 mm; stamens ca 10, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1–3 by 3 mm, often thicker than long, densely pubescent, usually with a pair of sessile glands at base; sepals 5–7 by 2–4 mm, membranous and often bent outwards, distinctly pubescent at base but glabrous in the upper part, longer than the ovary; petals present, 2–3 by 0.75–1 mm; ovary 2–3.5 mm long, densely pubescent; style column ca 1 mm long; stigmas 3–4 mm long, undivided for 0.5–2 mm, then once divided for ca 2 mm. Fruits ca 11 mm long, hardly sulcate, surface densely pubescent, smooth, pericarp quite thin (0.75 mm). Seeds 9 by 6 mm, ?ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932033	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932033	use	EN	The bark is applied against stomach pain.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932033	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932033	ecology	EN	"In mixed deciduous forest, evergreen forest and open Savamah-like forest, roadsides and secondary forest, on dry poor sand over sandstone; altitude: sea level to 1,800 m. Flowering: (and fruiting?) the whole year through. Flowers are scented."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932033	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932033	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam (type)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932033	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364595	general	EN	"Tree, up to ca 10 m high, unbranched at base; young branchlets densely pubescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate-lepidote to dentate-lepidote hairs, hyaline with small brown center (on leaves, appearing mostly silvery) or brownish throughout (on leaf venation below and on shoot apex), flat, 0.2–0.4 mm in diam., with ca 15–25 partly fused radii. Stipules (3–)8–12 mm long, pubescent. Leaves alternate; petiole (3–)8–17 cm long, densely pubescent; blade (narrowly) ovate, 15–28 by 5–8.5 cm, index 2.1–3.3, chartaceous, base obtuse with the very base slightly cordulate, margin entire, apex acute-acuminate, soon glabrous above, below densely and completely silvery-pubescent without visible surface and not glabrescent, scattered reddish brown hairs on the whole surface and in particular on the venation; basal glands flat, sessile, ca 0.75 mm in diam., lateral on the midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 13–16 pairs below the apex, not to very slightly triplinerved, tertiary veins visible on both surfaces, percurrent, smaller veinlets hardly visible. Inflorescences often several in an apical whorl, densely cramish-brown pubescent throughout, 3–13(–20) cm long, bisexual with 2–7 pistillate flowers at base, all bracts unisexual; bracts ca 1–1.5 mm long, eglandular, quite persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent outside; pedicel ca 1 mm long; sepals 3 by 1.5–2 mm; petals similar to sepals, ciliate; stamens 10–11, the anthers 1–1.2 mm long, filaments ca 2 mm long. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent outside; pedicel very short, less than 0.5 mm long; sepals 5 by 1.5 mm, distinctly longer than the ovary, slightly fused at base; petals obviously absent; ovary ca 3 mm long; stigmas 2–3 mm long, deeply bifid. Fruits : pedicel 1–2 mm long; schizocarp 15–17 mm long, not sulcate, brownish pubescent, smooth. Seeds flattened, 9.5 by 6.5 mm, caruncle not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364595	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364595	ecology	EN	"In disturbed dry evergreen forest, over sandstone; altitude: 200–300 m. Flowering: May; fruiting: August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364595	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000364595	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand? To be expected in Laos.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000364595	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932204	general	EN	"Shrub or treelet, up to 8 m, dbh 6 cm; young parts distinctly pubescent. Indumentum consisting stellate-lepidote hairs (dentate-lepidote to lepidote on leaves), yellowish-cream with a darker yellow to brown center, flat, 0.25–0.5 (on ovary to 0.8) mm in diam., with ca 20–30 largely fused radii. Stipules ca 2 by 0.5 mm, pubescent. Leaves alternate to crowded; petiole 1–3 cm long, densely pubescent; blade elliptic, 10–17 by 3–6 cm, index 2.3–3.5, chartaceous, base (obtuse-acute, margin subentire with very indistinct teeth 5–10 mm apart, apex rounded to subacute, glabrous above, with few to scattered hairs below but hardly glabrous, distinctly brighter although not whitish below; basal glands sessile, flat, 0.7–1.2 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial anidrib base; side veins 12–19 pairs, not triplinerved, veinlets visible. Inflorescences 8–23 cm long, several (up to 10–14) in terminal clusters, with light yellow to grey-whitish flowers, usually bisexual with 6–21 pistillate flowers, both sexes flowering nearly simulteaneously, without bisexual bracts; densely pubescent throughout, hardly glabrescent; bracts 1.5–2 mm long, eglandular, sometimes with glabrescent tip, persistent. Staminate flowers pubescent throughout; pedicel to 1 mm long; sepals and petals both 2–2.5 by 1–1.25 mm; stamens ca 12. Pistillate flowers without lateral staminate flowers; pubescent throughout; pedicel 1(–2) mm long; sepals 2–3 by 1.5–2 mm, shorter than the ovary; petals ca 2 mm long, filiform, glabrous; stigmas 1.5–2 mm long, quite thick, free at base, mostly to completely bifid and usually apically quadrifid. Fruits 6 by 7–7.5 mm, sulcate, smooth, densely pubescent. Seeds not studied."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932204	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932204	ecology	EN	"Common on hills, in open sandy or rocky thickets, sandy-rocky hardwood forest slope, dry evergreen forest; altitude: ca 30–160 m (outside of Thailand to 700 m). Flowering: May, October–February; fruiting: October."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932204	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932204	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Cambodia, perhaps Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932204	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932221	general	EN	"Shrub or tree, up to 10(15) m high, dbh 25 cm, deciduous; bark thin, smooth, cracked with age, greyish to tan, inner bark pink; branching mostly verticillate; young branchlets densely pubescent, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of lepidote hairs (rarely stellate lepidote on floral parts), pale-grey-brownish hairs, flat, 0.2–0.3 mm (on flowers 0.5 mm) in diam., with 30 or more largely to completely fused radii. Stipules 2 mm long, sparsely pubescent. Leaves alternate (sometimes only in an apical whorl); petiole 1.0–5.2 cm long, initially densely pubescent but soon glabrescent; blade elliptic, 10–32 by 4–12 cm, index 2.1–3.1, chartaceous, base acute to obtuse, margin distinctly serrate, the teeth 3–5(–7) mm apart, apex acute to rounded, only slightler brighter below, glabrous above, very sparsely pubescent to glabrous below; basal glands sessile, flat to slightly elevated, ca 1 mm large, lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 15–18 pairs, not triplinerved, tertiaries visible. Inflorescences greenish-whitish, often several in an apical leafless whorl, erect, 9–36 cm long, with 9–23 pistillate flowers, sometimes completely staminate, without bisexual bracts; initially densely pubescent but axis soon glabrescent (not however the flowers); bracts 1–3 mm long, densely pubescent to glabrous, stiff, usually with a pair of disc-shaped, up to 1 mm large glands at base, slowly caducous. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2.5–5 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals 2.5–3 by 1.5 mm, ± glabrescent; petals 3 by 1 mm; stamens 10–12, glabrous or variously pubescent (rarely even on the anthers). Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2–4 mm long (3–5 mm in fruit), densely pubescent; sepals 2.5–3 by 1.5–2 mm, densely pubescent on their whole length, as long as or slightly longer than the ovary; petals often absent, when present 2 by 0.5 mm; ovary 2–2.5 mm long, densely pubescent; stigmas 3–4 mm long, not fused at base, undivided for 0.25–1.5 mm (up to half of length), once divided in the apical part. Fruits 6–7 by 6–7 mm, sulcate, surface sparsely but distinctly pubescent but otherweise smooth; pericarp quite thick. Seeds ca 6 by 4 mm, with a small caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932221	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932221	use	EN	"Leaves and heartwood used medicinally, e.g., externally for sprains. Pounded leaves are used for insect bites by the Akha; the boiled leaves give a bath for women after giving birth (by Karen, mixed with <i>Zingiber, Antidesma</i>, etc.), breathing of the boiling leaves helps recovering from fever, and mashed leaves together with salt, <i>Cymbopogon</i> etc. are used as plaster for broken bones by the Lahu. The seed oil is purgative."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932221	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932221	ecology	EN	"In mixed and dry deciduous forest, mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, dipterocarp-oak forest, disturbed hill and dry evergreen forest, Imperata or bamboo vegetation, fire-prone areas, secondary growth, road sides and old clearings, rocky slopes, dry or at streams, over limestone, sandstone, basalt or granite; altitude: 10–950 m. Flowering: November March. (May); fruiting: January–April. The flowers are scented or with foetid odor."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932221	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932221	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type from Calcutta), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932221	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932337	general	EN	"Shrub to treelet, to 10 m high; younger parts densely silvery-brownish pubescent. Indumentum consisting of dentate-lepidote hairs, hyaline with a small brownish center (on leaves, appearing silvery) or brownish throughout (partly on leaves, in particular veins, dense on floral parts), flat, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., with ca 25–30 partially fused radii. Stipules 5–8 mm long, pubescent. Leaves crowded but hardly verticillate; petiole 0.8–6 cm long, densely pubescent; blade elliptic to very slightly ovate or obovate, 8–21 by 3–7.5 cm, index 2.1–3.4(–4.0), membranous to chartaceous, base acute to rounded with the very base slightly and indistinctly cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate, glabrous above, completely and densely silvery pubescent below without visible surface, with scattered darker hairs visible as reddish-brown dots; basal glands sessile, flat, 0.5–0.7 mm in diam., lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; venation distinctly darker (by brownish hairs) below, side veins 6–8(–11) pairs below the apex, slightly triplinerved, tertiary veinlets visible. Inflorescences yellowish, usually solitary, 1.5–5.5 cm long, with 1–3 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; densely brownish silvery-pubescent throughout; bracts 1 mm long, eglandular, persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 1 mm long; sepals and petals both ca 2–2.5 by 1 mm; stamens ca 12. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 1–1.5(–2) mm long; sepals 2.5–5(–7) by 1–2.5 mm [3.5–5(–14) by 1.5–2(–3) mm in fruit], longer than the ovary; petals absent; ovary ca 2 by 2 mm; stigmas 2–5 mm long, free, bifid on nearly their whole length, filiform. Fruits ca 7 mm long, smooth, with scattered hairs. Seeds flattened, ca 6.5 by 5.5 by 3.5 mm, with scattered hairs, with a small caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932337	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, forest margins and secondary forest, on streambanks; altitude: 10–800 m. Flowering: January–April, June–October; fruiting: April, August, September. Flowers are fragrant."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932337	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand? To be expected in Burma.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932337	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932432	general	EN	"Shrub, up to 6 m high, dbh 8 cm, branching from base; younger parts distinctly pubescent; flowering with mature leaves. Indumentum consisting of stellate-dendritic, cream yellowish-brown hairs with a slightly darker center, not flat, 0.2–0.8 mm in diam., with 10–15(on leaves 6–10) free radii. Stipules 3–4 mm long, densely pubescent. Leaves crowded but not pseudo-verticillate; petiole 0.5–2.5 cm long, distinctly but not densely pubescent at least on younger leaves; blade obovate and sometimes constricted near base, rarely nearly elliptic, 6–18 by 3–7 cm, index 2.0–4.0, chartaceous, base attenuate but very base always rounded, margin serrate (teeth ca 5 mm apart), apex acute to short-acuminate, glabrous above, with scattered and distinct but not dense hairs below, brighter below; basal glands sessile, flat, 0.8–1 mm in diam. and often elongate-narrowed, partly to completely on the blade very close to the petiole rather than on the petiole, few marginal glands sometimes present, small (ca 0.3 mm diam.), sessile; side veins 8–14 pairs, the basal pair slightly different (angle more acule), tertiary veios visible. Inflorescences whitish, 7–10 cm long, most often collected as stiff and dense, erect buds sometimes on a bent stalk of 1–2.5 cm long, distinctly proterogynous and often the apical, shorter staminate part still in bud when the lower pistillate part is already in flower or even in fruit (precocious fruiting), with 4–10 pistillate flowers, without bisexual bracts; with scattered and distinct indumentum on all parts, slowly glabrescent; bracts 1.5–2 mm long, eglandular, pubescent, caducous. Staminate flowers densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 2–6 mm long; sepals and petals both 2.5 by 1 mm; stamens 10, glabrous or with few hairs at base. Pistillate flower densely pubescent throughout; pedicel 4–6 mm long (–8 mm in fruit); sepals 3 by 1.5 mm, as long as the ovary; petals not seen; stigmas 3 mm long, free, undivided in the lower half and once divided apically. Fruits 5 by 6 mm, smooth to very slightly muriculate, sulcate, quite thin-walled, sparsely pubescent to subglabrous. Seeds 4 by 2.5 mm, with a very small caruncle."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932432	use	EN	"Medicinally used, and therefore often cultivated. This species is currently under active research in Thailand as a source of a drug against peptic ulcer (Plaunatol), and to stop stomach bleeding (in particular the leaves). Stem and bark are antidiarrheal and normalize menstruation. The flowers are antihelmintic. A tonic helps women who cannot eat, and after giving birth."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932432	ecology	EN	"In rock crevices and rocky deciduous forest, mixed bamboo forest, dry evergreen forest, on roadside; altitude: 30–500 m. Flowering and fruiting: December–February."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932432	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand? To be expected in Cambodia.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932432	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932549	general	EN	"Tree, up to 8 m high, bark brown, shallowly fissured; young branchlets densely pubescent, glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate to stellate-lepidote, yellowish creamish hairs with paler radii, flat, 0.2–0.3 mm in diam., with ca 18–25 hardly to partially fused radii. Stipules 1 mm long, pubescent. Leaves irregularly crowded to pseudo-verticillate, a few leaves alternate; petiole 0.3–0.9 cm long, densely pubescent, slowly glabrescent; blade elliptic to slightly obovate, 10–20 by 2.5–4.5 cm, index 2.8–6.0, chartaceous, base acute with very base rounded-subcordate, margin distinctly serrate to subentire (teeth 5–15 mm apart), apex acute to subacuminate, of same colour on both surfaces, glabrous above, very sparsely pubescent below and soon glabrescent; basal glands sessile, flat to slightly elevated, ca 0.75 mm large, lateral on the abaxial midrib base, marginal glands absent; side veins 10–24 pairs, not triplinerved, tertiaries visible. Inflorescences whitish-green, 2–12 cm long, with 1–2 pistillate flowers, sometimes completely staminate, without bisexual bracts; densely pubescent throughout with only the bracts sometimes glabrescent; bracts 1.5–2 by 1 mm, stiff, eglandular or biglandular inside, persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; sepals ca 3 by 1–1.25 mm; petals 2.5 by 1 mm, pubescent throughout; stamens ca 12. Pistillate flowers densely pubescent; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long (2.5–3 mm in fruit); sepals ca 2.5 by 1 mm, nearly as long as the ovary; petals absent; ovary 2–3 mm long, densely pubescent; styles free; stigmas 1.5–2 mm long, bifid from nearly their base, their apex often flattened and bifid again (quadrifid). Fruits not seen, the remaining columella 5–5.5 mm long. Seeds not seen."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932549	ecology	EN	"In dry evergreen forest, on rocky sites along streams; altitude: 50–500 m. Flowering: September–April."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932549	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932549	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932555	general	EN	"Shrub or treelet, up to 6 m high, branched from base, bark greyish-green to tan, slightly roughened; branching crowded but usually not truely verticillate; young branchlets with scattered hairs, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate, yellowish-pale-brown hairs, often with a short central, porrect radius, 0.3–0.8 mm in diam., with 7–13 free radii. Stipules 0.5–1 mm long, subglabrous, caducous. Leaves alternate; petiole (1.2–)2.5–4.0 cm long, with scattered hairs or subglabrous; blade ovate-elliptic, 6–12 by 4–9 cm, index 1.2–2.0, membranous, base obtuse to subcordate with very base attenuate, margin shallowly serrate to subentire (teeth 2–5 mm apart), apex subacute to acuminate, slightly brighter below, with scattered hairs to subglabrous on both surfaces, sometimes densely pubescent on larger veins below; basal glands 0.75–1 mm in diam. and sessile to distinctly (by up to 3 mm) stalked, always lateral on the basal leaf margin close to but not on the midrib, marginal teeth often topped by small glandular tissue but without distinct additional glands; side veins (3–)4–6 pairs, very distinctly triplinerved. Inflorescences yellowish-green to whitish, erect, 7–15 cm long, with 2–15 pistillate flowers, often with bisexual bracts; the axis with scattered but distinct hairs or subglabrous; bracts 2–3(–4) by 0.5–1 mm, quite glabrous, eglandular, caducous to persistent. Staminate flowers subglabrous outside; pedicel 3 mm long; sepals 2.5–4 by 1.5 mm; petals 2 by 1 mm; stamens ca 12–15, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2–4 mm long (6 mm in fruit), distinctly pubescent; sepals 2.5–5 by 1–2 mm, slightly fused at base, subglabrous to slightly pubescent, slightly to distinctly longer than the ovary, membranous and usually spreading; petals absent; ovary 2.5 mm long, densely pubescent; stigmas 4–5 mm long, free, undivided for ca 1 mm at base or not at all, once bifid in the larger upper. Fruits 13–20 mm long, sulcate, surface subglabrous and smooth, pericarp very thin and fragile (less than 0.5 mm thick). Seeds 8–12 by 6–8 mm, ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932555	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932555	use	EN	"Widely cultivated as ornamental tree and for medicinal purposes. The dried leaves are crushed and used medicinally as purgative, and are mentioned as poultice for snake bites. Because of the toxicity many former uses of, e.g., wood and root in human and veterinary medicine have been abandoned. The seeds are very poisonous (2–3 seeds are lethal) and used for stupefying fish in some parts of Malesia, but also used as a drastic hydragogue purgative for man. The seed oil (Croton oil) is irritant and causes dermatitis, but diluted it can be externally applied as counterirritant for various skin affections, and rubbed on the skin it acts as a rubefacient. It has been used for outdoor illumination (the fumes are irritant). A seed extract can de used as insecticide. Cultivation is possible on very poor soil and has been tried in former times in, e.g., Sri Lanka."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932555	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932555	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest, on sandstone; altitude: 600 m. Flowering and fruiting: May–August."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932555	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932555	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka (type), India, through SE Asia to China, and Malesia from the Malay Peninsula to the Philippines and the Maluku."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932555	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932717	general	EN	"Tree to 15 m high, dbh 16 cm; bark thin, grey to light brown, finely pustular to smooth; young parts distinctly pubescent; deciduous, often flowering when leafless or with imature leaves. Indumentum consisting of stellate-dendritic hairs, cream-brown, often porrect, 0.2–0.4 mm in diam., with ca 10–15 free radii. Stipules 1.25–1.5 mm long, pubescent. Leaves alternate to crowded; petiole 1.3–3.0 cm long, scarcely to distinctly but not densely pubescent; blade (elliptic-)obovate, sometimes slightly constricted near the base, 12–19 by 5–10 cm, index 2.0–3.3, chartaceous, base acute with very base rounded to subcordate, margin serrate (teeth 3–5(–10) mm apart), apex acuminate, brighter below, glabrous above, sparsely to distinctly but not densely pubescent below; basal glands sessile, slightly prominent, ca 1 mm in diam., sometimes elongate, at least partly situated on the abaxial blade touching the midrib; side veins 10–14 pairs, not triplinerved, tertiary veinlets visible. Inflorescences erect, light green, collected with weak but not stiff erect buds, 6.5–12 cm long, usually several grouped together on leafless branches or with older leaves, but also from old leaf scars and then lateral-axillary, with numerous densely pubescent bud scales ca 2–5 mm long at base, often with 4–8 pistillate flowers, distinctly proterogynous, without bisexual bracts; densely pubescent on all parts, slightly glabrescent on most parts; bracts 1(–2) mm long, eglandular, persistent. Staminate flowers densely pubescent outside; pedicel 2.5–3.5 mm long; sepals and petals both 2.5 by 1.25 mm and both distinctly pubescent; stamens ca 10. Pistillate flowers slightly pubescent outside; pedicel (3–)4–6 mm long (9–10 mm in fruit); sepals 2–3 by 1.5 mm, nearly as long as the ovary; petals 1 mm long, filiform, glabrous; stigmas 3–4 mm long, free at base, bifid for more then half length. Fruits 5 mm long, smooth, scatteredly pubescent, sulcate. Seeds 4.5 by 4 mm, ?ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932717	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932717	ecology	EN	"In disturbed, fire-prone forest, bamboo-rich mixed deciduous forest, on limestone; altitude: 10–700 m. Flowering and fruiting: January–May."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932717	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000932717	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type), Malay Peninsula (excl. Singapore)."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000932717	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199611	general	EN	"Tree up to 10 m high; twigs densely rusty-tomentose when young, glabrescent. Leaves: rhachis 4–10 cm long, densely rusty-tomentose, produced beyond the upper petiolule into a more or less persistent tip up to 10 mm long; leaflets 5–7, the lower ovate, the upper oblanceolate to elliptic-obovate, 6.5–16 by 2.5–4 cm, narrow and long acuminate-caudate at the tip, subcotdate to cuneate at the base, shining and glabrous above, dull and rusty-tomentose on the nerves beneath; lateral nerves 6–8 pair , meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; petiolules ± 2.5 mm. Racemes densely rusty-tomentose, ca 10 cm long. Pedicels 8–10 mm long, rusty-tomentose. Sepals oblong, 5–6 mm long (when reflexed), rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens not seen. Ovary densely rusty-velvety, 1-ovulate. Pods (young) linear-oblong, 5 by 2 cm, densely shortly rusty-pubesceent. Seed 1."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199611	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199611	ecology	EN	Freshwater swamp forest. Fruiting in March.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199611	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199611	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Borneo."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199611	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199612	general	EN	"Tree 8–25 m high; twigs appressed greyish pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves: rhachis 4–8 cm long, glabrous to sparsely pubescent; leaflets 4–6, ovate, 3–8 by 2–5 cm, acuminate-obtuse at the tip, rounded at the base, glabrous to sparsely pubescent above, downy becoming glabrous beneath; nerves 8–10 pairs, meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; petiolules 2–3 mm long. Inflorescence in spike-like axillary greyish downy racemes, 5–15 cm long. Pedicels 3–4 mm, greyish downy. Sepals ovate-obtuse, 3–4 mm long, glabrous outside, ± hairy inside. Stamens 8–10, exserted. Ovary ± 3mm high, densely hairy, 3–5-ovulate. Pods elliptic, 5–6 by 3–4 cm, transversely veined, velvety-tawny. Seed 1(–2), suborbicular to elliptic, 3 by 2.5 cm, brown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199612	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199612	ecology	EN	Along streams and in inundated forests. Flowers in January–February. Fruits in April–May.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199612	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199612	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, S. Vietnam (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199612	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199616	general	EN	"Slender shrub or tree, up to 5 m high. Leaves: rhachis 2–8 cm long, glabrous; leaflets 3–4, elliptic or obovate, 10–20 by 3.5–8 cm, blunt acuminate at the tip, rounded or shortly narrowed at the base, glabrous; nerves 6–10 pairs, joined in a looped intramarginal vein; petiolules 5 mm long. Inflorescences in axillary, scurfy-velvety racemes, 5 cm long. Flowers densely arranged. Pedicels 1–2 mm, velvety. Sepals ± 4 mm long, velvety. Stamens 10. Ovary densely woolly, 6-ovulate. Pods elliptic, 6–10 by 3.5–4 cm, acute at the top, unequally rounded at the base, transversally veined, rusty-velvety. Seeds 1–2, kidney-shapcd, 3–4 by 2–3 cm, brown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199616	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199616	ecology	EN	In rain forest. Fruits observed in January and in May.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199616	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199616	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199616	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199617	general	EN	"Shrub 3–5 m high or tree up to 25 m; branches glabrous. Leaves: rhachis 1–3 cm long, glabrous; leaflets 3, elliptic-lanceolate, 7–18 by 2–9 cm, cuspidate at the tip, shortly narrowed at the base, glabrous; lateral nerves ca 6 pairs, meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; petiolules 3–4 mm. Racemes 8–15(–30) cm long, glabrous. Flowers dense or, sparse. Pedicels ca 1 mm, glabrous. Sepals oblong, 2–3 mm long, glabrous. Stamens 6–9. Ovary woolly hairy, 1–3-ovulate. Pod unknown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199617	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199617	ecology	EN	Freshwater swamp forest. Flowers in bud in March.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199617	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199617	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199617	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199620	general	EN	"Tree about 20 m high; twigs glabrous or the youngest pubescent. Leaves: rhachis 5–8 cm long, glabrous; leaflets 3–6, oblong-lanceolate to obovate, 6–12 by 2.5–4.5 cm, acuminate at the tip, rounded to cuneate at the base, glabrous (sparsely pubescent on the midrib beneath when young); nerves 6–10 pairs, meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; petiolules 3–5 mm. Flowers rather dense in sparsely pubescent, 10–20 mm long, racemes. Pedicels 3–6 mm, appressedly pubescent. Sepals ovate-obtuse, 3–4 mm long, sparsely pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 10. Ovary ± 3 mm, densely hairy, 2–4-ovu1ate. Pods obliquely elliptic, ca 6 by 4 cm, transversely veined, rusty-velvety."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199620	ecology	EN	ln evergreen forest. Flowers in March to September and October. Fruits in April to November.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199620	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199620	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199622	general	EN	"A handsome tree with slender pendulous, glabrous branches and glabrescent new shoots. Leaves: rhachis 5–7.5 cm long, glabrous or sparsely finely pubescent; leaflets 5 (rarely 3), ovate, 5–6 by 2.5–3.5 cm, shortly and bluntly acuminate at the tip, unequally rounded or truncate at the base, glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath: nerves 6–8, meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; petiolules 3–4 mm. Inforescences in rather dense narrow racemes at the ends of new leafy shoots, 15–25 cm long, with glabrescent rhachis. Pedicels slender, 6–8 mm long, glabrous or flnely appressedly puberulous. Sepals sparsely puberulous externally, glabrous within. Stamens 10. Ovary densely hairy, 1–2-ovulate. Pod unknown."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199622	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199622	ecology	EN	Lowland tropical rain forest under 100 m alt. Flowers in August.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199622	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199622	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand. Only two specimens collected.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199622	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125804	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 1.5 mm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales light grey to pale brown, oblong with paler long tails, up to 4 by 1 mm, entire. Stipes 1–3 cm long, stramineous, densely scaly at low phyllopodes with those like rhizome-scales. Laminae tri-lobed or very rarely simple or 5-lobed, 4–10 by 3.5–8 cm; the terminal lobes large, gradually narrowing from base to moderately acute apex, up to 8 by 2 cm; lateral lobes patent or slightly ascending, oblong or subdeltoid, rounded at apex, up to 5 by 1.7 cm, entire at margin; midrib raised on both surfaces; main veins, or often main branches of them also, dark on upper surface, raised on both surfaces, not straight, the other veins hardly visible, anastomosing; papyraceous, light green, paler beneath, glabrous. Sori one between adjacent main veins, in a single row at half-way between midrib and margin of lobes, in round or elliptic shallow cavities up to 2 mm diam., raised on upper surface."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125804	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125804	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree-trunks in evergreen forests on ridges at high altitudes, rather rare."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125804	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125804	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Kwangtung, type) and N. Vietnam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125804	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125812	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 3–5 mm diam., very densely scaly throughout; scales stiff, subdeltoid with round base, or narrower, 4–7 by about 2 mm, nearly black on central portion of abaxial surface, deep brown in another part, shining, with irregularly toothed thinner margin. Stipes jointed to rachis on distinct scaly phyllopodes, stramineous or brown, 7–14 cm long, sparsely scaly with those like rhizome-scales but smaller and more or less thinner. Laminae deeply pinnatifid, oblong, ovate, up to 17 cm both in length and breadth; rachis and costae distinctly raised on both surfaces, rarely scaly; lateral lobes 4–7 pairs, deeply lobed with wings of rachis 2–6 mm in breadth, basal 1–2 pairs deflexed, the others ascending, up to 9 by 1.5 cm, the margins parallel and gradually narrowing near the apex towards acuminate apex, shallowly serrate at margin; main veins distinct, 3–4 mm from each other, the other veins hardly visible, reticulate forming irregular anastomosis with included free veinlets; papyraceous. Sori one between adjacent main veins, in a single row at each side of costa, close to costae, round, up to 3 mm diam., hardly raised on upper surface."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125812	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125812	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks in dense mountain forests at ridge at about 2500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125812	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125812	distribution	EN	"Thailand, NE. India (type) and SW. China."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125812	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115938	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 1.5–2 mm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales oblong with long tails, up to 5 by about 1 mm, round at base, gradually narrowing towards hairy tails, irregularly hairy at edges, brown, the central portion dark. Stipes stramineous, 5–8 cm long, scaly at abse, glabrous above. Laminae oblong-lanceolate, round at base, broadest at basal ⅙ portion and gradually narrowing towards attenuately acuminate apex, 10–22 by up to 4 cm; midrib and lateral main veins raised, straight; other veins invisible, copiously anastomosing with free included veinlets in areoles; coriaceous, glabrous, the edges entire, thickened and a little involved. Sori round, small, many, in two rather irregular rows between adjacent main veins, superficial."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115938	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115938	ecology	EN	Only once collected in Thailand on tree in evergreen forests at 800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115938	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115938	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115938	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125797	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 2 mm diam., densely covered with scales throughout; scales linear, moderately acute at base, gradually narrowing from the broadest peltate portion to long-tailed apex, about 6 by 1.2 mm, brown or paler, membraneous, entire. Stipes (2–)5–12 cm long, stramineous, scaly at base with those like on rhizome, very sparsely scaly upwards with linear hair-like scales. Laminae simple, narrowly oblong with gradually narrowing apical portion, cuneate to rounded at base, rather suddenly narrowing at caudately acuminate apex, to rounded at base, rather suddenly narrowing at caudately acuminate apex, (9–)15–25 by (2–)3.5–5.5 cm, entire or irregularly waved at margin; midrib distinctly raised beneath, like the upper part of stipes; main lateral veins forming angles of 55–75 to midrib, straight or forming zigzag curve, becoming obscure near the margin; the other veins hardly visible, forming irregular anastomosis with included free veinlets; papyraceous or stiff, green, glabrous. Sori one between adjacent main veins, thus in a single row, close to midrib, round, rather large, up to 4 mm diam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125797	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree-trunks or on mossy limestone cliffs in dense evergreen forests, restricted to the highest parts of the higher mountains in Northern, not so common."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125797	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Upper Burma, SW. China and Vietnam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125797	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260483	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, 3–4 mm diam., more or less glaucous, densely scaly throughout; scales subulate, about 4 by 0.8 mm, dark brown, paler at edges, ciliate at margin; phyllopodes about 5 mm in hight. Stipes stramineous, up to 12 cm long, densely hairy throughout. Laminae hastate or rarely with two lateral lobes on one side, up to 24 by 21 cm; lateral lobes ascending, slightly falcate, narrowly elliptic, gradually narrowing towards long-acuminate apex, up to 12 by 2–3 cm broad; apical lobes gradually narrowing towards long-acuminate apex, more or less constricted at base, up to 20 by 3.2 cm; midrib flat above, raised below, densely hairy; main veins raised on both surfaces, ascending 5–12 mm apart from the next ones; veins visible or hardly so, forming copious anastomosis in larger areoles and included smaller areoles with included free veinlets, apex of free veinlets often thickened and distinct; papyraceous, rather densely hirsute on both surfaces, cartilaginous membrane; hairs small, coarse, unicellular or with a few cells in construction. Sori round, large, up to 3 mm diam., one between main veins, closer to midrib than to edges."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260483	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260483	ecology	EN	Gregarious on rocks or rocky soil in exposed or comparatively dry places as well as in shaded or moist situations at 1000–1800 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260483	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260483	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260483	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000148009	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 5 mm diam., densely covered with scales throughout; scales gradually narrowing from rounded base to long-tailed apex, 5–7 by 1.2 mm, irregularly toothed at margin, brown, thin. Stipes jointed to rhizome on scaly phyllopodes, pale castaneous, a little polished, glabrous, 15–28 cm long. Laminae oval or oblong, up to 30 by 25 cm, deeply pinnatifid, the wings of rachis about 3 mm in breadth in the narrowest portion; lateral lobes 4–7 pairs, the basal pair deflexed, the other ascending, straight, lanceolate, more or less narrowing towards base, caudately acuminate at apex, shallowly serrate at margin, up to 13 by 1.5–2.5 cm; main veins distinct, 5–7 mm from each other, other veins obscure, reticulate, forming irregular anastomosis with included free veinlets; papyraceous to chartaceous, green. Sori one between adjacent main veins, in a single row at each side of costa, not so close to costa, round, up to 3 mm diam., raised on upper surface."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000148009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000148009	ecology	EN	On mossy trunks of fallen trees in clearing at ridge at about 1500 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000148009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000148009	distribution	EN	"Thailand, W. Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000148009	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125807	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 3 mm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales gradually narrowing from round peltate base to long-tailed apex, about 5 by 1.3 mm, brown in broader basal portion, paler in narrow tails, toothed at margin. Stipes stramineous or brown, jointed to rhizome at low scaly phyllopodes, glabrous upwards, (5–)7–15(–20) cm long. Laminae lobed, with (1–)3–8 pairs of lateral lobes and a ternimal one, up to 30 by 25 cm; rachis brown beneath, paler on upper surface, winged with lobes 5–17 mm breadth; lateral lobes usually longest at base, becoming smaller upwards, ascending, sometimes bending downwards, linear to oblong-subdeltoid, acute to acuminate at apex, up to 15 by 1.5–2.5(–4.5) cm, entire, terminal lobes longer; midrib raised on both surfaces, main veins distinct, ascending, more or less zigzag, the other veins obscure, reticulate, forming irregular areoles with included veinlets; papyraceous, deep green to paler, paler on lower surface, glabrous. Sori one between adjacent main veins, in a single row along both side of midrib, subcostular or medical, round, 3–4 mm diam., hardly raised on upper syrface."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125807	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125807	ecology	EN	Epiphytic commonly on mossy tree-trunks or on wet rocks in dense evergreen forests at 1000–2300 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125807	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125807	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India (type), Upper Burma, SW. China (Yunnan & Szechuwan) and Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125807	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125801	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, about 1.2 mm diam., densely scaly throughout; scales ovate with long tails up to 5 by 1.2 mm, membraneous, entire at margin, light brown. Fronds in two forms. Smaller sterile fronds on short stipes of 5–20 mm in length, oval or ovate-oblong, round to moderately acute at both the base and apex, 2–3.5 by about 1.5 cm. Lager soriferous fronds: stipes 1.5–5 cm long, scaly at base, glabrescent upwards; laminae lanceolate, cuneate at base, broadest at ⅕–¼ way from the base, narrowing at the sriferous portion of upper ¼–½ part, acute to round a apex, 5–14 by 1.2–2 cm, the soriferos portion less than 1 cm in breadth; main lateral veins obscure at 1.5 cm inside the margin, other veinlets hardly visible, anastomosing to form irregular areoles with included free veinlets; coriaceous, green, paler beneath, glabrous. Sori one between adjacent main veins a single row at each side of midrib, half-way or a little closer to midrib, round, up to 2.5 mm diam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125801	ecology	EN	"Not so rare in mossy forests; on mossy tree-trunks, or rarely on mossy rocks in dense evergreen forests at high altitudes (1200–1700 m)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125801	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India (type), Burma, SW. China, and Indochina; also in the Philippines, though Copeland considered the Philippines plants are distinct as C. whitfordii."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125801	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001127475	general	EN	"Rhizome long-creeping, 3–6 mm diam., not so densely scaly throughout; scales ovate, more or less imbricate, acuminate but tailed at apex, rounded at base, 3–6 by 1.5 mm, pale brown, membraneous, subentire or uneven at margin. Fronds distinctly dimorphic. Sterile fronds: stipes 7–17 cm long, stramineous or dark purple, scaly on phyllopodes up to 4 mm in hight, glabrescent upwards; laminae usually tri-lobed, rarely simple, 5-lobed or 7-lobed; simple laminae subdeltoid, round at base, gradually narrowing towards moderately acute apex, up to 10 by 7 cm; lobed laminae 10–20 by 13–25 cm, apical lobes like simple laminae, lateral lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ascending, more or less falcate, caudately acuminate at apex, slightly narrowing at base in large ones, up to 12 by about 4.5 cm; rachis and costae distinctly raised beneath, main veins distinct on both surfaces, other veins hardly visible, anastomosing, areoles with included free veinlets; coriaceous, light green. Fertile fronds taller: stipes 25–35 cm long; laminae tri-lobed to pinnatisect (or pinnate) with up to 4 pairs of lateral lobes (or pinnae); rachis narrowly winged by the wings less than 5 mm in breath, or wingless in lower parts; lobes (or pinnae) linear, acuminate at apex, entire, 7–14 by up to 0.8 cm, the basal ones the largest, smaller upwards. Sori in a single row at each side of costa, embedded in deep rounded or oblong cavities up to 5 mm diam. and 2 mm in depth, prominently raised on upper surface."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001127475	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001127475	ecology	EN	On mossy trunks of fallen trees in clearing on ridges at medium or high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001127475	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001127475	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indochina, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Boeneo, and Philippines."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001127475	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000933111	general	EN	"Large tree, 20–30 m high, up to 300 cm in girth or more; bark dark grey or brownish-grey, rough, cracking and flaking longitudinally; young shoots darkish-purple; young branches quadrangular. Leaves elliptic, ovate, or ovate-oblong, 6–22 by 4–12 cm; apex acuminate; base cuneate or obtuse; glabrous and glossy green above, puberulous or glabrous, light green below; mostly chartaceous; petiole 4–9 mm long. Inflorescences 7–30 cm long with a few to several paigs of racemes along the main and secondary axes; racemes 7–20 cm long, 5–7 mm wide, yellowish-white or greenish-yellow; bracts and bracteoles narrowly triangular to linear; pedicels 1–3 mm long. Calyx-tube 2–3 mm wide, finely tawny puberulous outside, densely whitish-tomentose inside especially in male flowers; calyx-lobes 5, 0.5–1.5 mm long. Capsules numerous, globose to ovoid, 2–4 mm long, slightly laterally compressed, finely puberulous, 2-valved, faintly longitudinally grooved at the middle of each valve."	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000933111	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000933111	ecology	EN	"Locally common in secondary tropical evergreen rain forests and dry evergreen forests from sea level to ca 1000 m; sporadic in moister areas of mixed deciduous forests. Flowering profusely during November–January when new sets of leaves appear; flowers have a strong, disagreeable smell."	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000933111	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000933111	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. India (Assam), Bangladesh, Andaman Islands, Burma, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (type), Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, and Philippines."	T. Santisuk		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000933111	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117889	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect. Stipe densely scaly at base, about 40 cm long, dark brown; scales at base of stipe linear, up to 25 by 1 mm, brown or paler on basal part, entire, thin, those on the upper part linear-lanceolate, up to 10 by 0.6 mm, dark brown, clathrate, gradually becoming smaller upwards. Lamina narrowly oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, about 60 by 35 cm, quadripinnatifid in basal part; pinnae about a dozen pairs below an indistinct apical pinna, the lower pinnae 8–12 cm apart; basal pinnae the largest, stalked, asymmetrically oblong-subdeltoid, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, up to 20 by 12 cm; posterior pinnules of the basal pinna like the upper pinnae; pinnules of middle pinna sessile, oblong, rounded or moderately acute at apex, 2.5–5 by 0.8–1.5 cm; papyraceous or thicker, green, midrib of pinnules scaly beneath, densely hairy above with articulated hairs, main veins hair above, veinlets 3–6 pairs, simple or forked. Sori costular to medial, indusiate; indusia fringed in matured sori but persistent, thin, glabrous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117889	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117889	ecology	EN	On moist banks of streamlets in dense evergreen forests at medium altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117889	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117889	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117889	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001262457	general	EN	"Rhizome creeping, fleshy, up to 4 mm diam., scaly. Stipe rather fleshy, pale to dark brown, glabrous, 10–20 cm long. Lamina tripinnate, broadly triangular, acute to acuminate at apex, up to 20 by 12–25 cm; rachis slender, winged, hairy; pinnae opposite, basal pinnae the largest, up to 15 by 7 cm, asymmetrically oblong-subdeltoid, shortly stalked, the basal basiscopic pinnules much longer; upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate to bipinnatifid; basal basiscopic pinnule of basal pinna like upper lateral pinna, up to 7 by 2.5 cm; pinnules of upper pinnae oblong, oblique, rounded at apex, lobed at margin; ultimate lobes oblong, moderately acute at apex, entire; thinly herbaceous; veins free, one to each lobe, the apex not reaching the margin; densely hairy on every axis as well as on both surfaces of lamina, hairs articulate, coarse. Sori terminal on short acroscopic branches of veinlets; indusia small, reniform, pale-green, glabrous."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001262457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001262457	ecology	EN	"Usually in crevices of limestone cliffs in light shade at low altitudes, collected fairly commonly throughout Thailand in rainy season."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001262457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001262457	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, W. Malaysia, SW. Celebes, and Philippines (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001262457	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115883	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115883	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117858	general	EN	"Close to C. mannii, different from it in : lamina smaller, up to 25 by 10 cm; pinnules, and segments as well if any, oblique (costule forming angles of 45&#176;–60&#176; to costa), acute at apex; basal pinna asymmetrically ovate-subdeltoid, the basal basiscopic pinnules not much larger. Rhizome-scales much smaller than those of the other species, up to 10 by 0.5 mm, brown to dark brown."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117858	ecology	EN	In earth by big streams at sea level.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001117858	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001117858	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000933411	general	EN	"Buttressed tree up to 40 m, young branches with prominent leaf scars. Stipules boat-shaped, triangular to ovate, 2–3 mm. Leaves glabrous, lanceolate to obovate, 5–15 by 2–6 cm, entire, base rounded to cuneate, apex acuminate with rounded tip. Petiole sulcate, 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a densly flowered panicle, terminal and in the upper leaf axils, 5–10 cm long; axis hairy. Bracts early caducous, boat-shaped, narrowly triangular, 2–4 mm. Pedicel articulate, swollen in fruit. Sepals densely appressedly hairy, light brown, boat-shaped, obovate, 1–3 by 2–4 mm; petals densely hairy outside, narrowly elliptic, 7–12 by 2–3 mm, at anthesis recurved and more or less twisted; stamens 5 short with filamens ca 4 mm, 5 long with filaments ca 7 mm. Ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm; style 4–5 mm. Fruit an ellipsoid, 1-locular, 1-seeded capsule, appressed hairy, 15–25 by 2–3 mm. Seed partly covered by a reddish arillus."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000933411	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000933411	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malesia (type from Malacca)."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000933411	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260751	general	EN	"Rhizome erect, sometimes standing up to 5 cm in height in the masses of mosses on tree-trunks, bearing fronds in tuft at apex, scaly; scales lanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, 3.5 by 0.4 mm, entire, hairy at margin with setose castaneous hairs, bright brown, rather thick. Stipes up to 2 cm long, dark brown, densely covered with patent, setose, castaneous hairs about 2 mm in length. Fronds lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards both the apex and the base, up to 20 by 2 cm, deeply pinnatisect nearly to rachis; pinnae oblique, narrowly subtriangular, usually gradually narrowing towards round or moderately acute apex, entire, 1.2 cm long, 2.5 mm broad, the basiscopic base more or less decurrent to rachis; veins hardly visible, pinnate, veinlets simple, 6–10 in pairs; papyraceous, both surfaces rather densely hairy, hairs setose, castaneous, 1–2 mm long, those on upper surface shorter. Sori terminal at veinlets, round, sometimes touching to the next ones, medial."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260751	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260751	ecology	EN	"On mossy tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests on ridges at high altitudes, rather rare."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260751	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260751	distribution	EN	"Thailand, W. Malesia (type from Java)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260751	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260753	general	EN	"Rhizome short, creeping or oblique, bearing fronds closely, densely scaly; scales oblong-subtriangular, gradually narrowing from round base to acuminate apex, entire, about 2.5 cm by 0.5 mm. Stipes not distinct, dark castaneous, hairy with short stiff brown branched hairs. Fronds narrowly lanceolate, gradually attenuate towards both the apex and the base, larger ones 20 by 3 cm, commonly about 12 by 2 cm, deeply pinnatisect nearly to rachis; pinnae patent or ascending up to 1.7 cm by 2.5 mm, round or moderately acute at apex, entire, the basiscopic base usually decurrent at base; veins pinnate, veinlets 4–10 pairs, hardly visible; thin but firm, hairy on rachis and at margin of pinnae, hairs short, setose, dark brown, branched. Sori round, distinct, costal."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260753	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260753	ecology	EN	On moist tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests on ridge.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260753	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001260753	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001260753	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125819	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, bearing a tuft of fronds at apex, scaly; scales thin, membraneous, light brown, up to 2 mm long. Stipes up to 1 cm long, indistinct, densely hairy with setose pale, patent hairs up to 2 mm in length. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards both apex and base, up to 10 by 1.5 cm; pinnae ascending, narrow, round or moderately acute at apex, gross dentate about ⅕ to ⅓ way towards costa, up to 8 by 3 mm, the lobes round-subdeltoid, round to moderately acute at apex, each containing a veinlet; thinly herbaceous, densely hairy on both surfaces with long, pale setose hairs up to 2 mm in length. Sori round, one to each lobe, usually fusing with the next ones at maturity."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125819	ecology	EN	On mossy tree-trunks in dense evergreen forests usually on ridges at high altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125819	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka, Himalayas, S. China, W. Malesia (type from Java) and Taiwan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125819	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126866	general	EN	"Rhizome short creeping, about 2.5 mm diam., bearing fronds closely, scaly; scales oblong-subtriangular, round to cordate at base, attenuate at apex, about 5 by 1.5 mm, entire at margin, brown. Stipes up to 3 cm long, dark brown to castaneous, densely hirsute with setose, patent castaneous hairs up to 1.5 mm in length. Laminae oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowing downwards, acuminate at apex, up to 30 by 4 cn, deeply bipinnatisect; rachis narrowly winged, like stipes, densely hairy throughout; pinnae up to 40 pairs, narrowly oblong, up to 2.5 cm by 6 mm, the basal acroscopic lobes at junction between rachis and costa, the basal basiscopic lobes decurrent to rachis, lobed nearly to costa; lobes narrow, slightly falcate, obliqus, 3 by 0.6 mm, rounded to moderately acute at apex, entire, each containing a veinlet; papyraceous. Sori one at base os each lobe, round, up to 1 mm diam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126866	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126866	ecology	EN	"On humus-rich floor of dense evergreen forests at about 1500 m alt. On Khao Luang, known only on this mountain in Thailand."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126866	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001126866	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java (type) to the Philippines and Taiwan, also in New Guinea and Samoa."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001126866	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628887	general	EN	"Annual climber 2–6(–8) m long; wholly (setose) hairy, hairs to 3 mm long; stem (1–)2 mm diam.; monoecious. Tendrils hairy. Leaves: blade circular or ovate in outline, 5–15 cm diam., (3–)5-angular or shallowly lobed (to ca ⅓ deep), both surfaces sparsely or densely finely (appressed) setose-hairy, especially on the veins, hairs brown-red or grey, mostly with thickened base, cystoliths not obvious, base deeply cordate, margin regularly or irregularly serrate dentate, apex, and apices of lobes acute(-acuminate); petiole 1.5–8 cm long, with (appressed) downward curved or subpatent hairs. Male flowers 2–7-fascicled; pedicel 2–5 mm long, hairy; receptacle-tube turbinate-urceolate, ca 5 by 2 mm; sepals 2(–3) mm long; corolla 8–10 mm long, connate part 2–4 mm long, corolla lobes 4–6 mm long, apex (sub)acute, mid-veins setose; stamens inserted about halfway in the receptacle-tube; filaments ca 0.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 2–2.5 mm long, connective extension (0.5–)1 mm long; disc subglobose, ca 2 mm diam. Female flowers solitary; pedicel 1–5 mm long (or longer, see the note), strigose; ovary narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, 8–10 by 2–3 mm, strigose, hairs with bulbose thickenings, grey or red-brown, ca 1 mm long; perianth as in male flowers, but sepals somewhat broader; style 2–3 mm long, stigma ca 2.5 mm long, consisting of 3 sessile fleshy lobes, connate at base, lobes at apex 2-lobed, papillose; staminodes ca 1 mm long, inserted about halfway the receptacle tube. Fruit pendent, green or yellowish green, (narrowly) ellipsoid, tapering at both ends and apex shortly beaked, 3–5 by 1–2 cm, beak 2–6.5 mm long, fruit densely set with spine-like 2–5 mm long protuberances; fruiting pedicel 0.2–1 cm long (but see the note). Seeds 3.5–5 by 2–2.5 mm, smooth or hairy."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628887	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628887	ecology	EN	"Scrub, roadsides, forest edges; on soil over granite as well as on limestone; 200–1,800 m altitude."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628887	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628887	distribution	EN	"Thailand, NE India (Assam, type), Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan)."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628887	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000508970	general	EN	"The small-fruited wild and weedy f. agrestis (Naudin) W.J. de Wilde & Duyfjes likewise is widely distributed in the Old World, viz. Africa, Asia (especially in India) and Australia, including the monsoon area on poorer soils in Malesia and possibly in Indochina; it is not yet found in Thailand. The forma agrestis is distinct by appressed hairs on the ovary and 2–5 cm long fruit; in specimens of the cultivated var. melo (with numerous cultivars) the hairs on the ovary are spreading."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000508970	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628914	general	EN	"Annual or subperennial trailer to 6 m long, woolly, hirsute or hispid. Leaves: blade ovate or subcircular in outline, (deeply) lobed or unlobed, 3–15 cm diam., mostly hispid, margin shallowly sinuate-toothed, lobes mostly rounded; petiole 3–10 cm long. Male flowers few fascicled; pedicel 3–25 mm long, hairy; receptacle-tube 4–6 mm long; sepals 1–6 mm long; petals elliptic or oblong, 5–20 by 2.5–15 mm, apex obtuse or subacute, united in lower fifth, mostly finely hairy; filaments ca 0.5 mm long; anthers included, 1–2(–2.5) mm long, connective with (entire or) 2-lobed apical extension. Female flowers solitary; pedicel 5–30(–50) mm long; ovary ellipsoid, 4–10(–14) mm long, densely hairy; sepals 1.5–3(–7) mm long; corolla [anders?] 8–15(–25) mm long; style 1–2 mm long, stigma 1.5–2.5 mm diam., lobes lobulate. Fruit globose, ellipsoid, (ob)ovoid or oblong, 2–20(–100) by 2–5(–20) cm, variously coloured, green, yellow, white or brown, plain-coloured, striped or mottled; pericarp leathery, mesocarp juicy or fleshy; fruiting pedicel 2–4 cm long. Seeds 4–15 mm long, 1–2 mm thick, usually unwinged."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628914	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628914	use	EN	The fruit is a popular table fruit.	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628914	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628914	distribution	EN	"Cucumis melo, the most variable species in Cucumis, originates from Africa and is at present cultivated all over the world. The origin of the type is unknown."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628914	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628992	general	EN	"Annual climber or trailer, with fibrous roots, shoots to 5 m long, plant scabrid. Leaves: blade broadly ovate in outline, 10–15(–20) cm diam., (shallowly or) deeply 5-lobed, the middle lobe largest, lobes at apex acute-acuminate, margin finely dentate, both surfaces sparsely hairy; petiole 5–10 cm long. Male flowers solitary or few-fascicled; pedicel 5–20 mm long, hairy; receptacle-tube 4–5(–10) mm long, hairy; sepals 4–5(–7) mm long; petals (10–)20(–25) mm long, at base fused for ⅓; filaments short; anthers included or hardly protruding, 2.5–3 mm long, connective extension slender, entire or 2-lobed; disc 1–1.5 mm diam. Female flowers solitary (or few-fascicled); pedicel 2–20 mm long; ovary 10(–20 in certain cultivars) mm long, densely hirsute or glabrous; perianth similar as in male flowers; style short, stigma 2–3 mm diam., lobes lobulate; staminodes small. Fruit ellipsoid to cylindrical, 5–20(–50) cm long, blunt at apex, mono-coloured, whitish or green, or variously bi-coloured (striped), white, green or yellow(-brown); pericarp thin; pulp whitish or yellowish; fruiting pedicel 1.5–4 cm long. Seeds elliptic, 7–12 mm long, unwinged."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628992	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628992	use	EN	"Fruits are eaten raw, cooked, or pickled, young shoots as a vegetable."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628992	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000628992	distribution	EN	"The origin of the cultivated, very variable, Cucumis sativus is unknown, but possibly it is from northern India (type), the same area as the wild variety, var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef., which is supposedly the ancestor of cultivated cucumbers. The var. hardwickii, with small bitter-tasting or sour fruit, ellipsoid or subglobose, 5–8 cm long, is also known from NW and W Thailand, as found growing either in the wild or sold in a local market. It concerns fruits from plants of which the vegetative parts were completely withered (Phonsena et al. 5654, 5684). <a href=""http://www.dnp.go.th/botany/image/flora/9/CUCU_Plate33.jpg"">Plate XXXIII: 1.</a>"	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000628992	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000629095	general	EN	"Plant including leaves hairy. Leaves: blade lobed or unlobed, ± reniform in outline. Flowers: pedicel terete; receptacle-tube campanulate; sepals linear in male and female flowers. Fruits (blue-)green or orange, smooth or warty; fruiting pedicel stout, ± terete, spongy, often with a ± fissured surface, not widened at the transition to the fruit. Seeds ca 20 mm long."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000629095	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000629110	general	EN	"Plants including leaves hairy, not scabrous. Leaves: blade lobed, lobes acute or obtuse. Male flowers: pedicel subterete; receptacle-tube (shortly) campanulate; sepals linear. Female flowers: pedicel ± angular; receptacle-tube as in male; sepals ± linear or mostly leaf-like broadened at apex (long-clawed). Fruit (depressed) globose, elongated or flask-shaped, often shallowly furrowed (sulcate) from apex to petiole; fruiting pedicel angled, distinctly broadened at the transition to the fruit. Seeds variable in size, 10–15(–20) mm long."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000629110	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000629123	general	EN	"Plant, including leaves, rigid or scabrous, (bushy, not trailing, in certain varieties). Leaves: blade often deeply acutely lobed, lobes often lobulate. Flowers: pedicel subangular; receptacle-tube campanulate; sepals linear in male and female flowers. Fruits small, medium or very large, smooth, sometimes costate or verrucate; fruit pulp often fibrous; fruiting pedicel rather slender, woody, angular (sulcate), not or only little thickened at the transition to the fruit. Seeds variable in size, 7–25 mm long."	W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. Duyfjes		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000629123	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001255454	general	EN	"Trunks to 2 m or more tall. Stipes about 10 cm long, with short spines throughout , scaly at base, dark purplish or brownish; scales linear, up to 2 cm long, 1 mm broad, dark brown, shining, edges ferrugineous, narrow, soon abraded; pneumathodes 1 cm or more in length, in a single row with a short distance between each other; main rachis with short spines at base only, smooth or warty, pale brown; lower pinnae distant, more than 10 cm apart, reduced to 5 cm long or so, variable in form; longest pinnae about 50 cm long, 18 cm wide, caudately acuminate at apex; pinna-rachis brown or paler, purplish at basal portion, sparsely hairy with pale crisped hairs and bearing very sparse pale brown scales; pinnules more than 25 pairs, larger ones 2.5 cm apart very shortly stalked, patent, straight or more or less falcate, lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, truncate at base, about 10 cm long, 2 cm wide, lobed almost to costae, remaining decurrent lamina 0.2–1 mm broad; lobes oblique, falcate, round at apex, serrate at margin, about 1 cm long, 4 mm broad; costae sparsely scaly beneath with entire, acuminate, dark, usually flat scales; thinly papyraceous, veins forked, distinct on both surfaces. Sori close to costules; receptacles swollen; indusia thin, flat, on costular side of receptacles, usually under matured sori; but visible."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001255454	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001255454	use	EN	Fibrous trunk used for orchid media.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001255454	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001255454	ecology	EN	"On rather dry ground near rivers in light shade in tropical evergreen forest at 400–1800 m alt. or in lower montane forest at high altitudes, 1000–1600 m alt."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001255454	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001255454	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, Malaya and Borneo (type)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001255454	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125321	general	EN	"Trunks up to 5 m or more tall. Stipes about 50 cm long, dark purplish near base, brownish upwards, with rather dense short spines throughout, warty; scales linear, to 3.5 cm long, 1.5 mm broad, shining dark brown, stiff, the edges narrow, paler, ferrugineous, soon abraded; main rachis smooth, glabrescent, light brown; largest pinnae about 50 cm long, 13 cm wide, narrowly oblong, basal pinnae a little reduced; pinna-rachis pale beneath, bearing pale crisped hairs; pinnules more than 30 in pairs, sessile, patent, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at base, about 8 cm long, 1.3 cm wide, about 1.5 cm apart, lobed almost to costae leaving laminae 1 mm broad, lobes oblique, falcate, round to moderately acute at apex, crenate-serrate at margin, about 7 mm long, 3 mm broad; costae and costules hairy throughout on lower surface, scales few, pale, more or less convex, hardly bullate; texture papyraceous, light green, paler beneath; veins simple or forked. Sori close to costules; receptacles large; indusia in mature sori reflexed as broad pale brown scales, irregular and abraded at margin."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125321	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125321	use	EN	Fibrous trunk used for orchid media.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125321	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125321	ecology	EN	On moist slopes at edge of lower montane forest at about 1200 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125321	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125321	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalayas, Yunnan (type) and Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125321	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128161	general	EN	"Trunks up to 10 m or more tall. Stipes up to 60 cm or more long, stout, strongly thorny, purplish, glaucous, scaly near base; scales light brown to paler, to 4 cm long, 3 mm broad, thin, bearing short darker setae at margin; main rachis spiny, glaucous or brown, glabrescent; pinnae up to 80 cm or more long, 30 cm wide, lower ones slightly reduced in size; pinna-rachis light brown or paler, spiny beneath, glabrescent or hairy on upper surface; pinnules about 2.5 cm apart, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, subtruncate at base, sessile, patent, almost straight, up to 15 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, deeply lobed almost to costa, a few lowest segments quite free; segments oblique, falcate, round to moderately acute at apex, up to 1.5 cm long, 4.5 mm broad, 5–6 mm apart, crenate at margin; costae and costules glabrous or very sparsely hairy near apices of pinnules, scales rarely residual, small, pale, not bullate; papyraceous, green, glaucous beneath, veins forked, distinct beneath. Sori nearer to costules than to edges of lobes, exindusiate; receptacles large, prominent."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128161	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128161	use	EN	Fibrous trunk used for orchid media.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128161	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128161	ecology	EN	On mountain slopes or stream banks in dense tropical evergreen forest or in open areas at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128161	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001128161	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India and Malesia generally (type from Malaya)."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001128161	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115244	general	EN	"Trunks up to 2 m or more tall. Stipes up to 50 cm or more long, nearly black or deep castaneous, polished, densely covered with spreading scales; scales up to 1.5 cm long, 2 mm broad, dark brown to nearly black, shining, stiff, edges ferrugineous, rather broad, pale; pneumathodes small, in a single row, distinct; main rachis castaneous to nearly black, minutely scaly, smooth; pinnae up to 70 cm or more long, 25 cm wide, acuminate at apex; pinna-rachis hairy on upper surface, sparsely warty or scaly beneath, dark at base, paler towards apex; pinnules about 2.5 cm apart, patent or ascending, straight or slightly falcate lanceolate, caudate-acuminate at apex, cordate at base, very shortly stalked, up to 12 cm long, 2 cm wide, lobed to more than ⅓ way towards costae; lobes round subdeltoid, round at apex, oblique, falcate, serrate at margin, up to 4 mm broad, with narrow sinus; texture thin, papyraceous, green, veins pinnate, veinlets simple, all free. Sori close to costule or medial, naked."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115244	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115244	use	EN	Fibrous trunk used for orchid media.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115244	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115244	ecology	EN	"On mountain slopes usually in dense tropical evergreen forest, lowland and in lower montane forest to about 1300 m alt."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115244	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115244	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalaya (type), S. India, Ceylon, Burma, S. China, Indochina, Malaya, Sumatra and W. Java."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115244	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118146	general	EN	"Trunks 3–5 m or more tall. Stipes 30–40 cm long, with very short spines, yellowish brown to darker, scaly at base; scales linear, to 2 cm long, 1.2 mm broad, dark brown, shining, stiff, the edges paler, ferrugineous, soon abraded; pheumathodes in a single row, separated or continuous, smooth, glabrescent or hairy on upper surface; lower pinnae reduced to 10 cm long, irregular in form, rather distant, larger pinnae about 40 cm long, 14 cm wide, narrowly oblong, caudately acuminate at apex; pinna-rachis warty beneath, hairy and sparsely scaly on upper surface; pinnules more than 25 pairs, larger ones about 1.6 cm apart, oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards acuminate apex, subtruncate at base, sessile, to 7 cm long, 1.7 cm wide, lobed nearly to costa; lobes oblique, falcate, round at apex, entire or slightly serrate at margin, to 1 cm long, 3 mm broad; costae hairy on upper surface, costae and costules scaly beneath with elongate, flat, brown scales in basal part, with pale bullate scales in distal part; texture papyraceous, deep green, paler beneath, veins forked or distal ones simple. Sori close to costules; indusia small; scales at costular side of receptacles, hidden by mature sori."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118146	use	EN	Fibrous trunk used for orchid media.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118146	ecology	EN	On mountain slopes usually in dense tropical evergreen forest below 1000 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001118146	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia, Hainan, Malaya (type), Sumatra and Borneo."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001118146	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115178	general	EN	"Trunks up to 1 m tall. Stipes about 50 cm or more long, dark purplish, polished, warty, shortly spiny, scaly near base; scales to 3 cm long, 2.5 mm broad, brown, stiff, shining, edges ferrugineous, narrow, dark, nearly black; pneumathodes in a single row, interrupted; main rachis castaneous, minutely scaly; lower pinnae not reduced, up to 60 cm or more long, up to 23 cm wide; pinna-rachis hairy on upper surface, minutely scaly beneath; pinnules about 25 in pairs with lobed terminal pinnae, shortly stalked, patent or ascending, more or less falcate, lanceolate, gradually narrowing towards caudately acuminate apex, broadly cuneate at base, up to 12 cm long, 1.7 cm broad, subentire at margin or very shallowly serrate at least at distal portion; costae hairy on both surfaces scaly underneath with dark ferrugineous margin, not bullate; papyraceous, green, veins pinnate, veinlets simple, all free. Sori close to main veins, naked; receptacles not so swollen."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115178	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115178	use	EN	Fibrous trunk used for orchid media.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115178	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115178	ecology	EN	On mountain slopes usually near streams in shade at 800–1200 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115178	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001115178	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China (type), Indochina, Taiwan and the Ryukyus."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001115178	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107268	general	EN	"Trunks about 3 m or more tall. Stipes dark purplish, distinctly spiny near base; scales shining dark brown, stiff, their bases later develop into spines; lateral pinnae numerous, a few basal pinnae reduced; pinna-rachis bearing scales; pinnules broadly cuneate at subsessile base, acuminate at apex, about 8 cm long, 1.8 cm wide; ultimate segments toothed distally; costae underneath scaly but not hairy, scales pale brown; costules and lower surface of laminae minutely pubescent. Sori near costules, indusia hemitelioid, i.e. cup-shaped with apical portion of sori naked."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107268	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107268	use	EN	Fibrous trunk used for orchid media.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107268	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107268	ecology	EN	"In deep shade usually in moist places in the lower montane forest at about 700 m alt. When the forests are cut down, this species cannot survive the resulting dry condition."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107268	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001107268	distribution	EN	"Thailand, E. Himalaya (type), S. India, Burma, SW. China, Taiwan, and S. Japan."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001107268	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631218	general	EN	"Herb, rarely above 80 cm, erect or procumbent, branched; stems puberulouswith thin spreading or ascending whitish hairs. Leaves broadly elliptic to rhombic, rounded at base, obtuse to acute at apex, sparsely puberulous, 1–6 by 1–4 cm, subsessile or with a short petiole. Inflorescences of terminal and axillary pseudo-spikes up to 25 cm long, 4–8 mm broad, elongating in fruit; peduncles 2–5 cm long. Glomerules with few flowers, often 3, 1 fertile and 2 lateral sterile ones (always?) reduced to bracteoles and narrow tepals; bracts falcate ca 1 mm. Tepals scarious, lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, velutinous on the dorsal side. Staminal cup with 5 pseudo-staminodes of varying shape, obtuse, emarginate or even dentate. Ovary ovoid, 1.5 mm long; style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit tightly enclosed within the stiff, persisting perianth parts and the up to 20 or more uncinate awns developing during maturation. Utricle ovoid, 1–2 mm long, inconspicuously operculate. Seeds flattened, ellipsoidal, ca 1 mm long, shining, brown, smooth."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631218	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631218	use	EN	Locally cultivated for medicinal purposes.	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631218	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631218	ecology	EN	"It has a wide ecological range, found in disturbed areas, moist evergreen forest, often along streams, sand-bars, along and in rivers; also shaded roadsides up to 1800 m."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631218	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631218	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed in the Palaeotropics, introduced in Central and S. America."	K. Larsen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631218	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631521	general	EN	"Tree up to 8 m high; trunk cylindric, clothed with compacted woodybases of petioles, often branching when the terminal bud has been cut off. Bark brown, smooth below and tessellated above by the small diamond-shaped scars of fallen leaves. Leaves pinnate 1.5–2.5 m long. Leaflets numerous (80–100 pairs), alternate, linear, 15–30 cm long, 7–12 mm wide, blunt or acute, margins strongly revolute, midrib prominent on both surfaces. Petiole 40–60 cm long with short distant spines at right angles to the petiole or slightly deflexed to near the glabrous base. Leaf bases rusty tomentose. Male cone oblong-ovoid, ca 33 cm long, 7.6 cm diam., slightly stipitate. Microsporophylls long acuminate-rostrate, acumen in upper half of cone strongly reflexed, erect in the lower half. Macrosporophylls 15–20 cm long; sterile part 7.6 X 2.5 cm, rhomboid, tapering into a long acuminate point, strongly dentate, lobate, bearing 2 pairs of ovules above the middle of the stalk. Seed globose, 3.8 cm in diameter, orange red when mature."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631521	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631521	ecology	EN	"In evergreen forest by streams in the valley, 50–600 m."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631521	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631521	distribution	EN	"Thailand, South China (Kwangtung), India, (Malabar, type), Ceylon, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Archipelago to Pacific Is."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631521	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631611	general	EN	"Shrub normally acaulescent, in an extreme condition producing a shortstem about 20 cm above the ground. Leaves 115–150 cm long, 18–19 leaflets on each side of the rachis. Leaflets chartaceous, alternate, 2 cm apart on the rachis, linear, attenuate towards the sharp pointed tip, 20–22 cm by (0.9)–1.4–1.8(–2.5) cm; margins wavy; midrib prominent on both surfaces. Petiole about 24 cm long with alternate short spines. Leaf base outside rusty tomentose towards the base; inside glabrous. Male cone subcylindric, more or less attenuate towards both ends, 15–21 cm by 2–4 cm; peduncle 3–3.5 cm by 1.2 cm, with rusty tomentose scales. Microsporophylls subspathulate, apiculate, 1.4 cm long, 0.8–1 cm at the widest; outside glabrous, inside rusty tomentose. Macrosporophylls 8–12 cm long; sterile part 3.5 cm wide rhomboid, rusty tomentose, deeply pectinate-lacerate with long acuminate, glabrous points, median segment broadest; bearing one pair of ovules at the middle. Seed broad elliptic, 2.5–2.7 X 2 cm, dark green, only one developed."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631611	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631611	ecology	EN	"Evergreen forest, 750–1300 m."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631611	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631611	distribution	EN	"Thailand, W. China, N. Vietnam."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631611	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631639	general	EN	"Dioecious tree or shrub up to 5 m high, producing suckers freely. Trunk 1–4 m high, rarely branching, rough with old leaf bases. Leaves pinnate, 60–180 cm long, lanate when young. Leaflets numerous, linear, 2.5–6.2 cm long, 5 cm wide, terminating in a spine-like tip, dark green shining, margin revolute. Petiole 9–10 cm long, thick, quadrangular, with short spines. Male cone subcylindric about 30 cm long, 9–10 cm across. Macrosporophylls 10–23 cm long; sterile part obovate, laciniate into brownish villous segments nearly to the centre. Ovules 1 or 2 pairs. Seed reddish globose, about 3 cm in diameter."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631639	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631639	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. China and Japan (Kyushu and Ryukyu Is., type)."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631639	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631644	general	EN	"Tree 3–7 m high, trunk rough, simple or sometimes forked; often with bud sprouts towards the base. Leaves 1–2 m long, closely whorled at the top of the stem, dark green, glossy; leaflets 50–60 pairs, 20–38 cm long, 1.2–1.7 cm wide, confluent in the upper part of the leaf, linear-acute, coriaceous, midrib grooved on both surfaces; petiole very broad at the base, thorny. Leaf bases greyish brown, tomentose. Male cone about 30 cm long, about 10 cm across, orange-coloured, coarsely scented. Microsporophylls about 2 cm long, obcuneate with a fairly long upcurved, not spinescent acumen. Macrosporophylls about 23 cm long, 1.2 cm wide; sterile part ovate to ovate-lanceolate, densely villous, teeth small. Ovules 4 pairs in the notches below the sterile part. Seed globular, about 5 cm across, smooth, orange-coloured when ripe."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631644	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631644	use	EN	"A starch is extracted from the trunk; the seeds are edible when cooked, but poisonous when eaten raw."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631644	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631644	ecology	EN	The tree inhabits sandy seashores and beach forest.	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631644	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631644	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Ceylon, Andaman Is., S. Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, throughout Malesia (Moluccas, type), N. Australia, Mauritius, Comoro Is., N. & E. Madagascar, E. Africa."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631644	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631666	general	EN	"Small rosette shrub, often stemless but at times with a trunk up to 150 cm high, base abruptly swollen, trunk cylindric, smooth. Leaves 60–90 cm long, rusty villous while young, stiff, spreading. Leaflets about 70 pairs 7.5–20.5 cm long, 6 mm wide, linear, mucronate-acuminate; midrib prominent on both surfaces. Petiole about 30 cm long, thorny. Leaf bases brown villous. Male cone oblong about 30 cm long. Microsporophylls 17 mm long with a slender terminal point as long as the deltoid clavate limb. Macrosporophylls 10–10.5 cm long, at first densely tawny tomentose, then nearly glabrous; sterile part ovate-rhomboid, 2–2.5cm diameter, margin deeply pectinate, lacerate, with spinous teeth 2.5–5 cm long. Ovules 1 on each side of the stalk at the base of the sterile part. Seed ovoid-oblong, smooth, about 4 cm long."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631666	ecology	EN	The plant is common on lateritic soil in the dry deciduous dipterocarp forest from the elevation of 20 to 400 m.	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000631666	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Laos, S. Vietnam, Yunnan."	T. Smitinand		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000631666	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632045	general	EN	"Slender woody climber, 2–5 m, stems densely covered with a mixture ofyellow hairs, ca 2 mm long, together with much shorter hairs eventually glabrescent. Leaves not peltate, deltoid ovate, 11–14 by 9–10 cm, base cordate to truncate, apex acuminate; upper surface softly pubescent especially along the nerves, flower surface puberulous to pilose; thinly papyraceous; petioles 6–8.5 cm long, covered with both long and short hairs. Male inflorescences axillary or on older, leafless stems, narrowly thyrsoid, 4.5 cm long, 0.8 cm broad, yellowish pubescent, flowers in short lateral cymes. Male flowers on 1–2 mm pedicels; sepals 4, greenish-white, shonly connate at the base, oblong, 2 mm long, externally pilose; corolla reduced to a fleshy disc 0.25 mm long; synandrium 1 mm long. Female inflorescences similar to male, but larger. Female flowers on pedicels 0.5 mm long; sepals 2, greenish-white, subopposite, elliptic. 1 mm long, externally pilose; petals 2, episepalous, broadly obovate, 0.25 mm long, fleshy; carpels subellipsoidal, 1 mm long, puberulous becorning hispid; stigma with 4–5 spreading, subulate lobes. Infmctmnces on older, leafless stems, up to 19 by 2.5 cm, with the drupes crowded on short lateral branches. Drupes red, very shortly pedicellate or sessile, covered with both long and short hairs, rotund in outline, 5 mm diam.; endocarp bearing 6 dorsal rows of tubercles."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632045	ecology	EN	"In evergreen, deciduous or bamboo forests, sometimes on limestone, or climbing on rocks, at 250–1050 m alt. Flowering May–July (November); fruiting July–November."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632045	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632045	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632046	general	EN	"Slender climber, up to ca 5 m; roots thick and long; stems herbaceous orwoody, hispid when young, later glabrescent. Leaves ovate, deltoid-ovate or broadly ovate, 6–17.5 by 4–12.5 cm, base slightly emarginate, truncate or roun-ded, apex acutely acuminate to obtuse, with a finely mucronate acumen, margin often hispid, hispid to subglabrous above, puberulous to tomentose below, occasionally hispid along nerves, papyraceous; petioles hispid, 3–6.5 cm, attached 6–25 mm above the basic of lamina. Male inforescencas axillary or cauliflorous, 7–12(–30) by 0.5–4(–12) cm, puberulous; flowers in spaced, dense, subca-pitate, hairy clusters, borne on short lateral branches, 1–4(–7) cm. Male flowers with pedicels, 1–2 mm; calyx greenish, campanulate, pilose, 1.5–2 mm long; lobes 4 (or 5), triangular, about half the length of tube; corolla gamo-petalous, cupulaI, margin truncate or obtusely lobed, 0.75 mm long, glabrous; synandrium 1.5–2 mm long, usually exserted. Female inflorescences similar to male but usually broader, 11–19 by 3–7 cm. Female flowers sessile in dense heads; sepals 2, rhomboid to obovate, 0.5 mm long and broad, pilose on outer surface; petals 2, &#177; reniform, opposite to and much broader than sepals, 0.5 by 0.75–1 mm, glabrous; carpels 1 mm long, densely pilose; stigma 3-laciniate. Drupes white, obliquely obovate to rounded in outline, 5–7 by 4–5.5 mm, puberulous; endocarp bearing 4 dorsal rows of papilliform tubercles, and a lateral subentire curved ridge bordering the condyle on each side."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632046	use	EN	Fruits used to treat malaria.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632046	ecology	EN	"In evergreen, bamboo and deciduous forests, also in scrub, sometimes on limestone; up to 1100 m alt. Flowering February–November; fruiting November–February (–April)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632046	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Assam, Burma (type), S. Vietnam, Sumatra and Java."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632046	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632067	general	EN	"Slender climber, up to ca 15 m, stems hispid to glabrous, herbaceous or slightly woody. Leaves peltate, triangular-ovate, deltoid-ovate or broadly ovate, 9–16 by 5–13.5 cm, base truncate to slightly emarginate, apex acutely acuminate with acumen finely mucronate, margin usually hispid; sparsely hispid to glabrescent above, fairly densely hispid to puberulous or subtomentose below, papyraceous; petioles usually hispid, (1.3–)4–6.2 cm, attached 8–22 mm above the base of the lamina. Male inflorescence: axillary; flowers borne in clusters on a lax thyrse, 15–55 by 10–20 cm, puberulous. Male flowers with pedicels, 1–2 mm; calyx white or cream, campanulate, glabrous, 1–1.5 mm long; lobes 4, broadly triangular, about half the length of tube; petals 4, free, 0.5 mm long, glabrous; synandrium ca 1 mm long, shortly exserted. Female inflorescences cauliflorous (± always), similar to male, 10–35 by 2.5–10 cm. Female flowers on pedicels, ca 0.5 mm, petals and sepals unknown (± early caducous); carpels 1 mm long, pilose or glabrous; stigma with 3 filiform, divaricate lobes. Drupes white, obliquely obovate to rotund in outline, 5–8 by 4–6 mm, sparsely pubescent; endocarp bearing 3 rows of papilliform tubercles on both faces."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632067	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632067	use	EN	"According to BURKILL a decoction made from the roots is used medicinally for fever, piles, following childbirth and as a vermifuge for children."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632067	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632067	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; at 100 m.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632067	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632067	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Anamba Is."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632067	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632079	general	EN	"Woody climber, stems hispid when young, later developing a fissured bark. Leaves slightly peltate or subpeltate, triangular-ovate to. broadly cordate, 11–19 by 7.5–16 cm, base mostly cordate, apex acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent to hispid below, reticulation fine and raised on both surfaces; papyraceous; petiole 3–8 cm, hispid, attached up to ca 2(–8) mm above the base of lamina. Inflorescences borne on old, leafless stems, broadly thyrsoid, pubescent, 10–18 cm long; lateral branches up to 8 cm long. Male flowers on pedicels articulated towards the apex, 0.5–1 mm; calyx depressed globose-urceolate, obscurely crenulate at the constricted mouth, 1.5 mm long, 2.5 mm broad, glabrous, fleshy; petals 4, subulate, 1 mm long; synandrium slightly exsert, 1.5 mm long. Female flowers: sepals 2, opposite, deeply concave, sacciform, 1 mm long, fleshy, glabrous; petals 2, each within a sepal, minute, ca 0.3 mm long; concave-cucullate; carpels ovoid, 1 mm long; stigma shortly 3-lobed. Drupes rotund in outline, 5 mm diam., glabrous (in Thailand), the ornamentation of the endocarp clearly visible under the pericarp when dry; endocarp bearing 6 dorsal to lateral rows of prominent, peg-like or papilliform tubercles."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632079	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; at 1000–1700 m alt. Flowering November–January; fruiting March–May.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632079	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Yunnan (type)."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632079	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632088	general	EN	"Slender woody climber, stems pubescent. Leaves peltate, ovate to triangular-ovate, 6–14 by 4.5–10 cm, base truncate to cordate, apex usually rounded at the tip and mucronate, the margin often irregularly and broadly crenate, lightly to sparsely pubescent above; pubescent to subtomentose below, lax reticulation raised on upper surface; thinly papyraceous; petiole pubescent, 2.5–10 cm, attached (1–)4–15 mm above the base of lamina. Male inflorescences axillary or terminal on short lateral shoots, narrowly thyrsoid, 2–9 cm long, pubescent; flowers in dense cymose clusters. Male flowers on pedicels, up to 1 mm, articulated towards the apex; sepals 4, green or white, slightly joined at base, elliptic to obovate, 2–2.5 mm long, thin, glabrous; corolla a fleshy cup, sublobed at the apex, sometimes partly divided, 1 mm long; synandrium becoming exsert, 2 mm long. Female inflorescences shorter than male. Female flowers (only young complete flowers seen): sepals 2, opposite, concave; petals 2, minute, one within each petal; carpels gibbous-ovoid; stigma acutely 3-lobed. Drupes white, rotund in outline, 4 mm diam., glabrous; the endocarp ornamentation obscurely visible through pericarp when dry, endocarp with rugulose ornamentation in dorsal and lateral bands."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632088	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632088	ecology	EN	"In evergreen, deciduous or bamboo forests, sometimes on limestone, or climbing on rocks, at 250–1050 m alt. Flowering May–July (November); fruiting July–November."	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632088	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000632088	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	L.L. Forman		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000632088	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125570	general	EN	"Rhizome short, erect, densely scaly; scales thin, linear, up to 30 by 1.3 mm, dark brown, toothed at margin. Stipe about 25 cm long, densely scaly at base, scales sparse and narrower upwards, stramineous. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, about 60 by 25 cm, gradually narrowing both towards apex and base; rachis densely clad with linear hairs, grooved above; lateral pinnae numerous, more than 30 pairs, sessile, jointed to rachis, lanceolate with caudate apex, broadly cuneate to cordate at base, the basiscopic side above rachis and the acroscopic side below rachis, middle pinnae the largest, up to 13 by 1.8 cm, subentire or serrate at margin; apical pinna larger than the uppermost lateral ones, about 2 cm wide; chartaceous, glabrous; costa raised on both surfaces, hairy beneath, veins forked near base. Fertile pinnae usually narrower. Sori dorsal on terminal veinlets, usually in two or three nearly regular rows on each side of costa; indusia entire, peltate, fugacious."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125570	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests at low altitudes.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001125570	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, S. China, Indochina (type) to W. Malesia."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001125570	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000165841	general	EN	"Tree up to 15 m high, usually smaller. Leaves with 1–2 pairs of leaflets, leaf-rachis shorter than 4 cm. Petiole 2–8 mm, glabrous to pubescent. Leaflets subsessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5.5–16 by 2–6 cm, apex obtuse-acuminate, emarginate. Racemes fascicled, cauliflorous; rachis up to 3 cm long. Bracts 3–7 mm long, ciliate; bracteoles 1–2 mm long. Pedicels 3–7 mm long, pubescent to glabrous. Receptacle 1–2 mm long. Sepals 4 (rarely 5), 2–4 mm long. Petals 3–4 mm long. Stamens normally 10. Ovary densely hairy, subsessile; style 5–6 mm, hairy on lower half. Pods fleshy, rugose, glabrescent, 3–5 by 2–3 cm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000165841	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000165841	use	EN	Fruits edible.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000165841	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000165841	distribution	EN	Only known as cultivated on Asiatic mainland. Type from Indonesia.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000165841	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199623	general	EN	"Tree 20–25 m high. Leaves with 1 pair of leaflets. Petiole g1abrous to pubescent, 5–7 mm. Leaflets ovate to oblong or falciform, 4.5–6.5 by 2–3 cm, apex acute to, cuspidate-acuminate. Racemes axillary, rachis 1–4 mm, glabrous. Bracts broader than long, ciliate, 2 mm; bracteoles smaller, glabrous. Pedicels 3 mm, glabrous. Receptacle 1 mm. Sepals 2–3 mm long, glabrous. Petals about the same size. Stamens 2–3 mm long. Ovary glabrous, shortly stipitate; style short. Pods glabrous with lateral beak; pericarp paper–thin, 5 by 3 cm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199623	use	EN	Timber used for indoor construction.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199623	ecology	EN	Evergreen forest along stream at low altitudes.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199623	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Laos (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199623	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187706	general	EN	"Shrub to small tree up to 8 m high. Leaves with 1–2 pairs of accrescent leaflets. Petiole hairy, 5 mm; rachis 10–12 mm. Leaflets on short petiolules, ovate-elliptic to oblong, 2–9 by 1–4 cm, apex rounded, emarginate (mucronate). Racemes short, axillary; axis 3–4 mm, densely pubescent. Bracts 1 mm, glabrescent; bracteoles slightly longer. Pedicels 4–6 mm, patently short hairy. Receptacle 1mm. Sepals 4–5 reflexed but with apex curled up, 3–4 mm long. Petals shorter, 3 mm broad. Stamens 3–5 mm. Ovary shortly stipitate, patehtly long-hairy inside; sty1e 3–4 mm, glabrous, lateral. Pods woody-valved, deeply rugose, with a lateral beak (persistent style), 1–2 cm largest diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187706	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187706	ecology	EN	Mangroves and other littoral communities.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187706	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000187706	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines, NE Australia."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000187706	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199631	general	EN	"Tree up to 40 m high. Leaves with 2–3 pairs of leaflets, leaf-rachis at least 5 cm. Petiole 3–4 mm, rachis 5–6 cm. Leaflets ovate-oblong to oblong, 4–8.5 by 2–3 cm; lapex acuminate, emarginate. Racemes axillary, 2–3 cm long. Bracts 2–9 mm long, tomentosa to glabrescent; bracteoles 3–4 mm long. Pedicels tomentose, 3–4 mm long. Receptacle 1–2 mm. Sepals 3–4 mm long. Petals 2–4 mm long. Stamens up to 6 mm long. Ovary sericeous villous, shortly stipitate; style 1–3 mm, curved at anthesis, later straight. Pods arcuate ovoid, flat, smooth, 4–5 cm diam."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199631	use	EN	Timber used in construction.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199631	ecology	EN	Evergeen forests up to 1300 m (in Malay Peninsula).	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000199631	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Malay Peninsula (type)."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000199631	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192868	general	EN	"Tree up to 30 m high. Leaves with 1–2 pairs of leaflets. Petiole 3–5 mm; rachis 1.5–7 cm, glabrous to pubescent. Leaflets on very short petiolules, varying in shape from nearly orbicular to elliptic (proximal) to oblong-lanccolate (distal), lower leaf- lets 2–6 by 0.5–3 cm, upper 5–20 by 3–7 cm, apex acute to acuminate. Racemes axillary, 15–25 mm long. Bracts 3–10 mm long, glabrescent to hairy; bracteoles 3–4 mm long. Pedicels 7–15 mm, glabrous to pubescent. Receptacle 1 mm. Sepals 4, unequal, 3–4 mm long, glabrous to hairy. Petals 5–8 mm long, lanceolate. Stamens 10 (rarely more). Ovary densely hairy, shortly stipitate; style 5 min with few hairs on lower part; Pods ovate-elliptic, with shallowly rugose to undulated surface and subterminal beak, 2–5 by 1–4 cm."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192868	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192868	use	EN	Timber used in construction.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192868	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192868	ecology	EN	"Inner mangroves. Sometimes also inland, rarely found above 400 m alt."	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192868	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000192868	distribution	EN	From India throughout SE Asia to the Pacific.	"K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, J.E. Vidal"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000192868	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000368290	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms 1-few, 60–90 cm by 4–7 mm, smooth, sharply triquetrous, sides shallowly concave. Leaves: blade broadly linear, 30–70 cm by 5–10 mm, acute, flat to plicate-canaliculate; sheath up to 18 cm long, pale reddish brown, often septate-nodulose. Involucral bracts 3–4, the longest up to 25 cm long. Inflorescence simple, 7–20 by 4–12 cm; primary branches 2–5, unequal, 1.5–12 cm long; secondary branches 0, the spikes solitary. Spikes ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 2–3(–5) by 1.5–3 cm; axis 0.5–1.3 cm long, scabrid-hispid. Spikelets numerous, crowded, patent to spreading or reflexed, oblong to linear-oblong, 6–20 by 2–3.5 mm, subterete; axis straight. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, ovate, 2.5–3 by 2 mm, acute, recurved-mucronulate, sides membranous, 3–4-nerved, pale brown to reddish brown, margins pale scarious, keel acute, greenish, often upwardly scabrid towards apex. Stamens 3; anthers 0.8–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, triquetrous, 1.3–1.5 by 0.8–1 mm, maturing dark brown to blackish, ± smooth to minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000368290	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000368290	ecology	EN	"In open swamps, wet floors of open forest and rice fields, 5–360 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000368290	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000368290	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India and Indo-China through Malesia (Java, type) to New Guinea."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000368290	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369396	general	EN	"Slender annual. Culms tufted, 2–10 cm by 0.3–0.9 mm, trigonous to triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade narrowly linear to 5 setaceous, 1.3–8 cm by 0.4–1 mm, acute, canaliculate; sheath 0.5–2 cm long, reddish to reddish brown. Involucral bracts 2–5, unequal, the longest 2–8 cm long. Inflorescence simple to capitate, 1.5–4 by 2.5–6 cm; primary branches (when present) 1–4, up to 3 cm long. Spikelets in finger-like or stellate clusters of 5–30, narrowly linear, 5–20 by 1–1.8 mm, flattened; axis straightish. Glumes oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 1.2–1.7 (including mucro) by 0.6–0.8 mm, subobtuse to somewhat emarginate, recurved-mucronate, awn 0.2–0.5 mm long, sides chartaceous, nerves 0, reddish or chestnut brown, keel acute, 3-nerved, greenish. Stamen 1; anther 0.1–0.2 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric to cylindric-obovoid, trigonous, 0.7–0.9 by 0.2–0.3 mm, brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369396	ecology	EN	"Open sandy grasslands and rocky places, 0–300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369396	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, N. Australia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369396	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369470	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms 1-few, 10–55 cm by 0.3–2 mm, trigonous to triquetrous above, smooth. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, 6–55 cm by 0.5–4 mm, acute, flat to canaliculate below; sheath 1–11 cm long, brownish to pinkish brown. Involucral bracts 3–5, usually spreading, sometimes erect, pseudolateral, the longest 6–30 cm by 0.3–2.5 mm. Inflorescence capitate, comprising 1–4 ovoid, conical or globose, clusters of spikelets 0.5–1.5 cm wide. Spikelets 3–8 per cluster, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes slightly curved, 4–8(–10) by 3–4 mm; axis straight. Glumes ovate, 3–4 by 1.8–2.5 mm, acute, mucronate, sides subcoriaceous, obscurely 3–5-nerved near keel, yellowish brown tinged with chestnut brown, margins narrowly whitish-membranous, keel acute, 3 nerved, scabrid, often narrowly winged. Stamens 3; anthers 1–1.5 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid, trigonous, dorsally flattened, 1–1.5 by 0.7–1 mm, brown, minutely punctate, base with a prominent, corky stipe narrowly extending along angles of nutlet."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369470	ecology	EN	"Lakes and rivers, usually growing on floating mats of <i>Salvinia, Pistia</i> and decayed marsh plants."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369470	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (Nicobar Is., type) and Sri Lanka north-east to S. China, and east to N. Australia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369470	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369738	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1-few, (30–)50–100 cm by 3–6 mm, trigonous to subterete, septate-nodulose. Leaves: blade linear, up to 100 cm by 5–9(–12) mm, acuminate, canaliculate, septate-nodulose; sheath 10–20 cm long, purplish brown. Involucral bracts 3–5(–8), the longest 60–90 cm long. Inflorescence decompound, 6–30 by 6–30 cm; primary branches 6–12, up to 18 cm long; secondary branches up to 3 cm long. Spikes globose-stellate, 8–20(–35) mm diam.; axis 0.2–0.5 cm long. Spikelets numerous, falling entire, narrowly lanceolate to linear-subulate, subterete, 5–15 by 0.8–1.5 mm; axis zigzag. Glumes 3–7 or rarely more per spikelet, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 3–4.5 by 1–1.5 mm, subobtuse to obtuse, sides membranous, nerves 0, pale brown to reddish brown, slightly shiny, keel 5–7-nerved, greenish to brownish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.8–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets narrowly cylindric, trigonous, 1.5–2 by 0.4–0.5 mm, yellowish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369738	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369738	ecology	EN	"Swamps, rice fields, ditches, river banks, wet forest margins and coastal marshes, 0–900 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369738	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369738	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Mascarenes, India (type), Sri Lanka, Indo-China, S. China, Taiwan, Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369738	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369779	general	EN	"Annual. Culms tufted, 8–35(–50) cm by 1–2 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, 3–20 cm by 1–4 mm, acute, flat to channelled; sheath 1–7 cm long, pale brown to reddish brown. Involucral bracts 2–5, the longest up to 30 cm long. Inflorescence simple to ± capitate, open to congested, 1.5–10 by 2–10 cm; primary branches (when present) 2–5, 0.8–15 cm long; spikes solitary. Spikes ovate, 1.2–3 by 1.5–4 cm; axis 0.1–0.5 cm long. Spikelets 3–10 per spike, patent to spreading, often appearing finger like, linear to oblong-lanceolate, 10–25 by 2.5–4 mm, flattened; axis zigzag. Glumes ovate, 3–4 by 2–2.7 mm, acute, mucronate, sides herbaceous or chartaceous, 3-nerved, pale green to pale golden brown, keel sharply acute, green. Stamens 3; anthers 0.7–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly obovoid, trigonous, 1–1.5 by 0.7–1 mm, dark brown, shiny, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369779	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369779	ecology	EN	"Open grasslands, waste places, waysides and in cultivated ground, 0–850 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369779	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000369779	distribution	EN	"Tropical, subtropical (North America, type) and many temperate regions worldwide."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000369779	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370376	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome horizontally creeping. Culms arising in series along rhizome, stiffly erect, 90–200 cm by 6–10 mm, subterete or weakly trigonous, smooth. Leaves usually reduced to bladeless sheaths, rarely with linear blade up to 6 cm long. Involucral bracts 2–4, lanceolate, the longest up to 3.5 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 10–17 by 4–9 cm, open to somewhat congested; primary branches 6–15, up to 11 cm long; secondary branches 0.9–1.4 cm or the spikes in sessile clusters or solitary. Spikes ovoid, 1–2 by 1–2 cm; axis 0.5–1 cm long. Spikelets 5–15 per spike, linear, 5–18 by 0.7–1 mm, flattened to subterete; axis straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.8–2.2 by 0.8–1 mm, obtuse, sides membranous, 2–3-nerved below keel, brownish, margins whitish, weakly incurved, keel obtuse, brownish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.8–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric, trigonous, 1–1.2 by 0.2–0.3 mm, brown or greyish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370376	ecology	EN	Marshy places at low altitudes.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370376	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, India (type), Sri Lanka, Indo-China, N. Australia, West Indies, and tropical South America."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370376	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370828	general	EN	"Habit and inflorescence similar to <i>C. castaneus</i>. Spikelets linear, 5–15 by 2–3 mm, strongly flattened; axis straight. Glumes narrowly elliptic, 1–1.5 (including mucro) by 0.6–1 mm, emarginate, strongly recurved-mucronate, awn (0.5–)0.6–1 mm long, sides thinly chartaceous, nerves 0, rusty brown to chestnut brown, keel acute, strongly 3 nerved, greenish sometimes purplish-lineolate. Stamens 2–3; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovoid to cylindric-obovoid, trigonous, 0.5–0.6 by 0.3–0.4 mm, brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370828	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370828	ecology	EN	"In open sandy soil, sometimes in cultivated ground and rice fields, up to 1000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370828	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370828	distribution	EN	"Pantropical (Venezuela, type); in Asia extending northwards to Taiwan and S.E. China."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370828	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370936	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Rhizome short, woody. Culms 1-few, 10–50(–70) cm by 1–3 mm, triquetrous, smooth, base thickened, somewhat fibrous. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, 12–48 cm by 3–7 mm, acute, flattish-plicate; sheath 1–9 cm long, pale green to dark reddish brown. Involucral bracts 4–10, the longest up to 40 cm long. Inflorescence simple, congested or capitate, 1.5–3 by 2–4 cm; primary branches (when present) 6–10, 0–1(–4) cm long; spikes solitary. Spikes oblong-obovate, narrowed towards base, rarely cylindric, 1–3 by 0.8–1.2 cm; axis 1–1.3 cm long. Spikelets up to 80 per spike, falling entire, erect to erect-patent, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, subterete, 4–7 by 1–1.3 mm; axis straight. Glumes 4–7 on the longest spikelets, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 3–3.8 by 1.8–2 mm, obtuse to abruptly acute, sides inrolled, membranous to thinly chartaceous, 3–4-nerved, glaucous to brownish, keel appressed, green. Stamens 3; anthers 1–1.5 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets (1–)2–3 per spikelet, cylindric to narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, 2–2.5 by 0.6–0.9 mm, brownish, minutely granulate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370936	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370936	ecology	EN	"Open wet to semi-dry areas including grasslands, waysides, floors of secondary forest or forest clearings and margins of rice fields, 0–1200 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370936	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370936	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type) and Sri Lanka, through Indo-China north-east to S. China and the Ryukyu Is., east to Malesia, Melanesia, Australia and Polynesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370936	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370984	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1-several, (10–)30–80 cm by 1–3 mm, triquetrous, smooth, base ± thickened and fibrous. Leaves: blade linear, 9–48 cm by 3–6 mm, acuminate, flattish-plicate; sheath 2–11 cm long, pale to reddish brown. Involucral bracts 3–10, the longest up to 30 cm long. Inflorescence simple, open, 3–10 by 3–15 cm; primary branches 3–15, patent, up to 8 cm long; spike solitary. Spikes cylindric, (1–)2–5 by 0.6–1 cm; axis 1.4–4.8 cm long. Spikelets numerous per spike, falling entire, spreading to ± reflexed, linear to linear-lanceolate, (3–)4–5 by 0.7–0.9 mm, subterete, axis straight. Glumes 4–5 on the longest spikelets, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 3–3.5 by 1 mm, subacute, mucronulate, sides membranous, faintly 3–5-nerved, pale green, margins inrolled, keel obtuse, 3-nerved, green. Stamens 3; anthers 0.8–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets (1–)2–3 per spikelet, linear-cylindric, trigonous, 1.8–2.2 by 0.5 mm, trigonous, golden brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370984	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370984	ecology	EN	"Open or slightly shaded forest margins and clearings, rice fields, waysides, cultivated ground and waste places, 0–1900 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370984	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000370984	distribution	EN	"Tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia (India, type), extending north to central Japan; also in the West Indies (possibly introduced)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000370984	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000371697	general	EN	"Annual. Culms tufted, (10–)25–60 cm by 2–5 mm, sharply triquetrous, sides concave. Leaves: blade linear, 2–22 by 2–6 mm, acute, folded, sheath 2–10 mm long, pale or yellowish brown to pinkish. Involucral bracts 2–3, unequal, the longest up to 25 cm long. Inflorescence simple, open, occasionally congested; primary branches 3–9, 1–4 cm long. Spikelets numerous, in congested globose clusters, 2–6 by 2–6 mm, linear to linear-oblong, 2–8 by 1–1.3 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes ± orbicular, 0.5–0.8 by 0.4–0.8 mm, rounded or shallowly emarginate, sides membranous, faintly 3 nerved, deep green tinged with brownish purple, margins white hyaline, keel yellowish. Stamens 1–2; anthers 0.1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid-obovoid, trigonous, 0.5–0.7 by 0.3 mm, maturing yellowish."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000371697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000371697	ecology	EN	"Primarily a weed in rice fields, otherwise in wet or swampy places and open grassy fields, 0–300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000371697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000371697	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed in tropical (India, type), subtropical and warm temperate regions."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000371697	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000371820	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted or solitary, 60–200 cm by 3–7 mm, triquetrous to trigonous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, up to 150 cm by 5–15 mm, long acute, flattish to plicate; sheath brownish purple or dusky brown. Involucral bracts 3–8, the longest up to 60 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 15–40 by 15–40 cm; primary branches 4–10, 3–30 cm long; secondary branches 1.2–6 cm long, or spikes in sessile clusters. Spikes erect-patent to patent, cylindric, 3-6 by 1.5–3 cm; axis 3–5 cm long. Spikelets numerous, rather lax, spreading, linear, 6–20 by 1–1.5 mm, subterete; axis straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 1.8–2.2 by 1 mm, acute, apiculate, sides membranous, obscurely 1–2-nerved below keel, pale yellowish brown tinged with reddish brown, below keel, keel greenish or brown. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5 mm long, connective minute. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric-ellipsoid to cylindric-obovoid, trigonous, 0.9–1 by 0.4–0.5 mm, yellowish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000371820	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000371820	ecology	EN	"Swamps, bogs, river banks and rice fields, 0–800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000371820	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000371820	distribution	EN	"Pantropical (India, type), extending north into S. China and Taiwan."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000371820	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372020	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1-few, 20–100 cm by 2–5 mm, triquetrous, smooth, thickened at base. Leaves: blade linear, up to 100 cm by 4–10 mm, acuminate, weakly folded; sheath 5–20 cm long, light brown to purple-brown. Involucral bracts 4–6, the longest 20–60 cm long. Inflorescence simple, rarely compound, open, 9–28 by 9–27 cm; primary branches 5–12, 3–17 cm long; secondary branches 0.5–3 cm long. Spikes broadly ovoid-pyramidal, 4–6 by 3–5 cm; axis 0.2–0.3 cm long. Spikelets 8–20 per spike, mostly spreading, rather distant, linear, 8–40 by 0.8–1 mm, subterete; axis zigzag, winged, visible between glumes. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, rather distant, elliptic or oblong-ovate, 1.8–2 by 1–1.2 mm, obtuse to rounded-obtuse, sides membranous, 3–5-nerved below keel, light to dark reddish brown, margins narrowly hyaline around apex, keel greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5–0.7 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric to cylindric-ellipsoid, trigonous, 1.5–1.8 by 0.3–0.5 mm, dark brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372020	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372020	ecology	EN	"Open, wet ground including forest clearings, waysides and margins of rice fields; also in swamps, 0–1800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372020	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372020	distribution	EN	Pantropical (type not designated).	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372020	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372214	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, (5–)15–30 cm by 1.5–3 mm, triquetrous, smooth, base bulbous, fibrous. Leaves: blade linear, 1.5–13 cm by 2–5 mm, acuminate, flat or weakly incurved; sheaths 1–6 cm long, scarious, whitish. Involucral bracts 3–5, the longest 8–30 cm long. Inflorescence capitate, globose to ovoid-deltoid and ± lobed, 0.7–2 by 0.7–2 cm. Spikes 1–6, broadly ovoid; axis up to 0.3 cm long. Spikelets 6–24 per spike, falling entire, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4–7 by 1.5–2.3 mm, ± flattened to subterete; axis straightish. Glumes somewhat spreading, broadly ovate to elliptic lanceolate, 2.8–4 by 1.5–3 mm, sides herbaceous to subcoriaceous, 7–9-nerved, greenish to whitish, turning pale reddish, margins broad white-hyaline. Stamens 3; anthers 1.5–3 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets 1–2 per spikelet, ellipsoid to obovoid ellipsoid, trigonous, 1.6–1.9 by 0.6–0.8 mm, light brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372214	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372214	ecology	EN	"Sandy seashores and in rock crevices or shallow soil over rocks inland, 0–600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372214	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372214	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa to India (type), Indo-China and Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372214	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372493	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, 50–200 cm by 4–10 mm, trigonous to triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade broadly linear, up to 200 cm by 5–15 mm, acute, flattish to plicate; sheath dark purple or purplish brown. Involucral bracts 4–8, the longest up to 70 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 25–30 by 25–30 cm; primary branches 6–10, equal, 15–22 cm long; secondary branches 0.3–5 cm long or spikes in sessile clusters. Spikes mostly erect to suberect, narrowly cylindric, 2–7 by 0.3–0.5 cm; axis 2–4.5 cm long, obscured by spikelets. Spikelets crowded, suberect, linear, 3–7 by 1 mm, flattened; axis straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, ovate, 1.2–1.8 by 0.5–0.7 mm, apex acute, mucronate, sides membranous, 3–5-nerved, golden yellow to copper-coloured or dark brown below keel, keel greyish green. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5 mm long, anther connective tip prominent, setulose. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid, trigonous, 0.8–1 by 0.3–0.4 mm, short-apiculate, greyish brown or fulvous."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372493	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372493	ecology	EN	"Swamps, river-banks and rice fields, 0–1000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372493	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000372493	distribution	EN	India (type) through S.E. Asia to W. Malesia.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000372493	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000373077	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, 60–180 cm by 6–10 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, up to 170 cm by 6–15 mm, acuminate, flattish-plicate; sheath purple-brown. Involucral bracts 4–6, the longest up to 70 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 15–27 by 17–30 cm; primary branches 5–9, 3–18 cm long; secondary branches 0.5–5 cm long or spikes ± sessile clusters. Spikes erect-patent to patent, narrowly to broadly cylindric, 2–5 by 0.7–1.5 cm; axis 1.5–4.8 cm long. Spikelets 20–40, crowded, erect-patent to patent ± 2-ranked, oblong-lanceolate to linear, 4–10 by 1–2 mm, flattened; axis straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, ovate to broadly ovate, 1.5–2 by 1.2–1.5 mm, acute, mucronate, sides membranous, 3–5-nerved, greenish to yellowish brown, keel pale to mid-brown. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5–0.7 mm long, connective minute. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid to ellipsoid-obovoid, trigonous, 0.7–0.8 by 0.3–0.5 mm, yellowish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000373077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000373077	ecology	EN	In wet or swampy places at low altitudes.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000373077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000373077	distribution	EN	"Pantropical (India, type), with its range extending northwards to eastern China and Japan; sporadic in tropical Africa and rare in South America."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000373077	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000374429	general	EN	"Annual or short-lived rhizomatous perennial; rhizome inconspicuous. Culms tufted or solitary, 10–40 cm by 0.5–2.2 mm, rather weak, sharply triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, 2–20 cm by 2–5 mm, acute, flattish-plicate; sheath up to 6 cm long, reddish purple to purplish. Involucral bracts 2–3, unequal, the longest up to 10 cm long. Inflorescence simple to decompound, open to somewhat congested, 3–15 by 3–15 cm; primary branches 10–22, 1.2–10(–20) cm by 0.2–0.7 mm; secondary and tertiary branches 1–2.5 cm long or 0. Spikelets 1 or in finger-like clusters of 3–6(–10), linear oblong or linear-lanceolate, 5–10 by 1–2 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes ± oblong to elliptic-lanceolate or ovate, straight to slightly recurved at apex, (1–)1.1–1.5 by 0.5–0.7 mm, obtuse, muticous or mucronulate, sides membranous, nerves 0, pale brownish and often tinged with rusty brown or purplish brown, keel greenish or pale brown. Stamens 1–3; anthers 0.5 mm long, connective hispidulous. Nutlets broadly obovoid, trigonous, sides ± flat, 0.4–0.5 by 0.4–0.5 mm, creamy yellow, verruculose."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000374429	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000374429	ecology	EN	"Open wet places including rice fields, 0–2000 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000374429	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000374429	distribution	EN	"Tropical and subtropical regions worldwide (Sri Lanka, type) with its range in Asia extending northwards to Japan and N.E. China."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000374429	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000374472	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, 20–50 cm by 0.5–1.3 mm, sharply triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, up to 30 cm by 2–5 mm, abruptly acute, flattish-plicate; sheath up to 7 cm long, light brown or light reddish purple. Involucral bracts (2–)3–6, unequal, the longest 4–12 cm long. Inflorescence simple, rarely compound, lax, 2–10 by 2–8 cm; primary branches 3–8, unequal, 1.5–9 cm long; secondary branches (when present), 0.4–1.5 cm long. Spikelets in finger-like clusters of 3–7, rarely 1, oblong or linear-oblong, 4–10 by 2–3 mm, weakly flattened; axis straightish. Glumes rather loosely imbricate, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 1.8–2.2 by 1.2–1.5 mm, obtuse, mucronate, awn 0.3–0.5 mm long, sides membranous, nerves 0, pale brown, often darker brownish-flecked, keel broad (over ½ the width of glume), glaucous. Stamens 2; anthers 0.7 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid or obovoid, triquetrous, sides shallowly concave, 0.9–1.2 by 0.5–0.7 mm, brownish."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000374472	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000374472	ecology	EN	"Forest floors and river banks, 10–100 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000374472	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000374472	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), Andaman Is. (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000374472	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375064	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 37–130 cm by 2–8 mm, indistinctly to distinctly trigonous, smooth. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, up to 60 by 5–15 cm, acuminate, flattish; sheath dark brown or reddish brown. Involucral bracts 3–5, the longest up to 60 cm long. Inflorescence simple, rarely compound, 8–22 by 10–25 cm; primary branches 5–8, up to 15 cm long; secondary branches 1–2 cm long, spikes more usually in sessile clusters. Spikes erect-patent to patent, narrowly cylindric, 1.5–4 by 0.3–0.9 cm, pale yellowish brown; axis 1.5–5 cm long, winged, usually obscured by spikelets. Spikelets 50–70 or more, densely imbricate, suberect, lanceolate to linear-oblong, 3–6 by 1–2 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes 9 or more in longest spikelets, ovate to ovate-oval, 1.2–1.8 by 1 mm, obtuse, recurved mucronate, sides membranous, 3 nerved, yellowish brown, keel greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.3 mm long, connective minute. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid to ± ovoid, trigonous, 0.6–0.8 by 0.4 mm, slightly obcompressed, yellowish."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375064	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375064	ecology	EN	"Swampy places, including rice fields, at low altitudes."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375064	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375064	distribution	EN	"Pantropical (India, type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375064	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375418	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, 50–170 cm by 5–10 mm, trigonous to ± terete at base, scabrous below inflorescence. Leaves reduced to basal sheath; sheath 10–20 cm long, pale greenish to yellow brown, apex obliquely truncate. Involucral bracts 15 or more, ± equal, 20–50 cm by 5–15 mm. Inflorescence simple to compound, 9–12 by 15–30 cm; primary branches numerous, ± equal, 7–10 cm long; secondary branches 1–1.5 cm long. Spikelets in clusters of 3–10, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 3–9 by 1.7–3 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes ovate, 1.8–2 by 1.2–1.5 mm, acute, sides membranous, 3–5-nerved, pale green sometimes tinged with rusty brown, keel acute, greenish to pale brown. Stamens 3; anthers 1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, 0.6–0.8 by 0.5 mm, maturing brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375418	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375418	ecology	EN	"Open grassy places, waysides, waste places, rice fields."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375418	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375418	distribution	EN	"Native to tropical Africa and the Middle East (Arabia, type). Widely cultivated as an ornamental."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375418	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375442	general	EN	"Annual. Culms 1-several, 8–60 cm by 2–3(–5 mm), triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, 4–18 cm by 2–6 mm, flattish to weakly channelled; sheath 2–10 mm, reddish to purplish brown. Involucral bracts 3–5, the longest up to 40 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, open, 5–20 by 3–15 cm; primary branches 3–7, 2–12(–15) cm long; secondary branches very short or 0, the spikes in clusters of 3–5. Spikes broadly ovoid to oblong-ovate or linear-oblong, 1–5 by 0.2–0.7 cm; axis 1–2.5 cm long. Spikelets spicately arranged, erect-patent, oblong-elliptic to linear-oblong, 9–13 by 1.6–2 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes obovate-orbicular, 0.7–1.3 by 1–1.5 mm, rounded to shallowly emarginate, mucronulate, sides thinly herbaceous, 3–5-nerved, greenish to yellowish or mid-brown, margins whitish-hyaline above, keel acute, green. Stamens 2–3; anthers 0.2–0.3 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid to obovoid, trigonous, 1–1.5 by 0.5–0.8 mm, dark brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375442	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375442	ecology	EN	"Rice fields, cultivated ground and waysides. Also in open, wet grassy places, 100–1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375442	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375442	distribution	EN	"Tropical Asia (India, type) north to China and Japan, and east to Malesia and Australia; also in East Africa. Naturalised in S.E. United States, W. Indies and S. America."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375442	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375604	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, 30–80(–110) cm by 3–5 mm, trigonous, minutely papillose. Leaves: blade linear, 25–117 cm by 5–12 mm, acuminate, flattish above, plicate below, septate-nodulose; sheath up to 15 cm long, chestnut to purple brown, often ± shiny. Involucral bracts 3–7, the longest 40–75 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 6–15 by 7–15 cm; primary branches 6–12, up to 12 cm long; secondary branches (when present) 0.2–0.5 cm long, somewhat distant. Spikes oblong to cylindric, 1.5–3 by 0.8–1.5 cm; axis 1–2 cm long. Spikelets up to 50 per spike, falling entire, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, terete 4.5–9(–13) by 1.8–2.5 mm, few flowered; axis hidden. Glumes 4–8 or rarely more per spikelet, broadly ovate, 2.5–3.5 by 2–2.5 mm, abruptly acute, sides subcoriaceous, 7–9-nerved, pale to mid-brown indistinctly streaked reddish or purplish, margins whitish-hyaline, keel obtuse, greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.9–1.2 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets oval to obovoid, trigonous, 1.2–1.5 by 0.7–0.9 mm, shiny blackish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375604	ecology	EN	"Moist or swampy, saline or brackish habitats, 0–300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000375604	distribution	EN	"Tropical Africa and Madagascar, India and Sri Lanka to S.E. China and the Ryukyu Is., Malesia, Pacific Is. and W. Australia (type not designated)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000375604	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000376711	general	EN	"Spikelets linear-oblong, 8–12(–20) by 1.5–2 mm, 17–30(–40)-flowered. Glumes up to 1.5 mm long, awn ca 0.2 mm long. Nutlets 1–1.3 by 0.6–0.8 mm."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000376711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000376711	ecology	EN	"In scrub, on wet forest floors and around bamboo groves, 50–500 m, similar to var. <i>laxus</i>."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000376711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000376711	distribution	EN	"Scattered throughout the range of var. laxus (Java, type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000376711	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000376893	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1-few, 4–40 cm by 0.3–0.8 mm, terete to subtriquetrous, smooth, base somewhat bulbous, fibrous. Leaves: blade narrowly linear to setaceous, 2–20 cm by 0.6–2.2 mm, acute, canaliculate; sheath dilated, 1–4 cm long, pale brown. Involucral bracts 2–4, the longest 2–10 cm long. Inflorescence capitate, subglobose, 5–15 mm diam. Spikelets up to 40, elliptic to ovate or ovate-orbicular, 3–5 by 2.5–4 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes many per spikelet, oblong to lanceolate or ovate with nearly parallel sides, 1.5–2.8 by 0.6–1.2 mm, obtuse to truncate, sides herbaceous to thickly membranous, indistinctly 3–5-nerved, white to cream, keel obtuse, whitish. Stamen 1; anther 0.5–0.7 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets linear-cylindric, often slightly curved, trigonous, 1.2–1.7 by 0.3–0.4 mm, maturing dark brown or black, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000376893	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000376893	ecology	EN	"Savannah grassland, 0–600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000376893	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000376893	distribution	EN	"Thailand, S. India (type), Burma (Myanmar) and Indo-China."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000376893	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377477	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome long-creeping. Culms 1-few, 60–180 cm by 7–12(–15) mm, smooth, sharply triquetrous. Leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths except for upper 1–3 leaves; blade linear, linear-lanceolate, 5–25 cm by 3–16 mm, acute or shortly acuminate, ± flattened; sheath 8–20 cm long, greenish to reddish brown. Involucral bracts 3–4, the longest up to 30 cm by 8–15 mm. Inflorescence simple to compound, somewhat congested, subglobose, 2–10 by 4–15 cm; primary branches 3–8, unequal, 3–10 cm long; secondary branches 0.3–1.6 cm long. Spikes ovoid, 1–2.5 cm long; axis 0.2–1 cm long, smooth, glabrous. Spikelets 2–15 per spike, linear, 10–13 by 1.2–1.8 mm, subterete; axis straight. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, elliptic to ovate, 2–2.2 by 1–1.5 mm, obtuse, sides chartaceous, indistinctly 5–7-nerved around keel, glaucous and tinged or flecked with brown or dark reddish, the margins widely pale membranous, keel rounded, brownish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.8–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric, trigonous, 1.7–2 by 0.5 mm, blackish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377477	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377477	ecology	EN	Marshy places near brackish or salt water.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377477	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377477	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Middle East to India, Indo-China and S. China. Also Malesia (Malay Peninsula, type) to N. Australia and Polynesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377477	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377879	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial; stolons terminated by a globose tuber. Culm 50–80 cm by 1.2–2 mm, trigonous to triquetrous above, smooth, base swollen. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, up to 80 cm by 1–3 mm, acuminate, flattish-plicate; sheath up to 15 cm long, light to mid-reddish brown. Involucral bracts 2–4, the longest often erect, usually exceeding inflorescence, up to 23 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 2–8 by 2–6 cm; primary branches up to 6, up to 6 cm long; secondary branches 1–2 cm long or pikes solitary. Spikes broadly obovoid, 1.5–3 cm long; axis 0.2–0.5 cm long. Spikelets 3–8 per spike, patent to spreading, linear to linear-oblong, 7–30 by 1–1.5 mm, flattened; axis straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, narrowly ovate to ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, 2.5–3 by 1.2–1.4 mm, subobtuse, slightly incurved, sides membranous, 2–3-nerved, light yellowish brown with reddish brown below, margins pale brown, hyaline, keel greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 1–1.3 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric to cylindric-ovoid, trigonous, 1.2–1.3 by 0.5–0.6 mm, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377879	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377879	ecology	EN	Wet grassy fields and rice-field margins at low altitudes.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377879	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377879	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Madagascar, India (type), Sri Lanka."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377879	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377920	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms solitary to tufted, 12–37 cm by 0.7–1.1 mm, subtriquetrous, smooth, base bulbous, fibrous with persistent leaf sheaths. Leaves: blade linear, 7–32 cm by 0.9–2.5 mm, acuminate, flat or channelled; sheaths 3–5 cm long, mid-rusty brown dark brown. Involucral bracts 3–4, the longest 3.7–13 cmn long. Inflorescence capitate, half-globose, sometimes 3-lobed, 0.8–1 by 1–1.2 cm. Spikes 1–3, broadly ovoid; axis up to 0.4 cm long. Spikelets numerous per spike, falling entire, narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 3.7—4.2 by 0.6–0.9 mm, ± subterete; axis ± straight. Glumes few per spikelet, narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, 2.8–4.1 by 0.8–1.2 mm, sides subcoriaceous, 7–9-nerved, whitish to pale brown. Stamens 3; anthers 1.5–1.6 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets 1–2 per spikelet, narrowly ellipsoid to ellipsoid cylindric, trigonous, 2.2–2.6 by 0.4–0.6 mm, mid- to dark brown, ± smooth to minutely papillose."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377920	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377920	ecology	EN	"Open areas in mixed deciduous forest, 40–150 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377920	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000377920	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa (type), India."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000377920	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378352	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome short, knotted, woody. Culms several, arising in series along rhizome, 10–35 cm by 0.5–1 mm, triquetrous, smooth, rigid. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, 10–30 cm by 1–3 mm, acute, flattish, weakly incurved when dry; sheath 2–6 cm long, pinkish to reddish brown. Involucral bracts 2–3, the longest 3–12 cm long. Inflorescence capitate, (1–)2–4 cm wide. Spikelets 3–14, narrowly elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 8–20 by 3–15 mm, strongly flattened; axis straight. Glumes imbricate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 4–4.7 by 1.6–2 mm, acute, sides thinly chartaceous, 5–6 nerved, white tinged with reddish brown, keel acute, often greenish. Stamens 3; anthers linear, 1.5–1.8 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets suborbicular or obovoid-orbicular, triquetrous, sides slightly concave, 1.3–1.6 by 1–1.3 mm, dark brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378352	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378352	ecology	EN	"Floors of deciduous forests and in bamboo groves, usually on limestone, 50–800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378352	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378352	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Iran and tropical Africa, through N. India (type) to Indochina and S. China."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378352	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378423	general	EN	"Spikes subsessile, up to 5 by 1 cm. Spikelets 1.5–2 mm wide. Glumes up to 2.2 mm long, more conspicuously mucronate, tinged with glaucous green. Nutlets obovate to broadly elliptic, 1–1.2 by 0.5–0.7 mm, rather abruptly narrowed to apiculate apex."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378423	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378423	ecology	EN	"Swamps, wet open places, rice fields and wet forest, up to 800 m, similar to var. <i>nutans</i>."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378423	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378423	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa, India (type) to Malesia and N. Australia, also north to the Ryukyu Is."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378423	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378425	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1-few, 70–120(–150) cm by 4–10 mm, trigonous to triquetrous above, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, 20–40 cm by 6–15 mm, acute, flattish-plicate, whitish below; sheath 10–30 cm long, greenish to reddish brown. Involucral bracts 4–6, the longest 50–75 cm long. Inflorescence simple, rarely compound, lax, 15–30 by 8–20 cm; primary branches 6–12, erect-patent, up to 30 cm long; secondary branches 0.3–3.5 cm long. Spikes loosely cylindric, 1.5–4 cm long; axis ± hidden. Spikelets 7–25 per spike, suberect to patent, linear to linear-oblong, 6–15 by 1–1.5 mm, flattened; axis weakly zigzag, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, oblong, 2–2.5 by 1 mm, obtuse, mucronate, sometimes shallowly emarginate, sides membranous, 2–3-nerved, brown to yellowish brown, margins broadly whitish-hyaline, keel greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric to cylindric-ovoid, trigonous, 1.3–1.5 by 0.5 mm, apiculate, brown to dusky brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378425	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378425	ecology	EN	"Swamps, wet open places, rice fields and wet forest, up to 800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378425	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378425	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Sri Lanka, Indo-China, S. China and Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378425	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378607	general	EN	"Annual or possibly short-lived perennial. Culms 1-few, 30–100 cm by 3–6 mm, triquetrous, smooth, base bulbous. Leaves: blade linear, up to 30 cm by 4–12 mm, shortly acuminate, flattish; sheaths up to 30 cm long, brownish or purplish brown. Involucral bracts 6–8, patent, the longest up to 50 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, open to rather congested, 5–20 by 5–20 cm; primary branches 5–12, up to 20 cm long; secondary branches (when present) up to 3 cm long or spikes in clusters of 3–5. Spikes oblong-cylindric, 2–3 by 1.5 cm; axis 1–2 cm long. Spikelets 20–60 per spike, spreading to reflexed, linear, 10–25 by 1–1.5 mm, subterete; axis flexuous, thick, corky, breaking into 1-flowered sections. Glumes ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse, 2–3.5 by 0.9–1 mm, sides chartaceous, nerves 0, margins hyaline, yellowish, striate with reddish brown, keel obtuse, 7–9-nerved, greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.7–1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets partially obscured by axis wings, cylindric to cylindric-obovoid, trigonous, 1.5–2 by 0.5–0.7 mm, dusky brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378607	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378607	ecology	EN	"Open wet or marshy, grassy places, waysides, rice fields, and wet sandy places near coasts, at low altitudes."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378607	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378607	distribution	EN	"Pantropical (Jamaica, type), extending north to central Japan; rare in S.E. Asia and Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378607	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378672	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 100–200 cm by 20 mm, trigonous to triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, up to 200 cm by 10–20 mm, acute, flattish to plicate; sheath brown. Involucral bracts 4–6, the longest up to 60 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound; primary branches up to 10, 8–20 cm long; secondary branches 0.5–4 cm long. Spikes mostly erect to suberect, cylindric or narrowly elliptic-cylindric, 1.5–3.5 by 0.6–1 cm; axis 2.5–3.5 cm long, hidden by spikelets. Spikelets numerous, densely crowded, patent to erect, linear-oblong, 3–7 by 1.5 mm, flattened; axis straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more in longest spikelets, ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, 1.5–2 by 1–1.3 mm, acute, shortly mucronate, sides membranous, nerves indistinct, fulvous, keel reddish brown. Stamens 3, anther connective tip prominent, setulose. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric-ellipsoid, 1.2–1.3 by 0.4 mm, trigonous, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378672	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378672	ecology	EN	Marshy places at low altitudes.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378672	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000378672	distribution	EN	"Thailand, N. India, N. Japan (type), Indo-China, and Java."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000378672	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379032	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms usually 1, 8–45(–60) cm by 1–2 mm, trigonous to triquetrous above, smooth, base thickened, fibrous. Leaves: narrowly linear, 7–32 cm by 1–3 mm, long-acute, flattish-plicate; sheaths 0.7–4 cm long, reddish or purplish brown. Involucral bracts 3–5, the longest up to 17 cm long. Inflorescence simple, open to congested or ± capitate, 2–6 by 2–6 cm; primary branches (when present) up to 6, up to 4 cm long; spikes solitary. Spikes cylindric to oblong-cylindric, 0.8–1.5 by 0.4–0.6 cm, terete; axis 0.5–0.8 cm long. Spikelets up to 40 per spike, falling entire, spreading, ovate to lanceolate, slightly recurved, 2.5–3.5 by 0.8–1 mm, ± terete; axis zigzag. Glumes ovate to lanceolate, 1–3.5 by 1.4–1.7 mm, acute, sides membranous, 2–5-nerved, whitish to brownish, keel obtuse, 3-nerved, greenish grey. Stamens 2–3; anthers 0.7–0.8 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets 1 per spikelet, ellipsoid-cylindric, trigonous, 1.8–2.2 by 0.6–0.8 mm, yellowish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379032	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379032	ecology	EN	"Grasslands, floors of deciduous forest or occasionally margins of rice fields, 100–500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379032	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379032	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India (type), Sri Lanka, Indo-China and Malesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379032	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379135	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial. Culms 100–500 cm by 20–40 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths. Involucral bracts up to 12, the longest 5–10 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 20–35 cm diam., primary branches numerous (up to 200 or more), ± equal, 10–30 cm long; secondary branches up to 2 cm long, spikes more usually in sessile clusters. Spikes cylindric, 1–3 by 0.6–1 cm; axis 1.5–3 cm long. Spikelets spreading, linear, 6–12 by 1 mm, subterete; axis straight, winged. Glumes 5–17 per spikelet, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2–2.5 mm long, obtuse, sides membranous, 3 nerved below keel, light brownish, keel green. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid, trigonous, 0.9–1.1 by 0.4–0.5 mm, greyish, smooth."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379135	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379135	ecology	EN	Wet swamps and margins of still or slow-moving water.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379135	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379135	distribution	EN	Native to Eastern Africa; widely cultivated.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379135	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379694	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms 1-few, 25–85(–120) cm by 5–8 mm, sharply triquetrous, smooth or scabrid on angles below inflorescence. Leaves: blade broadly linear, 13–47 cm by 6–13 mm, acute, flattish to plicate; sheath 3–10 cm long, pale greenish to purplish brown. Involucral bracts 3–5, the longest up to 50 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, open to rather congested; primary branches 4–7(–10), 12–14(–20) cm long; secondary branches 0.5–2 cm long or spikes in 5 sessile clusters. Spikes ± oblong, 2–3 by 1–2 cm; axis 1.5–3 cm long, densely shortly hispid. Spikelets 5–25 per spike, rather distant, spreading, linear-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, 4–15 by 1–2 mm, flattened to subterete; axis straight. Glumes 5–9 or more on the longest spikelets, ovate to broadly deltoid-ovate, 1.8–2.5 by 1.2–1.5 mm, acute, often mucronulate, sides thinly chartaceous to membranous, 5–7-nerved, pale brown tinged with reddish brown, margins whitish-hyaline, keel obtuse, green, smooth. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, trigonous, 1–1.5 by 0.5–0.8 mm, maturing dark brown, ± smooth."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379694	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379694	ecology	EN	"Wet grasslands, swamps and rice fields, 0–1500 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379694	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379694	distribution	EN	"Old World tropics (Malay Peninsula, type) and subtropics."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379694	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379977	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1–3, 30–90(–120) cm by 3–8 mm, triquetrous, scabrid on angles. Leaves: blade linear to broadly linear, up to 90 cm by 5–12(–20) mm, long-acuminate, flattish-plicate, sheath light brown to purplish brown. Involucral bracts 4–12, unequal, the longest 30–80 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, 7–20(–30) by 4–10 cm; primary branches 10–17, unequal, 2–10 cm long; secondary branches up to 4 cm long, arising along a short axis. Spikelets in finger-like clusters of 2–8, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5–20 by 2.5–3 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes ovate to broadly ovate, 2–2.5 by 1.5–2 mm, subobtuse, mucronate, sides thickly membranous to herbaceous, indistinctly 3-nerved, pale yellowish brown to rust brown, keel subobtuse to acute, greenish to brown. Stamens 3; anthers 1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric-ellipsoid or cylindric-ovoid, trigonous, laterally compressed, adaxial side concave, 1.7–2 by 0.8–1 mm, mid-brown with broad pale brown thickening on angles and at apex, shiny, ± smooth."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379977	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379977	ecology	EN	"Swamps and margins of pools; emergent with roots in mud, 10–20 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379977	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000379977	distribution	EN	From India and Sri Lanka eastwards to Malesia and Australia (type); also in Taiwan.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000379977	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380345	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms 1-few, 50–100(–150) cm by 4–7(–10) mm, smooth, triquetrous. Leaves: blade linear, up to 60–150 cm by 7–10(–15) mm, long-acute, often subtriquetrous toward apex, canaliculate; sheath 8–28 cm long, pale greenish to purplish brown. Involucral bracts 3–4, the longest 20–70 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, rather open, 10–15 cm by 8–12 cm; primary branches 3–7, 6–15(–20) cm long; secondary branches up to 2 cm long or spikes sometimes solitary. Spikes broadly ovoid, 2–4 cm long; axis 2–3 cm long, scabrid. Spikelets 4–8 per spike, rather distant, patent to spreading, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 5–18 by 2.5–3.5 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, oval or ovate, 2.5–3 by 2–2.2 mm, sides membranous, 5–7-nerved, pale brown to reddish brown, margins broadly white-hyaline near apex, keel obtuse, reddish brown, smooth. Stamens 3; anthers 1.2–1.8 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid, trigonous, 1.3–1.5 by 0.6–0.8 mm, maturing dark brown, ± smooth."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380345	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380345	ecology	EN	"Open, swamps and wet places, sometimes in brackish marshes, 0–50 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380345	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380345	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Madagascar, India (type), Sri Lanka, Indo-China, S.E. China, Taiwan, Malesia and Australia (Queensland)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380345	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380720	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms 10–40 cm by 1–3 mm, trigonous to triquetrous above, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, 7–20 cm by 2–4(–6) mm, acute, flattish to slightly canaliculate, sheath 1–8 cm long, pale greenish to pinkish purple. Involucral bracts 3–6, unequal, the longest 5–20(–25) cm long. Inflorescence compound to decompound, ±: open to congested, 2–10 by 3–20 cm; primary branches up to 20, patent, 3–5(–10) cm long; secondary branches 0.5–1.5 cm long. Spikelets in finger-like clusters of 5–20, linear-oblong, 3–10 by 1–1.3 mm, flattened; axis straightish. Glumes ovate, incurved, 0.8–1 by 0.8 mm, obtuse, mucronate, sides membranous, 1–2-nerved, pale to mid-brown tinged with reddish brown, margins hyaline, inrolled, keel broad, greenish to reddish. Stamen 1; anther 0.3 mm long. Stigma 3. Nutlets ovoid to ellipsoid, trigonous, 0.4–0.5 by 0.2–0.3 mm, brownish."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380720	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380720	ecology	EN	"Open or shaded, wet or swampy localities such as wet forest floors, open pool margins and ditches, rice fields, 0–800 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380720	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380720	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China, Malesia (Java, type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380720	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380997	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms loosely tufted, 0.5–6(–10) cm by 1–2 mm, triquetrous, smooth, often hidden by leaf sheath. Leaves: blade linear, 5–20 cm by 2–5(–8) mm, acute, ± recurved; sheath 1–6 cm long, reddish purple. Involucral bracts 3–7, unequal, the longest 3–8 cm long. Inflorescence simple, rarely compound, lax, 5–20 by 8–25 cm; primary branches 2–7, 3–20(–30) cm long; secondary branches (when present) up to 3 cm long. Spikelets in stellate or globose clusters of 3–15(–25), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ± terete, 5–8(–20) by 4 mm; axis weakly zigzag. Glumes broadly ovate, 3–3.8 mm by 3 mm, abruptly acute, mucronate, awn 0.5–1.2 mm long, sides chartaceous to herbaceous, 11–13-nerved, pale brown tinged with reddish brown or red, margins narrowly white-scarious, keel broad, obtuse, pale green. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ellipsoid to ovoid, trigonous, 1.5–1.8 by 1–1.2 mm, dark brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380997	ecology	EN	In sand and on wet rocks by coast.	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000380997	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, S.E. China (type), Taiwan, Malay Peninsula, Borneo."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000380997	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000381487	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms tuberous at base, 10–60 cm by 1–2 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, up to 60 cm by 2–5 mm, acuminate, flattish; sheath pale brown. Involucral bracts 2–3(–5), the longest usually equalling or shorter than inflorescence, 2–35 cm long. Inflorescence simple, rarely compound, 3–8(–15) by 2–5(–10) cm; primary branches 2–10, 1–8(–12) cm long; secondary branches (when present), 0.7–2 cm long, spikes usually solitary. Spikes obovoid, 1.5–5 cm long; axis 0.2–0.8 cm long. Spikelets 3–10 per spike, suberect to patent, narrowly oblong to linear, 10–30 by 1.5–3 mm, flattened; axis ± straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 3–3.5 by 2 mm, obtuse, mucronate, ± recurved, sides membranous, 5–7-nerved, reddish or slightly purplish brown with pale narrow hyaline margins, keel greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 1 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric to obovoid-cylindric, trigonous, 1.3–1.5 by 0.5–0.7 mm, brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000381487	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000381487	ecology	EN	"Open or slightly shaded ground, up to 1100 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000381487	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000381487	distribution	EN	"Widely distributed in warmer regions of the world (India, type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000381487	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000382726	general	EN	"Annual. Culms tufted or solitary, 20–60 cm by 1–2 mm, smooth, triquetrous. Leaves: blade linear, 5–17 cm by 2–4 mm, acute, flattish-plicate; sheath 1–8 cm long, pale brown to darker brown. Involucral bracts 3–5, the longest 10–20 cm long. Inflorescence simple, lax, 4–10 by 4–14 cm; primary branches 3–8, unequal, up to 8 cm long, spike 1. Spikes broadly ovate, 1–2 cm long; axis 0.5–1 cm long. Spikelets 5–12 per spike, spreading, linear-lanceolate, 6–20 by (1.2–)1.5–2 mm, flattened; axis weakly zigzag, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, elliptic to ovate, 2–2.8 by 1.5–2 mm, subobtuse to subacute, mucronate, sides membranous, 5–9-nerved, very pale brown often with dark red patch, keel greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.5 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets oval or obovate, triquetrous with concave sides, 1–1.5 by 0.8–1 mm, maturing brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000382726	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000382726	ecology	EN	"Open grassy fields, river banks, 100 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000382726	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000382726	distribution	EN	"Tropical America (Suriname, type) and tropical Africa; introduced elsewhere."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000382726	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000382899	general	EN	"Annual. Culms tufted, (1–)3–10 cm by 0.5–1.7 mm, sharply triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, flat, 2–13 cm by 1–3 mm, acute; sheath up to 3 cm long, pale greenish to reddish purple. Involucral bracts 2–4, patent, the longest 3–8 cm long. Inflorescence simple, open, or reduced to a single sessile spike; primary branches 1–3, 0.7–3(–5) cm long; spikes solitary. Spikes broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 0.5–2 by 0.5–1 cm; axis 0.1–0.5 cm long. Spikelets numerous, oblong, crowded, 5–13 by 3–4 mm, flattened; axis straight. Glumes oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic, recurved, 1–2 by 0.5–0.9 mm, apex with a strongly recurved awn, sides membranous, (5–)7–9-nerved, pale greenish to reddish brown, keel indistinct. Stamen 1; anther 0.5–0.8 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets broadly to narrowly cylindric or cylindric-obovoid, trigonous, 0.7–1 to 0.2–0.4 mm, trigonous, greyish brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000382899	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000382899	ecology	EN	"Open wet grassy areas, often over limestone, 0–600 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000382899	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000382899	distribution	EN	"Tropical and S. Africa, S. and S.E. Asia (India, type), N. Australia and S. Canada to N. Argentina."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000382899	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383008	general	EN	"Stoloniferous perennial. Culms 1–2, 8–40 cm by 0.7–3 mm, trigonous, smooth, base swollen. Leaves: blade linear, up to 50 cm by 2–4 mm, acuminate, flattish to canaliculate; sheath pale brown, becoming fibrous. Involucral bracts 2–3, the longest 10–30 cm long. Inflorescence simple, often congested, up to 6 by 6 cm; primary branches 2–5, 0.5–6 cm long; spikes solitary. Spikes ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm long; axis 0.1–0.5 cm long. Spikelets 3–8 per spike, suberect to patent, linear oblong to oblong lanceolate, 6–15 by 1.5–2 mm, subterete, often weakly curved; axis slightly zigzag, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, broadly ovate, 2.2–2.7 by 2–2.3 mm, obtuse, mucronate, sides thickly membranous, 5–7-nerved, pale brown to dark reddish brown, keel pale green. Stamens 3; anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid, trigonous, 1–1.5 by 1 mm, dark brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383008	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383008	ecology	EN	"In brackish marshes and wet coastal sands at about high tide level, often in large stands."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383008	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383008	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Madagascar, Mauritius, India (type) to Australia, Melanesia."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383008	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383810	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1-few, 35–70(–90) cm by 1–2 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, 9–28 cm by 2–6 mm, sharply acute, folded; sheath 2–16 cm long, light brown. Involucral bracts 2–7, the longest up to 20 cm long. Inflorescence simple, lax, occasionally congested, up to 15 cm long; primary branches 2–8, 1–16 cm long; spikes solitary. Spikes ovoid, up to 5 cm long; axis 0.5–1.3 cm long. Spikelets 7–14 per spike, suberect to patent, often appearing ± finger-like, linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–30 by 1.5–2 mm, slightly flattened; axis zigzag, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 3.5–4 by 2–2.5 mm, obtuse to acute, sides chartaceous, 7–9-nerved, yellow brown to mid-brown, keel similar. Stamens 3; anthers 1–1.5 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets elliptic or obovate, triquetrous with concave sides, 1.7–2 by 0.8–1 mm, maturing blackish, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383810	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383810	ecology	EN	"Open grasslands, grassy waysides, open forest, 10–1374 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383810	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383810	distribution	EN	"Old World tropics (India, type) extending north to S. Japan."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383810	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383910	general	EN	"Annual or rarely short-lived perennial. Culms tufted, (3–)5–35 cm by 1–2 mm, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, up to 20 cm by 2–4 mm, acute, flat, soft; sheath up to 5 cm long, reddish brown to purplish brown. Involucral bracts 1–3, unequal, the longest up to 20 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, open to rather congested, 3–10 by 3–10 cm; primary branches 5–10, 3–10 cm by 0.4–0.7 mm; secondary branches 0 or 0.4–2 cm long. Spikelets 1 or in finger-like clusters of 2–9, linear-oblong, 3–12 by 1–1.5 mm, flattened; axis slightly zigzag. Glumes ovate to oblong ovate, straight to slightly recurved at apex, 0.8–1 by 0.5–0.8 mm, truncate or obtuse, shortly recurved-mucronate, sides membranous, nerves inconspicuous, reddish brown or purplish brown, keel yellowish green. Stamens 1–2; anthers 0.2–0.4 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets obovoid-orbicular or ovoid, broadly trigonous, sides rounded, 0.3–0.5 by 0.2–0.3 mm, maturing white or creamy yellow, usually minutely tuberculate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383910	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383910	ecology	EN	"Open wet places, often as a weed in rice fields."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383910	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000383910	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Tropical Africa, India (type), Nepal and Sri Lanka east to Malesia, China and Japan."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000383910	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000384026	general	EN	"Rhizomatous perennial; rhizome knotted or tuberous, covered with fibrous leaf sheath remains. Culms ± tufted, 3–20 cm by 1–2 mm, trigonous, smooth. Leaves: blade narrowly linear, 4–25 cm by 0.7–3 mm, acuminate, canaliculate; sheath yellowish to light brown. Involucral bracts 3–5, the longest 10–25 cm long. Inflorescence simple, congested, 2–6 by 2–4 cm; primary branches up to 2.5(–4) cm long; spikes solitary. Spikes ± obovoid, 1–4 by 0.6–0.9 cm; axis 0.1–0.2 cm long. Spikelets 2–7 per spike, suberect to patent, appearing ± finger-like, narrowly linear, 8–20 by 1.2–1.5 mm, flattened; axis straight, winged. Glumes 9 or more on the longest spikelets, ovate to subdeltoid-ovate, 1.5–1.8 by 1–1.2 mm, acute, recurved-mucronate, sides membranous, obscurely 2–3-nerved, pale brown to yellowish brown, keel greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.3 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets cylindric-obovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, 0.7–0.9 by 0.3–0.5 mm, brown, minutely punctate."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000384026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000384026	ecology	EN	"Gravelly or rocky river banks, 50–250 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000384026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000384026	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Vietnam (type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000384026	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000384110	general	EN	"Shortly rhizomatous perennial. Culms 1-few, 11–82 cm by 1.8–5 mm, triquetrous, angles winged, smooth. Leaves: blade linear, 7–52 cm by 4–13 mm, acute to shortly acuminate, flattish; sheath 2–11 cm long, reddish to purplish brown. Involucral bracts 4–7, unequal, the longest up to 30 cm long. Inflorescence simple to compound, open to rather dense, 4–18 by 6–15 cm; primary branches 10–20, 2–10 cm long; secondary branches 0.4–3 cm long. Spikelets in compact, often ± globose clusters of 2–16, ovate, 3–5 by 2–3.5 mm, subterete; axis straight. Glumes broadly ovate, 1.5–2.1 by 1–1.7 mm, acute, recurved-mucronate, sides membranous, 5–6-nerved, pale greenish to dark reddish brown, keel obtuse, greenish. Stamens 3; anthers 0.8 mm long. Stigmas 3. Nutlets ovoid, triquetrous, sides shallowly concave, 1.5–1.8 by 0.6–0.8 mm, brown."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000384110	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000384110	ecology	EN	"Forest floors and in rice fields, up to 1300 m."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000384110	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000384110	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Indo-China, S. China, W. Malesia (Malay Peninsula, type)."	"D.A. Simpson, T. Koyama"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000384110	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636137	general	EN	"Stems 1–2 m, with dense, minute, crispate, soft hairs. Leaves narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 8–22 by 3–5.5 cm, acute-serrate, sparsely pilose above, subdensely and softly pilose on the nerves beneath; petioles 1–4 cm long, with minute soft hairs. Inflorescences in 2–6-flowered cymes at upper leaf-axils, 4–7 cm long. Peduncles and pedicels with minute soft hairs. Calyx tubular, 8–25 by 4–10 cm in flower, soft-hairy. Corolla white or pale violet, 3–5.5 cm long, sparsely glandular-pilose outside. Capsule not seen."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636137	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636137	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests at altitudes of 1400–1600 m.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636137	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636137	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma (type) and Sumatra."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636137	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636139	general	EN	"Stems 1–3 m, glabrous. Leaves oblong to broadly oblong, acuminate at both ends, 20–30 by 5–12 cm, glabrous on both surfaces; teeth very shallow, each with a short aristate projection at apex; petioles 2–5 cm, almost glabrous. Inflorescences many-flowered, clustered at the flower ligneous stem, 6–10 cm long. Peduncles and pedicels slender, pubescent. Bracts small, membranous, obovate, apiculate. Calyx tubular, membranous, 15–20 by 6–10 mm in flower, 20–25 by 10–15 mm in fruit, sparsely pubescent. Corolla white, 3–5 cm long, glandular-pilose outside. Capsule globose, 10 mm long and wide. Seeds numerous, ellipsoidal, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636139	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636139	ecology	EN	In evergreen forests; at altitudes of 150–900 m.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636139	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636139	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type) and Sumatra."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636139	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636147	general	EN	"Stems 0.7–1.5 m, brownish-pubescent when young, later glabrescent. Leaves oblong to broadly oblong, acuminate at both ends, 8–16 by 3.5–7 cm, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, pubescent on the nerves beneath; teeth shallow, with short aristate projections at apex. Inflorescences axillary, shortly cymose, 1–2-flowered. Peduncle with pedicels 5–10 mm, brownish-pubescent. Bracts small, setaceous. Calyx tubular, 10–15 by 4–6 mm in flower, 15–20 by 12–15 mm in fruit, sparsely to densely pubescent in flower, later glabrescent. Corolla white or pinkish, 3 cm long, glandular-pilose outside. Capsule ellipsoidal or globose, 10–15 by 8–10 mm, glabrous. Seeds numerous, ellipsoidal, ca 0.5 by 0.3 mm."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636147	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636147	ecology	EN	Edge of evergreen forests with moderate humidity; at altitudes of 150–300 m.	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636147	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000636147	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (type)."	T. Yamazaki		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000636147	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109556	general	EN	"Rhizome short, covered with scales; scales oblong-ovate to subtriangular, rounded at base, gradually narrowing towards tailed apex, up to 15 by 4 mm, brown, darker in central portion, minutely lacerate at margin. Stipe stramineous, scaly throughout, 10–15 cm long. Lamina imparipinnate; lateral pinnae 6–9 pairs, stalked, oblong, falcate, auricled at anterior and cuneate at posterior bases, gradually narrowing to caudate apex, minutely dentate at margin up to the very apex, 4.5–7 by 2–2.4 cm, terminal pinna commonly subtriangular, up to 3 cm broad; coriaceous, glabrous, green, paler beneath; veins anastomosing to form 4–5 rows of areoles with included veinlets. Sori dorsal on included veinlets, round, 2–4 rows at each side of costa; indusia round-reniform, peltate, up to 7 mm diam."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109556	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109556	ecology	EN	On sandstone in shady river border in forest at about 600 m alt.	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109556	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0001109556	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Japan (type), S. Korea, SE. China, and Indochina."	"M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki"		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0001109556	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937204	general	EN	"Twining herb with thinly hairy stems. Stipules narowly triangular, falcate, 6–10 by 2–3 mm, patent with axillary glands. Leaves petiole 2–12 cm; blade deeply 3-lobate, 4–18 by 6–20 cm, mid-lobe lanceolate, side-lobes obliquely ovate-lanceolate, base deeply cordate with a pair of appendages 4 by 1 mm, narrowly triangular with 2–3 glands at base, shallowly serrate particularly towards apex, lobes acute-acuminate, puberulous on both sides, particularly below, 5-nerved. Inflorescence solitary; involucral bracts subequal, palmatifid, margin serrulate with occasional glands, inner side subglabrous, outer sparsely hairy, 5-nerved, with 3 acute lobes, 4–5 by 2-4 cm with 2 pairs of stipules ca 5 mm long. Pistillate flowers subtended by 3 subrotundate bractlets, 4–6 mm with ciliate margin; reciniferous body lamellate, ca 2 mm high. Staminate flowers 7–10; pedicel 5–10 mm long, articulate in upper part; sepals 4–5, ovate acute, sparsely hairy on both sides, 2–3 mm long recurved; staminal column ca 2 mm; filament 0.5 mm, anthers slightly longer. Pistillate flowers: pedicel up to 1.5 mm, longest on the median flower; sepals pinnatipartite, 10–12 segments, 3–4 mm, enlarging to 18–25 mm in fruit, covered by stiff hairs; ovary 3-lobed, depressed, ca 1 mm across; stylar column curved, 8–10 mm, stigma discoid. Fruit depressed spherical capsule, smooth, ca 10 mm; columnella 3–4 mm long with 3-partite apex, each part ca 2 mm long. Seeds globose, 3–5 mm in diam., white and reddish brown marmorate, ecarunculate."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937204	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937204	ecology	EN	In open vegetation from the lowlands; altitude: up to 800 m.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937204	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937204	distribution	EN	"Thailand, China (Yunnan), Burma, Laos (?), Java (type), Sumatra."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937204	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937270	general	EN	"Herbaceous climber, stems light brown, pilose. Stipules reflexed, lanceolate-acute, 4–7 mm long, pubescent, particularly towards lower margin, margin ciliate. Leaves trifoliolate: petiole up to 6 cm, sulcate; petiolules up to 6 mm; leaflets lanceolate oblong, the lateral ones narrower, unequal sided, up to 15 by 4.5 cm, chartaceous, base rounded to acuminate, margin ciliate, serrate-glandular, apex long acuminate, pubescent on both sides. Inflorescence on lateral branches up to 10 cm, which each bear one leaf above the middle; peduncle shortly hairy, up to 8 cm; involucral bracts palmatifid divided to the middle or almost to the base, ca 25 by 16 mm, provided with 2 pairs of stipules ca 5 mm long; with 3 pistillate flowers, each subtended by a bractlet, hairy on the back, ciliate along margin, the middle one almost quadrangular, 6.5 by 7 mm broad, acuminate, cuspidate, the two lateral ones similar but smaller; pedicel pubescent, 1–2 mm; resiniferous body present. Staminate flowers: pedicel ca 2 mm, articulate about the middle; sepals 5, subequal, ovate elliptic, ± cucculate, ca 4 mm; stamens many; filaments ca 0.7 mm, hairy; anthers ca 1 mm long. Pistillate flowers: sepals 5, subequal, 2.5 by 2 mm, hairy on the back, margin with tentacular glands; ovary 3-locular, ca 1 mm long, puberulous; stylar column up to ca 1 cm, puberulous at base. Fruit unknown."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937270	ecology	EN	Deciduous forests; at low altitudes (type at 300 m).	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937270	distribution	EN	Endemic to Thailand.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937270	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937271	general	EN	"Herb with woody base, up to ca 1.5 m, scandent towards apex. Stipules falciform, setaceous, reflexed, 4–6 mm. Leaves: petiole 1–2 mm, hairy; blade linear, 6–14 by 0.6–15 mm, cordate at base, long attenuate with a tendency to being falciform, margin dentate-mucronate with distant short teeth, hairy above particularly towards the margin, below short hairy, paler; basal nerves 3–5, only median one prominent. Inflorescence terminal on lateral branches, which each bear one leaf in the middle; peduncle shortly hairy, 3–4 cm; invcolucral bracts equal, 3-lobate-palmate, lobes finely acuminate, 3 cm long, pubescent with prominent palmate venation, with 2 pairs of stipules, ovate-acuminate, ca 8 mm; pistillate flowers 3, subtended by an orbicular, emarginate bract. Staminate flowers pedicellate; buds spherical, finely velutinous, ca 3 mm diam.; sepals 4 or 5; stamens 12–18; filament short; anther ca 1 mm. Pistillate flowers: sepals 5, pinnatisect about 10 times on each margin, all teeth terminated by a gland; ovary ± spherical, finely velutinous, 3-lobed; stylar column curved. Fruit surrounded by the accrescent, pinnatifid sepals covered by fine silky hairs, ca 6 by 10 mm broad; cocci 3, spherical. Seeds ovoid, 4.5 by 3.5 mm, whitish with darker lines, rugulose caruncle present."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937271	ecology	EN	Open deciduous forest; at low altitude.	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000937271	distribution	EN	"Thailand, Cambodia (type), Vietnam."	K. Chayamarit & P.C. van Welzen		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000937271	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000637556	general	EN	"Shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. Leaves narrowly elliptic to elliptic, gradually narrowed at both ends, (3–)6–12(–15) by 1.5–4.5 cm, herbaceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous, glaucous beneath; nerves distinct below, obscure above; petiole 2–5 mm long. Inflorescence axillary heads with two green, often red-tinged involucral, caducous bracts, broadly ovate, 8–10 mm by 10–12 mm, minutely pubescent especially towards the top; peduncle slender, 2–5 cm long, glabrous, slightly pilose at top, often nodding; at the base with 2–4 bracteoles, 2–2.5 by 0.5–1 mm wide, slightly pilose. Flowers 6–14, pale yellow or white, sessile. Calyx-tube 6–11 mm long, yellowish or sericeous pilose outside, scented; calyx-lobes ovate, 2.5–4 by 1.2–3 mm. Stamens included or the upper slightly exserted; filaments ca 0.5 mm long; anthers 1.2 mm long. Ovary 1.5–2 mm long, densely pilose at the top; style 1–2.5 mm long; stigma globose, usually inclined; disc often lobed, 0.5–2 mm. Fruit 8–12 by 5 mm, black or black-purple."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000637556	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000637556	ecology	EN	Scattered to common on mountain slopes and ridges in evergreen and lower montane forests up to 2000 m above sea level.	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000637556	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000637556	distribution	EN	"Thailand, India, Burma, China (Yunnan), Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and West Java (type)."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000637556	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000637911	general	EN	"Shrub up to 3.5 m high; branches erect, young ones glabrous or hairy. Leaves narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate at both ends, (6–)9–14(–19) by 1.9–4.6 cm wide, light green, shining, thinly coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence terminal clusters, often also on side branches; bracts early deciduous; peduncle to 5 mm long, hirsute. Flowers 5–14, white or cream-coloured; pedicel 1–2 mm long. Calyx-tube 10–15 mm long, pubescent outside, fragrant; calyx-lobes narrowly ovate, acute to acuminate, 5–8 by 2–4 mm, ± pubescent. Stamens sub-sessile, anthers 1–2 mm long. Ovary ± 3 mm long, glabrous; style ± 2 mm long; disc slightly crenulated, 0.8–1.2 mm. Fruit 8–11 by 5 mm, orange-red."	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000637911	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-0000637911	ecology	EN	Scattered on mountain ridges in lower montane forests between 1200–2200 m above sea level.	B. Peterson		Forest Herbarium	2021-07-31	Rachun Pooma	ref-THA-0000637911	Forest Herbarium	All rights reserved
wfo-